Background/aim: The genetic background of Turner syndrome (TS) is highly variable. The correlation between genotype and phenotype is not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to describe the frequencies and distributions of Turner karyotypes and to discuss the phenotype/genotype relation in a very large group of individuals with TS. Materials and methods: The karyotype results of 248 female participants were evaluated retrospectively.Results: Of 248 females with the Turner phenotype, 14.5% had normal karyotypes and 85.5% had Turner karyotypes. About 72.2% of the abnormalities were numerical aberrations and 27.8% were structural aberrations. The most frequent karyotype was monosomy X, which was found in 135 females (63.7%), followed by 44 mosaics (21%), 40 isochromosomes of the long and short arms of chromosome X (19.1%), and 17 deletions of the short and long arms of chromosome X (8.0%). One case of Robertsonian translocation and one case of mosaic TS with marker chromosome were detected. Conclusion: This study shows the frequency and distribution of karyotypes in females with TS. There is great value to be gleaned from studies of females with TS in furthering our understanding of the atypical clinical features associated with TS. Studies involving genetic analyses will be necessary to examine gene expression profiles in girls with TS and identify potential candidate genes underlying the atypical clinical features associated with TS.


An airborne microwave temperature profiler (MTP) was deployed during the Texas 2000 Air Quality Study (TexAQS-2000) to make measurements of boundary layer thermal structure. An objective technique was developed and tested for estimating the mixed layer (ML) height from the MTP vertical temperature profiles. The technique identifies the ML height as a threshold increase of potential temperature from its minimum value within the boundary layer. To calibrate the technique and evaluate the usefulness of this approach, coincident estimates from radiosondes, radar wind profilers, an aerosol backscatter lidar, and in situ aircraft measurements were compared with each other and with the MTP. Relative biases among all instruments were generally less than 50 m, and the agreement between MTP ML height estimates and other estimates was at least as good as the agreement among the other estimates. The ML height estimates from the MTP and other instruments are utilized to determine the spatial and temporal evolution of ML height in the Houston, Texas, area on 1 September 2000. An elevated temperature inversion was present, so ML growth was inhibited until early afternoon. In the afternoon, large spatial variations in ML height developed across the Houston area. The highest ML heights, well over 2 km, were observed to the north of Houston, while downwind of Galveston Bay and within the late afternoon sea breeze ML heights were much lower. The spatial variations that were found away from the immediate influence of coastal circulations were unexpected, and multiple independent ML height estimates were essential for documenting this feature.


A 25-year-old previously healthy female patient experienced new-onset psychosis and showed suicidal behavior after contracting COVID-19. Based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), the diagnosis of an acute and transient psychotic disorder (ATPD) was appropriate. Due to poor insight into illness, the patient received an oral solution containing 2 mg/mL haloperidol and fully recovered after the first month of treatment. This is the first case of a COVID-19-associated psychotic episode showing full recovery with late intervention, which occurred nearly 45 days after exhibiting the first psychotic symptoms. Additionally, the patient would require long-term follow-up owing to an ultra-high risk of relapse.


3-Formylsalicylic acid oxime (H3L) formed the following dinuclear CuII and NiII complexes: [Cu2(HL)2]·0.5H2O (1), Na[Cu2(HL)(L)]·3H2O (2) and [Ni2(HL)2]·2.5H2O (3). The structures of Na[Cu2(HL)(L)(H2O)] (2′) and [Ni2(HL)2(H2O)4]·8H2O (3′) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. Complex 2 has a cis arrangement of the two ligands providing dissimilar {CuN2O2} and {CuO4} chromophores sharing the two phenolic oxygen
atoms. The N2O2 cavity has a hydrogen-bonded N–O⋯H⋯O–N linkage as the lateral chain, and the Cu in this site has a square-pyramidal geometry with a water molecule at the axial site. The Cu in the O4 cavity has a planar geometry. Complex 3 has a trans configuration with respect to its two ligands and each Ni has a six-coordinate geometry with two water molecules at the axial sites. Complex 1 has a trans configuration based on its having a chemical formula and IR spectrum similar to 3. The following interconversion among dinuclear Cu complexes has been established by pH adjustment: trans-[Cu2(HL)2] (1) ⇌
cis-[Cu2(HL)(L)]− (2) ⇌
trans-[Cu2(L)2]2− (water molecules are omitted). On the other hand, 3 showed the following interconversion: trans-[Ni2(HL)2] (3) ⇌
trans-[Ni2(L)2]2−. The cis Cu2 complex 2 was reacted with MnII to afford [Mn{Cu2(HL)(L)}2(H2O)4]·H2O·2DMF (4) that has a linear pentanuclear CuIICuIIMnIICuIICuII structure formed by the coordination of two molecules of 2 to a MnII through a carboxylate group.


Ensuring food security for a growing populace amidst an aging farmer population together with a decline in youth engagement in agriculture remains a global challenge. This is more distressing for developing countries, such as Uganda, that rely on subsistence farming to meet their food production demands, including job-creation for at least 75% of their populations. Therefore, the need exists to interest young people to lead innovative enterprises as agripreneurs to overcome poverty, food insecurity, and youth unemployment. A quasi-experimental, nonequivalent control group design was used in this study. The findings indicate that a statistically significant (p < .01) main effect existed between groups for perceived agripreneurship competencies depending on the instructional approach. Students in the treatment group had higher adjusted marginal mean scores for perceived agripreneurship competencies than members of the counterfactual group, which implied they benefited from a project-based learning approach. However, because the females had lower agripreneurial intentions than males regardless of group, additional research is needed on how to engage and inspire females to pursue agripreneurial ventures, i.e., increase their intentions, if doing such would improve the individuals' economic livelihoods.


Men and women negotiate differently, which might create gender inequality in access to resources as well as efficiency losses due to disagreement. We study the role of gender and gender pairing in bilateral bargaining, using a lab-in-the-field experiment in which pairs of participants bargain over the division of a fixed amount of resources. We vary the gender composition of the bargaining pairs as well as the disclosure of the participants' identities. We find gender differences in earnings, agreement and demands, but only when the identities are disclosed. Women in same-gender pairs obtain higher earnings than men and women in mixed-gender pairs. This is the result of the lower likelihood of disagreement among women-only pairs. Women leave more on the bargaining table, conditional on their beliefs, which contributes to the lower disagreement and higher earnings among women-only pairs.


Background: Previous studies on effectiveness of therapeutic residential youth care (TRC) have indicated that, compared to short-term effects, long-term effects are less convincing. Moreover, there is limited evidence on how TRC achieves treatment goals: TRC remains too much of a "black box". To gain durable treatment results we need to know more about how results are achieved, rather than investigating the achieved results itself. One of the factors associated with this process of change is the social climate within TRC institutions. Up until now, no literature reviews about how social climate is affected by institution and youth characteristics, and how social climate affects outcomes has been performed. Objective: To provide an overview of the literature on associations between determinants and social climate and between social climate and outcomes in TRC. Method: We searched multiple databases with a predetermined set of search criteria in the years 1990 and March 2017. We identified 8408 studies and reduced the final sample to 36 studies. Most studies were empirical assessments with a correlational design and were conducted in Western countries. Results: Effect sizes for the studies ranged from small to large and varied between and within studies. Most associations were found between social climate and positive outcomes. The most mentioned social climate constructs were: an open climate, support, and autonomy. Conclusions: The results are challenging to summarize due to variations in the concepts and operationalizations of social climate. The organizational culture must support a social climate which is supportive, structured and caring, and provide youth with an environment to grow. A positive social climate must constantly be evaluated and recreated based on combining the perspectives of residents, staff and external perspectives.


Comparator plays a major role on the overall performance of high speed analog to digital converters. A clocked comparator has to find out whether the input signal is high or low at every clock cycle. Since it acts as interface between the analog and digital signal, the accuracy is given by its input referred offset voltage, essential for the resolution of high performance ADC's. Based on the analysis of working of two different types of comparator it's found that time taken for the capacitive charging and discharging is found high. So in order to reduce the circuit delay we are going to use two tail transistor , as one at the top vdd and other at bottom vss, by including this transistor positive feedback during regeneration is strengthened, which result in remarkable reduce in delay time. In the proposed comparator, power consumption and delay are reduced significantly. The 0.18-μm CMOS technology post layout simulation confirms the result.


Large public bureaucracies are usually less efficient than modern private corporations. This paper explains how the degree of discretionary power might account for this difference in efficiency. In fact, increasing the discretionary power of the intermediate layers of an organization can enhance productivity by preventing collusion between middle managers and line workers; provided that collusion has a negative effect on the organization's surplus and takes place in conditions of asymmetric information


We describe a novel approach to incomplete information board games, which is based on the concept of metaposition as the merging of a very large set of possible game states into a single entity which contains at least every state in the current information set. This merging operation allows an artificial player to apply traditional perfect information game theory tools such as the Minimax theorem.

We apply this technique to the game of Kriegspiel, a variant of chess characterized by strongly incomplete information as players cannot see their opponent's pieces but can only try to guess their positions by listening to the messages of a referee. We provide a general representation of Kriegspiel states through metaposition trees and describe a weighed maximax algorithm for evaluating metapositions. We have tested our approach competing against both human and computer players.


