Obesity is prevalent among the First Nations population in Canada, with serious associated health risks. Recent studies also indicate that a high percentage of First Nations women are overweight or obese at the start of their pregnancies, with a tendency to retain weight after their children are born. In response to these concerns, a community-based study was conducted in two Cree communities, using qualitative methods to investigate young mothers' perceptions and concerns about weight gain during pregnancy and challenges to postpartum weight loss. Female Elders were also interviewed to provide some historical context and to give some insight into culturally appropriate responses to the current weight-related health challenges being faced by young mothers. Overall, the study showed that most of the participants—young and old— associated "healthy foods" with traditional foods and "healthy living" with bush life. However, while Elders recounted staying active and eating traditional foods throughout their pregnancies, the younger women tended not to put their knowledge of what constitutes a healthy lifestyle into practice, mainly due to various individual and societal barriers. Some of the barriers identified related to lifestyle changes, including increased consumption of "white man's foods" and decreased physical activity, as well as to larger social changes, such as the medicalization of pregnancy and diminished community support networks for young mothers. Participants provided insight into how traditional practices could be intertwined with the benefits of contemporary life to help address some of the health issues currently affecting young Cree mothers.


In 1972, I was apprenticed to an elderly mountain man steeped in the traditions of log crib construction. Cyrus Paul Lewis taught me the skills of 18th and 19th century rough and finish carpentry as it pertained to folk architecture. The craft training of log construction added on top of several years experience as a modern day carpenter enabled me to build a company that restored houses and other log buildings all over the United States from 1974 to 2006. In 1978 I continued my formal education in anthropology and preservation specializing in log structures at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Having read all the authoritative works on log buildings and compared them to what I was learning in the field, it was obvious there were many gaps in the collective body of knowledge concerning the development and dissemination of log crib structures.During a brief first trip to Europe, it was easy to see that the log crib buildings in Alpine and northern Europe in no way resembled the American log cribs erected for three centuries by the settlers arriving on the American shores and those pushing west to establish their farms and build their houses. It became clear American scholarship had a long way to go in understanding the log crib, its development, technology and dissemination throughout the world much less in America. In 2009 a quest to fill in some of the gaps was begun.After four years of intense research with field trips to Turkey, southern Europe and ranging all the way north to the Scandinavian and Baltic countries ringing the Baltic Sea two findings became very clear. First, no one person can possibly conduct the massive research needed to fully understand origins, technology and dissemination of the world's log cribs. Secondly, it was apparent, contrary to what had been declared in former publications, that Europeans did not transfer their log crib technologies intact to the eastern shores of the US. Rather only a small number of scattered details mixed with a few processes of material manufacturing and building commonly used in Europe were configured into what was to become an American log crib style almost from the first settlements.These discoveries bore witness to the fallacy of single or two person research efforts that resulted in broad, sweeping declarations of origins and disseminations concerning log crib technologies. Most authors were not familiar with the professional training needed to fully understand the hands-on traditions of building with logs and have largely missed the facts concerning the developmental history of log buildings in a specific country and the world. Far more collaborative research between the multiple disciplines and experienced master craftsmen is needed.Even in Estonia further studies are needed to determine how the dual-purpose barn-dwelling developed and where it originated. With seven centuries of multiple foreign occupations responsible for bringing in many different types of technologies form their occupiers' homelands, Estonia is a perfect research area for studying and tracking details of development within the country and tracing them back to their origins.Estonia is not the only country where a rich tradition of log construction needs further research. Further Continental and world-wide log crib studies are needed on a global basis. National surveys must be completed and all resulting data shared to a central data base and collated for developmental research to take place. This work is vital to the understanding of the origins, development and disseminations of log crib technologies throughout the world much less the US and the European Continent.The results of multiple global log crib research efforts will have far reaching effects in craft training, log crib technology training, and in reintroducing relative millennia's old technologies in a modern day world rife with toxic fixes that do not work very well in new construction. New restoration techniques of wooden buildings will be learned and culled from the research. Environmental considerations that reduce CO2 levels, green house effects and increase local community cohesiveness all will benefit from global in-depth research efforts to fill in the missing information gaps in log crib development and technologies.In order for all this research to be coordinated, collated and disseminated, a single global organization dedicated to the study of log crib development must be formed. A new organization focused solely on ferreting out log construction histories, developing techniques of restoration, forest management and timber conservation is necessary in part to provide continued introductory and higher level job training for a log crib work force. The research and training is imperative if the world is to maintain and develop additional higher paying jobs, lower taxes, maintain existing log structures, wisely use limited natural resources in an efficient manner and better living conditions for millions of people.


Rhenium and osmium concentrations and osmium isotopic ratios of group IIA, IIIA, IVA, and IVB iron meteorites were determined by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry with modified digestion and equilibration techniques. Precise isochrons are defined for all four groups. An absolute age of 4558 million years is assumed for group IIIA irons, leading to closure ages of 4537 ± 8, 4456 ± 25, and 4527 ± 29 million years for the group IIA, IVA, and IVB irons, respectively. The initial osmium-187/osmium-188 ratios of the IIA, IIIA, and IVA groups, as a function of crystallization age, suggest that the rhenium/osmium ratio of the parental materials to these asteroidal cores was similar to that of ordinary chondrites. Data for IVB irons, in contrast, indicate a different mode of formation and derivation from a distinctly nonchondritic osmium reservoir.


Online experimentation has been shown to be a reliable method for collecting data quickly and easily. Nevertheless, this method of data collection can affect some researchers' confidence in results because of the loss of experimental control that comes with moving experiments online. To relieve these concerns, researchers have developed a number of tools and techniques for evaluating the performance of online participants and crowdworkers. In this paper we investigate a measure of participants' attentiveness during an online data-entry experiment. We explored online participants' propensity to switch away from the experiment to other tasks, and the duration of time that they spent away from the experiment during each switch. Our results show that switching is prevalent, even when participants are asked not to switch to other tasks.


This paper presents an improved prediction method for the heat transfer and pressure drop in the shell side of a horizontal shell and tube evaporator. The results from an experimental test program are used in which a wide range of evaporating two-phase shell side flow data was collected from a TEMA E-shell evaporator. The data are compared with shell side heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop models for homogeneous and stratified flow. The comparison suggests a deterioration in the heat transfer data at low mass fluxes consistent with a transition from homogeneous to stratified flow. The pressure drop data suggest a stratified flow across the full test range. A new model is presented that suggests the transition in the heat transfer data may be due to the extent of tube wetting in the upper tube bundle. The new model, which also takes into account the orientation of the shell side baffles, provides a vast improvement on the predictions of a homogenous type model. The new model would enable designers of shell side evaporators/reboilers to avoid operating conditions where poor heat transfer could be expected, and it would also enable changes in process conditions to be assessed for their implications on likely heat transfer performance.


The struggle for access to medical marijuana differs from most other battles for therapeutic freedom in American history because marijuana also has a popular, though controversial, nontherapeutic use—delivery of a recreational high. After considering struggles over the medical use of alcohol during prohibition as a precedent, this chapter relates the history of medical marijuana use and regulation in the United States. The bulk of the chapter focuses on the medical marijuana movement from the 1970s to present. This campaign has been one of the prime examples of a successful extrajudicial social movement for freedom of therapeutic choice. With the exception of a single promising decision in 1975, courts have uniformly rejected arguments for medical marijuana access. But the 1996 passage of Proposition 215 in California triggered a tremendous wave of state measures legalizing medical cannabis, as well as a dramatic change in American attitudes about the issue.

This chapter recounts this history in light of the special legal, political, and rhetorical challenges medical cannabis advocates have faced. First, many officials have opposed the legalization of medical marijuana, regardless of whether it offers therapeutic benefits, because of the public health harms and moral degradation they associate with the use of pot. Second, marijuana's designation as a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, and the DEA's rejection of multiple citizen petitions to reclassify it, has placed extremely high obstacles in the way of researchers interested in scientifically assessing marijuana's therapeutic efficacy. Third, federal government policies have lagged behind public preference and state law. Finally, medical marijuana supporters have had to negotiate an invaluable but fraught relationship with advocates for comprehensive marijuana legalization. The perspectives and goals of these two groups have overlapped and conflicted in fascinating and unexpected ways.


This paper seeks to investigate the TED infrastructure as a dispositif (Agamben, 2006; Bussolini, 2010)for translating Science and Technology (ST) projects. We aim to adopt the concept of cultural capital as an interpretative lens for analyzing the dynamics enforced by or emerging from the TED infrastructure, questioning their relationship to selection and outcomes of presenter-related ST projects. In "Les trois etats du capital culturel" (1979), Pierre Bourdieu outlined the three forms of cultural capital: the embodied state, the objectified state and the institutionalized state. For our purposes, we have chosen to focus on cultural capital within the embodied state and the institutionalized state, as these two seemed most relevant to the relationship building side of ST projects. The "embodied state" refers to the cultural capital that resides within an individual, whereas the "institutionalized state" refers to titles, diplomas and similar types of artefacts that represent achievements in the "cultural" domain. While cultural capital is most typically applied to education and educational systems, we believe that it is relevant to understanding not only how relationships between the shareholders in ST projects are constructed, but also how participation in the project reinforces individual and institutional cultural capital. Thus, we have chosen to analyze TED talks in order to identify the relationship between those with high levels of embodied state cultural capital and the ST projects they are associated with (i.e. close/weak relationship).


