In the search for high energy density battery materials, over-lithiated transition metal oxides have attracted the attention of many researchers worldwide. There is, however, no consensus regarding the underlying mechanisms that give rise to the large capacities and also cause the electrochemical degradation upon cycling. As a key component and prototype phase, Li2MnO3 is investigated using density functional theory. Our calculations show that hole doping into the oxygen bands is the primary charge compensation mechanism in the first stage of delithiation. Upon further delithiation, there is an energetic driving force for peroxide formation with an optimal number of peroxide dimers that is predicted as a function of lithium concentration. Unlike the defect-free phases, the peroxide structures are highly stable, which leads to two competing mechanisms for charge compensation: (i) oxygen loss and densification at the surface and (ii) peroxide formation in the bulk. Our results show that both have a detrimental effect on the electrochemical performance and therefore the stabilization of oxygen in the crystal lattice is vital for the development of high energy cathode materials. The insights into the origin and implications of peroxide formation open the door for a more profound understanding of the degradation mechanism and how to counteract it.


We present an analysis of the electron dynamics during rapid island merging in asymmetric magnetic reconnection. We consider a doubly periodic system with two asymmetric transitions. The upper layer is an asymmetric Harris sheet of finite width perturbed initially to promote a single reconnection site. The lower layer is a tangential discontinuity that promotes the formation of many X-points, separated by rapidly merging islands. Across both layers, the magnetic field and the density have a strong jump, but the pressure is held constant. Our analysis focuses on the consequences of electron energization during island coalescence. We focus first on the parallel and perpendicular components of the electron temperature to establish the presence of possible anisotropies and non-gyrotropies. Thanks to the direct comparison between the two different layers simulated, we can distinguish three main types of behavior characteristic of three different regions of interest. The first type represents the regions where traditional asymmetric reconnections take place without involving island merging. The second type of regions instead shows reconnection events between two merging islands. Finally, the third regions identify the regions between two diverging island and where typical signature of reconnection is not observed. Electrons in these latter regions additionally show a flat-top distribution resulting from the saturation of a two-stream instability generated by the two interacting electron beams from the two nearest reconnection points. Finally, the analysis of agyrotropy shows the presence of a distinct double structure laying all over the lower side facing the higher magnetic field region. This structure becomes quadrupolar in the proximity of the regions of the third type. The distinguishing features found for the three types of regions investigated provide clear indicators to the recently launched Magnetospheric Multiscale NASA mission for investigating magnetopause reconnection involving multiple islands.


A voltage controlled resistor (VCR) has been realized by two active devices. Field effect transistors (JFETs or MOSFETs) operating in both the ohmic and the saturation region, or bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) operating in both the saturation and the active region can be used as these devices. A new procedure is applied-a resistive mirror method involving the concepts of the resistive original and its resistive image is presumed by this method. Resistive image resistance is controlled by varying the resistive original resistance. Resistance range, for a given control voltage range, can be tuned by varying a voltage reference. Dynamic range corresponds to drain-to-source (collector-to-emitter) breakdown voltage of the used devices. The resulting resistance is directly proportional to the control voltage over the entire dynamic range, and it is independent of the process parameters of the used FETs (BJTs).


For many Southern men living in or close to rural landscapes, hunting is a passion. But it is not a timeless activity in a cultural void. Whether pursuers of fox or raccoon, deer or rabbits, quail or dove, Southern hunters reveal for Stuart Marks complex patterns of male bonding, social status, and relationships with nature. Marks, who has written two outstanding books on hunting in Africa, was born and has long lived in the South. Examining Southern hunting from frontier times through the antebellum era to the present day, he shows it to be a litmus test of rural identity. "Drawing on the latest anthropological theory, statistical sources, extensive interviews, and historical research, [Marks] has crafted a multifaceted account of Southern hunting. Relations of race, property, gender, and region appear in fresh guises in this innovative and intriguing study. The portrayal of the contemporary state of hunting is especially interesting, revealing both the continuities with the past and the new pressures on the sport".--Virginia Quarterly Review


Abstract The results of geological and lithological–geochemical investigations of the Devonian, Permian, Jurassic and Miocene evaporite deposits of Ukraine are presented in review. The main regions of evaporite distribution are the Dnipro–Donets depression, Carpathian (Forecarpathians, Transcarpathians) and Foredobrogean regions. The data on tectonics and stratigraphy are presented and information on lithology, the mineralogical and geochemical study of gypsum, anhydrite, rock and potash salts are summarized. The rich mineral composition of the Miocene evaporites in the Carpathian Foredeep (more than 20 salt minerals) is demonstrated, and the unique superimposed hydrothermal mineralization in the rock salt of salt domes from the Dnipro–Donets depression is presented (containing about 40 high- and mid-temperature hydrothermal minerals). In particular, the results of brine inclusion studies in evaporite minerals suggest that seawater was the main source of most of the salts. The brines in both the Miocene and Permian evaporite basins are classified as the Na–K–Mg–Cl–SO4 (SO4-rich) chemical type and the Jurassic and Devonian belong to the Na–K–Mg–Ca–Cl (Ca-rich) type. Temperature of solutions during halite precipitation shifted from 25 to 43 °C, while during the stage of potash salt sedimentation it apparently increased to 40–83 °C.


A full understanding of the magnetism of isolated ferromagnetic nanowires is still an unresolved issue and presents a research challenge for researchers. Understanding the intrinsic magnetic properties of such nanowires is significant from a scientific point of view and will be an issue for potential applications. Therefore, the aim of the work presented here is to investigate the magnetic and magnetisation reversal behaviour of electrodeposited template released isolated ferromagnetic nanowires complemented by detailed micromagnetic simulations.
 To understand the fabrication techniques, characterisation systems and the materials used to fabricate the nanowires, the elemental composition, surface topography and magnetic properties of a range of electrodeposited thin films were investigated first.
 In order to emphasis the reasons behind studying the magnetic behaviour of such isolated nanowires, the statistical distribution of template pore size and spacing, nanowire dimension distributions, and the morphology of such nanowires have been measured using high resolution scanning electron microscope analysis. To determine the crystal structure and the crystallite sizes within these nanowires, which might have a great influence on their magnetic properties, both the template deposited and selected areas of individual nanowires have been studied using a combination of X-ray diffraction and high resolution transmission electron microscopy incorporating with electron diffraction, respectively. To align the template released nanowires with respect to the prefabricated micromarkers and electrical contact pads, magnetic field assisted alignment was developed. The effect of field strength, nanowire composition and aspect ratio on the percentage of aligned nanowires have been statistically analysed and the results explained.
 The surface and bulk magnetisation reversal behaviour of isolated individual, small bundles and clusters of nanowires is technically challenging but have been successfully measured here using magneto-optical Kerr effect magnetometry and magnetoresistance, respectively. The magnetic switching behaviour obtained from these techniques is compared with each other, the literature and analytical models.
 In addition, detailed micromagnetic simulations have been utilised to determine the magnetic behaviour of two wire geometries: cylindrical and planar Ni81Fe19 nanowires with a range of diameters and thicknesses, respectively. For both geometries, the effect of nanowire diameter and thickness on the magnetic properties such as switching fields, remanent magnetisation and magnetic state before and during the switching behaviour, have been analysed and compared. The switching field of the simulated nanowires are compared with their counterparts results obtained from both MOKE and MR measurements. The magnetisation reversal behaviour of these wires geometries was also investigated and compared with the classical analytical curling model of magnetisation reversal.


A detailed investigation of the surface-based methods for assessment of cortical volume and area from magnetic resonance images shows that volume mostly mirrors variability in surface area, while having little sensitivity to cortical thickness, and this remains the case even when volume is assessed using an improved analytic method. Using data from young adults born with very low birth weight and coetaneous controls, it is demonstrated that the permutation-based non-parametric combination (NPC) of thickness and area is more sensitive than volume for studying joint effects on these two quantities, giving equal weight to variation in both. NPC can replace current analyses of cortical volume altogether, allowing a better characterisation of processes that can concomitantly influence brain anatomy, even when their effects are in opposite directions. The method is remarkably general and can be extended to other indices of brain structure and function.


We present preliminary results of the acceleration of the three-dimensional (3D) alternating direction implicit finite-difference time-domain (ADI-FDTD) method on graphics processor units (GPUs). Although the ADI-FDTD iteration comprises two substeps, which each require solving a tridiagonal matrix system of equations over xy, xz, yz planes of the domain, the application of this scheme frees the time-step size from the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy stability constraint. In our implementation we took advantage of the fine-grain thread parallelism and coarse-grained block parallelism of the GPU architecture, allowing us to use the parallel cyclic reduction method to simultaneously solve many tridiagonal systems of equations. We obtained a satisfactory speedup of the method indicating that GPUs represent an inexpensive source of computational power for accelerated ADI-FDTD simulations.