"Facing an increasing competitive environment where flexibility and adaptability to change are the obliged route to success, building and construction companies have to continuously renew their working habits while keeping business processes under quality, time and cost control. In the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) domain, the wide diversity in terms of the object built, but also associated to the geographical dispersion of actors and building sites makes such an agility even more crucial. Considering the design and tendering phase of a construction operation, the architects and construction engineers have to efficiently select the manufactured products that will best suit the project while complying to its numerous constraints. Beyond the functionality, performance and cost characteristics, a suitable product has also to conform to the applying regulations and standards, be eventually accompanied with a corresponding technical agreement, offer acceptable delivery solutions on the building site. Moreover, once identified within a manufacturer catalogue, the product has to be integrated into the architect or engineer application desktop, whether it be a CAD, specification writer or quantity take-off application.

 Addressing these needs, the Global Engineering Networking (GEN) initiative is promoting the reuse of company internal and external engineering knowledge through the emergence of new kind of global market places where actors publish and retrieve on-line a wide range of engineering information and services. In particular, The Construction Pilot in EP 22 284 GENIAL project demonstrates over the AEC domain, the relevance of new generation of Information Technology infrastructures supporting the erection of Value-Added Service Provider (VASP) sites that materialise the GEN vision, i.e. allowing information and services to smoothly be retrieved where required whilst the succeeding company is concentrating on its core competencies. With such an infrastructure, whether it is through material, performances, manufacturer, regulation or price discrimination, the appropriate component, document or service is rapidly and cost effectively brought on the designer desk for the best value of the overall project. On the other side of the communication pipe, the supplying partner gains the opportunity of reaching an enlarged audience as IT now commonly break any geographical distance.

 In practice, three major information publishers and a building contractor in Europe initiate the GEN network in the AEC domain through the erection of VASP sites offering product, company or document related information. User queries are governed by various standard (EPIC, UNICLASS) or corpus specific (BATIBASE, EDIBATEC) classification systems. Relevance of the overall approach is demonstrated through the presentation of a large variety of such queries for the various information corpuses used : Techcom company and product information, BIC company, product and document, REEF regulation documentary corpus or EDIBATEC product information."


When Monty Roberts was thirteen years old he went off on his own to the deserts of Nevada to watch mustangs in the wild. What he learned about their methods of communication changed his life forever. The Man Who Listens to Horses reveals his deep love and understanding of horses. We learn how, through his relationship with various horses, he gradually developed the methods which enabled him to communicate with horses in their own language, a silent language of gestures similar to sign language: the unique art of the horse whisperer. According to Monty, anyone can learn the language of the horse and anyone can learn his Join-Up(R) methods. In this amazing true life book he tells you how. This is the bestselling autobiography that spread Monty Roberts' message across the world and changed his life forever. Unique and inspirational, and with a message that resonates far wider than its application to horses, it might change your life too.


Structural integrity and risk management have a wide interest because of its practical applications, such as oil and gas pipelines, piping systems under pressure in power stations, urban water, and heating networks. The main goal of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to estimate the unsteady pressureflow variations in a gas transmission grid within the framework of sequential data assimilation. This technique enables to determine accurately the maximum pressure at the localized defect on the pipeline by merging measurements that contain random errors into the inexact numerical flow model. For this purpose, a particle filter is used. The semi-discretization approach is applied to convert the nonisothermal flow model into an initial value problem of ordinary differential equations. The spatial discretization is based on a five-point, fourth-order finite difference approximation and the time marching was done using a diagonally implicit Runge-Kutta scheme. Secondly, to study the strength of steel tubes reinforced with composite sleeves containing localized part-wall thickness losses caused by corrosion while taking into consideration a safe operating pressure. For a steel thin-walled cylinder containing a wrap of fiberglass with epoxy resin, the burst pressure and sleeve thickness are determined. Finally, the repaired pipeline with a fiber-reinforced composite sleeve is investigated. The results enable operators to handle problems of corroded steel pipelines and develop effective repair activities during operation. For this reason, current research is important for the maintenance of underground steel networks.


Questions

Does addition of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum increase the short-term restoration success of nutrient-poor grassland (NPG) after topsoil removal? Does distance to intact remnant grassland (IRG) patches affect restoration success, and does the effect of inoculum addition depend on distance to IRGs?

Location

Meerdaal forest, Oud-Heverlee, Belgium.

Methods

In a topsoil-removed site of 8.5 ha, where 24 IRG patches (ca. 10% of the area) were kept, 48 plots (1 m2) were established at three distances (5, 10 and 20 m) from the edge of IRG patches. Half of the plots at each distance class were inoculated with a custom-made AMF inoculum, whereas the remaining plots were used as controls. We recorded plant species abundance in the plots, just before addition of the AMF inoculum and 1 yr after. We used repeated measures ANOVA to test for effects of inoculum addition, distance to IRG patches and their interaction on plant species richness, diversity and plant community similarity between IRG patches and plots. We also evaluated the response of AMF-dependent plant species, specialist species of NPG and species with specific seed dispersal adaptations.

Results

Adding the inoculum positively affected species richness and/or diversity of all plant species, AMF-dependent species and specialist species. It increased plant community similarity to the IRG patches. Increasing distance from IRG patches had a negative effect on richness and/or diversity of all plant species and specialist species. The positive effect of inoculum addition on richness and/or diversity of all species, AMF-dependent species and specialist species decreased with increasing distance from IRG patches to the plots, likely indicating priority effects.

Conclusions

The application of a custom-made AMF inoculum increased the short-term restoration success of NPG after topsoil removal. Dispersal limitation of specialist plant species of NPG, however, likely negatively affected the effect of inoculum addition. Apart from the AMF effect, the reported strongly positive short-time effect of inoculation was likely due to the high density of IRG patches at the site, and the presence of organic matter and other micro-organisms in the inoculum.


A set of 34 laser total-fusion 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analyses of sanidine from a melt layer in crater-fill deposits of the Manson impact structure in Iowa has a weighted-mean age of 74.1 ± 0.1 Ma. This age is about 9.0 m.y. older than 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of shocked microcline from the Manson impact structure reported previously by others. The 74.1 Ma age of the sanidine, which is a melt product of Precambrian microcline clasts, indicates that the Manson impact structure played no part in the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) mass extinction at 64.5 Ma. Moreover, incremental-heating 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of the sanidine show that it is essentially free of excess 40 Ar and has not been influenced by postcrystallization heating or alteration. An age spectrum of the matrix of the melt layer shows effects of 39 Ar recoil, including older ages in the low-temperature increments and younger ages in the high-temperature increments. At 17 places in eastern South Dakota and Nebraska, shocked quartz and feldspar grains are concentrated in the lower part of the Crow Creek Member of the Pierre Shale (Upper Cretaceous). The grains are largest (3.2 mm) in southeastern South Dakota and decrease in size (0.45 mm) to the northwest, consistent with the idea that the Manson impact structure was their source. The ubiquitous presence of shocked grains concentrated in a thin calcarenite at the base of the Crow Creek Member suggests it is an event bed recording an instant of geologic time. Ammonites below and above the Crow Creek Member limit its age to the zone of Didymoceras nebrascense of earliest late Campanian age. Plagioclase from a bentonite bed in this zone in Colorado has a 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age of 74.1 ± 0.1 Ma commensurate with our sanidine age of 74.1 Ma for the Manson impact structure. 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages of bentonite beds below and above the Crow Creek are consistent with our 74.1 ± 0.1 Ma age for the Manson impact structure and limit its age to the interval ±74.5 0.1 to 73.8 ± 0.1 Ma. Recently, two origins for the Crow Creek have been proposed—eastward transgression of the Late Cretaceous sea and a Manson impact-triggered tsunami. We conclude that most data are in accord with an impact origin for the Crow Creek Member and are at odds with the marine transgression hypothesis.


In Indonesia, exposure to the English language is primarily mediated through the use of English textbooks. What cultural knowledge and whose culture are represented in these textbooks become a critical issue because culture interweaves both language and thought. With this in mind, this study aims to examine how Indonesian cultural diversity and whose cultures are represented in middle school English textbooks. We argue that diversity and multicultural perspectives represented in these textbooks are the core of English language learning and teaching. We also contend that language textbooks play a pivotal role in the acquisition of both linguistic and cultural knowledge of English. Drawing on Kress and Van Leeuwen's (2006) semiotic approach to analyzing textual and non-textual representations of cultures, we found that the 2013 English textbooks for Grades 7 and 8 permeate Indonesian cultural values and practices that do not provide a balanced and equal depiction of Indonesian cultural diversity. The findings suggest the importance of inclusive representation of the richness of Indonesian local culture in a more salient manner, especially those of minority groups. Pedagogically, teachers are expected to design language materials with cultural sensitivity and appropriation for the inclusiveness of other cultural values that might not be covered in the textbooks.


The early Late Ordovician sedimentary rocks of eastern North America contain a relatively large number (>100) of widespread heavily altered tephra layers (K-bentonites). These beds represent an intense period of subaerial volcanism that occurred from ca. 455 to 449 Ma. The sedimentary rocks that contain these K-bentonites display complex regional lithostratigraphic relationships ranging from clastic foreland basin facies to cratonic carbonate platform facies. Accurate correlation of these ancient ash-fall beds is essential for testing chronostratigraphic hypotheses that attempt to connect these different tectono-sedimentary provinces. Despite the relatively thorough study of a few of these K-bentonites over the past several decades, the full stratigraphic potential of these beds has yet to be realized. To test the utility of the apatite trace-element K-bentonite correlation method on a larger scale, we studied over 200 K-bentonite samples from the Mohawkian Stage of eastern North America and statistically compared our results with previous studies on the same suites of K-bentonites. Electron microprobe (EPMA) and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) results show that apatite trace-element data provide unique bed discriminators. Each of the K-bentonite layers exhibits unique and reproducible trends in Mg, Cl, Mn, Fe, Ce, Y, and other trace-element concentrations in apatite. Statistical evaluation of results from our apatite analyses suggests correlations for 12 K-bentonite beds, providing a significant improvement in stratigraphic resolution. The stratigraphic relations indicated by these new K-bentonite fingerprints provide a rigorous means by which to evaluate some previous interpretations of biostratigraphic, chemostratigraphic, and sequence stratigraphic studies in eastern North America.