Introduction How might proponents of Catholic social thought persuade citizens of the United States to take the Church's social teaching seriously? Several problems intrude. The United States does not have a tradition of Christian Democratic parties. These parties, whose platforms were marked by a concern for personal dignity, subsidiarity, and a lively sense of human frailty, often suffused the political life of nations such as Holland, Germany, France, and Austria with principles congenial to those of the Church's social teaching. (1) By contrast, as Louis Hartz argued, the liberal tradition is the tradition in American political life, and this may lead to a certain myopia regarding alternative ways of approaching public policy questions. (2) Complicating the problem is the fact that it is not clear where either side stands in relation to the other. This is partly a result of a long history of mutual suspicion. The anti-Catholic tradition in American public life runs deeper than we like to think. (3) Even more important, however, is the long history of antagonism between the Church and proponents of modern democracy. While this history has been redressed somewhat by the Church's recent promotion of democratic regimes throughout the world, advocates of democracy may still think of the Church as a relatively recent friend who sometimes backslides. (4) Then again, citizens of liberal democracy--including many Catholics--are often suspicious of the Church's claim to authority on social issues. Why should any American think of this body of teaching as authoritative in the current marketplace of ideas? This attitude is partly a function of the separation of church and state, with its sense that the Church is a voluntary social organization among many others. Recent scandals do not help in this regard. For many, the Church appears to be just another interest group advocating yet one more political agenda. If so, there is no compelling reason to give its social teachings any more weight than we would give to a pundit's or lobbyist's proposals. Finally, part of the difficulty is that it is not clear where the Church stands in relation to liberal democracy. (5) Sometimes she praises, and other times criticizes, aspects of it. How can we expect our fellow citizens to take the Church's teachings about liberal democracy seriously when she seems muddled about what she thinks? Do we have to resolve this ambivalence before we start a conversation? One cannot explain this ambivalence away by arguing that the Church's social teaching has evolved, for we find that ambivalence persists in more recent encyclicals. (6) If the notion of an evolving social teaching will not do, can we resolve the ambivalence by seeking some underlying consistency in the Church's teachings about liberal democracy? Perhaps, but both these strategies assume that ambivalence should be avoided. Yet, isn't ambivalence a proper response to an ambiguous situation? What if Catholic social teaching's ambivalence toward western liberal democracies reflects ambiguities within them? If so, we should try to understand how modern democracies like the United States contain ambiguities that invite ambivalent judgments. In fact, perhaps this goes a long way toward answering our question about how to get Americans to take Catholic social thought seriously. Perhaps beginning a profitable conversation entails understanding better the ambiguities within American political practices and showing how Catholic social thought can move beyond them in a way our conventional practices cannot. Such a rhetorical strategy need not be interpreted as sectarian partisanship. Many thoughtful supporters of liberal democracy agree that it is in an ambiguous situation. On the one hand, liberal democracies are enormously successful. This is evident in the waves of democratization that have swept the globe for the last two centuries. …


There is some evidence that semantics, conceptual features, and phonology interact with syntactic processing of words; however, other accounts suggest that in particular, irregular and regular English nouns and verbs, which differ in their phonology, are processed through different routes. The processing of regular and irregular nouns, and of pseudoplurals (nouns with the phonological form of a plural that are morphologically singular, such as cheese), was examined in a final-word sentence priming task. When the noun itself was repeated by participants in a grammatical or ungrammatical context (We saw one/three dog/dogs) regulars and irregular singulars showed a straightforward grammaticality effect, with repetition faster in grammatical sentences, while pseudoplurals and irregular plurals showed no grammaticality effect. When a verb following the noun was repeated in a grammatical or ungrammatical context (The dog/dogs runs/run) an interaction was found between number and grammaticality: both regular and irregular singulars showed a grammaticality effect, while regular and irregular plurals showed no or a reverse grammaticality effect; this was true both of university students and older participants. Pseudoplurals showed a straightforward grammaticality effect in the direction predicted by their morphology. It is concluded that the processing of nouns with conflicting morphology and phonology – such as irregular plurals and pseudoplurals – is influenced by both these features. However, previous studies (Bock & Eberhard, 1993) that have found irregular plurals and pseudoplurals do not differ from regulars in their processing may have been affected by aspects of the tasks or stimuli chosen.


In this paper, we describe RaaS as a first medical risk calculator that utilizes cloud computing capabilities to provide risk of hospital readmission score as a service. RaaS can significantly benefit both patients and providers to reduce the medical costs considerably and improve the health outcomes of the patients through exposure of the risk profiles (consisting of a risk score and the leading contributing factors) at the point of care. The service is hosted on Microsoft Azure for Research platform to enable the health providers as well as the individuals access to the service, without the need to deploy analytics infrastructure and or consume internal compute resources. Raas architecture is easily extensible to interface with other medical systems and support integration with other data sources.


Polymers that extend covalently in two dimensions have attracted recent attention1,2 as a means of combining the mechanical strength and in-plane energy conduction of conventional two-dimensional (2D) materials3,4 with the low densities, synthetic processability, and organic composition of their onedimensional counterparts.5,6 Efforts to date have proven successful in forms that do not allow full realization of these properties, such as polymerization at flat interfaces7,8 or fixation of monomers in immobilized lattices.9 A frequently employed synthetic approach is to introduce microscopic reversibility, at the cost of bond stability, to achieve 2D crystals after extensive error correction.10,11 Herein we demonstrate a synthetic route to 2D irreversible polycondensation directly in the solution phase, resulting in covalently bonded 2D polymer platelets that are chemically stable and highly processable. Further fabrication offers highly oriented, free-standing films which exhibit exceptional 2D elastic modulus and yield strength at 50.9 ± 15.0 GPa and 0.976 ± 0.113 GPa, respectively. Platelet alignment is evidenced by a polarized photoluminescence centered at 580 and 680 nm from different dipole transitions. This new synthetic route provides opportunities for 2D polymers in applications ranging from composite structures to molecular sieving membranes.


Abstract By all accounts, the peoples of the Northwest Coast of North America did not cultivate plants at the time of European contact. This dissertation provides an interdisciplinary assessment of evidence to the contrary, and presents a critique of the literature from which this orthodoxy has been derived. As a primary line of evidence, this thesis describes estuarine gardens found on this coast during the contact period. Northwest Coast peoples created gardens of Pacific silverweed (Potentilla anserina ssp. pacifica), springbank clover (Trifolium wormskjoldii) and other plants with edible, starchy roots within estuarine plots. Ethnographic sources suggest that these gardens were maintained through transplanting, weeding, selective harvesting, and a host of other management methods. Such sites were termed "gardens" by Franz Boas and others, but were dismissed as "non-agricultural" in part due to the restrictive definition of agriculture which prevailed in Boas' time. Indigenous motives for plant resource intensification paralleled the post-Pleistocene intensification of other resources, as sedentary villages developed around productive estuaries where salmon and other resources were concentrated. Ethnographic evidence suggests that Northwest Coast peoples had strong economic, dietary, and ceremonial motives to enhance rhizome output, which evolved alongside these long-term trends in dietary and settlement patterns. Gardens represented an elegant response to these motives. With mounded soils, often encircled by rock enclosures, these gardens dramatically expanded the narrow zone where these edible plants grow. Anomalously porous and nutrient-rich garden soils further enhanced rhizome output. Linguistic evidence suggests that indigenous peoples recognized gardens as a product of human agency, and as "places of manufactured soil." Gardens recorded during the colonial period can be found archaeologically, and probable garden sites with similar structural characteristics can be found dotting this coastline. Archaeological evidence conducted for this dissertation demonstrates that these gardens were being intensively managed prior to European contact. Similar wetland gardening methods from the American tropics are explored, as is the demise of Northwest Coast wetland gardening in the colonial period. Cumulatively, this dissertation concludes that Northwest Coast estuarine gardening constitutes a tradition of "plant cultivation," by current definitions of that term.


Value creation is at the heart of an economic enterprise, defining its capability to serve customers and generate profits and growth. This fact has led to an ever-increasing set of tools and techniques that start with customers, focusing on serving their preferences from the very inception of a product until its disposal. To date, most of these techniques have been only partially adopted in management accounting. This is unfortunate, because much of the data required to adequately implement a value creation approach has its roots in the Management Accounting System (MAS). The resulting model is called the Value Creation Model (VCM). This book is principally designed for managers who want to take the lessons learned in product development, process management, and marketing and extend it to their MAS. It seeks to make this transformation of the MAS both logical and easy to implement, with a focus on the new types of information that can be garnered when the MAS is modified to fit the value creation approach. After reading this book, a manager or executive will be equipped with the tools and techniques to both implement and use the VCM. The resulting information will allow the company to align its efforts by creating a common language which uses the transformed accounting language to compare, evaluate, and choose the best strategic and tactical options available. After making these choices, the VCM also allows managers to subsequently track how closely actual results come to the projected outcomes. The results and recommendations in this book are based on action field research, where the authors have personally supported the analysis and subsequent use of the data generated. The authors of the book will provide, upon request, a simplified automated data collection template that will ease the implementation process. In total, then, this book provides a unique perspective on the organization and creates an actionable common language that allows the unification of the continuous improvement efforts of managers across an organization.


