Biorefinery concepts refer to the integrated production of food, fuel, power, commodity chemicals, and polymers from biomass, mimicking the structure of a fossil-based refinery. The use of lignocellulosic biomass as feedstock for biorefineries has been promoted as a long-term strategy to mitigate climate change and foster food security. One of the critical bottlenecks for the development of these systems is the recalcitrance of the feedstock. Costly and energy intensive physicochemical and/or enzymatic pretreatment are therefore needed to release simple sugars from the lignocellulose matrix. This and other challenges would penalise the conversion efficiency or the environmental impact. This thesis puts the focus on the techno-economic and environmental assessment of sustainability of biorefinery concepts. On the one hand, it proposes an alternative approach to the conventional economic performance indicators for biorefineries. The proposed economic evaluation method addresses the lack of a formal market for crop residues and other intermediate agro-industrial streams. The approach allows for the comparison of process variants in terms of the maximum willingness-to-pay of a process unit for the bioresource that enters the system. This is calculated as the global biorefinery revenues, estimated from the definition of competitive target prices, minus the processing costs. This thesis also investigated the inclusion of parameter and scenario uncertainty into the LCA of lignocellulosic biorefineries. Scale and state-of-technology issues behind modelling assumptions are not always explicitly presented and justified. In order to facilitate decision-making, a robust comparison among different biorefinery options must include an explicit estimation of the uncertainty associated to process design parameters. The sensitivity of the LCA indicators to methodological choices such as allocation of impacts among co-products, choice of system boundaries and uncertainty in the values of background flows to the system has been evaluated by using systematic process simulation and global sensitivity analysis techniques.The proposed methods are illustrated by two case studies based on process flowsheets adapted from the second generation (2G) ethanol model developed by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Different alternatives for feedstock, biomass pretreatment and valorization of extracted sugars were considered. They were simulated with Aspen Plus® process simulator. Case study 1 was used to illustrate the techno-economic assessment method. It consists in a basic 2G ethanol facility, refining sugarcane bagasse. Two technological variants were considered: The first corresponded to the NREL benchmark design, using dilute acid pretreatment and producing ethanol (only fuel-OF). The second variant consisted of a low-severity liquid hot water (LHW) pretreatment producing ethanol from cellulose and a pentoses syrup (Feed and Fuel – FF). [...]


Tomorrow begins right here as we embark on an enthralling and jargon-free journey into the world of computers and the inner recesses of the human mind. Readers encounter everything from the nanotechnology used to make insect-like robots, to the computers that perform surgery and, reminiscent of films like Terminator, computers that can learn by teaching themselves. Assuming no technical expertise whatsoever, author Blay Whitby steers a careful course through this futuristic world, revealing the pervasive impact of AI on our daily lives, in addition to discovering the biggest controversies to dog this fascinating field.


China is the largest emerging market in the world. It is also on the front lines of health diplomacy, where the tools of diplomatic statecraft are being employed by public health professions of both the US and China to help improve the practice of public health. This article examines the US Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS) and the US Centers for Control and Prevention (US CDC) in China, describes critical features of the Chinese health system, presents two examples of US-China collaborations, and describes common management mechanisms and strategies supporting both. This examination will help inform other global health collaborations between the US and China as well as lessons for supporting global health collaborations in other middle income countries.


In combination with the rapid technical improvements of computers, building large virtual scenes has become a popular field in computer graphics. Often, within a real reconstructed city, a building that has disappeared, or a virtual town, virtual humans populating these scenes are expected to provide a feeling of real life. Our specific aim is to populate these scenes with virtual humans in order to offer assistance in decision making concerning urban infrastructures. In this view, we have to integrate the problem of planning human actions and behaviour for urban life simulation into a virtual town. We present an informed environment, which corresponds to a database dedicated to urban life simulation. We discuss the use of a database, and methods and tools for creating and providing the information necessary for animating virtual humans in a city. The informed environment is based on the hierarchical decomposition of an urban scene into environment entities providing geometrical information as well as semantic notions, thus allowing a more realistic simulation of humans. In this manner, virtual humans can be provided with a certain kind of urban knowledge. Moreover, the database can offer other types of services for scene creation for example.


Recoupment inquiries play an increasingly important role in antitrust analysis, yet they raise a number of conundrums: How can a failure of recoupment due to the plausible long-run profit recovery being dwarfed by short-run losses be reconciled with a defense of no predation that presupposes no short-run sacrifice to begin with? How can recoupment inquiries be diagnostic with respect to competing explanations for defendants' behavior—such as product promotion or "legal" predation—that likewise require recoupment? This article addresses these questions and others by grounding recoupment and predatory pricing analysis more broadly in a decision framework that focuses on classification (distinguishing illegal predation from other explanations for firms' pricing) and on the magnitudes of the deterrence benefits and chilling costs of imposing liability. Regarding the latter, although concerns for the chilling of procompetitive activity sensibly drive predatory pricing analysis, the great variation in chilling costs across competing explanations for alleged predation is unrecognized. Much of the analysis here is not particular to recoupment; the investigation aims to inform future research, policy, and practice regarding many aspects of predatory pricing as well as other forms of anticompetitive conduct. Forthcoming, Journal of Legal Analysis (2018)


This  study  examined  the  effects  of  individual  difference  (ID)  factors  on  changing  pragmatic abilities  among  L2  learners  of  English.  Participants  were  48  Japanese  EFL  students  in  an English-medium  university  in  Japan.  They  completed  a  pragmatic  speaking  test  (k=12)  that assessed  their  ability  to  produce  two  speech  acts:  requests  and  opinions,  in  high-  and  low-imposition  situations.  The  measure  was  given  three  times  during  one  academic  year.  Speech acts  were  evaluated  for  appropriateness  and  fluency.  Three  ID  factors  (proficiency,  orientation towards English study, and lexical access skill) were measured, and their effects on changes in appropriateness and fluency of speech act production were assessed. Results revealed significant effects  of  individual  factors  on  pragmatic  change,  but  the  effects  appeared  differently  between appropriateness and fluency.


Hypogonadism, infertility, and sexual dysfunction occur in some men with coeliac disease. We have measured plasma testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, sex-hormone binding globulin, oestradiol, and serum luteinising hormone in 41 men with coeliac disease and have related these findings to jejunal morphology, fertility, semen quality, and sexual function. To determine the specificity of these observations in coeliacs we also studied 19 nutritionally-matched men with Crohn's disease, and men with chronic ill-health due to rheumatoid arthritis and Hodgkin's disease. The most striking endocrine findings in untreated coeliacs were increased plasma testosterone and free testosterone index, reduced dihydrotestosterone (testosterone's potent peripheral metabolite), and raised serum luteinising hormone, a pattern of abnormalities indicative of androgen resistance. As jejunal morphology improved hormone levels appeared to return to normal. This specific combination of abnormalities was not present in any of the disease control groups and, to our knowledge, androgen resistance has not been described previously in any other non-endocrine disorder. Plasma oestradiol concentration was modestly raised in 10% of coeliacs and 11% of patients with Crohn's disease. Unlike plasma androgens and serum luteinising hormone in coeliacs, plasma oestradiol was not clearly related to jejunal morphology. Androgen resistance and associated hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction appear to be relatively specific to coeliac disease and cannot be explained merely in terms of malnutrition or chronic ill-health. In addition, our findings suggest that this endocrine disturbance may be related to sexual dysfunction in coeliac disease but its relationship to disordered spermatogenesis in this condition has not been clearly established.


Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) penetrates into the brain at initial phase of infection. Transmigration of HIV into the brain can be explained as "Trojan Horse" mechanism where infected CD4 T cells, monocytes and macrophages cross the blood brain barrier via cell independent manner. HIV infection to the brain may result in neuroAIDS with several neurological complications like dementia, mylopathy and neuropathy. Key barriers for the effective drug delivery to the brain are the complex structure of brain barriers which limit the transmigration of drugs, weak pharmacokinetic profile and bio-distribution of antiretroviral drugs. In addition, conventional therapeutics available for the treatment of HIV have a potential to reduce the mortality and morbidity in infected individuals by decreasing the plasma viral load and modulating the immune system but still there is a great need to develop the novel strategies for the effective drug entry to the CNS. In this article the role of viral proteins (Tat, Nef) in neuropathogeneis, crucial transporter systems (GLUT-1 glucose carrier and efflux transporters like P-glycoprotein) for limited drug delivery and current approaches for the treatment of neuroAIDS have been emphasized. Furthermore, the future perspectives talks about on the recent advancement in the novel drug delivery systems and strategies for the treatment and cure of neuroAIDS.


This paper reports on-going work in the eSCAPE Project (Esprit Long Term Research Project 25377) directed to the research and development of electronic landscapes for public use. Our concern here is to elucidate a sociologically informed approach towards the design of electronic landscapes or 'virtual worlds'. We suggest and demonstrate through ethnographic studies of virtual technologies at a multimedia art museum and information technology trade show that members sense of 'space' is produced through social practices tied to the accomplishment of activities occurring 'within' the locations their actions are situated. Space, in other words, is socially constructed and shaped through members' practices for accomplishing situated activities. We explicate, by practical examples, an approach to discovering social practices in and through which a sense of space is constructed and outline how such understandings may be used to formulate requirements for the design of electronic landscapes. In explicating our ethnographically informed approach, we outline how future technologies may be developed through the situated evaluation of experimental prototypes in public use.


