We studied variation in flowering phenology, fruit and seed set, and the abundance of the pol- linators of four species of night-blooming Sonoran Desert columnar cacti for up to eight years at one site in Mexico and one year at one site in Arizona. We determined how spatiotemporal variation in plant-pollinator interactions affects the evolution of generalized pollination systems. We conducted pollinator exclusion and hand pollination experiments to document annual variability in pollinator reliability and to determine whether pollination systems were redundant (different species are partially or totally substitutable) or complementary (different species have an additive effect on fruit set). The cacti we studied included three species with generalized pollination systems involving bats, birds, and bees (cardon, Pachycereus pringlei; saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea; and organ pipe, Stenocereus thurberi) and one specialized moth-pollinated species (senita, Lophocereus schottii). We predicted that the migratory lesser long-nosed bat, Leptonycteris curasoae, is a less reliable pollinator than birds and bees, and that cacti with generalized pollination systems have more variable flowering phenologies than the specialized species. Annual time of peak flowering and mean size of flower crops were relatively invariant in saguaro and organ pipe. Time of peak flowering in cardon varied by as much as six weeks, and mean flower crop size varied three- fold over six years. In senita, peak flowering varied by as much as 5-8 wk among years. Peak numbers of the nectar bat L. curasoae varied among years, and bat density (0.9/ha) was an order of magnitude lower than that of cactus-visiting birds at both study sites. The abundance of migratory hummingbirds was also highly variable among years. Pollinator exclusion experiments indicated that bats were major pollinators of cardon, whereas diurnal visitors accounted for most fruit set in saguaro (except in 1995 when bats were most important) and organ pipe at our Mexican site; honeybees accounted for 64-87% of diurnal fruit set in these species. Annual variation in the contribution to fruit set by bats was substantially higher than that of diurnal pollinators in saguaro and organ pipe, but not in cardon. There was little geographic variation in the relative importance of nocturnal vs. diurnal pollinators in saguaro and senita, but bats were much more important for fruit set in organ pipe in Arizona than in Mexico. We generally detected no effect of different pollinators on number of seeds per fruit in any species. Annual variation in fruit set was lowest in saguaro, the species with the most diurnal pollination system, and highest in organ pipe, the species with the most generalized pollination system. Fruit set was strongly pollen limited only in females of cardon (a trioecious species) and in organ pipe (at both sites). The ''missing'' pollinators in both species are likely Leptonycteris bats. The pollination systems of saguaro and cardon were partially redundant, whereas that of organ pipe was complementary. The four species of cactus that we studied occur at the northern geographic limits of Mexican columnar cacti where many vertebrate pollinators are seasonal migrants. In the Sonoran Desert, variation in rainfall and spring temperatures affects timing of flowering and the extent of competition between cacti for pollinator visits and causes the relative importance of particular pollinators, especially Leptonycterisbats, for fruit set to vary annually. Under such conditions, selection has favored generalized pollination systems (as seen in organ pipe) or shifts from reliance primarily on nocturnal pollinators (as seen in cardon) to reliance primarily on diurnal pollinators (as seen in saguaro). Nonetheless, as exemplified by the senita-senita moth system, highly specialized pollination mutualisms can also evolve in this habitat in plants that rely on sedentary insects rather than migratory bats


A study was done to assess the safety of gentamicin administration by a bolus method. A total of 63 patients were randomly treated with intravenous gentamicin by bolus administration (3 to 5 min) and by slow infusion (2 h). Serum gentamicin levels were measured. Renal and audiovestibular function were monitored. Pure-tone audiometry was performed at the beginning, on day 3, and at the end of therapy. The study revealed that the bolus administration was safe and nontoxic.


Patellofemoral pain affects a large proportion of the population, from adolescents to older adults, and carries a substantial personal and societal burden. An international group of scientists and clinicians meets biennially at the International Patellofemoral Research Retreat to share research findings related to patellofemoral pain conditions and develop consensus statements using best practice methods. This consensus statement, from the 5th International Patellofemoral Research Retreat held in Australia in July 2017, focuses on exercise therapy and physical interventions (eg, orthoses, taping and manual therapy) for patellofemoral pain. Literature searches were conducted to identify new systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published since the 2016 Consensus Statement. The methodological quality of included systematic reviews and RCTs was graded using AMSTAR and PEDro, respectively. Evidence-based statements were developed from included papers and presented to a panel of 41 patellofemoral pain experts for consensus discussion and voting. Recommendations from the expert panel support the use of exercise therapy (especially the combination of hip-focused and knee-focused exercises), combined interventions and foot orthoses to improve pain and/or function in people with patellofemoral pain. The use of patellofemoral, knee or lumbar mobilisations in isolation, or electrophysical agents, is not recommended. There is uncertainty regarding the use of patellar taping/bracing, acupuncture/dry needling, manual soft tissue techniques, blood flow restriction training and gait retraining in patients with patellofemoral pain. In 2017, we launched the International Patellofemoral Research Network (www.ipfrn.org) to consolidate and grow our patellofemoral research community, facilitate collaboration and disseminate patellofemoral pain knowledge to clinicians and the general public. The 6th International Patellofemoral Research Retreat will be held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, in October 2019.


The genetic determinants of physiological and developmental responses to environmental stress are poorly understood. This has been primarily due to the difficulty of direct measurement of response and the lack of appropriate statistical genetic methods. Here, I present a unified statistical genetic methodology for human adaptability studies that permits evaluation of the inheritance of quantitative trait response to environmental stressors. The foundation of this approach is the mathematical relationship between genotype-environment interaction and the genetic variance of response to environmental challenge. I describe two basic methods that can be used for either discrete or continuous environments. Each method allows for major loci, residual polygenic variation, and genotype-environment interaction at both the major genic and the polygenic levels. The first method is based on multivariate segregation analysis and is appropriate for situations in which data are available for each individual in each environment. The second method is appropriate for the more common case when response to the environment cannot be observed directly. This method is based on an extension of a mixed major locus/variance component model and can be used when singly measured related individuals are observed in different environments. Three example applications using data on lipoprotein variation in pedigreed baboons are provided to show the utility of these methods.


In this study, it is aimed to compare the suture methods in wounds created for different purposes in the field of aquaculture. For this purpose, Tilapia fish, which took the second place after carp in the inland waters fish breeding of hot countries, were used. In the study, Control group (n = 3), simple suture (n = 3), U suture (n = 3) and X (Sultan) suture (n = 3) applications were performed. The fish were subjected to 7 days of adaptation before starting the study. During the study, feeding was done once a day with Tetra Discus food. For the formation of cut wounds, scales were removed in Tilapia fish under anesthesia, and 2 cm long incision were performed. As a result of the study, it was observed that the cut wounds were closed on the 6th day in the U suture group, at the end of the 7th day in the control group and simple suture groups, and the 9th day in the X suture group. It was observed that the absorbable suture materials were absorbed in all fish in which they were applied, but in the X suture group, 1 fish was absorbed at the end of the 9th day. It is concluded that it is healthier to prefer simple suture and U suture primarily in areas such as marking, remote sensing, monitoring and management of fish methods, and fish health.


Purpose We fabricated and investigated polymeric scaffolds that can substitute for the conjunctival extracellular matrix to provide a substrate for autologous expansion of human conjunctival goblet cells in culture. Methods We fabricated two hydrogels and two silk films: (1) recombinant human collagen (RHC) hydrogel, (2) recombinant human collagen 2-methacryloylxyethyl phosphorylcholine (RHC-MPC) hydrogel, (3) arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) modified silk, and (4) poly-D-lysine (PDL) coated silk, and four electrospun scaffolds: (1) collagen, (2) poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), (3) poly(caprolactone) (PCL), and (4) poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Coverslips and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used for comparison. Human conjunctival explants were cultured on scaffolds for 9 to 15 days. Cell viability, outgrowth area, and the percentage of cells expressing markers for stratified squamous epithelial cells (cytokeratin 4) and goblet cells (cytokeratin 7) were determined. Results Most of cells grown on all scaffolds were viable except for PCL in which only 3.6 ± 2.2% of the cells were viable. No cells attached to PVA scaffold. The outgrowth was greatest on PDL-silk and PET. Outgrowth was smallest on PCL. All cells were CK7-positive on RHC-MPC while 84.7 ± 6.9% of cells expressed CK7 on PDL-silk. For PCL, 87.10 ± 3.17% of cells were CK7-positive compared to PET where 67.10 ± 12.08% of cells were CK7-positive cells. Conclusions Biopolymer substrates in the form of hydrogels and silk films provided for better adherence, proliferation, and differentiation than the electrospun scaffolds and could be used for conjunctival goblet cell expansion for eventual transplantation once undifferentiated and stratified squamous cells are included. Useful polymer scaffold design characteristics have emerged from this study.


Indigenist Critical Realism: Human Rights and First Australians' Wellbeing consists of a defence of what is popularly known as the Human Rights Agenda in Indigenous Affairs in Australia. It begins with a consideration of the non-well-being of Indigenous Australians, then unfolding a personal narrative of the author Dr Gracelyn Smallwood's family. This narrative is designed not only to position the author in the book but also in its typicality to represent what has happened to so many Indigenous families in Australia.