Spatial Resolution in Penalized-Likelihood Image Reconstruction by Joseph Webster Stayman Chair: Jeffrey A. Fessler Penalized-likelihood methods have been used widely in image reconstruction since they can model both the imaging system geometry and measurement noise very well. However, images reconstructed by conventional penalized-likelihood methods are subject to anisotropic and shift-variant spatial resolution properties, which can complicate selection of the regularization parameter and make the analysis of the resulting images more difficult. The local impulse response is a resolution predictor that may be used to quantify these shift-variant spatial resolution properties. We have derived a new formulation of the local impulse response for penalized-likelihood estimators. This formulation is appropriate for a general class of imaging systems that acquire a finite number of measurements from a continuous object and reconstruct that object using a discrete model. We have developed fast techniques for evaluating both spatial resolution and covariance predictors for emission tomography systems even when the geometric system model is inherently shift-variant. We have also developed practical methods based on these rapid predictions to provide increased resolution control by designing an appropriate penalty function. The penalty function design allows for the specification of user-defined resolution properties like uniform resolution (i.e., both isotropic and shift-invariant). We show that these penalty design techniques can provide nearly uniform resolution even in intrinsically shift-variant imaging systems; whereas many traditional reconstruction techniques cannot fully compensate for the shift-variant effects. We discuss the relative resolution uniformity of different reconstruction methods and examine the relative noise performance of estimators for which the resolution properties are exactly matched. Among these matched estimators we find that the penalized-likelihood approach and the post-filtered maximum-likelihood approach often produce identical noise properties, and both provide reduced noise relative to classical filtered backprojection.


Urban morphology is a thriving field of enquiry involving researchers from a wide diversity of disciplinary, linguistic and cultural backgrounds. While this diversity has helped advance our understanding of the complexity of urban form, confusion and controversy has also arisen over the various theoretical formulations forwarded by researchers from different philosophical and epistemological backgrounds. With the aim of improving intelligibility in the field, this paper proposes a straightforward scheme to identify, classify and interpret, or 'map', individual contributions to the study of urban form according to their respective theoretical or epistemological perspectives. Drawing upon epistemological discussions familiar to the readers of this journal, the authors first distinguish between cognitive and normative studies. A second distinction is made between internalist studies that consider urban form as a relatively independent system, and externalist studies in which urban form stands as a passive product of various external determinants. Using these basic criteria, it is possible to interpret and synthesize a multitude of contributions and map them using a simple Cartesian grid. The paper highlights how contributions from seemingly different theoretical approaches to urban morphology are intrinsically similar in their treatment of urban form as an object of enquiry.


A study presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ASTRO) found that taking Salagen tablets (pilocarpine hydrochloride) during radiation therapy reduces the symptoms of xerostomia more effectively than taking the drug after radiation therapy is completed. According to lead author Robert P. Zimmerman, md, UCLA Department of Radiation Oncology, Los Angeles, the study compared the severity of xerostomia endured by head and neck cancer patients when Salagen was administered during therapy, after therapy, and not at all. The study involved a total of 29 cancer patients: 17 who received Salagen during radiation therapy and 12 who did not take the drug during therapy. After radiation therapy was completed, the 12 nontreated patients were placed on Salagen for 1 month and were again compared with those who received Salagan concurrently with radiation therapy. The 17 patients who began taking Salagen Tablets concurrently with radiation therapy suffered significantly less from oral dryness and discomfort and encountered markedly less difficulty sleeping, speaking, and eating. The most severe xerostomia was seen in post-radiation patients who had not yet received Salagen Tablets. The results of this study concur with those of another study presented in May 1996 at the annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology by Francis G. LeVeque, dds, Chief of Oral Medicine and Oncology at DMC Harper Hospital, Detroit. Dr. Leveque's study of 16 patients showed that using Salagen Tablets concurrently with radiation therapy significantly reduced oral dryness and pain and decreased the incidence of oral mucositis by 60%. Radiation therapy used to treat tumors of the head and neck damages the salivary glands, reducing their ability to produce saliva. Research shows that a decrease in salivary flow typically begins as early as the first week of radiation therapy. The resultant dry mouth predisposes patients to a multitude of oral complications, including mucositis, oral infections, and tooth decay. In addition, patients who suffer from this condition can have difficulty speaking, eating, and swallowing. Salagen Tablets are the only prescription pharmaceutical indicated for the treatment of symptoms of radiation-induced xerostomia in the United States. Salagen works by stimulating moisture-producing glands in the body, including the salivary and tear glands. Health-care providers and patients who need information about managing dry mouth can call the Salagen Tablets/Dry Mouth Information Hotline at 1-800-644-4811, Monday through Friday, 9 am to 8 pm EST. Registered pharmacists are available to answer questions about how to manage problems associated with dry mouth and the use of Salagen Tablets. In addition, they can provide educational materials for dry mouth sufferers.


This article presents a broad framework for the cross-cultural analysis of user-generated content (UGC). Building on veteran concepts used in comparative studies, as well as on literature focusing on attributes unique to UGC, I suggest that global and local aspects of digital cultures can be identified by analyzing four dimensions: values, frames, emotions, and communicative stances. A further principle is using genres as prisms through which the four dimensions are evaluated. The utility of this framework is demonstrated through a cross-linguistic analysis of two genres: notecard confessions and recut trailers. An examination of the manifestations of these genres in English, Arabic, Spanish, German, and Chinese provided insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the proposed model. In particular, I argue that previous theories of values should be reconsidered when analyzing the new landscape of UGC, because they fail to fully account for the multifaceted and fragmented ideals embedded in these content types.


A decisive step in the construction of the child, hate expresses a destructiveness that overcomes the initial resistance to autonomy. Freud illustrates this with the Fort-Da wherein the child exercises, then overcomes, his controlling drive. And D. W. Winnicott insists on the crucial role of the mother during this step in which hate is redirected against her. For Freud as for D. W. Winnicott, hate is at the origin of thought: without hate, there would be no separation, and no construction of the psyche-body.


The theologians of the early church sought to interpret the Christian gospel in the
categories of `Mediterranean antiquity. ' The classical two-nature model of Christology
has a Greek philosophical underpinning that shapes the ontological construction of the
deity and humanity of Jesus Christ. Logos Christology is primarily a reflection on the
hypostatic union of the Logos with the human reality of Jesus that leaves little place for a
consideration of Jesus' relation to the Holy Spirit. In the light of such a limitation in
classical Christology, a study of the relationship between Christology and pneumatology
becomes very significant. In this regard, the recent resurgence of Spirit Christology in the
West adds a new dimension to contemporary Christological reflection. The theologians
who are engaged in this pursuit are of the view that Christological reflection is incomplete
without reflecting upon pneumatology and vice versa.
This study identifies in particular at least three approaches in the contemporary European
Spirit Christologies, namely, reconstruction, replacement and complementary approaches.
Norman Hook attempts to reconstruct Christ, Spirit and the Trinity from the perspective of
the Hebrew understanding of the Spirit. G. W. H. Lampe, by using the symbol God as
Spirit replaces Logos Christology with a Spirit Christology. Jurgen Moltmann, John D.
Zizioulas and David Coffey seek ways to complement Logos Christology with Spirit
Christology.
While not denying the contributions of reconstruction and replacement approaches, this
study adopts the complementary approach and shows that Spirit Christology not only
enriches systematic theology but also is relevant to an Indian context. This is done by
bringing the insights of two Indian theologians Pandipeddi Chenchiah and Swami
Abhishiktananda, who emphasise the centrality of the Spirit, in interaction with the
strengths of Spirit Christology.
The study ends in offering a chapter on `understanding Jesus Christ in India' using the
Hindu concepts of Spirit that are expressed in the terms such as atman, antaryamin, Sakti
and ananda. Drawing on some of the resources of Spirit Christology, it is argued that
these concepts can explicate, illuminate and evoke some latent aspects of Christology.


The artisanal purse seiner multispecies fishery operating in the interior waters of Chiloe Island captures Chilean herring (Strangomera bentincki) and Patagonian sprat (Sprattus fuegensis) at the same time in the same area. These species have very similar external morphology, difficulting the species identification in the field, even for an experience scientific observer. Therefore, the aim of this work is to propose the external morphologic traits to be considered for a rapid identification of these species in the field. 60 specimens of Chilean herring and 79 Patagonian sprat were analyzed. Individuals collected were identified at the level of species and the following measurements were recorded: total length, head length, snout, eye orbital and post- orbital. Before the analysis, all measurements were standardized to avoid collinearity. Using multivariate statistics including principal component analysis, analysis of variance and covariance (ANOVA and ANCOVA), multivariate analysis of covariance (MANOVA) and linear discriminant analysis, we found that the post-orbital measurement is the morphological trait which shows the largest differentiation between species. We concluded that the post-orbital measurement is the single external morphological trait which enables a rapid identification


Human rights and patent rights have become increasingly intertwined in discussions surrounding access to pharmaceutical drugs by citizens of developing countries. This discussion is a particularly contentious one for reasons of socioeconomics and geography. Drug companies in more developed countries ("MDCs") tend to own the patent rights covering newer medicines, and justify the monopoly prices they charge as a necessary return on investment for inventing new drugs. Less developed countries ("LDCs"), lacking the purchasing power to pay monopoly prices for patented drugs, tend to argue that monopoly prices for drugs violate human rights of access to medicines. The result is an often shrill debate over the primacy of patent rights or human rights. In his excellent book, HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE WTO: THE CASE OF PATENTS AND ACCESS TO MEDICINES, Holger Hestermeyer has tackled this complex and contentious conflict, disentangled it into its essential constituent parts, including patent law, human rights, and international trade under the World Trade Organisation ("WTO") regime and its side-agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property ("TRIPS"), and then artfully reconstructed a clear, cogent, and hopeful model of how to approach a resolution. His research is meticulous, his prose spare yet fluent, and his arguments persuasive and well-supported.