Our aim is to investigate the indirect effects of ocean acidification on pelagic food webs bydetermining to which extent the variable carbon to nutrient ratio of phytoplanktonpropagates through the food chain, also investigating the bacteria associated with the differentplayers. Until now, we have focused on a model food chain comprising the nanoflagellateRhodomonas salina (prey), the copepod Arcatia tonsa (predator) and their respective bacterialcommunity.We have a closer look at the growth responses and changes in nutrient stoichiometry due toraised CO2-levels. Algae grown under high CO2 have an increased carbon to nutrient ratio intheir tissue, which results in two opposing effects on herbivorous consumers feeding on them:increased food availability comes along with decreased food quality. The extra carbon if notrespired might be metabolized by the bacterial community. Additionally, we are interestedin whether a reduction in sea water pH alone causes shifts in the bacterial communitycomposition.


Aim: To assess the neurological complications of chickenpox with prognosis. Background: The neurological complications occur in 0.03% of persons who get chickenpox. There is no universal vaccination against chicken pox in India. Most patients prefer alternate modalities of treatment. Hence these complications of chickenpox are likely to continue to occur. Study Design: A prospective study was conducted for 2 years (from March 2002) on the admitted cases with neurological complications after chickenpox (with rash or scar). Patients were investigated with CT/MRI, CSF study, EEG and nerve conduction studies and hematological workup. They were followed-up for 1 year and outcome assessed using modified Rankin scale. Results: The latency for the neurological complications was 4-32 days (mean: 16.32 days). There were 18 cases: 10 adults (64%) and 8 children (36%). Cerebellar ataxia (normal CT/MRI) was observed in 7 cases (32%) (mean age: 6.85 years). One patient (6 years) had acute right hemiparesis in the fifth week due to left capsular infarct. All these cases spontaneously recovered by 4 weeks. The age range of the adult patients was 13-47 years (mean: 27 years). The manifestations included cerebellar and pyramidal signs (n-4) with features of demyelination in MRI who recovered spontaneously or with methylprednisolone by 8 weeks. Patient with encephalitis recovered in 2 weeks with acyclovir. Guillain Barre syndrome of the demyelinating type (n-2) was treated with Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and they had a slow recovery by a modified Rankin scale (mRs) score of 3 and 2 at 6 months and 1 year, respectively. One case died after hemorrhage into the occipital infarct. There were two cases of asymmetrical neuropathy, one each of the seventh cranial and brachial neuritis. Conclusion: Spontaneous recovery occurs in post-chickenpox cerebellar ataxia. Rarely, serious complications can occur in adults. The demyelinating disorders, either of the central or peripheral nervous system, can be effectively managed using methylprednisolone or I/V IG.


This report concerns the development of the AASK V4.0 database (CAA Project 560/SRG/R+AD). AASK is the Aircraft Accident Statistics and Knowledge database, which is a repository of survivor accounts from aviation accidents. Its main purpose is to store observational and anecdotal data from interviews of the occupants involved in aircraft accidents. The AASK database has wide application to aviation safety analysis, being a source of factual data regarding the evacuation process. It is also key to the development of aircraft evacuation models such as airEXODUS, where insight into how people actually behave during evacuation from survivable aircraft crashes is required. With support from the UK CAA (Project 277/SRG/R&AD), AASK V3.0 was developed. This was an on-line prototype system available over the internet to selected users and included a significantly increased number of passenger accounts compared with earlier versions, the introduction of cabin crew accounts, the introduction of fatality information and improved functionality through the seat plan viewer utility.
The most recently completed AASK project (Project 560/SRG/R+AD) involved four main components: a) analysis of the data collected in V3.0; b) continued collection and entry of data into AASK; c) maintenance and functional development of the AASK database; and d) user feedback survey. All four components have been pursued and completed in this two-year project. The current version developed in the last year of the project is referred to as AASK V4.0. This report provides summaries of the work done and the results obtained in relation to the project deliverables.


Abstract
Giving a good education to the children is a hope for every parents today. The boarding school education system comes as one of new alternative for education that give a holistic learning program not only in academic sides, but also in life education sides. All of the students must be stayed in dormitory and this condition makes them live separately from their parents so they have to do a long distance communication. This situation is risky when the children could feel the anxiety and uncertainty, because there are some regulations that bound the use of communication media. So that, the uncertainty and anxiety managements are needed the most in this case.
The aim of this research is to describe the experiences how parents and child could manage the anxiety and uncertainty while they have to do a long distance communication. Using Uncertainty Reduction Theory, Self Disclosure Theory, and Dialouge Theory by Martin Buber, this qualitative descriptive research that uses constructivism paradigm with phenomenological approach research three pairs of parent and child that lived outside Java Island.
The outcomes of this research show that long distance communication is risky to have uncertainty and anxiety, and felt more by the parents. But, in this case, parent-child that have a special intimacy has a way to help the proccess of anxiety uncertainty management, beside that, the case when a child has a self willing to enter the boarding school, the anxiety uncertainty is more effective. There are other unique outcomes, where children could feel more intimate with their parents when they are apart in long distance, then there are others factor that have contribution in managing the anxiety uncertainty management those are adaptation, self disclosure, and trustworthiness. Uncertainty Reduction Theory explains that the condition of long distance communication with minimum face to face conversations is risky to have more uncertainty and anxiety, but the outcomes of this research improve with the fact that the anxiety uncertainty couldn't be relevant if there are good and effective management in it.
Key words : anxiety and uncertainty, parent-child, long distance communication, boarding school.


The field of electroacoustic music has witnessed years of extensive exploration of aural spatial perception and an abundance of spatialisation techniques. Today the growing ubiquity of visual 3D technologies gives artists a similar opportunity in the realm of visual music. With the use of stereoscopic video we now have the ability to compose individual depth cues independently. The process of continuous change of the perceived depth of the audiovisual space over time is being referred to as depth modulation, and can only be fully appreciated through motion. What can be achieved through the separation and manipulation of visual and sonic spatial cues? What can we learn about the way we perceive space if the basic components building our understanding of the surrounding environment are artificially split and re-arranged? Visual music appears to be a perfect field for such experimentation. Strata of visual and aural depth cues can be used to create audiovisual counterpoints in three-dimensional spaces. The choice of abstract imagery and the lack of obvious narrative storylines allow us to focus our perception on the evolution of the immersive audiovisual space itself. A new language of an immersive audiovisual medium should emerge as a delicate, ever-changing balance between all previously separated and altered components.


A 2‐D numerical study of the evolution of Ceres from a "frozen mudball" to the present era emphasizes the importance of hydrothermal processes. Particulates released as the "frozen mudball" thaws settle to form a roughly 290 km radius core. Hydrothermal flow is driven by radiogenic heating and serpentinization. Both salt‐free and brine fluids are considered. Our modeling suggests that Ceres's core has been warm over most of its history and is still above freezing, and convective processes are active in core and mantle to the present. The addition of low eutectic solutes greatly expands the region of active convection. A global muddy ocean persists for the first 3 Gyr, and at present, there may be several regional mud seas buried under a frozen crust. Transport of interior material to the near surface occurs throughout our model's history. Eutectic brines drive convective flow to near the surface, even breaching the surface in isolated regions, on the order of 30 km in width, similar in size to some mounds detected using the Dawn visible imaging camera (Sizemore et al. 2015). Surface features such as the bright spot in Occator crater and Ahuna Mons could be the result of eutectic plumes. The CM‐based model density profile is within 10% of Ermakov et al.'s ( ) results. The model mud mantle has a roughly 42:58 volumetric partitioning of H2O to rock. Our mud model is consistent with the absence of large craters (Marchi et al. ) and an internal viscosity decreasing with depth (Fu et al. ).


The Ca2+-selective fluorescent probe quin 2 was used to measure changes in the concentration of free cytosolic [Ca2+] in isolated rabbit gastric glands. Both carbachol and cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) were found to increase transiently intracellular Ca2+ concentration, [( Ca2+]i) with maximal increases from approximately 0.15 to 0.5 microM occurring within 4-6 s following secretagogue addition. Increases in [Ca2+]i were dose dependent and inhibited by appropriate antagonists. Prestimulation with either carbachol or CCK-8 effectively prevented increases in [Ca2+]i in response to the other agonist. Acute removal of extracellular Ca2+ slightly reduced the increase in [Ca2+]i that occurred following secretagogue addition but had no effect on pepsinogen secretion. Severe Ca2+ depletion resulted in potent inhibition of the quin 2 signal and suppressed basal pepsinogen release and reduced, but did not totally block, pepsinogen release in response to carbachol and CCK-8. Gastrin stimulation also elevated [Ca2+]i in glands, but this agonist was only 40-50% as effective as CCK-8. The cAMP-dependent agonists histamine and forskolin increased [Ca2+]i to approximately the same degree as gastrin. There was a definite lag in the rise in [Ca2+]i following simulation with histamine and forskolin compared with carbachol and CCK-8, which suggests that additional biochemical events occur between agonist-receptor binding and the rise in [Ca2+]i observed with the cAMP-dependent agonists. Both cAMP-dependent and -independent agonists induced an increase in autofluorescence that was slower than the rise in [Ca2+]i but equally affected by extracellular Ca2+ depletion.


