The Deep Ecliptic Survey (DES)—a search optimized for the discovery of Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) with the Blanco and Mayall 4 m telescopes at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory and Kitt Peak National Observatory—has covered 550 deg2 from its inception in 1998 through the end of 2003. This survey has a mean 50% sensitivity at VR magnitude 22.5. We report here the discoveries of 320 designated KBOs and Centaurs for the period 2000 March through 2003 December and describe improvements to our discovery and recovery procedures. Our data and the data products needed to reproduce our analyses in this paper are available through the NOAO survey database. Here we present a dynamical classification scheme, based on the behavior of orbital integrations over 10 Myr. The dynamical classes, in order of testing, are "Resonant," "Centaur," "Scattered-Near," "Scattered-Extended," and "Classical." (These terms are capitalized when referring to our rigorous definitions.) Of the 382 total designated KBOs discovered by the DES, a subset of 196 objects have sufficiently accurate orbits for dynamical classification. Summary information is given for an additional 240 undesignated objects also discovered by the DES from its inception through the end of 2003. The number of classified DES objects (uncorrected for observational bias) are Classical, 96; Resonant, 54; Scattered-Near, 24; Scattered-Extended, 9; and Centaur, 13. We use subsets of the DES objects (which can have observational biases removed) and larger samples to perform dynamical analyses on the Kuiper belt. The first of these is a determination of the Kuiper belt plane (KBP), for which the Classical objects with inclinations less than 5° from the mean orbit pole yield a pole at R.A. = 273.°92 ± 0.°62 and decl. = 66.°70 ± 0.°20 (J2000), consistent with the invariable plane of the solar system. A general method for removing observational biases from the DES data set is presented and used to find a provisional magnitude distribution and the distribution of orbital inclinations relative to the KBP. A power-law model fit to the cumulative magnitude distribution of all KBOs discovered by the DES in the VR filter yields an index of 0.86 ± 0.10 (with the efficiency parameters for the DES fitted simultaneously with the population power law). With the DES sensitivity parameters fixed, we derive power-law indices of 0.74 ± 0.05, 0.52 ± 0.08, and 0.74 ± 0.15, respectively, for the Classical, Resonant, and Scattered classes. Plans for calibration of the DES detection efficiency function and DES magnitudes are discussed. The inclination distribution confirms the presence of "hot" and "cold" populations; when the geometric sin i factor is removed from the inclination distribution function, the cold population shows a concentrated "core" with a full width at half-maximum of approximately 4.°6, while the hot population appears as a "halo," extending beyond 30°. The inclination distribution is used to infer the KBO distribution in the sky, as a function of latitude relative to the KBP. This inferred latitude distribution is reasonably consistent with the latitude distribution derived from direct observation, but the agreement is not perfect. We find no clear boundary between the Classical and Scattered classes either in their orbital inclinations with respect to the KBP or in their power-law indices in their respective magnitude distributions. This leaves open the possibility that common processes have shaped the distribution of orbital parameters for the two classes.


Work reported herein was conducted at the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Support for the laboratory's artificial intelligence research is provided in part by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense under Office of Naval Research Contract number N00014-75C-0643


Improper soil and crop management practices have resulted in loss of soil carbon. Worldwide, about 1417 Pg of soil carbon is stored in first meter soil depth, while 456-Pg soil carbon is stored in above–below ground vegetation and dead organic matter. Healthy soils can be helpful in combating the climate change because soils having high organic matter can have higher CO 2 sequestration potential. Main agronomic practices responsible for soil carbon loss include improper tillage operations, crop rotations, residue management, fertilization, and similarly no or less use of organic fertilizers that have resulted in the loss of soil organic matter in the form of CO 2 . The share of agriculture sector in the entire emissions of global GHGs in the form of CO 2, N 2 O, and CH 4 is about 25–30%. Studies have shown that by adapting proper tillage operations, the use of such kind of crop rotations that can improve soil organic matter and similarly the application of organic fertilizers, i.e., FYM, compost, and other organic amendments such as humic acid, vermicompost, etc., can be useful in soil carbon sequestration.


This research was Phase III of field investigations carried out over 12 years at a test section in southwest Washington State in an effort to quantify the contribution of geotextile separators to the long-term performance of pavement sections. Five different geotextile separators, as well as a control (soil-only) section, were installed in a test section covering two lanes with different base course thicknesses on a low volume but heavily loaded rural highway west of Bucoda, Washington. Phase I evaluated the performance of the separators during construction. Phase II and III were conducted to evaluate the performance of the separators 5 and 12 years after construction, respectively. Field and laboratory tests were conducted on the subgrade, granular base materials, and the geotextiles as part of the effort to correlate the performance of the pavement section to the presence of the geotextile separators. Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing was also performed at the site as part of the effort to quantify the performance of the pavement section. The laboratory tests indicated that the geotextiles successfully performed their separation function over the 12-year period. However, the soil-only sections had a minimal amount of intermixing at the base course/subgrade interface, indicating that the separation benefits of geotextiles may not be realized under relatively thick pavement sections. The FWD tests showed that the most significant increase in the subgrade moduli occurred in the first few months following construction. However, the soil-only sections exhibited behavior similar to the sections with geotextiles during the FWD testing, suggesting that for the relatively thick pavement sections, incorporation of geotextiles may not have provided a significant contribution to the overall performance of the section over the 12-year period. Some of the FWD results did suggest that geotextiles might contribute to an increase in the base course modulus over time.


