We surveyed a randomized group of 1050 adult patients stratified for age and sex, from a general practice in Oxfordshire, to find out their attitudes to electronic health records (EHRs). Eighty-six per cent thought that patients should have the right to see their records. While 72% knew that they had the right to see their records, only 4% had done so. Private EHR viewing booths with a computer and fingerprint identification system were installed in the primary care centre. Patients were randomly selected from those who responded to the questionnaire and wished to view their EHR. Of the 100 patients who saw their online EHR, 99 found the session useful and 84 found their records easy to understand. Three focus groups were held with 14 patients who said that they did not want to access their EHRs. The reasons patients gave during the focus groups included that they trusted their general practitioner and thought it would imply a lack of confidence. After the focus groups, 11 patients changed their minds and accessed their records. We believe that patient-accessed EHRs will offer substantial benefits to patients, health professionals and the National Health Service as a whole.


A novel and versatile method is described for measuring the contact activity of acaricides against spider mites. The microimmersion (MI) bioassay involves drawing batches of 25 mites into small pipette tips under vacuum, immersing them for 30 s in 35 mul of a test solution, and then confining the treated subjects on clean foliage in holding cells. Evaluations of amitraz, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and dicofol against susceptible strains of Tetranychus urticae Koch showed the MI bioassay to be equally applicable to formulated and technical acaricides (the latter dissolved in acetone + distilled water; 20 + 80 by volume), and to give LC50 values that corresponded well with those from a conventional residual bioassay. The most important difference between bioassay methods was the consistently greater slope of probit lines from MI tests. Results were not highly sensitive to varying the immersion period between 15 and 60 s, and low control mortality was observed with ethanol or acetone concentrations of up to 500 ml litre-1, and surfactant concentrations of up to 10 g litre-1. The potential of this method for assessing the relative toxicity of both fast- and slow-acting acaricides, screening small quantities of experimental compounds for acaricidal activity, and improving the laboratory procedure for selection and characterization of acaricide resistance is discussed.


Premium price is one of the most attractive features of organic farming but having access to one possess various difficulties, especially in the context of developing countries. The objective of this study is to analyze factors impacting involvement in marketing of crops and intensity of income generation therein between organic and conventional farmers by taking into consideration the existence of premium market. It was conducted in semi-urban Chitwan district of Nepal where group conversion to organic farming exists. Data from 285 respondents, selected using stratified sampling method, were analyzed using probit and ordinary least square model. This study finds that income from organic farming is less than conventional farming because production per hectare, commercialization rate and price at which the crops are sold per unit is higher for conventional farm, and access to premium market is very limited. This should be the primary focus for making organic farming monetarily attractive.


of Xanthine Oxidase in Antigout Therapy by Indonesian Medicinal Plants. ABSTRACT The traditional medicine has been used in Indonesia since the days of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom (about 12 centuries ago). Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants. For this reason, it is necessary to inform the broader community regarding medicinal plants in Indonesia that have the potential as antigout. The prevalence of gout in Indonesia is in the range of 1.6 − 13.6 per 100,000 people and will increase with age. There are 25 species of Indonesian plants that have more than 50% xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibitory activity. XO is responsible for catalyzing hypoxanthine to xanthine then producing uric acid, accompanied by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during catalysis. The magnitude of the inhibitory power to XO ranged from 50.00±1.16% to 97.53%. The lowest inhibitory power of 50.00±1.16% was in Phaleria macrocarpa , while Orthosiphon aristatus had the highest inhibitory power of 97.53%. The major compounds that inhibit xanthine oxidase are flavonoids. The structural similarity of flavonoids in rings A and C with xanthine as a substrate causes hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces between flavonoids and XO. It means that flavonoids bind to the XO active site, thereby preventing the formation of uric acid. The type of inhibitory kinetics that occurs between flavonoids and XO is competitive inhibition. Five plants with competitive inhibition kinetics against XO are Sida rhombifolia , Syzygium polyanthum , Cyperus rotundus , Ruellia tuberosa and Phaleria macrocarpa .


We study the sparse tensor-variate Gaussian graphical model (STGGM), where each way of the tensor follows a multivariate normal distribution whose precision matrix has sparse structures. In order to estimate the precision matrices, we propose a sparsity constrained maximum likelihood estimator. However, due to the complex structure of the tensor-variate GGMs, the likelihood based estimator is non-convex, which poses great challenges for both computation and theoretical analysis. In order to address these challenges, we propose an e cient alternating gradient descent algorithm to solve this estimator, and prove that, under certain conditions on the initial estimator, our algorithm is guaranteed to linearly converge to the unknown precision matrices up to the optimal statistical error. Experiments on both synthetic data and real world brain imaging data corroborate our theory.


In this work, we investigate the size, composition and magnetic behavior of a series of iron oxide nanoparticles prepared by means of high temperature decomposition of an iron oleate precursor. Different synthesis conditions, such as gas atmosphere, precursor ratio and heating rate were tested to obtain a direct correlation between the final sample structure and the varied parameter. The synthesis products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering, respectively. We studied six samples with rather narrow size distribution and mean diameters from 8 nm to 16 nm. The particles with diameter below 11 nm were found to be spinel-type, monocrystalline, and their magnetic response can be ascribed to a single domain framework. On the other hand, two-phase core–shell FeO@Fe3O4 of mean sizes of 15 nm and 16 nm were obtained by increasing the amount of oleic acid and the heating rate. The magnetic behavior of these samples exhibits interesting interface features, related to the exchange coupling phenomenon between the FeO and Fe3O4. We discuss how the different synthesis conditions may lead to the presence of this FeO phase, and how the core–shell configuration and other structural features affect the macroscopic magnetic behavior.


Living organisms have evolved effective structural solutions in response to the inherent constraints of their respective environments through a process of morphological adaptation. Given the fact that the majority of natural load bearing materials are fibrous composites, the authors suggest the analysis of appropriate biological role models as a promising strategy for informing the application of fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) in architecture. In this paper the authors present a biomimetic design methodology for seamless large-scale FRP structures involving the analysis of the exoskeletons of Arthropoda with regards to structural performance criteria, the development of a custom robotic filament winding process, and the translation of biological and fabricational principles into the architectural domain through physical prototyping and the development of custom digital tools. The resulting performative material system is evaluated in a full-scale research pavilion.


Four new bivalent organoruthenium complexes incorporated with 3-acetylcoumarin-4(N)-substituted thiosemicarbazones were synthesized. Comprehensive spectral and analytical techniques such as elemental analyses, IR, UV-vis, 1H NMR and 13C NMR provided proof of the formation of the complexes (1–4). Single crystals obtained for two ligands and the four complexes were characterized by X-ray crystallographic studies, which indicated CNS tridentate coordination of the ligands through C–H activation at the C(4) carbon of the pyrone ring of coumarin. The ligands and complexes intercalated with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA), supported by EB displacement studies and DNA viscosity measurements. The compounds bound well with two serum albumins (bovine serum albumin (BSA) and human serum albumin (HSA)) and the quenching mechanism was found to be static. Antioxidant studies revealed the radical scavenging proficiency of the compounds. The compounds showed better antimicrobial activity against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonie), two Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella paratyphi) and five fungi (Candida albicans, Trichophyton rubrum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigates and Candida tropicalis). The in vitro cytotoxic abilities of the compounds were analysed using the MTT assay on MCF-7 (human breast cancer) and A549 (human lung carcinoma) cell lines and compared with standard cisplatin. Activities greater than cisplatin were observed for the ligands as well as the complexes. Assays on the human normal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT showed that the compounds were non-toxic to those cells. In all the biological studies done, the complexes displayed better activity than the ligands and among them, complex 3 stood out as the best, owing to the greater electron donating ability of the N-terminal ethyl group on the thiosemicarbazone. The results implied that N-terminal substitution played a significant role in bringing out the bioactivity of the complexes.


The quest for higher data rates in WiFi is leading to the development of standards that make use of wide channels (e.g., 40MHz in 802.11n and 80MHz in 802.11ac). In this paper, we argue against this trend of using wider channels, and instead advocate that radios should communicate over multiple narrow channels for efficient and fair spectrum utilization. We propose WiFi-NC, a novel PHY-MAC design that allows radios to use WiFi over multiple narrow channels simultaneously. To enable WiFi-NC, we have developed the compound radio, a single wideband radio that exposes the abstraction of multiple narrow channel radios, each with independent transmission, reception and carrier sensing capabilities. The architecture of WiFi-NC makes it especially suitable for use in white spaces where free spectrum may be fragmented. Thus, we also develop a frequency band selection algorithm for WiFi-NC making it suitable for use in white spaces. WiFi-NC has been implemented on an FPGA-based software defined radio platform. Through real experiments and simulations, we demonstrate that WiFi-NC provides better efficiency and fairness in both common WiFi as well as future white space scenarios.