This Article bridges a gap in existing literature by evaluating, from an empirical perspective, the impact of conflict among the lower courts on the Supreme Court's decision to grant or deny a petition for a writ of certiorari. Specifically, this Article looks at the political ideology of the lower courts involved in a split of authority on federal law and compares those positions to the political ideology of the Supreme Court itself. This Article concludes that the ideological content of lower court opinions in a conflict case impacts the Supreme Court's certiorari decisions in a statistically significant way, and thus sheds new light on the role lower court conflict plays in whether the Supreme Court's exercise of its discretion to grant cert.


This bibliometric study used citation analysis to uncover citing characteristics in the burgeoning academic field of emergency management. Of the 281 degree programs listed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency nationwide, those at community colleges accounted for 17% of the total. Using the interdisciplinary database of Academic Search Complete, a sample of 5,099 citations was collected from 146 articles published between 2002 and 2012. The most strongly represented disciplines revealed by the analysis were Social Science, Science/Technology, and Medicine. A majority of citations (45%) came from academic journals, with nearly half (44%) of those from Social Science. When citing outside of their discipline, medical and science/technology journals cited most often from Social Science, 70% and 12%, respectively. This study also finds the 20 most frequently cited journals, which will be of help to collection development and subject librarians.


The recent high-level emergence of 'climate justice' in the normative and policy discourse addressing the social and legal aspects of climate change is welcome. However, certain dangers of co-option face the concept as it gains institutional traction. Drawing on a critical theoretical reading of the patterns of climate injustice and their relationship with liberal legal subjectivity (and with the related themes of the politics of dis/embodiment, corporate juridical privilege, (neo)colonialism and the highly uneven structure of globalized world order), this article argues that 'climate justice' is more likely to sustain the necessary resistive critical energies if informed by critical legal reflection on historical and contemporary patterns of climate injustice, particularly as they emerge in relation to the privileged trope of liberal legal subjectivity and the juridical privileging of the corporate form. Future policy directions indicated by the analysis are briefly introduced.


Effusion cooling technology has been assessed in past years as one of the most efficient methods to maintain allowable working temperature of combustor liners. Despite many efforts reported in literature to characterize the cooling performances of those devices, detailed analysis of the mixing process between coolant and hot gas are difficult to perform especially in case superposition and density ratio effects become important. Furthermore, recent investigations on the acoustic properties of these perforations pointed out the challenge to maintain optimal cooling performance also with orthogonal holes which showed higher sound absorption.This paper performs a CFD analysis of the flow and thermal field associated with adiabatic wall conditions to compute the cooling effectiveness. The geometry consists of an effusion cooling plate drilled with 18 holes and fed separately with a cold and hot gas flow. Two types of perforations equivalent in porosity and pitches are investigated to assess the influence of the drilling angle between 30 and 90 deg. The reference conditions considered in this work comprehend an effective blowing ratio ranging between 1 and 3 at isothermal conditions (reaching a maximum hole Reynolds number of 10000) and high inlet turbulence intensity (17%). This set of conditions was exploited to perform a validation of the numerical procedure against detailed experimental data presented in another paper. Inlet turbulence effects highlighted by measurements for the slanted perforation were also investigated simulating a low turbulence condition corresponding to 1.6% of intensity. Furthermore the nominal DR = 1.0 was increased up to 1.7 to expand the available data set towards typical working conditions for aero-engines.Steady state RANS calculations were performed with the commercial code ANSYS® CFX, modeling turbulence by means of the k — ω SST. In order to include anisotropic diffusion effects due to turbulence damping in the near wall region, the turbulence model is corrected considering a tensorial definition of the eddy viscosity with an algebraic correction to dope its stream-span components. Computational grids were finely clustered close to the main plate and inside the holes to obtain y+ < 1, to maximize solver accuracy according to previous similar analysis.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


This thesis is an exploration of the emergence and development of a new cosmopolitan ethic of belonging in three of Salman Rushdie's novels that speak most effectively to the reality of being a "global soul". In warning of the dangers inherent in binaristic and fundamentalist thinking, emphasizing the necessity of creating alternative hybrid spaces of cultural contact, and re-inscribing notions of "self' and "home," Rushdie articulates a global citizenship that accounts not only for the recognition of a universal human condition, but also for the valuing and preservation of multiple and diverse cultural localities. Chapter One offers a theoretical framework for examining pertinent, contemporary considerations of issues of identity, alterity, history, authenticity, and belonging. It also addresses the rise of a reclaimed and redeployed form of cosmopolitanism that diverges from a traditional, Stoical vision of world citizenship and challenges the assertion that the global and the local are distinct, unrelated entities. Chapter Two focuses on The Satanic Verses as a novel that, far from exclusively imagining the birth of Islam, addresses significant questions about the nature of the migratory self and the trials and opportunities presented by postmodern uncertainty and the entrance of "newness" into the world. Chapter Three examines The Ground Beneath Her Feet as a testament to the need to establish moorings and create "home" in unexpected places in times of


Past investigations by us have shown high levels of caries experience in rural coloured school children of the Western Cape. These studies were all undertaken in fluoride poor areas. In contrast studies of children in areas with optimal and higher concentrations of fluoride in their drinking water have shown lower DMFT scores. On a previous visit to the town of Fraserburg in the North Western Cape we observed fluorosis in children, although the fluoride content of the municipal drinking water was sub-optimal (0.68-0.78 ppm F-). The purpose of this study was therefore to measure the dental status of 6, 12 and 15 year old school children using the dmft, DMFT and Dean's Fluorosis Index according to the 1987 WHO guidelines. The examinations were done by two calibrated examiners using portable equipment. Results showed low mean dmft values of 3.31 +/- 3.90 and 0.22 +/- 0.86 for the 6 and 12 year olds respectively. The corresponding DMFT scores including that for 15 year olds were 0.08 +/- 0.35; 1.45 +/- 1.81 and 1.00 +/- 1.60 respectively and no significant statistical gender differences were observed (p>0.05). The mean fluorosis scores for 6, 12 and 15 year olds were 1.68 +/- 1.05; 2.78 +/- 1.34 and 2.90 +/- 1.58 respectively. For both the 12 and 15 year olds the severity of fluorosis ranged from no fluorosis to severe mottling and corrosion. It can be concluded that the results even at a sub-optimal fluoride level show a high similarity to the dental status of children in rural fluoride rich areas. Defluoridation of the Fraserburg municipal drinking water therefore becomes imperative and a concentration of 0.4 ppm F- is suggested. Furthermore the children have no access to dental services and this has led to accumulated needs which demand urgent addressing.


BACKGROUND Electroporation therapy is a new cancer treatment modality in which a locally applied electrical field enhances cell membrane permeability, allowing greater intracellular accumulation of a chemotherapeutic agent. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of electroporation therapy in treating basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six patients with skin cancer of the head and neck were treated using electroporation therapy with intratumorally injected bleomycin. Orbital growth, facial nerve proximity, or proximity to cartilage of the external meatus complicated four of these tumors. The intention was curative. The follow‐up period was 24 months and included biopsies after 8 weeks. RESULTS In four of the six patients, one treatment was enough to eradicate the tumor. In one patient, the tumor persisted even after a second treatment with electroporation therapy. A septal cartilage perforation was the only major complication. The cosmetic results were very satisfactory. One additional recurrence was recorded 6 months after the follow‐up period CONCLUSION Electroporation therapy is a promising new cancer treatment that should be further evaluated as an alternative to surgery, especially in complicated skin cancer. Genetronics, Inc. provided financial support for this study and has paid Dr. L. Lofgren an honorarium for work at investigator meetings.


This essay argues that the southern courtroom genre is cathartic, since it transforms unpopular stereotypes of behaviour such as violence and bigotry into popular and attractive traits such as tolerance and respect for justice. It focuses on three novels and their subsequent film versions to illustrate this process: William Faulkner's "Intruder in the Dust", Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird" and John Grisham's "A Time to Kill". In each, an underlying concern with miscegenation, as evidence of the final, closest and most personal connection between members of different races, is identified and examined in the context of the southern social history of the period. As these three examples of the courtroom genre suggest, the cathartic effect of recognizing the common humanity behind the superficial differences of race is a morally edifying and heartening process, one that secures the popularity of the form and promotes the best qualities of the south.


On 21 June 2013 the Norwegian government approved the regulation for the Anti-Discrimination and Accessibility Act (ADA), and new web sites that are aimed the Norwegian public were given one year to become accessible according to the standard provided in the regulation. Existing web sites have until 2021 to do the same. This thesis looks at how Norway is dealing with this web accessibility legislation. As the regulation has so recently been approved one focus has been on how similar legislation in other countries has been dealt with. There has also been an emphasis on how web development practitioners address web accessibility, since they are among the first people who implement such legislation. The methods that were used were interview, literature survey and web site assessment. The interviews were with the Norwegian web accessibility legislation's supervisory authority, an accessibility expert, and representatives from a public institution and a private business. The findings from the interviews showed that the supervisory authority has enforcement capabilities, but that they lack a specific plan for how they are going to supervise the legislation. The public institution and private business respondents reported that they had not heard about the legislation from the government, but had found out about it through other channels. The literature survey findings showed that critical factors for a successful implementation of web accessibility legislation were: education and training; government legislation; and, good tools. It was also found that in addition to having web accessibility legislation, it was important that the government enforced it and promoted it well. The conclusion is that the situation for Norway has both positive and negative sides. The fact that there is a legislation concerning web accessibility, and that a supervisory authority has been provided and given enforcement capabilities, is good. However, the situation could benefit from a more intensive promotion of the legislation and regulation.