The book then moves to a critical engagement with dominant intellectual positions such as those advanced by commentators such as Noel Pearson, Peter Sutton, Gary Johns and Keith Windschuttle. The author argues that intellectuals such as these have to a great extent colonised what passes for common sense in mainstream Australia. This common sense straddles the domains of history, health and education and Dr Smallwood has chosen to follow her adversaries into all of these areas.

This critique is anchored by a number of key philosophical concepts developed by the Critical Realist philosopher Roy Bhaskar. The book advances and analyses a number of case studies - some well-known, even notorious such as the Hindmarsh Island Affair (South Australia) and the Northern Territory Intervention; others like that of the author's late nephew Lyji Vaggs (Qld) and Aboriginal Elder May Dunne (Qld) much less so.

Representing one of the first attempts to engage at a critical and intellectual level in this debate by an Indigenous activist, this book is essential reading for students and scholars interested in Critical Realism and colonialism.


Abstract
 The leaves of the carnivorous Sarracenia purpurea (Purple Pitcher Plant) provide habitat for obligate insects. Within the pitchers of this plant, Metriocnemus knabi (Pitcher Plant Midge) larvae coexist with Wyeomyia smithii (Pitcher Plant Mosquito) larvae. No other mosquito species has been reported to utilize this habitat in the presence of the midge. We tested whether the midge larvae were responsible for the elimination of other mosquito species. We introduced 1 Aedes triseriatus (Eastern Treehole Mosquito) larva, into each of 90 different pitchers. After 45–75 minutes, we extracted the fluid from the Purple Pitcher Plant and counted mosquito and midge larvae. Although 98% of pitchers contained Pitcher Plant Mosquito larvae, we did not detect 61 of the Eastern Treehole Mosquito larvae. Of the 29 surviving introduced larvae, we found 13 (45%) in pitchers that had no midge larvae. Drier than normal conditions in 2012 provided the opportunity to investigate Purple Pitcher Plant leaves devoid of water and obligate insect larvae, and the potential for foreign mosquito larvae to colonize unoccupied pitchers. We found Pitcher Plant Midge or Pitcher Plant Mosquito larvae within 13 days following the addition of water. We observed no foreign mosquito larvae. The inquiline larvae did not develop when we added water to dry pitchers in the laboratory, suggesting that oviposition by Pitcher Plant Midge and Pither Plant Mosquito adults occurred after a rainfall event. During dry conditions, shaded Purple Pitcher Plants retained some fluids, and adults likely completed their life cycle in these plants. However, severe, prolonged drought may eliminate Purple Pitcher Plant inquilines and potentially make the pitchers available for exotic mosquito larvae.


We propose a principled algorithm for robust Bayesian filtering and smoothing in nonlinear stochastic dynamic systems when both the transition function and the measurement function are described by non-parametric Gaussian process (GP) models. GPs are gaining increasing importance in signal processing, machine learning, robotics, and control for representing unknown system functions by posterior probability distributions. This modern way of system identification is more robust than finding point estimates of a parametric function representation. Our principled filtering/smoothing approach for GP dynamic systems is based on analytic moment matching in the context of the forward-backward algorithm. Our numerical evaluations demonstrate the robustness of the proposed approach in situations where other state-of-the-art Gaussian filters and smoothers can fail.


Tensor-based spatial smoothing (TB-SS) is a preprocessing technique for subspace-based parameter estimation of damped and undamped harmonics. In TB-SS, multichannel data is packed into a measurement tensor. We propose a tensor-based signal subspace estimation scheme that exploits the multidimensional invariance property exhibited by the highly structured measurement tensor. In the presence of noise, a tensor-based subspace estimate obtained via TB-SS is a better estimate of the desired signal subspace than the subspace estimate obtained by, for example, the singular value decomposition of a spatially smoothed matrix or a multilinear algebra approach reported in the literature. Thus, TB-SS in conjunction with subspace-based parameter estimation schemes performs significantly better than subspace-based parameter estimation algorithms applied to the existing matrix-based subspace estimate. Another advantage of TB-SS over the conventional SS is that TB-SS is insensitive to changes in the number of samples per subarray provided that the number of subarrays is greater than the number of harmonics. In this paper, we present, as an example, TB-SS in conjunction with ESPRIT-type algorithms for the parameter estimation of one-dimensional (1-D) damped and undamped harmonics. A closed form expression of the stochastic Crame¿r-Rao bound (CRB) for the 1-D damped harmonic retrieval problem is also derived.


Containers offer an efficient way to run workloads as independent microservices that can be developed, tested and deployed in an agile manner. To facilitate this process, container frameworks offer a registry service that enables users to publish and version container images and share them with others. The registry service plays a critical role in the startup time of containers since many container starts entail the retrieval of container images from a registry. To support research efforts on optimizing the registry service, large-scale and realistic traces are required. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive characterization of a large-scale registry workload based on traces that we collected over the course of 75 days from five IBM data centers hosting production-level registries. We present a trace replayer to perform our analysis and infer a number of crucial insights about container workloads, such as request type distribution, access patterns, and response times. Based on these insights, we derive design implications for the registry and demonstrate their ability to improve performance. Both the traces and the replayer are open-sourced to facilitate further research.


This analytical essay deals with the theme of new creation theology in 2 Corinthians 5:11-6:2. The major premise is that new creation theology is a defining characteristic in Paul's teaching. The biblical and theological analysis of this passage indicates that the Lord Jesus is the beginning, middle, and culmination for all of physical and spiritual reality. More specifically, Paul disclosed that the Son's atoning sacrifice at Calvary makes reconciliation possible between the Creator and repentant, believing sinners. In turn, the Messiah's redemptive work has inaugurated a new era in which the conversion of individual believers is part of God's larger plan to bring about the renewal of the entire universe, concluding with the new heavens and new earth.


AIM
To report an overview of the most frequent tumors of the orbit, suggest diagnostic approach and possible solution according to experience with own cohort of patients.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
From patients files from the Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Stomatology, First Medical Faculty, Charles University, and General Faculty Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic, there were selected patients, who underwent the surgery due to the suspicion of malignant development in the orbit during the period 2005 - 2019. From the surgical records we found information about 497 cases. At the Department of Stomatology, there were 282 surgeries under general anesthesia performed, and at the Department of Ophthalmology, there were 215 surgeries, mostly under local anesthesia performed.

RESULTS
The number of surgeries in men and women was equal; patients of all ages were present. The median of patients age operated on at the Department of Stomatology was 53 years, and at the Department of Ophthalmology 63 years. The most common primary benign tumor was the cavernous hemangioma (9 %), the most common non-tumorous expansion was the dermoid cyst (7 %); the most common malignant tumor was the lymphoma (17,5 %). The last mentioned tumor was the most common diagnosis in the whole cohort as well.

CONCLUSION
Our cohort of patients is comparable with large cohorts published in the literature concerning age and gender distributions. Differences in frequencies of some lesions may be explained by that our cohort includes patients after the surgery only. The malignant lymphoma is the most common diagnosis indicated to surgical procedure, mostly biopsy. Comparing the two cohorts from our departments 20 years apart, the malignant lymphoma remains the most common indication for surgery, but the incidence of adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lacrimal gland decreased. It is not the goal of this paper to evaluate all possible orbital affections. Suggested surgical approaches are just recommendations according to years of experience; however, in some situations, to choose an individual surgical approach is necessary.


Abstract Monotheistic religions . Judaism, Christianity and Islam . have coexisted with Buddhism in many parts of Asia for centuries. This led in the past to dialogue as well as misunderstanding between the two at the doctrinal and social levels. This paper seeks to initiate dialogue between Islam and Buddhism through the Islamic concept of ummatan wasa.an (Middle Nation) and the Buddhist concept of majjhima-patipada (Middle Way) as a means to build understanding and harmony in Asian societies. The Buddha and the Prophet Muhammad (peace be on him) as religious teachers explained to humanity as to what is the true state of being and how the illusions which drag humanity through darkness and injustice can be overcome. In this age of globalization when physical barriers between various societies in terms of material culture are virtually being eliminated there is an urgent need for dialogue between monotheistic religious traditions and Buddhism. This could take place between Islam and Buddhism or Judaism and Buddhism or Christianity and Buddhism, but it is imperative that this dialogue takes place for it is likely to generate mutual understanding and respect between the followers of these two categories of religion. (ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) On truth's path, wise is mad, insane is wise. In love's way, self and other are the same. Having drunk the wine, my love, of being one with you, I find the way to Mecca and Bodhgaya are the same. Rumi, Kulliyat-e Shams-e Tabrizi # 302 Introduction The spread of religions from one part of the world to the other has led, from times immemorial, to coexistence and dialogue between the followers of a large number of different religions. Perhaps the main difference between the past and the present is that while in the past this phenomenon was not called 'dialogue,' it is called so in our time and is consciously pursued. In the past this phenomenon consisted of interaction between religions that gave rise to parallel ideas and institutions in different religious traditions. This at times resulted in various forms of religious syncretism. No doubt the purists objected to this in the past as do their namesakes today. Since Buddha and Buddhism do not seem to be much concerned with the concept of theos (God), some people tend to believe that Buddhism is merely a philosophy rather than a religion. However, the worldwide practice of Buddhism shows that it certainly is a religion, albeit a religion with a philosophical bent. In fact any judgment on this issue depends on how we define religion. As for us, we adopt the following definition of religion and consistently adhere to it throughout this paper: "Religion is the varied, symbolic expression of, and appropriate response to that which people deliberately affirm as being of unrestricted value for them."1 According to this definition, Islam, Buddhism and all major world religions legitimately fall into the category of religion. Islam and Buddhism have engaged in a religious interchange in the course of their encounters in Central, South and Southeast Asia. Their early encounters were followed, in some instances, by conversion of Buddhists to Islam as happened in Central and maritime Southeast Asia. Yet there were also other regions where Buddhism and Islam continued to exist side by side for long as happened in India and also mainland Southeast Asia. The point being made here is that there is a long record of Muslim- Buddhist dialogue, though this is at the present either non-existent or rare. This, in our view, is largely due to the strong trend of reified interpretations of religion in the contemporary world. This in turn is the outcome of ignoring or overlooking the interchanges that took place between these religions in the past, be they between region-based religions such as between Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism in South Asia or between Judaism, Christianity and Islam in the Middle East, or between Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam in the Age of the Silk Road (4 BCE-1400 CE) and the Age of Commerce (1450-1680 CE) in different regions of the world. …