Regorafenib is an oral multikinase inhibitor that inhibits several kinases relevant to tumor biology in several cancers, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). In phase III trials, regorafenib significantly improved overall survival versus placebo in patients with metastatic CRC progressing after all available standard therapies, and significantly prolonged progression-free survival in patients with advanced GIST in whom at least imatinib and sunitinib had failed. Thus, this agent holds promise as a new standard of care for CRC and GIST patients after disease progression following all other approved therapies. The clinical trials reported to date show that this new treatment has a consistent adverse event profile that is quite different from that of traditional cytotoxic chemotherapies. The most common adverse events of regorafenib include dermatologic and mucosal toxicities (especially hand-foot skin reaction, rash, and oral mucositis), constitutional symptoms (e.g., fatigue, nausea, and weight loss), vascular effects (especially hypertension), and gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., diarrhea). To help health care professionals anticipate and manage the adverse events associated with regorafenib, we describe our experiences in clinical trials and show that such toxicities can be effectively managed with close observation of patients from initiation of dosing, along with prompt appropriate interventions, including dose modifications, if necessary.


Background & Objective: Due to the relevant use of aspirin to relieve pain and common symptoms of gastric ulcer and possible malicious effects on fetus, this study investigates the histomorphologic effects of aspirin on the stomach tissue in rat embryos. Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, 30 pregnant female rats were randomly divided into six groups including control group with no intervention, sham group, and four experimental groups receiving different dosages of 75, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg aspirin by gavage. Pregnant rats were sacrificed on the 20 th day of pregnancy and the fetuses and their placenta were examined from morphologic viewpoint. Fetal stomachs were removed, fixed, processed, and sectioned. Histological sections were stained with hematoxylin – eosin and were measured by histomorphometric methods. Results: There were no apparent abnormalities in the fetus of all studied groups. Mean fetal and placental weights and the Crown Rump Length (CRL) in experimental group at the dosage of 100 mg /kg increased significantly compared to control and sham groups. Our results showed a significant increase in the average thickness of the submucousal layer in both stratified cornified squamous epithelium and simple columnar epithelium of fetal stomach in the experimental groups receiving 200 and 300 mg/kg aspirin compared to sham and control groups. Conclusion: No fetal apparent abnormality was seen. However, histologic evaluations revealed that the use of high dosages of aspirin increase the submucousal layer thickness in both the keratinized and glandular epithelium, significantly.


While much of the debate in policy circles has been on the measurement of wellbeing how to do it and what the limitations of measurement are there have been as yet relatively few attempts to apply a wellbeing lens to specific policy areas. One partial exception has been cultural policy.

In 2010 the Culture and Sport Evidence Programme (CASE) reported on a three year research programme into the drivers and impacts of participation in sport and cultural activity. A key strand of the programme was to understand and assess the short and longer term benefits of cultural engagement, and it drew upon data from the Arts Councils Taking Part survey of cultural participation, and the British Household Panel Survey. Individual value was assessed by the improvements in subjective well-being and by the healthcare costs saved and improved health-related quality of life, generated by doing sport and engaging with culture (CASE 2010:5).

Despite the rather startling assertion that a visit to the cinema once a week had an income compensation value of 9,000 per household per year (CASE 2010); there is little evidence that wellbeing is, as yet, being used to inform funding or other policy directions for DCMS. Nevertheless, in the rhetoric of arts funding, wellbeing has now joined the long list of benefits educational attainment, self-confidence, health and social cohesion that have at one time been claimed to result from cultural participation.

The aim of this paper is to analyse the use of wellbeing as an idea within cultural policy and too discuss what this tells us, about the adaption of such discourses by policymakers in general, and its potential uses in cultural policy in particular. It will consider the adoption of well being within cultural policy under New Labour, and consider what its retention under a Coalition government tells us about the cross-party appeal of such a notion.

The paper will consider the CASE example, look at other uses of wellbeing by local authorities or arts organisations and ask; what sort of culture might result from an approach based on wellbeing? How would culture fare vis a vis other public spending commitments under a wellbeing approach? And, if linked to a discussion about work and ownership, could well-being offer a way to think about improving working conditions within the cultural industries?


Hyaline membrane disease of the newborn has been a subject of ever-growing interest to paediatricians and pathologists as it is the major cause of death in newborn babies, particularly premature ones. Much more is known of the clinical picture and physiological changes in hyaline membrane disease, or respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn (Avery, 1962; Curtis, 1957; James, 1959; Miller, 1962; Rudolph and Smith, 1960), and there is a fair knowledge of the composition of the hyaline membrane (Buckingham and Sommers, 1960). There is, however, no agreement as to its aetiology and pathogenesis, though, according to the majority of investigators, the material constituting the membrane originates from the pulmonary vessels. These authors base their assumptions mainly on the work of Gitlin and Craig, who by means of immunofluorescence detected the presence of fibrin within the hyaline membranes (Gitlin and Craig, 1956). Electron microscope investigations suggest the presence of other plasma proteins as well (van Breemen, Neustein and Bruns, 1957; Campiche, Prod' hom and Gautier, 1961; Campiche, Jaccottet and Juillard, 1962; Groniowski and Biczyskowa, 1963), but this has not, however, been confirmed by Gitlin and Craig. Histochemical investigations have not established whether there are any other plasma proteins in the membrane (Aronson, 1961; Buckingham and Sommers, 1960; Duran-Jorda, Holzel and Patterson, 1956; Lieberman, 1961; Lynch and Mellor, 1956; Lynch, Mellor and Badgery, 1956). Differences of opinion as to the exact plasma protein composition of hyaline membranes stimulated us to undertake further investigations on their structure.


We report on a novel aberration correction technique that uses the sequential combination of two different aberration measurement methods to correct for setup-induced and specimen-induced aberrations. The advantages of both methods are combined and, thus, the measurement time is strongly reduced without loss of accuracy. The technique is implemented using a spatial-light-modulator-based wide-field microscope without the need for additional components (e.g., a Shack-Hartmann sensor). The aberrations are measured without a reference object by directly using the specimen to be imaged. We demonstrate experimental results for technical as well as biological specimens.


Employment rates in the United States fell dramatically between February 2020 and April 2020 as the initial repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic reverberated through the labor market. This paper uses data from the CPS Basic Monthly Files to document that the employment decline was particularly severe for immigrants. Historically, immigrant men were more likely to be employed than native men. The COVID-related labor market disruptions eliminated the immigrant employment advantage. By April 2020, immigrant men had lower employment rates than native men. The reversal occurred both because the rate of job loss for at-work immigrant men rose relative to that of natives, and because the rate at which out-of-work immigrants could find jobs fell relative to the native job-finding rate. A small part of the relative increase in the immigrant rate of job loss arises because immigrants were less likely to work in jobs that could be performed remotely and suffered disparate employment consequences as the lockdown permitted workers with more "remotable" skills to continue their work from home.


Excessive astrocytosis in cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) suggests that astrocytes may be important for epileptogenesis in TSC. We previously demonstrated that astrocyte‐specific Tsc1 gene inactivation in mice (Tsc1 cKO mice) results in progressive epilepsy. Here, we report that glutamate transporter expression and function is impaired in Tsc1 cKO astrocytes. Tsc1 cKO mice exhibit decreased GLT‐1 and GLAST protein expression. Electrophysiological assays demonstrate a functional decrease in glutamate transport currents of Tsc1 cKO astrocytes in hippocampal slices and astrocyte cultures. These findings suggest that Tsc1 inactivation in astrocytes causes dysfunctional glutamate homeostasis, leading to seizure development in TSC. Ann Neurol 2003


Session description:

Both the World Climate Research Program (WCRP) and the IPCC Working Group 1 (Fourth Assessment Report) recognize the cryosphere as one of the most significant challenges of climate science and as a major source of uncertainty in global climate projections. While the permafrost carbon feedback has been identified as potentially the largest terrestrial feedback to anthropogenic climate change and the most likely to occur, significant knowledge gaps remain related to the impact of thawing permafrost on the global carbon cycle. This uncertainty includes the magnitude, type, and timing of greenhouse gas emissions from thawing permafrost. Degradation of permafrost also has transformative local impacts on aquatic and terrestrial species and ecosystems. These changes together with the direct effects of permafrost degradation on human infrastructure connect this issue with human population living in the permafrost region and around the globe. WCRP actively promotes targeted research activities aimed at improving our understanding of cryospheric processes and our ability to make quantitative predictions and long term projections to provide better quantitative understanding of processes involved in cryosphere-climate interactions, particularly with respect to terrestrial and sub-sea permafrost.
The workshop we are proposing will be organized by the Permafrost Young Researchers Network (PYRN) with the goals of: 1. Equipping young researchers with a multidisciplinary understanding of the role of permafrost in the climate system, 2. Strengthening international collaboration of early career researchers, and 3. Enabling the participants to put their research into a larger context. The workshop would fulfill these goals through a series of presentations and discussions, interactions with peers and top level permafrost researchers, and reference materials prepared for the workshop.

