Long-term shifts in vegetation phenology generally follow the pattern of global warming. Yet, topographical complexity and biome diversity cause uneven spatial trends in the phenological response of vegetation to climate change. If phenology changes similarly along migration routes, individuals may adequately respond by shifting the whole migration schedule to still time life history with local phenological events. On the contrary, phenological shifts that differ in direction or magnitude between sites can enhance the risk of mistiming, resulting in reduced survival and reproductive success and eventually population declines. We identified the direction and magnitude of long-term shifts in vegetation phenology along avian migration routes, using remotely sensed vegetation data over 29 yr (1982-2010) to estimate the risk of mistiming for different sets of assumptions concerning cues and adaptability of migration timing. For this study, we used individual series of non-breeding, spring stopover and breeding sites (determined by light-level geolocation) of three European populations of Luscinia megarhynchos (Common Nightingale), an insectivorous Palearctic long-distance migrant. The breeding populations in France, Italy, and Bulgaria are representatives for populations migrating on the western, central, and eastern flyway toward sub-Saharan Africa. The direction and magnitude of phenological shifts differed between migration stages and across flyways and under most sets of assumptions, the resulting risk of mistiming was higher in the Western compared to Central and Eastern flyway. We emphasize that estimates for the risk of mistiming as resulting from phenological shifts highly depend on the cues that migrants use to time migratory progression and on the adaptive potential of the particular migratory species to react to phenological shifts.


Expectation maximization (EM) provides a simple and elegant approach to the problem of optimizing the parameters of a normal mixture on an unlabeled dataset. To accomplish this, EM iteratively reweights the elements of the dataset until a locally optimal normal mixture is obtained. This paper explores the intriguing question of whether such an EM-style algorithm exists for the related and apparently more difficult problem of finding a normal mixture that maximizes the a posteriori class probabilities of a labeled dataset. We expose a fundamental degeneracy in the relationship between a normal mixture and the a posteriori class probability functions that it induces, and use this degeneracy to prove that reweighting a dataset can almost always give rise to a normal mixture exhibiting any desired class function behavior. This establishes that EM-style approaches are sufficiently expressive for a posteriori optimization problems and opens the way to the design of new algorithms for them.


Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey, released in 1968, is perhaps the most scientifically accurate film ever produced. The film presented such a plausible, realistic vision of space flight that many moon hoax proponents believe that Kubrick staged the 1969 moon landing using the same studios and techniques. Kubrick's scientific verisimilitude in 2001 came courtesy of his science consultants -- including two former NASA scientists -- and the more than sixty-five companies, research organizations, and government agencies that offered technical advice. Although most filmmakers don't consult experts as extensively as Kubrick did, films ranging from A Beautiful Mind and Contact to Finding Nemo and The Hulk have achieved some degree of scientific credibility because of science consultants. In Lab Coats in Hollywood, David Kirby examines the interaction of science and cinema: how science consultants make movie science plausible, how filmmakers negotiate scientific accuracy within production constraints, and how movies affect popular perceptions of science. Drawing on interviews and archival material, Kirby examines such science consulting tasks as fact checking and shaping visual iconography. Kirby finds that cinema can influence science as well: Depictions of science in popular films can promote research agendas, stimulate technological development, and even stir citizens into political action.


The legitimacy and accountability of polycentric regulatory regimes, particularly at the transnational level, has been severely criticised, and the search is on to find ways in which they can be enhanced. This paper argues that before developing even more proposals, we need to pay far greater attention to the dynamics of accountability and legitimacy relationships, and to how regulators respond to them. The article thus seeks to develop first, a closer analysis of the significance of the institutional environment in the construction of legitimacy, the dialectical nature of accountability relationships, and the communicative structures through which accountability occurs and legitimacy is constructed. Secondly, it explores how regulators respond, or are likely to respond, to multiple legitimacy and accountability claims, and of how they themselves seek to build legitimacy in complex and dynamic situations. This analysis, as well as being of intrinsic interest, could be of use to those trying to design accountability relationships or seeking to build them on the ground. For until we understand the implications of the pressures for accountability and legitimacy, the 'how to' proposals which are proliferating risk being simply pipe dreams: diverting, but in the end making little difference.


In the summer of 1992, hedge fund manager George Soros was contemplating the possibility that the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) would break down. Designed to pave the way for a full-scale European Monetary Union, the ERM was a system of fixed exchange rates linking together twelve members of the European Union, including Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. However, the impact of German reunification after 1989 had created significant strains within the system. Moreover, financial deregulation and the growth of cross-border flows of 'hot" money increased the likelihood that a speculative attack on one or more ERM currencies might succeed. Soros had to decide which currencies to bet against. The Italian lira? The British pound? The French franc? Or all three? The result could determine the success or failure of the project for a single European currency.


Investigations into the London attacks of 7/7 have yet to clarify the intricate storyline of the bombings. Yet the EU has already proposed specific measures to fight against international terrorism through policies that, unfortunately, compound the difficulty of addressing the challenge. This Policy Brief critically examines these measures following the EU Council's 13 July Declaration on the EU Response to the London Bombings. CEPS Research Fellows Thierry Balzacq and Sergio Carrera argue that if the freedom and justice dimensions are not set at the centre of EU policies developing an Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, human rights and civil liberties may be endangered and finally lost to the exceptional security demands.


Coarse-grained inclusions in Upper Palaeozoic alkali basalts, occurring in over 60 localities in the British Isles, include samples of the underlying mantle and lower crust. The ultramafic assemblages imply an extremely heterogeneous upper mantle involving a tectonized spinel lherzolite and harzburgite matrix transected by younger bodies of wehrlite, websterite, clinopyroxenite, orthopyroxenite, garnet-pyroxenite and assorted kaersutite- and biotite-rich ultramafites. Associated megacrysts include anorthoclase, sanidine, clinopyroxene, kaersutite, Ti-biotite, garnet, Ti-magnetite, Mg-ilmenite, apatite, zircon and corundum. These originated in part from disaggregation of pegmatoidal bodies of alkaline felsic rocks, pyroxenites, lherzites and glimmerites. Plagioclase-pyroxene rocks (basic granulites) are probably samples of the lower crust, with quartzo-feldspathic gneisses possibly derived from shallower levels in a chemically-zoned crust. Other inclusions described include apatite-magnetite rocks, biotite- and hornblende-albite rocks and unfoliated tonalites, diorites, trondhjemites and granites. A high-grade (granulite-facies) feldspathic basement is inferred to underlie all the major N British structural provinces, including the Midland Valley and Southern Uplands. Anorthosite xenoliths imply that anorthositic rocks compose some part of the 'basement' in S and central Scotland.


Herein, a magnetic microsphere CoMn2O4 (MS-CoMn2O4) with a 3D architecture was constructed directly on cellulose fiber (CF) substrates from wastepaper by a solvothermal synthesis method with further calcination treatment. The designed hybrid shows excellent dual functions including rapid catalytic oxidation of tetracycline (TC)/methylene blue (MB) and a high adsorption capacity. What's more, the hybrid is easily recycled using an external magnetic field. In comparison with that of pure MS-CoMn2O4, the enhanced adsorption ability and photocatalytic activity of MS-CoMn2O4/CFs can mainly be attributed to the introduced cellulose fiber supporter in the hybrid system. MS-CoMn2O4 incorporated CFs can improve the efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and the transport pathway of electrons. More importantly, introduction of CFs can help to enrich and further improve the degradation efficiency of organic contaminants. The possible mechanism for the enhancement of the photocatalytic activity has been elucidated in detail. The reusability analysis revealed that the MS-CoMn2O4/CF hybrid exhibited superb cycling stability after 5 cycles. This study provides novel insights into the design and construction of high capacity sorbents as strongly adsorptive photocatalysts to perform catalytic degradation of organic contaminants.


1,5 Diphenyl carbazone (DPC) was used as a chemical modifier for design carbon paste electrode of copper ion. A chemically modified carbon paste electrode with ionic liquid and SiO2 nanoprticles was prepared and used as a sensor for Cu2+ ion. The ionic liquid and SiO2 nanoparticles were used in the composition of the carbon paste to improve conductivity and transduction of chemical signal to electrical signal. The construction, performance, and applications of copper carbon paste electrode are described. The electrode displays a linear log [Cu2+] versus EMF response over a wide concentration range of 1.0×10-1to 1.0×10-6M with Nernstian slope of 29.76±0.35mV/decade with limit of detection 3.2×10−7 over the pH range 3.8–7.8.The electrode exhibit a Nernstian slope of 29.76 ± 0.25mV per decade for Cu2+ ion over a wide concentration range from 1.0×10-1to1.0×10-6M.The electrode has a fast response time (<6 s), a satisfactory reproducibility and relatively long life time. The proposed sensor shows a good selectivity toward Cu2+ ion in comparison to other common cations and the working pH range was7.0-11. These electrode have been successfully applied for the determination of Cu2+ ions content in various real samples.


This paper reports findings from a study of support provided by non-school-based mentors of secondary science teachers in England. It focuses on the identity development of beginning teachers of physics, some of the recipients of the mentoring. Drawing on the analysis of interview and case study data, and utilising third space theory, the authors show how external mentors (experienced, subject specialist teachers who were not based in the same schools as the teachers they were supporting) facilitated opportunities for mentees to negotiate and shape their professional identities, and made valuable contributions to three distinct and important aspects of beginning teachers' identity development. The paper argues that non-judgemental support from external mentors enhances beginner teachers' professional learning and identity development through the creation of a discursive 'third' space in which mentees are able to openly discuss professional learning and development needs, discuss alternatives to performative norms and take risks in classrooms. Opportunities for beginner teachers to engage in such activities are often restricted in and by the current climate of schooling and teacher education within England.


