Somali piracy is increasingly explained in terms of organised criminal business. This article argues that piracy does not constitute a business and the analogy with organised crime is misleading and can obstruct the search for a long term settlement. Dismissing the underlying grievance, the destruction of Somali fisheries by foreign trawlers, with literalist explanations such as 'pirates are rarely fishermen' and 'most targets are cargo ships', ignores its function as a 'legitimating notion'. The concept of 'moral economy' is used to explain how along the coast but also within the diaspora the identity of Somalis as victims is used to legitimize pirate activities. International responses should therefore focus actively and symbolically on reconstructing livelihoods along the coast, instead of seeking security sector and criminal justice solution. This is possible and cost effective because Somali piracy is a subsistence activity driven by lack of employment and investment opportunities, and provides a limited economic stimulus for coastal micro economies.


The preparation of soluble and processable polybenzoxazine precursors capable of forming high performance networks is an important field of research with a broad spectrum of application. This study demonstrates an approach that utilizes aromatic sulfonediamine, bisphenol-A, and formaldehyde in Mannich-type polycondesation to prepare polybenzoxazine precursor. The structure of the oligomeric precursor (Mn = 2600) was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR spectral analysis. The precursor contained both sulfone and benzoxazine ring structures in the backbone. It was shown that small amount of ring-opened phenolic groups were also present. Thermally activated self-curing behavior of precursor in the absence of catalyst was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal properties of the cured polymers were also investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011


This paper focuses on the conditions under which dative–nominative alternations take place, mainly within the Germanic family, with a view to illuminate the nature of dative case cross-linguistically. In particular, we investigate the properties of bekommen/krijgen passives in different varieties of Dutch and German and compare these passives to other instances of Dat-Nom alternations attested in Icelandic. We consider two parameters of variation: (i) the environments where Dat-Nom alternations take place (monotransitives and ditransitives or only ditransitives) and (ii) the extent to which these depend on the organization of the Voice systems in the languages under discussion (passives or non-passives). The proposal we defend, within the generative framework, is that mixed approaches towards dative are correct. There are three types of languages: languages where dative is always structural, languages where dative is never structural and finally languages where dative qualifies as structural in some environments and as inherent/lexical in others.


This paper synthesizes available data on historical and planned power plant retirements. Specifically, we present data on historical generation capacity additions and retirements over time, and the types of plants recently retired and planned for retirement. We then present data on the age of plants that have recently retired or that have plans to retire. We also review the characteristics of plants that recently retired or plan to retire vs. those that continue to operate, focusing on plant size, age, heat rate, and SO2 emissions. Finally, we show the level of recent thermal plant retirements on a regional basis and correlate those data with a subset of possible factors that may be contributing to retirement decisions.

This basic data synthesis cannot be used to precisely estimate the relative magnitude of retirement drivers. Nor do we explore every possible driver for retirement decisions. Moreover, future retirement decisions may be influenced by different factors than those that have affected past decisions. Nonetheless, it is clear that recently retired plants are relatively old, and that plants with stated planned retirement dates are—on average—no younger. We observe that retired plants are smaller, older, less efficient, and more polluting than operating plants. Based on simple correlation graphics, the strongest predictors of regional retirement differences appear to include SO2 emissions rates (for coal), planning reserve margins (for all thermal units), variations in load growth or contraction (for all thermal units), and the age of older thermal plans (for all thermal units). Additional apparent predictors of regional retirements include the ratio of coal to gas prices and delivered natural gas prices. Other factors appear to have played lesser roles, including the penetration variable renewable energy (VRE), recent non-VRE capacity additions, and whether the region hosts an ISO/RTO.


The endothelial to haematopoietic transition (EHT) is the process whereby haemogenic endothelium differentiates into haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). The intermediary steps of this process are unclear, in particular the identity of endothelial cells that give rise to HSPCs is unknown. Using single-cell transcriptome analysis and antibody screening we identified CD44 as a new marker of EHT enabling us to isolate robustly the different stages of EHT in the aorta gonad mesonephros (AGM) region. This allowed us to provide a very detailed phenotypical and transcriptional profile for haemogenic endothelial cells, characterising them with high expression of genes related to Notch signalling, TGFbeta/BMP antagonists (Smad6, Smad7 and Bmper) and a downregulation of genes related to glycolysis and the TCA cycle. Moreover, we demonstrated that by inhibiting the interaction between CD44 and its ligand hyaluronan we could block EHT, identifying a new regulator of HSPC development.


CASE DESCRIPTION
A 12-year-old 500-kg (1,100-lb) American Quarter Horse mare was evaluated because of chronic mucopurulent, bloody discharge from the left nostril, inspiratory dyspnea, and respiratory noise.

CLINICAL FINDINGS
The horse had severe inspiratory dyspnea and stertorous respiration with no airflow from the left nostril. A temporary tracheostomy was performed. Endoscopy revealed a tan mass protruding from the left middle nasal meatus into the left common nasal meatus; it extended caudally into the nasopharynx and around the caudal edge of the nasal septum into the right nasal cavity. Radiographically, a soft tissue opacity was evident in most of the left nasal cavity and left paranasal sinuses. Cytologic examination of mass tissue revealed evidence of pyogranulomatous rhinitis; thickly encapsulated, budding yeast typical of Cryptococcus neoformans were detected.

TREATMENT AND OUTCOME
While the horse was sedated and in a standing position, the fungal granuloma was removed from the paranasal sinuses. Treatment with fluconazole (5 mg/kg [2.27 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h for 4 weeks) was initiated; enilconazole (50 mL of a 10% solution) was instilled into the paranasal sinuses every other day (7 lavages). Six weeks after surgery, infection had not recurred and epithelialization appeared normal in the left paranasal sinuses.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
In horses with cryptococcosis of the paranasal sinuses, surgical removal of granulomatous lesions and systemic and topical administrations of antifungal drugs may be curative. Successful surgery may be performed in standing horses. Concommitant removal of a large portion of the conchae allows follow-up rhinoscopic evaluation of the paranasal sinuses.


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To compare early outcomes of a reconstructive technical modification for robotic-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) with those of conventional trigonization approach. METHODS: In a prospective and random model, 20 men who underwent to BPH surgical treatment were allocated in two groups (RASP and TST-RASP). Demographic and preoperative data (including IPSS and Flowmetry scores) were collected. The procedures were carried-out using the Si da Vinci Robotic System (Intuitive Surgical). Through a five-trocars transperitoneal access, we perform a longitudinal incision of the bladder wall and prostate capsule and the removal of prostatic adenoma in both groups. Next, using a three-steps reconstructive technique, a 360 trigonization of the bladder mucosa was proposed in TST-RASP group (Tunnel-Shaped Trigonization) rather than classic trigonization (RASP group). The TST enrolls the advancement of a bladder mucosa flap until the prostatic urethra (first step) followed by a running suture between the advanced mucosa and prostatic capsule bilaterally (second step). At this point the prostate capsule should be totally isolated from the rest of the urinary tract. Finally, a tunnel conformation is achieved closing both sides of the capsule and bladder mucosa anteriorly (third step). Perioperative data including operative time (OT), hospital stay (HS) and need of bladder irrigation (CBI) were analyzed. The CBI was maintained until no hematuria could be detected. The urinary scores were re-assessed 3 months after the procedure and complications were rated using the Clavien-Dindo method. The follow-up was 3 months. For statistical comparisons, the student t-test, Mann-Whitney and x2 tests were conducted using R software (version 3.4.2). RESULTS: A statistical significant difference was found in CBI (0.55 vs 1.7; p < 0.001) and HS (1.7 vs 2.7; p= 0.03) favoring TST-RASP. Also, a longer operative time was found in this last group (101min vs 88min; p=0.04). No differences are found in demographic data, preoperative and postoperative urinary function scores (IPSS and Flowmetry) as well as other perioperative features. Only mild complications (I e II) were reported in both groups and no cases of urethral stricture were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The rational for hiding the prostatic capsule is to optimize patient recover since hematuria is the most related factor to hospital stay length. The presented data have demonstrated that TST may lead us to shorter periods of CBI and HS compared to the standard technique. Source of Funding: none


The sexually violated woman has become a salient symbol in feminist discourse, government policies, the media and transnational activism at this historical juncture. In this article, I seek to understand the conviction of anti-prostitution activists that all women in prostitution are victims (despite evidence to the contrary), and their simultaneous dismissal or condemnation of those women who identify as sex workers. The analysis identifies the centrality of victimhood to the affective logic of women activist leaders in the anti-prostitution movement, and its embeddedness in discourses of suffering and redemption in Korean nationalist historiography. Sexual victimhood thus acquires the power to incite moral outrage, compel consensus and inhibit dissent. Sex workers further come to bear the historical and political burden of righting all that is wrong with the nation, making their elimination essential for the nation's rescue. Critiques of capitalism and the state become footnotes and silences in this process. In effect, the victimhood of 'prostituted women' allows women activists to circulate effectively in the affective economy of the nation as well as in the global anti-trafficking campaign. The passionate activism of anti-prostitution women activists may say less about the state of prostitution than about the activists' subjectivity as historical and global subjects, and the symbolic world that they locate themselves in.