Successive presentations of two different stimulus configurations were used to generate a compelling but ambiguous apparent-motion sequence, such that the likelihood of the perceived motion being resolved as clockwise or anticlockwise was equal. In the first stimulus configuration, four small squares were arranged in a square formation (5 deg × 5 deg) about a central fixation mark; in the second, they were arranged in a diamond formation. Twelve naive observers reported perceived direction of motion in discrete presentations (< 1 s), comprising three stimulus configurations (square - diamond - square; stimulus configuration duration 100 ms; ISI 200 ms). We were surprised to find that ten of the observers exhibited a strong bias for motion in one or other direction. This bias to report a particular direction persisted even when observers were informed of the inherent ambiguity of the stimulus. Next, in extended presentations (2 min) five observers indicated each occurrence of a perceived switch in direction. Despite individual variation, all observers reported switches in direction; an analysis of the interswitch durations conformed to a gamma distribution. These observations support the notion that uninterrupted presentations are required for perceptual switching to occur in ambiguous displays (Leopold et al, 2002 Nature Neuroscience 5 605 - 609).


Existing prior domain knowledge represents a valuable source of information for image interpretation problems such as classifying handwritten characters. Such domain knowledge must be translated into a form understandable by the learner. Translation can be realized with Explanation-Based Learning (EBL) which provides a kind of dynamic inductive bias, combining domain knowledge and training examples. The dynamic bias formed by the interaction of domain knowledge with training examples can yield solution knowledge of potential higher quality than can be anticipated by the static bias designer without seeing training examples. We detail how EBL can be used to dynamically integrate domain knowledge, training examples, and the learning mechanism, and describe the two EBL approaches in (Sun & DeJong 2005a) and (Sun & DeJong 2005b).


The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) modulates a variety of developmental processes and responses to environmental stress in higher plants. A collection of mutations, designated era, in Arabidopsis thaliana that confer an enhanced response to exogenous ABA includes mutations in the Era1 gene, which encodes the β subunit of a protein farnesyl transferase. In yeast and mammalian systems, farnesyl transferases modify several signal transduction proteins for membrane localization. The era1 mutants suggest that a negative regulator of ABA sensitivity must be acted on by a farnesyl transferase to function.


In this essay and the contributions that follow, we advocate an expansion of the parameters of mainstream healthcare law to include feminist analyses of embodiment. We suggest that a more thorough engagement with the meaning and value of embodiment can better inform normative assessment and critical appraisal in healthcare law. Law's conventional approach to regulating bodily interventions has been to consider the body as an object of analysis rather than as a category of analysis. In our view, legal analysis could offer a richer understanding of law's engagement with bodies and bodily materials if it adopted a thicker conception of embodiment. Such a conception would seek to account for the ways in which we value the living physical body as it enables our being in the world and our interactions with others. We argue that in framing our understandings of embodiment, healthcare law would benefit from employing cultural studies methods, as well as the bioethical analysis on which it has traditionally drawn. In particular, we view feminist scholarship on embodiment as a key resource for thinking through such a shift in parameters and methodology. Building on this work, we argue for a shift from more familiar notions of sexual difference to embodied differences. This would direct attention to the myriad ways in which law values or denigrates bodies and the choices we make about our bodies. We suggest that healthcare law has implicitly considered the body in three key ways—as an object of choice, a site of property and a source of vitality. We then argue that a more explicit conception of legal embodiment entails four key dimensions—subjective, intersubjective, material and symbolic—which in combination offer a normative and critical framework1 for deciding which values act as trumps in a given situation and for assessing how and why a particular value or combination of values come to be perceived as important in a given moment.


ABSTRACT Prey species minimize the risk of predation directly by avoiding predators and indirectly by avoiding risky habitat. Habitat loss and fragmentation have been prevalent in Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter "sage-grouse") habitat, which has necessitated a better understanding of mechanisms driving habitat use. Using multinomial logistic regression, we compared landscape attributes and anthropogenic features (indirect mechanisms) and densities of avian predators (direct mechanisms) among 792 sage-grouse locations (340 nests, 331 early brood, and 121 late brood) and 660 random locations in Wyoming, USA, in 2008–2011. Anthropogenic features included oil and gas structures, communication towers, power lines, roads, and rural houses; and landscape attributes included a normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), topographic ruggedness, the proportion of big sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), and proximity and proportion variables for forested and riparian habitats. Sage-grouse locations were best described with models that included multiple habitat variables and densities of small, medium, and large avian predators. Thus, both indirect and direct mechanisms of predator avoidance were employed by sage-grouse to select habitat and presumably lower their exposure to predation and nest predation. At all reproductive stages, sage-grouse selected flatter locations with a greater proportion of big sagebrush, a higher NDVI, and lower densities of oil and gas structures. Nest locations had a lower density of major roads and were farther away from riparian habitat; early-brood locations had a lower density of power lines and were closer to rural houses; and late-brood locations were closer to riparian habitat. The magnitudes of direct and indirect avoidance by sage-grouse hens were dependent on a sage-grouse's reproductive stage. Differential habitat use of female sage-grouse relative to predation risk and food availability was a means for sage-grouse hens to lower their risk of predation and nest predation, while using habitat to meet their energetic requirements and those of their chicks.


There remains a lack of published empirical data on the substantive outcomes of higher learning and the establishment of quality processes for determining them. Studies that do exist are nationally focused with available rankings of institutions reflecting neither the quality of teaching and learning nor the diversity of institutions. This article describes two studies in which associate deans from Australian higher education institutions and focus groups of management and academics identify current issues and practices in the design, development and implementation of processes for assuring the quality of learning and teaching. Results indicate that developing graduate attributes and mapping assessments to measure outcomes across an entire programme necessitates knowledge creation strategies and systems as well as inclusive decision processes. Common elements supporting consistently superior outcomes include inclusivity of a range of teaching and support academics; embedded graduate attributes; consistent and appropriate assessment; digital collection mechanisms; and systematic analysis of outcomes used in programme review.


[Book abstract] With more than 5,000 original articles written by over 900 different contributors and in excess of 700 illustrations, mainly in colour, "The Encyclopaedia of Ireland" is unique. Unique in scope, in the distinction of its design and in its total commitment to quality - there is no book about Ireland remotely like it. It is the most ambitious reference work ever published about Ireland. Meticulously detailed, it is a treasure store of information, education, entertainment and enlightenment. Its range is astounding as it covers the entire spectrum of Irish achievement in all fields of human endeavour throughout recorded history. The conventional subjects are all here: literature and language, history, geography, economics, sociology, the arts and music.But other subjects, often neglected in Irish reference books, are also given their due place, such as science, engineering, astronomy, and sport. The publication of "The Encyclopaedia of Ireland" is a truly significant event. It represents the culmination of many years' collaboration between an entire community of talented writers led by a uniquely qualified team of editors. 'A blast from beginning to end. The most exhilarating book imaginable' - Stephen Rea (17th September).


The reaction of aroyl chlorides 1 with KSeCN and ethyl diazoacetate (6) in acetone at room temperature yields ethyl 2-aroyl-5-(aroylimino)-2,5-dihydro-1,2,3-selenadiazole-4-carboxylates 7 (Scheme 3). A reaction mechanism via the initial formation of the corresponding aroyl isoselenocyanates 2 followed by a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the diazo compound with the C=Se bond to give ethyl 5-(aroylimino)-4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-selenadiazole-4-carboxylates of type D is proposed. Acylation of the latter at N(2) leads to the final products 7. Deacetylation of 7 to give ethyl 5-(aroylimino)-1,2,3-selenadiazole-4-carboxylates 10 is achieved by treatment of 7 with morpholine (Scheme 5). The intermediate isoselenocyanates 2 partially oligomerize to give two different oligomers. The symmetrical one reacts with morpholine to yield selenourea derivatives 12 (Scheme 6).


Expansion of irrigated agriculture in the Aral Sea Basin in the second half of the twentieth century led to the conversion of vast tracks of virgin land into productive agricultural systems resulting in significant increases in employment opportunities and income generation. The positive effects of the development of irrigated agriculture were replete with serious environmental implications. Excessive use of irrigation water coupled with inadequate drainage systems has caused large-scale land degradation and water quality deterioration in downstream parts of the basin, which is fed by two main rivers, the Amu-Darya and Syr-Darya. Recent estimates suggest that more than 50% of irrigated soils are salt-affected and/or waterlogged in Central Asia. Considering the availability of natural and human resources in the Aral Sea Basin as well as the recent research addressing soil and water management, there is cause for cautious optimism. Research-based interventions that have shown significant promise in addressing this impasse include: (1) rehabilitation of abandoned salt-affected lands through halophytic plant species; (2) introduction of 35-day-old early maturing rice varieties to withstand ambient soil and irrigation water salinity; (3) productivity enhancement of high-magnesium soils and water resources through calcium-based soil amendments; (4) use of certain tree species as biological pumps to lower elevated groundwater levels in waterlogged areas; (5) optimal use of fertilizers, particularly those supplying nitrogen, to mitigate the adverse effects of soil and irrigation water salinity; (6) mulching of furrows under saline conditions to reduce evaporation and salinity buildup in the root zone; and (7) establishment of multipurpose tree and shrub species for biomass and renewable energy production. Because of water withdrawals for agriculture from two main transboundary rivers in the Aral Sea Basin, there would be a need for policy level interventions conducive for enhancing interstate cooperation to transform salt-affected soil and saline water resources from an environmental and productivity constraint into an economic asset.