Vein banding, a new virus disease of grapes in California, is characterized by yellow mottling or chrome yellow bands along the principal veins of leaves of affected vinifera grape varieties, particularly during summer and fall. Fruit production and wood growth from affected vines are reduced. The leaf symptoms on rootstock varieties are blotch mottling, line pattern, and veinlet clearing. Vein banding is graft-transmissible by chip-bud grafts and is soil-borne. A nematode, Xiphinema index , is associated with the roots of vines where the disease spreads in the soil. Symptoms of vein banding are similar to those of yellow vein and yellow mosaic. The diseases can be separated, by close observation of symptom development and by graft-transmission studies with the rootstock varieties Kober 5BB and St. George. Vein banding is widely distributed in many areas of California and occurs in many different varieties of vinifera and rootstock grapes. It also occurs in Washington State.


Raters of firms play an important role in assessing domains ranging from sustainability to corporate governance to best places to work. Managers, investors, and scholars increasingly rely on these ratings to make strategic decisions, invest trillions of dollars in capital and study corporate social responsibility (CSR), guided by the implicit assumption that the ratings are valid. The authors document the surprising lack of agreement across social ratings from six well-established raters. These differences remain even when we adjust for explicit differences in the definition of CSR held by different raters, implying the ratings have low validity. The authors' results suggest that users of social ratings should exercise caution in interpreting their connection to actual CSR and that raters should conduct regular evaluations of their ratings.


Evolutionary computation (EC) has traditionally been used for the solution of hard optimization problems. In the general case, solutions found by evolutionary algorithms are satisficing, given current resources and constraints, but not necessarily optimal. Under some conditions, evolutionary algorithms are guaranteed (in infinity) to find an optimal solution. However, evolutionary techniques are not only helpful for dealing with intractable problems. In this paper, we demonstrate, that EC is not restricted to algorithmic methods, and is more expressive than Turing machines.


Title of dissertation: Interactive Visual Displays for Results Management in Complex Medical Workflows Sureyya Tarkan, Doctor of Philosophy, 2013 Directed by: Professor Ben Shneiderman Department of Computer Science Clinicians manage medical orders to ensure that the results are returned promptly to the correct physician and followed up on time. Delays in results management occur frequently, physically harm patients, and often cause malpractice litigation. Better tracking of medical orders that showed progress and indicated delays, could result in improved care, better safety, and reduced clinician effort. This dissertation presents novel displays of rich tables with an interaction technique called ARCs (Actions for Rapid Completion). Rich tables are generated by MStart (Multi-Step Task Analyzing, Reporting, and Tracking) from a workflow model that defines order processes. Rich tables help clinicians perceive each order's status, prioritize the critical ones, and act on results in a timely fashion. A second contribution is the design of an interactive visualization called MSProVis (Multi-Step Process Visualization), which is composed of several PCDs (Process Completion Diagrams) that show the number and duration of in-time, late, and not-completed orders. With MSProVis, managers perform retrospective analyses to make decisions by studying an overview of the order process, durations of order steps, and performances of individuals. I visited seven hospitals and clinics to define sample results management workflows. Iterative design reviews with clinicians, designers, and researchers led to refinements of the rich tables, ARCs, and design guidelines. A controlled experiment with 18 participants under time pressure and distractions tested two features (showing pending orders and prioritizing by lateness) of rich tables. These changes statistically significantly reduce the time from nine to one minute to correctly identify late orders compared to the traditional chronologically-ordered lists. Another study demonstrated that ARCs speed performance up by 25% compared to stateof-the-art systems. A usability study with two clinicians and five novices showed that participants were able to understand MSProVis and efficiently perform representative tasks. Two subjective preference surveys suggested new design choices for the PCDs. This dissertation provides designers of results management systems with clear guidance about showing pending results and prioritizing by lateness, and tested strategies for performing retrospective analyses. It also offers detailed design guidelines for results management, tables, and integrated actions on tables that speed performance for common tasks. Interactive Visual Displays for Results Management in Complex Medical Workflows


Despite frequent attempts to explain the emergence of a coherent type of polyphonic song in the early 14th century, our understanding is dominated by views drawn from lyric poetry, romance, criticism of musical and literary register, traditions of performance, and other abstract conceptualizations of this remarkable moment in the history of music. But there exists an extensive body of musical evidence that points to an energetic and sophisticated experimentation with musical and poetic elements that anticipated the style of polyphonic song cultivated by Machaut and his contemporaries. One such experimental repertory consists of the 22 motets based on vernacular tenors copied into the seventh and eighth fascicles of the Montpellier Codex (F-MOf H 196) and in the Turin motet book (I-Tr vari 42) ca.1300. The vernacular tenors that underpin these motets exhibit the types of repeating structures familiar from secular monody around 1300: six- and eight-line rondeaux and various other types of structure as described by Ludwig, Gennrich, and Walker. What has been less systematically explored is the degree to which the upper voices of the motets reflect the repetitions that characterize their tenors. The composers of these motets were attempting—within the stylistic restraints that the genre imposed on them—to create polyphonic works whose entire texture followed the structure of the tenor: in other words, to construct a musical entity that had much in common with the polyphonic song of the next generation, but that still retained the overlapping phrase patterns and poetic line length of the motet as had been traditional for nearly a century


Bacterial infection in the gut is often due to successful invasion of the host microbiome by an introduced pathogen. Ecological theory indicates that resident community members and their interactions should be strong determinants of whether an invading taxon can persist in a community. In the context of the gut microbiome, this suggests colonization resistance against newly introduced bacteria should depend on the instantaneous bacterial community composition within the gut and interactions between these constituent members. Here we develop a mathematical model of how metabolite-dependent biotic interactions between resident bacteria mediate invasion, and find that stronger biotic connectivity from metabolite cross-feeding and competition increases colonization resistance. We then introduce a statistical method for identifying invasive taxa in the human gut, and show empirically that greater connectivity of the resident gut microbiome is related to increased resistance to invading bacteria. Finally, we examined patient outcomes after fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) for recurring Clostridium difficile infection. Patients with lower connectivity of the gut microbiome after treatment were more likely to relapse, experiencing a later infection. Thus, simulation models and data from human subjects support the hypothesis that stronger interactions between bacteria in the gut repel invaders. These results demonstrate how ecological invasion theory can be applied to the gut microbiome, which might inform targeted microbiome manipulations and interventions. More broadly, this study provides evidence that low connectivity in gut microbial communities is a hallmark of community instability and susceptibility to invasion.


Nine medicinal plants growing in Palestine were screened in vitro for potential antibacterial activity against 6 bacterial strains by well diffusion and micro-dilution techniques. Both aqueous and organic solvents were used. The dried extracts of Sacropoterium spinosum (Rosaceae) (seed), Ruta chalepensis L (Rutaceae) (leaf), Cassia senna (Ligumenosa) (leaf), Lawsonia inermis (Lythraceae) (leaf), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) (Leaf), Carataegus azerullus (Rosaceae) (Leaf), Ranunclus asiaticus(Ranunculaceae) (Flowers), Calendula officinalis (Composita) (Flowers),and Salvia syriaca (Labiatae) (leaf) were screened. The bacterial strains tested were; Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); three strains (1, 2 & 3), multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris and Klebsiella pneumonia. The average diameter of inhibition zones ranged from 9 to 30 mm and 11 to 28 mm for aqueous and ethanol extract, respectively. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the most inhibited microorganism. Sacropoterium spinosum extract was the most active against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MIC value of ethanol extract was 0.781 mg/ml against MRSA while 0.390 mg/ml against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The combination effect of ethanol extracts of (Sacropoterium spinosum with Lawsonia Inermis) on bacterial species tested exhibited a higher effect than that of any individual extract. Such results lead to an interesting promise for further investigation to design potentially active antibacterial augmentative agents of natural sources. Key words: Antibacterial activities, plant extracts, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Palestine


In several places in Germany colourful slips of paper replace the Euro as a medium of exchange. These unofficial tenders German Regiogeld, a phenomenon which occurred around 2001 and spread rapidly all over Germany. It appears not only with different names but also in various forms. The article introduces this special complementary currency. It describes briefly – and from a sociological point of view – what it is, how it has originated, the actual status quo and possible future developments. It is based on my 4 year ethnographic research which was done in the context of a sociological dissertation. For this article one of my results is particular important: Regiogeld is a phenomenon which originated in the fusing of different movements, a money-reform-oriented, an esoteric and several regionalization-oriented.