Establishing relationship with customers and creating value for customers are the roles of social media which have been recognized by all businesses recently. Nowadays social media has been seen as an opportunity for SME's which can't develop because of the lack of capital, human resources, marketing knowledge and technology etc. This study explores SMEs' perspective on social media promotion effect with using correspondence analysis. The survey was carried out on 400 SMEs which operate in Sinop. The findings showed that SMEs have not fully utilized the importance of the social media as a marketing tool yet. Also, according to their descriptive characteristics, they have different perspectives on social media promotion effect.


Study objectives Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have low exercise capacity and low content of high energetic phosphates in their skeletal muscles. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether creatine supplementation together with exercise training may increase physical performance compared with exercise training in patients with COPD. Design In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 23 patients with COPD (forced expiratory volume in one second [FEV1] < 70% of predicted) were randomized to oral creatine (n = 13) or placebo (n = 10) supplementation during an 8-week rehabilitation programme including exercise training. Physical performance was assessed by Endurance Shuttle Walking Test (ESWT), dyspnea and leg fatigue with Borg CR-10, quality of life with St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). In addition, lung function test, artery blood gases, grip strength test, muscle strength and fatigue in knee extensors were measured. Results COPD patients receiving creatine supplementation increased their average walking time by 61% (ESWT) (p < 0.05) after the training period compared with 48% (p = 0.07) in the placebo group. Rated dyspnea directly after the ESWT decreased significantly from 7 to 5 (p < 0.05) in the creatine group. However, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant neither in walking time nor in rated dyspnea. Creatine supplementation did not increase the health related quality of life, lung function, artery blood gases, grip strength and knee extensor strength/fatigue. Conclusions Oral creatine supplementation in combination with exercise training showed no significant improvement in physical performance, measured as ESWT, in patients with COPD compared with exercise training alone.


Systematic Review of Nimodipine To the Editor: I noted with interest the systematic review of nimodipine from Dr. Horn et al (Stroke. 2001;32;2433–2438). The authors are to be complimented for a thorough review of difficult literature; their summary brings clarity to a previously confusing issue. I concur with their conclusions that preclinical data suggested nimodipine NOT be pursued in clinical trials. The authors emphasized stroke infarct volume as an outcome measure. They meta-analyzed the effect of nimodipine on infarct size (their Figure 1), in which an overall favorable effect is shown for nimodipine. The "methodological score" they used to rate the quality of the reviewed articles gave a point if the article included both behavioral and morphometric outcomes. It seems to me that this review could be taken as further indictment of morphometry as a valuable outcome measurement: infarct volume in the rodent brain seems not to predict effects either on functional outcome or in human clinical trials. This controversy has been bubbling for a while now, and this article serves to crystallize it. The only remaining arguments in favor of morphometry as an end point are (1) it is simple and (2) the data are parametric so standard statistical analysis can be used. Arguments against morphometry include (1) the variance is so huge (if it is reported honestly) that sample sizes must be increased beyond what is typically reported and (2) it has limited relevance to functional outcome. Horn et al have buttressed this latter point, perhaps unintentionally. As we struggle to resolve the paradox of positive animal/ negative human trials, we would be well served to keep this review in mind. Unless a putative neuroprotectant shows effects other than reducing rodent infarct volume, it is very unlikely to prove useful in human stroke victims. I would go further and suggest that rodent infarct volumetry is useless, but I would bow to the wise and articulate rebuttals from my colleagues in this area. Nevertheless, we must now require functional improvement in animals before proceeding to clinical trials, as the authors suggest.


In situ determination of soil freezing and thawing is difficult despite its importance for many environmental processes. A sensible heat balance (SHB) method using a sequence of heat pulse probes has been shown to accurately measure water evaporation in subsurface soil, and it has the potential to measure soil freezing and thawing. Determination of soil freezing and thawing may be more challenging than evaporation, however, because the latent heat of fusion is smaller than the latent heat of vaporization. Furthermore, convective heat flow associated with liquid water flow and occurrence of evaporation or condensation during freezing and thawing may cause inaccurate estimation of freezing and thawing with the SHB method. The objective of this study was to examine the applicability of the SHB concept to soil freezing and thawing. Soil freezing and thawing events were simulated with the simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model. Ice contents were estimated by applying the SHB concept to numerical data produced by the SHAW model. Close agreement between the SHB‐estimated and the SHAW‐simulated ice contents were observed at depths below 24 mm. The main cause of inaccuracies with the SHB method was poor estimation of heat conduction at the 12‐mm depth, possibly due to simplifications of temporal or vertical distributions of temperature and thermal conductivity. The effects of convective heat flow and concurrent evaporation or condensation and freezing or thawing on the SHB method were small. The results indicate that the SHB method is conceptually suitable for estimating soil freezing and thawing. Independent, accurate estimates of thermal properties must be available to effectively use the SHB method to determine in situ soil freezing and thawing.


Thomas Hoccleve's Series is a sophisticated compilation of texts linked by its narrator's account of making the book that preserves them. (1) The narrator's account of literally making his book is so important to the structure of the Series that John Burrow has suggested it might better be known as the "Book of Thomas Hoccleve." (2) Given the narrator's claim that his book is meant "forth to goo / Among be peple," it seems reasonable to ask what others might have made of it. (3) In an attempt to answer this question, the article that follows engages in a close reading of what Jerome McGann would call the "linguistic code" of the Series. (4) This close reading focuses on the form and content of two stanzas in "Learn to Die"--the first part of the Series that the narrator claims to have set out to make--and their relationship to the book as a whole. (5) It may seem as though this article will take a formalist approach. It will. However, my definition of the book as a whole expands the unit of analysis to include what McGann would describe as its "bibliographic code." (6) My close reading of the Series attempts to consider text and language alongside what Stephen Nichols calls "the important supplements that were part and parcel of medieval text production: visual images and annotation of various forms (rubrics, 'captions,' glosses, and interpolations)." (7) As Roger Chartier writes, and as Hoccleve knew from experience, "readers ... never confront abstract, idealized texts detached from any materiality. They hold in their hands or perceive objects and forms whose structures and modalities govern their reading or hearing, and consequently the possible comprehension of the text read or heard." (8) The premise for the argument that follows is that the best way to understand what people might have made of Thomas Hoccleve's book is to examine how it was literally made. The way that Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Selden Supra 53 was made provides evidence that its makers and readers perceived Hoccleve's Series as a textual mirror--a compilation designed to encourage contemplation. As Sister Ritamary Bradley and subsequent critics have argued, medieval writers used the term speculum (mirror) to describe many different kinds of books, from scripture to story collections, from confessional manuals to advice for princes. (9) What connects the generically diverse texts known as mirrors is the kind of self-reflexive contemplation they either encourage or allow. For example, Hugh of St. Victor justifies calling one of his books a mirror because it is designed to help readers behold themselves critically: "and it is rightly called a mirror; for we can see in it as a mirror in what state we are, whether beautiful or deformed, just or unjust." (10) The narrator in the Series attempts to undertake this kind of self-reflection as he stands in front of a literal mirror in the "Complaint." When he fails to identify any immediately obvious faults, he concludes that "Men in her owne cas bene blinde alday." (11) As the Series progresses, he turns his attention from his literal mirror to various textual mirrors: moral treatises, exemplary stories, and "Learn to Die," his translation of the first part of Heinrich Suso's Horologium Sapientiae. This article focuses on two stanzas in "Learn to Die" because their appearance in MS Selden Supra 53--the most authoritative scribal copy of the Series--invites readers to see the book as a textual mirror and to engage in the kind of self-reflexive contemplation modeled in the compilation as a whole. The first two sections explore the form and content of these stanzas in two manuscripts made by Hoccleve himself between 1422 and 1426. (12) The third and fourth sections examine the appearance of these stanzas in MS Selden Supra 53. The fifth section considers the possible reception of the Series in the Selden manuscript in light of other textual mirrors written by its main scribe. The final section asserts that additions to the Selden manuscript made by other hands reveal that its early readers made this book out to be a compilation designed for contemplation and that they, in turn, contributed to its making. …