The Union Reefs gold prospect is located approximately 15.5 km north-west of Pine
Creek, in the Northern Territory. It is hosted within the Burrell Creek Formation, a
Palaeoproterozoic turbidite sequence of the Pine Creek Geosyncline.
Two deformations have been recognised at the prospect. The first deformation
produced tight folds and a continuous slaty cleavage. The second deformation
produced long wavelength folds, mesoscopic folds, a discontinuous spaced and
crenulation cleavage, and conjugate kinks. A domal structure was produced from fold
interference.
The mineralisation event occurred during the second deformation. It is associated
with breccia zones and quartz sulphide veins, and crosscuts buck quartz veins and
sheeted quartz veins. Mineralisation consists of pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, marcasite,
pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, gold, bismuth, bismuthinite and an unidentified
phase.
Based on data derived from field observations, petrographic studies and sulphur
isotope analyses, a genetic model for gold mineralisation at the prospect is proposed.
The genetic model suggests that sulphur was derived from a mixed igneous and
sedimentary source. Gold was sourced from the sedimentary pile by fluids
convecting under elevated temperature in response to emplacement of the Allamber
Springs Granite. The convecting fluids were focussed into dilatant structures within
uplifted, fault bounded blocks and corridors. Deposition of gold is thought to be a
result of a decrease in the oxygen fugacity of the gold bearing fluid.


Many of our students learn to approach their college education as yet another system of external control that places authority and decision-making power in the hands of others. This attitude carries consequences for young people's growth as independent learners, critical thinkers, and participants in democratic community, which in turn has repercussions on personal, professional and political agency. One of the chief benefits to power-sharing in the philosophy classroom is that it disrupts students' sense of passive complicity in their own schooling. However, as I explore in this essay, there are many ways we can fail as instructors to create deeply engaging scenarios in our classrooms, not least in part because our methods and manner can unintentionally and subtly continue to encourage student passivity. Drawing on insights emerging from my own experience with classroom power-sharing, in this essay I will both examine the value of classroom power-sharing activities as well as offer ideas for implementing them responsively and effectively in a standard college setting, with particular emphasis on the philosophy classroom.


This communication deals with the general theory of obtaining numerical electronic wave functions for the stationary states of atoms and molecules. It is shown that by taking Gaussian functions, and functions derived from these by differentiation with respect to the parameters, complete systems of functions can be constructed appropriate to any molecular problem, and that all the necessary integrals can be explicitly evaluated. These can be used in connexion with the molecular orbital method, or localized bond method, or the general method of treating linear combinations of many Slater determinants by the variational procedure. This general method of obtaining a sequence of solutions converging to the accurate solution is examined. It is shown that the only obstacle to the evaluation of wave functions of any required degree of accuracy is the labour of computation. A modification of the general method applicable to atoms is discussed and considered to be extremely practicable.


The present article experimentally investigates the triggering and transient growth of azimuthal instabilities in a pressurized laboratory-scale annular combustor featuring twelve methane/hydrogen flames, as the equivalence ratio is ramped up and down. The ramping rate of equivalence ratio is varied to examine its effect on the transient thermoacoustic response and the driving mechanisms, highlighting a number of previously unseen features.
 As the equivalence ratio is dynamically increased, all cases were observed to feature a distinct modal trajectory, during the onset of high amplitude instabilities. Strongly spinning counter-clockwise modes are first excited before a dynamic transition to strongly spinning clockwise modes occurs. Furthermore, the strength of the spinning mode (quantified through the spin ratio or nature angle) was shown to feature a local minima before the spinning mode stabilized in the system, which corresponds to an almost pure spinning state. Hysteresis behaviour was observed in both the amplitude and nature of the mode, resulting in different thresholds for the onset and decay of the instability, depending on the time history of the combustor. Increasing the ramping rate was found to reduce the amount of hysteresis in the system. Furthermore, the high amplitude of the instability resulted in significant harmonic components. The behaviour of the harmonics generally resembles the fundamental component, albeit with some notable exceptions.


Thirty-eight trenches and natural exposures across the San Andreas fault zone, four km northwest of Wrightwood, California, reveal the structure and stratigraphy of this paleoseismic site. A 25-m-thick stratigraphic section of late Holocene peat, debris flows, and fluvial sediments have accumulated syntectonically and are deformed in a complicated flower, or flake, structure within the fault zone. Whereas slip is everywhere parallel to the trend of the San Andreas fault, layering within the fan-shaped section guides the surface faulting, and transtensive portions of the structure are connected to transpressive portions by bedding-parallel detachment faults. The structure has grown through time, widely distributing the evidence for individual earthquakes. The broad zone of deformation and rapid sedimentation permit the characterization of an unusually large number of prehistoric earthquakes. The presence of at least four geomorphically similar sites within 10 km along the fault zone suggests that this kind of site is common and other sites should be exploited. To date, the upper 12 m of section, deposited during the past ∼1600 yr, has been completely characterized and dated to show evidence of 14 prehistoric earthquakes. The A.D. 1857 earthquake produced only 1-2 m of slip here, commensurate with the site9s proximity to the southern end of the rupture. Six to 10 m of slip accumulated during the past three earthquakes, and 30-60 m of cumulative slip occurred during the past 14 events, suggesting a mean displacement of 2-4 m per event at the site. Coupled with the mean recurrence interval of slightly more than 100 yr, this implies a slip rate of 2-4 cm/yr for the San Andreas fault north of its junction with the San Jacinto fault.


Theoretical models indicate that trade-offs between growth and survival strategies of tree species can lead to coexistence across life history stages (ontogeny) and physical conditions experienced by individuals. There exist predicted physiological mechanisms regulating these trade-offs, such as an investment in leaf characters that may increase survival in stressful environments at the expense of investment in bole or root growth. Confirming these mechanisms, however, requires that potential environmental, ontogenetic, and trait influences are analyzed together. Here, we infer growth and mortality of tree species given size, site, and light characteristics from forest inventory data from Wisconsin to test hypotheses about growth-survival trade-offs given species functional trait values under different ontogenetic and environmental states. A series of regression analyses including traits and rates their interactions with environmental and ontogenetic stages supported the relationships between traits and vital rates expected from the expectations from tree physiology. A combined model including interactions between all variables indicated that relationships between demographic rates and functional traits supports growth-survival trade-offs and their differences across species in high-dimensional niche space. The combined model explained 65% of the variation in tree growth and supports a concept of community coexistence similar to Hutchinson's n-dimensional hypervolume and not a low-dimensional niche model or neutral model.


Enterprise system implementations often create tension in organizations. On the one hand, these systems can provide significant operational and strategic benefits. On the other hand, implementation of these systems is risky and a source of major disruptions. In particular, employees experience significant changes in their work environment during an implementation. Although the relationship between ES implementations and employees' jobs has been noted in prior research, there is limited research on the nature, extent, determinants, and outcomes of changes in employees' job characteristics following an ES implementation. This paper develops and tests a model, termed the job characteristics change model (JCCM), that posits that employees will experience substantial changes in two job characteristics (i.e., job demands and job control) during the shakedown phase (i.e., immediately after the rollout) of an ES implementation. These changes are theorized to be predicted by work process characteristics, namely perceived process complexity, perceived process rigidity, and perceived process radicalness, that in turn will be influenced by technology characteristics (i.e., perceived technology complexity, perceived technology reconfigurability, and perceived technology customization). JCCM further posits that changes in job characteristics will influence employees' job satisfaction. Longitudinal field studies conducted in two organizations (N = 281 and 141 respectively) provided support for the model. The scientific and practical implications of the findings are discussed.


"Set in Motion" collects for the first time the prose writings of A. R. Ammons, one of our most important and enduring contemporary poets. Hailed as a major force in American poetry by such redoubtable critics as Harold Bloom and Helen Vendler, Ammons has reflected upon the influences of luminaries like Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman, Frost, Stevens, and Williams while creating a compelling style and an artistic vision uniquely his own."Set in Motion "includes essays, reviews, and interviews as well as a selection of Ammons's poems, with commentary from the author about their inspiration and effects. He takes up the questions that have been central to American poetry over the last forty years and connects them to the larger enterprise of living in a difficult, changing world. At a moment when the arts are under attack, Ammons reminds us of the crucial role poetry plays in teaching us to recognize and use sources of understanding that are irreducible to statement.A. R. Ammons is the author of "Sphere, A Coast of Trees, "and "Garbage "and was recently the editor of "The Best American Poetry 1994." His awards include the MacArthur and Guggenheim fellowships, the Bollingen Prize, two National Book Awards, and prizes from the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the National Book Critics Circle. He is Goldwin Smith Professor of Poetry, Cornell University.


The increasing importance of IT in nursing requires educational measures to support its meaningful application. However, many countries do not yet have national recommendations for nursing informatics competencies. We thus developed an iterative triple methodology to yield validated and country specific recommendations for informatics core competencies in nursing. We identified relevant competencies from national sources (step 1), matched and enriched these with input from the international literature (step 2) and fed the resulting 24 core competencies into a survey (120 invited experts from which 87 responded) and two focus group sessions with a total of 48 experts (steps 3a/3b). The subsequent focus group sessions confirmed and expanded the findings. As a result, we were able to define role specific informatics core competencies for three countries.