OBJECTIVE
Side effects to antidepressant medication can affect the efficacy of treatment, but few predictors foretell who experiences side effects and which side effects they experience. This secondary data analysis examined whether depressed patients with comorbid panic disorder were more likely to experience side effects than those without panic disorder. The study also examined whether greater burden of side effects predicted a poorer treatment course for patients with panic disorder than those without panic disorder. To examine the specificity of these effects, analyses also examined 2 other anxiety disorders-social phobia and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).

METHODS
Between 2002 and 2006, a large sample (N = 808) of chronically depressed individuals (assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders [SCID-IV]) received antidepressants according to a predetermined algorithm for 12 weeks. Every 2 weeks, depressive symptoms (per the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and side effects (specific side effects as well as several indicators of side effect burden) were assessed.

RESULTS
Lifetime diagnosis of panic disorder (assessed using the SCID-IV) at baseline was associated with higher likelihood of gastrointestinal (OR = 1.6 [95% CI, 1.0-2.6]), cardiac (OR = 1.8 [95% CI, 1.1-3.1]), neurologic (OR = 2.6 [95% CI, 1.6-4.2]), and genitourinary side effects (OR = 3.0 [95% CI, 1.7-5.3]) during treatment. Increases in side effect frequency, intensity, and impairment over time were more strongly associated with increases in depressive symptoms for patients with panic disorder compared to those without panic disorder. Neither social phobia nor GAD was associated with these effects.

CONCLUSIONS
Potentially due to heightened interoceptive awareness of changes in their body, chronically depressed individuals with panic disorder may be at greater risk than those without panic disorder for antidepressant side effects and to experience a worsening of depressive symptoms as a result of these side effects over time.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00057551.


Between 1991 and 1999, carbon measurements were made on twenty-five WOCE/JGOFS/OACES cruises in the Pacific Ocean. Investigators from 15 different laboratories and four countries analyzed at least two of the four measurable ocean carbon parameters (DIC, TAlk, fCO2, and pH) on almost all cruises. The goal of this work is to assess the quality of the Pacific carbon survey data and to make recommendations for generating a unified data set that is consistent between cruises. Several different lines of evidence were used to examine the consistency, including comparison of calibration techniques, results from certified reference material analyses, precision of at-sea replicate analyses, agreement between shipboard analyses and replicate shore based analyses, comparison of deep water values at locations where two or more cruises overlapped or crossed, consistency with other hydrographic parameters, and internal consistency with multiple carbon parameter measurements. With the adjustments proposed here, the data can be combined to generate a Pacific Ocean data set, with over 36,000 unique sample locations analyzed for at least two carbon parameters in most cases. The best data coverage was for DIC, which has an estimated overall accuracy of B3 mmol kg . TAlk, the second most common carbon parameter analyzed, had an estimated overall accuracy of B5 mmol kg . To obtain additional details on this study, including detailed crossover plots and information on the availability of the compiled, adjusted data set, visit the Global Data Analysis Project web site at: http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/oceans/glodap. r 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.


We investigate the climate response to changing US anthropogenic aerosol sources over the 1950–2050 period by using the NASA GISS general circulation model (GCM) and comparing to observed US temperature trends. Time-dependent aerosol distributions are generated from the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model applied to historical emission inventories and future projections. Radiative forcing from US anthropogenic aerosols peaked in 1970–1990 and has strongly declined since due to air quality regulations. We find that the regional radiative forcing from US anthropogenic aerosols elicits a strong regional climate response, cooling the central and eastern US by 0.5–1.0 °C on average during 1970–1990, with the strongest effects on maximum daytime temperatures in summer and autumn. Aerosol cooling reflects comparable contributions from direct and indirect (cloud-mediated) radiative effects. Absorbing aerosol (mainly black carbon) has negligible warming effect. Aerosol cooling reduces surface evaporation and thus decreases precipitation along the US east coast, but also increases the southerly flow of moisture from the Gulf of Mexico resulting in increased cloud cover and precipitation in the central US. Observations over the eastern US show a lack of warming in 1960–1980 followed by very rapid warming since, which we reproduce in the GCM and attribute to trends in US anthropogenic aerosol sources. Present US aerosol concentrations are sufficiently low that future air quality improvements are projected to cause little further warming in the US (0.1 °C over 2010–2050). We find that most of the warming from aerosol source controls in the US has already been realized over the 1980–2010 period.


This thesis aims to investigate the exchange rate behaviour and its abnormal movements. By doing so, I introduce a novel instrument which contributes to analyse the exchange rate behaviour. I then apply the new instrument, called wavelet analysis, to investigate the relation of exchange rate to price ratio (PPP proposition) and the relation of exchange rate and interest rates (UIRP proposition). Finally, I concentrate on the specific movements in exchange rate that leads to currency crises. The second chapter introduces wavelet analysis which has been extensively applied to many situations with favourable results. Many researchers are expanding wavelet application in a variety of fields such as signal processing, physics and astronomy. It has remarkable potential properties that can be applied in the disciplines of economics and financial. The first attempt of this chapter is to introduce wavelet analysis in an intuitive manner. The next step involves reviewing the potential and possible contributions of wavelet analysis in empirical economic and finance literature. I also examine the validity of short-run and long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis applying wavelet analysis. The results indicate that the impact of price ratio on exchange rates are positive and close to unity. The findings confirm that the PPP holds for long-run horizon. The third chapter deals with examining the relationship between spot exchange rates and the interest rate differentials (UIRP) for ten bilateral currencies against the Pound Sterling in short and long time horizons, simultaneously. The distinguishing feature of this study is to apply wavelet transform to decompose the time series into short-run and long-run time horizons. I find out both negative and positive relationships between exchange rates and interest rate differentials. The former is supported by the fixed-price model in short-run and the latter is supported by flexible-price model in long-run. In the forth chapter, I evaluate the potential leading indicators of a currency crash by applying a quarterly panel of 26 developing and developed countries. I split the definition of currency crashes according to different generations of the currency crises in the literature. Based on two different definitions, I use two binomial logit models, which provide estimations of the probability of a currency crash occurring. The empirical results reveal that domestic credit growth rate, ratio of reserves to GDP, current account, output growth rate, and ratio of national debt to GDP are consistently associated with the early warning theory. According to definitions provided by this chapter, the findings show that current account and GDP growth rate in the developing countries and current account and national debt in the developed countries are significantly related to the crash incident. This chapter also criticizes the previous papers for their construction of exchange rate overvaluation indicator and proposes a recursive Kalman filter to express overvaluation. The findings confirm that overvaluation of exchange rate is not an appropriate predictor of currency crashes unlike previous studies.


Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the progeny of all hematopoietic cell lineages. They have on one hand the ability to self-renew and to maintain the HSC pool and on the other hand they can differentiate into all hematopoietic lineages. During lineage differentiation, they progressively lose their ability to self-renew (1). Cell intrinsic mechanisms, like precise transcription control and epigenetic modifications, have been shown to regulate the balance between self-renewal and differentiation (2). Several transcription factors (TFs) have been identified to regulate these stem cell features. However, how these TFs are regulated during development and maintenance is poorly understood yet.


The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is the forum provided by the "World Bank" for the settlement of investment disputes between host states and foreign private investors. Since the convention entered into force on 14 October 1966, 38 African states have ratified it. African countries played a significant role in the conception and establishment of ICSID and have embraced the convention not only by ratifying, it but also by consenting in many investment contracts to submit disputes to the Centre for settlement. Provisions relating to ICSID have been made in many African national investment laws. The Models for Bilateral Agreements on the Promotion and Protection of Investments prepared by the Asian-African Legal Consultative Committee also provide for ICSID arbitration of disputes. The purpose of this article is to determine the extent of African utilisation of ICSID for purposes of settling investment disputes and the factors which possibly account for such utilisation or non-utilisation of the facilities of the Centre.


In this paper, we give some C 0 or C 1 limit theorems for total scalar curvatures. More precisely, we show that the lower bound of the total scalar curvatures on a closed manifold is preserved under the C 0 or C 1 convergence of the Riemannain metrics under some conditions. Moreover, we give some counterexamples to the above theorem on an open manifold.


Land application of manure may produce unacceptable odors. Field experiments in undisturbed (no-till)
soybean and corn residue were conducted to evaluate six liquid swine manure application/incorporation methods. The
methods were injection with a commercial (1) chisel or (2) sweep, (3) incorporation with tandem disk harrow after
broadcast application, (4) broadcast application with no incorporation, (5) injection with a narrow-profile knife, and
(6) surface application behind row cleaners. The row cleaner and all injection treatments used spoke-covering wheels. Air
samples over the soil surface were obtained immediately following and one day after manure application, and odor level
was measured by olfactometry (i.e., the amount of air dilutions to reach odor threshold). Residue cover and yield were
also measured. Incorporation techniques typically reduced odor level by a factor of three to ten as compared with a
broadcast application. One day after application, odor was greatly reduced and often indistinguishable from that of
untreated soil (no manure application). Residue cover differences among application methods were more pronounced in
soybean residue. Application by the narrow-profile knife, row cleaner, and chisel maintained soybean residue cover better
than other incorporation methods yet limited odor similar to these methods. Although cover was reduced over winter,
greater soybean residue cover remained after planting with fall than with spring manure applications. Differences in odor
level and residue cover among methods were less in corn than soybean residue. All incorporation techniques reduced
odor levels, and chisel incorporation maintained corn residue cover after planting similar to broadcast application. For
both crops, broadcast application maintained the greatest residue cover but had the highest odor level. Incorporation of
manure generally reduced odor, reduced residue cover, increased corn yield, and did not affect soybean yield.