Enrolment in higher education has risen dramatically in Latin American, especially in Chile. Yet graduation and persistence rates remain low. One way to improve graduation and persistence is to use data and analytics to identify students at risk of dropout, target interventions, and evaluate interventions' effectiveness at improving student success. We illustrate the potential of this approach using data from eight Chilean universities. Results show that data available at matriculation are only weakly predictive of persistence, while prediction improves dramatically once data on university grades become available. Some predictors of persistence are under policy control. Financial aid predicts higher persistence, and being denied a first-choice major predicts lower persistence. Student success programs are ineffective at some universities; they are more effective at others, but when effective they often fail to target the highest risk students. Universities should use data regularly and systematically to identify high-risk students, target them with interventions, and evaluate those interventions' effectiveness.


The ability to create and steer beams, and the availability of large bandwidths have opened up the possibility of using mmWave 5G networks for radar-like sensing applications. In this paper, we introduce a signal processing pipeline that is able to process reflected OFDM-based communications waveforms and create radar images without affecting communications protocols or data throughput. An experimental demonstration system for this concept comprising a prototype basestation transmitter and an auxiliary imaging receiver is also presented. These two components are implemented with Si-based 28-GHz, 64-element phased array transceiver modules and software-defined radios. Measurement results show 3D radar images of indoor scenes with 2° angular and 15 cm ranging resolution using 5G-like communications waveforms at 28-GHz, without any effect on communication functionality.


Truncated distributions arise naturally in many practical situations. In this note, we provide programs for computing six quantities of interest (probability density function, mean, variance, cumulative distribution function, quantile function and random numbers) for any truncated distribution: whether it is left truncated, right truncated or doubly truncated. The programs are written in R: a freely downloadable statistical software.


The source parameters and focal depth of the destructive Mw 6.5, 31 March. 2006 IranSilakhor earthquake, the two largest foreshocks and a major aftershock are determined using broadband data from a seismic network in Iran based on a time-domain linear moment tensor inversion. The earthquakes occurred in the Zagros Suture zone in western Iran. Waveform inversion of the selected events estimated focal depths in the range of 15–20km which limits the brittle–ductile transition zone beneath parts of the studied area. The dominant double-couple part of the moment tensor solutions for most of the events indicates that the analysis is working reasonably well and that the amplitudes at the individual stations are not too disturbed by local structure or noise. Re-evaluation of the analyzed events shows predominantly right-lateral strike-slip faulting consistent with the relative motions of the significant faulting in the region.


Regional evaluation of transportation lifeline facilities which may be impacted by seismic and other natural hazards is of great concern for purposes of emergency planning and response and for establishing priorities for maintenance and retrofit if an unacceptable risk is found to exist. An important tool which can aid in carrying out such an analysis is the use of computer-based Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Use of a GIS system to perform interactive regional risk analysis for bridges is described to illustrate the procedures involved. The analysis utilizes the GIS system as a platform to integrate the wide variety of information and computational procedures needed to evaluate the impact of a user selected earthquake on the total system of bridges in a region. Erie County, NY is utilized as a demonstration area for regional analysis which is representative of conditions existing in the eastern U.S.


Despite the fact that the average American student is absent more than two weeks out of every school year, most research on the effect of instructional time has focused not on attendance but on the length of the school day or year. Student and school fixed effects models using Massachusetts data show a strong relationship between student absences and achievement but no impact of lost instructional time due to school closures. I confirm those findings in instrumental variables models exploiting the fact that moderate snowfall induces student absences while extreme snowfall induces school closures. Prior work ignoring this non-linearity may have mis-attributed the effect of absences to such snow days. Each absence induced by bad weather reduces math achievement by 0.05 standard deviations, suggesting that attendance can account for up to one-fourth of the achievement gap by income. That absences matter but closures do not is consistent with a model of instruction in which coordination of students is the central challenge, as in Lazear (2001). Teachers appear to deal well with coordinated disruptions of instructional time like snow days but deal poorly with disruptions like absences that affect different students at different times.


Abstract This study explores the implementation of Whole School Evaluation (WSE) at selected primary schools in two Education Districts in the Free State Province. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in this study. Simple random sampling of schools evaluated was done so as to give each school an equal chance of being selected. Data were gathered from 125 educators and twenty three WSE supervisors using questionnaires. Interviews were also conducted with the Chief Education Specialist: Whole School Evaluation, the parent complement of School Governing Bodies of sampled schools and the Director: Quality Assurance Directorate, Department of Education, Free State Province. Data from interviews were analysed by developing categories and making comparisons and contrasts. The study found that the Provincial WSE unit is faced with the problem of shortage of resources and that the manner in which training on the WSE process is offered to stakeholders is inadequate. The stakeholders are not trained and are not aware of the role they should play in the process. Detailed conclusions and recommendations drawn from this study are included in the article.


The Animals to Animats Conference brings together researchers from ethology, psychology, ecology, artificial intelligence, artificial life, robotics, engineering, and related fields to further understanding of the behaviors and underlying mechanisms that allow natural and synthetic agents (animats) to adapt and survive in uncertain environments. The work presented focuses on well-defined models--robotic, computer-simulation, and mathematical--that help to characterize and compare various organizational principles or architectures underlying adaptive behavior in both natural animals and animats.


Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) contribute to the regulation of cell proliferation, and when jointly over-expressed are associated with several types of cancer. The ability to monitor both receptors simultaneously results in a more accurate indicator of degree of cancerous activity than either receptor alone. Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) show promise as a potential EGFR and HER2 biomarker over alternatives such as fluorophores and quantum dots, which are limited by their cytotoxicity and photobleaching. To observe immunolabeled NPs bound to receptor-expressing cells, our past experiments were conducted using a novel optical darkfield microspectroscopy system. We implemented an epi-illumination darkfield broadband light train, which allows for darkfield analysis of live cells in culture with enhanced NP contrast. Under this setup, molecularly specific binding of NPs immunolabeled with anti-EGFR was confirmed. We have since adapted our darkfield setup, which previously only obtained spectral information from a line imaging spectrometer, to incorporate hyperspectral imaging capabilities, allowing widefield data acquisition within seconds. The new system has been validated through observation of shifts in the peak wavelength of scattering by gold NPs on silanated cover glasses using several immersion media. Peak resonant scattering wavelengths match well with that predicted by Mie theory. We will further demonstrate the potential of the system with simultaneous molecular imaging of multiple receptors in vitro using labeled EGFR+/HER2+ SK-BR-3 human breast cancer cells with anti-EGFR immunolabeled gold nanospheres and anti-HER2 immunolabeled gold nanorods, with each scattering in different spectral windows. Additional trials will be performed to demonstrate molecularly specific binding using EGFR+/HER2- MDA-MB-468 and HER2+/EGFR- MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells.


Thermodynamic stability ranges of different iron oxides were calculated as a function of the ambient oxygen or water gas phase pressure (p⩽1 bar) and temperature by use of the computer program EquiTherm. The phase diagram for Fe–H2O is almost completely determined by the O2 pressure due to the H2O dissociation equilibrium. The formation of epitaxially grown iron oxide films on platinum and ruthenium substrates agrees very well with the calculated phase diagrams. Thin films exhibit the advantage over single crystals that bulk diffusion has only limited influence on the establishment of equilibrium phases. Near the phase boundary Fe3O4–Fe2O3, surface structures are observed consisting of biphase ordered domains of FeO(111) on
 both oxides. They are formed due to kinetic effects in the course of the oxidation to hematite or reduction to magnetite, respectively. Annealing a Fe3O4(111) film in 5 × 10−5
 mbar oxygen at 920–1000 K results in a new γ-Fe2O3(111)-like
 intermediate surface phase during the oxidation to α-Fe2O3(0001). A model is suggested for the growth
 of iron oxides and for redox processes involving iron oxides. The formation of several equilibrium surface phases is discussed.