CHARLOTTE M. YONGE: RELIGION, FEMINISM AND REALISM IN THE VICTORIAN NOVEL. By Gavin Budge. Oxford: Peter Lang, 2007. Pp. 317. ISBN 978 3 03911 339 2. £37.00. Gavin Budge states on the cover of this monograph devoted to the Victorian novelist Charlotte M. Yonge that it is the first full-length critical study of her writings. This claim is strangely true: even though Yonge was a best-selling and prolific writer, held in high regard by many contemporaries, she has not attracted as much serious attention from modern academics as other previously overlooked women writers. Indeed, Barbara Dennis's excellent edition (1997) of Yonge's most famous novel, The Heir of Redclyffe (1853), has not been retained by Oxford University Press in its World Classics series. Although there have been a few short monographs (by Catherine Sandbach-Dahlstrom, June Sturrock and Alethea Hayter), in-depth analyses of Yonge's work have figured mainly as articles in academic journals and tend to be devoted to examinations of single novels (Talia Schaffer on Magnum Bonum for example). This paucity of attention is remarkable for a writer of note, who was closely acquainted with key Victorian thinkers in the Church and politics, the editor for over forty years of The Monthly Packet - a periodical she herself had founded - a significant novelist and the author of numerous textbooks. Yonge's writings deserve serious consideration, and Budge sets out both to examine the reasons for the curious disregard of her work and to demonstrate her right to be assimilated into the mainstream of literary criticism, particularly with regard to her domestic novels, which form the basis of this study. The book is divided into three main sections. The first and most philosophical section, 'Realism, Domestic Ideology and the Tractarian Psychology of Religion', grapples with a common critical hypothesis that assumes that Yonge's strong religious beliefs and connections with the Oxford Movement rule out the possibility of her books belonging to any canon of the realist novel. Budge posits 'an alternative model for Victorian realist fiction based on nineteenth-century intellectual sources which would have been familiar points of reference in Yonge's Tractarian milieu'. Stressing the notion that criticism of the Victorian novel should take its Romantic and specifically Wordsworthian heritage much more seriously, Budge argues persuasively for an understanding of the realist novel not in materialist, representational terms but, similar to poetry, as a form that 'constitutes the real from the chaotic mass of the reader's associations, rather than reflecting a reality which is supposed to lie outside itself '. A glance at the titles of Budge's previous books provides a good indication of the nature of his academic concerns, particularly his editorship of the six-volume Aesthetics and Religion in Nineteenth- Century Britain (2003). His approach to criticism is founded on a profound understanding of contemporary philosophical and religious thought, which enables him to position Yonge in relation to the specific intellectual background of her mentor, John Keble, linking what Budge describes as the 'providentialist hermeneutic' expressed in Keble's Lectures on Poetry with Yonge's methods of character development in her stories. Budge's emphasis on intellectual history helps to explain what many first-time readers of Yonge's books are surprised to discover: in spite of her stated desire that her fiction should be an 'instrument for popularising Church views', her novels are neither didactic nor are her personae rigid stereotypes. Budge demonstrates how the psychological realism of Yonge's characters grew out of her Tractarian beliefs rather than being at odds with them. Challenging those feminist critics who spurn Yonge on the grounds of her apparent acceptance of women's inferiority, Budge explores how analogies between the role of the domestic woman and that of the saint within Tractarian thought could empower rather than stultify women, providing them with opportunities to influence not merely their own men-folk but the wider environs of society. …


The objective of this paper is to explain the information about a precision farming system which has been developed for Turkish farmers. The developed system includes a variable rate controller for centrifugal fertiliser spreaders, an application map software and an autonomous steering system for tractors. The variable rate controller for the centrifugal fertiliser includes stepper motors used to adjust the distributed fertiliser amount. An electronic control system was designed to control stepper motors in addition to a DGPS system, which was used to determine positioning. The application map software was used to provide communication between the variable rate system and the stepper motor, computer and DGPS. In order to develop a variable rate controller, a toothed axle was fitted to the stepper motor. A variable rate controller was developed to combine cereal sowing machines. This system includes step motors for each seed metering unit as well as PIC, PDA and GPS receivers. The software was developed to create an application map and send signals to control units. Furthermore, an automated steering system was developed by a private Turkish company. Preliminary test results of this system were successful. The system is still being tested.


Inhibition of corrosion of tin in 0.6 M NaCl by some propaneitrile derivatives namely: (2E)- 3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-oxo-2-(3.4-diphenyl thiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)propanenitrile, (E)-3-(1H - indol-3- yl) -3-oxo-2- (5-oxo-3-phenyl thiazolidin-2-ylidene) propanenitrile, (E)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-yl)-3-oxo- 2-(5-oxo-3-phenyl thiazolidin-2-ylidene) propanenitrile and (2-imino-2H-chromen-3-yl)(1H-indol-3- yl) methadone as investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) techniques. Polarization studies were carried out at different temperatures and showed that the investigated compounds were mixed type inhibitors. The effect of temperature on corrosion inhibition has been studied and some thermodynamic activation and adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. The inhibition occurs through adsorption of the investigated compounds on the tin surface without modifying the mechanism of corrosion process. The experimental data fit Freundlich adsorption isotherm.


Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is the gold standard treatment for large renal calculi (1). Post-PCNL urosepsis is a rare (0.3% to 5%) but life threatening complication and the most common cause of death in patients undergoing PCNL (2,3). Antibiotics according to previous microbiology results are usually administered pre- and/or intraoperatively in order to prevent infectious complications.


Industry analysts have received an increase in attention within information systems research during the past few years. Acknowledged as propagators in the diffusion of information technology (IT) innovations, they provide their clients and the neighboring industry-community with definitions, tools and frameworks intended to aid both managerial decision-making and operations. They have been described as "promissory organization", building revenue through selling future-oriented promises and expectations. At the same time, they are producers of artefacts with a performative affect, changing the way in which decisions are made and operations are organized. This paper addresses the research question how industry analysts propagate IT frameworks. This is answered through an ethnographic study conducted at one of the largest annual gatherings of industry analysts and industry leaders in 2011. The story that unfolds highlights aspects of cocreation taking place in one studied session, introducing a new perspective on the propagation of IT frameworks, as well as the need for further studies of industry analyst gatherings.


Flathead gobies (genus Glossogobius) include around 40 small to medium sized benthic fishes found primarily in freshwater habitats across the Indo-Pacific, having biodiversity value as well as cultural and economic value as food fishes, especially in developing countries. To help resolve considerable confusion regarding the identification of some of the larger growing Glossogobius, species a systematic framework was established using nuclear genetic markers, mitochondrial DNA barcoding, and phenotypic evidence for a geographically-widespread collection of individuals from the waterways of tropical northern Australia. Species boundaries and distribution patterns were discordant with those previously reported, most notably for the Tank Goby Glossogobius giuris, which included a cryptic species. Genetic divergence was matched with accompanying unique visual characters that aid field identification. Additional taxonomic complexity was also evident, by comparison with DNA barcodes from international locations, suggesting the specific names applicable for two of the candidate species in Australia remain unresolved due to confusion surrounding type specimens. Although flathead gobies are assumed to be widespread and common, this study demonstrates that unrealised taxonomic and ecological complexity is evident, and this will influence assessments of tropical biodiversity and species conservation. This study supports the need for taxonomic studies of freshwater fishes to underpin management in areas subject to significant environmental change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


Equatorial Guinea is a tiny country roughly the size of the state of Maryland. Humid, jungle covered, and rife with unpleasant diseases, natives call it Devil Island. Its president in 2004, Obiang Nguema, had been accused of cannibalism, belief in witchcraft, mass murder, billiondollar corruption, and general rule by terror. With so little to recommend it, why in March 2004 was Equatorial Guinea the target of a group of salty British, South African and Zimbabwean mercenaries, travelling on an American-registered ex-National Guard plane specially adapted for military purposes, that was originally flown to Africa by American pilots? The real motive lay deep below the ocean floor: oil. In The Dogs of War, Frederick Forsyth effectively described an attempt by mercenaries to overthrow the government of Equatorial Guinea -- in 1972. And the chain of events surrounding the night of March 7, 2004, is a rare case of life imitating art--or, at least, life imitating a 1970s thriller--in almost uncanny detail. With a cast of characters worthy of a remake of Wild Geese and a plot as mazy as it was unlikely, The Wonga Coup is a tale of venality, overarching vanity and greed whose example speaks to the problems of the entire African continent.