Introduction Today, with high-speed network technology available, cyberspace has been a communication center in which people can distribute useful information, share valuable knowledge, receive training or education, conduct business transactions, build a social relationship, and so forth (Kang, 2007; Moore, 2005; Qian & Scott, 2007). Cyberspace yields dramatic impact on human beings' daily lives and plays an important role in the modern society (Cheuk, 2007). In Taiwan, a survey (Yam Portal, 2005) showed that "instant messenger" (IM) usage has become the third most frequently accessed online activity following cyberspace's web surfing and e-mail. The report also indicated 66 percent of online users use at least one type of IM program to communicate with friends. Considering the types of IM, Windows Live Messenger (WLM) is the most popular software program (Yu, 2003). According to Microsoft Corporation[C] in Taiwan (MSN Network in Taiwan, 2006), the number of WLM users reached 7.5 million before the end of 2006. Taiwanese people who used WLM spent approximately 1.2 hours in the WLM system every day. Recently, in order to increase productivity, numerous business companies and government agencies prohibited employees from using WLM in their workplaces (Wu, 2007). For the situations described above, therefore, examining the phenomena of the IM usage can facilitate understanding on users' behaviors. IMs, such as WLM, allow users to send real time messages to their online friends, who are listed on a friend list. Users add their friends' e-mail addresses to the list so that two correspondents can successfully chat via cyberspace. A name-display is one feature on an IM screen. Users can use it to self-define their nicknames which will be displayed in online friends' IM lists. For example, once one side defines the nickname, other side can see it appear in the IM's screen. Based on first-hand experiences, some users frequently change their nicknames which represent specific meaning; some others do not. Whether or not the chosen name-display reflects special psychological factors is worthy of exploration. In the literature, the IM use has been applied to different activities. In the field of English education, for the purpose of enhancing students' learning outcomes, Tai (2007) integrated WLM into English learning curriculum. In the domain of forensic science, Van Dongena (2007) attempted to find crime evidence by analyzing various features of WLM. In the field of business, Cameron and Webster (2005) investigated IM's impact on employees' workplace performance. In the area of health education, Cheuk and Chan (2007) found that IM use affects students' academic performance. From the computer-mediated communication perspective, Leung (2004) reported that self-disclosure was significantly related to IM usage. However, of those studies focusing on IM, few adopted a qualitative methodology. Compared to the application of IM use, the number of studies considering the name-display feature in the programs is sparse. Grinter and Palen (2002) reported that teen users changed their nicknames as a polite justification so that their online friends could easily identify their unavailability. Smale and Greenberg (2005) employed a specific program to record 444 users' nickname changes processed in three weeks. They found that most of participants frequently changed their nicknames and a relationship existed between age and the frequency of nickname changes. Furthermore, constantly changed nicknames fell into three categories: identification, information about self and broadcast message. However, for the previous two studies, the researchers did not explore the name-display feature from a psychological perspective. A feature in the Bulletin Board System (BBS) is extremely similar to the name-display feature in the IM program. In addition to users' IDs, their self-defined nicknames also appear on the BBS. …


The structure of rental markets coupled with the design of the Housing Choice Voucher Program (HCVP), the largest federal housing subsidy for low–income families in the United States, provides the opportunity to overcharge voucher holders. Applying hedonic regression models to a unique data set of Milwaukee renters combined with administrative records, we find that vouchered households are charged between $51 and $68 more in monthly rent than unassisted renters in comparable units and neighborhoods. Overcharging voucher holders costs taxpayers an estimated $3.8 million each year in Milwaukee alone, the equivalent of supplying 620 additional families in that city with housing assistance. These findings suggest that the HCVP could be made more cost–effective—and therefore more expansive—if overcharging were prevented.


Chemical hydrogen storage materials (CHSMs), owing to their high hydrogen content, are presented as having high potential to achieve high gravimetric hydrogen storage capacities in the prospect of technological applications (e.g. vehicle). However, this raises two questions. Is the storage capacity viewed at the material level or at the system level? Do we talk about absolute, excess or net capacities? Being exact in the terms used is all important so the US Department of Energy has set well-defined, precise technical requirements for vehicle application at the system level. This Minireview focuses on the terms that have been used in the open literature to present the storage capacities of the CHSMs. It stands out, through several typical cases, that the terms are generally misused and mislead the reader on the real capacities. For instance, the material level and the system level are often lumped together. Herein, we re-define the much-used terms and expressions, and propose a set of expressions to systematically use in order to avoid any future misuse, misleading terms and misunderstanding.


Considering the lack of nature-based positive psychology interventions (PPIs), the present study examined the effects of Rewild Your Life (RYL), an online intervention programme that challenges users to spend 30 minutes a day in nature for 30 days. Participants who completed RYL (n=35) showed significant increases in mood, well-being, mindfulness and meaning compared to the control group (n=27). The effect was stronger when participants spent at least 30 minutes in nature, and meaning and mindfulness were affected only in "wilderness" but not urban "greenspace" (e.g., parks). Findings emphasise the importance of access to natural spaces, especially considering that people are spending increasing amounts of time indoors and disconnecting from nature, and the importance of increasing access to greenspace is discussed.


The development of social media, and Web 2.0 more broadly, has revolutionized all aspects of our social, cultural, and political lives. Notably, social media and online platforms have opened up space for resisting gender-based violence (GBV) in a way that, in some respects, was not possible "offline." Some authors, drawing on Nancy Fraser, have conceptualized online spaces as a form of "counter-public"—a site in which collective and individual resistance to, and contestation of, dominant norms is enabled. Given the well-documented trajectories of victim-blaming and the perpetuation of various myths and misperceptions in relation to gender violence, social media spaces can function as a counter-public or countercultural forum in which victim-survivors can give voice to their experiences in their own words, and in doing so challenge persistent norms and stereotypes. Such practices have been documented across the Global North and South, with the potential of social media as a space of resistance and contestation most recently evidenced by the #MeToo global phenomenon, which was preceded by a string of digital activist efforts such as SlutWalk, Hollaback, #WhyIStayed, and #EndRapeCulture.
 Yet the use of digital platforms to resist gender violence brings with it a range of concerns and limitations. While some activists and victim-survivors are able to harness social media to share experiences and be heard, the ability to do so continues to be shaped by factors such as age, (dis)ability, sexuality, socioeconomic status, race, and geographical location. Online resistance has likewise faced critique for actively reproducing certain myths and stereotypes about gender violence, or for providing a limited or partial picture of what this violence "is." This suggests that only certain victim-survivors and experiences are recognized and validated as such online. In addition, online disclosure and the "naming and shaming" of perpetrators raises serious concerns regarding due process and "vigilantism." Moreover, social media spaces can themselves be sites of gender violence, with the routine harassment and abuse of (particularly) women online increasingly well documented. Together, such perspectives illustrate the complex, nuanced, and deeply political role of social media as a site of resistance to gender violence.


We analyze the impact of information frictions on workers' wages, contributing to the literature that tested search theory, which has so far focused on labor market frictions in general and not specifically on information asymmetries. Using data for 16 countries from the European Social Survey 2008, we find a sizeable gap between workers' perceptions of the unemployment rate and the actual unemployment rate in the country, which is a meaningful indicator of their misperception of labor market tightness. To handle the interval nature of our outcome of interest, the earnings variable, we estimate interval regressions, as well as ordered probit models. We follow a threefold strategy to tackle potential endogeneity problems, as the model includes: controls for the worker's ability; country-specific fixed effects; the unemployment rate in the region of residence, which might be the benchmark respondents have in mind when reporting their perception of the national unemployment rate and which is known to influence regional wages. Results show that when subjective perceptions overstate the unemployment rate in the country, a one percentage point gap between the perceived and the actual unemployment rate reduces individual wages by 0.4 to 0.7 percent. We discuss a potential mechanism generating this result. A pessimistic view of the labor market leads to concern over own future employment prospects and is thus likely to lower reservation wages; a too optimistic view, in turn, could raise reservation wages, but it would render job finding more difficult.


We demonstrated that the timescale for Si quantum dot (Si-QD) formation in a SiOxNy layer is a few milliseconds by IR laser irradiation. The amount of Si agglomerated into QD in a laser irradiated SiOxNy layer is comparable to that calculated after furnace annealing at 1250 °C for 30 min. However, we found that crystalline Si-QD can be formed by laser only if the amount of Si atoms in excess is as high as 1×1022/cm3. The Si-QD contains impurities like N and O that prevent luminescence at 900 nm. The photoluminescence (PL) signal is recorded only after an additional annealing after laser irradiation at temperatures above 1000 °C when diffusion-assisted replacement of N and O occurs.


Attrition remains an ongoing issue in enabling programs and the broader higher education sector. For more than 31 years, CQUniversity (Central Queensland University) Australia's Skills for Tertiary Education Preparatory Studies (STEPS) program has prepared students for university, many of whom are from one or more Australian Government target equity groups. A 2012 CQUniversity institutional review of STEPS resulted in significantly improved retention, yet attrition rates in STEPS are still of concern. Qualitative research conducted in 2016-17 with 23 students who withdrew from STEPS between 2013 and 2015, and 10 Access Coordinators located across those CQUniversity campuses offering STEPS, have provided valuable insights into reasons for continued attrition. Based on suggestions from students and Access Coordinators, recommendations to address attrition have resulted, the intention being to increase student success and satisfaction, and improve retention in STEPS.


The aims of this study were to investigate aspects of the aural microenvironment in dogs. The aural microflora, histological features of the aural integument, and biochemical components of cerumen from healthy canine ears and those with otitis externa were studied. Interactions between canine cerumen and one member of the resident aural flora, Malassezia pachydermatis were also investigated.

Gram-positive, coagulase-negative cocci, and M.pachydermatis were the most common resident flora found in 52 healthy canine external ears. Microscopic examination of cytological smears from cerumen and microbiological culture indicated that these organisms were present in low numbers. Gram-positive coagulase positive staphylococci, Gram-negative rods, and M.pachydermatis were isolated most frequently from 27 canine ears affected by otitis externa. Eighty percent of these inflamed ears were associated with microbial overgrowth. The numbers of microorganisms found in cerumen cytological smears appear to be correlated to the growth density of microbial colonies on culture plates.