The article describes and showcases a framework to analyze life-cycle, or target-date, investment strategies with intuitive, practical metrics. Anchored in the complex theory of life-cycle investing, we propose a comprehensive collection, or "dashboard," of measures to capture various aspects of the problem: wealth-focused versions of return and risk concepts; the link between retirement contributions and portfolio returns; the strategy's ability to support income in retirement; and behavior around retirement, a period when risk to invested wealth is greatest. These metrics are synthesized into one holistic view based on investor-specific preferences, highlighting the connection between investor characteristics and the life-cycle investment problem. TOPICS: Wealth management, long-term/retirement investing, pension funds


1. Climate change could be one of the main threats faced by aquatic ecosystems and freshwater biodiversity. Improved understanding, monitoring and forecasting of its effects are thus crucial for researchers, policy makers and biodiversity managers. 2. Here, we provide a review and some meta-analyses of the literature reporting both observed and predicted climate-induced effects on the distribution of freshwater fish. After reviewing three decades of research, we summarise how methods in assessing the effects of climate change have evolved, and whether current knowledge is geographically or taxonomically biased. We conducted multispecies qualitative and quantitative analyses to find out whether the observed responses of freshwater fish to recent changes in climate are consistent with those predicted under future climate scenarios. 3. We highlight the fact that, in recent years, freshwater fish distributions have already been affected by contemporary climate change in ways consistent with anticipated responses under future climate change scenarios: the range of most cold-water species could be reduced or shift to higher altitude or latitude, whereas that of cool- and warm-water species could expand or contract. 4. Most evidence about the effects of climate change is underpinned by the large number of studies devoted to cold-water fish species (mainly salmonids). Our knowledge is still incomplete, however, particularly due to taxonomic and geographic biases. 5. Observed and expected responses are well correlated among families, suggesting that model predictions are supported by empirical evidence. The observed effects are of greater magnitude and show higher variability than the predicted effects, however, indicating that other drivers of changes may be interacting with climate and seriously affecting freshwater fish. 6. Finally, we suggest avenues of research required to address current gaps in what we know about the climate-induced effects on freshwater fish distribution, including (i) the need for more long-term data analyses, (ii) the assessment of climate-induced effects at higher levels of organisation (e.g. assemblages), (iii) methodological improvements (e.g. accounting for uncertainty among projections and species' dispersal abilities, combining both distributional and empirical approaches and including multiple non-climatic stressors) and (iv) systematic confrontation of observed versus predicted effects across multi-species assemblages and at several levels of biological organisation (i.e. populations and assemblages).


This paper identifies the computer anxiety - performance effects and a means of implementing change to improve learning by applying a change management model. An application of the process and outcomes, guided by hypotheses on the computer anxiety - performance linkage, is analyzed. The pedagogical intervention results indicated a drop in the computer anxiety level of students in a beginning course on computers in business, nevertheless, with a negative finding of performance. Implications and suggestions are offered. Computer literacy and learning in the higher education curriculum has become imperative in view of the pervasiveness of computer applications at the workplace. However, being a recent phenomenon, students, both the traditional high school graduates and the returning adults, find computer learning rather stressful. The stress due to the cognitive as well as psychological factors is identified as "Computer Anxiety" (Desai & Richards 1998). Consequently, the adverse effects of such computer anxiety on student performance must be recognized and remedial actions taken to mitigate the effects. This paper reports an application of a change management process to a class on computers in business. The students are treated by a pedagogical intervention in attempts to reduce computer anxiety and improve their learning and performance in the course. The paper is organized as follows: (1) a model linking computer anxiety and performance; (2) a change process to weaken the negative effects in the linkage; (3) an application; and (4) discussion and implications. Computer Anxiety - Performance Effects: A Model Previous research findings have indicated that math anxiety is correlated to computer anxiety (Camber & Cook 1985, Igbaria & Parasuraman 1989, Sievert, et al. 1988, Shashaani 1995) and that computer anxiety is similar to test anxiety (Camber & Cook 1985, Fletcher & Deeds 1994, Todman & Lawrenson 1992). Computer anxiety may actually be a manifestation of test anxiety [8]. Hence, Desai and Richards (1998) used these correlations to establish the relationship between (1) math anxiety and performance, (2) math anxiety and computer anxiety and (3) computer anxiety and performance. In a meta-analysis, these authors found inverse relationships between math anxiety and performance and between math anxiety and computer anxiety. Consequently, it could be concluded that a negative relationship exists between computer anxiety and performance. However, current research evidence does not consistently indicate such a direct, linear negative correlation. Based on the subjects' self-perceptions and experience, some found a negative correlation (Hayek & Stephens 1989), Harrington 1988, George et al. 1992). Others found no relationship (Ward 1989, Dimock & Cornier 1991). Yet some of these authors (Hayek & Stephens 1989, Dimock & Cornier 1991) and others (Vogel 1994, Compeau & Higgens 1995, Bronson 1998) found other intervening or moderating variables influencing both positively and negatively. For example, computer anxiety discouraged computer use (Compeau & Higgens 1995, Bronson 1998) resulting in poor performance (Compeau & Higgens 1995). Extroverts and those with low computer anxiety had negative effects on performance (Vogel 1994). Students with positive attitudes towards computer performed better (Hayek & Stephens 1989, Dimock & Cornier 1991, Munger & Loyd 1989, Ferguson 1997). Lastly, a more complex relationship was found between computer anxiety and performance (Ferguson 1997). Another study found that the level of computer anxiety and perceived advantage rather than ease of use of computers contributed to computer ability (Marcolin et al. 1997). The relationship between computer anxiety and performance is similar to the relationships previously found between goal setting and performance (Locke 1967) and stress and performance (Quick & quick 1984, Spector et al. …


Public prosecutors are a key element within the legal complex, and crucial to the effective implementation of legal reforms. China's procurators (public prosecutors) have previously colluded with local governments, police, and courts to "strike hard" against crime while overlooking systemic beating and torture of detained suspects to obtain confessions, shoddy investigative practices, and frequent miscarriages of justice. However, fifteen sets of Guiding Cases issued by the Supreme People's Procuratorate since 2010 promote an unprecedented change in Chinese procurator culture away from "striking hard" to substantive protection of criminal suspects' rights and exclusion of tainted evidence. They reinforce criminal procedure reforms since 2010 by demonstrating how procurators should protect innocent people against wrongful convictions and police brutality. They also stress the broader duty of China's procurators to uphold the public interest against corrupt businesses and officials, especially in food safety, land-taking, and environmental protection cases. With other key actors in China's "legal complex"—rights lawyers and civil society groups—still suppressed by the government, this effort to transform procurator culture is an essential, though still incomplete, step on China's tortuous path toward a fair and just legal system.


Amanda Bryant-Friedrich (Fig. 4.1) is Dean of the College of Graduate Studies at the University of Toledo (Toledo). Amanda was born in Enfield, NC, a small town about fifteen miles from the North Carolina-Virginia border. Her father was a farmer and her mother was a housewife. Her father only had a sixth-grade education and did not read or write much. Her mother graduated from high school in Enfield. Her maternal grandfather was a child of a slave and her mother was one of twenty-two children from two wives. They lived on a farm owned by a man named Whitaker. As her mother's family had been enslaved by the family that owned the farm, her last name was Whitaker. Amanda's paternal grandfather was a businessman who owned his own farm, on the other side of town. He was also involved in the illegal production of moonshine. Amanda went to Unburden Elementary School in Enfield. Her first experience with school was dramatic, because she lived at the end of a dirt road and was really isolated from other families. The first day she went to kindergarten she saw all those little kids, and she was afraid because there were too many people there. But the daughter of her mother's best friend was there and invited her to come in to the classroom. Her first science class was in general science in fourth or fifth grade. She was so fascinated, she changed her mind about her future career of secretary or teacher and decided on science. Amanda went to Enfield Middle school in Halifax County, then the second poorest county in the state. The school had only basic infrastructure for science classes. She remembers her middle school chemistry teacher, Ms. Crowley, who told the students to put a mercury thermometer in a cork and Amanda accidently stuck it in her hand. They did not have much in the school, but her teacher taught her what she could.


This article examines the colonial legacies shaping current language requirements for immigrants applying for settlement or citizenship in Britain. The article argues that common sense understandings of 'national language' and monolingualism/multilingualism were developed in the context of imperial expansion, the legacies of which resonate today in a disdain for multilingualism and other Englishes conceived as hampering cohesion. Put simply, other languages and other English are spoken here because English was there. Drawing on interviews with applicants and English teaching professionals, the article discusses how participants variously experience English language requirements. The analysis shows how the colonial legacies supporting the rise of English as a 'world language' cast it as the locus of a regime of audibility that establishes a hierarchy between 'the English' and the 'anglicised'. In today's Britain, the multilingualism of the other is not external and prior to Britain, but rather speaks volumes to and about contemporary Britain.