Arthrogryposis is a complex diagnosis which may result in significant disability due to mobility problems or neonatal mortality due to pulmonary hypoplasia. Long term outcomes are difficult to predict. Antenatal information was collected retrospectively from a variety of regional validated databases. Follow up data was obtained from post mortem reports and regional clinical genetics patient case files. Results 71 cases of arthrogryposis were identified between January 1998 and December 2013, 1 was excluded. 31 cases were not diagnosed antenatally, of whom 27 are still alive. Follow up information is available for 16 patients, all of whom are reported to have normal cognitive development and different degrees of motor disability. Of the 39 cases diagnosed antenatally, 25 were terminated following counselling. 10 had additional anomalies including microcephaly, venticulomegaly, cystic hygroma, hydrops, gastroschisis and Dandy Walker malformation. 14 patients had an antenatal diagnosis and continued their pregnancy. 43% had an adverse outcome to their pregnancy. (4 neonatal deaths, one baby remains ventilated and one death in utero). One of the neonatal deaths had clear evidence of fetal activity and breathing in utero and the baby who is alive but ventilated never showed breathing movements in utero but cried at birth. Of the 8 babies still alive 3 are known to attend mainstream school. Conclusion Predicting outcome following diagnosis of arthrogryposis is difficult. Presence of fetal activity and breathing movements on antenatal scan does not appear to be a useful prognostic feature.


Unleashthe power of your new iPhone 4S or otheriOS 5-driven iPhoneand take it to the limit using powerful tips and techniques from the Apple experts at TUAW, Erica Sadun, Steve Sande, and Michael Grothaus. Fast and fun to read, Taking Your iPhone 4S to the Maxshows you how to get the most out of your iPhone using Apples new iOS 5. Whether you're using the new iPhone4S or earlier iPhone that runs the new iOS 5, youll find all the best undocumented tricks, as well as the most efficient and enjoyable introduction to the iPhone available. Starting with an introduction to iPhone basics, youll quicklydiscover the iPhones hidden potential, like how to connect to a TV, use Voice Control using Siri, have video chats with FaceTime, and call friends overseas with low-cost VoIP. From the unified e-mail inbox and surfing the Web with Mobile Safari, exploring the world of social networking, using the multitasking capabilities of iOS 5, taking and editing photos, shopping for apps, media, and books, or just managing phone callsyoull find it all in this book. Youll even learn tips on where to get the best iPhone accessories. Get ready to take youriPhone 4Sand earlier running the new iOS 5to the max! What youll learn Master the powerful multitasking capabilities of the new iPhone 4S and earlier iOS 5-enabled iPhones Communicate with the world through FaceTime video chats, voice calls, SMS and MMS messaging, email, and social networking Entertain yourself and friends with music, games, books, and videosall in the palm of your hand Customize your iPhone with your choice of hundreds of thousands of useful and fun apps Who this book is for Whether you use your iPhone for video chats with friends and relatives, playing games, keeping up with work, or capturing special moments in photos or video, we wrote this book with you in mind. Table of Contents SETUP 1: Selecting, Buying, and Activating Your iPhone 2: Putting Your Data and Media on Your iPhone MEET THE PHONE 3: Interacting with Your New iPhone 4: Placing Calls with iPhone GETTING ONLINE 5: Browsing with Wi-Fi and Safari 6: Staying in touch with FaceTime and Messages 7: Setting Up and Using Email MEDIA AND SHOPPING 8: Touching Your Music 9: Shopping at the Music Store 10: Shopping at the App Store 11: Reading and Buying Books with iBooks + Newstand PHOTOS, VIDEO AND THE CAMERA 12: Touching Your Photos and Videos (Photos, YouTube, Videos apps, AirPlay) 13: Recording the World Around You with the Camera ACCESSORIES 14: Staying On Time and Getting There with Clock, Calendar, and Maps 15: Leveraging Your Desk Set: Contacts, Calculator, Notes, Weather, Stocks, Voice Memos, and Reminders PREFERENCES 16: Customizing your iPhone (Settings & Accessibility)


The palaeo-landscape and environmental history during the last glacial-interglacial transition was studied in a broader regional context by comparing permafrost sequences from the northern and the southern coasts of the Dmitry Laptev Strait (East Siberian Sea) on Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island (73°17′N, 141°20′E) and on the Oyogos Yar coast (72°36'N, 143°36'E).Both coastal exposures show the same general stratigraphy pointing to similar landscape and environmental dynamics which were reconstructed using cryolithological, sedimentological and micro-palaeontological (i.e. pollen, freshwater ostracods) methods as well as stable isotope data from ice wedges.The late Glacial and Holocene permafrost records of both coastal sections are subdivided into three horizons that are of taberal (thawed and refrozen), lacustrine, and boggy origin.In both sections, the lowermost horizons consist of taberal deposits of the former late Pleistocene Ice Complex (dated between 46.6 and 36.6 14C kyr BP) which are composed of sandy silt with peat lenses and thaw signs (whitish laminations). The ice content is generally low and the cryostructures are lens-like reticulated or layered, typical for refrozen sediments. The pollen data from the taberal horizons point to a Middle Weichselian interstadial vegetation. Ostracod shells are rare.The taberal horizon is discordantly covered by a lacustrine horizon of late Glacial age (dated between 14.8 and 12.5 14C kyr BP). Its lowermost part is composed of cryoturbated peaty palaeosols in both sections. The overlying lacustrine facies is structured by alternating beds of clayish silts and plant detritus layers which contain numerous mollusc shells, ostracods, and wood fragments. The cryostructure is lens-like or lens-like layered and epigenetic roots of ice wedges are common within the lacustrine horizons. Pollen records are in good accordance with Allerod to Younger Dryas ages indicating a grass-sedge tundra dominated vegetation. The ostracod records point to stable aquatic conditions during the late Glacial where the high numbers and diverse assemblages were found. Thus, thermokarst development and lake formation started some time before the Holocene. The uppermost horizons accumulated under subaerial conditions in a boggy polygonal tundra environment from about 7.5 to 4.0 14C kyr BP at the Bolshoy Lyakhovsky section and between about 10.0 and 3.3 14C kyr BP at the Oyogos Yar section. However, the late Holocene deposits discordantly cover the underlying early Holocene sediments.Numerous peat inclusions or single peat layers were found in a sandy silt matrix with ice bands and a lens-like cryostructure between single bands which indicate syngenetic freezing of the sediments. Stable isotope signatures of ice wedges syngenetically formed in boggy deposits clearly differ from isotope composition of Weichselian ice wedges, pointing to warmer conditions during the Holocene. However, a notable variability and a clear warming trend occurred during the last millennium. An early Holocene shrubby tundra vegetation is reconstructed from the pollen spectra, whereas the late Holocene pollen spectra indicate a shift to modern wetland tundra vegetation. The early Holocene ostracod assemblages are sparse and low diverse.The multi-proxy palaeoenvironmental record of the last glacial- interglacial transition indicates a general pattern of regional landscape development according to climatic changes. Evidence of the three landscape development stages was obtained, including (1) thermokarst-induced formation of basins, (2) accumulation of lacustrine sequences, and (3) transformation of lake-dominated areas into polygonal tundra. The stages are considered to be of stratigraphical significance.


In this project, we examined the views of 21 long-term employees on climate change in 14 Rocky Mountain Research Station Experimental Forests and Ranges (EFRs). EFRs were described by employees as uniquely positioned to advance knowledge of climate change impacts and adaptation strategies due to the research integrity they provide for long-term studies, the ability to host experimental treatments on the efficacy of adaptation actions, and the opportunity for long-term field observations to inform and improve research. Institutional commitment and capacity was identified by participants as critical to realizing the potential of EFRs to contribute to climate change research.


It will be very interesting for many important reactions to endow highly active catalysts with momentum-transfer efficiency. However, the intrinsic magnetism of ferromagnetic catalysts is difficult to exploit due to the interaction between the catalyst and stirring devices. Herein, a catalytically active and super paramagnetic Co–carbon–rGO composite (CCGC) was synthesized and used as a nanoactuator to simultaneously achieve momentum-transfer and hydrolysis of NaBH4 or H3NBH3 for hydrogen production. The CCGC magnetically transferred momentum in a batch or continuous flow reactor. The external magnetic field can drive the catalyst to transfer momentum for excellent agitation. The catalyst can be fixed at an appointed position in the continuous flow for efficient separation. The separation of the catalyst from the reaction mixture also becomes facile. The CCGC showed superior retention as a pollutant adsorbent for the removal of Rhodamine B (Rh-B) from water in the absence of magnetic or mechanical stirring apparatus. The unique momentum-transfer properties, as well as excellent catalysis and adsorption, warrant its promising application in the corresponding fields.


This research examines whether people are more emotionally disturbed by reports of non-human animal than human suffering or abuse. Two hundred and fifty-six undergraduates at a major northeastern university were asked to indicate their degree of empathy for a brutally beaten human adult or child versus an adult dog or puppy, as described in a fictitious news report. We hypothesized that the vulnerability of victims—determined by their age and not species—would determine participants' levels of distress and concern for them. The main effect for age but not for species was significant. We also found more empathy for victims who are human children, puppies, and fully-grown dogs than for victims who are adult humans. Age makes a difference for empathy toward human victims, but not for dog victims. In addition, female participants were significantly more empathic toward all victims than were their male counterparts.