In an anatomical survey of the external ear canal, 40 canine ears were examined. The average length of the cartilaginous part of these canals was 5.3 cm. The diameter at the most proximal end of the annular cartilage averaged 0.5 cm; at the proximal end of the auricular cartilage the mean diameter was 0.7 cm; at the distal extremity of the ear canal, the average diameter was 4.8 cm.

Morphometric stereology was used to evaluate histological features of 28 clinically normal and 15 otitic canine ears at four anatomical levels. Marked variation was found in the distribution of sebaceous and apocrine glands in the aural integument in healthy ears and those with otitis.


The loss in sensitivity of two-photon excited fluorescence, when switching from a 1 cm cell format to square and cylindrical capillaries, is described quantitatively. Sensitivities are determined with calibration curves, and beam shapes are computed with optical design software. The decreased sensitivity with square capillary (75 μm i.d.) is shown to be the simple result of a truncated pathlength resulting in a factor of ∼ 2 reduction in sensitivity from a 1 cm cell. Cylindrical capillary of the same i.d. is characterized by astigmatism caused by the curved refractive index boundary in addition to the truncation. The astigmatism is determined to be smaller in the thin-walled capillary, allowing for better performance than the thick-walled capillary. In fact, the thin-walled capillary is found to have similar performance to the square capillary.


This is a report about machine learning in the field of computer science. The problem handled is prediction of energy consumption in district heating systems. Prediction of energy consumption in district heating systems is a delicate problem because of the social behaviours, weather and distribution time that has to be accounted for. One algorithm is introduced and three different experiments are made to determine if the algorithm is useful. The results from the experiments were good. This report differs in approach to the problem then other reports found in this field. The difference is that this report tries to handle social behaviours and looks at a decentralized view of the problem instead of centralized.


Concern over food authenticity has increased as a result of an increase in the consumption of processed foods containing meat or animal products. This raises a number of issues where the presence of pork in such foods is considered unacceptable in most Muslim and Jewish communities around the world. It also applied to the prohibition of beef consumption among Hindus. In order to ensure the absence of unwished meat products or mixing of meats from different sources in processed foods, a specific and sensitive test is essential. For this purpose we developed a molecular test based on DNA amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cytochrome b gene followed by reverse line blot analysis (RLB). Using this method many samples may be treated simultaneously and meat origins can easily be detected from processed foods or foods containing mixed meat sources; also, added pork components such as fat may be identified by this methodology. The PCR/RLB method is considered to be a sensitive and specific technique; it can detect one nucleotide change within the PCR-amplified DNA segment.


This paper presents four innovative business models that are being developed in three countries to support the commercialisation of electric vehicles (EV). Using an original business model framework and interviews with EV company founders and directors, we analyse the coexistence of competing business models (China) and partnership strategies along the EV value chain (US and France). Findings emphasise the importance of designing flexible business models and leveraging resources and inter-industry partnerships in the emerging EV ecosystem. The results provide practical recommendations for industrial players and insights for policy-makers.


A series of pollution control measures have been introduced to protect water quality in the Olifants river basin, the third most water-stressed and most polluted basin in South Africa. This paper employed an environmentally extended computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to analyse the economic and environmental implications of a tax on water pollution in the basin. Implications of increasing the pollution tax rate currently in place for the levels of economic activities and water quality have been simulated under alternative tax revenue recycling schemes. Results of our policy simulations suggest that internalising the cost of water pollution through the tax regime achieves its environmental goals of protecting the aquatic ecosystem, by shifting production away from pollution-intensive sectors. This, however, comes at some cost to the regional economy of the basin. Recycling the tax revenue through income transfers to households or a subsidy to pollution abatement mitigates the adverse economic impacts.


This chapter focuses on 3 and 4 year old children; their interactions with picturebook read alouds, their repeated requests to have favourite books read over and over again, their developing concept of identity and their growing ability to respond to the books. As the children had picturebooks read to and shared with them, they were able to identify a sense of self mirrored in the content of some of the books and these were the ones they chose to read and re-read, making informed choices about their favourites.
The children identified themselves in the storybook narratives and went on to record their responses in a variety of differing modes some of which led to them becoming real authors as they made their own books to be read,
re-read and enjoyed.


Many rock formations are anisotropic. Their anisotropy, or dependence of seismic velocities on the direction of wave propagation, has been extensively studied and documented throughout the world. It is now widely accepted that understanding subsurface anisotropy yields numerous benefits for both exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. For example, seismic images produced with ani-sotropic velocity fields are usually crisper and geologically more meaningful than those created with traditional isotropic velocity models. In addition, relating anisotropy to its physical causes (such as lithology, fractures, stresses) enables one to obtain valuable information about them, something that cannot be done if the rocks are deemed isotropic. Making accurate measurements of anisotropy is an obvious prerequisite for all these potential improvements. To be most useful, such measurements should be done in-situ and in the seismic frequency range. Here we discuss a recently developed technique for estimatin...


To understand cognitive bases of self-reported ruminative tendencies, we examined interpretations and subsequent memories of ambiguous situations depicting opportunities for rumination. In Experiment 1, we recruited students, randomly assigned them to a distracting or ruminative concentration task, and then measured their latencies to complete fragments that resolved situational ambiguity in either a ruminative or a benign direction. Students in the ruminative task condition who previously self-identified as brooders were quicker to complete ruminative fragments. In Experiment 2, we simulated this bias to investigate its possible contribution to rumination; nonbrooding students were trained to make ruminative or benign resolutions of ambiguous situations. Ruminative training led to more negative continuations of new, potentially ruminative situations in a subsequent transfer task. Next, ruminative training also caused more negatively valenced errors in recalling the ambiguous transfer situations. Finally, after reflection about a personal experience, state-rumination scores were higher in the ruminative condition. These results establish the causal role of interpretation biases in ruminative patterns of thought.


Within the walls of the demesne, the Anglo-Irish ascendancy constructed their vision of an Irish Utopia. Ideal landscapes were designed and planted out with standard temperate trees and newly introduced exotics from the Americas. Ideal cottages were built, paternalistic estate management structures developed, and complex planning and design theories indulged. Masques and plays, morally suspect in the strict Protestant ethos of the time, flourished within the enclosed world of the demesne. Robert Molesworth's radical Whig landscape influenced both Jonathan Swift and the Earl of Shaftesbury's political and aesthetic ideas. The women of Carton and Castletown employed the theatrical tradition of French gardens to explore controversial lifestyles. This book seeks to explore how and why the landscapes were designed, who designed them, who used them, and for what purpose. Detailed studies of selected and connected gardens were used to explore these questions, and the smaller compass is hopefully countered by a more detailed context. Some of the gardens recreated retain much valuable evidence on the ground, while others have been pieced together from documentary sources, in particular the copious personal letters which survive. The existing gardens themselves are constantly in flux, as the source material grows and dies, or is more commonly axed by development. The disciplines of art history, architecture, engineering and planning are hauled informally together, to examine the role these disciplines have played, and should play, in creating and protecting the designed environment.


In recent decades, the economic approach to law has developed into a mainstream field of study for both legal scholars and economists. This book provides a textbook treatment of the subject, primarily directed toward undergraduate economics students. It presumes a basic familiarity with economic principles, but little knowledge of the law. An effort is made to show both how economic principles can explain the actual structure of the law, and how they can help to make the law more efficient. The book emphasizes unifying themes and methodologies rather than an exhaustive coverage of legal topics. To that end, the scope of analysis is limited to the basic common law areas of torts, contracts, and property, as well as the legal process and criminal law. The hope is that after reading the book, students can apply the basic principles to other areas of law.


BackgroundPressure ulcers are localized injuries to the skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure, shear or a combination of these. The consequences of pressure ulcers are contributing to higher risk of morbidity and mortality. It also increases costs to society and causing suffering affecting the quality of life for individuals. Research shows that patients often do not get access to those interventions with the highest evidence-based utility. Many times, there can be great differences within countries regarding interventions that reaches the patients.AimThe aim of the study was to describe pressure ulcers prevention by registered nurses in San Jose, Costa Rica.MethodA qualitative design with semi-structured interviews was used. The study consisted of interviews with six registered nurses whereof one was an included pilot interview. The data process consisted of recording the interviews, transcription and a qualitative content analysis.FindingsThe main findings show that there is insufficient knowledge regarding pressure ulcer prevention and that there is a lacking ability to implement the existing knowledge into daily practice.Conclusion Strategies are needed to implement routines regarding pressure ulcer prevention and broader knowledge is needed to enable the registered nurses to follow these routines and to perform accurate and evidence based care. The lack of resources and time influence the ability to fulfil professional responsibilities regarding pressure ulcer prevention. The management have the important task to make sure that the needed knowledge and resources exists so that the staff can fulfil their work duties.


We propose a simple atomic-beam collimator consisting of a blue-detuned cylindrical-hollow (doughnut) laser beam. Cold atoms from a magneto-optical trap are loaded into the doughnut beam and guided in the propagation direction of the doughnut beam. The cold atoms experience efficient Sisyphus cooling induced by the doughnut beam and a weak repumping beam and are collimated in the transverse direction. In the longitudinal direction the cold atoms experience small accelerations that are due to the absorption-induced heating of the doughnut beam and the repumping beam. The cooling, heating, and loss mechanisms in this atomic collimator are analyzed. Our study shows that an intense cold atomic beam with a minimum transverse velocity of ∼2 cm s-1 (a minimum transverse temperature of ∼1.4 μK) and a brightness of approximately 2×1013 atoms (sr-1 cm-2 s-1) can be obtained from the collimator.