Abstract The fluid flow through the complex hydrospires of the spiraculate blastoid Pentremites rusticus was analyzed using the first high-resolution three-dimensional digital image (and animation) of the hydrospires taken from a serially sectioned specimen. Measurements of the cross-sectional areas within the hydrospires, in conjunction with the Principle of Continuity, were used to infer the relative water velocity throughout the structures. Even though the calyx narrows adorally, the hydrospires expand in size, keeping pace with the increasing volume of water that entered through the hydrospire pores. Thus, the water maintained a relatively constant velocity within the hydrospire canals, 3.4 to 4.5 times the incurrent velocity. The spiracular openings are sufficiently large that no substantial increase in the exit velocity of the seawater would have been achieved unless the spiracular cover plates were used to reduce the size of the spiracular openings, which we infer was probably the case. The three-dimensional images underscore the fact that the two hydrospires that lie under each ambulacrum do not share the same spiracle and are not connected. Thus, we here redefine the term "hydrospire set" to refer to the pair of hydrospires that are connected. A number of anomalous accessory pores and canals were identified in the digital images. This initial study is based on a single specimen, and thus we were unable to determine the full range of variation present in Pentremites rusticus. Nonetheless, the digital image and the application of the Principle of Continuity offer new insights into the form and function of these remarkable respiratory structures.


What would be the effect of CO2 pricing on global oil supply and demand? This paper introduces a model describing the interaction between conventional and non-conventional oil supply in a Hotelling framework and under CO2 constraints. The model assumes that nonconventional crude oil enters the market when conventional oil supply alone is unable to meet demand, and the social cost of CO2 is included in the calculation of the oil rent at that time. The results reveal the effect of a CO2 tax set at the social cost of CO2 on oil price and demand and the uncertainty associated with the time when conventional oil production might become unable to meet demand. The results show that a tax on CO2 emissions associated with fuel use would reduce oil demand despite the effect of lower future rents, and would delay the time when conventional oil supply is unable to satisfy demand. More precisely, between 81 and 99% of the CO2 tax is carried into the oil price despite the counter-balancing effect of the reduced rent. A CO2 tax on fuel use set at the social cost of CO2 would delay by 25 years the time when conventional oil production is unable to meet oil demand, from 2019 to 2044 (mean value). The results show that this date is very sensitive to the price elasticity of demand and the demand growth rate, which shows the great potential of demand-side measures to smooth the transition towards low-carbon liquid fuel alternatives.


In the marine realm, two of the main stressors causing significant changes are ocean warming and acidification. Of particular concern are organisms reliant on the generation of calcium carbonate, such as corals. Reproduction and population structure are strongly related to environmental parameters and may be indicators for stability or decline of coral populations. Part of my research focused on the reproductive cycle of the Mediterranean non-zooxanthellate coral Caryophyllia inornata in relation to seasonal variations of seawater temperature and photoperiod. Moreover, an unusual embryogenesis was found in females, males and inactive individuals during the entire year, indicating a possible agamic origin of embryos. This was a pilot study for a broader investigation along a wide latitudinal gradient of temperature and solar radiation. Reproductive traits of this coral do not vary along the gradient as observed for another non-zooxanthellate species, Leptopsammia pruvoti, indicating that these species could be quite tolerant to environmental changes, probably due to the lack of symbiosis with the zooxanthellae. A study on the spermatogenesis of the zooxanthellate coral Balanophyllia europaea living along a natural pCO2 gradient showed no significant variations with low pH. We hypothesized that high CO2 levels probably enhance zooxanthellae photosynthesis, leading to an increase of the available energy for gonadal development. The ability to reproduce in particular conditions is related to population structure, providing information on coral responses to the environment. I investigated the population structure of the tropical coral Montastraea cavernosa along a depth gradient in Bermuda. Deeper populations were characterized by smaller but more numerous colonies compared to shallow ones, with no variation in the percent cover among depths. Thus, mesophotic populations of M. cavernosa in Bermuda seem quite stable, indicating that these reefs may serve as a source of propagules to maintain shallower reefs and help guide future management and conservation strategies.


Objective: To assess the effects of antenatal omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LC PUFA) on cognitive development in a cohort of children whose mothers received high-dose fish oil in pregnancy. Design: A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Setting: Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Patients: 98 pregnant women received the supplementation from 20 weeks' gestation until delivery. Their infants (n = 72) were assessed at age 2½ years. Interventions: Fish oil (2.2 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 1.1 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/day) or olive oil from 20 weeks' gestation until delivery. Outcome measures: Effects on infant growth and developmental quotients (Griffiths Mental Development Scales), receptive language (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test) and behaviour (Child Behaviour Checklist). Results: Children in the fish oil-supplemented group (n = 33) attained a significantly higher score for eye and hand coordination (mean ((SD) score 114 (10.2)) than those in the placebo group (n = 39, mean score 108 (SD 11.3); p = 0.021, adjusted p = 0.008). Eye and hand coordination scores correlated with n-3 PUFA levels in cord blood erythrocytes (EPA: r = 0.320, p = 0.007; DHA: r = 0.308, p = 0.009) and inversely correlated with n-6 PUFA (arachidonic acid 20:4n-6: r = −0.331, p = 0.005). Growth measurements in the two groups were similar at age 2½ years. Conclusion: Maternal fish oil supplementation during pregnancy is safe for the fetus and infant, and may have potentially beneficial effects on the child's eye and hand coordination. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of this finding.


This article presents a microwave characterization at the ISM band (2.45 GHz) for the dielectric properties of a Silicon Carbide sample with high loss tangent from 25°C to 165°C. Different techniques were used to characterize the SiC sample: the cylindrical resonant cavity technique in transmission and reflection mode, the microstrip ring resonator and finally the near field microwave microscopy. The results obtained by the cylindrical resonant cavity (transmissionand reflection) are in good agreement, the relative permittivity and the loss tangent of the SiC increase with temperature by 48% and 190% respectively between 25°C and 165°C. These techniques are accurate but need two thermal cycles. The results obtained by the microstrip ring resonator are less accurate than the resonant cavity and the low quality factor (Q0=2.5) does not allow to correctly determine the imaginary part of the permittivity and consequently, the loss tangent. Finally, the near field microwave microscopy technique shows an accurate measurement with low uncertainties in the real (<2%) and imaginary part (<5%) of the permittivity. These results are in good agreement with the resonant cavity techniques, however this technique needs just one thermal cycle which allows saving time during the measurements.


Global spread of infectious disease threatens the well-being of human, domestic, and wildlife health. A proper understanding of global distribution of these diseases is an important part of disease management and policy making. However, data are subject to complexities by heterogeneity across host classes and space-time epidemic processes [Waller et al., 1997, Hosseini et al., 2006]. The use of frequentist methods in Biostatistics and epidemiology are common and are therefore extensively utilized in answering varied research questions. In this thesis, we proposed the Hierarchical Bayesian approach to study the spatial and the spatio-temporal pattern of tuberculosis in Kenya [Knorr-Held et al., 1998, Knorr-Held, 1999, López-Quılez and Munoz, 2009, Waller et al., 1997, Julian Besag, 1991]. Space and time interaction of risk (ψij) is an important factor considered in this thesis. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method via WinBUGS and R packages were used for simulations [Ntzoufras, 2011, Congdon, 2010, David et al., 1995, Gimenez et al., 2009, Brian, 2003], and the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC), proposed by [Spiegelhalter et al., 2002], used for models comparison and selection. Variation in TB risk is observed among Kenya counties and clustering among counties with high TB relative risk (RR). HIV prevalence is identified as the dominant determinant of TB. We found clustering and heterogeneity of risk among high rate counties and the overall TB risk is slightly decreasing from 2002-2009. Interaction of TB relative risk in space and time is found to be increasing among rural counties that share boundaries with urban counties with high TB risk. This is as a result of the ability of models to borrow strength from neighbouring counties, such that near by counties have similar risk. Although the approaches are less than ideal, we hope that our formulations provide a useful stepping stone in the development of spatial and spatio-temporal methodology for the statistical analysis of risk from TB in Kenya. 1


Sharks and their relatives, the rays and chimaeras, are the diverse group of cartilaginous fishes that have evolved over 400 million years. Historically considered of low economic value to large-scale fisheries, today many of these fishes have become the target of directed commercial and recreational fisheries around the world, and they are increasingly taken in the by-catch of fisheries targeting other species. This report emphasizes the widely-acknowledged need to improve shark fishery monitoring, expand biological research and take management action. It serves as an introduction to the ecology, status and conservation of the sharks and their relatives for a general audience. Shark fisheries can only be managed sustainably, and shark populations remain viable, with the introduction of new conservation and management initiatives.