NLRX1 attenuates inflammatory signaling in response to infection by dampening signals from both TLR4 and RIG-1 receptors for pathogen-associated molecules. The first response to pathogen detection involves recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, the RIG-1–like receptor (RLR) family, and the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD)- and leucine-rich-repeating (LRR)–containing proteins (NLRs). NLRX1 is a member of the NLR family, but in contrast to other members that promote an inflammatory response, this protein attenuates the inflammatory response to PAMPs detected by RIG-1 (see Parvatiyar and Cheng). Allen et al. and Xia et al. explored the functions of NLRX1 and its mechanisms of action and extended this protein's role to include attenuation of TLR4 signaling, as well as RIG-1 signaling. Allen et al. generated NLRX1-knockout mice, and specific classes of cells from these animals exhibited an increased response to RIG-1 activation when treated with synthetic agonists or infected with viruses recognized by RIG-1. In the knockout cells, there was a constitutive association between RIG-1 and its adaptor MAVS, whereas in wild-type cells this interaction occurred after viral infection. Macrophages from the knockout animals did not exhibit differences in responsiveness to signals that mediate RIG-1 signaling in other cells, but these cells did show significantly increased production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in response to activation of TLR4 by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TRAF6, an adaptor and ubiquitin ligase involved in mediating the TLR4 signal, and the related protein TRAF3 interacted with NLRX1 in cells stimulated with LPS. Furthermore, overexpression of NLRX1 dose-dependently inhibited expression of a nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) reporter, and activation of NF-κB was enhanced in NLRX1-knockout cells. Xia et al. identified NLRX1 in a screen for proteins that inhibited NF-κB signaling and explored the mechanistic details of this inhibition. Like Allen et al., Xia et al. reported an interaction between NLRX1 and TRAF3 or TRAF6 and found that NLRX1 also coimmunoprecipitated with the inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK) complex after LPS stimulation. In cells expressing tagged proteins, LPS stimulation resulted in K63-linked polyubiquitylation of NLRX1, which allowed the interaction of ubiquitylated NLRX1 with the IKK component NEMO, which has a ubiquitin-binding domain for K63-linked ubiquitin. Domain mapping and experiments with mutant forms of the kinases IKKα and IKKβ demonstrated that the LRR domain of NLRX1 interacted with the activated form of IKKβ, an interaction that inhibited IKKβ activity and thus phosphorylation of the IKK complex, thereby inhibiting its activity and preventing NF-κB activation. Knockdown of NLRX1 produced the expected increase in NF-κB activation in response to LPS stimulation. Both groups examined the in vivo effects of reduced (Xia et al. with knockdown constructs) or genetic deficiency of (Allen et al.) NLRX1. Xia et al. found that the mice exhibited an increased susceptibility to death due to LPS-induced septic shock that was associated with increased circulating IL-6. Allen et al. examined the response to viral infection, including influenza viruses, and reported that although the knockout mice exhibited more rapid clearance of the virus, they had decreased survival and increased lung damage indicative of an excessive inflammatory response. I. C. Allen, C. B. Moore, M. Schneider, Y. Lei, B. K. Davis, M. A. Scull, D. Gris, K. E. Roney, A. G. Zimmermann, J. B. Bowzard, P. Ranjan, K. M. Monroe, R. J. Pickles, S. Sambhara, J. P. Y. Ting, NLRX1 protein attenuates inflammatory responses to infection by interfering with the RIG-1-MAVS and TRAF6-NF-κB signaling pathways. Immunity 34, 854–865 (2011). [PubMed] X. Xia, J. Cui, H. Y. Wang, L. Zhu, S. Matsueda, Q. Wang, X. Yang, J. Hong, Z. Songyang, Z. J. Chen, R.-F. Wang, NLRX1 negatively regulates TLR-induced NF-κB signaling by targeting TRAF6 and IKK. Immunity 34, 843–853 (2011). [PubMed] K. Parvatiyar, G. Cheng, NOD so fast: NLRX1 puts the brake on inflammation. Immunity 34, 821–822 (2011). [PubMed]


This report presents the GIWA assessment of the South China Sea region, which lies in the global centre of tropical marine biodiversity and comprises nine nations: China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei and the Philippines. The region supports a rapidly growing coastal population, and has rapidly deteriorating marine ecosystems with the likely immediate collapse of many of its coral reefs and pelagic fish populations. Habitat modification and overexploitation of living resources were found to cause the most severe transboundary environmental and socio-economic impacts in the region. The past and present status and future prospects of these issues are discussed, and they are traced back to their root causes. Policy options to mitigate these problems are proposed that aim to provide solutions to these fundamental issues, in order to enhance the management of the region's aquatic environment.


The neutralization cost in bioleaching operations is one of the biggest operation costs and therefore the aim of the present study has been to replace the generally used lime/limestone with industrial oxidic by-products. A comparative study on the potential use of some selected industrial by-products as neutralizing agents during biooxidation and their influence on subsequent gold recovery was carried out with reference to a commercial grade Ca(OH) 2. The by-products used comprised of an electric arc furnace slag (EAF slag), and a slag from ladle refining (Ladle slag) both from scrap based steel production, an EAF dust and a lime sludge from paper and pulp industry (Mesa lime). Continuous biooxidation of a refractory gold concentrate was performed in single stage reactor at a retention time of 56 h with a mixed mesophilic culture. Biooxidation results as well as gold recoveries were good for all by-products investigated and similar to the results obtained with the slaked lime reference. However, cyanide consumption was elevated in the experiments with steel slags and the EAF dust partly because of a higher content of S ° in the bioresidues in these experiments. It is however expected, that in a bioleaching operation with several reactors in series, that sulfur oxidation would be more complete, thereby possibly decreasing cyanide consumption.


Segmented thermal modulators were fabricated for the modulation of column effluent in one-dimensional gas chromatography, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, and as sample introduction devices in other analytical techniques. Thermal desorption of analytes from the modulator was achieved by computer-controlled application of large DC currents at low voltages sequentially to consecutive segments or stages of the modulator heaters for periods between 100 and 400 ms per segment. This procedure produced sharply focussed analyte peaks. Unsegmented heaters and heaters having 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 segments or stages were compared with respect to their focusing efficiency. The 10-stage heater was found to give sharper focusing than heaters with a smaller number of segments. Analyte pulses with peak widths at half-height of ca. 150 ms were generated by the 10-stage heater. The application of a 10-stage modulator in a comprehensive two-dimensional analysis of a light petroleum condensate gave results of acceptable quality.


Dye tracer experiments have often been used to study the prevailing flow regime, such as in investigating the role and extent of preferential flow of water. Flow patterns in two‐dimensional profiles provide qualitative information on the infiltration regime but are difficult to analyze and compare quantitatively. The scope of this study was to develop a quantitative method to analyze the spatial distribution of the stained areas in vertical profiles, to identify differing transport mechanisms on the basis of the pattern information, and to analyze how the discriminated patterns correspond with soil properties and structure. Dye tracer infiltration experiments were performed on 25 plots at eight sites. The spatial distribution of the stained areas in vertical profiles was analyzed and compared using digital image processing. We first split the flow patterns into similarly stained horizontal layers based on the width distribution of stained areas. All of these layers identified in the flow patterns of all 25 plots were then partitioned into groups of layers with similar patterns by hierarchical clustering. The sequence of layers found in the pattern was finally interpreted with respect to transport mechanisms and qualitatively compared with the sequence of morphological layers observed in the soil profiles. The obtained classification reliably distinguished between zones of homogeneous infiltration and zones of preferential flow, but also between zones of narrow stained structures and zones of lateral spreading (e.g., sand or gravel lenses). Dye coverage and mean width of stained structures were the most indicative factors for the different clusters. We often found an agreement between the sequences of layers found in the flow patterns and the soil horizons. However, in all profiles we observed layers in the flow patterns that did not correspond to textural and structural layers observed in the filed. It seems that knowing the pedological horizons is important but not sufficient to understand the observed flow patterns. Since the flow pattern in a given layer always depends on the overlying soil layers, similarly textured soil layers do not necessarily exhibit equal patterns. However, soil layers with a given textural sequence (e.g., fine‐course‐fine) are reflected by typical flow patterns.


Two proteins specifically involved in methanol oxidation in the methylotrophic bacterium Methylobacterium extorquens have been modified by site-directed mutagenesis. Mutation of the proposed active site base (Asp303) to glutamate in methanol dehydrogenase (MDH) gave an active enzyme (D303E-MDH) with a greatly reduced affinity for substrate and with a lower activation energy. Results of kinetic and deuterium isotope studies showed that the essential mechanism in the mutant protein was unchanged, and that the step requiring activation by ammonia remained rate limiting. No spectrally detectable intermediates could be observed during the reaction. The X-ray structure, determined to 3 A resolution, of D303E-MDH showed that the position and coordination geometry of the Ca2+ ion in the active site was altered; the larger Glu303 side chain was coordinated to the Ca2+ ion and also hydrogen bonded to the O5 atom of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ). The properties and structure of the D303E-MDH are consistent with the previous proposal that the reaction in MDH is initiated by proton abstraction involving Asp303, and that the mechanism involves a direct hydride transfer reaction. Mutation of the two adjacent cysteine residues that make up the novel disulfide ring in the active site of MDH led to an inactive enzyme, confirming the essential role of this remarkable ring structure. Mutations of cytochrome c(L), which is the electron acceptor from MDH was used to identify Met109 as the sixth ligand to the heme.


Temperament in beef cattle has become a research focus due to increasing consumer awareness of animal welfare. Researchers have defined temperament as behavioral responses to a perceived stressful event. "Fight-or-Flight" response is influenced by environmental and genetic factors including age, sex, and breed. Subjective chute scoring systems have been used by many researchers. Due to the subjectivity and associated variability among observers, chute scores have been questioned for repeatability and consistency. An alternative measurement currently used, is exit velocity or speed at which an animal exits a chute, and is recognized as the most practical objective measure for assessing temperament. Physiological markers used to evaluate temperament are increased blood cortisol and lactate concentrations. The first objective of this study was to compare temperament differences between feedlot steers and heifers. The second objective was to evaluate physiological measures taken chute side as potential markers for defining an animal's temperament and potential predictor. Pulse, oxygen saturation, rectal temperature, blood lactate, blood glucose and lactate concentrations, salivary cortisol, and serum cortisol were measured on mixed breed and sex feedlot cattle (n = 197), significant difference α = P< 0.05 . Exit velocities were used to classify animals as fast, medium, and slow, plasma lactate was significantly different between all classes. Exit velocity and physiological measures differed between sex. Heifers had higher exit velocities (P = 0.003), plasma lactate concentrations (p = 0.03), and cortisol concentrations (P = 0.001). Simple correlations among these variables showed rectal temperature (heifers r = 0.44, P <0.0001; steers 0.45 P < .0001), plasma lactate (heifers r = 0.52 P < 0.0001; steers r = 0.63 P < 0.0001), serum lactate (heifers r = 0.53 P < 0.001; steers r = 0.59 P < 0.001) and glucose (heifers r = 0.54 P < 0.001; steers r = 0.32 P <0.003) were all correlated to exit velocity in both sexes. Cortisol measures were not correlated to exit velocity in steers but were in heifers. Linear models were constructed and evaluated using Akaike information criterion, the top candidate model was plasma lactate in combination with body temperature to predict exit velocity.