BACKGROUND
Trauma systems decrease injury-related mortality, but not all systems have the same configuration. In some systems, nearly all acute care hospitals participate to the extent that their resources allow (inclusive systems), whereas in others, relatively few high-level centers participate (exclusive systems). We postulate that inclusive systems assure that severely injured patients are more likely to be triaged to a level I or II regional trauma center, and this greater degree of participation would lead to lower mortality.

METHODS
We used administrative discharge data for 2001 in 24 states with formal systems, and we included all urgently hospitalized adults with an Injury Severity Score>or=16. We categorized states by trauma system configuration ("exclusive", "more inclusive", "most inclusive") based on the proportion of all hospitals designated as a Level I through V trauma center (0-13%, 14-37%, 38-100%, respectively). We compared the rates of triage to a regional trauma center and inpatient death in inclusive states relative to exclusive states, while adjusting for patient- and state-level factors.

RESULTS
Out of 61,496 patients, 40,706 (66.2%) were hospitalized at regional trauma centers. Inpatient mortality was 14.7%. After adjusting for patient age, primary payer status, and system maturity, the odds of triage to a regional trauma center were similar in inclusive and exclusive systems. After adjusting for primary payer status, mechanism of injury, and system maturity, the odds of death were similar in more inclusive and exclusive systems (odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-1.08) but were significantly lower in the most inclusive systems (odds ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.99).

CONCLUSIONS
Severely injured trauma patients have greater inpatient survival in inclusive trauma systems even though they are no more likely to be hospitalized at a regional trauma center. Consideration should be given to continuing implementation of systems with an inclusive configuration, especially in light of other theoretical benefits of these systems, such as better dispersing of trauma care resources in the event of natural disasters or terrorist events.


We developed new photopolymers for use in the formation of three-dimensional (3-D) carbon microstructures via two-photon microfabrication and microtransfer molding. The photopolymers contain the epoxy resorcinol diglycidyl ether. They have a high carbon content and a high bond energy, ensuring structural fidelity of the microstructures after pyrolysis. A cationic photoinitiator is incorporated into one of the new photopolymers and an additional radical photoinitiator into another. These two photopolymers are found to be ideal for two-photon microfabrication and microtransfer molding, respectively, with complex 3-D carbon microstructures such as a bunny and pyramidal models being formed. Potential applications of the new photopolymers include 3-D carbon electrodes for fuel cells or batteries and interfaces for biosensors.


Early contacts between indigenous pastoralists at Walvis Bay on the Namib Coast and Western seafarers are poorly documented and little understood. Trade augmented regional exchange networks with a range, of archaeologically visible and easily identifiable objects. In this thesis I use a parallel classification and seriation of glass beads and imported ceramics to develop relative dating techniques. The sequence identities three phases of social and economic change. Until the nineteenth century, wealthy pastoralists controlled external trade and the circulation of goods inland. By the mid nineteenth century, British merchants had set up commercial operations at Walvis Bay and the regional network had broken down. Archaeological and documentary evidence agree that by the end of the nineteenth century, indigenous pastoralism at Walvis Bay had collapsed, and the people were, dependent upon wage-labour, charity and scavenging. Techniques developed here use trade goods to providehigh resolution dating, and other archaeological evidence to shed new light on the indigenous response to contact. These methods may be applicable to similar situations of contact arising from the global spread of Western commerce.


Prox-regularity is a generalization of convexity that includes all C2, lower-C2, strongly amenable and primal-lower-nice functions. The study of prox-regular functions provides insight on a broad spectrum of important functions. Parametrically prox-regular (para-prox-regular) functions are a further extension of this family, produced by adding a parameter. Such functions have been shown to play a key role in understanding stability of minimizers in optimization problems. This document discusses para-prox-regular functions in Rn: we begin with some basic examples of para-prox-regular functions and move on to the more complex examples of the convex and nonconvex proximal average. We develop an alternate representation of a para-prox-regular function, related to the monotonicity of an f-attentive epsilon-localization as has been done for prox-regular functions. This extends a result of Levy, who used an alternate approach to show one implication of the relationship (we provide a characterization). We analyze two common forms of parametrized functions that appear in optimization: finite parametrized sum of functions and finite parametrized max of functions. The example of strongly amenable functions by Poliquin and Rockafellar is given and a relaxation of its necessary conditions is presented.


In the installation of twenty-five drawings on exposed photographic paper made between 2005 and 2008 Paul Emmanuel explores the ritual events that construct masculinity and, in his words, "help to form and perpetuate identities and belief systems throughout history." Although the rituals are familiar—circumcision, induction into the military, marriage, a birthday toast—their representations are left deliberately openended and ambiguous. Through his meticulous technique, Emmanuel rigorously examines these liminal moments of transition and, by extension, the tenuous and unstable status of the white male in postapartheid South Africa.


Shallow water bodies dominate the areal extent of continental waters and host a proportion of biodiversity higher than the percentage of Earth's surface they cover. Daphnia is a key component of small aquatic ecosystems food webs. Here we present the result of a survey in 24 ponds located in the core of Po river Basin, to assess the actual spreading of Daphnia species in one of the most productive areas of the Northern hemisphere. By using diagnostic genetic markers ( 12S rRNA and ND5 genes) we identified five Daphnia species: D. ambigua , D. curvirostris , D. longispina , D. obtusa and D. pulex in fourteen ponds. Additional analyses of two nuclear genes ( LdhA and Rab4 ) revealed that D. pulex in the study area is native European strain. In opposite, D. ambigua shared haplotype with the North-Eastern American lineage that was introduced to Europe by long-distance dispersal. In the Po river Basin we identified a highly divergent lineage of D. longispina group that formed a clade with individuals from northern European Russia and might represent a new Daphnia species. Daphnia species in the Cremona province have European origin, except for D. ambigua which is a North American species spreading across Europe. Future attention will require monitoring of invasive species, particularly D. ambigua and the North American invasive clone of D. pulex that is already present in Northern Italy.


The purpose of this clinical case report is to discuss the approach to oral rehabilitation of a patient with severe dental alterations such as enamel hypoplasia, change in shape, supernumerary tooth, dental ankylosis, agnesia and crowing in the incisor region. All of these problems compromised not only the esthetical and functional aspects of this patient, but his social relationships as well. Thus integrated planning between Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics made it possible to provide the best treatment alternative to recover the patient's stomatognathic system. Esthetic restorations were performed in the anterior tooth region with the use of resin composites, in addition to the use of removable orthodontic appliances, associated with serial extractions and supernumerary tooth removal. There were significant improvements in the esthetic and functional aspects of dentition, in addition to the patient demonstrating good evolution in his psychosocial condition, as he smiled and was more communicative during each follow-up appointment, also according to his mother's reports.


Hedge fund clones systematically mimic features of hedge fund returns. The author constructs clones of hedge fund indexes using several factor models and estimation intervals. Exposures of clones to asset and style factors vary over time, and excess returns from tactical exposure adjustments (i.e., market timing) are a potentially important source of returns. Clone market-timing ability is measured three ways: a regression on the factors used in construction; a multi-time scale attribution model; and directly from clone exposures. The author does not find evidence of market-timing ability in clones. Because the target hedge fund indexes do not exhibit market-timing ability—possibly an artifact of hedge funds' security-selection ability—he also constructs clones of CommodityTradingAdvisor and Macro indexes that display timing ability. Clones of these latter indexes generally do not exhibit market-timing ability either. Lagged data and optionlike hedge fund strategies pose challenges to market timing in factor-based clones.


Weighted Counting for Constraint Satisfaction with Default Values (#CSPD) is a powerful special case of the sum-of-products problem that admits succinct encodings of #CSP, #SAT, and inference in probabilistic graphical models. We investigate #CSPD under the fundamental parameter of incidence treewidth (i.e., the treewidth of the incidence graph of the constraint hypergraph). We show that if the incidence treewidth is bounded, then #CSPD can be solved in polynomial time. More specifically, we show that the problem is fixed-parameter tractable for the combined parameter incidence treewidth, domain size, and support size (the maximum number of non-default tuples in a constraint), generalizing a known result on the fixed-parameter tractability of #CSPD under the combined parameter primal treewidth and domain size. We further prove that the problem is not fixed-parameter tractable if any of the three components is dropped from the parameterization.


Roasting greatly reduces the phenolic content in green coffee beans. Considering the beneficial effects of coffee polyphenols, blends containing green coffee beans are being consumed as a healthier alternative to roasted coffee. This study was aimed at assessing the absorption and metabolism of hydroxycinnamates in an instant green/roasted (35/65) coffee blend in healthy humans. Twelve fasting men and women consumed a cup of coffee containing 269.5 mg (760.6 μmol) of chlorogenic acids. Blood and urine samples were taken before and after coffee consumption at different times and analyzed by LC-MS-QToF. Up to 25 and 42 metabolites were identified in plasma and urine, respectively, mainly in the form of sulfate and methyl derivatives, and to a lower extent as glucuronides. Un-metabolized hydroxycinnamate esters (caffeoyl-, feruloyl-, and coumaroylquinic acids), hydroxycinnamic acids (caffeic, ferulic and coumaric acids) and their phase II metabolites, in addition to phase II derivatives of lactones, represented a minor group of metabolites (16.3% of the metabolites excreted in urine) with kinetics compatible with small intestine absorption. Dihydrohydroxycinnamic acids and their phase II derivatives, in addition to feruloylglycine, showed delayed kinetics due to their colonic origin and represented the most abundant group of metabolites (75.7% of total urinary metabolites). Dihydrohydroxycinnamate esters (dihydroferuloyl-, dihydrocaffeoyl- and dihydrocoumaroylquinic acids) have been identified for the first time in both plasma and urine, with microbial origin (excreted 8-12 h after coffee intake) amounting to 8% of total urinary metabolites. In conclusion, coffee polyphenols are partially bioavailable and extensively metabolized, mainly by the colonic microbiota.