An important measure of male quality is sperm viability; i.e., the percentage of live sperm within an ejaculate, as this provides an accurate measure of the number of sperm potentially available for egg fertilization. Sperm viability is often determined by fluorescence microscopy using dyes that differentially stain viable and nonviable sperm, but the technique has a number of limitations. Here, a flow cytometry (FCM) method was developed, which allows the rapid determination of honeybee sperm viability, facilitating high throughput analyses. Using samples with known sperm viabilities, it was found that data obtained from FCM were more accurate and less variable compared with data obtained for the same samples using fluorescence microscopy. It was also found that a previously reported additional population of honeybee sperm found in datasets using FCM is caused by freeze–thawing samples. In conclusion, the method described here allows to quantify sperm viability of honeybees quickly and with high accuracy. This will be of great value for future scientific research and could also be of value to guide future bee breeding programs, given the agricultural importance of honeybees as pollinators. © 2014 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry


Nobody talks about sex in the boardroom. However, the sexual dynamics between men and women are age eternal and hover above like a cloud, motivating individuals at an unconscious level. In this article I argue that people today are very much governed by the same sexual desires that drove our primitive ancestors. Given where we are on the timeline of our evolutionary history, we still have very much a Stone Age Mind in a Stone Age Body. Not only are we driven by what has been labeled as the "selfish gene" (Dawkins, 1976) – or competition to propagate and survive – most of the time we are not even aware of the extent to which our sexual desires influence our behavior and actions. It is hypothesized that the primal anxieties about the consequences of sexual desire is a contributing factor to the reluctance of men to allow women entry into the upper echelons. This "selfish gene effect" can be seen as an extra hurdle for women to overcome to reach senior executive ranks. The article also points out that sexual discrimination is part of a more basic, social and developmental issue. To enable a more lasting change in attitudes, we need to go as far back as child rearing practices to re-examine how gender roles are established and reinforced. Slotting children into stereotypical male-female gender roles is not the answer. Only by making explicit unconscious gender biases and practices, can we begin to tackle the problem at its core and move towards a more androgynous orientation – which melds both feminine and masculine attributes within the same individual. Such an orientation will benefit both men and women alike. It is also pointed out that gender equality is not merely a woman's issue. It is an issue that affects us all. Gender inequality lowers the quality of life for both men and women. While women bear the largest and most direct costs of these inequalities, these costs cut broadly across society, ultimately hindering social and economic development. It is put forth that senior executives who are truly serious about fair process in organizations have the obligation to "manage" the sexual "cloud" more effectively. They need to realize that in spite of the selfish gene effect, sexism is also a social – and hence curable – disease. They need to engage in more systematic measures to counteract deeply embedded assumptions about gender and role expectations and to create more women-friendly organizations. Various interventions are suggested to bring more equality into the workplace.


I. INTRODUCTION The search for "smarter" ways to prevent and control pollution has generated heated debate on almost every topic related to setting goals, improving institutional arrangements, and choosing the most effective means for achieving those goals. Given the need to balance other competing concerns, choosing the means or policy instruments to meet environmental goals can be a surprisingly complex task for decision-makers. Unfortunately, today's environmental policy toolbox contains numerous and varied instruments yet lacks a clear set of instructions for their use. Richards' article, Framing Environmental Policy Instrument Choice,(1) proposes a new theoretical framework for choosing such instruments. He develops a taxonomy that provides the user with a list of characteristics for each policy tool,(2) and he suggests a normative criterion for evaluating the instruments applied to a specific problem: minimize public and private costs in light of legal and political constraints.(3) In contrast to Richards' efforts, we adopted the perspective that each decision-maker or stakeholder may prefer a different instrument choice depending on his or her values. In fact, our experiences tell us that within the complex political process of choosing environmental instruments, it is unrealistic (even dangerous) to assume that all will subscribe to one, single criterion. Thus, we propose a list of more diverse evaluation criteria and suggest that each instrument should be evaluated in light of the fact that each criterion will be important to some, but not necessarily all, decision-makers. We also present a framework within which a decision-maker can consider the characteristics of a particular problem, along with his or her values, and choose one--or, more likely, more than one--instrument to help solve a problem. Our framework also presents a way for those who seek to promote a particular instrument for political or ideological purposes to scope out the advantages and disadvantages of their choice, given other stakeholders' preferences. In this Comment, we draw from one of the analytical efforts cited by Richards, our 1995 Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) Report, Environmental Policy Tools: A User's Guide.(4) This OTA Report was prepared at the request of the Senate Committee on Environment Public Works to help Congress sort out the often conflicting claims about the effectiveness of major policy instruments. Congressional interest in what may, at first, appear to be a somewhat arcane topic grew out of experimentation with policy tools that use or improve market forces. For example, several of these experiments were contained in the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.(5) As Congress faced reauthorization of other major pieces of environmental legislation, many had high--sometimes too high--expectations of what these approaches could accomplish. Others were suspicious--sometimes too suspicious--about whether they could provide meaningful protection. The "user's guide" that we developed presents a pragmatic set of instructions to help decision-makers narrow the choice of instruments for addressing a particular problem. First, the Report describes twelve policy tools and how and where they are currently being used. Then, we rated the relative effectiveness of these tools in achieving each of seven criteria often considered when evaluating and creating environmental policy. The ratings were based on state, federal and international experiences, as well as on scholarly literature. Third, because the strengths and weaknesses of a policy tool depend greatly on the environmental problem being addressed,(6) we provided a series of key questions to be considered along with our judgments about "typical" instrument performance. Given a decision-maker's preferences for certain criteria, this framework draws attention to those instruments which might be particularly effective--or warrant some caution--in addressing a particular problem. …


Rotor lifetime and safety primarily depend on the level of rotor vibration. In order to avoid unwanted consequences for the plant due to rotor damage and to meet the highest requirements of design reliability, accurate rotor dynamic predictions are mandatory. Having the correct rotor model is a critical issue in dynamics prediction. Often research activities are focused only on the rotor-bearing system analysis. However, generally, the whole system, which includes the rotor, bearings, casing and structural supports should be considered. Special attention should be paid to the influence of structural supports which reveals when the rotor is supported by ball bearings because of low damping and high bearing stiffness. The approach presented in this paper allows us to simulate the influence of structural supports on rotor dynamics response and as a result, the full picture of rotor-bearing-support system resonances can be analyzed to avoid potential problems. The methodology is based on support vibrations modal reduction technics. According to the approach, the natural frequencies and their mode shapes should be calculated for the separate support structure applying a three-dimensional finite element model and the relative displacements at bearing location points are measured. Supports' normalized modal characteristics (modal mass and modal stiffness) for each vibration mode should then be imported in a rotor dynamics algorithm for rotor unbalance response analysis. The approach allows for simulation of different types of support structures such as bearing pedestals, steel foundations, tabletop-type foundation, frame and pipe supports of arbitrary geometry, and so on. Validation based on the Jeffcott rotor model is presented. The current methodology has been applied to a


Given the limited treatment options for advanced heart failure, the intrinsic regenerative properties of stem cells have been evaluated for myocardial remodeling. Previous stem cells techniques for myocardiocyte remodeling have been limited by the low cellular retention. Presented is a hybrid approach for remodeling infarcted myocardium through implantation of allogeneic human amniotic fluid–derived mesenchymal stem cells within micronized human allograft-derived liquid matrix during the performance of transmyocardial revascularization (TMR). Given the induced increase in vascular density from TMR, we hypothesize that it may serve as a therapeutic delivery system for stem cell placement into damaged myocardium. We present a patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy and refractory angina, who clinically improved after this hybrid therapy of intraoperative TMR and placement of amniotic fluid–derived mesenchymal stem cells and liquid matrix within the TMR channels. Noninvasive testing of myocardial viability biomarkers utilizing both cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and thallium imaging supported the clinical improvement in cardiac symptom may be related to ventricular remodeling in a region of infarct with subsequent functional improvement.


An increased clinical interest in shame has been reflected in the growing number of research studies in this area. However, clinically orientated empirical investigation has mostly been restricted to the investigation of individual differences in dispositional shame. This study reviews recent work on dispositional shame but then argues that the primacy of this construct has been problematic in a number of ways. Most importantly, the notion of shame as a context-free intrapsychic variable has distracted clinical researchers from investigating the management and repair of experiences of shame and shameful identities and has made the social constitution of shame less visible. Several suggestions are made for alternative ways in which susceptibility to shame could be conceptualized, which consider how shame might arise in certain contexts and as a product of particular social encounters. For example, persistent difficulties with shame may relate to the salience of stigmatizing discourses within a particular social context, the roles or subject positions available to an individual, the establishment of a repertoire of context-relevant shame avoidance strategies and the personal meaning of shamefulness.


The use of force in Iraq in 2003 by the United States, Britain and Australia was justified by these states as an act of self defence, based on the threat posed to them by Iraq's possession of weapons of mass destruction and its association with terrorists. Other justifications were also raised, including those based on United Nations Security Council Resolutions, and to a much lesser extent those based on humanitarian intervention to assist the people of Iraq remove an oppressive regime. Nevertheless, self defence remained the premier justification, and one which was undermined when occupying troops in Iraq ultimately failed to discover such weapons. That evidence first cited in support of self defence was at best circumstantial raises the question why these arguments were promoted so vigorously, particularly when those based on humanitarian intervention were almost ignored in spite of them having a sound evidentiary foundation. This article argues this course was adopted because acting in self defence will generate support from an electorate to whom elected leaders are answerable and will fit within international law. In contrast, humanitarian intervention, while it also has a legitimate basis under international law, will not promote action from states unless there is some collateral benefit to those states.


Youth and Women Empowerment (YOWE), based in Ghana's Eastern Region, is a community-based NGO that has been working since 2000 to support empowerment of vulnerable groups and improve their quality of life through community initiatives, adult learning, and advocacy. In 2018, YOWE partnered with the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University (CSD) to design and implement a series of training initiatives aiming, through a series of non-formal environmental education sessions, to increase women's skills relevant to eco-friendly livelihoods and to raise community awareness of eco-friendly lifestyle choices. The chapter begins with a discussion of YOWE's programmatic history of weaving eco-conscious practices into their various programs, drawing on literature as well as YOWE's own experience to consider the main barriers to facilitating behavioral change amidst a landscape of poverty and lack of access to government services. The chapter continues with an overview of the project partnership with CSD, and a presentation of project findings, looking at changes in lifestyle choices and perceptions of how those choices impact the environment. The chapter close with a discussion of lessons learned and implications for how NGOs can integrate environmental education into various program priorities.