Informal carers of older people are the mainstay of care policy, yet the actual processes involved in becoming a carer are unclear. Policy is underpinned by assumptions that carers' have the right to choose whether or not to provide care. In reality, choices available are restricted and earlier literature suggests this is a consequence of strong notions of duty, obligation to take on a caring role (Twigg and Atkin, 1994). This paper explores how individuals become informal carers and the extent to which they are able to exercise choice. The paper draws on a qualitative study of informal carers of older people. Using a grounded theory methodology data was gathered by means of in-depth unstructured interviews with 26 primary carers. The research identifies two pathways into caring, the positive and the default, which are characterised by either the presence or absence of choice. The choices available to individuals are determined by the nature of pre-existing relationships, living arrangements and geographical location. The paper argues that despite changes to policy and practice, carers are unable to fully exercise informed choice.


In this paper we present a system, called CurryWeb, to support web-based learning. Characteristic features of this system is openness and self-responsible use. Openness means that there is no strong distinction between instructors and students, i.e., every user can learn with the system or add new learning material to it. Self-responsible use means that every user is responsible for selecting the right material to obtain the desired knowledge. However, the system supports this selection process by structuring all learning material hierarchically and as a hypergraph whose nodes and edges are marked with educational objectives and educational units, respectively. The complete system is implemented with the declarative multiparadigm language Curry. In this paper we describe how the various features of Curry support the high-level implementation of this system. This shows the appropriateness of declarative multi-paradigm languages for the implementation of complex web-based systems.


The Interorganizational Challenge of Agricultural Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina The case study reported below examines USAID's "Linking Agricultural Markets with Producers" program. This program complemented Bosnia and Herzegovina's overall sustainable agriculture policies. Implementing organizations quickly recognized that sustainability must be achieved not only from an environmental perspective, but in the interorganizational domain as well. Public, private and nonprofit players had to develop the social, economic and political infrastructure required for sustainable agricultural projects to succeed. These institutional changes were at times more difficult than the sustainable agriculture policies and practices they supported. Framed within LAMP's identification of constraints and proposed solutions for agricultural reform, we explored the interorganizational linkages required for success. We identified three distinct types: 1) those within the international community, 2) those within the local community and 3) those between international and local organizations. The case illustrates the institutional and managerial obstacles to and opportunities for implementing sustainable development reforms in transition settings.


Description This volume is composed of selected papers from the main strand, 'Time and Eternity', at the seventh International Medieval Congress held in July 2000 at Leeds. It attests to the fact that the medieval experience of time and eternity was rich and complex, and that its investigation is open to various approaches and methods. Time and (the possibility of impossibility of) its beginning and its end were frontiers to be explored and to be understood. To make the reader more familiar with the field of study, the volume begins with Wesley Stevens's plenary address 'A Present Sense of Things Past: Quid est enim tempus', a stimulating introduction not only with regard to some of the basic problems in conceptualizing the nature of time but also to the dating of historical events and the use of calendars for that purpose. Following StevensAes essay, the volume is organized into seven broader themes covering a variety of questions and trying to offer new insights into the medieval perception and constructions of time. They deal with the computation of time and the use of calendars; Jewish concepts of time and redemption; Christian philosophies of eternity and time; monastic and clerical conceptions; literary representations; time and art; and apocalyptic expectations. The volume's selection of authors is international in scope and represents some of the leading current scholarship in the field. It proves that we still 'thirst to know the power and the nature of time' (St Augustine).


Banks supply payment services that underpin the smooth operation of the economy. To ensure an efficient payment system, it is important to maintain competition among payment service providers, but data available to gauge the degree of competition are quite limited. We propose and implement a frontier- based method to assess relative competition in bank-provided payment services. Billion dollar banks account for around 90 percent of assets in the U.S., and those with around $4 to $7 billion in assets turn out to be both the most and the least competitive in payment services, not the very largest banks.


Lunar ephemeris data is used to find the times when the Perigee of the lunar orbit points directly toward or away from the Sun, at times when the Earth is located at one of its solstices or equinoxes, for the period from 1993 to 2528 A.D. The precision of these lunar alignments is expressed in the form of a lunar alignment index (AÂ•). When a plot is made of AÂ•, in a frame-of-reference that is fixed with respect to the Perihelion of the Earth's orbit, distinct periodicities are seen at 28.75, 31.0, 88.5 (Gleissberg Cycle), 148.25, and 208.0 years (de Vries Cycle). The full significance of the 208.0-year repetition pattern in AÂ• only becomes apparent when these periodicities are compared to those observed in the spectra for two proxy time series. The first is the amplitude spectrum of the maximum daytime temperatures (Tm) on the Southern Colorado Plateau for the period from 266 BC to 1997 AD. The second is the Fourier spectrum of the solar modulation potential (AÂ•m) over the last 9400 years. A comparison between these three spectra shows that of the nine most prominent periods seen in AÂ•, eight have matching peaks in the spectrum of AÂ•m, and seven have matching peaks in the spectrum of Tm. This strongly supports the contention that all three of these phenomena are related to one another. A heuristic Luni-Solar climate model is developed in order to explain the connections between AÂ•, Tm and AÂ•m.


Arts literacy scale, colleges of education fine arts education began studying music and art department students of artistic knowledge to acquire, the knowledge gained configurations, artistic details and performance skills to be able to transfer and arts literacy studies about the contribution that has been developed. The first scale, related literature and art literacy screening instrument made by forming, in other literacy areas examined were prepared in 32 items. These substances academics interested in the field of art submitted for the validity of opinions and views were taken. The scale consists of 32 items, a factor analysis to determine the suitability Kaiser - Meyer - Olkin and Bartlett tests were conducted. Factor analysis results bearing in Article 6 and the remaining 26 items from the scale, the scale has been removed. Rotation is in the scale factor is composed of four. These factors , " artistic use information " Article 10 , " Defining information needs artistic " 5 items and " to return to the performance of theoretical research " Article 6 and " artistic access to information " 5 material. After this stage, study, Cronbach's alpha internal reliability coefficients were calculated and were found to be .912. In the study identified four factors stated core values of the scale after total correlation values shown in the tables. Arts literacy scale, as a result of statistical analysis concluded that a reliable and valid scale and these results are in line with the recommendations given. Key Words: Literacy, Art Literacy, Art Literacy Scale


As a semi-enclosed sea, the South China Sea is the location of conflicts and disputes arisen from intra-regional claims by bordering States over various insular features and the surrounding waters and from extra-regional interests projected in the region. Regional cooperation is an approach called for by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to address potential conflicts and disputes in semi-enclosed seas. The submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) by two bordering States and the improved cross-Strait relations between Taiwan and China are two recent developments that have implications for stability and cooperation in the region. This article provides a background to these developments and highlights the assessments on the situation and prospects of the South China Sea presented by articles in this and the next Special Issue.


Context: Information Communication Technologies (ICT) and its related applications are increasingly penetrating all spheres of individual, organizational, and societal aspects of everyday life in the developing economies and Africa as well. The Internet is emerging as an important technology for commerce and business. The employment of Internet based technologies and applications in music service both in online sales and marketing of music records and digital music service is significantly altering the approach that traditional commerce is done. It eliminates all geographical bottlenecks, allowing the establishment of virtual outlets and presence throughout the world, and permits direct and instant foreign market entry to less known artistes and music records businesses. Objectives: In this study, I investigate the state of internet and e-commerce adoption in the music record business in Ghana. I seek to find out the reasons for the adoption of e-commerce platform within the music industry and to assess the challenges confronting the adoption of e-commerce. Methods: We conducted a Literature Review to get an overview of the music industry as a whole, and also to describe the diffusion of e-commerce technologies in music services. We use qualitative research approach to collect data and to identify reasons for the adoption of e-commerce platforms primarily among consumers and retailers of the music services. We conducted interviews with musicians and managers of record companies were conducted to ascertain their reasons for using or non using e-commerce technologies, and identify prospects and challenges confronting its adoption within the industry. Conclusion: The evaluation from musicians, consumers and other key players indicated their willingness to go for the e-commerce platforms in music service delivery. However, they are challenged by poor infrastructures, unsettled issues of monetization of music contents coupled with high digital gap among the citizenry. Prevailing government efforts contribute nevertheless in closing the digital disparity among the populace, and Telecom and ISPs improvement in service delivery give an outlook of full realization of the goal of e-commerce adoption in the music industry in Ghana.


Though wildly popular, daytime soaps are arguably the most denigrated and parodied of any contemporary entertainment form. For this reason, even the most devoted soap opera fans are often reticent or even secretive about the shows they love. Watching Daytime Soap Operas is a meditation on the pleasures-and displeasures-of watching and talking about daytime soap operas. In this multidisciplinary study, Louise Spence talks to 25 women about their mostly solitary viewing practices and observes many Internet chat rooms. Over 20 years in the making, the book explores the varied critical and creative ways in which the women use soap operas in their lives. Spence draws on work in reception studies, and pays particular attention to the question of what it means to be a fan. She ultimately challenges the accepted belief that soap opera viewers are passive consumers of escapist fantasy. Her study expands the current literature of this largely misunderstood television genre while making an important contribution to the field of film-TV studies.