Aim
The objective of the course is to revise recent methods for the study of permafrost in a changing climate. People attending the workshop will learn about the effect of permafrost development and degradation in polar and mountain regions, and its impact on infrastructures and ecosystems under climate warming scenarios.

Audience
Bachelor, Master, PhD students and PostDocs.

Support
Permafrost Young Researchers Network (PYRN)


Background: The Community Reintegration Measure for Injured Service Members (CRIS) assesses issues in community participation specific to injured service members. The CRIS may have limited usefulness where illness or disability prevents completion, patients have limited insight, or symptoms/stigma distort self-report. Thus, an alternative approach to measurement using proxies is needed.
Purpose: The objectives were to 1) create and pilot test a proxy version the CRIS, which we called the CRIS/P; 2) create and pilot test a measure of proxy satisfaction with veteran community integration.
Methods: The study involved cognitive testing and a reliability study. Participants were caregivers of Veterans. Cognitive testing was conducted with 10 caregivers. The refined measures were administered to 24 caregivers, 23 completed measures twice within a week. Analyses of scale internal consistency led to refinements. Test-retest reliability was examined using ICC. Differences between CRIS/P Satisfaction and Proxy Satisfaction were examined.
Results: ICCs of CRIS/P were 0.96, 0.95, 0.91 and Cronbach's alphas were 0.95, 0.95 and 0.96 for Extent, Perceived Limitation and Satisfaction, respectively. The final Proxy Satisfaction scale consists had an ICC of 0.97 and a Cronbach alpha of 0.97. CRIS/P satisfaction scale was strongly correlated with the Proxy Satisfaction (r=0.78), CRIS/P scores were significantly higher than Proxy Satisfaction for the full measure and for 11 items.
Conclusion: Preliminary analyses support internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the CRIS/P and Proxy Satisfaction scales and suggest that proxies are less satisfied with veteran participation then their ratings of Veteran's satisfaction with participation.


In principle, vaccine baits should be distributed by hand in all areas where aerial distribution is not feasible but which are supposed to be optimal fox habitat, e.g. frequented and recreational areas known to be regularly visited by humans and their pets, especially in and around urban settlements. This also includes, but is not limited to parks, cemeteries, industrial areas, railway properties, large residential areas, garden plots and areas where no flying is permitted (non-fly zones), (...)


Abstract. Paleopiezometry and paleowattometry studies are essential to validate models of lithospheric deformation and therefore increasingly common in structural geology. These studies require a single measure of dynamically recrystallized grain size in natural mylonites to estimate the magnitude of differential paleostress (or the rate of mechanical work). This contribution tests the various measures of grain size used in the literature and proposes the frequency peak of a grain size distribution as the most robust estimator for paleopiezometry or paleowattometry studies. The novelty of the approach resides in the use of the Gaussian kernel density estimator as an alternative to the classical histograms, which improves reproducibility. A free, open-source, easy-to-handle script named GrainSizeTools ( http://www.TEOS-10.org ) was developed with the aim of facilitating the adoption of this measure of grain size in paleopiezometry or paleowattometry studies. The major advantage of the script over other programs is that by using the Gaussian kernel density estimator and by avoiding manual steps in the estimation of the frequency peak, the reproducibility of results is improved.


Using field experiments and descriptive analyses this study investigated the significance of larval settlement and post-settlement processes to populations of cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus. At small spatial scales there was no relationship between the density of new recruits and the percent cover of kelp, foliose algae and branching algae. Crustaceans and mussels were preferred found items of juvenile cunner, and significantly greater numbers of isopods, amphipods and newly settled mussels were present in patches where fish were present than in randomly selected patches. Experimental and correlative analyses demonstrated that variation in recruitment could not be explained by the presence of conspecifics. Manipulations of macroalgal structure showed that the distribution of fish was influenced by the algal habitat. The dispersion of macroalgae influenced the demography of cunner. Settlement was greater to randomly placed than to clumped habitats; however, no differences in recruitment between random and clumped habitat were detected. The magnitude of the change in recruit number between sampling dates did not differ between clumped and random habitats. There was no evidence of either densitydependent mortality or settlement. A larger scale study was conducted comparing the demography of cunner in Newfoundland and the Gulf of Maine. Greater numbers of adult fish were observed in Newfoundland, but higher numbers of juveniles and recruits were found in the Gulf of Maine. In the Gulf of Maine variation was pronounced at the site scale, while in Newfoundland variation was pronounced at both the site and location scales. Variation in recruitment was not expressed as subsequent variation in older age classes. There was no effect of topographic complexity on variation of densities of recruits or juveniles, but in Newfoundland a negative relationship between adults and topography was observed. Algal cover was not important in Newfoundland, but was important in the Gulf of Maine. Although there was consistently greater than 2 orders of magnitude difference in densities of pre-settlement fish between two locations, the location that received fewer pre-settlement fish actually had higher recruitment.


The literature on effective schools emphasizes the importance of a quality teaching force in improving educational outcomes for students. In this article we use value-added methods to examine the relationship between a school's effectiveness and the recruitment, assignment, development, and retention of its teachers. Our results reveal four key findings. First, we find that more effective schools are able to attract and hire more effective teachers from other schools when vacancies arise. Second, more effective schools assign novice teachers to students in a more equitable fashion. Third, teachers who work in schools that were more effective at raising achievement in a prior period improve more rapidly in a subsequent period than do those in less effective schools. Finally, we find that more effective schools are better able to retain higher-quality teachers. The results point to the importance of personnel and, perhaps, school personnel practices for improving student outcomes.


Many Pali texts portray the Buddha in the act of expressing his teachings through Brahmanical motifs. They are "Brahmanical" motifs because for readers today they are visible in Brahmanical texts, even if we cannot be sure how composers of Pali texts came to use such motifs. The aim of this paper is to consider and hopefully to advance our understanding of how some of the same motifs are used in Brahmanical and Pali texts.


The paper covers selected environmental problems associated with road construction in Poland. Road works are linear in nature, which makes the investment process exceptionally difficult and complex, requiring the involvement of large human potential, time-consuming and very expensive. The article presents successive stages of road construction, from the preliminary stage to opening the road for users. Each stage of road construction process in Poland is related to environmental protection issues. Currently, in the days of sustainable development, it is not possible to obtain a decision on environmental conditions in order to be granted the development consent without including in design the solutions which guarantee minimisation of the influence of the project on the environment. Moreover, the applied technology and building materials must also comply with the eco-development requirements. This paper discusses the selected environmental issues present during the road design process (the problem of route selection process, public consultations, using instruments for environmental protection) and these related to the construction process (localisation, development and organisation of the building site facilities, water and waste management and on the building site, environmental declarations, recycling). This study is not attemped to be exhaustive, only selected issues are addressed in order to draw attention to the nature and importance of the environment protection problems arising in the complex process of roads development.


I will describe experiments for precision tests of gravitational physics using new quantum devices based on ultracold atoms, namely, atom interferometers and optical clocks. The ability to control the quantum degrees of freedom of atoms using laser light opened the way to precision measurements of fundamental physical quantities. I will describe experiments for precision tests of gravitational physics using new quantum devices based on ultracold atoms, namely, atom interferometers and optical clocks. I will report on the measurement of the gravitational constant G with a Rb Raman interferometer, on experiments based on Bloch oscillations of Sr atoms confined in an optical lattice for gravity measurements at small spatial scales, and on new tests of the Einstein equivalence principle. I will also discuss prospects to use atoms as new detectors for gravitational waves and for experiments in space.


Abstract Over the last century there has been marked expansion and infilling of pinyon (Pinus spp.)–juniper (Juniperus spp.) woodlands into grassland and shrubland ecosystems across the western United States. Although range expansions in pinyon-juniper populations have been documented with changing climate throughout the Holocene, over the last century, local scale impacts such as livestock grazing, changes in fire regimes, and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations are thought to be more recent drivers of pinyon-juniper woodland distribution. Our objective was to examine the role of historical livestock grazing relative to past climate in regulating pinyon (Pinus edulis Engelm.) recruitment and growth over the last century in a persistent pinyon-juniper woodland. We compared pinyon dynamics on a remote mesa site, minimally grazed by domestic livestock, to a nearby historically grazed site in southeastern Utah. The presence of a significant number of old trees (> 200 yr) at both sites suggests that these populations were well established prior to the 20th century. No differences in pinyon density or basal area were observed between grazed and ungrazed sites. Stand age structure data showed that pinyon recruitment across these sites was highly synchronous, with a large recruitment event occurring during the early 1900s; 17% of the pinyons on both sites dated to the 1920s. Climatic conditions during this decade were consistently cool and wet—conditions known to support enhanced recruitment and growth in pinyon pines. Pinyon growth was also strongly synchronous across sites (r  =  0.96). Pinyon growth was significantly correlated with winter/spring precipitation and negatively correlated with June temperature. Taken together, our results suggest that past climate may be more important in structuring pinyon populations than historical land use in these persistent pinyon-juniper woodlands. Given future climate projections of increasing temperature and more extended drought periods, regeneration of pinyon populations following the recent regional-scale dieback may be slow. Moreover, prolonged drought combined with potentially slow regeneration times for pinyon under future climate scenarios could result in substantial declines in pinyon populations across the region, a result that land managers should consider when planning for future restoration treatments in persistent pinyon-juniper woodlands.