BACKGROUND
Innovations in radiation therapy (RT) technology could have the potential to allow for radiation dose escalation by evaluating tumor motion, minimizing and compensating for motion, and evaluating delivery technologies such as 3-dimensional (3D) conformal radiation therapy (CRT) and intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) using tomotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ninety different RT plans were generated using 3 different treatment techniques for 10 patients. These were evaluated using dosimetric tools such as dose-volume histogram (DVH) analysis, tumor equivalent uniform dose (EUD), and dosimetric parameters predictive for lung toxicity, such as the volume of lung receiving > 20 Gy of radiation (V20) and the normalized mean total radiation dose to the lung (NTDmean). The 3 techniques studied included free breathing using 3D CRT, 3D CRT with maximum-inspiration breath-hold (MIBH) to minimize tumor motion, and IMRT delivery with MIBH; the combination of 3 separate planning treatment-volume sets resulted in the generation of 90 different treatment plans. To plan these, patients underwent treatment-planning computed tomography in MIBH and free breathing followed by simulation with measurement of tumor motion and generation/evaluation of DVHs, EUDs, V20, and NTDmean.

RESULTS
Average tumor motion was 1.54 cm in the cephalocaudad directions, 1.26 cm in the anteroposterior directions, and 0.56 cm in the lateral directions between maximum inspiration and expiration. Maximum-inspiration breath-hold produced superior lung sparing evidenced by lower V20 and NTDmean values, and these parameters predicted lower modeled pneumonitis rates. Tomotherapy-based IMRT provided further lung sparing.

CONCLUSION
Treatment in MIBH results in lower V20 and NTDmean values and lower modeled pneumonitis rates. This effect is enhanced by the use of IMRT. The use of MIBH with IMRT may therefore aid in escalating the dose in RT.


Liquid sensing is achieved by using slotted phononic crystal plates (SPCP). The sensing mechanism is based on the fact that an acoustic wave confined in a small liquid slot intensively interacts with the liquid sample in the slot, and the acoustic energy flux transmission spectrum of the SPCP system strongly depends on the acoustic properties of the liquid in the slot. Consequently, the resonance frequency of the sensing system varies with the density and sound velocity of the liquid sample. Compared with the traditional Lamb wave sensor, the SPCP sensor exhibits a higher sensitivity and requires a minimal amount of liquid sample. These attractive advantages may allow the SPCP liquid sensor to be easily integrated into a chip for broad lab-on-chip biochemical sensing applications.


Contributing to a "social studies of interview studies," this article addresses the treatment of "failed" autobiographic interviews. Taking a discursive constructionist approach, the author re-examines a problematic second language (L2) English interview with an immigrant man from Cambodia. Analysis focuses on the interactional management of (mis)alignment and how it contributed to the shape and outcome of the activity. By turning away from failure to accomplishment, and attending to the ways in which interviewee and interviewer use their differential linguistic and cultural expertise as topic and resource, the multi-layered activity takes on a new light that allows recognition of what was understood, shared, and ultimately achieved. The application of these insights for interview practice and analysis are discussed.


IPv6 hosts using Stateless Address Autoconfiguration are able to
configure their IPv6 address and default router settings
automatically. However, further settings are not available. If these
hosts wish to configure their DNS, NTP, or other specific settings
automatically, the stateless variant of the Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6) could be used. This combination of
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration and stateless DHCPv6 could be used
quite commonly in IPv6 networks. However, hosts using this combination
currently have no means by which to be informed of changes in
stateless DHCPv6 option settings; e.g., the addition of a new NTP
server address, a change in DNS search paths, or full site
renumbering. This document is presented as a problem statement from
which a solution should be proposed in a subsequent document. This
memo provides information for the Internet community.


Due to a large range of application areas for fans in the industrial, the household and the agricultural sector, there are already many fans of different types, in different shapes and sizes available at the market. If the design point requires large flow rates with a sufficiently large increase in pressure, the recommended fan type is between the axial and radial fan type, within the range of mixed flow fans. But there are only very few recommendations for mixed flow fans design methods available in the literature. In order to prevent a shroud separation in the mixed flow fan, 3 different radii (R80, R130 and R180) were investigated. An increase in pressure and efficiency of the mixed flow fan with the radius R130 was determined by the measurement results. The influence on the characteristic curves of different downstream angles Chi (χ) between χ= 30° (almost axial) and χ = 90° (radial) was investigated in terms of pressure rise, flowrates and efficiencies. The mixed flow fan with a downstream angle of χ= 68° has increased flow rates with better efficiencies compared to the investigated centrifugal fan. The mixed flow fan type already achieves higher pressure rises in a single stage than axial fans and can be easily integrated in fluid systems with axially parallel inlet and outlet flow. They represent a serious alternative in the application field between axial and radial fans.


Abstract Schools of today are educating for an unknown future, and knowledge of today will become partly irrelevant in 20–30 years. Teaching and assessment focusing on the learning of factual knowledge will not serve the needs of the learners in the future, as it does not prepare for life-long learning in a per today not definable future. The main goal of today's schooling should be to support students in learning how to go about learning. The aim of this position paper is to define responsive pedagogy in relation to self-regulation, self-efficacy, achievements and assessment. The concept responsive pedagogy used in this paper is the recursive dialogue between the learner's internal feedback and external feedback provided by significant others. The core of responsive pedagogy is the explicit intention of the teacher to make learners believe in their own competence and ability to successfully complete assignments and meet challenges, to strengthen students' self-efficacy, and to increase their overall self-concept. Responsive pedagogy is hypothesised to impact achievements positively, yet this needs to be carefully researched. Today's schools should prepare for tomorrow, and educate independent self-regulated learners who believe in their own capacity to engage in continuous learning and knowledge production.


The site of present-day St. Catharines was settled by 3000 United Empire Loyalists at the end of the 18th century. From 1790, the settlement (then known as "The Twelve") grew as an agricultural community. St. Catharines was once referred to Shipman's Corners after Paul Shipman, owner of a tavern that was an important stagecoach transfer point. In 1815, leading businessman William Hamilton Merritt abandoned his wharf at Queenston and set up another at Shipman's Corners. He became involved in the construction and operation of several lumber and gristmills along Twelve Mile Creek. Shipman's Corners soon became the principal milling site of the eastern Niagara Peninsula. At about the same time, Merritt began to develop the salt springs that were discovered along the river which subsequently gave the village a reputation as a health resort. By this time St. Catharines was the official name of the village; the origin of the name remains obscure, but is thought to be named after Catharine Askin Robertson Hamilton, wife of the Hon. Robert Hamilton, a prominent businessman.
Merritt devised a canal scheme from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario that would provide a more reliable water supply for the mills while at the same time function as a canal. He formed the Welland Canal Company, and construction took place from 1824 to 1829. The canal and the mills made St. Catharines the most important industrial centre in Niagara. By 1845, St. Catharines was incorporated as a town, with the town limits extending in 1854. Administrative and political functions were added to St. Catharines in 1862 when it became the county seat of Lincoln. In 1871, construction began on the third Welland Canal, which attracted additional population to the town. As a consequence of continual growth, the town limits were again extended. St. Catharines attained city status in 1876 with its larger population and area. Manufacturing became increasingly important in St. Catharines in the early 1900s with the abundance of hydro-electric power, and its location on important land and water routes. The large increase in population after the 1900s was mainly due to the continued industrialization and urbanization of the northern part of the city and the related expansion of business activity. The fourth Welland Canal was opened in 1932 as the third canal could no longer accommodate the larger ships. The post war years and the automobile brought great change to the urban form of St. Catharines. St. Catharines began to spread its boundaries in all directions with land being added five times during the 1950s. The Town of Merritton, Village of Port Dalhousie and Grantham Township were all incorporated as part of St. Catharines in 1961. In 1970 the Province of Ontario implemented a regional approach to deal with such issues as planning, pollution, transportation and services. As a result, Louth Township on the west side of the city was amalgamated, extending the city's boundary to Fifteen Mile Creek. With its current population of 131,989, St. Catharines has become the dominant centre of the Niagara region.
Source: City of St. Catharines website http://www.stcatharines.ca/en/governin/HistoryOfTheCity.asp (January 27, 2011)


Measurement and visualization of the fracture process zone (FPZ) in the silicate composites is essential for understanding how the crack is formed and how it is propagating through the material. Although several time-lapse radiography and tomography experiments during the three-point bending of silicate composites with conventional imaging techniques have been already realized, the crack initiation and propagation is so fast process, that it is very difficult to capture sufficient spatial information in the exact moment when this process is occurring. Nowadays progress in X-ray imaging instrumentation, especially single photon counting CdTe detectors with a fast parallel readout, allows speeding up the acquisition of the tomographic data while keeping the intrinsic resolution of tens of micrometers and high efficiency even for photons with higher energy. Tomography of relatively fast processes is becoming realistic even in laboratory conditions using commercially available microfocus X-ray tubes. As an example of such a fast tomography, results of "on-the-fly" series of tomographic experiments performed on the specimen subjected to continual three-point bending test is presented.