Progress of minimally invasive surgery stimulates the development of sensory techniques. The present study is related with creation of a mechatronic clamping laparoscopic device (forceps) that allows transferring tactile sensations from the jaws of the clamp to the handles of the master manipulator operated by surgeon. The user presses the handles of the manipulator. The change in the angle between the handles is synchronized with the change in the angle between the jaws of the forceps (slave link) that grasps the soft tissue. The contact load is identified based on the voltage applied to the electric motor connected to the forceps and then transferred to the control unit. This control unit adjusts the operating frequency of the piezoelectric actuator in such a way as to generate a force corresponding to the measured load. This force is applied to handles of the manipulator. It creates a moment in the handle, which is felt by the user. Thus, the system provides the tactile feedback. In order to describe the dynamics of the piezoelectric actuator, a finite-dimensional empirical model is used. In order to describe the dependence of the moment, with which the soft tissue acts upon the jaws of forceps, on the span angle between the forceps, a mathematical model is proposed. This model takes into account the properties of the soft tissue (which is assumed elastic) and geometry of the surface of forceps jaws. An algorithm for identification of the moment acting from the tissue on the forceps is proposed. Numerical simulation of dynamics of the system is performed. The results of calculations confirm the efficiency of the algorithm for identifying the moment created by tissue.


This work is part of a series of papers devoted to investigating the evolution of cluster galaxies during their infall. In the present article, we image in NIR a selected sample of galaxies throughout the massive cluster Abell 85 (z = 0.055). We obtain (JHK′) photometry for 68 objects, reaching ∼1 mag arcsec−2 deeper than 2MASS. We use these images to unveil asymmetries in the outskirts of a sample of bright galaxies and develop a new asymmetry index, , which allows us to quantify the degree of disruption by the relative area occupied by the tidal features on the plane of the sky. We measure the asymmetries for a subsample of 41 large-area objects, finding clear asymmetries in 10 galaxies; most of these are in groups and pairs projected at different clustercentric distances, and some of them are located beyond R500. Combining information on the H i gas content of blue galaxies and the distribution of substructures across Abell 85 with the present NIR asymmetry analysis, we obtain a very powerful tool to confirm that tidal mechanisms are indeed present and are currently affecting a fraction of galaxies in Abell 85. However, when comparing our deep NIR images with UV blue images of two very disrupted (jellyfish) galaxies in this cluster, we discard the presence of tidal interactions down to our detection limit. Our results suggest that ram-pressure stripping is at the origin of such spectacular disruptions. We conclude that across a complex cluster like Abell 85, environmental mechanisms, both gravitational and hydrodynamical, are playing an active role in driving galaxy evolution.


Upon fertilization the paternal and maternal genomes unite, giving rise to the embryo, with its unique genetic code. All cells in the human body are derived from the fertilized ovum: hence they all contain (with a few exceptions) the same genetic composition. However, by selective processes, genes are turned on and off in an adaptable, and cell type-specific, manner. The aim of this thesis is to investigate how signals coming from outside the cell and epigenetic factors residing in the cell nucleus, cooperate to control gene expression. The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily consists of around 30 cytokines, which are essential for accurate gene regulation during embryonic development and adult life. Among these are the ligands TGF-β1 and bone morphogenetic (BMP) -7, which interact with diverse plasma membrane receptors, but signal via partly the same Smad proteins. Smad4 is essential to achieve TGF-β-dependent responses. We observed that by regulating transcription factors such as Id2 and Id3 in a specific manner, TGF-β1 and BMP-7 achieve distinct physiological responses. Moreover, we demonstrate that CTCF, an insulator protein regulating higher order chromatin conformation, is able to direct transcription by recruiting RNA polymerase II to its target sites. This is the first mechanistic explanation of how an insulator protein can direct transcription, and reveals a link between epigenetic modifications and classical regulators of transcription. We also detected that DNA loci occupied by CTCF replicate late. The timing of replication is a crucial determinant of gene activity. Genes replicating early tend to be active, whereas genes replicating late often are silenced. Thus, CTCF can regulate transcription at several levels. Finally, we detected a substantial cross-talk between CTCF and TGF-β signaling. This is the first time that a direct interplay between a signal transduction pathway and the chromatin insulator CTCF is demonstrated.


The most widely used techniques for deep vibratory compaction of cohesionless soils are Vibroflotation and Terra-Probe. The Vibroflotation process consists of penetrating the soil with a horizontally vibrating probe and simultaneously saturating and vibrating the soil as the probe is extracted. The Terra-Probe process consists of driving and retracting a 30-in.(760-mm) diam open-ended steel pipe with vertical vibrations induced by a vibratory pile driver. Three test patterns with different probe spacings were compacted with 100-hp Vibroflot probes and three test patterns were compacted by Terra-Probe. Each test pattern was compacted to a depth of 35 ft (11m). Static cone penetration tests and standard penetration tests were conducted in each test pattern before and after compaction. The average change in relative density within each test pattern was obtained by measuring the volume of sand added and the subsidence of the ground surface. The test results indicate that Vibroflotation compacted a greater volume of soil per probe penetration than Terra-Probe, the latter, however, working faster.


Software "style" is about finding the perfect balance between overhead and functionality... elegance and maintainability... flexibility and excess. In Exceptional C++ Style, legendary C++ guru Herb Sutter presents 40 new programming scenarios designed to analyze not only the what but the why and help you find just the right balance in your software.Organized around practical problems and solutions, this book offers new insight into crucial C++ details and interrelationships, and new strategies for today's key C++ programming techniques--including generic programming, STL, exception safety, and more. You'll find answers to questions like: What can you learn about library design from the STL itself? How do you avoid making templated code needlessly non-generic? Why shouldn't you specialize function templates? What should you do instead? How does exception safety go beyond try and catch statements? Should you use exception specifications, or not? When and how should you "leak" the private parts of a class? How do you make classes safer for versioning? What's the real memory cost of using standard containers? How can using const really optimize your code? How does writing inline affect performance? When does code that looks wrong actually compile and run perfectly, and why should you care? What's wrong with the design of std::string?Exceptional C++ Style will help you design, architect, and code with style--and achieve greater robustness and performance in all your C++ software.


When I started out in Stanford University's biology doctoral program, I didn't feel ready. My feeling that I was poorly prepared was corroborated by a committee that told me often how underprepared and unqualified I was. I attempted to argue my case, but the committee held to its position: I was unworthy. Fast forward 2 years: Just before I walked into my qualifying exam, the committee convinced me that I was going to fail. I succeeded, but that didn't change its low opinion of me. Then, at the end of my third year, I was selected to receive a Diversifying Academia, Recruiting Excellence (DARE) fellowship, which targets students in their final 2 years of graduate school who are interested in pursuing academic careers. The committee now argued that I didn't belong in the company of the other fellows, who, it insisted, were way more accomplished than I was.

Later, when I interviewed for postdoc positions, committee members had nothing positive to say. "You are not ready," they said. "You are not good enough." When the time came to defend my Ph.D. thesis, they were at it again: "You don't deserve this," they said, after I had succeeded. "Your work isn't that good. You won't get it published anywhere decent." It was a continuous barrage of criticism aimed at undermining my self-confidence.

![Figure][1]

"The committee is no longer in charge—I am."

ILLUSTRATION: MARC ROSENTHAL

Fortunately, this was not my doctoral committee or any other committee that existed at Stanford University, or any other place in the real world. My Ph.D. committee at Stanford was constructive and supportive. The one I'm referring to—call it the negative committee—existed, and continues to exist, only inside my own brain.

For years, the members of the negative committee have tried to make me feel like an impostor, and for years they succeeded. They didn't believe in the person I was becoming: an accomplished academic who is critical, visionary, confident, and authentic. They have made it difficult, as Valerie Young, an expert on impostor syndrome, puts it, "to internalize or feel deserving of any success." The negative committee drowns out other voices, making it difficult to hear anything but its own incessant harping—difficult, but not impossible.

In time, I gained the confidence needed to stand up to the negative committee. Intense self-reflection through mindful meditation helped me learn more about what the committee was after—my self-confidence—and how to fight it. The committee never quite succeeded because even as it was working to undermine my confidence, I was working to build it up. My accomplishments in graduate school, and the DARE fellowship, helped build my confidence. I also had help from a lot of people: formal and informal mentors, friends, lab mates, and family. I draw on this confidence today when I tell the negative committee to "sit down and shut up," as writer Ann Bradford has suggested.

The negative committee isn't all bad. As with all things, it depends on how you look at it. Yes, it has tried to undermine me, but I have learned from it. I have learned to turn its negatives into positives, to view its criticisms as opportunities for growth. The negative committee helps me stay grounded and be realistic about my true abilities. It keeps me on my toes.

You, too, probably have a negative committee that you need to learn how to manage. It takes time, and it isn't easy, but it isn't that hard, either. Use your mentors, friends, and family—your positive committee, which has the advantage of existing in the real world—to help rein in your negative committee. I think the Dalai Lama said it best: "The way to overcome negative thoughts and destructive emotions is to develop opposing, positive emotions that are stronger and more powerful."

Now that I'm a postdoc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, my negative committee continues to criticize my efforts. But things are different now. The committee is no longer in charge—I am. I now know how to not take its criticisms seriously. I know how and when to shut it up. And when I can't shut it up, I just prove it wrong.