The reader-friendly explanation of how the IP address space works and how it is used A reader-friendly introduction to the complex and confusing topic of IP addressing Thorough and understandable explanations of the binary mathematics behind IP addressing Complete coverage of the IPv4 address space without distractions of routing or transport protocols Detailed explanations of subnetting and supernetting, Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSMs), CIDR, NAT, portable address spaces, and IPv6 Strategies for managing an address space for enterprise WANs, data centers, and ISPs Numerous examples and an easy-to-read style of writing that imparts a profound understanding of IP addressingThe Internet Protocol (IP) is the native protocol suite of the Internet and has become predominant in virtually all networks and internetworks. Managing an IP address space requires a solid command of binary mathematics, particularly as it is applied within the IP addressing architecture. The mathematics of the IP address space, however, are not intuitive and can be very difficult to grasp. Consequently, learning about IP addressing can be a lot like trying to piece together a jigsaw puzzle-but without knowing what the puzzle is supposed to look like.IP Addressing Fundamentals explains simply and clearly how the IP address space works and how it is used. This is a reader-friendly book that details the fundamentals of the IP address space from the ground up. IP Addressing Fundamentals unravels the mysteries of subnetting, supernetting, and CIDR; thoroughly explains the binary mathematics of IPv4's addressing space; and demonstrates how an IP address becomes an active component in both networks and internetworks. Author Mark Sportack prepares you for real-world success by walking you through some of the issues and traps that lie in wait for anyone who needs to plan or manage the use of an IP address space. Most importantly, this book doesn't presume you already know what the entire IP addressing puzzle looks like.IP Addressing Fundamentals imparts a profound command of IP addressing through a clear and concise writing style. Basics are reinforced with detailed information and numerous examples of how the concepts work. This book builds upon concepts presented in earlier chapters and concludes with fairly advanced topics that will become increasingly useful to midlevel network engineers.After reading IP Addressing Fundamentals, you'll finally understand IP addressing and appreciate both its mechanics and relevance, and you'll know how to efficiently apply your new knowledge.


Agriculture sectors dependence on fossil fuel use (both direct and indirect) has increased dramatically over the past decades. Productivity increases have been achieved using technological improvements which use considerable amounts of energy inputs. Concerns about global environmental quality resulted in several countries signing the Kyoto protocol, which came into effect internationally, on February 16, 2005. Canada has made a commitment to the international community to stabilize CO2 emissions at 6 percent below 1990 levels. The target is supposed to be reached by 2008 and maintained through 2012. This paper estimates the CO2 emissions from input use in Central Canadian agriculture. Using elasticity estimates, the amount of price increase needed to achieve Kyoto targets is estimated. A 6 percent reduction from 1990 levels implies that CO2 emissions should be stabilized at 1,424,562 tonnes of carbon. The removal of current provincial farm fuel tax exemption programs will lead to a decrease of only 3.36 percent reduction in CO2 emissions and is estimated to be at 1,726,356 tonnes of carbon. Fuel prices will have to increase almost 85 percent in order to achieve the target reductions under the Kyoto agreement.


We propose a new algorithm for blind source separation (BSS), in which independent component analysis (ICA) and beamforming are combined to resolve the low-convergence problem through optimization in ICA. The proposed method consists of the following two parts: frequency-domain ICA with direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, and null beamforming based on the estimated DOA. The alternation of learning between ICA and beamforming can realize fast- and high-convergence optimization. The results of the signal separation experiments reveal that the signal separation performance of the proposed algorithm is superior to that of the conventional ICA-based BSS method.


BACKGROUND
With progressive abnormalities in leg strength, tone, and sensation, adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) is a differential diagnosis for multiple sclerosis and hereditary spastic paraparesis. AMN pathology has been linked to weakness, making it a relevant model to evaluate the relationship between neurodegeneration and disability. Quantifying symptom severity in AMN is essential for treatment development in rehabilitative management.

OBJECTIVE
To identify deficits in body functions, activity, and participation of people with AMN and provide a practical framework for evaluating the severity of disability.

METHODS
Cohort analysis of 142 participants with AMN.

MEASURES
of body functions (leg strength, vibration sensation, range of motion, and spasticity), activity (walk velocity, standing balance, Timed Up and Go, and Sit-to-Stand Time), and participation (6-Minute Walk) are evaluated. Regression analyses identify relationships between the measures. A staging framework (mild, moderate, and severe) reflects the continuum of disability. Finally, an analysis of variance/Kruskal-Wallis was used for between-stage and sex differences among the variables.

RESULTS
Strength is the strongest correlate for the 5 measures of activity and participation. Staging based on weakness distinguishes 3 levels of severity along a continuum of disability. Differences between the sexes are more prevalent earlier in the continuum but show equally severe deficits in the last stage.

CONCLUSIONS
In AMN, staging based on degrees of weakness provides a practical means to characterize the severity of common deficits in body functions as well as activity and participation at each stage, to direct the evaluation. Such information could help clinicians develop more effective rehabilitative techniques.


This paper investigates the prediction of Value-at-Risk (VaR) using option-implied information obtained by the maximum entropy method. The maximum entropy method provides an estimate of the risk-neutral distribution based on option prices. Besides commonly used implied volatility, we obtain implied skewness, kurtosis and quantile from the estimated risk-neutral distribution. We find that using the implied volatility and implied quantile as explanatory variables significantly outperforms considered benchmarks in predicting the VaR, including the commonly used GARCH(1,1)-model. This holds for all considered VaR prediction models and VaR probability levels. Overall, a simple quantile regression model performs best for all considered VaR probability levels and forecast horizons.


Thyroid nodules are very common and are diagnosed in over 7% of the adult population. However, most thyroid nodules are benign and only 5% harbor malignancy. Therefore it is of utter importance to develop safe and accurate tools that distinguish between benign nodules and malignant ones. At present, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is considered the gold standard diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules. Despite a specificity of over 95%, indeterminate FNAB results are obtained in 15-30% of the cases. Indeterminate FNAB results include follicular lesions of unknown significance (FLUS), follicular lesions or neoplasms (FL or FN), and suspicious for malignancy. These specific FNAB results carry a malignancy risk of 5-15%, 15-30%, and 60-75% respectively (1). Such indeterminate FNAB results face both the patient and the surgeon with a treatment dilemma and in most cases patients undergo diagnostic surgery even though the majority of the cases turn out to be benign. The development of new and more accurate preoperative diagnostic techniques in such cases can eliminate the need of unnecessary diagnostic surgery. This article is a research highlight of the new and developing diagnostic techniques for such lesions.


As places of dense habitation, cities have always required coordination and planning. City planning has involved the design and construction of large-scale infrastructure projects to provide basic necessities such as a water supply and drainage. By the 1850s, immigration and industrialization were fueling the rise of big cities, creating immense, collective problems of epidemics, slums, pollution, gridlock, and crime. From the 1850s to the 1900s, both local governments and utility companies responded to this explosive physical and demographic growth by constructing a "networked city" of modern technologies such as gaslight, telephones, and electricity. Building the urban environment also became a wellspring of innovation in science, medicine, and administration. In 1909–1910, a revolutionary idea—comprehensive city planning—opened a new era of professionalization and institutionalization in the planning departments of city halls and universities. Over the next thirty-five years, however, wars and depression limited their influence.
 From 1945 to 1965, in contrast, represents the golden age of formal planning. During this unprecedented period of peace and prosperity, academically trained experts played central roles in the modernization of the inner cities and the sprawl of the suburbs. But the planners' clean-sweep approach to urban renewal and the massive destruction caused by highway construction provoked a revolt of the grassroots. Beginning in the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965, mass uprisings escalated over the next three years into a national crisis of social disorder, racial and ethnic inequality, and environmental injustice. The postwar consensus of theory and practice was shattered, replaced by a fragmented profession ranging from defenders of top-down systems of computer-generated simulations to proponents of advocacy planning from the bottom up. Since the late 1980s, the ascendency of public-private partnerships in building the urban environment has favored the planners promoting systems approaches, who promise a future of high-tech "smart cities" under their complete control.


Equatorial Rossby (ER) waves are identified in an 8-year data set of National Meteorological Center operational analyses. The westward moving waves have symmetric circulations about the equator and eastward energy dispersion, with maximum zonal wind perturbations along the equator and meridional wind maxima roughly 10°–15° off the equator. They have maximum amplitude in the lower troposphere and are associated with convective signals at roughly the mean latitude of the tropical convergence zones. The circulations thus possess many of the features of the equatorially trapped n = 1 Rossby modes derived by Matsuno [1966]. They are generally around zonal planetary wavenumber 6 scale and have a deep, nearly equivalent barotropic structure up to 100 mbar. This is in contrast with the Madden-Julian Oscillation and mixed Rossby gravity waves, which generally have a first baroclinic mode vertical structure. During the intensive observing period (IOP) of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) and in other years, westward propagating ER disturbances along the equator are observed by using 6- to 30-day filtered circulation data at 850 mbar. Zonal wind anomalies at 850 mbar are preferentially associated with like-signed anomalies in a deep layer at this frequency, as was observed during COARE. The ER waves are most common during northern winter in the central Pacific, although they can be detected sporadically over the other ocean basins and in other seasons as well. One source for the equatorial Rossby waves appears to be upper level extratropical Rossby wave activity propagating into the eastern Pacific, although the equatorial waves are sometimes present during the northern summer when the extratropical source is absent. We cite evidence that propagation of ER wave activity from the central into the western Pacific is related to occurrences of westerly wind bursts.