We present a simple and fast method for performing unsupervised segmentation. Our method works by centering a square window on each pixel of the input image. Each pixel is then assigned to a new color which is computed by averaging the pixel colors inside the window. The idea is that if this averaging operation is repeated a few times then we should obtain an image in which pixels of the same color surface are assigned to the same (or at least to very similar) color values. Consequently, the desired color segments are formed by groups of spatially neighboring pixels that share the same color in the convolved image. Obviously, our method would deliver poor performance if the averaging operation is applied in a naive manner, as pixel colors of different segments would be mixed. To overcome this problem, we propose to compute a geodesic weight mask that regulates a pixel's influence in the averaging operation. A pixel's weight in the window is determined by computing the geodesic distance to the center pixel. In other words, we enforce that a pixel obtains high influence only if there exists a path to the center pixel along which the color does not change significantly (connectivity). The proposed method is evaluated on some widely used test images. Our method seems to produce accurate segmentation results and to capture object outlines correctly. We show by quantitative evaluation that our segmentation algorithm outperforms two competing segmentation methods.


Never before published, A Business Career is the story of Stella Merwin, a white woman entering the working-class world to discover the truth behind her upper-class father's financial failure. A "New Woman" of the 1890s, Stella joins a stenographer's office and uncovers a life-altering secret that allows her to regain her status and wealth. When Charles W. Chesnutt died in 1932, he left behind six manuscripts unpublished, A Business Career among them. Along with novels of Paul Laurence Dunbar, it is one of the first written by an African American who crosses the color line to write about the white world. It is also one of only two Chesnutt novels with a female protagonist. Rejecting the novel for publication, Houghton Mifflin editor Walter Hines Page encouraged Chesnutt to try to get the book in print. "You will doubtless be able to find a publisher, and my advice to you is decidedly to keep trying till you do find one," he wrote. Page clearly saw that in A Business Career Chesnutt had written a successful popular novel grounded in realism but one that exploits elements of romance. Charles W. Chesnutt (1858-1932) was an innovative and influential African American writer of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. His novels include The House Behind the Cedars, The Marrow of Tradition, The Colonel's Dream, as well as the posthumously published novel Paul Marchand, F.M.C. from University Press of Mississippi.


Background and Purpose— Patients with atrial fibrillation have a high risk of stroke and other vascular events even if anticoagulated. The primary objective here is to determine whether routine blood pressure–lowering provides additional protection for this high-risk patient group. Methods— This study was a subsidiary analysis of the Perindopril Protection Against Recurrent Stroke Study (PROGRESS)—a randomized, placebo-controlled trial that established the beneficial effects of blood pressure–lowering in a heterogeneous group of patients with cerebrovascular disease. A total of 6105 patients were randomly assigned to either active treatment (2 to 4 mg perindopril for all participants plus 2.0 to 2.5 mg indapamide for those without an indication for or a contraindication to a diuretic) or matching placebo(s). Outcomes are total major vascular events, cause-specific vascular outcomes, and death from any cause. Results— There were 476 patients with atrial fibrillation at baseline, of whom 51% were taking anticoagulants. In these patients, active treatment lowered mean blood pressure by 7.3/3.4 mm Hg and was associated with a 38% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6 to 59) reduction in major vascular events and 34% (95% CI, −13 to 61) reduction in stroke. The benefits of blood pressure–lowering in patients with atrial fibrillation were achieved irrespective of the use of anticoagulant therapy (P homogeneity=0.8) or the presence of hypertension (P homogeneity=0.4). Conclusions— For most patients with atrial fibrillation, routine blood pressure–lowering is likely to provide protection against major vascular events additional to that conferred by anticoagulation.


"Say on pay" gives shareholders an advisory vote on a company's pay practices for its top executives. Beginning in 2011, Dodd-Frank mandated such votes at public companies. The first year of "say on pay" under the new legislation may have changed the dialogue and give-and-take in the shareholder-management relationship at some companies, particularly on the question of executive pay. We study the evolution of shareholder voting on "say on pay" - beginning in 2006 as a fledgling shareholder movement to get "say on pay" on the corporate ballot, evolving as a handful of companies and later the financial firms receiving TARP funds conducted "say on pay" votes, and leading to Dodd-Frank's extension of the process to all public companies. Using results from an empirical analysis of data from the pre-Dodd-Frank period, we project that the new mandatory management-sponsored "say on pay" proposals will attract strong shareholder support at most companies, while poorly performing companies with high pay levels can expect shareholder dissent. These projections are confirmed by early results in the first year of post-Dodd-Frank experience with "say on pay." Our empirical analysis of the pre-Dodd-Frank data supports the potential importance of third party voting advisor recommendations, particularly by the ISS, on executive pay proposals. The raw data show 20 percent swing in shareholder support for management "say on pay" proposals associated with a negative ISS recommendation. However, once we take into account the different recommendations issued by management and ISS, the net effect of an ISS negative recommendation on the overall shareholder vote is relatively small at most companies. Nevertheless, the early Dodd-Frank results show that all 37 companies that failed to obtain majority support in these advisory votes had received negative ISS recommendations. The early results show that companies that initially received negative "say on pay" recommendations by the ISS often modified their disclosure filings or changed their pay practices. This may indicate to a growing role for shareholders in influencing executive pay practices and more generally corporate governance.


In a limited network resource, techniques are needed to share the channel among different users as efficiently and as fairly as possible. Among multiple access techniques; Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) has the exclusive advantage of allowing all active users share the same channel concurrently. When CDMA technique is used, Multi User Detection (MUD) is needed to reject or reduce the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) affecting each active user. In this thesis, it is shown that multiuser detection using Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) technique provides a good compromise among the complexity, latency, and performance. This technique is suitable for Digital Video Broadcasting-Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RSC) as well as Base Station (BS) in cellular communication systems. We offer a new scheme that is a combination of soft and hard PIC detectors whose performance is superior to that of the other famous sub-optimal detectors. For most MUD schemes, a perfect knowledge of users' parameters is required. In this thesis, we apply a very simple method to estimate the parameters. PIC detectors are usually studied in equal-power case, i.e., a perfect power control scheme is assumed. We study PIC detector in near-far condition as well, where users arrive at receiver with different power levels. It is shown that our proposed scheme has some advantages over other schemes. First, it is much less complex than optimal and linear detectors. Second, it is much faster than sequential detector. Third, it has better performance than that of linear detectors


Recent literature shows how the destabilising e¤ect of portfolio insurance activity on the price of the underlying asset depends on the liquidity of the asset market. We build a simple model where market timers shift capital around asset markets in order to exploit gains from temporary excess-volatility of asset prices. In this way, market timers increase the liquidity of asset markets reducing the excess volatility, while they increase the cross-market correlation, whereas long-ranged financial contagion eventually occurs. We show how liquidity of asset markets, cross-market correlation and excess volatility of asset prices depend on structural parameters of asset markets.


In some process monitoring situations, consecutive measurements are spaced widely apart in time, making monitoring process aim and spread difficult. This study uses three cases to compare the effectiveness of two such monitoring schemes, i.e., the X chart alone (X-only chart) and the Individuals and Moving Range Chart Combination (X/MR chars), in terms of Average Run Length (ARL) after designing for a common "all OK" (in-control) ARL. The study finds that X chart alone is sufficient (and hence, recommended) in detecting changes in all the 3 cases: changes in the process mean, changes in the process standard deviation, and changes in both process mean and standard deviation.


In 1969, Japan launched a massive subsidy program for the "burakumin" outcastes. The subsidies attracted the mob, and the higher incomes now available through organized crime compensated those burakumin who abandoned the legal sector for criminal careers. In the process, the subsidies gave new support to the tendency many Japanese already had to equate the burakumin with the mob.
The government ended the subsidies in 2002. We explore the effect of the termination by merging 30 years of municipality data with a long-suppressed 1936 census of burakumin neighborhoods. First, we find that outmigration from municipalities with more burakumin increased after the end of the program. Apparently, the higher illegal income generated by the subsidies had restrained young burakumin from joining mainstream society. Second, we find that once the mob-tied corruption and extortion associated with the subsidies neared its end, real estate prices rose in municipalities with burakumin neighborhoods. With the subsidies gone and the mob in retreat, other Japanese found the formerly burakumin communities increasingly attractive places to live.


![Figure][1]

CREDIT: JOSHUA MOGLIA

The rhesus macaque, macaca mulatta , has long been used as an important research tool in medicine, from the discovery of the Rh factor to modern-day trials of AIDS vaccines and investigations of neurological and behavioral disorders. As an Old World monkey, it is one of our closest relatives outside of the great apes—chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans—making it highly informative on many levels. Today, we unveil the genome of this magnificent Old World monkey and, in doing so, open ourselves to further investigation.

Nonhuman primates have been critically important in developing medical advances that have saved human lives. The availability of this genome sequence will enable new and better experiments that will speed up the pace of research and reduce the number of animals needed for biomedical research in the long run. Analysis of the sequence is stimulating studies on population structure (Hernandez et al. , p. 240) that will help researchers interpret differences between experimental groups when they occur and to investigate species-specific effects. Researchers have developed microarray chips of macaque-specific genes so that changes in gene expression in response to perturbations, such as viral infection or hormone treatment, can be followed sensitively through time (see the News article by Pennisi on p. 216). Differences and similarities in the expression of genes related to immune response between macaque and human are already apparent.