ABSTRACT Mouse and rat embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal can be maintained by dual inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK). Inhibition of GSK3 promotes ESC self-renewal by abrogating T-cell factor 3 (TCF3)-mediated repression of the pluripotency network. How inhibition of MEK mediates ESC self-renewal, however, remains largely unknown. Here, we show that inhibition of MEK can significantly suppress lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (LEF1) expression in mouse ESCs. Knockdown or knockout of Lef1 partially mimics the self-renewal-promoting effect of MEK inhibitors. Moreover, depletion of both Tcf3 and Lef1 enables maintenance of undifferentiated mouse ESCs without exogenous factors, cytokines or inhibitors. Transcriptome resequencing analysis reveals that LEF1 is closely associated with endoderm specification in ESCs. Thus, our study adds support to the notion that the key to maintaining the ESC ground state is to shield ESCs from differentiative cues. Summary: Depletion of Lef1 and Tcf3 shows that ESCs could be shielded from differentiative cues to maintain the ESC ground state.


Abstract This paper assesses how tenure reform in China's collective forest sector affects Chinese farmer households' perception of tenure security and propensity to invest in their forestland. A large database consisting of information from 3,180 households in eight provinces from south to north is used to explore factors correlated with more strongly perceived tenure security and determinants of forest-related investment. The study adds to the limited research testing whether there is endogenous causality between investment and tenure security in forestland, and finds that investment was not undertaken to enhance tenure security. In addition, the data allow for differentiation between perceived tenure security and contracted use and transferability rights. Overall, stronger contracted rights were found to affect investment. China's forest tenure reform – where individual households can manage forestland, empowered by legal certification and stronger contract rights – has thus enhanced tenure security and encouraged forest investment.


ABSTRACT:This article describes how, amidst Christian schism in the Philippines, the corporate form emerges as a central facet through which religious communities come to be understood. Centered on the legal fallout of a schism in the United Methodist Church in the Philippines that began in 2011, the article discusses how the schism foregrounded the necessary legal identities of religious groups in the Philippines as corporations. Having inherited the corporate model of religious organization from the United States' colonial administration in the early 20th century, the legal configuration of the religious corporation is often at odds with how Christian actors themselves understand the divinely informed nature of the congregation. While such legal processes are undertaken to resolve matters of property ownership and church finances, they also reveal how legal bureaucratic regimes are involved in conceptualizing, abstracting, and circulating particular communal forms of subjectivity.


Upon sensing pathogenic bacterial infection, host cells activate a multitude of inflammatory and immunogenic responses to promote bacterial clearance and restore tissue homeostasis. RIPK1 and RIPK3 are two key players in antimicrobial defence, by either driving inflammatory signalling or inducing programmed cell death activation, ranging from apoptosis, pyroptosis to necroptosis. In this review, we first discuss the mechanisms by which RIPK1 and RIPK3 promote the assembly of death-inducing complexes and how these cell death pathways are activated as host responses to counteract pathogenic bacteria. We further outline the immunological importance of cell death in antibacterial defence and highlight outstanding questions in the field.


The essential thrust of Van Schalkwyk's latest book, the title of which in my view may be accurate but would have benefited from further consideration, is that democracy has been dangerously imperilled by a wide variety of insidious practices, many the outcome of deliberately conceived conspiracies. Though I note that the book has been written with an American audience as its target - it is published by an American firm and uses American spelling - there is little doubt that it carries overt messages for South Africans.


The Committee on Corporate Laws of the Business Section of the American Bar Association recently adopted amendments to the section of the Model Business Corporation Act (MBCA) enunciating standards of director performance. In place of the current section 8.30, which has been adopted by 42 states, the Committee has adopted two sections - one defining a "standard of conduct" and one defining a "standard of liability" for corporate directors. This paper argues that these new standards do not achieve the goals of bifurcation. Moreover, if adopted and used, the new standards will engender confusion and possibly inequitable results. This paper proposes the removal of standards governing the duty of care from the MBCA, returning authority over this area of law to the common law courts.


This paper documents the potential and actual savings that consumers realize from four particular types of purchasing behavior: purchasing on sale; buying in bulk (at a lower per unit price); buying generic brands; and choosing outlets. How much can and do households save through each of these behaviors? How do these patterns vary with consumer demographics? We use data collected by a marketing firm on all food purchases brought into the home for a large, nationally representative sample of U.K. households in 2006. We are interested in how consumer choice affects the measurement of price changes. In particular, a standard price index based on a fixed basket of goods will overstate the rise in the true cost of living because it does not properly consider sales and bulk purchasing. According to our measures, the extent of this bias might be of the same or even greater magnitude than the better-known substitution and outlet biases.


Comparing the genomes of two closely related viruses often produces mosaics where nearly identical sequences alternate with sequences that are unique to each genome. When several closely related genomes are compared, the unique sequences are likely to be shared with third genomes, leading to virus mosaic communities. Here we present comparative analysis of sets of Staphylococcus aureus phages that share large identical sequences with up to three other genomes, and with different partners along their genomes. We introduce mosaic graphs to represent these complex recombination events, and use them to illustrate the breath and depth of sequence sharing: some genomes are almost completely made up of shared sequences, while genomes that share very large identical sequences can adopt alternate functional modules. Mosaic graphs also allow us to identify breakpoints that could eventually be used for the construction of recombination networks. These findings have several implications on phage metagenomics assembly, on the horizontal gene transfer paradigm, and more generally on the understanding of the composition and evolutionary dynamics of virus communities.


Running can be described as a series of bilateral single-legged jumps and landings. Interestingly, single-legged jumps and landings are qualitatively more difficult unilaterally than bilaterally known as bilateral deficit syndrome (BDS). For example, one leg will produce less mechanical energy while jump squatting unilaterally than it would produce if both legs worked synchronously. The analysis of dynamic conditions under different levels of body weight support of the hopping movement may prove useful to understanding the bilateral deficit. Purpose: To compare muscle activity of the lower extremity during single-legged hopping at different levels of body weight support. Methods: The research study was recently approved by the Institutional Review Board and data collection has begun. Therefore, no data are presented in the abstract at this time. Subjects will be equipped with electromyography (EMG) leads to measure muscle activity of the rectus femoris, semitendinosus, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior. Subjects will be asked to perform 5 trials of hopping forwards at a preferred speed (PS) for 1 minute at varying levels of body weight (80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%). EMG data of all four muscles will be compared across the separate body weight control conditions.


The authors report the bandpass-modulation characteristics of a ring resonator-based traveling-wave modulator using an electrooptic polymer AJL8/APC. The use of the traveling-wave electrode makes it possible to achieve an efficient modulation around 28 GHz, which is the free spectral range of the resonator, with a 3-dB bandwidth of 7 GHz. The modulation sensitivity is evaluated by defining an equivalent half-wave voltage of ring modulators. It is shown that the modulator has a potential in the microwave and millimeter-wave photonics applications


Information governance in the Republic of Indonesia Public Television Broadcasting Institution (LPP TVRI) is applied cross-functionally to jointly achieve the organization's duty and responsibility. This research was conducted to ascertain the level of maturity of the information governance matrix model. This will be useful in improving the efficiency and quality of the broadcast products produced by LPP TVRI. The research method in the study is a qualitative exploratory case study that considers how information governance practices have been undertaken at LPP TVRI. The research is limited to broadcast products which are under the responsibility of the program division, the documentation and library division, and the information technology division. By using Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles (GARP) from the Association of Records Managers and Administrators (ARMA), information governance activities are considered in line with eight principles, namely accountability, transparency, integrity, protection, compliance, availability, retention and disposition. The maturity matrix of information governance in LPP TVRI is at level 2, which means that it is in development. This development has meant that information management has been able to support broadcast production activities in LPP TVRI, but the existing information governance has not been strengthened by the existence of standards set by the organization.


Outlier detection is an important task for fitting a model to a set of data. Two different outlier detection approaches are given as tests for outliers and robust methods. For these approaches, usually outliers are considered as additive bias terms neglected in the original adjustment model. However, there is another approach that outlier is considered as a model error in the Gauss–Markov model. This model error is represented as an unknown parameter. As it cannot be known before which observation includes outlier; this method is applied on the data for each observation separately and tested with t-test or F-test. It is successful if the sample includes only one outlier. To detect multiple outliers more successfully, in this article, a new outlier detection method is introduced. In this method, all the possible combinations of multiple outliers are considered as model errors and it is accepted that the smallest variance of them gives the solution for a certain number of outliers, then the estimated model errors are detected by comparing with a critical value. The critical value is chosen as 3σo. To compare the results of the new method, with those of the Least Median of Squares (LMS) and Huber M-estimators, Monte Carlo simulation technique is used for linear regression. The Mean Success Rate is proposed to measure the reliabilities of the methods. We showed that the new method is robust and includes the property of high breakdown point as LMS; and more efficient than LMS.