 [1]: pending:yes


A diverse, international Fortymile Planning Team wrote a novel Fortymile caribou herd {Rangifer tarandus granti) Management Plan in 1995 (Boertje & Gardner, 1996: 56-77). The primary goal of this plan is to begin restoring the Fortymile herd to its former range; >70% of the herd's former range was abandoned as herd size declined. Specific objectives call for increasing the Fortymile herd by at least 5-10% annually from 1998-2002. We describe demographics of the herd, factors limiting the herd, and condition of the herd and range during 1992-1997. These data were useful in proposing management actions for the herd and should be instrumental in future evaluations of the plan's actions. The following points summarize herd biology relevant to management proposed by the Fortymile Planning Team: 1. Herd numbers remained relatively stable during 1990-1995 (about 22 000-23 000 caribou). On 21 June 1996 we counted about 900 additional caribou in the herd, probably a result of increased pregnancy rates in 1996. On 26 June 1997 we counted about 2500 additional caribou in the herd, probably a result of recruitment of the abundant 1996 calves and excellent early survival of the 1997 calves. The Team deemed that implementing management actions during a period of natural growth would be opportune. 2. Wolf (Canis lupus) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) predation were the most important sources of mortality, despite over a decade of the most liberal regulations in the state for harvesting of wolves and grizzly bears. Wolves were the most important predator. Wolves killed between 2000 and 3000 caribou calves annually during this study and between 1000 and 2300 older caribou; 1200-1900 calves were killed from May through September. No significant differences in annual wolf predation rates on calves or adults were observed between 1994 and early winter 1997. Reducing wolf predation was judged by the Team to be the most manageable way to help hasten or stimulate significant herd growth. To reduce wolf predation, the Team envisioned state-sponsored wolf translocations and fertility control in 15 key wolf packs during November 1997-May 2001. Also, wolf trappers were encouraged to shift their efforts to specific areas. 3. To increase social acceptance of the management plan, the Fortymile Team proposed reducing the annual caribou harvest to 150 bulls for 5 years beginning in 1996. Reducing annual harvests from 200-500 bulls (<2% of the herd, 1990-1995) to 150 bulls (<1% of the herd, 1996-2000) will not result in the desired 5-10% annual rates of herd increase. 4. We found consistent evidence for moderate to high nutritional status in the Fortymile herd when indices were compared with other Alaskan herds (Whitten et al, 1992; Valkenburg, 1997). The single evidence for malnutrition during 1992-1997 was the low pregnancy rate during 1993 following the abnormally short growing season of 1992. However, this low pregnancy rate resulted in no strong decline in Fortymile herd numbers, as occurred in the Delta and Denali herds (Boertje et al, 1996). No significant diseases were found among Fortymile caribou. 5. Winter range can support elevated caribou numbers both in regards to lichen availability on currently used winter range and the availability of vast expanses of winter range formerly used by the herd.


Using a plentiful selection of skill-building and self-evaluation exercises, author Charles Zastrow's comprehensive, workbook-style text promotes his philosophy that you can learn group leadership skills best by practicing them in class. In this seventh edition of SOCIAL WORK WITH GROUPS: A COMPREHENSIVE WORKBOOK, Zastrow discusses topics central to a successful understanding of group leadership: stages of groups, group dynamics, verbal and nonverbal communication, types of groups, and diversity in groups. When you participate in groups, the classroom becomes a "lab" where you can experience what it's like to work in and lead the many kinds of groups the author discusses.


ABSTRACT Trauma in pregnancy is currently a leading cause of non-pregnancy-related maternal death, and maternal death remains the most common cause of foetal demise. The most common aetiologies of trauma in pregnancy include transportation accidents, falls, violent assaults and burn injuries. Head and neck injuries and haemorrhagic shock account for most maternal deaths secondary to trauma. Women of childbearing age are among the population at greatest risk for trauma. The pregnant trauma victim presents a unique spectrum of challenges to the healthcare team. Expeditious maternal resuscitation is the most effective method of foetal resuscitation. The management of pregnant trauma victims requires the anaesthesiologist, the obstetrician and the trauma surgeon to consider and understand the unique changes in anatomy and physiology that take place during pregnancy. This article reviews the current considerations for the optimal perioperative management of pregnant trauma victims.


We present a coherent database of spectroscopic observations of far-IR fine-structure lines from the Herschel/PACS archive for a sample of 170 local AGN, plus a comparison sample of 20 starburst galaxies and 43 dwarf galaxies. Published Spitzer/IRS and Herschel/SPIRE line fluxes are included to extend our database to the full 10–600μm spectral range. The observations are compared to a set of CLOUDY photoionisation models to estimate the above physical quantities through different diagnostic diagrams. We confirm the presence of a stratification of gas density in the emission regions of the galaxies, which increases with the ionisation potential of the emission lines. The new [O IV]25.9μm/ [O III]88μm vs [Ne III]15.6μm/ [Ne II]12.8μm diagram is proposed as the best diagnostic to separate: i) AGN activity from any kind of star formation; and ii) low-metallicity dwarf galaxies from starburst galaxies. Current stellar atmosphere models fail to reproduce the observed [O IV]25.9μm/ [O III]88μm ratios, which are much higher when compared to the predicted values. Finally, the ( [Ne III]15.6μm+ [Ne II]12.8μm)/( [S IV]10.5μm+ [S III]18.7μm) ratio is proposed as a promising metallicity tracer to be used in obscured objects, where optical lines fail to accurately measure the metallicity. The diagnostic power of midto far-infrared spectroscopy shown here for local galaxies will be of crucial importance to study galaxy evolution during the dust-obscured phase at the peak of the star formation and black-hole accretion activity (1 < z < 4). This study will be addressed by future deep spectroscopic surveys with present and forthcoming facilities such as JWST, ALMA, and SPICA.


New insights on stellar evolution and stellar interior physics are being made possible by asteroseismology. Throughout the course of the Kepler mission, asteroseismology has also played an important role in the characterization of exoplanet-host stars and their planetary systems. The upcoming NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) will be performing a near all-sky survey for planets that transit bright nearby stars. In addition, its excellent photometric precision, combined with its fine time sampling and long intervals of uninterrupted observations, will enable asteroseismology of solar-type and red-giant stars. Here we develop a simple test to estimate the detectability of solar-like oscillations in TESS photometry of any given star. Based on an all-sky stellar and planetary synthetic population, we go on to predict the asteroseismic yield of the TESS mission, placing emphasis on the yield of exoplanet-host stars for which we expect to detect solar-like oscillations. This is done for both the target stars (observed at a 2-minute cadence) and the full-frame-image stars (observed at a 30-minute cadence). A similar exercise is also conducted based on a compilation of known host stars. We predict that TESS will detect solar-like oscillations in a few dozen target hosts (mainly subgiant stars but also in a smaller number of F dwarfs), in up to 200 low-luminosity red-giant hosts, and in over 100 solar-type and red-giant known hosts, thereby leading to a threefold improvement in the asteroseismic yield of exoplanet-host stars when compared to Kepler's.


This is a selection of Lord Irvine's major lectures and articles since 1995. It surveys the constitutional revolution that has taken place in Britain since the Labour Government came to power in 1997, taking in devolution and House of Lords reform, but with a particular focus on human rights. The evolution of a new human rights culture is traced, from the policy underlying the Human Rights Act 1998, through the scheme of the legislation and the preparations for implementation, to an analysis of the impact of the Act during its first two years. The work is of particular interest because Lord Irvine chaired the four main Cabinet Committees on constitutional change and introduced the Human Rights Bill to Parliament. Lord Irvine also considers the development and practice of public and administrative law, and the constitutional role of the British judiciary and the Lord Chancellor within our unique separation of powers. Alongside forays into criminal, commercial, and medical law, the collection also embraces an international perspective, with essays on the influence in Britain of european law; comparative analyses of key aspects of English, American and French jurisprudence; and a discussion of the continuing relevance of Magna Carta in Britain and Australia. This collection is a timely contribution to the debate on human rights, constitutional law and the English legal system at the turn of the new millennium, and will be of interest to judges, academics, practitioners and students.


The rapidly accelerating AIDS epidemic of the 90s and its current state of " hyperendemicity " in southern Africa have affected the levels, intensity and nature of vulnerability. Not only does HIV co‐exist with widespread food insecurity and economic inequality in time and space, it interacts with these conditions. HIV incidence rates are fuelled by food insecurity while subsequent AIDS‐related morbidity and mortality, in turn, further exacerbate food insecurity. These interactions play out at household and community levels. In addition, HIV and nutrition interact negatively within the human body itself. Although often hidden, interactions play out in real time at different levels from the individual to the nation state. During the evolution of AIDS epidemics there are three sequential phases of vulnerability – upstream (relating to risk of infection), midstream (individual risk of developing opportunistic infections after HIV infection) and downstream (risk of serious impacts in households or communities living with HIV). Each of these phases have particular drivers and consequences. Among poor southern Africa households, vulnerability is also dynamic in the sense that its multiple ingredients are in constant flux – and because people proactively respond to try to reduce their vulnerability. Such responses determine their resilience in the face of concurrent shocks and stresses. Highlighting work undertaken by the Regional Network on AIDS, Livelihoods and Food Security (RENEWAL), this presentation will map out the evolution in the conceptualization of vulnerability in the context of AIDS and food insecurity in southern Africa over the last decade.