Before the rhesus macaque sequencing effort, the human and chimpanzee genomes were available, but these tools could not be used to their fullest potential in studies of evolution. When we look at humans and chimpanzees, we are gazing through a very narrow window, because they diverged so recently in evolutionary history. The rhesus macaque, as our next closest relative, is an ideal outgroup for human/chimpanzee comparisons. We now can step back and examine the past 25 million years of primate evolution, identifying genomic similarities and differences between each species. As shown by the Rhesus Macaque Genome Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (p. 222) and discussed in a second News article by Pennisi (p. 218), the addition of genomic information from macaques is resulting in a much clearer understanding of primate biology and evolution. Within the special section, we also present investigations broadening our understanding of the dynamic nature of primate chromosomes and examining the differences among primate genomes, including the duplications, rearrangements, mobile elements, and evolutionarily new centromeres (Han et al. , p. 238; Harris et al. , p. [235][2]; and Ventura et al. , p. [243][3]). Genes or regions that show evidence of selection among primates may yet provide the Rosetta stone that will allow us to read our own history in the genomes.

 [1]: pending:yes
 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1139477
 [3]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1140615


This paper investigates intra-adaptive wavelets for video coding with frame-adaptive motion-compensated lifted wavelet transforms. With motion-compensated lifted wavelets, the temporal wavelet decomposition operates along motion trajectories. However, valid trajectories for efficient multi-scale filtering have a finite duration in time. This is due to well known effects like occlusions or inaccurate motion estimation. These discontinuities may generate many non-zero wavelet coefficients when a transform with a fixed dyadic structure is used. To investigate the advantage of an adaptive transform, we introduce intra macroblocks in the frame-adaptive lifting steps. Depending on the rate-distortion costs at a given macroblock location, we choose the number of wavelet decomposition levels locally. We discuss motion-compensated lifted wavelets that are frame- and intra-adaptive. We evaluate the efficiency of intra-adaptive wavelets when frame-adaptive motion-compensated wavelets are used. We observe that intra-adaptivity is rate-distortion efficient for discontinuities that cannot be handled by frame-adaptivity.


M&A transactions are governed by contracts that exhibit constrained variation – they are negotiated, yet full of boilerplate, tailored, yet full of patterns and regularities. This paper (a chapter of the Research Handbook on Mergers and Acquisitions, forthcoming) reviews the suite of contracts commonly needed in an M&A transaction, and offers two complementary descriptions of the core "deal contracts" in M&A. The first tracks the customary organization of the contracts themselves, and the second re-analyzes their contents with a new, functional typology derived from the purposes of deal contracts: (1) specification (especially of deal structure, pricing terms, and, in partial acquisitions, the business to be acquired), (2) risk-sharing, (3) process management, (4) control and information sharing, and (5) dispute management. Each description is illustrated by examples from and links to recent, high profile deals, augmented with cross-sectional data from a representative sample of M&A contracts involving U.S. targets. Ways that ownership and regulation shape M&A contracts for U.S. targets are summarized, and data consistent with that summary is presented. Finally, the rapidly growing body of empirical research on the contents and effects of M&A contracts is surveyed. The paper concludes with a brief agenda for future research on M&A contracts.


The objective of this research is to develop optimal (efficient) test methods for analysis of survival data under random censorship with nonproportional hazards. For the first part we revisit the weighted log-rank test where the weight function was derived by assuming the inverse Gaussian distribution for an omitted exponentiated covariate that induces a nonproportionality under the proportional hazards model. We perform a simulation study to compare the new procedure with ones using other popular weight functions including members of the Harrington-Fleming's G-rho family. The nonproportional hazards data are generated by changing the hazard ratios over time under the proportional hazards model. The results indicate that the inverse Gaussian-based test tends to have higher power than some of the members that belong to the G-rho family in detecting a difference between two survival distributions when populations become homogeneous as time progresses. The second part of the research includes development of a parametric method in detecting the validity of the proportional odds model assumption between two groups of survival data. The research is based on the premise that the test procedure developed would take advantage of knowledge of the distributional information about the data, which will improve the sensitivity of a nonparametric test method. We evaluate type I error and power probabilities of the new parametric test by using the simulated survival data following the log-logistic distribution. The error probabilities are compared with ones in the literature. The results indicate that the extended test performs with a higher sensitivity than the existing nonparametric method.The results from the proposed study provide statistical test methods that are more sensitive than existing ones under certain situations which can be used in public health relevance applications such as clinical trials.


Niels Kaj Jerne (1911–1994) was a Danish immunologist who proposed a selection theory of antibody formation, the functional network of antibodies and lymphocytes and distinction of self from nonself by T lymphocytes. Jerne achieved scientific acclaim for his theories to explain immune system interactions. He postulated that the immune system contains specific antibody populations for interaction with antigens. He advanced the concept that the development of self-tolerance takes place in the thymus and developed a 'network theory' postulating T- and B-cell interactions. His network theory proposed that antibody active sites are attracted to specific antigens (idiotypes) as well as to antibodies reactive with the same site. He postulated that under physiological conditions, antibodies are in equilibrium or balance which is interrupted on exposure to antigen, leading to activation of an immune response. After working at the Danish National Serum Institute in Copenhagen, he joined the Biological Standards and Immunology Division of the World Health Organization in Geneva. He next served as Chair of Microbiology at the University of Pittsburg, PA but returned to Europe to serve as Professor at the University of Frankfurt and Director of the Paul Ehrlich Institute. Later, he was appointed Director of the Basel Institute for Immunology (1969–1980). He shared the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Kohler and Milstein in recognition of his natural selection theory and related immunological hypotheses.

Keywords:

antibody avidity;
natural selection theory of antibody formation;
selection theory;
self-tolerance;
network theory;
idiotypes;
antibodies;
T lymphocytes


The goal of this paper is to present the ranking of the journals in the field of technology forecasting (TF) through the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA. Over the past four decades, we have witnessed a rapid development in the field of technology forecasting. This development, both in theory and in practice, has been fuelled by the increase in complexity, even greater competition, and rapid changes in the business environment. Back in the past, little attention was paid to the importance and conceptual development in the field of TF, which caused numerous overlaps of the forms of TF development and its influence. The changes that have resulted in the emergence of information technology and modern manufacturing technology have actually increased the need for application of technology forecasting, as well as for explosive growth in scientific and engineering literature worldwide. The paper shows the ranking of 39 journals in the field of TF over the period from 1999 to 2011 through the application of the Data Envelopment Analysis, as well as through analyzing trend changes in publishing professional publications in the field of technology forecasting. Also pointed out are the shortcomings ofprevious methods of ranking journals by using impact factors, as one of the most important indicators of the quality of journals, as well as the possibilities of applying indicators obtained by using other methodologies. The results of such method of ranking should point out to publishing trends to the researchers engaged in this field, and direct them to journals in which they could present the results of their research. The aim of this research is to show that more than one criterion must be taken in order to create the rank of a journal from a specific area. In this way we get a more realistic ranking of leading journals from the observed area, since other necessary elements that contribute to the importance of a journal for a relevant field are also taken into consideration.


During the Arctic Expedition ARK VlII/3 (August to September 1991) with RV 'Polarstern', the macrofauna, meiofauna, foraminifera, bacteria were sampled and sediment chemistry was deter- mined at 13 stations along a transect from the Barents Sea slope across the deep Arctic Eurasian Basins towards the Lomonosov Ridge. Water depths ranged from 258 to 4427 m. In general, higher values for all benthic compartments as well as total organic carbon (TOC) and total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) were recorded for the Barents Sea slope than for the deeper stations in the basins and the ridge slopes. The only signiEicant correlation found was between macrofaunal abundance and depth. Bac- terial and all faunal abundances as well as bacterial and macrofaunal biomass decreased significantly with increasing latitude. Although correlations between food items such as TOC and THAA and the fauna were weak, significant relationships between the bacterial and faunal size-classes reflected a distinct food chain typical of oligotrophic systems. The smallest compartments-bacteria, meiofauna and foraminifera-were more abundant than the macrofauna in the central Arctic Ocean. Macrofauna biomass dominated the biomass on the Barent Sea shelf and slope and on the Lomonosov Ridge, but bacterial biomass was equally or even more important on the Gakkel Ridge and in the deep basins. The results reveal the Eurasian Basin as one of the most oligotrophic regions in the World Ocean. Although primary production is low, recent foraminiferal investigations have revealed that benthic communities in the central Arctic Ocean are driven by the sedimentation of fresh organic material. Lateral transport of organic material from the Siberian shelf may provide additional food. The various benthic compart- ments compete either for fresh organic matter or for refractory material that is transferred to higher levels of the food chain by bacterial mineralisation.


Restaurants are central to the growth of a tourist destination, and rural, small-restaurant owners/managers are important actors in the development of attractive meal offerings. There is a lack of research scrutinising the skills and knowledge that may contribute to the growth of small-sized restaurant businesses. There are specific conditions of daily work in the restaurant and in the hospitality industry overall, and these are also relative to seasonal conditions in tourist destinations. In this licentiate thesis, the overall aim is to elucidate the specific conditions of small restaurant owners in a seasonal tourist destination and the making of their meal offerings. This paper explores the complexity of daily work in the restaurant business using an ethnographically inspired method applying an insider perspective. The complementing research methods used were interviews, fieldwork, repeated field visits and a short survey. The insider perspective is a challenging research method in itself but helpful for detecting the daily practice, organisation, and routines of the informants and their personnel, as well as for indicating the impact of workload on the informants' lives. The study was carried out with eleven owners of eight eight small-scale rural restaurants, four with attached lodgings, and two managers in one urban restaurant/hotel. The results of the study show that the offering of a restaurant meal is dependent upon the multitude and variation of the culinary as well as hospitality competence of the practitioners, and the complexity of restaurant work has to be matched with a proactive daily practice. Use of time, reflectivity, and the need for professionalism is in focus.