Evidence is increasing of bird mortality due to large-scale wind-energy development. Soaring raptors, such as the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), have proven particularly vulnerable to collisions. In this study, we compared white-tailed eagle flight behavior both inside and outside of the Smola wind-power plant on coastal Central Norway. During the eagle breeding period (mid-Mar–end May 2008), we collected data on flight activity (directional flight, social behavior, and soaring) and flight altitude (below, within, and above the rotor-swept zone [RSZ]) at 12 vantage points; 6 within the wind-power plant and 6 outside (control area). We found that white-tailed eagles did not show any clear avoidance flight responses to the wind turbines. Hence, we found no significant differences in the total amount of flight activity within and outside the power-plant area. However, we found less flight activity among adults than among subadults within the power plant compared with the control area. We also found a slightly increased probability of flight activity in the RSZ within the power plant, which obviously may increase the risk of collision with wind turbines. Our findings may help explain the relatively high mortality rate of white-tailed eagles in the wind-power-plant area and the recorded peak in eagle fatalities during the breeding season. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.


This paper deals with remittance trends in Latin America and the Caribbean, including statistics and indicators. In 2010, remittance flows to Latin America and the Caribbean marked the end of the downward trend brought on by the 2008-2009 global financial and economic crisis. The overall regional volume of remittances sent home reached levels similar to the previous year with a slight increase of 0.2%. However, higher inflation rates and stronger local currencies in many countries resulted in an -8.7% drop in the value of these remittances, once received.


IP communication had gain increasing demand especially in the era where network convergences between various technologies involving peripherals and system architectures. While expanding the capability of the interconnect device, major works are being done in producing two biggest components which are interoperability and backward capability. Security vulnerabilities are still become major consideration towards this move. Diverse security measures had been put in place to improve security entropy including the introduction of secure port services, better tunneling protocols and complex encryptions cryptography. Most of these works does not address the fundamental of the security risk which is to avoid newly discovered exploits and protect credential from man-in-middle attack. In this research network communication framework is being reviewed in finding and addressing essential risk in each building block. A generally well accepted opinion urged in order to improve security aspects of any system or protocol; it shall negatively impact both flexibility and speed, also being studied. An experimental work involving three types of existing environment, which include insecure connection as basis, against pre-shared key and PKI, are being modeled. The testing computers are connected via local area network, and readings are taken while the security parameters are gathered while performing various testing tools. The test subject being evaluated by streaming 60 seconds video while monitoring the CPU and network overheads. The result shows plain insecure connection uses the lowest and having the smallest network overheads, but the security attributes are very low compared to pre-shared key and PKI. This research aims to find a new method which can give CPU and network reading relatively close to the plain environment as well as maintaining high security data transmissions. In examining the result gathered in the experiments, and understanding the issues raised.


According to Herpin's theorem, a symmetrical thin-film combination is equivalent, at one wavelength, to a single film, characterized by an equivalent index and equivalent thickness. If a large number of identical nonabsorbing thin-film combinations are combined, the resulting periodically stratified medium acts as a band-stop filter. In a stop band, the equivalent index of a symmetrical period is a pure imaginary; in a pass band, it is real. Equivalent indices are given for some commonly used periods. These may have values not possessed by any existing substance. These periods have proved useful in the design of optical filters and antireflection coatings.


Resource capture and utilisation were studied in two agroforestry systems at the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) Research Station at Machakos, Kenya. The agroforestry systems examined contained two contrasting tree species, leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de wit) and grevillea (Grevillea robusta), and the C3 and C4 crops, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and maize (Zea mays, Katumani composite).

The leucaena-based trial was established in November 1989 and the trees were grown with ten maize crop rows on either side of a pruned hedgerow (HM) or unpruned tree row (LM). A sole maize control (SM) was also grown. Paired sets of treatments were irrigated to eliminate below-ground competition for water (HMI, LMI and SMI respectively). Interception of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by leucaena and maize was measured on a row-wise basis in all treatments at 7-10 day intervals using a sunfleck ceptometer. Sap flux was measured for the maize and both pruned and unpruned leucaena using heat balance gauges. Results are presented for the 1992 April-July rainy season.

Total PAR interception was 30 % greater in LM and LMI than in the SM and SMI sole maize treatments. However, little more than 30 % of the light intercepted by the LM and LMI systems was captured by the crop component, and competition for light alone reduced maize yields by over 30 %. Total water uptake by the LM leucaena and maize comprised 60 % of the seasonal rainfall (237 mm) as compared to 30 % for sole maize. However, as for light interception, only 30 % of the water transpired in LM was used by the intercropped maize, and competition from the trees for soil water reduced maize yields at distances of over 6 m from the leucaena. The leucaena was more effective at resource capture, yet less efficient in resource utilisation since it exhibited a lower dry matter:radiation quotient and a lower transpired water:dry matter ratio than maize. Thus the leucaena in the agroforestry systems captured more of the resources that could have been used more effectively by the maize, causing the performance of the mixture to be sub-optimal; these results suggest that the two components would be best grown separately.

Intensive monitoring of resource capture and use by trees and crops was subsequently transferred to the Complementarity In Resource Use on Sloping land trial (CIRUS). Although it had been intended to study both trials during the long rains of 1993, the leucaena trees were almost completely defoliated by psyllid (Heteropsylla cubana) infestation shortly before the onset of the rains: in subsequent seasons, CIRUS was studied in preference to the leucaena trial as the trees had only partially recovered.

CIRUS was designed to investigate the effects of competition and the extent of complementarity between grevillea and associated crops using the following treatments; sole crops (Cg) of cowpea during the short rains and maize during the long rains, dispersed-planted trees with (CTd) and without crops (Td), and across (CTa) or on-contour-planted (CTc) tree rows with crops. Light interception and water use were monitored using a similar measurement regime to that employed in the leucaena trial. Results are presented for the 199213 and 1993/4 short rainy seasons; the failure of the 1993 long rains forced the abandonment of experimental measurements during this season.

Light interception by the Td and CTd grevillea increased greatly between the two short rainy seasons. Thus, total seasonal interception of PAR was three times greater in sole cowpea than in sole grevillea during the 1992/3 short rains, but by the following short rainy season was over 50 % greater in the grevillea than in the cowpea. Cumulative interception of PAR by the CTd grevillea and cowpea combined was more than twice that of the sole cowpea and over 40 % greater than that for sole grevillea during the 1993/4 short rains. Experiments involving artificially imposed shade showed that there was no reduction in total above-ground dry matter production in cowpea until 75 % shading was imposed.

To quantify the degree of below-ground complementarity in water use between grevillea and cowpea, sap flux was measured using heat balance gauges attached to the stems of young grevillea (10-18 months old), both before and after excavating the crop rooting zone (upper 60 cm of soil) around the stem base. The crop rooting zone was removed to establish the capability of the grevillea to extract water from deeper horizons. After excavation, the trees maintained sap fluxes of up to 85 % of the unexcavated values. During both short rains, soil evaporation was by far the largest component of the water balance in all treatments. However, continued extraction of water by the trees during the dry season greatly increased resource capture~ thus total water uptake was three times greater for the sole trees than for the sole crop when dry season water use was included. During the 1993/4 short rains, water use was greatest in the CTd treatment, in which 25 % of the total seasonal rainfall was transpired by the trees and crops. Although transpiration by the CTd trees exceeded interception losses, the latter may have had a greater effect on crop growth by reducing the total quantity of water available within the system. The existence of below-ground complementarity and the shade tolerance of the cowpea suggest that deep-rooted tree species and certain C3 crops may be combined successfully in the semi-arid tropics, but the sensitivity of crop yield to any reduction in water availability within the system demonstrates the need for caution when implementing such systems.

The results obtained are discussed in relation to previous research on intercropping and agroforestry and their implications for the successful adoption of agroforestry systems in the semi-arid tropics.


Over the past half-century, American artist and critic Robert Morris (b. 1931) has been a key figure in the history of minimal, post-minimal, and conceptual art. Between 1960 and 1965, part of his artistic output included approximately 100 "object sculptures" or, as Morris called them at the time, "process type objects." These consist of plaques, containers, and assisted or simulated readymades of wood, Sculpmetal, and lead. This book is the first study to address the object sculptures as a full and complex yet coherent body of work. Jeffrey Weiss, an authority on modernist and postwar sculpture, in close collaboration with Morris, systematically catalogues the object sculptures, and subjects them to critical and historical interpretation in the context of Morris's early practice overall. Featuring new photography of many of the works and an interview with the artist, this book offers an important and original perspective on a crucial early period in the career of one of America's most important artists.


This paper presents an overview of the results of the International Project on Innovative Nuclear Reactors and Fuel Cycles (INPRO) within the International Atomic Agency. The project finished its first phase, called Phase-IA. It has produced an outlook into the future role of nuclear energy and defined the need for innovation. To facilitate these innovations, INPRO has defined Basic Principles, User Requirements and Criteria for innovative nuclear systems in the following areas : Economics, Sustainability and Environment, Safety of nuclear installations and waste, and Proliferation Resistance. A frame for an assessment methodology, called the INPRO Methodology, was created prescribing how to apply these Basic Principles, User Requirements and Criteria in assessing innovative nuclear energy systems.