Small companies and small plants do not have the resources of larger ones but this does not mean that they have to have lower standards of safety, although the staff may have to be a bit more self-reliant than their colleagues in larger companies. There are many excellent books and magazines they can read and a lot can be found on the Internet. But reading will only take us so far. For the messages to really sink in, we need something more active. Here are two suggestions. Select some incidents from one of the books of accident case histories or from publications such as Process Safety Progress or the Loss Prevention Bulletin (published by the UK Institution of Chemical Engineers). Give one case history to each member of your team and ask him or her if it could happen in his or her plant and if so what should be done to prevent it. Give them a week to find the answer and then let them present it in a meeting where others can discuss it. Alternatively, get someone to describe an incident briefly in a meeting—perhaps an accident that has happened in his or her plant—and then let the others question him or her to find out all the facts and then let them say what THEY THINK should be done to prevent it from happening again. More will be remembered than if the discussion leader merely lectured. In the discussion case the audience will be more committed to the actions because they are theirs, not instructions imposed from above.


OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the immunomodulatory and antioxidant properties, if any, of S elaginella involvens, S. delicatula and S. wightii . MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunomodulatory activity of the whole plants (water suspension) was studied in mice immunized with sheep RBC. The plant extracts were tested for their effect on lipid peroxidation ( in vitro and in vivo in mice), and for in vitro hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The most promising extract (water extract of S. involvens ) was evaluated for its short-term toxicity in mice. RESULTS: The dried suspension (500 mg/kg) of the three plants did not influence humoral antibody titre and the number of antibody secreting cells in the mouse spleen. However, the plant suspensions as well as the water extracts (and not the other extracts) of the plants remarkably increased the weight of thymus in adult mice, and not in suckling mice. This effect was very marked in the case of S. involvens compared to the other two species. Although the water extract of all the three plants showed varying degrees of antioxidant activity, the antilipid peroxidation activity of S. involvens (water extract) was remarkable [EC50: 2 µg/ml]. This extract did not exhibit any conspicuous toxicity in mice in general, short-term toxicity evaluation. At high dose, serum cholesterol level was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: Out of the three Selaginella species studied, the water extract of S. involvens has promising thymus growth stimulatory activity in adult mice and remarkable antilipid peroxidation property; these observations are of interest in view of tribal and folklore belief that this plant prolongs life span.


We develop a mathematical framework for quantifying and understanding multidimensional frequency modulations in digital images. We begin with the widely accepted definition of the instantaneous frequency vector (IF) as the gradient of the phase and define the instantaneous frequency gradient tensor (IFGT) as the tensor of component derivatives of the IF vector. Frequency modulation bounds are derived and interpreted in terms of the eigendecomposition of the IFGT. Using the IFGT, we derive the ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that describe image flowlines. We study the diagonalization of the ODEs of multidimensional frequency modulation on the IFGT eigenvector coordinate system and suggest that separable transforms can be computed along these coordinates. We illustrate these new methods of image pattern analysis on textured and fingerprint images. We envision that this work will find value in applications involving the analysis of image textures that are nonstationary yet exhibit local regularity. Examples of such textures abound in nature


Preferential flow is a widespread phenomenon that is known to strongly affect solute transport in soil, but our understanding and knowledge is still poor of the site factors and soil properties that promote it. To investigate these relationships, we assembled a database from the peer-reviewed literature containing information on 733 breakthrough curve experiments under steady-state flow conditions. Most of the collected experiments (585 of the 733 datasets) had been conducted on undisturbed soil columns, although some experiments on repacked soil, clean sands, and glass beads were also included. In addition to the apparent dispersivity, we focused our attention on three indicators of preferential solute transport: namely the 5%-arrival time, the holdback factor, and the ratio of piston-flow and average transport velocities. Our results suggest that, in contrast to the 5%-arrival time and the holdback factor, the piston-flow to transport velocity ratio is not related to preferential macropore transport but rather to the exclusion or retardation of the applied tracer. Confirming that the apparent longitudinal dispersivity is positively correlated with the travel distance of the tracer, our results also illustrate that this relationship is refined if the normalized 5%-tracer arrival time is also taken into account. In particular, we found that the degree of preferential solute transport increases with apparent dispersivity and decreases with travel distance. A similar but weaker relationship was observed between apparent dispersivity, 5%-tracer arrival time, and lateral observation scale, such that the degree of preferential transport increases with lateral observation scale. However, we also found that the travel distance and the lateral observation scale in the investigated dataset are correlated, which makes it difficult to distinguish their influence on these transport characteristics. We also found that the strength of preferential transport increased at larger flow rates and water saturations, which suggests that macropore flow was a more important flow mechanism than heterogeneous flow in the soil matrix. Nevertheless, our data show that heterogeneous flow in the soil matrix also occasionally leads to strong preferential transport. Furthermore, we show that preferential solute transport under steady-state flow depends on soil texture in a threshold-like manner: moderate to strong preferential transport was found to occur only for undisturbed soils that contain more than 8% clay. Preferential flow characteristics were also absent for columns filled with glass beads, clean sands, or sieved soil. No clear effect of land use on the pattern of solute transport could be discerned, probably because the available dataset was too small and too strongly affected by cross-correlations with experimental conditions. Our results suggest that, in developing pedotransfer functions for solute transport properties of soils, it is critically important to account for travel distance, lateral observation scale, and water flow rate and saturation.


Given a nonnegative integer $d$ and a graph $G$, let $f_d(G)$ be the maximum order of an induced forest in $G$ having maximum degree at most $d$. We seek lower bounds for $f_d(G)$ based on the order and treewidth of $G$. We show that, for all $k,d\ge 2$ and $n\ge 1$, if $G$ is a graph with order $n$ and treewidth at most $k$, then $f_d(G)\ge\lceil{(2dn+2)/(kd+d+1)}\rceil$, unless $G\in\{K_{1,1,3},K_{2,3}\}$ and $k=d=2$. We give examples that show that this bound is tight to within $1$. We conjecture a bound for $d=1$: $f_1(G) \ge\lceil{2n/(k+2)}\rceil$, which would also be tight to within $1$, and we prove it for $k\le 3$. For $k\ge 4$ the conjecture remains open, and we prove a weaker bound: $f_1(G)\ge (2n+2)/(2k+3)$. We also examine the cases $d=0$ and $k=0,1$. Lastly, we consider open problems relating to $f_d$ for graphs on a given surface, rather than graphs of bounded treewidth.


This paper examines Ann Fisher's (1719–1778) most important and influential work, A New Grammar (1745?). In this grammar, the author did not follow the trend of making English grammar fit the Latin pattern, a common practice still in the eighteenth century. Instead, she wrote an English grammar based on the nature and observation of her mother tongue. Besides, she scattered throughout her grammar a wide set of teaching devices, the 'examples of bad English' being her most important contribution. Her innovations and her new approach to the description of English grammar were indeed welcomed by contemporary readers, since her grammar saw almost forty editions and reprints, it influenced other grammarians, for instance Thomas Spence (1750–1814), and it reached other markets, such as London. In order to understand more clearly the value of this grammar and of its author, this grammar has to be seen in the context of her life. For this reason, we will also discuss some details of her unconventional lifestyle: unconventional in the sense that she led her life in the public sphere, not happy with the prevailing idea that women should be educated for a life at home.


Metadata is central for information organization in digital libraries. A growing number of digital libraries worldwide are now generating metadata to describe not only individual objects but entire digital collections as integral wholes. However, collection-level metadata has not yet been empirically evaluated. This paper reports results of the study that used an in-depth comparative content analysis to assess free-text collection-level subject metadata in three large-scale digital cultural heritage aggregations in the United States and Europe. As observed by this study, the emerging best practices include encoding a variety of information about a digital collection in free-text collection-level Description metadata element. This includes both subject-specific (topical, geographic and temporal coverage, and types/genres of objects in a digital collection) and non-subject-specific information: title, size, provenance, collection development, copyright, audience, navigation and functionality, language of items in a digital collection, frequency of additions, institutions that host a digital collection or contribute to it, funding sources, item creators, importance, uniqueness, and comprehensiveness of a digital collection.