Despite their well-known security problems, passwords are still the incumbent authentication method for virtually all online services. To remedy the situation, users are very often referred to password managers as a solution to the password reuse and weakness problems. However, to date, the actual impact of password managers on password strength and reuse has not been studied systematically.

We provide the first large-scale study of the password managers' influence on users' real-life passwords. By combining qualitative data on users' password creation and management strategies, collected from 476 participants of an online survey, with quantitative data (incl. password metrics and entry methods) collected in situ with a browser plugin from 170 users, we were able to gain a more complete picture of the factors that influence our participants' password strength and reuse. Our approach allows us to quantify for the first time that password managers indeed influence the password security, however, whether this influence is beneficial or aggravating existing problems depends on the users' strategies and how well the manager supports the users' password management right from the time of password creation. Given our results, we think research should further investigate how managers can better support users' password strategies in order to improve password security as well as stop aggravating the existing problems.


High-fidelity modelling of nanosecond repetitively pulsed discharges (NRPDs) is burdened by the multiple time and length scales and large chemistry mechanisms involved, which prohibit detailed analyses and parametric studies. In the present work, we propose a 'frozen electric-field' modelling approach to expedite the NRPD simulations without adverse effects on the solution accuracy. First, a burst of nanosecond voltage pulses is simulated self-consistently until the discharge reaches a stationary state. The calculated spatial distributions and temporal evolution of the electric field, electron density and electron energy during the last pulse are then stored in a library and the electrical characteristics of subsequent pulses are frozen at these values. This strategy allows the timestep for numerical integration to be increased by four orders of magnitude (from 10−13 to 10−9 s), thereby significantly improving the computational efficiency of the process. Reduced calculations of a burst of 50 discharge pulses show good agreement with the predictions from a complete plasma model (electrical characteristics calculated during each pulse). The error in species densities is less than 20% at the centre of the discharge volume and about 30% near the boundaries. The deviations in temperature, however, are much lower, at 5% in the entire domain. The model predictions are in excellent agreement with measured ignition delay times and temperatures in H2–air mixtures subject to dielectric barrier NRPD over a pressure range of 54–144 Torr with equivalence ratios of 0.7–1.2. The OH density increases with pressure and triggers low-temperature fuel oxidation, which leads to rapid temperature rise and ignition. The ignition delay decreases by a factor of 2, with an increase in pressure from 54 to 144 Torr. In contrast, an increase in the H2–air equivalence ratio from 0.7 to 1.2 marginally decreases the ignition delay by about 20%. This behaviour is attributed to the insensitivity of OH production rates to the variation in the equivalence ratio.


The most important long-term political forces operative in the Japanese political system are the interplay of decentralized community authority and the consolidation of that authority toward the top. The mura kyodotai (village community) concept is representative of both types of authority, neither of which has defined boundaries. An examination of the nature of indigenous community authority may provide the broad context for a valid understanding of Japanese decision making. Under the ideal of this order, Japanese political organization has valued the structure of Shinto: polytheistic local authority, plus conflated authority of church and state. Buddhism and Confucianism have provided direction and moral force to preserve traditional order.


In the two and a half years since the Lisbon Treaty came into force, the Court of Justice has issued a considerable number of decisions applying and interpreting the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. This article analyses this first wave of case law with the aim of identifying the impact of the Charter in the fundamental rights jurisprudence of the Luxembourg Court. For this purpose, the examination of the cases is organized around three dichotomies: continuity/change, expansion/restraint, and heteronomy/autonomy. The issue of the temporal scope of the application of the Charter is analysed and the most visible innovations are addressed focusing on quantitative and qualitative changes. Second, the implications of Article 51 on the application of the Charter to the States are examined in light of the latest case law, taking into account the important developments of the status of the citizenship of the Union as an expansive device for the protection of individual rights. Finally, the interplay of the Charter with the European Convention of Fundamental Rights and with the constitutional traditions of the Member States is addressed. It is argued that even though there is a marked trend towards the continuity of the fundamental pillars that have so long been at the basis of the EU fundamental rights system, there are substantial innovations and significant developments that reinforce the role of fundamental rights in the legal order of the Union.


D-mannitol (DM) is a phase change material (PCM) for medium temperature thermal energy storage. In this paper the preparation of microencapsulated d-mannitol by a sol-gel process is reported. The microencapsulation of d-mannitol was confirmed by characterization using a scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. The thermal properties of the microencapsules were measured by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) instrument. The thermal stability of the synthesized DM microencapsules was investigated by means of thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The results show that the microencapsulated d-mannitol have a high phase change latent heat of 220.3 J/g and improved thermal stability.


Abstract. We present observations of the 2010–2011 Arctic winter stratosphere from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) onboard ENVISAT. Limb sounding infrared measurements were taken by MIPAS during the Northern polar winter and into the subsequent spring, giving a continuous vertically resolved view of the Arctic dynamics, chemistry and polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). We adopted a 2-D tomographic retrieval approach to account for the strong horizontal inhomogeneity of the atmosphere present under vortex conditions, self-consistently comparing 2011 to the 2-D analysis of 2003–2010. Unlike most Arctic winters, 2011 was characterized by a strong stratospheric vortex lasting until early April. Lower stratospheric temperatures persistently remained below the threshold for PSC formation, extending the PSC season up to mid-March, resulting in significant chlorine activation leading to ozone destruction. On 3 January 2011, PSCs were detected up to 30.5 ± 0.9 km altitude, representing the highest PSCs ever reported in the Arctic. Through inspection of MIPAS spectra, 83% of PSCs were identified as supercooled ternary solution (STS) or STS mixed with nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), 17% formed mostly by NAT particles, and only two cases by ice. In the lower stratosphere at potential temperature 450 K, vortex average ozone showed a daily depletion rate reaching 100 ppbv day −1 . In early April at 18 km altitude, 10% of vortex measurements displayed total depletion of ozone, and vortex average values dropped to 0.6 ppmv. This corresponds to a chemical loss from early winter greater than 80%. Ozone loss was accompanied by activation of ClO, associated depletion of its reservoir ClONO 2 , and significant denitrification, which further delayed the recovery of ozone in spring. Once the PSC season halted, ClO was reconverted primarily into ClONO 2 . Compared to MIPAS observed 2003–2010 Arctic average values, the 2010–2011 vortex in late winter had 15 K lower temperatures, 40% lower HNO 3 and 50% lower ozone, reaching the largest ozone depletion ever observed in the Arctic. The overall picture of this Arctic winter was remarkably closer to conditions typically found in the Antarctic vortex than ever observed before.


In this thesis, the superconducting properties of some unconventional superconductors
have been investigated using low temperature magnetic, thermal
and transport measurements, small angle neutron scattering, and muon spin rotation/
relaxation techniques. The aim was to correlate the symmetry and structure
of the superconducting gap with the unusual properties in these superconductors.
These studies have required the preparation of high quality samples using
different growth techniques. Good quality polycrystalline and single crystal samples
of FeSe1-xTex and FeTe1-xSx were grown using a self-
ux method. Polycrystalline
samples of Lu2Fe3Si5 and Re3W were made using the arc furnace. We have also
grown single crystals of ZrB12 using the optical
oating zone method in a 4 mirror
image furnace, and CaAlSi crystal using the Bridgman method. All the compounds
have been characterized with a combination of X-ray, neutron diffraction, EDX,
magnetization, resistivity or specific heat measurements.

In order to investigate the pairing symmetry of the iron chalcogenide superconductors,
low temperature muon spin rotation/relaxation (μSR) measurements
have been performed on FeTe0:5Se0:5. The temperature dependence of the in-plane
magnetic penetration depth is found to be compatible with either a two gap s + s-
wave or an anisotropic s-wave model. This result is consistent with our heat capacity
data collected on the same sample. μSR results of FeTe1-xSx show an antiferromagnetic
transition at low temperature and also suggest the presence of excess S in the
samples. A similar magnetic transition has also been observed in the magnetization
measurements.

The symmetry of the superconducting gap of Lu2Fe3Si5 with Tc = 6:1 K has
been investigated using low-temperature transverse-field μSR and specific heat measurements.
The temperature dependence of the magnetic penetration depth, λ(T)
is consistent with a two gap s+s-wave model. Low-temperature specific heat measurements
on the same sample also show evidence of two distinct superconducting
gaps and hence support the muon results.

To resolve whether CaAlSi is a single band or multiband superconductor, we
have studied the
ux line lattice in CaAlSi using small angle neutron scattering. A
well defined hexagonal
ux line lattice is seen just above Hc1 in an applied field of
only 54 Oe. A 30° reorientation of this vortex lattice has been observed in a very
low field of 200 Oe. This reorientation transition appears to be of first-order and could be explained by non-local effects. The magnetic field dependence of the form
factor is well described by a single penetration depth and a single coherence length.
The penetration depth anisotropy has also been estimated with the field applied at
different angles to the c-axis.