We describe recent continuous wave studies of stimulated polariton scattering in semiconductor microcavities, with emphasis on the variety of new physics which has been observed in the last few years. The ability to manipulate both exciton and photon properties, and how they interact together to form strongly coupled exciton–photon coupled modes, exciton polaritons, leads to a number of novel phenomena, previously unreported in bulk semiconductors or quantum wells. The unusual dispersion of the lower polariton branch, which allows energy and momentum conserving polariton–polariton parametric scattering under resonant excitation, is shown to be a key factor enabling much of the new physics. A classical theoretical treatment of the phenomena which draws parallels between the equivalent pictures of stimulated polariton scattering and those of a triply resonant optical parametric oscillator is discussed. Higher order parametric phenomena and the factors which control the threshold for stimulation are also described. The results obtained under resonant excitation are contrasted with phenomena which occur under conditions of non-resonant excitation. Prospects to achieve 'polariton lasing' under non-resonant excitation are discussed.


In the last decades China has introduced a set of indicators to guide their Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) practice. The most recent indicator system, proposed in 2009, is based on sectorspecific guidelines and it found its justification in past negative experiences with more general guidelines (from 2003), which were mostly inspired by, or copied from, international experiences. Based on interviews with practitioners, researchers and administrators, we map and analyse the change in the national guidelines. This analysis is based on a description of the indicators that makes it possible to discern different aggregation levels of indicators and then trace the changes occurring under two sets of guidelines. The analysis also reveals the reasons and rationales behind the changes found in the guidelines. This analysis is inspired by implementation theory and a description of some of the more general trends in the development of SEA and other environmental policies in a recent, Chinese context. Beside a more top-down, intentional approach specifying indicators for different sectors based on Chinese experiences from the preceding years, another significant change, following the new guidelines, is a more bottom-up approach which gives more discretion to practitioners. This entails a call for practitioners to make decisions on indicators, which involves an interpretation of the ones present in sector guidance.


Current bridge design and evaluation techniques are based on many assumptions relating to load and bridge behaviour. The current code makes the assumption that the T44 design truck, dynamic load allowances, lateral position of the loads, fatigue and load factors, are representative of the actual situation. Many other factors affect the applicability of these assumptions to the specific site. In terms of bridge behaviour the code is largely based on linear elastic models of structures where assumptions are made regarding material properties, bearing restraints, slab membrane effects and distribution of loads. These assumptions, in addition to bridge condition information, combine to provide conservative design and evaluation procedures with a perceived level of safety. However, increasing vehicle loads and reducing levels of funding are increasing the need to understand these basic assumptions. Modern instrumentation technology is providing opportunities to understand the behaviour of the traffic/road profile/bridge system. This paper presents the results of measuring the response of the bridge over the South Pine River, to the effects of traffic loading over two 24 hour periods. The analysis of this data enables conclusions to be drawn for the specific site regarding the level of loading, the bridge's fitness for purpose, the distribution of the dynamic loads between girders, the predicted levels of overload anticipated for a given return period and fatigue damage accumulation. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no. 895164.


Extracellular calcium is a ubiquitous molecule required for secretagogue induced growth hormone release from somatotroph cells of the chicken anterior pituitary. Growth hormone release can be induced via different intracellular pathways and these in turn can act to produce a synergistic hormone release.
This thesis sought to further characterise the intracellular and membrane dependent pathways involved in growth hormone release with regard to the regulation of calcium ion and other ion fluxes, and to determine the mechanism
for GRF and TRH synergy in the domestic fowl.
Growth hormone secretion from chicken somatotroph cells was dependent upon the extracellular calcium concentration and its subsequent influx into dispersed chicken somatotroph cells in vitro, which was blocked by voltage dependent calcium channel antagonists. Both parameters also demonstrated a dependence on extracellular sodium.
TRH stimulated growth hormone release was similarly dependent on the influx of calcium from the extracellular space in dispersed chicken somatotroph cells in vitro. hpGRF-44/TRH synergy, however, failed to show a corresponding potentiated calcium influx with the synergistic growth hormone release - this response was merely additive with respect to the two secretagogues.
The intracellular second messenger dbc-AMP produced similar responses, in the presence of the various modulatory agents, to those observed with hpGRF-44, although the maximal levels reached were lower. hpGRF-44 depolarised chicken somatotroph cells in vitro. The profile of changes in the membrane potential indicated the presence of sodium, calcium
and potassium channels. Removal of extracellular sodium abolished hpGRF-44 induced depolarisation. Low and high extracellular calcium concentrations resulted in potentiated and reduced responses respectively. Repolarisation of the
somatotroph cells was dependent on calcium and although none of the calcium dependent potassium channel antagonists affected the maximal depolarisation that was reached, apamin removed the ability of the cells to repolarisc and thus
depolarisation was prolonged. In the presence of these agents an enhanced release of growth hormone was observed under conditions of a prolonged depolarisation whilst it was diminished when the depolarisation was shortened or abolished.
It is therefore concluded that hpGRF-44 induced growth hormone release in chickens is dependent on the influx of extracellular calcium which in turn is dependent on a variety of mechanisms not least the voltage dependent calcium
channels. Ion fluxes are also modulated via a hpGRF-44 induced depolarisation characterised by its sodium, calcium and potassium components and which are necessary for eliciting and maintaining the growth hormone release. Synergistic
growth hormone release involves a mechanism other than a potentiated calcium influx and in short involves the integration of a complex array of intracellular events and pathways.
A model is suggested which summarises the role of extracellular calcium in GH release from somatotroph cells of the domestic fowl integrating the regulatory mechanisms involved both at the membrane level and the intracellular level.


In a previous study we have demonstrated the suitability of using vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides L.) for the phytostabilization of lead-based paint contaminated residential soils. Vetiver did not show any growth retardation or toxicity symptoms despite high soil Pb levels. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) reportedly allow plants to combat metal stress. Thus, we hypothesized that in vetiver, these antioxidant enzymes can play an important role in combating Pb induced stress, and that chelant-bound Pb is less toxic to vetiver compared to free Pb in soil. The response of antioxidant enzymes was studied in vetiver grass grown in Pb paint-contaminated residential soils collected from San Antonio, Texas and Baltimore, Maryland. Chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS) were used to mobilize Pb from bound fractions to the labile pool, facilitating Pb uptake by vetiver. Although the Pb concentration in vetiver from these treatments was significantly higher than those grown in the absence of a chelant, the antioxidant enzymes activities were lower compared to the latter. Antioxidant enzymes activity of vetiver plants grown in the presence of chelants is lower compared to those in without chelant treatment, while they tended to increase with dose in treatments with varying chelant concentrations. Data obtained support the proposed hypothesis.


The dispersion properties of transverse electric nonlinear waves in a three-layer slab waveguide which consists of a double negative material (DNM) guiding layer sandwiched between an intensity-dependent refractive index substrate and semi-infinite linear dielectric cover are investigated. The dispersion properties for self-focusing and self-defocusing substrate nonlinearity are presented. The effects of the negative parameters of the DNM on the dispersion characteristics are investigated.


This article presents a fault-tolerant supervisory control strategy for building condenser cooling water systems. The proposed strategy mainly consists of a model-based predictive control (MPC) scheme, a fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) scheme and a fault accommodation and tolerant (FAT) scheme. The MPC scheme using systematic optimization is employed to identify optimal control settings for the local process controllers. The FDD scheme is utilized to detect and diagnose major possible faults that may happen in the routine operation of condenser cooling water systems. The faults considered mainly include critical sensor faults, physical component performance degradations, and malfunctions of control logics. According to the types of faults that happen, the FAT scheme is then used to handle the faults in order to regain the control as far as possible. The performance of this strategy is tested and evaluated in a simulated virtual system representing the actual condenser cooling water system in a super high-rise building. The results show that the proposed strategy is capable of maintaining acceptable control performance and can help save about 0.18%–5.23% total energy of the chillers and cooling towers when the operation of condenser cooling water systems suffers from some faults, as compared to that using the same control strategy but without using the FAT scheme.


This paper argues that corpora containing translations of the same source text into two or more target languages represent a sounder base for comparing linguistic expressions in several languages than do corpora containing data from just two languages, whether they be unidirectional or bidirectional. The argument is illustrated with comparisons of some prepositional constructions in English and French using data from the Nor. – Eng. – Fr. – Ger. part of the Oslo Multilingual Corpus, and some constructions in Swedish and Norwegian using the overlapping original texts in the ENPC and ESPC.


: Ionizing collisions of antiprotons with atoms or molecules at energies between a few keV up to about one MeV provide a unique tool to explore correlated dynamics of electrons at large perturbations on a time scale between several femtoseconds (1 fs = 10~ 15 s) down to some tens of attoseconds (1 as = 10~ 18 s). Exploiting and developing many-particle imaging methods - Reaction-Microscopes - integrated into a novel ultra-low energy storage ring (USR) for slow antiprotons will enable to access for the first time fully differential cross sections for single and multiple ionization in such collisions. Moreover, the formation of antiprotonic atoms, molecules or of protonium might be explored in kinematically complete experiments yielding unprecedented information on (n,l)-distributions of captured antiprotons as well as precise spectroscopic data of the respective energy levels.In this contribution the present status on single and double ionization by antiproton and ion impact is highlighted pointing to the puzzling discrepancies between experiments and theoretical predictions. The design status of the USR as a central element of the proposed facility for low-energy antiproton and ion research (FLAIR) at GSI will be shortly presented.