Measuring consumer responsiveness to medical care prices is a central issue in health economics and a key ingredient in the optimal design and regulation of health insurance markets. We study consumer responsiveness to medical care prices, leveraging a natural experiment that occurred at a large self-insured firm which required all of its employees to switch from an insurance plan that provided free health care to a non-linear, high deductible plan. The switch caused a spending reduction between 11.79%-13.80% of total firm-wide health spending. We decompose this spending reduction into the components of (i) consumer price shopping (ii) quantity reductions and (iii) quantity substitutions, finding that spending reductions are entirely due to outright reductions in quantity. We find no evidence of consumers learning to price shop after two years in high-deductible coverage. Consumers reduce quantities across the spectrum of health care services, including potentially valuable care (e.g. preventive services) and potentially wasteful care (e.g. imaging services). We then leverage the unique data environment to study how consumers respond to the complex structure of the high-deductible contract. We find that consumers respond heavily to spot prices at the time of care, and reduce their spending by 42% when under the deductible, conditional on their true expected end-of-year shadow price and their prior year end-of-year marginal price. In the first-year post plan change, 90% of all spending reductions occur in months that consumers began under the deductible, with 49% of all reductions coming for the ex ante sickest half of consumers under the deductible, despite the fact that these consumers have quite low shadow prices. There is no evidence of learning to respond to the true shadow price in the second year post-switch.


Folding a single polymer chain around catalytically active sites to construct catalytic single chain polymeric nanoparticles (SCPNs) is a novel approach to mimic the activity and selectivity of enzymes. In order to relate the efficiency of SCPNs to their three-dimensional structure, a better understanding of their catalytic activity at an individual level, rather than at an ensemble level, is highly desirable. In this work, we present the design and preparation of catalytic SCPNs and a family of fluorogenic substrates, their characterization at the ensemble level as well as our progress towards analyzing individual SCPNs with single-molecule fluorescence microscopy (SMFM). Firstly, organocopper-based SCPNs together with rhodamine-based fluorogenic substrates were designed and synthesized. The SCPNs catalyze the carbamate cleavage reaction of mono-protected rhodamines, with the dimethylpropargyloxycarbonyl protecting group being cleaved most efficiently. A systematic study focusing on the conditions during catalysis revealed that the ligand acceleration effect as well as the accumulation of substrates and catalytically active sites in SCPNs significantly promote their catalytic performance. Secondly, a streptavidin–biotin based strategy was developed to immobilize the catalytic SCPNs on the surface of glass coverslips. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy experiments confirmed that the SCPNs remained catalytically active after surface immobilization. Finally, single-SCPN activity measurements were performed. The results qualitatively indicated that fluorescent product molecules were formed as a result of the catalytic reaction and that individual fluorescent product molecules could be detected. So far, no evidence for strongly different behaviors has been observed when comparing individual SCPNs.


ABSTRACT Climate has been proposed as an explanation for the present-day distribution of closely-related melanistic and non-melanistic cordylid species in the southwestern Cape of South Africa. However, diet may also contribute towards shaping geographic distributions. We present preliminary data on diet composition based on analyses of faecal pellets of Cordylus cordylus (non-melanistic), C. niger (melanistic) and C. oelofseni (melanistic). Coleoptera were the most common prey ingested both in summer and early spring for all species, followed by Hymenoptera for all species in summer. The overlap in other arthropod taxa ingested was low across species and seasons, suggesting an opportunistic component to their foraging behaviour. We distinguished plant matter in faecal samples of all species in all seasons, reflecting either voluntary or accidental ingestion. The results of this study suggest that the generalist diets of these cordylid species should not constrain their distributions despite the common preference for coleopterans.


The present study was aimed to determine whether the application of multiple A.I with frozen-thawed semen of good fertility during spontaneous estrus would improve pregnancy rates in repeat breeder cows. Twenty two repeat breeder cows were randomly allotted to two different treatments. Group-I (control) consisted of 11 repeat breeder cows which were done single A.I. during the observed estrus. Group-II (treatment) consisted of 11 repeat breeder cows which were subjected to multiple A.I during the observed estrus until the estrus signs subside. Analysis of the data revealed that there was no significant differences (P>0.05) in the mean serum progesterone concentrations between the two groups at the time of A.I. All the repeat breeder cows in the two groups were found negative for subclinical endometritis. The conception rates obtained were 18.18 and 27.27 per cent in Group-I and Group-II repeat breeder cows, respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in the conception rate between the two groups. It can be concluded that multiple A.I could be implemented in repeat breeder cows with appreciable conception rates without incurring any financial constraints to the poor farmers.


PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of increases in quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) levels in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who are in complete cytogenetic response (CGCR) on therapy. Patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph)-positive CML receiving tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are frequently monitored for response by QPCR studies for minimal molecular disease. The clinical significance of increasing levels of QPCR in patients in CGCR is uncertain.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
One hundred sixteen patients in durable CGCR, and on imatinib therapy for at least 18 months, had increases in QPCR levels (documented at least twice consecutively) as defined by literature reports. These were further analyzed by the achievement of major molecular response (MMR) defined as QPCR < or = 0.05%, as well as by the degree of increase in QPCR.

RESULTS
Only 11 (9.5%) of 116 patients with increases in QPCR had CML progression; 10 of them were among 44 patients (23%) who either lost a MMR or never had a MMR, and had more than 1 log increase of QPCR.

CONCLUSION
Most patients with increases in QPCR remain in CGCR. Patients who lose a MMR or never achieve a MMR, and have more than 1 log increase of QPCR, should be monitored more closely, and may be evaluated for mutations of BCR-ABL kinase domain and considered for investigational therapeutic interventions.


ABSTRACT Microcystins (MCN), β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and anatoxin-a were investigated in Antarctic cyanobacterial mats collected from Ross Island and the McMurdo Ice Shelf, East Antarctica during Captain Scott's 'Discovery' National Antarctic Expedition (1901–1904). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (UPLC-PDA) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis were used to quantify the cyanotoxins in seven cyanobacterial mat samples. MCNs were identified in six of the mat samples at concentrations from 0.5 to 16.1 µg g–1 dry weight. BMAA was found in one sample (528 ng g–1 dry weight, total BMAA), as well as two BMAA isomers, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl) glycine (AEG) in six samples up to 6.56 and 6.79 μg g–1 dry weight, respectively. No anatoxin-a was detected. The findings confirm that MCNs, BMAA and BMAA isomers are preserved under dry herbarium conditions. The 'Discovery' cyanobacterial mat samples represent the oldest polar cyanobacterial samples found to contain cyanotoxins to date and provide new baseline data for cyanotoxins in Antarctic freshwater cyanobacterial mats from prior to human activity in Antarctica, the development of the ozone hole and current levels of climatic change.


The research literature reflects growing concern about the impact of substance use disorder (SUD) and the extent to which it may contribute to offending behaviour. The broad aims of this thesis were to 1) explore patterns and associations between SUD and substance use variables in a sample of offenders; 2) examine the relationship between SUD and mental disorder; 3) explore associations between substance use and offending behaviour; and 4) examine the combined effect of SUD with mental disorder and antisocial personality disorder on offending behaviour. Participants comprised 87 offenders who attended the Community Forensic Mental Health Service in Victoria, Australia for court-referred pre-sentence psychological or psychiatric evaluation. Results revealed a high prevalence of mental disorder, with 87% of participants meeting diagnostic criteria for at least one DSM-IV Axis I or Axis II mental disorder. These disorders rarely occurred in isolation, with results indicating a high level of psychiatric comorbidity. Participants with SUD suffered significantly higher rates of psychiatric morbidity when compared to their non-disordered counterparts; 93.2% of the participants with lifetime SUD met criteria for an additional mental disorder. Significant associations between lifetime SUD and offending behaviour were revealed, including a higher likelihood of violent offending, higher severity and versatility in offending, and a higher rate of imprisonment. Severity of substance use was also significantly associated with offending variables, and there was evidence that the relationship between substance use and offending varied according to substance and offence type. By distinguishing between substance using offenders by age at onset of SUD, this study revealed significant associations between early-onset SUD and a higher rate of current and lifetime substance dependence, a higher prevalence of polysubstance dependence and multiple SUD diagnoses, and higher severity of substance use. Early-onset SUD was also associated with offending behaviour, including a higher likelihood of juvenile offending, a higher likelihood of violent offending, greater criminal versatility, higher frequency and severity in offending, and a higher likelihood of imprisonment. This study also considered acquisitive, psychopharmacological and antisocial lifestyle explanations for the association between substance use and offending behaviour. Results showed that offenders with SUD were disproportionately represented within offence categories of acquisitive crime. Participants with a history of acquisitive offending met criteria for multiple SUD diagnoses significantly more frequently, and had significantly higher levels of substance use severity. In support of the psychopharmacological explanation for the association between acute substance use and offending, a very high proportion of participants with lifetime SUD had a history of offending whilst under the influence of alcohol or illicit substances. Results also supported the hypothesis that violent offending would be more strongly related to acute alcohol use than acute illicit substance use. Finally, the substance using offenders presented with a range of antisocial lifestyle factors, including higher levels of antisocial attitudes and association with antisocial peers, higher levels of antisocial personality pathology, and higher levels of criminal behaviour. These latter findings are consistent with the antisocial lifestyle thesis. In summary, the study findings suggest that it is unlikely that a single explanation can adequately account for the relationship between substance use and offending. Rather, it appears that each of the explanations explored assist understanding of the substance use-offending relationship. A primary aim of this research was that it would assist in the development of improved methods for assessing and treating substance-using offenders. The results show that substance-using offenders represent a heterogeneous population with respect to their history of substance use, psychopathology, and offending behaviours; thereby encouraging interventions that are comprehensively tailored to individual needs.