William Blake's experimental artistic technologies produced a formidably complex artistic legacy. The Blake Archive (www.blakearchive.org) set out on a mission to restore that legacy by digital means—an ecological effort to reintegrate dispersed and disaggregated textual and pictorial fragments. But more than a decade of collective experience has revealed that the Archive is concerned at least as much with recapitulation and recycling as with restoration, and as much with disciplined fragmentation as with integration. The best explanation for the Archive's place in the posthumous history of Blake's work is in terms of editorial settlements that are crafted, negotiated, and imposed by editors acting as the agents of posterity. Those settlements are active participants in dynamic systems. Through three distinguishable historical phases—radical normalization in the decades following Blake's death; consolidation and institutionalization in the twentieth century; and, most recently, a digital superconsolidation that is simultaneously progressive and conservative—the editorial history of Blake's art elucidates several fundamental characteristics of editorial theory and practice. It also reveals suggestive symptoms of an unsettled and unsettling future of work, hope, challenge, and compromise on the brink of the known editorial universe.


Plans for an analysis of the sensitivity of Level 2 bridge-scour computations are described. Cross-section data from 15 bridge sites in Texas are modified to reflect four levels of field effort ranging from no field surveys to complete surveys. Data from United States Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps will be used to supplement incomplete field surveys. The cross sections are used to compute the water-surface profile through each bridge for several T-year recurrence-interval design discharges. The effect of determining the downstream energy grade-line slope from topographic maps is investigated by systematically varying the starting slope of each profile. The water-surface profile analyses are then used to compute potential scour resulting from each of the design discharges. The planned results will be presented in the form of exceedance-probability versus scour-depth plots with the maximum and minimum scour depths at each T-year discharge presented as error bars.


This micro level study, conducted in the state of Chhattisgarh to examine the income and employment pattern, has revealed that farm and non-farm activities are the main sources of income and employment and off-farm activity (agricultural labour) contributes only a negligible portion. The smallholders as well as landless households during the slack agricultural season depend on rural non-farm activities as the source of earning. A wide disparity in economy of farm and non-farm households has been observed. The income has been found higher under farm than non-farm households, but on per capita basis, no significant difference has been observed between farm and non-farm households. Within farm households, there are wide disparities between marginal and large farmers. A major portion of farm household's income is generated from kharif crops and a small portion by rabi crops due to prevalence of mono-cropped farming system in the state. A majority of households has been found to generate their employment through non-farm activities. The annual employment generated by non-farm household is considerably higher as compared to that by farm households. Within farm households, employment provided by service activities has shown a positive relationship with farm-size, while there is inverse relationship with non-agricultural labour. Policies aimed at improving the income and employment level include diversification of agriculture and increasing of crop productivity. To promote the rural non-farm sector, financial assistance may be provided to start new nonfarm activities.


Sustainable building materials offer energy efficiency and environmental performance. One possible sustainable building product is insulating concrete forms (ICF). An ICF wall section consists of expanded polystyrene and concrete with polyethylene ties. One difference between a "normal" construction and ICF construction is that the forms stay in place after concrete has cured. The forms and concrete act as insulation material and have the potential for reducing energy consumption in buildings. The goal of this research is to conduct a comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of the wall sections comprised of ICF and traditional wood-framed for the life cycle phases of raw materials, manufacturing, construction, use and end of life. Preliminary results comparing ICF and wood frame in the manufacturing phase for above grade construction are presented. To investigate the use phase, an energy modeling tool eQuest will be utilized, along with discussing the development of the LCA residential model.


Supervision of construction workers on a site is crucial to ensure construction worker safety, to maintain the quality of work performed and to maintain acceptable levels of productivity. The act of supervision itself requires the site superintendent to physically monitor workers in an environment that is constantly changing throughout the various phases of construction. This can be a complicated task on a medium to large building site with several trades working simultaneously on multiple floors or areas. There exists a need for construction superintendents to know the location of construction workers within a site. Academicians and industry professionals have demonstrated the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags in construction applications in the past few years. RFID tags have successfully been used to track construction materials, equipment and tools. Studies indicate that the use of RFID tags in construction improves the overall process of construction. Building information modeling (BIM) technology is emerging as the industry standard in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) sector. BIM is being used as a comprehensive design, management, visualization, communication and facility maintenance and management tool. This research presents the creation of a decision support framework for site supervision based on monitoring construction workers by combining RFID technology with BIM. A conceptual decision support framework to monitor site safety was developed by interviewing site superintendents. Conducting a web-based questionnaire of construction industry professionals validated the framework. A proof-of-concept virtual prototype was created to track the movement of construction workers using RFID and BIM. The procedures undertaken to create the conceptual framework and the virtual prototype are described in the thesis.


The thinking presented in Par-dela nature et culture invites sociology to take up the question
of humans beings' relations with nature. Sociology is perhaps better disposed to do this than
anthropology given what is in fact its strong, spontaneous reluctance to refer to invariants thought
of as defining what is specific to humanity. An effect of Descola's book is to suggest the interest
for sociology of taking up and further developing Durkheim's thesis that humans perceive their
relations with nature « on the image » of social relations.


Throughout history, Black children have been dehumanized, criminalized, and sexualized. Additionally, though education can be a transformative and liberative tool, Black children have been deprived of quality and equitable education or pushed out of schools and into confinement through harsh punitive punishments that have oftentimes been found to be rooted in racism, sexism, classism, etc. Unfortunately, most of the advocacy and research that is has been done up until recently has been focused on the treatment of Black boys in society. While many advocacy and activist groups are working to change systems for Black boys, our Black girls are receiving harsher juvenile justice sentences and more punitive punishments than any other group of girls and are the fastest growing population in departments of juvenile justice. This paper discusses the keys—outlined by Dr. Monique Morris— that are needed to incorporate transformative practices for Black girls in schools. These keys are: a race conscious gender analysis; an erasure of respectability politics in Schools; a centered response to victimization; high expectations for all Students; practices that facilitate healing opportunities for Black girls; and a centering of voices of color and experiential knowledge.


The development and management of master planned communities (MPCs) involve achieving the twin goals of building a sense of community and creating a distinctive place. The roles of private, public and community sectors in realising these goals of MPCs are evolving over time. The article reports on a case study of the MPC of Varsity Lakes in Gold Coast to investigate the role of key stakeholders as well as their collaborative initiatives for community building. It examines the community governance model being introduced by the developer for the management of the development once the developer has completed work on the MPC and moved on. Some of the key initiatives on community building in Varsity Lakes include establishing a community bank, setting up a community intra-net and developing local economic development strategies. The developer has also taken a proactive approach of establishing a not-for-profit company, Varsity Lakes Community Limited (VLCL), with representation from residents, business, community groups and education providers in the area. The VLCL provides a basis for a community governance model to be applied for the management of the development after the developer exits the scene. The case study provides important lessons for effective governance of MPCs with greater community leadership and community ownership and engagement.


The study presents data from a geochemical till survey conducted in the Oppdal/Berkåk area of Central Norway. Using a 1 × 2.5 km grid, 877 samples were taken to cover a 2000-km2 survey area (one site per 2.2 km2). The samples were air dried, sieved to <2 mm and analysed for 51 elements following an aqua regia extraction. A number of geochemical anomalies, related to lithology, a prominent fault zone, mineralization or environmental processes, are delineated for a large number of elements. Four main anomalies are outlined. A large, elongated (40 km long) multi-element anomaly is associated with normal faults and adjacent rhyolitic-andesitic rocks occurring in the area. Elements associated with gold (As, Sb) form an anomaly on the central high-altitude area just to the east of the fault related anomaly. Two further areas that display high concentrations for many elements are located around Orkelsjøen and Soknedal. Climatic/topographic conditions have a strong influence on the Hg and Se distribution. Several areas that display geochemical anomalies, where more detailed studies could be conducted were also identified. Supplementary material: Geochemical maps for all elements, boxplots showing till samples grouped in tectonic units, and boxplots showing till samples grouped by main lithologies are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4038950


The present study describes the effect that different demographic developments will have on the Swedish pension system. Projections of expenditures for old age pensions, survivor pensions, and disability pensions were made for the period 1985-2050 on the basis of future developments of the population and its structure (age, sex, and marital status). Six demographic scenarios were formulated: Benchmark, High Fertility, Low Mortality, West European, National 1, and National 2 scenarios. Together they cover a wide range of demographic developments, not to say all probable developments.

A model of the current Swedish pension system is combined with all six demographic scenarios. Projections of expenditures as well as of contributions and benefits in the pension system are made. The pension system will be put under severe strain whatever the demographic development. In all scenarios, expenditures will continue to increase until 2030, in the beginning as a result of the maturing of the system, but after the turn of the century mainly as a result of demographic changes. Expenditures will increase by about 75% in the "most favorable" scenarios (Benchmark/High Fertility, Western European) and by 100% to 130% in the "least favorable" scenarios (Low Mortality, National 1 and 2). After 2030, expenditures decrease in all scenarios except in National 2 where they remain constant. The contribution rates will have to be increased from about 20% in 1985 to between 36% (National 1) and 49.9% (Low Mortality) of the wage sum in 2030.

The impact on contributions and benefits of three selected policy measures are studied: a raising of the retirement age by two years, an extension of the number of years on which benefits are based and an increase in labor force. All three measures will ease the pressure on the system but only to some extent. The main conclusion is that there is a need for a fundamental change in the Swedish pension system.