This paper focuses on three recent studies investigating the discursive construction of sexuality in Modern Greek – in contexts as diverse as same-sex online personals, the performance of heterosexuality in a mixed-sex conversation and coming out narratives – arguing that critical approaches to heteronormativity, the hallmark of queer linguistics, can hardly be dissociated from issues of 'identity' and 'desire' in language, since heteronormativity specifically aims at regulating their correlation vis-a-vis gender norms. These studies investigate the indexical relation between language, gender and sexuality as experienced by socially positioned agents whose subjectivity is constructed with reference to their desires and whose desires allude to intelligible (and eroticisable) subjectivities. Therefore, any attempt at reductive theorising based on an exclusivist platform, inspired by either identity or desire alone, fails to capture crucial aspects of sexually relevant language.


Olson, L. K. (Ed.). (2001). Age Through Ethnic Lenses: Caring for the Elderly in a Multicultural Society. Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-0114-0. Price $32.95 (paperback). Olson's Age Through Ethnic Lenses: Caring for the Elderly in a Multicultural Society is a compilation of various approaches to caregiving for minority older adults. Olson outlines six purposes for this book: (a) to identify the challenges and needs unique to various groups related to caregiving of older adult, (b) to discuss the diversity of values that influence care options of minority older adults and their informal caregivers, (c) to explore the contexts in which decisions are made about the care of older adults, (d) to identify commonalities across groups regarding the care of older adults, (e) to identify issues concerning multiculturalism and formal service workers, and (f) to offer suggestions for policy makers and social programs that address these issues regarding the care of minority older adults. The various contributors fulfill most of these purposes and appropriately cover the experiences of the groups included by Olson. The book includes eight sections: Asian Americans, Latino Americans, African Americans, Native Americans, socioreligious groups, European Americans, sexual orientation and gender, and rural elderly. Most of these sections include at least two chapters, each of these addressing a differing perspective on the group discussed in the section. This approach to looking at the various subgroups is appropriate as it reflects within group diversity. Unfortunately, not all minority groups (e.g., Cuban, Asian Indian, Somalian) currently impacting the U.S. culture are included. Although the absence of representations of these groups is noted in the foreword (written by Donald Gelfand), Olson does not make explicit mention of such groups or suggest how the nature of the book may be different with their exclusion. The first section addresses the experiences of Asian Americans, including Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese elders. The choice of these subgroups is appropriate considering both the long political and social history of the United States with their countries of origin. Of particular interest is the inclusion of Vietnamese American elders who are often not as frequently mentioned as Chinese, Japanese, or even Korean Americans. This chapter (Tran, Ngo, & Sung), in particular, offers a unique approach to the discussion of social and cultural roots of attitudes toward care among these elderly people and their families. Specifically, the authors discuss how age-related social structures originating in Vietnam have adapted and changed among those families now living in the United States. The authors also provide a number of interesting and appropriate examples of their points using quotes from elders and case studies. This approach helps to give voice to the individuals and situations discussed. The second section covers the experiences of Latino Americans, with specific discussions of Mexican American and Puerto Ricans. Both of these chapters are well written and offer appropriate discussion of social and institutional barriers to formal support services as well as an overview of factors influencing the use of informal support from family and friends. One aspect that would enhance this section would be the inclusion of the different immigration patterns of these groups and the sometimes routine return of individuals living in the United States to their countries of origin for health care services or to care for aging parents. …


Objective: To assess knowledge and attitudes of Pakistani women towards different options of anaesthesia techniques for caesarean section and also to identify their sources of information about them. Methods: A total of 410 women scheduled for elective caesarean section were enrolled after informed written consent in this hospital based cross sectional survey. The women were interviewed preferably in Urdu (national) language according to structured pre coded questionnaire by one of the investigators and the sequence of questions was strictly followed. This survey included pertinent questions to assess knowledge and attitudes of our women towards choices of anaesthesia techniques. The questionnaire was filled according to their responses and submitted to the research assistant of the Department on the same day. Results: It was seen that 82.4% of the study population was aware of the existence of anaesthesia techniques however, 48% of women preferred general anaesthesia, 33% regional anaesthesia while 18% were not sure of what to choose. Reasons of preferring general anaesthesia mainly were previous general anaesthesia experience and fear of being awake and hearing noises during surgery. Regional anaesthesia was refused mainly due to their concerns about backache, headache and inadequate anaesthesia. Conclusion: This survey showed that Pakistani women are well aware about the existence of anaesthesia techniques however they do reveal lack of knowledge about their risks and benefit leading to high refusal rate of regional anaesthesia. Anaesthetists were seen as a major source of information.


We investigated the role that erythroviruses (parvovirus B19 and erythrovirus genotypes 2 and 3) play in the lives of immunosuppressed HIV-infected patients with chronic anemia. We screened the serum samples of 428 patients by specific ultrasensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction assay. Sixteen patients had circulating DNA, with no apparent clinical impact. Erythrovirus-associated anemia is an extremely rare event in HIV-infected patients.


Reasoning about objects in images and videos using 3D representations is re-emerging as a popular paradigm in computer vision. Specifically, in the context of scene understanding for roads, 3D vehicle detection and tracking from monocular videos still needs a lot of attention to enable practical applications. Current approaches leverage two kinds of information to deal with the vehicle detection and tracking problem: (1) 3D representations (eg. wireframe models or voxel based or CAD models) for diverse vehicle skeletal structures learnt from data, and (2) classifiers trained to detect vehicles or vehicle parts in single images built on top of a basic feature extraction step. In this paper, we propose to extend current approaches in two ways. First, we extend detection to a multiple view setting. We show that leveraging information given by feature or part detectors in multiple images can lead to more accurate detection results than single image detection. Secondly, we show that given multiple images of a vehicle, we can also leverage 3D information from the scene generated using a unique structure from motion algorithm. This helps us localize the vehicle in 3D, and constrain the parameters of optimization for fitting the 3D model to image data. We show results on the KITTI dataset, and demonstrate superior results compared with recent state-of-the-art methods, with upto 14.64 % improvement in localization error.


The hyperfine lines of an ammonia (1,1) inversion transition often exhibit anomalous intensity ratios towards star-forming cores. It has been known that the anomaly is only partially attributable to a non-LTE effect on the hyperfine transitions. In an attempt to investigate how systematic motion like expansion and contraction affect the line anomaly, whose existence is quite likely in star-forming cores, we have carried out radiative transfer calculations fully taking into account the hyperfine splitting of energy levels and the line overlap effect caused by the systematic motion. It is demonstrated that in a bundle of transitions from the (2,2) to (1,1) levels, photons emitted from one transition can be absorbed by another transition due to the systematic motion and the small frequency differences among the hyperfine transitions, resulting in drastic changes in the level populations of (1,1) sub-states. Expansion (contraction) is found to strengthen the inner as well as outer satellite lines on the red (blue) side, while suppressing those on the other side. The line anomaly becomes prominent as the ammonia column density increases. It is concluded that the hyperfine line intensity ratios could be a good probe for tracing the systematic motion inside the dense cores without relying on detailed analysis of line shapes.


The changing relationship between community and class has been a subject generally neglected by historians. Marxist social theory provides little framework for the examination of the significance of community in capitalist society. This study of the industrial suburbs of Leeds indicates the importance of community consciousness, both as a force moulding class relations in Victorian society, and as a cognizance itself shaped by class relations.

It is argued in chapter two that the relatively monolithic culture of the clothing villages was, by the 1830's, cracking under the pressures of factory capitalism. Suburban attitudes towards community institutions and traditions became permeated and modified by class
interests. Chapter three shows how deference and paternalism were fashioned in the factory politics of the 1820's and 1830's, while suburban autonomy came to be threatened by municipal centralization. Chapter five examines the changing role of patronage in suburban
religion and education, and analyses petty-bourgeois perceptions of community.

However there was much continuity as well as change. Chapter
two argues that several characteristics of clothier culture survived industrialization. Chapter three shows how national political divisions were often subsumed by local loyalties. The long tradition of labour radicalism was partly preserved by the mid-Victorian labour
aristocracy. It is argued in chapter four that their labour
consciousness was firmly rooted in the local community. Petty-bourgeois community sentiment, examined in chapter five, developed from the traditions of sectarianism and localism. Deference and paternalism revived after 1848 and remained important throughout the century. However there was never a factory culture in Leeds suburbs to match that of Lancashire. In chapter six it is argued that few of
the institutions of social control, constructed by patronage from the 1830's, ever gained popular acceptance. There were other 'community institutions', from dame schools to friendly societies, which were of greater importance to the fabric of out-township life.

It is concluded that community consciousness was preserved by the working class both in the sense of place and of past. As class conflict developed in the industrial suburbs, so the struggle to appropriate local traditions, the sense of history, of 'milieu', and of community itself, became part of this conflict.