Quentin Blake is one of the best-known and best-loved illustrators in the world, creating brilliant and iconic characters for amongst others Russell Hoban, Joan Aiken, Michael Rosen, and most famously Roald Dahl. He has won numerous awards over the years, including the Whitbread Award, the Kate Greenaway Medal, and the Hans Christian Andersen Award for Illustration. In 1999 he was appointed the first ever Children's Laureate, and in 2005 was created CBE. In "Beyond the Page" Blake writes about his projects since 2000, vividly describing his working processes, his collaborators, his travels, and his various projects and commissions, including his 'illustrated walls' projects for hospitals in the UK and France. Generously illustrated with 240 full-colour reproductions of his inimitable work, this is an unsurpassed collection of Quentin Blake's achievements, which together with his fascinating story make it a must for aficionados and professionals alike.


Feminist jurisprudence is a general term that encompasses many theories and approaches based on examining gender, sexuality, and power in relation to the legal system. As a field of legal scholarship and theory, feminist jurisprudence had its beginnings in the 1960s. By the 1990s it had become an important and vital part of the law, informing many debates on sexual and domestic violence, inequality in the workplace, and gender-based discrimination at all levels of U.S. society. The feminist political movement began in the nineteenth century with a call for female suffrage. At a convention in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, a group of women and men drafted and approved the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments. This document, modeled on the language and structure of the Declaration of Independence, was a bill of rights for women, including the right to vote. Throughout the late 1800s, feminist leaders Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were persistent critics of male society's refusal to grant women political and social equality. In the mid-nineteenth century, many state legislatures passed married women's separate property acts. These acts gave women the legal right to retain ownership and control of property they brought into the marriage. Until these enactments a husband was permitted to control all property, which often led to the squandering of a wife's estate. Finally, when the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1920, women gained voting rights in the United States. Feminist Jurisprudence is related with four kinds and specially enumerated with a particular part of society that is Women, and deals all matter relating to Women. A philosophy of law based on the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes, feminist thought began during The Enlightenment with such thinkers as Lady Mary Wortley Montage and the Marquis de Condorcet championing women's education and many liberals, such as Jeremy Bentham, demanding equal rights for women in every sense. One of the early modern proponents of feminist themes was Mexican nun, Juana Ines de la Cruz (1651-1695), particularly in her essay entitled 'Reply to Sor Philotea'. The first scientific society for women was founded in Middleberg, a city in the south of the Dutch republic, in 1785. Journals for women which focused on issues like science became popular during this period as well. Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) is one of the first works that can unambiguously be called feminist, although by modern standards her comparison of women to the nobility, the elite of society, coddled, fragile, and in danger of intellectual and moral sloth, does not sound like a feminist argument. Wollstonecraft believed that both sexes contributed to this situation and took it for granted that women had considerable power over men.


There are indications of data centres being nodes for environmental impacts in IT solutions, but due to reasons connected to protection of business core assets, few open studies on such centres exist. This LCA case-study of the Swedish National Insurance Agency Data Centre in Sundsvall confirms and quantifies the significance of the environmental load posed by the data centre. The centre increases the IT carbon footprint by more than half (54%) relative to the institutes PC equipment fleet. In the operational phase, climate change contributions are more than double to that of PC use. Environmental impact stemming from embedded emissions in data centre capital infrastructure is significant (33%) given the relative short economic lifetime of the IT hardware. Even within the cold climate geographical zone, about a third (32%) of data centre supplied energy is consumed by air-conditioning thus offering opportunities to further leverage free cooling.


The south London parish of Battersea has roots as a working village, growing produce for London markets, and as a high-class suburb, with merchants' villas on the elevated ground around Clapham and Wandsworth Commons. Battersea enjoyed spectacular growth during Queen Victoria's reign, and railroads brought industry and a robust building boom, transforming the parish into another of London's dense, smoky neighbourhoods, though not without its unique and distinguishing features. Among these are Battersea Park, which was created by the Crown in the 1850s; the monumental Battersea Power Station, completed in 1939; and Clapham Junction railway station, which is, by measure of passenger interchanges, the busiest station in the United Kingdom. The two latest volumes of the Survey of London, 49 and 50, trace Battersea's development from medieval times to the present day. Offering detailed analysis of its streets and buildings both thematically and topographically, and including copious original in-depth research and investigation, the books are a trove of architectural and British history. Profusely illustrated with new and archival images, architectural drawings and maps, these volumes are welcome additions to the acclaimed Survey of London series.


PURPOSE
In cooperation with Elekta AB (Stockholm, Sweden) and Philips (Best, The Netherlands) the UMC Utrecht has constructed a prototype MRI-linear accelerator. This prototype was recently upgraded to a continuously rotating gantry-based system with a 160-leaf MLC. Ferro-magnetic parts on the gantry around the MR scanner may induce gantry position dependent magnetic field inhomogeneities. Here the aim is to investigate the influence of the field inhomogeneity variations on geometrical accuracy of images as well as the feasibility of possible solutions.

METHODS
Magnetic field maps were acquired with and without additional shimming at a gantry position resolution of 5° for static gantry positions using a dual-echo GRE-based sequence. From these maps the minimum read-out gradient strength GR,min to achieve an accuracy δ at position (x,y) is Gread,min(x,y)=ΔB(x,y)/δ. Moreover, the measured maps were used as input for a for simulation of a dynamic shimming solution, that updates the scanner shims in real-time while the gantry is rotating.

RESULTS
With shimming, GR,min was below 10mTm-1 for δ=1.0mm for all measurements. Shim settings for the x and y directions displayed a sinusoidal pattern with varying gantry position and are highly reproducible. The z-shim remained gantry position independent. The simulations showed a great reduction of image artifacts due to dynamic shimming in case of gantry rotation during image acquisition.

CONCLUSION
Gantry position dependent field inhomogeneity in our upgraded MRI-linac prototype can be mitigated by shimming in combination with a clinically feasible minimum read-out gradient strength. The shim settings are reproducible, such that look-up-table-based shimming is feasible for static gantry positions, reducing preparation time needed before imaging after changing the gantry angle. Simulations show that for simultaneous gantry rotation and MR imaging, a look-up-table-based dynamic shimming solution could be used to preserve image quality.


Readers of the Sherlock Holmes stories will be familiar with the dialogue in "Silver Blaze" concerning the curious incident of the dog in the night time. The famous exchange between Inspector Gregory and the great detective, on which the plot of the story turns, concerns an episode in which a dog might have been expected to bark, but did not. Similarly, academics based in Scotland, particularly the minority who also act as public intellectuals, might have been expected to analyse the effects of neoliberalism in that country. Such expectations have, however, been disappointed-and not because the advance of neoliberalism was halted at the Tweed. Given the exceptional extent to which Scotland is integrated into the capitalist world economy, such a miraculous deliverance was never very likely, whatever the wishes of local politicians and state managers-and these groups have, of course, been far from resistant to the new dispensation. The UK, along with the USA, was one of the first sites for the neoliberal experiment in socio-economic engineering. Indeed, one of the flagship policies of the second phase of British neoliberalism, the Private Finance Initiative (PFI), was launched in Scotland from 1995 with the construction and commercial operation of the Skye Road Bridge. As part of the British state, Scotland has experienced, and continues to experience, the effect of these policies to the same extent as the rest of the UK, with only minor variations since the establishment of devolved government in 1999. Indeed, in many respects, the application of neoliberalism actually became even more extensive under the Labour and Liberal Democrat governments than it had under their Conservative predecessors, and this has yet to be addressed, other than at the margins, by their minority Scottish National Party (SNP) successor. Yet only with the onset of a new period of capitalist crisis in 2007-08 did commentators outside of the radical left apparently notice that Scotland has been subject to the same neoliberal regime as the rest of the world, and even now it is journalists rather than academics who show the greatest awareness of this fact.


ABSTRACT Restoration of degraded freshwater ecosystems has gained considerable attention in the USA over the past decades. However, most projects focus almost entirely on the restoration of physical habitat or specific water quality parameters, while ignoring critical ecological processes related to food web re-establishment. In this study, we investigate the impact of riparian habitat in different stages of restoration on food availability for fish in four streams in Pennsylvania, USA. The riparian buffer habitats ranged from open meadow to mature forest and included new to long-term restoration sites. We quantified abundance and community composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates and riparian arthropods with aerial and ground-dwelling life history strategies. We found that riparian habitat and water temperature exert a strong influence over potential food resources for fish, with the open meadow habitat having highest abundance of terrestrial and aquatic insects, lowest taxa richness, and possible multivoltine aquatic insect life-history. Our results provide insight into the importance of riparian buffer habitat and water temperature on the composition of food availability for fish species of concern such as brook trout. The significant differences emphasize the need to include food web dynamics into riparian habitat restoration design to guide future rehabilitation projects focusing on fish conservation.


A new method for working with morphological characters is described and explored in experiments using human participants. The method uses direct comparison and sorting of images to produce hierarchical character-cladograms. A character-cladogram is a graphical representation of a single character that serves as a hypothesis of phylogeny based on that character. Each dichotomy in the character-cladogram represents a character state. Character states are unnamed, thus avoiding problems that arise through the application of verbal labels. Experiments with human participants are used to explore the conditions under which direct comparison produces reliable (consistent from investigator to investigator) and valid (in agreement with an independent estimate of phylogeny) characters. Participants were drawn from students taking a course in plant diversity at UNC Greensboro, and professional plant morphologists attending the Botany 2004 meetings. The students were randomly assigned to trained and untrained groups. Training was carried out using a method that has been shown to change a participant's mode of visual processing from analytic (the mode used by visual novices) to holistic (an additional mode only employed by visual experts). Morphologists (no specialists of the taxonomic group) were included in the study to investigate the effects of disciplinary expertise on the ability to describe character-cladograms. They received no additional training beyond that available to them as disciplinary experts. The results suggest an improvement in both reliability and validity after the training regime. We found no support for the idea that the morphologists differed from untrained students in their ability to produce reliable or valid character-cladograms. Disciplinary expertise may not translate into the ability to make reliable and valid assessments of similarity in an unfamiliar visual domain. Based on these results, we suggest a method for creating morphological characters and character states.