A well-established tenet of social psychology is that our first impressions matter, and those impressions are often formed using minimal information, such as attractiveness, complexion, and mannerism (Carlston & Schneid, 2015, 95). One area that has not been investigated to date, however, is bumper stickers. In this naturalistic field experiment, we explored the relationship between bumper stickers and helping behavior. Based on previous studies of impression formation, we predicted that the presence of offensive bumper stickers would reduce the amount of help offered to a stranger. Sixty adults entering a large shopping center in Northeast Tennessee were approached at random and asked for directions to a nearby nature center. Subjects were approached by a 20 year old white female standing in front of a parked car covered with 7 hostile bumper stickers (e.g., "Watch out for the idiot behind me") or the same car covered with 7 neutral bumper stickers (e.g., "Blessed Be"). A total of 30 adults were approached for each condition (neutral vs. hostile stickers) over the course of 6 separate days. A female confederate posing as a seated passenger unobtrusively recorded the following for each encounter: (a) level of detail in the directions given, (b) disposition of the subject, and (c) approximate distance between experimenter and subject. This confederate was unaware of the type of stickers on the car during each encounter and was, thus, blind to the conditions. The stickers were periodically changed throughout the experiment. Statistically significant differences were found for all three dependent variables. As expected, those exposed to neutral bumper stickers were more likely to give detailed directions, be friendlier, and stand closer to the experimenter than those exposed to hostile bumper stickers. Results are discussed in terms of implications and suggestions for further research.


Down syndrome is the foremost common genetic cause of intellectual disability. The additional copy of chromosome 21 confers potential changes in virtually all organ systems, including the brain, neck structures, and spine. Neuroradiologists should be aware of the multitude of imaging
 findings in patients with Down syndrome to correctly identify and diagnose life-altering conditions associated with this syndrome. In particular, the high prevalence of age-related cognitive decline and dementia stands out more clearly in recent decades due to the notable increase in these
 individuals' survival. Although the early and timely diagnosis of cognitive decline in patients with varying degrees of intellectual disability has not been an easy task from the clinical point of view, anatomic and functional brain studies have shown an essential role because they allow the
 early recognition of abnormalities that precede the cognitive decline. Furthermore, the similarities and differences in neuropathologic, genetic, and imaging aspects in patients with Down syndrome have allowed extrapolation for a better understanding of the mechanisms linked to Alzheimer disease
 development.Learning Objective: To review and systematize the distinctive characteristics and abnormalities of the head and neck, vertebral column, and CNS present in Down syndrome


The classical model of hematopoiesis proposes a hierarchy in which a small number of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) maintain all blood lineages by giving rise to progeny that pass through discrete progenitor stages. At each stage, lineage differentiation potential is restricted, coupled with the loss of ability to self-renew. Recently, single-cell approaches have been used to test certain assumptions made by this model, in particular relating to megakaryocyte (Mk) and erythroid (E) development. An alternative model has emerged in which substantial heterogeneity and lineage-priming exists within the HSC compartment, including the existence of multipotent but megakaryocyte/platelet-biased HSCs. Hematopoietic differentiation follows a hierarchical continuum, passing through cellular nodes and branch points. Megakaryocytes are produced via a shared pathway with the erythroid lineage, also shared in its early stages with mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils, but separate from other myeloid and lymphoid lineages. In addition, distinct pathways for direct differentiation of Mk from HSCs may coexist and could be important in situations of increased physiological requirements or in malignancies. Further work at single-cell resolution using multiomic approaches and examining Mk-E biased subsets within their physiological context will undoubtedly improve our understanding of normal hematopoiesis and ability to manipulate this in pathology.


The concept of solidarity is ambiguous: it includes mechanisms of taxes and redistribution, charity, altruistic contributions and political support, social policy, concessions, grants, funds, food, clothes, social entrepreneurship, sponsorship, NGOS, etc. Communitarianism, equality and progress are their ideological pillars. Solidarity in mass culture is a form of ideational and tangible redistribution. Sociology based on the Marxist tradition has been rejecting perpetuation and masking of fundamental economic, social and political inequalities, but their classless society remained attached to nation-states. Following the game theory in the late 20th century, sociological and economic solidarity became a matter of rational choice among alternatives of group belonging (intentional communities) that could bring the greatest "profit" to an individual.


Abstract The present study investigated the efficiency and mechanisms of aqueous Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and As(V) adsorption on natural (H), calcined (HC), and acid-activated halloysite (HA). The XRD and FTIR measurements indicated that the aluminosilicate framework was not affected by high-temperature treatment, in contrast to acid activation, which led to structural changes mainly in the tetrahedral sheet. The sorption of cations on H sample was low, though it was most effective for As(V). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggested that removal of As(V) might be related to its reduction to As(III) involving oxidation of Fe(II) present in the mineral structure and/or iron minerals. The calcination enhanced halloysite sorption capacity for cations, while the As(V) sorption decreased. This was due to partial dehydroxylation and the subsequent formation of additional active sites. The acid treatment induced selective adsorption of Pb(II).


Vibrations caused due to aerodynamic excitation may cause severe limitation to the performance of turbomachines. The force resulting from the non-uniform pressure distribution within the labyrinth cavity is identified as a major source of this excitation. In order to perform rotor dynamic evaluation of rotor-bearing-seal system, accurate prediction of this force is essential. A visual basic based front-end, for a labyrinth seal analysis program, has been designed herein. In order to accurately predict the excitation force, proper modeling of labyrinth leak path is important. Thus, the front-end developed herein incorporates a leakpath geometric diagram for visual analysis of labyrinth leak path and tooth location. Furthermore, to investigate influence of various operating conditions and gas properties on excitation force (effective cross-coupling stiffness), a parametric study is performed on both the eye seal and the balance piston labyrinth seal.


Abstract. Large cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) (e.g., aged dust particles and seasalt) cannot attain their equilibrium size during the typical timescale of cloud droplet activation. Cloud activation parameterizations applied to aerosol with a large fraction of large CCN often do not account for this limitation adequately and can give biased predictions of cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC). Here we present a simple approach to address this problem that can easily be incorporated into cloud activation parameterizations. This method is demonstrated with activation parameterizations based on the "population splitting" concept of Nenes and Seinfeld (2003); it is shown that accounting for large CCN effects eliminates a positive bias in CDNC where the aerosol dry geometric diameter is greater than 0.5 μm. The method proposed here can also be extended to include the water vapor depletion from pre-existing droplets and ice crystals in global and regional atmospheric models.


The legal profession is no stranger to the bias and prejudice present in American society. Members of the bar have been shown to engage in both conscious and subconscious discrimination, posing challenges to the profession as the profile of those practicing law has changed over the last several decades. Although women and minorities have made significant inroads into the profession, attorneys with disabilities remain the "forgotten diversity group." Many members of the bar continue to believe that these attorneys are primarily limited by their medical problems rather than any bias in the profession. They do not embrace disability as a fluid which is also shaped by societal attitudes treating impairment as synonymous with failure and incompetence. There is skepticism at every level that an attorney can be both sufficiently disabled to qualify for legal protection and still qualified to engage in the exacting practice of law. The legal profession's failure to understand the social component of disability is not unique, but does have unique implications. Attorneys draft the laws protecting individuals with impairments, prosecute and defend claims of disability discrimination by society, and define the scope of protection through judicial decisions. This article identifies and explores the unique aspects of legal education and the practice of law that may actually encourage attorneys to adopt a medical model of disability and apply a general skepticism toward all claims of impairment and accommodation. It concludes that even modest changes in the classroom and legal offices have the potential to significantly improve the inclusiveness of the legal profession and treatment of all people with disabilities.


The objective of this article is to assess the socio-cultural impacts of tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. This paper largely relied on the research work and reports by the author in the Okavango Delta from 1998 to 2004. In all instances, both primary and secondary data sources were used. However, much of the paper is based on the results of a survey carried out between April 2001 and July 2002. Findings indicate that tourism development in the Okavango Delta has both positive and negative socio-cultural impacts. Some of the positive socio-cultural impacts include income generation and employment opportunities from both community-based tourism projects and safari companies, infrastructure development such as airport and airstrips, tarred roads, hotels, lodges and camps, the improvement of social services such as banking, health, telecommunications and access to electricity. The negative socio-cultural impacts include enclave tourism, racism, relocation of traditional communities, breaking up of the traditional family structure, increase in crime, prostitution, the adoption of the Western safari style of dressing and a traditionally unacceptable 'vulgar' language by young people. This article argues that tourism needs to be sensitive to local cultural norms and beliefs for it to be accepted by local people and promote sustainable development. This is possible if all the stakeholders (government, operators and local people) collaborate in policy formulation, implementation and monitoring. This can minimise the negative cultural impacts and instead promote the positive.


Public procurement can be used to achieve goals other than purely economic ones. Such goals are often referred to as "social linkages". A preference for social considerations has been gaining ground against the dominant best value for money (BVM) paradigm over the past few decades. In the past, public procurement policies followed the principle of non-discrimination and free competition beyond national boundaries. Today considerations other than (purely economic) BVM have become relevant in public procurement policy and practice. Examples of social linkages in public procurement are found in various countries, from the well-known 'Affirmative Action Programs' in the US that advance minorities, women, persons with disabilities and veterans, to specific set-aside programs made available to only less-competitive businesses, such as women-owned businesses, minority-owned businesses, businesses operating in economically disadvantaged areas, etc. Set-asides can be seen as social procurement linkages through the promotion of both supplier diversity and employment. The latter means that social use of public procurement can positively impact employment by providing opportunities to workers who are generally excluded from the labour market, while the former means that chances are given to less-competitive bidders. Set-aside programs have been widely developed in the US, which has a long tradition of set-aside contracts for special classes of small businesses, including small disadvantaged businesses, and in Canada where set-asides have been introduced for the development of Aboriginal businesses. However, the restriction of full and open competition that set-asides entail is frequently criticized by EU institutions. Despite this, the new European procurement framework also seems to have established set-asides as a means of providing economic opportunities to disadvantaged groups.