The B-T phase diagram of superconducting ZrB12 has been investigated by
means of μSR spectroscopy using a mosaic of single crystal. The local field distribution
for different applied fields and temperatures shows evidence of the Meissner,
mixed, and intermediate states in ZrB12. The intermediate state indicates that this
material has some of the characteristics of a type-I superconductor, while the mixed
state is typical of a type-II superconductor. Regions of coexistence have also been
observed between the different states. We have not observed any distinct features
of two-band or two-gap superconductivity in this material.

Two different superconducting phases of Re3W have been found with different
physical properties. One phase crystallizes in a non-centrosymmetric cubic
(α-Mn) structure and has a superconducting transition temperature, Tc, of 7.8 K.
The other phase has a hexagonal centrosymmetric structure and is superconducting
with a Tc of 9.4 K. Switching between the two phases is possible by annealing
the sample or remelting it. The zero-field μSR results indicate that time reversal
symmetry is preserved for both structures of Re3W. For both phases of Re3W, the
temperature dependence of the penetration depth can be explained using a singlegap
s-wave BCS model. Low temperature specific heat data also provide evidence
for an s-wave gap-symmetry for the two phases of Re3W. Both the μSR and heat capacity
data show that the CS material has a higher Tc and a larger superconducting
gap (0) at 0 K than the NCS compound.
The experimental work detailed in this thesis provides new information on the
superconducting properties of FeSe0:5Te0:5, FeTe1-xSx, Lu2Fe3Si5, CaAlSi, ZrB12,
and two different superconducting phases of Re3W and contributes to our overall
understanding of the physics of the different exotic superconducting features in these
systems.


We report on a girl presenting with facial dysmorphic features and breathing difficulties upon birth. She was hypotonic, developed a metabolic acidosis, and died two days old of heart failure. Post-mortem examination revealed abnormalities of brain, lungs, heart and liver. In cultured skin fibroblasts activities of enzymes of oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism, beta-oxidation and other mitochondrial (mt) metabolic pathways were markedly decreased. Activities of enzymes localized in the mt outer membrane or in other cell organelles were found to be normal. The mitochondria appeared swollen and were located mainly around the nucleus. Electron micrographs showed locally disintegrated mt inner membranes and large mt vacuoles. The amount of mt heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) was about one fifth of that in controls. We conclude that this mt disorder is most likely caused by defective synthesis and maintenance of mitochondria, possibly due to a defect in mt protein import or enzyme assembly resulting from deficiency of hsp60.


This article discusses the legality review of secondary rules
in Italy. In the era of the vast administrative state there are
numerous situations in which some activities are covered by rules
emanating from government, departments of state or other
governmental agencies. They are like a delegate is invited to stand
in the shoes of the legislature. Governmental rules have two-fold
nature. Regulations, on the one hand, are sources of law similar to
primary legislation. On the other hand, secondary rules are
administrative instruments that supplement the executive power,
that is, they are an inherent feature of public authority. The twofold
nature affects the legality review. Secondary rules may not be
reviewed by the Constitutional Court. Although regulations are
legislative instruments, their administrative set-up plays a key
role in the application of procedural rules. Indeed, the judicial
review of secondary rules is up to administrative courts, which
can intervene mainly after a regulation is challenged. Because of
this flexibility, administrative judicial proceedings are suitable for
challenging regulations on account of the hybrid nature of
regulations, which are halfway between legislative instruments
and tools inherent in the exercise of public authority. The aim of
this article is to demonstrate how administrative law courts seized
with the review of regulations. The judicial review by
administrative courts appears to be quite similar to that of the
Constitutional Court, as it is modeled after an objective approach
to jurisdiction. Judges must disapply regulations that infringe
laws and they can adjust themselves to and admit of innovative
approaches.


Parkinson′s disease is a progressive age-associated neurological disorder. One of the major neuropathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease is the appearance of protein aggregates, mainly consisting of the protein alpha-Synuclein. These aggregates have been described both in genetic as well as idiopathic forms of the disease. Currently, Parkinson's disease patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are mainly used for in vitro disease modeling or for experimental cell replacement approaches. Here, we demonstrate that these cells can be used for in vivo disease modeling. We show that Parkinson's disease patient-specific, iPSC-derived neurons carrying the LRRK2-G2019S mutation show an upregulation of alpha-Synuclein after transplantation in the mouse brain. However, further investigations indicate that the increased human alpha-Synuclein levels fail to induce spreading or aggregation in the mouse brain. We therefore conclude that grafting of these cells into the mouse brain is suitable for cell autonomous in vivo disease modeling but has strong limitations beyond that. Furthermore, our results support the hypothesis that there might be a species barrier between human to mouse concerning alpha-Synuclein spreading.


BACKGROUND
GLP-1 and its analogs have a variety of anti-diabetic effects. However, short half-life and rapid degraded by DPP-IV limits the therapeutic potential of the native GLP-1. So, many DPP-IV-resistant and long-acting GLP-1 analogs were developed. In this study, an antibody-like extendin-4-IgG4 fusion protein was developed.

METHODS
The γ4 constant region contains two amino acid substitutions relative to native γ4 (S228P and L235E) lead to affinity for FcγRI to be low and stability of the IgG4 molecular. The fusion protein was expressed in CHO cells and assembled into an immunoglobulin-like structure with molecular weight of approximately 130 kDa.

RESULTS
The Exendin-4-IgG4 fusion protein was found to affinity bind GLP-1R in vitro. In vivo when compared the potency and duration of glucose-lowering effects in diabetic (db/db) mice at the same dose, exendin-4 resulted in a glucose-lowering effect that persisted only for 6 hours, but the extendin-4-IgG4 fusion protein for more than 168 hours. Injecting subcutaneously with a high dose of the fusion protein led normal BALB/c mice to the lower blood glucose level but did not cause serious hypoglycemia. Especially, the half-life time of the fusion protein in cynomolgus monkeys was about 180 hours, almost the longest half-life time among the developed GPL-1 analogues, which suggested a longer half-life time in human.

CONCLUSIONS
The intact antibody-like fusion protein has more advantages than the Fc fusion protein including the intent of prolonging the half-life. These results also suggested the fusion protein was a safe and long-acting potential anti-diabetic agent.


I. INTRODUCTION People outside the medical profession have likely heard of the long hours that doctors keep, but are probably unaware of the low salaries and nonnegotiable contracts that medical school graduates must accept upon entering a residency program. In fact, young doctors are among the few professionals who do not find postgraduate employment in the open job market. Currently, fourth-year medical students seeking postgraduate residency training participate in a process that matches them to a single residency program.1 This match dictates where the new doctor will spend the next three to seven years of her career.2 Upon receiving a match, the doctor must enter the particular program.3 This system has been in place for over fifty years without any significant challenges. But, does the matching process actually work well, or have residents simply failed to consider whether they had any other choice? In May of 2002, a group of former medical residents filed a class action lawsuit alleging that the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP or the Match) illegally prevents residents from enjoying competitive compensation and employment terms.4 The case, Jung v. Association of American Medical Colleges, which has been consolidated as In re Resident Physicians Antitrust Litigation,5 spotlights the heated issue of how medical residents are treated on the job and how the medical community should be treated under the law. The outcome of the case has far-reaching implications both for all United States medical residency programs and for United States graduate medical education. Much has been written about resident working hours, leading to recent notable reforms.6 For the first time, however, Jung opens the door to discussion about resident remuneration and the legality of a binding employment process unique to the medical profession. This controversial case has polarized members of the medical community. In part, the controversy represents a power struggle between the medical establishment and young doctors-in-training.7 The central issue in Jung is whether the current system violates antitrust laws by depressing medical resident wages below fair market value.8 This Note contends that it does and advocates facilitating competition by providing a limited number of matches from which residents may choose. With the proposed reforms, the resident placement process will not only better serve the needs of both residents and programs but will comply with antitrust laws. This Note examines where medical resident placement has been, where it is now, and where it should go. Part II explains the mechanics of graduate medical education and then discusses the NRMP and how it facilitates student placement. Part III documents the chronological development of residents' efforts to improve their working conditions. Part IV analyzes the relevant antitrust principles governing the Jung case. Part V concludes that the Jung plaintiffs have a meritorious antitrust claim. It then considers resident placement options in a post-Jung era by examining the consequences of both a legislative exemption to preserve the NRMP as well as its possible abolition of the NRMP in favor of an unfettered labor market. Part V also discusses the similarities and differences between these two approaches and proposes combining the Match and free market systems under a revised program that includes binding dual matching. Finally, Part VI demonstrates how this proposal harmonizes the competing interests of students, hospitals, and the government. II. ANATOMY OF THE RESIDENCY: GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION AND THE NATIONAL RESIDENT MATCHING PROGRAM Medical education in the United States consists of two distinct phases, both of which are required to gain a license to practice medicine.9 Medical school, the first phase, takes four years and includes classroom, laboratory, and clinical experiences provided by the school and its affiliated hospitals. …


Problem difficulty estimates play important roles in a wide variety of educational systems, including determining the sequence of problems presented to students and the interpretation of the resulting responses. The accuracy of these metrics are therefore important, as they can determine the relevance of an educational experience. For systems that record large quantities of raw data, these observations can be used to test the predictive accuracy of an existing difficulty metric. In this paper, we examine how well one rigorously developed – but potentially outdated – difficulty scale for American-English spelling fits the data collected from seventeen thousand students using our SpellBEE peer-tutoring system. We then attempt to construct alternate metrics that use collected data to achieve a better fit. The domain-independent techniques presented here are applicable when the matrix of available student-response data is sparsely populated or non-randomly sampled. We find that while the original metric fits the data relatively well, the datadriven metrics provide approximately 10% improvement in predictive accuracy. Using these techniques, a difficulty metric can be periodically or continuously recalibrated to ensure the relevance of the educational experience for the student.