This article is an account of the online presentation of the personal papers of the late British artist John Latham. The John Latham Archive online follows the proposal of creative archiving and has been implemented using the Drupal content management system. The author begins with a summary of the ideas of creative archiving and explains how these depend on recent innovations of online software. The article continues by highlighting the potential of Drupal as an archiving tool for creative archiving. An example implementation of the John Latham Archive online is described by relating the cosmological ideas of the artist with practical software tools which have been used to model them. The author concludes with some remarks on the capacity of the recommended software tools for creative archiving.


Abstract With the rise of digital technologies, retailing has become a field of value co-creation. Rather than selling readymade products and services, retailers now offer means for creating value together with their customers through manifold interactions. To enable co-creation, they need to develop digital interactive platforms (DIPs) around retail-related activities. Typically, individuals engage with a retail DIP offering in their particular contexts of interactions with apps or similar components. By delving deeper into the nature of the individual interactions, hidden and untapped sources of value can be revealed. Shoppers get more engaged, and retail managers gain more insights and can design ecosystems that allow a more effective creation of "all-win more" outcomes in more profitable ways. To be successful, retailers need to incorporate a broader view of value creation into their operations. They will be successful with hybrid-delivery systems in which consumers can use a range of interface technologies across multiple channels. Being able to interact with informational content, human actors, and technical resources at different stages of the decision making and shopping process will enable rewarding shopping experiences for customers and retailers alike.


This study has been
 conducted to compare the impact of corporate governance on various
 areas of performance between the USA (developed economy) and
 Pakistan (developing economy). Areas tested in this study are the
 dividend policy, capital structure, internal and external
 performance, and multifactor model of publicly traded companies in
 Pakistan. A specially constructed CG Scorecard and individual
 corporate governance factors have been used as the measures of
 corporate governance for the Pakistani perspective and the corporate
 governance index has been used for the analysis in USA. The
 Corporate Governance Scorecard has been developed on the basis of a
 literature review and by a survey of CEO COO, and company
 secretaries of various listed companies in Pakistan. Dividend policy
 is measured by using the payout ratio and Lintner (1956) Model. A
 total of 120 listed companies in Pakistan and 1,035 listed companies
 in the USA have been investigated to analyze the relationship for
 the period 2002 to 2007. This study also analyzes separate proxies
 of corporate governance. In Pakistan the study found positive
 relationships between managerial ownership, institutional ownership,
 and CEO duality with dividend payout. We also found a positive
 relationship between the Corporate Governance Score and dividend
 payout. The same relationship has been found in the USA. Using
 Lintner Model, the study also found that companies with good
 governance have higher payout ratios. Descriptive statistics, the
 correlation matrix, and common effect models have been applied to
 test the panel data. For capital structure, the study found a
 negative relationship between leverage and CGI in Pakistan.
 Managerial ownership has been found positively associated with
 gearing ratio in both cases. It has also been found that the
 presence of CEO duality leads to more debt in capital structures.
 This may be due to the transitional phase through which the
 Pakistani companies passed after the promulgation of codes of
 corporate governance in 2002, but in the USA the study found
 positive relationships between leverage and corporate governance.
 Internal and external performance were measured in both of the
 countries by taking ROE and ROA as internal performance measures and
 Tobin Q and Marris (Market to book value of equity) as external
 performance measures. Common Effect, Fixed Effect, Random Effect,
 and Fuller and Parks Effect have been used to test the panel data in
 this regard. In both the case of Pakistan and the USA, the study
 found a positive relationship between the Corporate Governance Score
 and the performance measures.The study also tested the Fama and
 French (1973) three factor model, the Carhart (1997) four factor
 model, and the CGI contained fifth factor model for the sample
 companies in Pakistan. The study found significant effects for all
 variables on stock returns.


Most concerns about delegation are put in terms of the handover of legislative power to federal agencies and the magnitude of the legislative policy decisions made by such agencies. Likewise, most reform proposals, such as the Congressional Review Act and the proposed REINS Act, address these gap-filling, democratic-deficit concerns. The same is true of the judicially created non-delegation canons, such as the major questions doctrine and other clear-statement rules. This Article addresses a different, under-explored dimension of the delegation problem: the temporal complications of congressional delegation. In other words, broad congressional delegations of authority at one time period become a source of authority for agencies to take action at a later time that was wholly unanticipated by the enacting Congress or could no longer receive legislative support. This problem has taken on added significance in the current era of congressional inaction.

To address this distinct, temporal problem of delegation, we suggest that Congress revive the practice of regular reauthorization of statutes that govern federal regulatory action. In some circumstances, this will require Congress to consider adding reauthorization incentives, such as sun-setting provisions. In other regulatory contexts, Congress may well decide the costs of mandatory reauthorization outweigh the benefits. Nevertheless, we argue that Congress should more regularly use this longstanding legislative tool to mitigate the democratic deficits that accompany broad delegations of lawmaking authority to federal agencies and spur more regular legislative engagement with federal regulatory policy. A return to reauthorization would also strengthen the partnership between Congress and the administrative state as well as mitigate some of the major concerns that have been raised in recent years regarding Chevron deference.


A spirited debate explores the comparative merits of two different approaches to the enforcement of environmental law: the noncooperative approach, which emphasizes the deterrence of noncompliance through inflexibly imposed sanctions, and the cooperative approach, which emphasizes the inducement of compliance through flexibility and assistance. Both scholarly and policymaking communities are interested in this topic of enforcement approach within the realms of finance, tax compliance, occupational safety, food and drug safety, consumer product safety, and environmental protection, among others. To inform this debate, our study explores enforcement of environmental protection laws where the debate has been especially spirited yet lacking in much empirical evidence.Specifically, our study empirically analyzes the effect of enforcement approach on the frequency of self-audits linked to compliance with wastewater discharge limits imposed on chemical manufacturing facilities. For this analysis, we view the enforcement approach as representing a relationship between a regulator and a regulated facility that is measured in multiple dimensions. The empirical results reveal that, in general, a cooperative relationship induces more frequent auditing and, in particular, a more stable and higher quality relationship increases audit frequency, while a completely fair relationship yields less frequent auditing. However, these conclusions may depend on the extent of regulatory monitoring and enforcement. Specifically, they rely on sufficiently lower monitoring and enforcement. Once the extent of monitoring and enforcement becomes sufficiently strong, the empirical results appear to support the opposite conclusions.


As model based development in the software field is increasing rapidly. Clone detection is emerging as an active research area. Models are integral part of the software development. The maintenance of the model designed is very important. One of the major problems that occur when the model is designed is cloning. Cloning is process of creating the copies of various elements of the model. Clones are divided into two code clones and model clone. Model cloning is the process of development of the duplicate parts of the models. Code cloning is the process of duplication of the code .The cloning results in the increase in the maintenance cost of the model and also increases the probability of bugs in the system. So the detection of the clones is the important process. In this paper a detailed study of the cloning is presented. Along with this the major causes of the creation of clones and various methods of clone detection have been discussed. Keywords—Clone detection ,software development ; code clones , model clones .


HIF-α interacts with Notch to specify the fate of blood cells in the fly. Crystal cells are platelet-like cells that mediate clotting and wound healing in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, and their specification and maintenance require Notch signaling. Mukherjee et al. report that Sima, the fly ortholog of hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α), was present in crystal cells even under normoxic conditions and was also required for crystal cell maintenance. Altering the abundance of Sima in the lymph gland, the site of crystal cell production, resulted in phenotypes similar to corresponding loss or gain of Notch signaling, and heterozygosity for a mutation sima (sima+/–) suppressed Notch-driven overproduction of crystal cells. Sima was required for maintenance of crystal cells because transgenic expression of either a sima RNA interference (RNAi) construct or a transgene encoding the hydroxy prolyl hydroxylase Hph, which tags Sima for degradation, in late-stage crystal cell precursors caused them to burst. Both Notch and its ligand Serrate (Ser) were required for specification of crystal cells, but only Notch and Sima were required for survival of crystal cells. Full-length Notch, which can accumulate in endosomes in the absence of ligand, colocalized with Sima in endosomes. Sima's binding partner Tango (Tgo; the ortholog of HIF-β) was not required for crystal cell specification, nor was a hypoxia-induced reporter expressed in crystal cells, indicating that the function of Sima in this context did not require prototypical hypoxic signaling. However, reducing Tgo by RNAi or stabilizing Sima (by blocking Hph activity or exposing larvae to hypoxia) increased the production of crystal cells, suggesting that its interaction with Tgo may prevent Sima from interacting with Notch. Reducing the abundance of nitric oxide (NO), which stabilizes Sima under normoxic conditions, in mature crystal cells by means of NO synthase 1 (NOS1) RNAi caused the cells to burst, and feeding larvae an NO inhibitor reduced Notch reporter activation. These results suggest a model in which NO stabilizes Sima, which interacts with full-length Notch to promote crystal cell specification and maintenance. It had been demonstrated previously that HIF-α and Notch interact directly in hypoxic signaling, and this study identifies a context in which HIF-α may promote Notch signaling independent of hypoxia and Notch ligands. T. Mukherjee, W. S. Kim, L. Mandal, U. Banerjee, Interaction between Notch and Hif-α in development and survival of Drosophila blood cells. Science 332, 1210–1213 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Hot flashes are a complication of androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. A phase III study showed that use of low-dose gabapentin was well tolerated and moderately decreased the frequency of hot flashes due to androgen deprivation therapy when taken for 4 weeks. The current study, an open-label continuation of the randomized study, examined the efficacy and toxicity of gabapentin when taken for (an additional) 8 weeks. Patients were allowed to start, or continue, gabapentin and to titrate the dose to maximum efficacy, up to 900 mg/d. They were asked to complete a hot flash diary daily and keep weekly logs of toxicity, satisfaction with hot flash control, and quality of life. The moderate reduction in hot flash frequency and severity in the randomized phase of the study appeared to be maintained during this continuation phase. Men originally receiving the placebo or lowest dose of gabapentin (300 mg/d) had improved hot flash control relative to that at the end of the randomized phase. Minimal adverse effects were reported. These findings suggest that low-dose gabapentin is moderately efficacious for at least 12 weeks of hot flash treatment in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer and seems to be well tolerated. (NCT00028572)