The shifting global demography and ageing of populations worldwide brings with new challenges for the health care, and an imperative for healthy ageing and preventive health strategies for adults. Immunization is the low hanging fruit for healthy ageing, and yet under-utilized for various reasons, including waning immunity in the elderly, lack of RCT data in this age group, and lack of provider confidence in vaccines for the elderly. The elderly people have a higher incidence of infection and more severe and serious consequences of infection. Diseases such as influenza, pneumococcal disease and herpes zoster have long been recognized as causing a high burden in the elderly, but evidence is also emerging for other infections such as pertussis being a major cause of the morbidity in this age group. Now, there are several vaccines which can prevent major infectious diseases in the elderly. To improve uptake of these vaccines, elderly vaccination should be viewed through a different lens to pediatric vaccination, accepting that vaccines are less immunogenic in the elderly. The population health impact of vaccines in the elderly, despite of immunosenescence and lower immunogenicity, is still likely to be high given the increased disease incidence. Vaccination is an important and readily available means of prevention in the elderly.


This dissertation is about Sasak women and their contemporary social position. It is argued that traditional law (adat) in Lombok oppresses women and Sasak patriarchy is an obstacle to women's education, freedom and equality. The research demonstrates that the increasing process of Islamisation in Lombok has a definite positive effect on the aforementioned aspects and enhances Sasak women's chances of obtaining education regarding their rights, health and economic matters. On the anthropological map, Lombok is rarely mentioned. It has not received sufficient recognition especially in the field of women's studies. This thesis discusses the main contemporary issues Sasak women are confronted with, that is rural traditional life, health, marriage and their development in a patriarchal society, and how they go about it. The majority of Lombok's women show an enthusiasm in advancing their social position which is demonstrated in Lombok's own local organisations, respected by the community and with a bright promising future. The dissertation is based on six months of ethnographic fieldwork in Lombok conducted among Sasaks in rural hamlets, Islamic women's organisations, NGO's, Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) and Sasak women of various social levels. It is divided into five chapters and a conclusion.


In this paper we demonstrate that there is a substantial union representation gap in the United States. We arrive at this conclusion by comparing Canadian and American worker responses to questions relating to desired union representation. We find that a majority of the gap in union density between Canada and the US is a function of greater frustrated demand on the part of American workers. We then estimate potential union density rates for the United States and Canada and find that, given current levels of union membership in both countries, if effective demand for unionisation among non-union workers were realised, then this would imply equivalently higher rates of unionisation (37 and 36 percent in the US and Canada respectively). These results cast some doubt on the view that even minor reforms to labour legislation in the US, to bring them in line with those in most Canadian jurisdictions, would do nothing to improve the rate of organising success in the United States. The results also have implications for countries such as Britain who have recently moved closer to a Wagner-Act model of statutory recognition.


A helpful book-and-video package for building and maintaining a successful Web site How do you know that you've done everything possible to create a unique, enriching, and successful Web site, particularly when you're hiring others to do it? With Website Design and Development, you'll feel confident that youve exhausted every facet of building a Web site. The clever question-and-answer format walks you through easily overlooked details, acting as a virtual consultant. Youll get clear, easy-to-follow advice on everything from finding a host, design and layout, creating content, marketing, to staying secure. Each question features a rating as to how critical it is to the welfare of the site, allowing you to pick and choose where to spend your time and money, and the answers contain helpful illustrations as well as action points. In addition, your learning experience is further enhanced by the high-quality accompanying video. Contains professional advice for creatingand maintaininga successful Web site Features an accompanying video that offers additional examples, commentary, and advice for each question. Lists questions you should ask yourself or your web developer and then presents clear, concise answers as well as helpful checklists Rates each topic as to its importance in the grand scheme of your Web site so that you can determine how to spend your time and money Website Design and Development answers the essential questions that need to be asked before creating a Web site.


CONTEXT
Little is known about genes that contribute to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We previously found linkage and association of PCOS with the dinucleotide marker D19S884 in two independent sets of families; allele 8 of D19S884 confers increased risk.

OBJECTIVE/DESIGN
The objectives of the study were: 1) use the transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) to assess linkage and association between PCOS and D19S884 (and nearby markers) in a third set of families; and 2) test D19S884 and surrounding DNA sequence for in vitro regulatory activity in lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) and granulosa cells.

SETTING/SUBJECTS
We studied 98 new families with a PCOS proband, father, mother, and other available offspring. We analyzed data from these families separately and in combination with data obtained previously.

INTERVENTIONS
Interventions were venipuncture.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Measures were transmission frequencies and in vitro functional studies.

RESULTS
The first result we found was that in the 98 new families, the TDT was significant for allele 8 of D19S884 (P = 0.043). In the total collection of 465 families, the TDT evidence is very strong (nominal P < 7 x 10(-5)). Results for all other genetic markers near D19S884 were nonsignificant after correction for multiple testing. The second result was that an approximately 800-bp fragment containing various alleles of D19S884 showed modest but reproducible promoter activity in LCLs. However, no allelic differences were detected. No activity of this fragment was detected in granulosa cells.

CONCLUSIONS
This is the second independent confirmation of linkage and association of D19S884 with PCOS. We found in addition that some sequence in the region of D19S884 confers in vitro promoter activity in LCLs.


Anxiety is a main symptom of withdrawal from substances and can be detrimental to treatment. There is little evidence which supports the use of a particular therapeutic treatment in reducing the anxiety associated with withdrawal. This study aimed to reduce anxiety associated with withdrawal through participation in group music therapy for adults admitted to a community residential alcohol and drug withdrawal unit. A quasi-experimental design was adopted, using the self-report Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS) to measure anxiety pre and post a single session. A total of 35 participants attended a one hour music therapy group session and contributed to data collection over ten sessions. A paired two-tailed t-test indicated a highly statistically significant difference (p = <0.0001) between the pre and post session scores, suggesting that music therapy significantly decreased anxiety for participants. The results of this study provide support for the future funding of music therapy programs in inpatient withdrawal settings and contributes to the limited evidence base supporting the use of music therapy for people with substance use disorders.


introduction by Bill T. Jones Arnie Zane (1948-1988) is best known for his seventeen-year personal and artistic partnership with choreographer Bill T. Jones. Their creative interchange defined each other's artistic vision and led to one of the most celebrated collaborations in late-twentieth-century dance. The Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company continues to bear Zane's name and to be inspired by his spirit.Continuous Replay, which is titled after a dance work of Zane's, is the first comprehensive presentation of his photography. Zane took up the camera in earnest in 1971, the year he and Jones met. His photography examines the body's physicality, sexual identity, and potential for beauty and decay. The design of the book and of its associated exhibition--which will travel widely within the United States--reflects Zane's aesthetic strategies and the dynamic interplay between his art and life, photography and dance, his collection of found images and his own photographs, and his self-portraits and images of others. The core of the book consists of six portfolios that present Zane's photographs side by side with his artwork, sketches, performance notes, snapshots of Bill and Arnie, and video stills and photos of the company in action. The portfolios are interpreted through writings by friends, dancers, curators, and historians from the worlds of photography, art, and dance.Essays by Jonathan Green, Susan Leigh Foster, and Christine Pichini commentary by Bill Bissell, Bill T. Jones, Robert Longo, Philip Sykas, and Lois Welk


We apply time-resolved photoluminescence with 1.5 μm spatial resolution for characterization of carrier trap distribution in semi-insulating Ga0.51In0.49P:Fe layers regrown around GaAs/AlGaAs circular vertical cavity surface emitting laser mesas using hydride vapour phase epitaxy. The carrier trapping times are in the range from 10 to 15 ps and quite uniformly distributed throughout the burying GaInP:Fe layer, suggesting that the layer is semi-insulating everywhere. Simulations show that, in addition to the Fe dopants, the layer contains other, unintended carrier traps. The photoluminescence spectra reveal that the regrown GaInP:Fe material has several distinct regions with different band gaps. This is attributed to differences in the In/Ga composition and/or CuPt ordering of the GaInP.


Educational robotics has great potential as a learning tool at all levels, from kindergarten to the university. It provides rich opportunities for collaborative knowledge building and skills acquisition through the manipulation of and interaction with robots. Despite the remarkable progress in this field, the scope and impact of robot-based activities have primarily focused on the teaching of technical school subjects (i.e., computer science, mathematics, and physics). This work proposes to support the learning and teaching of non-technical school subjects through drama-based activities with multiple robots. This approach provides a multisensory learning environment where students can learn through representations or simulations of ideas, events, stories, phenomena, or processes using multiple robot actors. Based on the drama process used by teachers, we propose steps to create and perform plays with robot actors in an educational context and discuss different alternatives for its implementation. Finally, we discuss the challenges of creating plays with multiple robots for educational purposes.


Based on a workshop developed at INICTEL-UNI, this paper presents the methodology and considerations taken to improve the experiences in communication laboratory sessions in Peruvian universities with Software Defined Radio platforms, using a HackRF-One for transmission and a RTL-SDR for reception together with GNUradio Companion, an open source software. The use of these tools allows real communications to be implemented with low cost, simplicity and flexibility that represents a perfect combination for undergraduate laboratory sessions. In addition, it is also presented an 8-PSK communication system implementation as an experience to digital communications as a viability of this proposal.