Our understanding of violent encounters between the police and civilians is now primarily mediated by video images. With surprising rapidity, recording these encounters has become an integral part of modern policing, sparking the current body camera bonanza. When these recordings are used as evidence in police use-of-force cases, the factfinders must decide whether the police officer's actions were "reasonable" under the Fourth Amendment. But there is an unrecognized fault line between "police video" (video recorded by the police in the course of their official duties) and "eyewitness video" (recorded by bystander-witnesses). Police video tends to recirculate dominant narratives of violence and masculinity as heroic ideals that coexist easily with the legal standard of the reasonable officer. In contrast, eyewitness videos typically offer the counter-narrative of an abusive state. These images have evidentiary value, but also cultural currency. They reflect back to us our feelings about violence, race, masculinity, and the law. This article proposes a descriptive critique of the use of video evidence in assessing the lawfulness of police violence. Using insights from semiotics, film criticism, cultural theory, and cognitive psychology, it attempts to sketch out a more nuanced way of approaching video evidence in the context of these cases.


It seems globalization has challenge different types of fields around the world. Cultures, politics, economies and even education are day by day challenged due to the open of boundaries, therefore countries, institution and people need to develop new activities in order to gain a competitive advantages over others, that's why entrepreneurship comes to the discussion as an opportunity and a possible solution to situation, but what triggers it? Can it be influenced through different programs and can it be teach changing university curriculums? Well, as boundaries are falling even in educational institutions, this study aims to explain if there's any effect on students' entrepreneurial capabilities after being part of international exchange programs. It will be done through the collection of primary data from Colombian students studying in France and if this program influenced their skills as entrepreneurs.


This article explores the cultural specificity of privacy practices on social network sites (SNSs) by comparing 10 college-age American Facebook users' and 10 college-age Chinese Renren users' in their photo sharing of significant events during winter vacation. Using communication privacy management theory, we show that Chinese participants more tightly controlled their privacy boundary permeability than American participants. Also, Chinese participants' relationships with Renren friends—potential information co-owners—featured more distance and formality than American participants' close interactions with Facebook friends. We interpret the findings in light of American and Chinese cultures to contemplate the cultural manifestation in SNS privacy practices.


Improvements in the quality, usability and acceptability of spoken dialog systems can be facilitated by better evaluation methods. To support early and efficient evaluation of dialog systems and their components, this paper presents a tripartite framework describing the evaluation problem. One part models the behavior of user and system during the interaction, the second one the perception and judgment processes taking place inside the user, and the third part models what matters to system designers and service providers. The paper reviews available approaches for some of the model parts, and indicates how anticipated improvements may serve not only developers and users but also researchers working on advanced dialog functions and features.


A new approach to the construction of general persistent polyhierarchical classifications is proposed. It is based on implicit description of category polyhierarchy by a generating polyhierarchy of classification criteria. Similarly to existing approaches, the classification categories are defined by logical functions encoded by attributive expressions. However, the generating hierarchy explicitly predefines domains of criteria applicability, and the semantics of relations between categories is invariant to changes in the universe composition, extending variety of criteria, and increasing their cardinalities. The generating polyhierarchy is an independent, compact, portable, and re-usable information structure serving as a template classification. It can be associated with one or more particular sets of objects, included in more general classifications as a standard component, or used as a prototype for more comprehensive classifications. The approach dramatically simplifies development and unplanned modifications of persistent hierarchical classifications compared with tree, DAG, and faceted schemes. It can be efficiently implemented in common DBMS, while considerably reducing amount of computer resources required for storage, maintenance, and use of complex polyhierarchies.


The United Nations Conference of Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro (1992), the Earth Summit, appropriately recognized the mountains as one of the most threatened ecosystems on the planet. Recent research has shown that this threat may increase significantly in the future as a result of the greenhouse effect. At Rio the nations of the world agreed to a mountain agenda for the 21st century. But although the principles are clear enough there are very few practical guides on how actually to implement Agenda 21 especially at the grass roots. This small publication is a first attempt to spell out the first steps in doing something about the crisis in the mountains.

What follows is derived from a joint project in the 1980s involving UNEP, the USSR State Committee for Environmental Protection, Centre for International Projects, the Bulgarian Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry, Academy of Agriculture, the Poushkarov Institute of Soil Science and Agroecology, and the Georgian Agricultural Academy of Sciences. The objectives of the project were to create an international network of experts, both distinguished scientists and representatives of the leading international organizations who would direct field experiments and consider alternative methods for the complex integrated management of mountain ecosystems. The experimental plots were in the Caucasus, the Rhodopes, and Balkan mountains, including a range of mountain situations -- mediterranean, subtropical, high mountains, etc. To these sites were brought students mainly from developing countries, to learn at first hand the practical details of environmental protection in the mountains. From these courses guidelines were produced which form the basis for this publication. There were many other by-products of great use -- films, advisory missions to the Himalayas and Africa, classifications of soils and productivity, technical reports on a range of topics including landslides, mechanization, and agroecology. The project was evaluated as a success story and most appreciated by the students who greatly enjoyed the summer journeys into the idyllic Georgian and Bulgarian mountains. Whatever happens to the project in these more wintry times, the networks forged in those remote valleys will endure. Indeed the project brought together from such regions as the Andes experts and students who never met at home but who now cooperate actively.


A light-emitting diode (LED) projection system is proposed, composed of an LED chip and a variable-focus-parabolic (VFP) reflector, in which the focal length varies as a function of the vertical displacement of the incidence point relative to the horizontal centerline of the LED chip. The light-ray paths within the projection system are analyzed using an exact analytical model and a skew-ray tracing approach. The profile of the proposed VFP reflector and the position of the LED chip are then optimized in such a way as to enhance the uniformity of the illuminance distribution on the target region of the image plane. The validity of the optimized design is demonstrated by means of ZEMAX simulations. It is shown that the optimized VFP projector system yields a significant improvement in illuminance uniformity compared to conventional spherical and parabolic projectors and therefore minimizes the glare effect.


We study the impact of targeted high quality preschool over the life cycle and across generations, and examine its interaction with a health intervention during infancy. Using administrative data from Denmark together with variation in the timing of program implementation between 1933 and 1960, we find lasting benefits of access to preschool at age 3 on outcomes through age 65 – educational attainment increases, income rises (for men), and the probability of survival increases (for women). Further, the benefits persist to the next generation, who experience higher educational attainment by age 25. However, exposure to a nurse home visiting program in infancy reduces the added value of preschool. The positive effect of preschool is lowered by 85 percent for years of schooling (of the first generation) and by 86 percent for adult income among men.


Research object at the same time becoming the problem of writing of this skripsi is what collision forms is just that happened to rights of normatif Labour Indonesia beyond the sea and how procedure of is solving of collision to rights of normatif Labour Indonesia beyond the sea
Method which is used in writing of this skripsi is sosiologis yuridis, while data analysis use descriptive method qualitative that is research procedure elaborating, interpreteng and depicting gathered data which is obtained from result of research, or a n data analysis which do not conduct calculation of statistic but by way of elaborating and giving logical argument so that yield correct conclusion. In this writing of writer use two data type that is is: First of obtained primary data of Interviw or question and answer with chosen responder that is Teenaga Work Indonesia ( TKI) Countryside of Doho which have come home from outside country. Both of data of skunder that is obtained data of book setudi, book, and newspaper of internet other literature or which load about solution of problems which related to research Pursuant to result of research to chosen sampel that is six Labour Indonesia people ( TKI) Countryside of Doho which have come home from outside country and have had problem moment work outside legeri, obtained by keterngan that collision of rights of normatif which often happened to Labour Indonesia ( TKI) Moment work beyond the sea that is: Persecution of physical like slaped, to be slapped around and its maltreatment of him, besides TKI also experience of collision as in torture, raped and do not feed, other collision form that is like do not get activity contract, disconnection of relation work side by salary and employer do not be paid.
Rights Labour Indonesia ( TKI) have been arranged in Section 8 Undang_Undang Number 39 year 2004 about location and protection of Labour Indonesia beyond the sea among others that is: obtaining fee as according to fee standard going into effect in state of[is target of, obtaining guarantee protection of law as according to law and regulation of action able to debase standing and its prestige and also collision of specified rights as according to law and regulation during location beyond the sea, obtaining original work agreement copy.
Procedure of[is solving of collision to rights of normatif conducted by TKI Countryside of Doho having problem moment work beyond the sea that is by peace, though side of KBRI facility to finish case faced by TKI such as those which have duty menjdi of KBRI which is tertung in Section 78 sentence ( 1) Law number 39 year 2004 that is Delegation of Republic Of Indonesia give protection to TKI beyond the sea as according to law and regulation and also punish and international habit. but all more opting TKI is solving of case by peace because way of peace assumed quicker for the mrnyelesaikan of case in comparing with the way of justice jarur melaui requiring time old ones.