The Wheel of Resources and other tools developed by Virginia Satir are useful in a wide variety of crisis-related contexts, including the attack on the United States on 9/11, the more recent Hurricane Sandy or the tragedies of recent school shootings. Here the author describes applications of Satir's tool, The "Wheel of Resources" or "Mandala of Resources" (Satir, 1982) as the centerpiece for a brief psycho-educational intervention. It was aimed at preparing technical workers assigned to help with reconstruction efforts in New Orleans following the devastating effects of Hurricane Katrina. Current thinking in the area of crisis debriefings emphasizes accessing client resiliency and teaching coping skills. The Satir Model is especially useful since it is a healthoriented approach, focusing on accessing resources rather than focusing on symptoms. Also, the actual methods  used to teach the theory involve participants at multiple levels (sensory, affective, behavioral, cognitive) so that they fully engage participants and create dynamic learning experiences. Finally, since the various tools are free of professional jargon, they are easily accessible to individuals at all educational levels. (Revised from "Wheel of Resources: Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Workers" in Satir Journal: Transformational Systemic Therapy, Vol. I, 2006, pp. 81-94, by permission of author)


Fiber to the home is the future-proof technology for broadband access networks. Several fiber access network architectures have been developed (e.g., point-to-point, active optical network, and passive optical network). PON is considered the most promising solution due to the relatively low deployment cost and high resource efficiency. Meanwhile, because of the growing demand for reliable service delivery, fault management is becoming more significant in all parts of communications networks. However, there is a trade-off between the cost of protection and the level of service reliability. Since economical aspects are most critical in the access part of networks, improving reliability performance by duplication of network resources (and capital expenditures) could be too expensive. Therefore, recent work has focused on PON protection schemes with reduced CAPEX. The future trend will probably migrate toward minimizing operational expenditures during the access network lifetime. The main contributions of this article include providing a general method for CAPEX and OPEX analysis that can be applied to any type of fiber access network with consideration of changed component cost in time and variable take rates, and comparing the total cost (i.e., sum of CAPEX and OPEX) for the selected representative architectures with and without protection for business and residential users in relation to reliability performance. The aim is to give a guideline for the design of the most cost-effective protection schemes, while maintaining acceptable service reliability.


A Monte Carlo methodology is proposed for simulating air traffic blockage patterns under the impact of convective weather. The simulation utilizes probabilistic convective weather forecasts such as those produced by the 1-6 hour national convective weather forecast. A matrix of random numbers is fed to the simulation process to obtain an instantiation of traffic blockage maps. Gaussian smoothing with varying Full Width at Half Maximum across the grid is employed to model the varying spatial correlation between cells. Special Cellular Automata techniques are employed to model the evolvement, i.e. the trend, growth, and dissipation of convection, between consecutive time intervals. Model parameters are obtained from analyzing historical convective weather data. A software tool is also developed to implement the simulation methodology. The simulation methodology thus provides a means to improve the utilization of short term probabilistic convective weather forecast products, and to improve air traffic efficiency in the large.


Objectives: It has been shown previously that in some xenograft tumormodels increased 18‐FDG uptake corresponds to hypoxia, rather than active cell proliferation or increased blood flow. This finding could have multiple implications on the utility of FDG PET for patient tumor delineation. In this study we investigate the factors affecting FDG uptake in human xenograft tumormodels.Methods: Six nude rats were inoculated with the following human tumor cells: HT‐29 (colon adenocarcinoma), FaDu (SCCHN) and A549 (NSCLC). When the tumors reached 20–25mm in diameter, the animals were injected with 18‐FDG, pimonidazole, and bromodeoxyuridine. 1hr post injection animals were imaged using a dedicated animal PET scanner. Then the animals were injected with Hoechst33342 and sacrificed. Tumors were immediately dissected, frozen and sectioned. One section from each tumor was placed onto a phosphor plate for autoradiography. The statistical analysis of association between FDG uptake and microenvironmental markers was then performed on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis. Results: All tumors in the study had extensive necrosis well intermixed with viable tumortissue, making it impossible to outline and exclude necrosis from the analysis. Typically, hypoxia was forming bands about 100μm wide at the interface between viable tissue and necrosis. Since animal PETimages have much poorer resolution, it was impossible to establish any relationship between hypoxia and FDG uptake in PETimages.Statistical analysis of the autoradiography data demonstrated positive pair wise correlations between 18F‐FDG uptake and all of the markers administered. Conclusions: For the tumormodels studied here, necrosis and viable tissue were well mixed. When analyzed across the whole tumor section, FDG uptake was positively correlated with Pimonidazole, bromodeoxyuridine and Hoechst. This finding suggests that for the larger tumors with complicated morphology it is necrotic fraction that plays crucial role in forming FDG uptake rather than any of the microenvironmental parameters considered.


This important reference work presents critical, analytical, and interpretive essays on more than ninety figures who have been particularly important in shaping and influencing the development of Christian theology in America. The work is organized into four major sections: The Colonial Period (1607-1789); The National Period (1789-1865); The Post Civil War Period (1865-1918); and The Modern Period (1918-1970). Each section hasa separate introduction by the editors tracing major theological developments in that historical period. A substantial concludingarticle by Martin Marty traces theological developments, trends and movements in American theology since 1965. Each essay includes: (1) basic biographical data regarding the life, career, and major writings of the figure (2) an analysis of the key theological issues and/or concepts to which the figure responded (3) a critical discussion of the major theological themes developed in the course of the figure's career (4) an assessment of the immediate influence of the figure's thought and its significance for subsequent theological developments. Brief bibliographies at the end of each essay point readers to the most important and useful primary and secondary literature for each figure. "Makers of Christian Theology is a welcome and long-needed addition to reference and textbook possibilities for courses on Religion in North America. . . . It is dramatically more inclusive and even-handed in its selection of figures for an historical orientation to theological developments in North American Christianity than any previous attempt. . . . Both the design of the book and the content of the individual essays reflect the fruit of the best current work on Christian theology in America. I recommend it highly!" --Randy L. Maddox, Professor of Religion and Philosophy"


As Internet protocol (IP)-based protocols move toward becoming the prevalent means for providing new forms of communication, for example, using IP for communication traditionally done via public Switched telephone network (PSTN), location privacy of mobile end users becomes an important problem to address. In an IP network, each packet carries IP addresses corresponding to the source (sender) and the destination (receiver) of the packet. Mobile hosts (laptop computers, PDAs, mobile phones etc.) usually acquire temporary IP addresses from the address spaces allocated to the access networks where they are currently connected to the Internet, and use these addresses for communication over the Internet. Due to a strong correlation between the address spaces used by the access networks and the geographic location of the access networks, location privacy of mobile users is compromised. If the recipient or an intermediate network node in the path of the packet analyzes the packet, the location of the sender of the packet is revealed. This may affect the widespread acceptance of IP based protocols. In this paper we present a novel protocol called LocPriv that preserves the location privacy in an IP based mobile communication network. The protocol works by employing an IP address encapsulation/swapping scheme at the access nodes to conceal the IP address of the mobile host, without affecting the route that the packets should follow in the network. We compare the protocol with existing techniques for providing location privacy and also analyze the effect of the protocol on the complexity of routing elements.


Gene set methods aim to assess the overall evidence of association of a set of genes with a phenotype, such as disease or a quantitative trait. Multiple approaches for gene set analysis of expression data have been proposed. They can be divided into two types: competitive and self-contained. Benefits of self-contained methods include that they can be used for genome-wide, candidate gene, or pathway studies, and have been reported to be more powerful than competitive methods. We therefore investigated ten self-contained methods that can be used for continuous, discrete and time-to-event phenotypes. To assess the power and type I error rate for the various previously proposed and novel approaches, an extensive simulation study was completed in which the scenarios varied according to: number of genes in a gene set, number of genes associated with the phenotype, effect sizes, correlation between expression of genes within a gene set, and the sample size. In addition to the simulated data, the various methods were applied to a pharmacogenomic study of the drug gemcitabine. Simulation results demonstrated that overall Fisher's method and the global model with random effects have the highest power for a wide range of scenarios, while the analysis based on the first principal component and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test tended to have lowest power. The methods investigated here are likely to play an important role in identifying pathways that contribute to complex traits.


Apertif is a phased-array feed for the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT), increasing the field of view of the telescope by a factor of twenty-five. In 2017, three legacy surveys will commence: a shallow imaging survey, a medium-deep imaging survey, and a pulsars and fast transients survey. The medium-deep imaging survey will include coverage of the northern Herschel Atlas field, the CVn region, HetDex, and the Perseus-Pisces supercluster. The shallow imaging survey increases overlap with HetDex, has expanded coverage of the Perseus-Pisces supercluster, and includes part of the Zone of Avoidance. Both imaging surveys are coordinating with MaNGA and will have WEAVE follow-up. The imaging surveys will be done in full polarization over the frequency range 1130-1430 MHz, which corresponds to redshifts of z=0-0.256 for neutral hydrogen (HI). The spectral resolution is 12.2 kHz, or an HI velocity resolution of 2.6 km/s at z=0 and 3.2 km/s at z=0.256. The full resolution images will have a beam size of 15"x15"/sin(declination), and tapered data products (i.e., 30" resolution images) will also be available. The shallow survey will cover ~3500 square degrees with a four-sigma HI imaging sensitivity of 2.5x10^20 atoms cm^-2 (20 km/s linewidth) at the highest resolution and a continuum sensitivity of 15 uJy/beam (11 uJy/beam for polarization data). The current plan calls for the medium deep survey to cover 450 square degrees and provide an HI imaging sensitivity of 1.0x10^20 atoms cm^-2 at the highest resolution and a continuum sensitivity of 6 uJy/beam, close to the confusion limit (4 uJy/beam for polarization data, not confusion limited). Up-to-date information on Apertif and the planned surveys can be found at: http://www.apertif.nl.Commissioning of the Apertif instrument is currently underway. Here we present first results from the image commissioning, including the detection of HI absorption plus continuum and HI imaging. These results highlight the data quality that will be achieved for the surveys.