Managing urban flooding remains one of the key challenges for the operators of sewerage systems in the developed world. In the UK it has been an important area of investment over the last five-year asset management period, and will be even higher on the agenda for the next five. Although modern software tools are extremely sophisticated in estimating the probability of sewer surcharging and surface flooding, the science of assessing individual property flood risk is still in its infancy. The authors have developed a flood risk tool to identify the consequential effects of sewer system overloading in terms of individual property flood risk. This is post-processing software using the output from conventional modelling software. The tool recognises two separate causes of property flooding: backing up flow through connecting drains when sewers are surcharged, and the conveyance of flood flows over the surface. The severity of each is combined with return period to give a flood risk score for each property within a catchment. The tool has been trialled by UK water companies as a proactive way of managing flood risk and has been shown to offer significant advantages over traditional methods of urban flood management.


Alongside 'Dig for Victory', 'Make Do and Mend' is a well-known ideology from the austerity campaigns unleashed on Britain's home front in the Second World War. Less well known are the post-war prosperity campaigns. These campaigns mutated the moral economy created by wartime propaganda to encourage the British to become reacquainted with geographies of manufacturing and to focus again on imports and exports. Post-Second World War consumers were entreated to forego localism, embrace the global and 'export or die'. That the drive for the global was showcased in an equally compelling political campaign is particularly poignant. This article examines the processes by which the British were made to become part of the complex, distributed and far-spanning geographies of manufacturing prevalent today. It sheds light on a brief lapse from globalisation and addresses a critical need in geography for a historical survey of the making of present global production networks and global cultures of consumption.


This study describes an exploratory research of managers' perspective of the concept of work-life balance (WLB) policies and practices in Nigeria. This is done through in-depth case studies of 20 banks in the banking sector. The data set is comprised of responses from 102 middle line managers in the Nigerian banking institutions. A review of the extant literature on WLB initiatives in the banking sector revealed that there is a dearth of knowledge on WLB policies and practices in an African context. In an attempt to fill the gap in the literature, this study examines the range and scope of WLB practices, managers' perception of WLB, and the forces helping or constraining to shape the choices of work life balance practices and policies. The findings reveal that there is diversity in terms of how middle-line managers understand and experience WLB initiatives in Nigeria. Another finding highlights the practice of favoritism in most banks using WLB initiatives. In addition, the study shows that cultural sensitivity affects how WLB is appreciated and utilized. The study suggests some policy implications in the form of support for WLB policies in this context. © 2013 Crown copyright.


Recent advances in protein labelling—gene tagging with CRIPSR-Cas9—have made it possible to label proteins of interest endogenously. This represents a major breakthrough in the field of quantitative microscopy, especially when quantifying protein-protein interactions. This is because over-expression of labelled proteins may cause a distortion in localization, function and perhaps artificially force protein-protein interactions due to crowding effects. A microscopy technique that is particularly well suited to detect protein interactions with low photon budgets is number and brightness (N&B). Detrending (removal of global trends in data) is a necessary pre-processing step to N&B calculations, but all current detrending methods perform poorly at low intensities. Here, we present the Robin Hood automatic detrending algorithm which performs well at low intensities, evaluating it with simulated and low photon budget live cell images. RH is available as an ImageJ plugin and as an R package. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Fluorescence microscopy in general and Fluorescence fluctuation methods in particular are very much dependent on detrend algorithms and so far, the user needs to decide an arbitrary number to correct for bleaching when using the box plot or the running average approach. Here, we have developed a tool available to everybody as an ImageJ plugin that is automatic, user-free and able to correct bleached images with very low photon counts.


Abstract In the series Neither Victims Nor Executioners (1946) the Franco-Algerian writer Albert Camus argued for the need of a relative utopia that would allow man, who refused the logic of murder and violence, to revolt against their historical condition. To this end Camus stressed the importance of fighting for a new democratic world order that would have reversed the condition of international dictatorship immanent in the interdependent world of the 20th century. In the series of essays another reading is possible; an attempt to find a new political way after the end of the classic modern world - a system founded on the supremacy of European nation-States - and to consider such an attempt as an interesting standpoint to face current transnational challenges.


AIM
To evaluate the benefit and effectiveness of MR-arterioportography (MR-AP) to achieve the highest sensitivity for detection and evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODS
Twenty liver cirrhosis patients with suspected HCC were included before transarterial chemoembolization. In all patients double-enhanced Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. A bolus of 10 mL Magnevist® was injected through a selectively placed catheter in the superior mesenteric artery and MRI of the liver was performed in arterioportographic phase. Two independent readers evaluated number, size and localization of detected lesions. Diagnostic quality was determined using a 4-point scale. Differences were analyzed for significance using a t-test. Interobserver variability was calculated.

RESULTS
In all 20 patients (100%), MR-AP was feasible. Diagnostic quality was, in all cases, between 1 and 2 for both modalities and readers. MR-AP detected significantly more lesions than double-enhanced MRI (102.5 vs. 61, respectively, P < 0.0024). The inter-observer variability was 0.881 for MRI and 0.903 for MR-AP.

CONCLUSION
Our study confirmed that the MR-AP as an additional modality for detection of HCC is beneficial, as significantly more lesions were detected compared to MRI with liver-specific contrast.


This thesis deals with Markov operators and semigroups. A Markov operator is a positive linear operator on the space of finite measures on some state space that preserves mass. A Markov semigroup is a family of Markov operators parametrised by the positive real numbers, satisfying the semigroup property. These appear naturally in various places: deterministic dynamical systems, iterated function systems, structured population models and more generally Markov chains and Markov processes.

We will study general Markov operators and semigroups in a functional analytic framework. Because the usual topology on the space of measures, given by the total variation norm, is often too strong for applications, we consider weaker topologies on the space of measures. and study continuity properties of Markov semigroups and their restriction to invariant subspaces.

In the latter part of the thesis we provide ergodic decompositions, yielding, among other things, a characterisation of ergodic measures and an 'explicit' integral decomposition of invariant measures into ergodic measures. Under extra equicontinuity assumptions the ergodic decompositions have some nice properties, allowing us to find various characterisations for the existence, uniqueness, mean ergodicity and stability of invariant measures, and giving us extra information on the set of ergodic measures.


The Raigon aquifer is an important groundwater system in southern Uruguay. The increasing use of groundwater resources in the last decades has provoked changes in the concentration of many elements which are strongly related to anthropogenic pollution sources. Concentration levels are useful to detect changes in reservoir status but it is also necessary to analyze their chemical significance in order to make an accurate assessment of the sources of contamination and the causes of changes. In this work we use the available thermodynamic data to calculate chemical speciation on these groundwater samples. Trace elements present as anions, in particular Se and Mo, are especially focused to show the chemical modeling possibilities. Both elements form anionic species, predominantly MoO4 2- and SeO4 2- . Results show that these anions interact in solution and are greatly influenced by the concentration of the abundant calcium ion. Localized changes in pH can strongly affect the situation. The same is observed with the pE parameter, but only in the case of Se. Chemical speciation of trace elements is in general highly dependent on pH, pE and concentration of major elements. In consequence, for a fixed analytical total concentration, these parameters can markedly change the situation, affecting the mobility, the bioavailability and environmental fate of these elements. The strategy employed in this work can also be extended to the study of many other environmental water scenarios.


Introduction: Postoperative pain relief is of paramount importance in any surgery.
Objective: To compare the effect of local infiltration of bupivacaine versus placebo for post-operative pain relief following inguinal hernioplasty.
Materials and Methods: Ours was a prospective randomized controlled trial conducted on 120 patients undergoing elective Lichtenstein hernioplasty. Patients were divided into two groups of 60 each. One group received local infiltration with 10 mL bupivacaine 0.25% below the external oblique aponeurosis and 15 mL bupivacaine 0.25% subcutaneously after completion of the surgical procedure. The other group received an equal amount of normal saline infiltrated in the similar manner. Visual Analogue Scale measured the pain.
Results: The baseline parameters were similar in both the groups. Postoperative pain was significantly decreased in patients receiving bupivacaine (p < 0.05). Mean time to first request for rescue analgesic was increased from 245 + 19.42 minutes to 472 + 19.42 minutes (p < 0.05). The consumption of supplementary analgesics during the 24-hour study period reduced from a mean of 2.8 + 0.12 to 1.7 + 0.09 doses in bupivacaine group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Local infiltration of bupivacaine is an effective modality for post-operative pain relief in inguinal hernioplasty.


Endovascular revascularization of the superficial femoral and popliteal (femoropopliteal (FP)) artery is currently plagued by high rates of restenosis and stent fracture. One hypothesis behind these suboptimal clinical results implicates the unique physical forces that are applied to the FP segment during daily leg movement. In an effort to elucidate these forces, we applied angiography-based previously validated three-dimensional (3-D) modeling algorithms to angiograms of a FP artery in a patient with peripheral arterial disease. As the FP is the longest artery in the body, overlapping paired angiographic images of the entire FP artery were required. From these pair of two-dimensional angiographic views, individual 3-D FP segments can be generated. A validated fusion process was then performed in order to join these FP segments to form a complete 3-D FP artery. In order to investigate the effects of motion upon this arterial segment, we performed angiography and subsequent 3-D modeling of the FP artery in both the straight-leg (SL) and crossed-leg (CL) positions. In this paper, the methodology used to generate an in vivo FP artery model from sequentially acquired multiple angiographic images is reviewed. The data set from one patient in the SL and CL positions are used to demonstrate the 3-D modeling and fusion processes followed by the computation of various quantitative estimates in order to demonstrate the feasibility of this method. Inclusive in this technique is an assessment of the twist angle that is induced when the FP artery is moved from the SL to the CL position. The authors also submit the validation results for the method of calculating these twist angles as assessed on a metallic phantom and a computer-simulated arterial tree model.