We consider sequential decision making problem in the adversarial setting, where regret is measured with respect to the optimal sequence of actions and the feedback adheres the bandit setting. It is well-known that obtaining sublinear regret in this setting is impossible in general, which arises the question of when can we do better than linear regret? Previous works show that when the environment is guaranteed to vary slowly and furthermore we are given prior knowledge regarding its variation (i.e., a limit on the amount of changes suffered by the environment), then this task is feasible. The caveat however is that such prior knowledge is not likely to be available in practice, which causes the obtained regret bounds to be somewhat irrelevant. Our main result is a regret guarantee that scales with the variation parameter of the environment, without requiring any prior knowledge about it whatsoever. By that, we also resolve an open problem posted by [Gur, Zeevi and Besbes, NIPS' 14]. An important key component in our result is a statistical test for identifying non-stationarity in a sequence of independent random variables. This test either identifies non-stationarity or upper-bounds the absolute deviation of the corresponding sequence of mean values in terms of its total variation. This test is interesting on its own right and has the potential to be found useful in additional settings.


Correspondence e-mail: email@example.com -Glucosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus (BGLPf) is a hyperthermophilic tetrameric enzyme which can degrade cellooligosaccharides to glucose under hyperthermophilic conditions and thus holds promise for the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass at high temperature. Prior to the production of large amounts of this enzyme, detailed information regarding the oligomeric structure of the enzyme is required. Several crystals of BGLPf have been prepared over the past ten years, but its crystal structure had not been solved until recently. In 2011, the first crystal structure of BGLPf was solved and a model was constructed at somewhat low resolution (2.35 Å). In order to obtain more detailed structural data on BGLPf, the relationship between its tetrameric structure and the quality of the crystal was reexamined. A dimeric form of BGLPf was constructed and its crystal structure was solved at a resolution of 1.70 Å using protein-engineering methods. Furthermore, using the highresolution crystal structural data for the dimeric form, a monomeric form of BGLPf was constructed which retained the intrinsic activity of the tetrameric form. The thermostability of BGLPf is affected by its oligomeric structure. Here, the biophysical and biochemical properties of engineered dimeric and monomeric BGLPfs are reported, which are promising prototype models to apply to the saccharification reaction. Furthermore, details regarding the oligomeric structures of BGLPf and the reasons why the mutations yielded improved crystal structures are discussed. Received 18 July 2013 Accepted 26 November 2013


This amicus brief filed in the Supreme Court appeal of Georgia, et al., v. Public.Resource.Org., explores the interplay of copyright law and the edicts of government doctrine. The "edicts of government" doctrine was first validated by the U.S. Supreme Court in a series of nineteenth century cases. Wheaton v. Peters, 33 U.S. (8 Pet.) 591 (1834); Banks v. Manchester, 128 U.S. 244 (1888); Callaghan v. Meyers, 128 U.S. 617 (1888). While the doctrine has never been directly recognized in the express wording of the copyright statute, it is nevertheless firmly rooted in foundational copyright principles that are themselves reflected in the text of the statute.

Three foundational copyright principles buttress the doctrine. First, copyrightable authorship does not extend to official announcements of law, the hallmark of edicts of government. Authorship as requires personalization, an attribute that is antithetical to official pronouncements of law, which are generated in an impersonal and ex officio manner. Second, all edicts of government, as legal texts, are methods of operation, rendering them uncopyrightable. Third, authentic statements of law entail the merger of idea and expression insofar as the expression underlying edicts of government are capable of being expressed in only a limited number of ways in order to preserve its authenticity.

Consequently, the Official Code of Georgia (O.C.G.A.) is not copyrightable. Petitioners concede that the statutory content of the O.C.G.A. is uncopyrightable. The annotations incorporated into the O.C.G.A. by the state legislature bear the imprimatur of the state and are therefore produced under the ostensible authority of the state, which renders them an edict of government. Contrary to Petitioners' argument, an edict does not need to have the force of law to qualify as an uncopyrightable edict of government. The Supreme Court's precedents contradict this position. Instead, faithful reading of these precedents suggest that something becomes an uncopyrightable edict of government when it is produced under the ostensible authority of the state and thus receives a presumptively official status, owing to its endorsement by the state. The process by which the annotations contained in the O.C.G.A. are adopted and merged with the statutory content therein constitutes the exercise of such ostensible authority, rendering the O.C.G.A. an uncopyrightable edict of government.


In many communities on the urban–rural fringe, subdivisions are subject to "clustering" rules, in which houses must be located on a portion of the total land area and the remainder of the land is left as open space. This open space may be undisturbed forest or pastureland, or it may include recreation facilities and trails. In some communities, the open space may remain in agricultural use as pasture or cropland. Although the open space may provide benefits to subdivision residents, it means that those residents are living in a higher-density setting than people living in conventional subdivisions. It is unclear whether the benefits offset the loss experienced by smaller lots and higher density. This trade-off is the focus of our study. We use data on subdivision house sales occurring between 1981 and 2001 in a county on the fringe of the Washington, DC, metropolitan area to estimate a hedonic price model. We examine how households value being adjacent to open space and having more open space in the subdivision, and how they may be willing to trade off those amenities with their own private lot space. We find that private acreage matters to households—a 10 percent larger lot leads to about a 0.6 percent higher house price, all else being equal. Subdivision open space is also valuable to households, but the marginal effect is much smaller than the marginal effect of private lot space. We also find that subdivision open space does substitute for private land, but the extent of the trade-off is small. We use the results of the estimated hedonic model to simulate the effects on prices of jointly increasing open space and reducing average lot size, holding the size of the subdivision constant. We find that average house prices are lower with clustering, particularly for interior lots that are not adjacent to open space.


Xylella fastidiosa must coordinately regulate a variety of traits contributing to biofilm formation, host plant and vector colonization, and transmission between plants. Traits such as production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), adhesins, extracellular enzymes, and pili are expressed in a cell-density-dependent fashion mediated by a cell-to-cell signaling system involving a fatty acid diffusible signaling factor (DSF). The expression of gene PD0279 (which has a GGDEF domain) is downregulated in the presence of DSF and may be involved in intracellular signaling by modulating the levels of cyclic di-GMP. PD0279, designated cyclic di-GMP synthase A (cgsA), is required for biofilm formation, plant virulence, and vector transmission. cgsA mutants exhibited a hyperadhesive phenotype in vitro and overexpressed gumJ, hxfA, hxfB, xadA, and fimA, which promote attachment of cells to surfaces and, hence, biofilm formation. The mutants were greatly reduced in virulence to grape albeit still transmissible by insect vectors, although at a reduced level compared with transmission rates of the wild-type strain, despite the fact that similar numbers of cells of the cgsA mutant were acquired by the insects from infected plants. High levels of EPS were measured in cgsA mutants compared with wild-type strains, and scanning electron microscopy analysis also revealed a thicker amorphous layer surrounding the mutants. Overexpression of cgsA in a cgsA-complemented mutant conferred the opposite phenotypes in vitro. These results suggest that decreases of cyclic di-GMP result from the accumulation of DSF as cell density increases, leading to a phenotypic transition from a planktonic state capable of colonizing host plants to an adhesive state that is insect transmissible.


Abstract This article advocates for a comparative approach to archaeological studies of colonialism that considers how Native American societies with divergent political economies may have influenced various kinds of processes and outcomes in their encounters with European colonists. Three dimensions of indigenous political economies (polity size, polity structure, and landscape management practices) are identified as critical variables in colonial research. The importance of considering these dimensions is exemplified in a case study from California, which shows how small-sized polities, weak to moderate political hierarchies, and regionally oriented pyrodiversity economies played significant roles in the kinds of colonial relationships that unfolded. The case study illustrates how the colonial experiences of Native Californians differed from those of other tribal groups that confronted similar kinds of colonial programs involving Franciscan missionaries elsewhere in North America. The article stresses that the archaeology of colonialism is not simply an arcane academic exercise but, rather, has real-life relevancy for people who remain haunted by the legacies of colonialism, such as those petitioning for federal recognition in California.


We investigated a series of bulk heterojunction solar cells and corresponding thin films by blending of an anthracene-containing poly(p-phenylene-ethynylene)-alt-poly(p-phenylene-vinylene) (PPE–PPV) copolymer with various fullerene derivatives. The so-called AnE-PVab copolymer was equipped with octyloxy side-chains at the PPE part and ethylhexyloxy side-chains at the PPV part, and has been chosen for this investigation due to its previously demonstrated superior performance in combination with phenylene-C60-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM). It is shown that the performance of bulk heterojunction solar cells strongly depends on the nature of the fullerene derivative, in particular the side-chain attached to the fullerene cage. In fact the intermolecular interaction between the polymer and fullerene derivative controls the blend morphology to a large extent, which has been interpreted on the basis of a novel approach for combining structural, topographical, photophysical, electrical and electro-optical characterizations.