During the July 2006 postwar period in Beirut's southern suburbs (Dahiye), which
were destroyed by the Israeli air force in its effort to annihilate the Lebanese Shiite
party Hezbollah, the Islamic Shi'a philanthropic sphere has been growing. It has pioneered
the postwar reconstruction process and local relief provision, while diversely
defining itself in relation to its secular and faith-based counterparts. This paper examines
the extent to which religious providers develop solidarity with or antagonism
towards provider members of the same community in times of crisis. Indeed, intracommunity
solidarity among different aid providers tends to be taken for granted.
Problematizing this common belief is particularly important for defining the ways in
which social solidarity either develops or contracts across faith-based communities
during conflict-induced displacement. In this context, aid provision and local accountability
remain fundamental litmus papers. Drawing on in-depth, semi-structured interviews
conducted in Dahiye from 2011 to 2013 with Lebanese Shiite faith-based
organizations and private initiatives, a secular local organization, and their respective
beneficiaries, this paper advances reflections on how social membership and acts of
solidarity and charity interact within the Lebanese philanthropic scenario.


A multi-stranded yarning machine was designed to produce a material comparable with the "tinagak" yarn. The prototype was fabricated using locally available materials at NARC, VSU, Baybay City, Leyte. Modification activities were done to improve some perceived problems in the mechanical timing device, locking mechanism, and clutching assembly. Mechanism of the spooling assembly was also improved to allow easy joining of the synthetic yarn in case it breaks during the operation. The improved prototype can produce 2 continuous abaca yarns simultaneously with lengths of 1.2 kilometer by wrapping around the abaca fiber with fine synthetic yarn. The yarn produced is also automatically arranged in the spool while a timing device automatically releases the locking rod when the yarn reaches 1.2 kilometer long. Evaluation showed that an unskilled operator produces yarn at the rate of 380 430 m/h at an efficiency of 80-95%. A neatly woven product comparable to "sinamay" was produced from the multi-stranded yarn at the Matalom Abaca-Based Integrated Project (MABIP), Matalom, Southern Leyte.


Predictive State Representations (PSRs) are an expressive class of models for controlled stochastic processes. PSRs represent state as a set of predictions of future observable events. Because PSRs are defined entirely in terms of observable data, statistically consistent estimates of PSR parameters can be learned efficiently by manipulating moments of observed training data. Most learning algorithms for PSRs have assumed that actions and observations are finite with low cardinality. In this paper, we generalize PSRs to infinite sets of observations and actions, using the recent concept of Hilbert space embed-dings of distributions. The essence is to represent the state as one or more nonparametric conditional embedding operators in a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS) and leverage recent work in kernel methods to estimate, predict, and update the representation. We show that these Hilbert space embeddings of PSRs are able to gracefully handle continuous actions and observations, and that our learned models outperform competing system identification algorithms on several prediction benchmarks.


It is often claimed that inaccurate modularisation of crosscutting concerns hinders program comprehension and, as a consequence, leads to harmful software instabilities. However, recent studies have pointed out that crosscutting concerns are not always harmful to design stability. Hence, software maintainers would benefit from well documented patterns of crosscutting concerns and a better understanding about their actual impact on design stability. This paper presents a catalogue of crosscutting concern patterns recurrently observed in software systems. These patterns are described and classified based on an intuitive vocabulary that facilitates their recognition by software engineers. We analysed instances of the crosscutting patterns in object-oriented and aspect-oriented versions of three evolving programs. The outcomes of our exploratory evaluation indicated that: (i) a certain category of crosscutting patterns seems to be good indicator of harmful instabilities, and (ii) aspect-oriented solutions were unable to modularise concerns matching some crosscutting patterns.


The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is currently implementing a program to improve the language proficiency of pilots and air traffic controllers worldwide. In justifying the program, ICAO has cited a number of airline accidents that were at least partly caused by language factors. Two accidents cited by ICAO are analysed in this paper: the mid-air collision above Zagreb in 1976, and the runway collision at Tenerife in 1977. The paper examines the linguistic factors involved in each accident, such as code switching and L1 interference, and uses the 'Swiss cheese' model of accident causation developed by Reason (1990) and adapted by Wiegmann and Shappell (2003) to put these factors into a broader aviation context. It is shown that, while linguistic factors were in each case significant, both accidents occurred as the result of multiple causal factors, many of which were non-linguistic. Furthermore, stress and fatigue played a decisive role in exacerbating the linguistic factors in each accident. Finally, the paper suggests lessons that may be drawn from the analysis for the training of pilots and air traffic controllers, both nativespeaker and non native-speaker.


This paper reviews our recent work addressing the role of both synaptic-input and connectivity-architecture fluctuations in coarse-grained descriptions of integrate-and-fire (I&F) point- neuron network models. Beginning with the most basic coarse-grained description, the all-to-all coupled, mean-field model, which ignores all fluctuations, we add the effects of the two types of fluctuations one at a time. To study the effects of synaptic-input fluctuations, we derive a kinetic- theoretic description, first in the form of a Boltzmann equation in (2+1) dimensions, simplifying that to an advection-diffusion equation, and finally reducing the dimension to a system of two (1+1)- dimensional kinetic equations via the maximum entropy principle. In the limit of an infinitely-fast conductance relaxation time, we derive a Fokker-Planck equation which captures the bifurcation between a bistable, hysteretic operating regime of the network when the amount of synaptic-input fluctuations is small, and a stable regime when the amount of fluctuations increases. To study the ef- fects of complex neuronal-network architecture, we incorporate the network connectivity statistics in the mean-field description, and investigate the dependence of these statistics on the statistical prop- erties of the neuronal firing rates for three network examples with increasingly complex connectivity architecture.


This report covers a field study on an innovative large-scale data collection technique used to gather information about how crash avoidance systems operate in the field and how drivers respond to them. Although the specific systems studied were the General Motors (GM) camera-based forward collision alert (FCA) and lane departure warning (LDW) systems, this technique could be readily applied to other emerging active safety (crash avoidance) systems and used to better inform emerging active safety consumer metrics. It should be noted that both the FCA and LDW systems evaluated have consistently met the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Crash Avoidance New Car Assessment Program (CA NCAP) performance criteria since this program was initiated. The study team found that this data collection technique has several distinct strengths, including cost, sample size, drivers using their own vehicles where they can turn systems off, ability to look at long-term effects, data efficiency, and the ability to acquire "rapid-turnaround" large-scale results, and that this new data collection technique is ideally suited for understanding the safety impacts of crash avoidance systems.


Organisations, especially those with a business or commercial focus, have always had an interest in knowledge and learning whether they have used these terms to describe their internal processes or not. The acquisition and use of knowledge to create products and services has always been at the heart of any business venture, as has the development of the necessary skills and other actions within the workforce to deliver these products and services. It is only within the last twenty years that there has been any concerted effort to understand the processes that lead to the development of knowledge and that encourage and foster learning. This research examines the dynamics of knowledge development and its relation to learning in the team setting of one professional service company based in London.

Using a grounded theory approach a detailed examination of the knowledge development activities in three teams is carried out, as they work on three projects with different external clients. Data is collected from the interaction of team members during set team meetings and from the way ideas are initiated and developed over the life of the project. This is supported by detailed examination of the business and organisational literature.

The research provides insights into the way individual contributions to team discussions aid knowledge development as well as developing a picture of the nature of knowledge development - its dynamics and morphology.

Detailed descriptions, models and visual representations are used to record the results of the research. The research as a whole has a methodology that is replicable and provides hypotheses that can be tested by other researchers. It also offers insights of value to those managers, consultants and other professionals involved in knowledge development in organisations.


The two-photon ionization of helium atoms by ultrashort extreme-ultraviolet free-electron laser pulses, produced by the SPring-8 Compact SASE Source test accelerator, was investigated at photon energies of 20.3, 21.3, 23.0 and 24.3 eV. The angular distribution of photoelectrons generated by two-photon ionization is obtained using a velocity map imaging spectrometer. The phase-shift differences and amplitude ratios of the outgoing s and d continuum wave packets are extracted from the photoelectron angular distributions. The obtained values of the phase-shift differences are distinct from scattering phase-shift differences when the photon energy is tuned to a resonance with an excited level or Rydberg manifold. The difference stems from the co-presence of resonant and non-resonant path contributions in the two-photon ionization by femtosecond pulses. Since the relative contribution of both paths can be controlled in principle by the pulse shape, these results illustrate a new way to tailor the continuum wave packet.


Technological evolution (e.g., the "all-IP" world) and changing regulatory environment (e.g. spectrum trading in the European Union) will change the mobile services industry dramatically in the coming years. These changes will transform also the role of service mediaries, such as NTT DoCoMo and Vodafone, as their control over content providers and customers will be eroded by increasing use of Internet-type content and an active role of large retailers and "the Brands" in becoming MVNOs in order to enhance their customer relationships. Furthermore, even the technical infrastructure of mobile and cellular networks may end up being owned and managed by cost-efficient ICT service providers, and totally new types of "asset management" companies may emerge as soon as European-wide spectrum markets are created by the European Union. A conceptual model called The Service Mediary Model of Mobile Services (SM 3 S) is introduced and used in the analysis of the changing role of mobile network operators and service mediaries.