Abstract. We present a description of the algorithm used to retrieve peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations from the Aura Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES). We describe the spectral microwindows, error analysis, and the utilization of a priori and initial guess information provided by the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. The TES PAN retrievals contain up to one degree of freedom for signal. In general, the retrievals are most sensitive to PAN in the mid-troposphere. Estimated single-measurement uncertainties are on the order of 30 to 50%. The detection limit for a single TES measurement is dependent on the atmospheric and surface conditions as well as on the instrument noise. For observations where the cloud optical depth is less than 0.5, we find that the TES detection limit for PAN is in the region of 200 to 300 pptv. We show that PAN retrievals capture plumes associated with boreal burning. Retrievals over the Northern Hemisphere Pacific in springtime show spatial features that are qualitatively consistent with the expected distribution of PAN in outflow of Asian pollution.


To better characterize on-again/off-again (on-off) relationships, the current study examined variations in these relationships using a dimensional approach. Based on a five-typology of on-off relationships, corresponding dimensions were developed and assessed in relation to breakup and renewal negotiations as well as relational quality characteristics. Canonical correlation analyses with 299 participants currently or previously in an on-off relationship revealed two major patterns: (1) positive on-off dynamics (e.g., relationship improvement, maintained interest) were associated with more successful transitions and greater relational quality, and (2) a combination of positive and negative on-off dynamics was related to positive change but also waning interest in the relationship and a greater difficulty negotiating relational transitions. Overall, the current findings suggest certain dimensions play stronger roles in characterizing on-off relationships, and assessing the dimensions in combination (i.e., those that covary in predicting relational characteristics) can reveal insights beyond those provided by categorical classifications of on-off relationships.


The motif of divine presence is a clear phenomenon within the Gospel of Matthew. The modern critical means for assessing the ancient biblical text have multiplied to the point, some claim, of disparity. This study employs both narrative and redaction criticism in an attempt to respond authentically to the structural, historical and theological dimensions of Matthew's Gospel. This study begins with the presumption of the wholeness and integrity of Matthew's narrative, and assumes the gospel story to have an inherently dramatic structure which invites readers to inhabit imaginatively its narrative world and respond to its call. But since we are concerned with the role of both reader and author, this study also assumes a text with an historical author and context. The introduction focuses on the meta-critical dilemma facing New Testament students - what is the text and how do we read it? - and seeks some balance in terms of Krieger's analogy of the text as both window and mirror. Proposed is a narrative reading of Matthew's presence motif alongside a redaction critical assessment of it. In Chapter 2 the elements of narrative theory are introduced and relevant terms defined: the structure of narrative, the function of the narrator, points of view. Chapter 3 becomes an exercise in narrative reading, with Matthew's presence motif providing the focus, and the implied reader's interaction with the story being predominant in interpretation. Characters, rhetorical devices, and points of view are discussed, to understand the motif's development throughout the story's progress. The thrust of Chapter 4 is thereafter to examine divine presence as a dominant motif within Matthew's most important literary context: the Jewish scriptures. Here the primary paradigms of divine presence provided by the Patriarchs, the Sinai experience, and the Davidic-Zion traditions are assessed. Chapter 5 follows with a more detailed examination of the OT "I am with you/God is with us" formula and its µeo' vµwv/ηuwv language, so strongly connected to Matthew's presence motif. Chapters 6-8 build on these investigations with a closer analysis of the three critical "presence passages" of Mt 1:23. 18:20 and 28:20. The passages and their contexts are probed from a redaction critical perspective, guided by the narrative investigation of Chapter 3, and the background from Chapters 4 and 5.The three major "presence passages" examined in Chapters 6-8 are also complimented by a number of secondary issues: worship, wisdom, the Spirit and the poor in Matthew, and their relation to Jesus' divine presence. These are discussed in Chapter 9. Chapter 10 summarizes and looks briefly at some implications. Matthew' presence motif proves to be an important element of the Gospel's rhetorical design, redactional strategy and Christology. The presence of Jesus, the Emmanuel Messiah, exhibited in his risen authority, becomes the focus of his people's hopes and experiences in the post-Easter world. What the presence of Yahweh was to his people. Jesus now provides in a new paradigm for his people - his followers, the little ones, the poor and the marginalized, from all nations.


A spectral synthesis technique similar to that of Spinrad and Taylor (1971) has been applied to the integrated light of globular clusters M5, M13, M15, and M92 of the Galaxy; H12, H55, H140, B282, and MIV of M31; and to the nucleus of the elliptical galaxy NGC 205. The derived stellar contents of the four local clusters have been compared with color-magnitude diagrams and luminosity functions based on studies of individual stars within these systems. Results agree.

The technique yields information on both the metal content of clusters and their horizontal-branch colors and thus is useful for extracting the two parameters which apparently describe galactic globular clusters.

Principal results of the study of the six extragalactic systems are:
(1) The clusters H12 and H140 have similar metal contents and similar luminosity functions except along their horizontal branches where H12 is concentrated to the red, resembling 47 Tuc, and H140 is rather blue, resembling M5. This result suggests that M31 clusters belong to at least a two-parameter family as do clusters in the Galaxy.
(2) H55 and B282 have absorption features too strong to be artificially reproduced with a mixture of population I stellar spectra of normal feature strengths. This confirms a similar result by Spinrad and Schweizer (1972) for B282.
(3) The strong-lined cluster H55 is a halo object. This corroborates van den Bergh's (1969) discovery of strong-lined halo clusters in M31.
(4) The metal-richness of the stellar contents of the clusters correlates well with van den Bergh's line index L. This correlation strengthens his result that M31 globular clusters are generally more metal-rich than their galactic counterparts.
(5) No firm evidence is found for the hot blue stars inferred to be present in B282 by Spinrad and Schweizer.
(6) The nucleus of NGC 205 is composed of mild population II stars like clusters H12 and H140. However its color-magnitude distribution is unlike that of any known globular cluster. V-light contributions are about sixty per cent from its main sequence and only three per cent from its giant branch. The domination by dwarfs is greater by a factor of two than in the M81, M32, and M31 nuclear models of Spinrad and Taylor (1971). The apparent explanation is a different luminosity function.

There is some evidence for dispersion in the initial luminosity functions of clusters. The best models for the metal-rich clusters H55 and B282 have about one-half more V-light arising from their main
sequences than the other clusters. The giant branch of M5 appears to contribute about one-third more V-light than giant branches of other clusters studied. There is some independent evidence for an abnormally heavily populated giant branch in M5.


This study aims to identify the key primary producers that support abundant fish species with different feeding regimes, i.e. Acanthopagrus butcheri (omnivore), Leptatherina wallacei (pelagic feeder) and Pseudogobius olorum (benthivore), in the Swan-Canning estuary. Although there is extensive knowledge of stomach content composition for many fish species in this highly important urban estuarine system, there is poor understanding of the energy sources and trophic interactions.

Three complementary, quantitative approaches were adopted. 1) Analysis of the dietary items consumed by the fish and variation in diet with body size, habitat and season. (2) Determination of stable isotope ratios of C13/C12 and N15/N14 for fish and their prey. (3) Determination of fatty acid biomarkers of fish and dietary items. Stomach content data indicated that the overall diets differed significantly between species.

For each of the three species, ontogenetic changes were apparent and seasonal differences were most pronounced in spring. Stable isotope ratios of N15/N14 suggested that three trophic levels exist in the system, while the C13/C12 ratio made a differentiation possible between food chains based on detrital material or plankton. Fatty acid data revealed trophic markers for dinoflagellates in A. butcheri and L. wallacei, while trophic markers characteristic for diatoms were present in P. olorum. These findings suggest that inter- and intraspecific resource partitioning occurs among the three fish species and different organic matter sources support both pelagic and benthic food chains in this estuary. The resultant reliable data can be used in ecosystem modelling.


Abstract To control an un-swept flying wing is problematic in some ways. One of the problems is that when the wing experiences a disturbance in yaw, it does not, since it has no tail, generate any torque in the opposite direction as a plane with a vertical stabilizer does. This thesis is foremost aimed at exploring one particular solution to this problem. One approach to this problem is to place the motors out on the wing and differentiate the thrust, to achieve the same torque as splitted elevons or a vertical stabilizer does. This is what NASA used on the flying unmanned wing HELIOS. Reducing the thrust on the right set of engines, and increasing the thrust on the left side can mean that the combined thrust is unchanged. And thus more fuel efficient, and increases endurance. This project's main goal has been to construct a half scale model of the school project flying wing Solaris, and to configure a control system for the differentiated thrust as used on Helios. Thereafter conduct flight testing and evaluate the controllability of the wing in a number of flight conditions, this to get a sense of the wings characteristics and which parameters one should adjust to get the best controllability as possible. After numerous adjustments and test flights it was concluded that it is possible to construct and fly a wing in this configuration, with relatively simple means, with satisfactory results. That the torsional rigidity has great influence on the controllability were evident after the test flights. After redistribution of the components on the wing the conclusion could be made that the dihedral could be held within the structural limit of the wing. The results of this thesis will contribute to the project Solaris at Malardalens University in Vasteras, Sweden. The project was carried out at Malardalens University. The test flights were conducted at the former Air Force base F-15 Flygstaden and Mohed in Soderhamn, Halsingland.