The Caucasus region is where the east meets the west and is known as an area in whichconflictsandopportunitiesoccursimultaneously.Thedevelopmentofthisregion used to be constricted by its geographic and political conditions. However, due to advancements in transport and the dissolution of Soviet Union, the Caucasus region has become a strategic region for development. ThisresearchfocusesonGeorgiainCaucasusduetothecountry'sintimaterelationships with many European and Asian countries. In addition, China announced that it will invest more infrastructure and capital in Georgia. Due to the influence of the Chinese 'BeltandRoadInitiative'(B&R),Georgiaiscurrentlyundergoingmanychanges,despite discussions focusing on political or economic perspectives. With the global free market and the Chinese 'Belt and Road Initiative', Georgia seeks to increase its economic development. Shopping space is one of the most affected spaces of development. Attributes such as the placement of shops can be analysed to indicate the change of internal public space, as shops become very Chinese style and the traditional Georgian shopping spaces gradually disappear due to the constant chasing of cash flows. As a pilot study, this research hopes to uncover potentials and threats of shopping space development in Georgia, and it aims to discover the underlying principles for the changes. Mapping and case studies are employed in the investigation. The research hopes to contribute to a healthy urban development by finding the balance between economic and spatial development.


In the early years of the Cold War, the United States mounted expansive public diplomacy programs in the Global South, including initiatives with the recently partitioned states of India and Pakistan. U.S. operations in these two countries became the second- and fourth-largest in the world, creating migration links that resulted in the emergence of American universities, such as the University of Houston, as immigration hubs for the highly selective, student-led South Asian migration stream starting in the 1950s. By the late twentieth century, Houston's South Asian community had become one of the most prosperous in the metropolitan area and one of the largest in the country.
Mining archives and using new oral histories, Uzma Quraishi traces this pioneering community from its midcentury roots to the early twenty-first century, arguing that South Asian immigrants appealed to class conformity and endorsed the model minority myth to navigate the complexities of a shifting Sunbelt South. By examining Indian and Pakistani immigration to a major city transitioning out of Jim Crow, Quraishi reframes our understanding of twentieth-century migration, the changing character of the South, and the tangled politics of race, class, and ethnicity in the United States


Abstract The human primate is a deeply cultural species, our cognition being shaped by culture, and cultural transmission amounting to an "epidemic of mental representations" (Sperber, 1996) . The architecture of this aspect of human cognition has been shaped by our evolutionary past in ways that we can now begin to discern through comparative studies of other primates. Processes of social learning (learning from others) are important for cognitive science to understand because they are cognitively complex and take many inter-related forms; they shape traditions, cultures and nonsocial aspects of cognition; and in turn they may be shaped by their cultural context. The study of primate social learning and culture has in recent years enjoyed a renaissance, providing a wealth of new findings, key aspects of which are reviewed. The focus is on cognitive issues, including learning about the consequences, sequential structure and hierarchical organization of actions; relating stored knowledge to the assimilation of new social knowledge; feedback guiding the construction of imitations; conceptual grasp of imitation; and the reciprocal relationship between social learning and culture.


The nonlinear Schrödinger equation can be solved by split-step methods, where in each step, linear dispersion and nonlinear effects are treated separately. This paper considers the optimal design of an FIR filter as the time-domain implementation for the linear part. The objective is to minimize the integral of the squared error between the FIR frequency response and the desired dispersion characteristics over the band of interest. This least square (LS) problem is solved in two approaches: the normal equation approach gives the explicit solution, whereas the singular value decomposition approach, which is based on the theory of discrete prolate spheroidal sequences, provides geometrical insights and reveals that the normal equation could be ill-conditioned. In addition, the frequency response might exhibit singular behaviors such as overshoot. We propose two filters that both can mitigate these shortcomings: the regularized LS filter achieves this by adding a regularization term to the objective function; the quadratically constrained quadratic programming-based filter addresses overshooting more efficiently by imposing a maximum magnitude constraint on the frequency response. Numerical results show that these filters can suppress the overshoots, control the squared error, reduce the filter length and lower the computational complexity. For both single channel and wavelength-division multiplexing channels, the proposed methods generate similar outputs as the standard split-step Fourier method.


Yiddish-speaking Jews thought Cuba was supposed to be a mere layover on the journey to the United States when they arrived in the island country in the 1920s. They even called it "Hotel Cuba." But then the years passed, and the many Jews who came there from Turkey, Poland, and war-torn Europe stayed in Cuba. The beloved island ceased to be a hotel, and Cuba eventually became "home." But after Fidel Castro came to power in 1959, the majority of the Jews opposed his communist regime and left in a mass exodus. Though they remade their lives in the United States, they mourned the loss of the Jewish community they had built on the island. As a child of five, Ruth Behar was caught up in the Jewish exodus from Cuba. Growing up in the United States, she wondered about the Jews who stayed behind. Who were they and why had they stayed? What traces were left of the Jewish presence, of the cemeteries, synagogues, and Torahs? Who was taking care of this legacy? What Jewish memories had managed to survive the years of revolutionary atheism? An Island Called Home is the story of Behar's journey back to the island to find answers to these questions. Unlike the exotic image projected by the American media, Behar uncovers a side of Cuban Jews that is poignant and personal. Her moving vignettes of the individuals she meets are coupled with the sensitive photographs of Havana-based photographer Humberto Mayol, who traveled with her. Together, Behar's poetic and compassionate prose and Mayol's shadowy and riveting photographs create an unforgettable portrait of a community that many have seen though few have understood. This book is the first to show both the vitality and the heartbreak that lie behind the project of keeping alive the flame of Jewish memory in Cuba.


This article focuses on different manifestations of power in the realm of informal encounters between foreign tourists and Cubans/jineteros («tourist-riders») in Cuba. The controversial notion of jineterismo, which evokes tourism-hustling and prostitution, is employed as an entry point in order to outline the main registers of power at stake in such encounters. I examine how the relational positions of jinetero/-a and tourist are constituted through discourses, texts, and other material objects such as money and passports, which contribute to the stabilization of asymmetric power relations and which thereby restrain/enable Cubans' and tourists' possibilities. The consideration of some deployments of power in the course of ambiguous encounters between tourists and Cubans/jineteros shows how people can shift and reframe their respective positions and power relations, unpack and dissect issues of domination and compliance, and transform the role and power of the tourism industry and of the Cuban authorities.


Jamaica's fiscal and debt position has long been recognized as a major issue for the country, and the country has made several attempts to resolve this challenge by increasing revenue or reducing expenditures. Despite these adjustments, Jamaica has systematically failed to achieve its budget targets. This analysis shows that the major weakness in the budget planning execution is revenue projection, which influences planned expenditures. In contrast, the limitation in reducing rigid recurrent expenditures -mostly interest and wage salary payments- has led to the introduction of measures aimed at meeting appropriate revenue targets. In addition, capital expenditure has systematically underperformed relative to the budget, possibly to compensate for these weaknesses. However, fiscal targets have still underperformed relative to budget projections. These repeated, lower-than-expected revenues combined with rigid expenditures led to continuous debt buildup, reaching a level that needs deep institutional reforms.


The purpose of this study was to examine the estimated body composition values of women hospitalized for treatment of anorexia nervosa in relation to values reported in the literature for women without known dietary problems. Sixteen volunteers between the ages of 16 and 37 years from hospitals in California and Texas participated in the study. Data collected included height, weight, and selected skinfold and circumference measures. Statistical analyses included independent and paired t tests. Significant differences were found between the percent body fat of anorexic subjects (M = 15.54%) and that of normative women in the Jackson, Pollock, and Ward (1980) study (M = 24.09%). When the actual weight of the anorexic subjects (M = 99.3 lb) was compared with their theoretical minimal weight calculated by the Behnke (1969) formula (M = 106.5 lb), no significant difference was obtained. A comparison of somatogram data for the anorexic women and the reference woman found significant differences at 5 of the 11 s...


This paper is an archaeological analysis of the relationship between Jews and Christians in Byzantine Palestina, based on a catalogue of excavated Byzantine sites in the region. It suggests that different communities shared similar material cultures of religious practice, probably resulting from peaceful inter-communal interaction. These communities frequently occupied the same landscapes, and even the same settlements. This evidence is used to argue for closer and more peaceful co-existence between Jews and Christians in Byzantine Palestina than is usually supposed. It is suggested that this relative religious harmony contributed to the economic prosperity of the region in the Byzantine period and makes it a bright beginning for Jewish-Christian relations.