The authors' approach to blind equalization examines the possible input sequences directly by using a bank of filters and, in contrast to common approaches, does not try to find an approximative inverse of the channel dynamics. The identifiability question of a noise-free finite impulse response (FIR) model is investigated. A sufficient condition for the input sequence (persistently exciting of a certain order) is given which guarantees that both the channel model and the input sequence can be determined exactly in finite time. A recursive algorithm is given for a time-varying infinite impulse response (IIR) channel model with additive noise, which does not require a training sequence. The estimated sequence is an arbitrarily good approximation of the maximum a posteriori estimate. The proposed method is evaluated on a Rayleigh fading communication channel. It shows fast convergence properties and good tracking ability.<<ETX>>


A study is described in which the effectiveness of Corexit 9527 on Alaskan North Slope crude oil was assessed by conducting laboratory and wave basin tests. Three laboratory dispersant test systems were used: the MNS, Labofina and EXDET procedures. It was concluded that for the present purposes the EXDET system was most suitable, and it was used for subsequent tests. The dependence of effectiveness on dispersant to oil ratio, extent of weathering, temperature, water salinity, energy level and the presence of emulsified water (mousse) were determined. The results were used to guide a subsequent program of tests at the Esso Resources Canada Ltd. Wave Basin in Calgary in which the effectiveness was determined under breaking wave conditions. From the results a correlating equation was developed to express effectiveness as a function of dispersant to oil ratio and delay time between dispersant application and the onset of breaking waves. Significant quantities of oil were dispersed under breaking wave conditions, even at what are conventionally regarded as low dispersant to oil ratios. The implications of the results for assessing the actual and potential extent of chemical dispersion following the Exxon Valdez spill in March 1989 are discussed. Assuming that the dispersion efficienciesmore » from the wave basin could have been achieved at the incident, it is believed that because of the onset of the storm with breaking wave conditions some 60 hours after the grounding, approximately 38% of the spilled oil could have been dispersed had available dispersants been applied to the spilled oil in the days following the grounding.« less


While the Road Sector Institutional Support Technical Assistance Project will examine rehabilitation options to minimize the need for ongoing road maintenance, the environmental assessment considers the potential environmental effects of the project on social, cultural, and economic resources, in a two-volume report covering the Katunguru - Kasese - Fort Portal Road, and Kasese - Kilembe Road - Equator Road segments. Measures to mitigate adversity are: To reduce the effects of road widening, those works within road reserves, should be conducted after harvest period, and, for those outside road reserve, compensation should be granted to affected landowners. As a result of earthworks, borrow pits will be available for waste, and spoil disposal, in an effort to reduce hydrological damage. Noise, dust, and safety risks will be minimized by limiting working hours to daytime schedules, enforcing control measures to reduce traffic speed, and, securing access to pedestrians, and cyclists through adequate traffic signals, and temporary diversions. During construction, health facilities will be available on-site, to ensure the well-being of local workforce, and communities. Maintenance of drainage infrastructure will be pursued, to avoid potential flooding of adjacent properties.


Statistics play a key role in influencing the quality of plans chosen by a database query optimizer. We identify the statistics that are essential for an optimizer. We introduce novel techniques that help significantly reduce the set of statistics that need to be created without sacrificing the quality of query plans generated. We discuss how these techniques can be leveraged to automate statistics management in databases. We have implemented and experimentally evaluated our approach on Microsoft SQL Server 7.0.


An important finding in the literature on migration has been that the earnings of married women typically decrease with a move, while the earnings of married men often increase with a move, suggesting that married women are more likely to act as the "trailing spouse." This article considers a related but largely unexplored question: what is the effect of having an occupation that is associated with frequent migration on the migration decisions of a household and on the earnings of the spouse? Further, how do these effects differ between men and women? The Public Use Microdata Sample from the 2000 U.S. decennial census is used to calculate migration rates by occupation and education. The analysis estimates the effects of these occupational mobility measures on the migration of couples and the earnings of married individuals. I find that migration rates in both the husband's and wife's occupations affect the household migration decision, but mobility in the husband's occupation matters considerably more. For couples in which the husband has a college degree (regardless of the wife's educational level), a husband's mobility has a large, significant negative effect on his wife's earnings, whereas a wife's mobility has no effect on her husband's earnings. This negative effect does not exist for college-educated wives married to non-college-educated husbands.


Introduction. Patients with advanced-stage lung cancer face poor survival and experience co-occurring chronic physical and psychosocial symptoms. Despite several years of research in exercise oncology, few exercise studies have targeted advanced lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the benefits of a 6-week supervised group exercise intervention and to outline the effect on aerobic capacity, strength, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), anxiety, and depression. Methods. VO2peak was assessed using an incremental exercise test. Muscle strength was measured with one repetition maximum test (1RM). HRQoL, anxiety, and depression were assessed using Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Lung (FACT-L) scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results. One hundred and forthteen patients with advanced stage lung cancer were recruited. Forty-three patients dropped out. No serious adverse events were reported. Exercise adherence in the group training was 68%. Improvements in VO2peak (P < .001) and 6-minute walk distance (P < .001) and muscle strength measurements (P < .05) were seen. There was a reduction in anxiety level (P = .0007) and improvement in the emotional well-being parameter (FACT-L) but no statistically significant changes in HRQoL were observed. Conclusion. The results of the present study show that during a 6-week hospital-based supervised, structured, and group-based exercise program, patients with advanced-stage lung cancer (NSCLC IIIb-IV, ED-SCLC) improve their physical capacity (VO2peak, 1RM), functional capacity, anxiety level, and emotional well-being, but not their overall HRQoL. A randomized controlled trial testing the intervention including 216 patients is currently being carried out.


Life expectancy varies substantially across local regions within a country, raising conjectures that place of residence affects health. However, population sorting and other confounders make it difficult to disentangle the effects of place on health from other geographic differences in life expectancy. Recent studies have overcome such challenges to demonstrate that place of residence substantially influences health and mortality. Whether policies that encourage people to move to places that are better for their health or that improve areas that are detrimental to health are desirable depends on the mechanisms behind place effects, yet these mechanisms remain poorly understood.


Problem statement: Hyaluronidase is an enzyme which catalyze hydrolysis of Hyaluronan (HA). Hyaluronan is important in cell migration during embryonic development, cellular proliferation and differentiation and has a structural role in connective tissues. Hyaluronidase deficiency is correlated with mucopolysaccharidosis IX. In human, hyaluronidase is encoded by HYAL1 gene. The mutation study of HYAL1 gene was carried out by many researchers, but until now, mutation study of HYAL1 still in progress and limited due to the lack of primer used in amplification of selected DNA sequence of HYAL1 gene and maximum length limitation imposed by DNA sequencer. Approach: The search for three pairs of primers for human exon 1 segmented amplification of HYAL1 gene was conducted and evaluated. The first step was to acquire HYAL1 gene sequence and then had it aligned with human chromosome 3 genomic contig sequence. Exon 1 of HYAL1 gene was found to be located at nt 201-1711 of the acquired human chromosome 3 genomic contig. Online Primer3 program was used to design three pairs of primers. The selected pairs of primer had been subjected to BLASTn operation for selectivity examination while onlineNetPrimer operation was carried out for examination of secondary structures. Results: The search for primers to amplify three different fragments of exon 1 of HYAL1 gene yielded three selected pairs of primers, namely forward primer 5'-TGACCCCCTACAAAAGCTCA-3' (20 bp) and reverse primer 5'-AAGTCTCCGATTCCCCCACT-3' (20 bp) for amplifying nt 1-551 of HYAL1 gene, forward primer 5'-AGTCCTGTGGGAGATGGCAGA-3' (21 bp) and reverse primer 5'-CGGTAAATGTCCTTGGTGTCC-3' (21 bp) for amplifying nt 355-1053 of HYAL1 gene and forward primer 5'-GCCATACCTGCTCCTGACTT-3' (20 bp) and reverse primer 5'-ACAAGGTGGGCAGGTTACAG-3' (20 bp) for amplifying nt 956-1511 of HYAL1 gene. When using these primers, nt 1-46 of amplified product of the first pair of primers and nt 555-584 of amplified product of the third pair of primers must not be considered because those are not part of exon 1 of HYAL1 gene. The results from both operations and trial to real samples using these primers indicated that all three pairs of primer were satisfactory for use. Conclusion/Recommendations: The three pairs of primers could be used to amplify specified segments of HYAL1 gene.


In March 2017, responding to a pressure to improve athlete development and enjoyment, Hockey Canada moved to change how youth are introduced to hockey by mandating the implementation of a cross-ice development program for its entry-level participants. The mandate of cross-ice programming was to ensure that all 75,000 entry-level participants received increased touches of the puck on an appropriately sized playing surface; thus, heightening their spatial awareness and foundational skills necessary to enjoyably move forward in hockey. As is common for many sport organizations, the proposed programming changes were met with resistance by some stakeholders. Surprisingly, the resistance to the programming changes evolved into a much-publicized intergroup conflict within Hockey Canada's largest market. The dispute could not be resolved in time for the beginning of the 2017–2018 season. As a result, the defiant local leagues were granted a one-year reprieve from implementing cross-ice programming. With only a one-year reprieve granted, Hockey Canada must now determine the appropriate steps to fully implement their desired programming change and ensure that resistance-based conflicts are limited in the future.