How soon can you learn Adobe Flex 3? With this book's unique hands-on approach, you will be able to tinker with examples right away, and create your own Rich Internet Applications with Flex within the first few chapters. As you progress, you learn how to build a layout, add interactivity, work with data, and deploy your applications to either the Web or the desktop. "Learning Flex 3" offers step-by-step instructions that are clear and concise, along with tips and tricks that author Alaric Cole has gathered after years of using Flex and teaching it to fellow developers at Yahoo! You'll understand how Flex works, how to use the MXML markup language and work with ActionScript, how to deploy RIA's to the desktop using Adobe AIR, and much more.Whether you're a beginner, or an experienced web developer coming to Flex from another platform, "Learning Flex 3" is the ideal way to learn how to: set up your environment with FlexBuilder and Eclipse; create a new Flex project; use the different design views in Flex; write code with MXML; lay out your Flex application; embed images and graphics; build a user interface; add interactivity with ActionScript; handle user input; move, display, and collect data; add custom components with MXML; add sound effects, filters, and transitions; style your applications with CSS, skins, and themes; and, deploy applications to the Web, or to the desktop using Adobe AIR. Also included are brief explanations of objects, classes, components, properties, methods, types, and other Flex attributes. You will find that "Learning Flex 3" is not only the most complete tutorial for Flex, it's also the quickest way to get going with the latest version of this powerful framework.


This paper proposes a new whole-body motion generator for a quadruped-on-wheel robot that can cross various rough terrains, especially with a much-altitude difference. The motion generator combines the kinematics model, the wheel-center motion model, the robot centroidal momentum and dynamics models, and a proposed altitude-control model. Then the whole-body motion references can be achieved by giving the robot centroidal-motion reference, including the centroidal translational motion in the forward and lateral directions in the inertial frame, and the centroidal-height motion w.r.t. the base frame. Especially, the relative motion depends only on the robot-self property, and is independent of the terrain geometry. The robot is simulated to be driven on various tested rough terrains using our new motion generator and our compliant torque controller.


We tackle unsupervised part-of-speech (POS) tagging by learning hidden Markov models (HMMs) that are particularly well-suited for the problem. These HMMs, which we call anchor HMMs, assume that each tag is associated with at least one word that can have no other tag, which is a relatively benign condition for POS tagging (e.g., "the" is a word that appears only under the determiner tag). We exploit this assumption and extend the non-negative matrix factorization framework of Arora et al. (2013) to design a consistent estimator for anchor HMMs. In experiments, our algorithm is competitive with strong baselines such as the clustering method of Brown et al. (1992) and the log-linear model of Berg-Kirkpatrick et al. (2010). Furthermore, it produces an interpretable model in which hidden states are automatically lexicalized by words.


Abstract Negative effects of tourism development in a destination are usually the consequence of the high concentration of tourists, accommodation facilities and the activities that are practiced in a relatively restricted area. One of the most important measures to protect the areas is to calculate the maximum number of tourists that can simultaneously reside in a region, i.e. the determination of the carrying capacity. This paper outlines a method for determining carrying capacity based on zoning of environmental resources and zoning within a region. The paper argues for a return to the idea of identifying maximum appropriate number of users. The main hypothesis of the paper is based on the statement that the development of tourism in Fruška Gora (Mountain) National Park in Northern Serbia must be in accordance with the basic principles of sustainability, including the determination of carrying capacity. The main research goal was to show the opinion of local residents about the uncontrolled development of tourism, and to determine the carrying capacity in four sports and recreational zones of the mountain. The carrying capacity of the area is calculated by Lavery and Stanev formulas.


Electrical power quality is essential in the effective transmission and distribution of power to consumers. With the increase in non-linear loads it is becoming more prevalent to maintain the quality of power supplied. Voltage sagging or swelling and power factor are two of the major power quality issues. By introducing a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) into a system these power-quality issues can be significantly reduced and maintained effectively.

This project developed and tested the idea of constructing a low voltage static synchronous compensator for educational use, in which students could safely experiment with the concept and tools of power quality control. The end design goal was to construct a device capable of displaying the concepts of a STATCOM by producing a low voltage Alternating Current (AC) waveform to supply the given loads. Features of this project were to include a real-time display of system parameters and a switch with the ability to change between voltage control and power factor control.

The project incorporates the use of various components to achieve the desired STATCOM. Integrated into this system is an Arduino Uno microcontroller. This controller produces the triangular carrier waveform through direct digital synthesis. Additionally, it is responsible for the measurement and display of system data. The control signals produced by the comparison of the filtered Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) triangular waveform with a sinusoidal control signal are fed into an Infineon Dual Half-Bridge. Following this the output of the bridge is fed through a low pass filter to produce the required output sinusoid for the STATCOM.

Through several experiments the output waveform of the STATCOM was monitored and recorded. One of the parameters monitored for the STATCOM output was the total harmonic distortion of the output waves. At low amplitude modulation values the output waveform resembles a sinusoidal output however as expected at higher values the output waveforms begin to distort and resemble a square wave.

The major recommended future works are to design a control algorithms capable of performing voltage control and power factor control to display the concepts of power quality control. In addition to this a method of switching between the two control modes will require installation.

The project is unfortunately not considered to be at a completed, ready to implement stage. However, sufficient work has been undertaken and completed for another willing student to finalise the project.


Seagrass and seaweed habitats constitute hotspots for diversity and ecosystem services in coastal ecosystems. These habitats are subject to anthropogenic pressures, of which eutrophication is one major stressor. Eutrophication favours fast-growing ephemeral algae over perennial macroalgae and seagrasses, causing habitat degradation. However, changes in top-down control, caused by, for example, overfishing, may also have negative impacts on such habitats by decreasing grazer control of ephemeral algae. Meanwhile, systematic analyses estimating top-down effects of predator manipulations across a wide range of studies are missing, limiting the potential use of top-down control measures in coastal management. Here, we review the literature on experiments that test top-down and bottom-up controls in seagrass Zostera marina and seaweed Fucus spp. food webs in the North Atlantic. Using meta-analysis and meta-regression, we compare effect sizes of consumer and nutrient manipulations on primary producers, grazers and mesopredators. Presence of mesopredators on average doubled the biomass of ephemeral algae through trophic cascades, mainly mediated via negative effects on amphipods and isopods. Of the grazers, gastropods had twice as strong a negative effect on ephemeral algae as amphipods/isopods, but responded weakly to both predators and fertilization. In accordance with theory, top-down effects became stronger with eutrophication. Across studies, top-down effects on ephemeral algae at all trophic levels are on par with eutrophication effects. However, the few studies manipulating piscivorous fish make estimates of their top-down effects uncertain.Synthesis and applications. Consistently strong top-down effects in coastal ecosystems call for an integrated ecosystem perspective. Management should consider measures to improve stocks of predatory fish and reduce mesopredators for restoration and conservation of essential seagrass and seaweed habitats, thereby increasing the long-term viability of ecosystem services from coastal habitats.Editor's Choice


Aim Several regression grading systems have been proposed for neoadjuvant chemoradiation-treated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study aimed to examine the utility, reproducibility and level of concordance of three most frequently used grading systems. Methods Four gastrointestinal pathologists used the College of American Pathologists (CAP), Evans, MD Anderson Cancer Centre (MDA) regression grading systems to grade 14 selected cases (7–20 slides from each case) of neoadjuvant chemoradiation-treated PDAC. A postscoring discussion with each pathologist was conducted. The results were entered into a standardised data collection form and statistical analyses were performed. Results There was little concordance across the three systems. The Kendall coefficient of concordance agreement scores were: CAP: 2-poor, 2-fair; Evans: 1-fair, 1-moderate, 2-good; MDA: 1-poor, 2-moderate, 1-good. Interpretation in all three grades in the CAP grading system was a source of discrepancy. Furthermore, using fibrosis as a criterion to assess regression was contentious. In the Evans system, quantifying tumour destruction using arbitrary percentage cut-offs (ie, 9% vs 10%; 50% vs 51%, etc) was imprecise and subjective. Although the MDA system generated greatest concordance, this was due to 'oversimplification' surrounding wide, arbitrarily assigned thresholds of 5% of tumour. Conclusions All systems lacked precision and clarity for accurate regression grading. Presently the clinical utility and impact of histological regression grading in patient management is questionable. There is a need to re-evaluate regression grading in the pancreas and establish a reproducible, clinically relevant grading system.