MATLAB is a popular mathematical framework composed of a built-in library implementing a significant set of commonly needed routines. It also provides a language which allows the user to script macro calculations or to write complete programs, hence called "the language of technical computing". So far, a noticeable effort is maintained in order to keep MATLAB being able to cooperate with other standard programming languages or tools. However, this interoperability, which is essential in many circumstances including performance and portability, is not always easy to implement for ordinary scientists. The case of parallel computing is illustrative and needs to be addressed as multicore machines are now standard. In this work, we report our efforts to provide a framework that allow to intuitively express and launch parallel executions within a classical MATLAB code. We study two alternatives, one which is a pure MATLAB solution based on the MATLAB parallel computing toolbox, and another one which implies a symmetric cooperation between MATLAB and C, based on the Pthread library. The later solution does not requires the MATLAB parallel toolbox, thus clearly brings a portability benefit and makes the move to parallel computing within MATLAB less costly to standard users. Experimental results are provided and commented in order to illustrate the use and the efficiency of our solution.


Designing for continuous interaction requires designers to consider the way in which human users can perceive and evaluate an artefact's observable behaviour, in order to make inferences about its state and plan, and execute their own continuous behaviour. Understanding the human point of view in continuous interaction re- quires an understanding of human causal reasoning, of the way in which humans perceive and structure the world, and of human cognition. We present a framework for representing human cognition, and show briefly how it relates to the analysis of structure in continuous interac- tion, and the ways in which it may be applied in design.


This paper explores demand side management (DSM) strategies, including both demand response and energy efficiency policies. The aim is to uncover what features might strengthen DSM effectiveness. We first look at key features of residential energy demand and the limits to energy indicators. We then turn to historical energy intensity trends in the sector which uncover its large untapped potential. A range of barriers to energy efficiency accounting for this gap are surveyed as well as a number of potential policy responses. This reveals the necessity of a portfolio approach with bundled strategies that simultaneously impact different parts of the market, enhance the strengths of individual measures while compensating for their weaknesses through the use of complementary policies. Evidence from the international experience, in Denmark, Germany, Japan, and US is reviewed. This helps us to contrast and shed some light on the UK experience. We conclude with an emphasis on the need for a holistic underpinning approach and the indentification of a number of attributes that reinforce DSM strategies.


A particularly challenging task for recommender systems (RSs) is deciding whether to recommend an item that received a variety of high and low scores from its users. RSs that incorporate a trust network among their users have the potential to make more personalized recommendations for such controversial items (CIs) compared to collaborative filtering (CF) based systems, provided they succeed in utilizing the trust information to their advantage. In this paper, we formalize the concept of CIs in RSs. We then compare the performance of several well-known trust-enhanced techniques for effectively personalizing the recommendations for CIs versus random items in the RS. Furthermore, we introduce a new algorithm that maximizes the synergy between CF and its trust-based variants, and show that the new algorithm outperforms other trust-based techniques in generating rating predictions for CIs.


Abstract Sediment grains in carbonate turbidity currents vary greatly in size, shape, surface texture, and density depending on the evolution of the source carbonate platform in time and space. Facies character and distribution may vary from traditional siliciclastic turbidite models not only because of the difference in composition but also because variation in grain properties influences flow and depositional behavior. Experimental gravity flows were generated to investigate one control on this variation. The experiments used silicon carbide (ρ = 3214 kg m−3) and glass ballotini (ρ = 2650 kg m−3) with a similar grain-size distribution in varying proportions to assess the influence of particle density on flow and sedimentation processes. Mixed-particle density flows were more efficient than single-particle density flows. Flow propagation was faster in flows with greater initial bulk density determined by grain density and suspended-sediment concentration. With mixed-particle suspensions flow propagation velocity was maintained for longer due to the presence of low-settling-velocity particles. As a result mixed-particle density flows transported more sediment downstream compared to single-particle density flows of similar initial suspended-sediment volume concentration. Because of the wider range of grain types in carbonate turbidity currents they may more effectively transport coarse, sand-grade sediment to more distal sites in a marine basin compared to siliciclastic counterparts of equivalent initial volume. This results in differences in bed and facies geometry and distribution.


The Dose-Effect model holds that longer therapy leads to better outcome, although increasing treatment length will yield diminishing returns, as additional sessions lead to progressively less change in a negatively accelerating fashion. In contrast, the Good-Enough-Level (GEL) model proposes that patients, therapists, or patients-with-therapists decide on ending treatment when treatment outcome is satisfactory, meaning that patients who change faster will have shorter treatments. If true, this means that aggregating among patients with different treatment lengths would yield biased results. Most previous research has shown that symptom change rate depends on treatment length, but all of these studies used data from University counseling centers in the United States. There is a need to test if previous results hold in different settings. Two datasets from Swedish community-based primary care (n = 640) and psychiatric care (n = 284) were used. Patients made session-wise ratings on the Clinical Outcomes in Routine Evaluation-Outcome Measure (CORE-OM). Multilevel models indicated better fit for a model in which treatment length moderated symptom change rate. In the primary care sample, patients in longer treatments achieved more symptom change from pre- to posttreatment, despite having slower rate of improvement. The most important aspect of the GEL model was supported, and no evidence was found for a negatively accelerating Dose-Effect curve. Results cannot be generalized beyond about 12 sessions, due to scarcity of data for longer treatments.


ABSTRACT Recent advances in surgical techniques for thoracic, cardiac, and oesophageal surgery have led to an increased use of lung separation techniques. Currently, double-lumen endotracheal tubes (DLT) and bronchial blockers (an Arndt wire-guided endobronchial blocker, a Cohen Flexitip endobronchial blocker, or the Fuji Uniblocker) are used.1–3 Achieving successful lung separation relies on knowledge of the anatomical distances of the airway, flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy techniques, and familiarity with left and right-sided DLTs and bronchial blockers. In general, lung isolation techniques are designed to: facilitate surgical exposure for cases involving the thoracic cavity, to prevent contamination of the contralateral lung in cases where pus or haemorrhage is present, and to establish airway continuity such as in a patient who presents with bronchopleural fistula and requires mechanical ventilation. Specific indications with bronchial blockers include: patients with difficult airways, patients with tracheostomy that require lung separation, selective lobar blockade, or whenever postoperative mechanical ventilation is contemplated. This review focuses on the current methods used to achieve lung separation. The objectives include: selecting the proper size device, intubation issues, optimal positioning with the use of a flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope, potential complications, and the management of lung isolation devices and what to do when they do not work.


The conventional 'disease model' approach to tree health focuses on identifying and controlling a specific pathogen (or pest) implicated as the causal agent of tree decline. Alternatively there are more holistic approaches in tree health that address a broader suite of processes occurring at the ecosystem level which may be predisposing the trees to infection by disease. Here I describe a holistic methodology that takes into account not only the proximal agents involved in tree decline, but also the age and structure of the forest, the abundance of cryptogams, the fire history, the acidity of the precipitation, the fertility of the soil, and the historical land care practices. This methodology is being implemented in the oak forests of coastal California which are experiencing high levels of mortality attributed, by most scientists, to the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum (aka sudden oak death). Evidence reported here of 1) acid rain, 2) acidifying effects of mosses and lichens, 3) the presence of acidic and nutrient deficient soils, and 4) a much lowered incidence of disease in recently burned areas, points to the likelihood that fire suppression has radically altered the structure and successional status of the forests, leading to enhanced competition and systemic acidification. Case study results of sick and diseased coast live oaks receiving holistic care, aimed not at treating P. ramorum but at reducing the environmental acidity, fertilizing the soils, and otherwise mimicking the effects of fire, show noticeable improvement in the health of the oaks after one year (78%, n=152), with further improvement in years two (84%, n=134) and three+ (81%, n=80). While the results do not indicate that the incidence of P. ramorum has changed significantly in the population of treated oaks, there is evidence that the sick, non-diseased trees are better able to resist infection.


Until recently, various attempts have been made to simplify the prescription process in homoeopathic prescribing. The doctrine of signatures, miasmatic theory, the homoeopathic repertory and more recently, kingdom analysis by authors such as Sankaran (1994) and Scholten (1993) are some of the attempts that have been made to understand the materia medica. With the materia medica constantly expanding and considering that plants make up a significant percentage of the materia medica (Kayne, 2006), it is evident that new systems of homoeopathic prescribing are continually needed to help practitioners both study the remedies and prescribe more accurately. Aim The Solanaceae plant family are an important and well utilised plant family in homoeopathy (Vermeulen, 2004). Considering this, it was felt that a study investigating the relationship of the natural history of the family to its general and mental symptoms be conducted in order to apply a previously unexplored research paradigm in order to create a greater understanding of Solanaceae remedies utilised in homoeopathy. The study conducted was a non empirical correlation study of the Solanaceae plant family"s natural history and general and mental symptoms manifested in Solanaceae remedies utilised in homoeopathy. The aims of the study were to establish if commonalties existed between general and mental symptoms of individual remedies belonging the Solanaceae family and their natural histories, as well as to establish if collective commonalities and correlations existed between the general and mental symptoms and the natural history of the Solanaceae family as a whole. Methodology The homoeopathic remedies obtained from the Solanaceae family of plants for the study were analysed in terms of rubric representation (size) using homoeopathic software packages, Radar 10.4 (Archibel, 2009b) and v Encyclopedia Homoeopathica (Archibel, 2009a) a sample selection was chosen. This selection was analysed in terms of general and mental rubrics. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to establish commonalities in keyword concepts between the respective natural histories of the studied family and their respective general and mental symptoms. Keywords obtained from data tables which included criteria such as habitat and distribution, plant description, active principles (primary alkaloids), uses, physiological action if ingested, historical significance, mythology and toxicology were subjected to thesaurus consultation and tabulated in an attempt to identify synonyms relating to the general and mental symptoms of individual remedies of the sample group in the study. This facilitated in the grouping of similar themes. Once commonalities pertaining to each individual species and remedy was further tabulated and discussed in terms of keywords relating to their natural histories, a collective analysis of common correlations between the plant family as a whole was performed. Results Common themes related to general and mental symptoms and to the natural histories of species in the study included "aggression" found in Atropa belladonna, "depression" found in Solanum dulcamara, "anxiety" found in Datura stramonium, "confusion" found in Hyoscyamus niger, "burns" found in Capsicum annuum, " convulsions" found in Nicotiana tabacum , " hallucinations" found in Mandragora officinarum and "delirium" found in Solanum nigrum. Common themes relating to general and mental symptoms and the natural history of the Solanaceae plant family as a whole included convulsions, hallucinations, confusion and anxiety. These themes were further compared to themes exhibited in Solanaceae studies conducted by Mangialavori (2007) and Sankaran (2002).