Theories of embodied cognition state that knowledge is built by means of cross-domain mapping processes between different domains of experience. Recent research informs about the presence of mapping processes in the reception of both tonal and atonal music. A previous experiment suggested the occurrence of mappings between visual attributes and interpretative features in atonal music. However, these results were obtained with musicians; therefore, it is unknown to what extent they are equally valid to non-musicians. This study aims at examining the incidence of interpretative expression within the visual-musical mapping process. Three versions (two expressive and one deadpan) of an atonal musical piece were presented to musicians and non musicians. The two expressive versions, varied in the span of silence between groups. Simultaneously, different visual animated images that represented the image-schema Source-Path-Goal were exhibited. Subjects were required to estimate the correspondence between the animations and the music. It was predicted that (i) the microstructure of expressive performance would communicate a sense of goal's attainment; (ii) conversely, the lack of microstructure in the deadpan version would not; and (iii) there would not be differences between musicians and non-musicians. Significant differences were found in the responses according to the interpretative version.


The black economic empowerment (BEE) score consists of seven elements, namely ownership, management control, employment equity, skills development, preferential procurement, enterprise development and socio-economic development. The purpose of this study is to establish whether an association exists between an entity's BEE elements and its share returns in the short term. Based on prior literature, it appears that the market reacts positively to an announcement of a BEE deal, although the literature also indicates that an entity's BEE score, which includes all seven elements of the BEE score, bears a negative relationship to its share returns. Therefore the association between the various BEE elements and share returns needs to be investigated. The study uses a multivariate regression analysis that controls for factors influencing share returns. The study includes the BEE element data as obtained from the survey of the top empowerment companies carried out by Empowerdex/Financial Mail for the period 2005 to 2011. The results of this study indicate that a significant positive association exists between the management control element of the BEE score and the entity's share returns. Furthermore, a significant negative association exists between the ownership and preferential procurement elements of an entity and its share returns. This study contributes to the literature on BEE in the accounting and finance field in South Africa as well as enhances the understanding and effect of BEE compliance through implementation of the generic scorecard as required by the 2007 codes of good practice. The results of this study would be of interest to government policy analysts, investors and managers.


Author(s): Hodgson, Alfred T.; Levin, Hal | Abstract: Central tendency and upper limit concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in indoor air are summarized and reviewed. Data were obtained from published cross-sectional studies of residential and office buildings conducted in North America from 1990 through the present. VOC concentrations in existing residences reported in 12 studies comprise the majority of the data set. Central tendency and maximum concentrations are compared between new and existing residences and between existing residences and office buildings. Historical changes in indoor VOC concentrations since the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 are explored by comparing the current data set with two published reviews of previous data obtained primarily in the 1980s. These historical comparisons suggest average indoor concentrations of some toxic air contaminants, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane have decreased.


Few now dispute that the magnificent rise of China and India has fundamentally transformed the geopolitical landscape of the 21st century. In the United States, their emergence has prompted interest in the two Asian giants, home to more than a third of the world's population, with a focus on how their geopolitical influence will affect the United States. The Washington foreign policy community has framed China as a challenge and a competitor, while India is increasingly portrayed as an opportunity and an ally. Yet while the heightened focus on Sino-US and Indo-US relations is welcome, few US analysts have bothered to examine the third, and perhaps most volatile, leg of this equation: the Sino-Indian relationship. History is littered with examples of rising powers upending the status quo and challenging the established order. Strategic thinkers in the United States have mulled the potential of conflict with China since the moment the Soviet Union collapsed. However, it is at least as likely that if superpower conflict does emerge in the 21st century, it will be between China and India. This scenario is by no means guaranteed, and perhaps not even probable. Formal relations are cordial. However, unlike the United States and China, the two do not have the luxury of a vast ocean to separate them. Rather, they share a long and, more importantly, contested border and a close proximity that can magnify grievances, encourage friction, and perpetuate a zero-sum mentality. It is therefore incumbent upon the United States to seek a greater understanding of Sino-Indian relations, particularly of the issues that divide them and the historical context that underpins their interactions. A Relationship that Starts with War A convenient starting point for analyzing contemporary Sino-Indian relations is their birth as modern nations only two years apart: India, when it gained independence from Britain in 1947, and Communist China, when Mao Zedong and his Red Guards declared victory in the Chinese civil war in 1949. Drawn together by anti-imperialist sentiment and Asian fraternity, the two nations enjoyed something of a Golden Age throughout their first decade as independent countries, a period often characterized by a popular phrase of the time: "Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai," or "Indians and Chinese are brothers." In 1954, the two signed the "Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence," or Panchsheel, which codified the principles of mutual non-aggression and non-interference. However, the era of Sino-Indian harmony would last only a few short years. China's invasion and annexation of Tibet in 1950 had already made more than a few Indians uncomfortable, but at the time, India's leaders quieted voices of protest in the interest of bilateral comity. However, when the Dalai Lama led a failed uprising against Chinese rule in 1959, India was intimately drawn into what China considered an internal conflict. With his rebellion crushed, the Dalai Lama and his beleaguered followers fled into northern India seeking safe haven, and New Delhi, to the great frustration of Beijing, granted it. Adding fuel to the fire, as the Dalai Lama episode was unfolding, both India and China began a dangerous game of brinksmanship along their poorly demarcated 2,100 mile-long border. In 1958, India discovered that Chinese workers had built a strategically placed road through territory claimed by both sides along India's northwestern border with China. The precise border in Aksai Chin, as this 15,000 square mile portion of desolate Tibetan plateau is called, had become a matter of contention between British-ruled India and China since the late 1914 century. In India's northeast, there was a major controversy as well. There, India claimed its border with China extended to the McMahon line, a boundary drawn by India's British overlords in 1914, whereas China laid claim to 32,000 square miles of territory south of that line, which the Chinese refer to as South Tibet. …


If the concept of "free will" is reduced to that of "choice" all physical world share the latter quality. Anyway the "free will" can be distinguished from the "choice": The "free will" involves implicitly a certain goal, and the choice is only the mean, by which the aim can be achieved or not by the one who determines the target. Thus, for example, an electron has always a choice but not free will unlike a human possessing both. Consequently, and paradoxically, the determinism of classical physics is more subjective and more anthropomorphic than the indeterminism of quantum mechanics for the former presupposes certain deterministic goal implicitly following the model of human freewill behavior. Quantum mechanics introduces the choice in the fundament of physical world involving a generalized case of choice, which can be called "subjectless": There is certain choice, which originates from the transition of the future into the past. Thus that kind of choice is shared of all existing and does not need any subject: It can be considered as a low of nature. There are a few theorems in quantum mechanics directly relevant to the topic: two of them are called "free will theorems" by their authors (Conway and Kochen 2006; 2009). Any quantum system either a human or an electron or whatever else has always a choice: Its behavior is not predetermined by its past. This is a physical law. It implies that a form of information, the quantum information underlies all existing for the unit of the quantity of information is an elementary choice: either a bit or a quantum bit (qubit).


Fen landscapes in The Netherlands are characterised by high biodiversity. Especially the ponds that have been created by peat excavation in former centuries inhabit numerous species. Under relatively nutrient-poor conditions, those fen ponds were rapidly colonised and often, species-rich floating mats developed. However, since the peat excavation stopped, fens have lost species typical for the colonisation of open water and the succession towards floating mats. Besides, most fens became fragments in an intensively used landscape with barriers for dispersal and an impoverished habitat quality. New ponds have been created to restore opportunities for succession towards floating mats. Unfortunately, the characteristic species have often remained absent and the formation of floating mats has hardly ever been observed. In order to increase the effectiveness of restoration measures, this thesis aims to determine which mechanisms and conditions are important drivers for the colonisation of open water by plant species growing from the bank. Colonisation starts with the arrival and germination of seeds, but for fens, vegetative propagules appeared to be just as important as seeds. Wind speed and direction turned out to be the major determinants of the dispersal of propagules via water. Even over longer periods of time, wind resulted in a directional transport following the main wind direction. This directionality is likely to have consequences for the colonisation of banks with different orientations to the prevailing wind direction, and will determine the effectiveness of connections (e.g. ditches) between water bodies. The wind-induced water currents that drive the dispersal of seeds also cause differences in recruitment conditions between more exposed (downwind) and more sheltered (upwind) banks. This affected germination and establishment there and recruitment was highest at sheltered banks. Most likely, wave action determined this difference. This could imply that the common practice to minimise natural water table fluctuations could impede the establishment of colonisers. With natural water level fluctuations, water tables are higher in the fall, when the majority of seeds disperse, and drop in spring, so that the seeds can germinate and become established without the risk of being washed away. The vegetation development in restored ponds will also depend on the habitat characteristics. A large controlled mesocosm experiment showed that nutrient availability (of N and P) in both the surface water and the bank soil can accelerate the growth of colonisers and their expansion into the water. A large field survey on 62 ponds showed that a high nutrient availability, high sulphate concentrations in the surface water, high turbidity, deep water, a high muskrat density and the absence of the keystone species Stratiotes all impede the development of bank vegetation in Dutch fen ponds. However, the effects of degraded habitat characteristics seemed to overrule the effects of dispersal limitations, as colonisation often failed even in highly connected ponds or when sufficient propagule sources were present. Overall, successful restoration of species-rich plant communities that colonise the water and induce the formation of floating peat mats requires a multifaceted approach to address the various negative effects of land use changes.