What do you think of when you hear the word engagement? Do you picture a sparkling
ring and a happy couple with smiling faces? This is the image that comes to many
peoples' minds. In becoming engaged the couple is showing their willingness to commit
to each other. They care a great deal about each other and they are likely to share many
of the same views, beliefs and values. It could be argued that employee engagement is
not too dissimilar than marital engagement. In the same way that the couple is willing to
commit to each other an engaged employee is one who is committed to their organisation.
In the employee engagement relationship the employee cares about the organisation and
the organisation cares about the employee. They too are likely to share the same views,
beliefs and values.
Nowadays there is an increased focus on the realisation that people are the key to
achieving sustained competitive advantage. Organisations are increasingly having to do
more with less and so are continually looking for ways to achieve efficiencies. Having an
engaged workforce that is willing to go the extra mile is an important step in achieving
this. Employee engagement is a mutual concept which is beneficial to both the employee
and the organisation. It is a 'win-win' approach which produces enhanced organisational
performance with increased employee well-being. It is especially important in times of
organisational change where buy-in and involvement of employees is essential to ensuring
the success of the change programme.
The CIPD suggest that engagement is 'about creating opportunities for employees to
connect with their colleagues, managers and the wider organisation. It is also about
creating an environment where employees are motivated to want to connect with their
work and really care about doing a good job. It is a concept that places flexibility, change
and continuous improvement at the heart of what is means to be an employee and an
employer in the 2 1" century workplace' (CIPD, 2009).
Following their 2006 study on the topic the CIPD concluded that the main drivers for
employee engagement are having opportunities to feed views upwards, feeling well
informed about what is happening in the organisation and thinking that your manager is
committed to the organisation.
The concept of employee engagement forms the basis for my study. I have chosen to
undertaken this study on employee engagement as I believe it to be an important and
interesting topic. The importance of employee engagement in times of uncertainty and
change is referred to in the work of many authors (for example Graen (2008), Vosburgh
(2008) and Frese (2008)). There is no denying that we are currently experiencing a
significant period of uncertainty and change and so feel that it is important to gain a better
understanding and appreciation of the subject.
In undertaking this study I have reviewed the current literature (Chapter 2) and have
critically analysed what the authors have to say about employee engagement. I have
formed my research question and set out the objectives which I hope to achieve by
undertaking this study (Chapter 3). In Chapter 4 I outline what methods 1 undertook in
order to achieve my research aims and objectives and have detailed my analysis and
findings in Chapter 5. Following on from these I have discussed the findings in the
context of the theories on the subject in Chapter 6 and leach my conclusion in Chapter 7.


A key regulator of the cell cycle is a highly conserved protein kinase whose catalytic subunit, p34(cdc2), is encoded by the cdc2 gene. We studied the control of the expression of the Arabidopsis cdc2a gene in cell suspensions and during plant development. In cell cultures, arrest of the cell cycle did not significantly affect cdc2a mRNA levels, but nutrient conditions were important for cdc2a expression. During plant development, the pattern of cdc2a expression was strongly correlated with the cell proliferation potential. The effects of external signals on cdc2a expression were analyzed. Wounding induced expression in leaves. Lack of light altered temporal regulation of cdc2a in the apical but not root meristem of seedlings. Differential cdc2a responses were obtained after different hormone treatments. Signals present only in intact plants were necessary to mediate these responses. Although other control levels have yet to be analyzed, these results suggest that the regulation of cdc2a expression may contribute greatly to spatial and temporal regulation of cell division in plants. Our results also show that cdc2a expression is not always coupled with cell proliferation but always precedes it. We propose that cdc2a expression may reflect a state of competence to divide, and that the release of other controls is necessary for cell division to occur.


Objectives: This retrospective case-control study was conducted to ascertain the clinical course and outcomes of the patients with angiogram-negative SAH, and to evaluate the necessity of repeat DSA in subgroups of patients with SAH with negative initial DSA. Patients and Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical records and imaging of all patients presenting to our institution with nontraumatic SAH. Results were analyzed for presenting grades, blood distribution, outcomes, repeat DSA and findings. Bleeding pattern was determined from computed tomography (CT) and was categorized as perimesencephalic (PMN), diffuse, cortical. The criteria for bleeding pattern categorization were adapted from previous studies. PMN group included those with hemorrhage limited in one or more basal cisterns. Diffuse group included those with hemorrhage extending to the sylvian fissure, peripheral sulci, or intraventricular space. Cortical hemorrhage is defined as isolated blood in the peripheral sulci without hemorrhage in the basal cisterns. Results: 37 patients with proven nontraumatic SAH of which 9 (24.3%) had no vascular cause identified on their initial angiogram were identified. The blood distribution was perimesencephalic in 2, diffuse in 6, and cortical in 1. 7 patients (16%) underwent repeat cranial DSA. 2 of the repeat angiograms showed an underlying etiology for the SAH. Overall, the false-negative rate of the initial DSA was 28.57% (2/7 patients). 2 patient with SAH underwent 3rd DSA and no aneurysms were found. Patients with angiogramnegative SAH have better admitting consciousness (p=0.040306), different blood distribution pattern (p=0.023), better outcomes (p=0.004402). We also performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis of the data therein. We compared outcome between PMN subgroup and the diffuse subgroup and false negative rates on repeated DSA in the PMN subgroup and the diffuse subgroup. The meta-analysis revealed better outcome in PMN subgroup and significant lower false negative rate of detection aneurysm after repeated DSA in the patients with PMN. Conclusion: In the line with the results of the current study, angiogram negative subarachnoid hemorrhage has generally more benign course than SAH of known cause. We should be highly suspicious of patients with initial angiogram negative SAH, especially those with a diffuse SAH pattern. Repeat DSA is necessary for angiogram negative SAH


Rootzone pH affects nutrient availability for plants. Hydroponic leafy greens are grown in nutrient solutions with pH 5.5 to 6.5. Lower pH may inhibit plant growth, whereas pathogenic oomycete growth and reproduction may be mitigated. General understanding of pH effects on nutrient availability suggests likely toxicity and deficiency of specific micronutrients. We hypothesized that if adjustments are made to the micronutrient concentrations in solution, plants will grow in lower-than-conventional pH without nutrient disorders, while oomycete disease incidence and severity may be reduced. To develop a new nutrient solution management strategy, we examined pH of 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5 with or without micronutrient adjustments for growing two cultivars of basil plants Dolce Fresca and Nufar in a greenhouse hydroponic deep-water culture (DWC) system. Micronutrient adjustments included reduced concentrations of copper, zinc, manganese, and boron by one-half and doubled molybdenum concentration. Plants harvested 20 to 28 days after transplanting did not show significant effects of pH or the micronutrient adjustment. Phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, manganese, and zinc concentrations in leaves significantly declined, while potassium and aluminum concentrations increased with decreasing pH. However, these changes and therefore micronutrient adjustments did not affect basil plant growth significantly. 'Nufar' basil plants were then grown in a growth chamber DWC system at pH 4.0 or a conventional 5.5 with and without inoculation of Pythium aphanidermatum zoospores. Fourteen days after inoculation, P. aphanidermatum oospore production was confirmed only for the inoculated plants in pH 5.5 solution, where a significant reduction of plant growth was observed. The results of the present study indicate that maintaining nutrient solution pH at 4.0 can effectively suppress the severity of root rot caused by P. aphanidermatum initiated by zoospore inoculation without influencing basil growth.


Over the last decades several disciplines relevant to medicinal chemistry and preclinical drug discovery have made gigantic leaps; this includes chemistry, biology and measurement of bioactivity. Better techniques have led to massive amounts of data. Moreover, sources of chemical and bioactivity data have become available in the public domain. Hence there is a need for new techniques combining and mining these data sources. This thesis focuses on computational methods combining data from these disciplines and demonstrates that the sum of these methods leads to better quality predictions than models using the individual data sources.

One of the techniques central in this thesis is proteochemometric modeling, a machine learning approach linking chemical descriptors and protein descriptors to a biologically relevant output variable. This output variable describes the activity of molecules on biological macromolecules and hence proteochemometric models can make relevant predictions for both unseen molecules and unseen macromolecules (e.g. novel viral mutants).

Secondly we present a novel technique that is able to combine information from multiple crystal structures in such a way that shared and unique pharmacophoric features can be isolated and visualized.

Approaches presented here have been validated prospectively and have been shown to be widely applicable.


In her prize-winning first novel, "Zennor in Darkness", Helen Dunmore reimagines the plight of D.H. Lawrence and his German wife hiding out in Cornwall during the First World War. Spring, 1917, and war haunts the Cornish coastal village of Zennor: ships are being sunk by U-boats, strangers are treated with suspicion, and newspapers are full of spy stories. Into this turmoil come D. H Lawrence and his German wife, Frieda hoping to escape the war-fever that grips London. They befriend Clare Coyne, a young artist struggling to console her beloved cousin, John William, who is on leave from the trenches and suffering from shell-shock. Yet the dark tide of gossip and innuendo means that Zennor is neither a place of recovery nor of escape ..."Helen Dunmore mesmerizes you with her magical pen". ("Daily Mail"). "A beautiful and inspired novel". (John le Carre). "Secrets, unspoken words, lies that have the truth wrapped up in them somewhere make Dunmore's stories ripple with menace and suspense". ("Sunday Times"). Helen Dunmore has published eleven novels with Penguin: "Zennor in Darkness", which won the McKitterick Prize; "Burning Bright"; "A Spell of Winter", which won the Orange Prize; "Talking to the Dead"; "Your Blue-Eyed Boy"; "With Your Crooked Heart"; "The Siege", which was shortlisted for the 2001 Whitbread Novel of the Year Award and for the Orange Prize for Fiction 2002; "Mourning Ruby"; "House of Orphans"; "Counting the Stars" and "The Betrayal", which was longlisted for the Man Booker Prize 2010. She is also a poet, children's novelist and short-story writer.