Fabricating hollow/porous structures and coating carbon on their surfaces are two effective strategies to improve the electrochemical properties of electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, we report the successful synthesis of novel hierarchical Zn3V3O8/C microspheres assembled from unique porous hollow nanoplates via a facile reverse microemulsion method and a subsequent annealing process. Notably, the PVP assisted heterogeneous contraction effect plays an important role in the formation of the distinctive hollow structure in the constituent nanoplates during the annealing process. Impressively, the resulting Zn3V3O8/C composite shows excellent electrochemical performance with a large capacity (912 mA h g−1 at 0.4 A g−1), excellent rate behavior (410 mA h g−1 at 3.2 A g−1) and cycling stability (756 mA h g−1 at 1.6 A g−1 after 500 cycles) when evaluated as the anode material for LIBs. The superior electrochemical performance of the as-synthesized Zn3V3O8/C microspheres can be attributed to the existence of carbon on the surface and, in particular, the unique porous hollow nanoplate structure.


CMC research presents emoticons as visual representations of writers' emotions. We argue that the emoticons in authentic workplace e-mails do not primarily indicate writers' emotions. Rather, they provide information about how an utterance is supposed to be interpreted. We show that emoticons function as contextualization cues, which serve to organize interpersonal relations in written interaction. They serve 3 communicative functions. First, when following signatures, emoticons function as markers of a positive attitude. Second, when following utterances that are intended to be interpreted as humorous, they are joke/irony markers. Third, they are hedges: when following expressive speech acts such as thanks, greetings, etc. they function as strengtheners and when following directives such as requests, corrections, etc. they function as softeners.


The Netherlands and Switzerland are among the world's most economically successful societies. Their inhabitants enjoy high standards of living and express great satisfaction with their lives according to surveys. This despite serious natural handicaps, such as a lack of raw materials and an abundance of water and rock respectively. The foundation for their prosperity was laid in the early modern period, between roughly 1500 and 1800, when, as federal republics, the two countries were already something of an anomaly in Europe. Their inhabitants experienced serious anxieties and tried to justify their exceptionality, to which they were, at the same time, greatly attached. The Republican Alternative attempts to clarify, through a sustained comparison, the special character of the two countries, which were similar perhaps at first sight, but nonetheless developed their own solutions to the challenges they faced. The book includes in-depth discussions of citizenship arrangements, Swiss and Dutch dealings with religious pluriformity, political discourses justifying the republican form of government, the advantages and disadvantages of an agrarian over a commercial society.


Sven Erik Jørgensen has boldly proposed a "Fourth Law of Thermodynamics" which he also advocates as the "Ecological Law of Thermodynamics" or ELT (Integration of Ecosystem Theories: A Pattern, Kluwer Academic Publisher). This Law is still a hypothesis and can be tested. I disagree with the generalised way he uses the term "exergy" in his approach. Exergy is commonly defined as a measure of the work capacity of a system. According to the physicists Boltzmann information embodies energy. Jørgensen takes this into account when considering the "exergy" stored in ecosystems; hence, according to his way of calculating the genetic information of the organisms is the mayor contribution to "exergy". I argue that energy has been embodied in the information during a historical process and that because of fundamental irreversibility this energy cannot be extracted again for work capacity. Moreover, other phenomena mentioned earlier by Ramon Margalef, demonstrate that proliferating information in biota shows uncoupling with respect to its embodied energy content according to the Boltzmann formula. In spite of these objections, some of Sven Erik Jørgensen's core ideas are exiting and worthwhile testing. I place these within the context of the non-equilibrium thermodynamic theories on "dissipative systems" developed by the physicist Ilya Prigogine.


A Fickian model is described for dispersive vapor transport due to "pumping" induced by barometric pressure fluctuations and periodic water table fluctuations. The approach is appropriate for time scales that are large relative to the period of induced airflow variations. Comparisons of the magnitude of dispersive fluxes with those due solely to molecular diffusion indicated that dispersive vapor transport becomes increasingly important as soil porosity decreases and as the depth to groundwater and the contaminant source increases. For soils with low air‐filled porosity, barometric pumping is likely to dominate transport even for shallow soils. Barometric pumping may predominate for soils with moderate to high air‐filled porosity with deeper groundwater (>5–15 m). Water table pumping is predicted to predominate over diffusion only for high‐frequency fluctuations, such as tidal conditions. A steady‐state model for contaminant volatilization from groundwater is presented that considers diffusive and dispersive vapor transport, unsaturated zone aqueous phase advection, and dispersive mixing in groundwater, yielding an apparent first‐order decay coefficient with respect to groundwater. Predicted volatilization coefficients for perchloroethene (PCE) range from <0.001 to >0.02 d−1 for various soil conditions and groundwater depths. Highest values are predicted for the most permeable soils. Volatilization rates are predicted to decrease with depth up to a point at which dispersive fluxes dominate over diffusion and then to increase to the extent that barometric pressure fluctuations propagate to greater depths. Vertical mixing within the saturated zone has a significant influence on volatilization from groundwater. Simple moving front and mixing cell models are presented to estimate depletion rates of soil contamination due to volatilization and leaching. Results indicate that natural depletion of residual soil NAPL may take many decades and is markedly influenced by soil conditions, hydraulic flux, and contaminant properties.


Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is important to many vadose zone processes. However, there is uncertainty regarding how laboratory‐ and field‐measured hydraulic property measurements can be combined with soil textural data to improve the description of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function at the field scale. In this investigation, we examine a scaled‐predictive method for defining the hydraulic conductivity function. This approach uses field‐measured data to adjust the hydraulic conductivity relationship developed using either laboratory measurements or soil textural data. In addition, both hydraulic property models were scaled using field‐measured data collected during a controlled infiltration experiment. Data from a second controlled infiltration experiment were used to evaluate the hydraulic property models based on accuracy of prediction of the arrival time of a wetting front and the water content distribution with time. The unadjusted laboratory‐derived parameters provide the best first approximation for predicting the wetting front arrival. Both hydraulic property models gave more accurate predictions of the wetting front arrival after adjustment with field‐measured data. Both scaled models predicted the water content distributions poorly. These predictions were improved, especially for the pedotransfer model, if the scaling was applied to only the lower portion of the soil profile.


This research was conducted within the Paul Woolley Research Initiative on Capital Market Dysfunctionalities at IDEI, Toulouse. Support from the Europlace Institute of Finance is gratefully aknowledged. Many thanks to participants in the first conference of the Centre for the Study of Capital Market Dysfunctionality at the London School of Economics, the Pompeu Fabra Conference on the Financial Crisis, the third Banco de Portugal conference on Financial Intermediation, the Europlace Institute of Finance 7th Annual Forum, as well as seminar participants at London Business School, Frankfurt University, the European Central Bank and Amsterdam University, especially Sudipto Bhattacharya, Arnoud Boot, John Boyd, Markus Brunnermeier, Catherine Casamatta, Zvi Eckstein, Guido Friebel, Alex Gumbel, Philipp Hartmann, Augustin Landier, Thomas Mariotti, John Moore, Liliana Pellizzon, Enrico Perotti, Ludovic Phalippou, Guillaume Plantin and Steve Schaefer.


This paper uses data from the World Input Output Database (WIOD) to examine channels through which CO2 emissions are embodied within and imported into the European production process. We apply a metric to calculate sectoral emission intensity and thus rank countries and sectors in the EU in terms of their emission intensity, and look at the evolution of patterns of emission intensity in 2005 and in 2009. We use an input-output price model to simulate the effect that a rise in the price of EU-ETS allowances, from $17 to $25 /tonne, would have on the final price of goods in each EU country and sector. We find that all countries in the EU reduced the emission-intensity of their production processes from 2005 to 2009, and we find that the reduction was greatest in those sectors regulated under the ETS. Comparisons of emission intensity between countries show that industries in Central and Eastern Europe are more emission intensive than those of Northern Europe, where industries import emission-intensive goods rather than producing them domestically. Finally we examine the trade in intermediate goods from China into the EU to examine possible increases in carbon leakage from 2005 to 2009. Results show that while emissions embodied in imported intermediate goods have increased from 2005 to 2009, this increase is not limited to, nor particularly notable in, the sectors regulated by the ETS.