The paper focusses on the dominant role of English in the academic discourse of Translation Studies and the effects this has on communication within the scientific community: the danger is increasing that the language English is not only used as a means of communication (e.g. with publications and conferences exclusively in English), but actually forms part of the object of discussion, dealing with facets of languages contrasted to English, and using English examples, whereby non-native speakers are disadvantaged, other approaches are ignored, and "pseudo-English" discourse is increasingly tolerated. The paper discusses the subtle difficulties involved in English academic discourse and presents a number of possible solutions, concentrating on the concept of passive multilingualism and the introduction of "bridge languages" as a means of gaining access to languages other than English or the active working language of the individual scholar.


Objective: Previous studies reveal that many terminally ill patients never receive hospice care. Among those who do receive hospice, many enroll very close to the time of death. Nationally, between 1992 and 1998, the median length of stay at hospice declined 27%, from 26 to 19 days. In our prior study of 206 patients diagnosed with terminal cancer and using hospice, we found that one-third enrolled with hospice within 1 week prior to death. Late hospice enrollment can have deleterious effects on patients and their family members. The aim of the present study was to characterize common experiences of patients and primary family caregivers as they transition to hospice, focusing on caregiver perceptions of factors that might contribute to delays in hospice enrollment. Methods: We conducted in-depth interviews with a purposive sample of 12 caregivers selected from a population of primary family caregivers of patients with terminal cancer who enrolled with hospice in Connecticut between September 2000 and September 2001. Respondents represented different ages, genders, and kinship relationships with patients. Respondents were asked about the patient's care trajectory, how they first learned about hospice, and their experiences as they transitioned to hospice. NUD*IST software was used for qualitative data coding and analysis. Results: Constant comparative analysis identified three themes common to the experience of transitioning to hospice: (1) caregivers' acceptance of the impending death, (2) challenges in negotiating the health care system across the continuum of care, and (3) changing patient–family dynamics. Significance of results: Identification of these themes from the caregivers' perspective generates hypotheses about potential delays in hospice and may ultimately be useful in the design of interventions that are consistent with caregivers' needs.


Mentors in Violence Prevention (MVP) is a systematic education programme aimed at addressing gender inequality and preventing violence among boys and men. The programme originates from Canada and the USA, and since 2015 has been introduced in a number of Swedish schools. Whereas most evaluations of MVP and other programmes addressing gender-based violence focus on broad changes, we argue that these evaluations fail to provide insight into where and for whom the programmes are or are not effective. By identifying the participants with knowledge and attitudes furthest away from the target assumptions of the programme and following them throughout the programme, we can see what effects the programme has on those with the most problematic knowledge and attitudes. The study shows that MVP does not seem to contribute to a more positive development for the group of students whose knowledge and attitudes are furthest from the programme's target assumptions. Moreover, the study shows that the comparison group shows a more positive development over time than the MVP group. This leads to the conclusion that MVP seems to have limited potential to change the specific group with low levels of knowledge about violence and most problematic attitudes towards violent behaviour.


The main objective of this paper is to investigate the reaction of the Malaysian stock market on the international financial arena as a result of different inflows of information and economic shocks from the international stock markets. Simultaneously, the study will also encapsulate how stock market volatility has implications on financial and economic activities in Malaysia and the dynamics of major stock markets around the world can have ramifications on the Malaysian stock market. Using the stock price indices and returns over the period of 2000-2008, an analysis of volatility co-movement of Malaysian stock market with US, UK and Japan were estimated via Univariate GARCH model with asymmetric extensions and Vector Autoregression (VAR).  The findings observed that the co-movements between the Malaysian market and other markets in the analysis is minimal and is not in line with the findings in the existing literature as it has been observed that Asian markets are vulnerable to movements with the US market. Additionally, Malaysian returns do not much affect other markets and is also quite contrary to the findings in the literature.  The degree of co-movements indicates that there is still much scope for reaping risk minimization and return maximization benefits of portfolio diversification, at least in the short term by investing in Malaysia, as integration of the Malaysian market is not of a very high order.  This leaves sufficient room for switching between mature markets such as that of US, UK or Japan


When a transgression against consumers occur because of unprincipled management behavior, a brand's reputation and credibility can be negatively impacted; furthermore, marketers should expect that such transgressions will be judged by consumers unfavorably because attribution of fault lies squarely with the organization. Marketing managers and public relations professionals have a vested interest in understanding if consumers respond differently to transgressions that are relevant (vs. irrelevant) to the values espoused by the organization or brand. In addition, managers must also consider the timing of their response to such transgressions. Organizations should expect that information about unprincipled behavior will eventually surface and should thus, seize the opportunity to frame the message around the transgression. By proactively disclosing transgression information before a third party does, organizations can begin rebuilding trust with current and potential consumers. The current study examined the influence of transgression relevancy and disclosure tactic on attitude and consumer decisional behavior. A two-way ANOVA analysis revealed negative relationships between transgression relevance and attitude, willingness to purchase, and willingness to recommend. Additional analyses revealed positive relationships between proactive disclosure and attitude, willingness to purchase, and willingness to recommend. Organizations should first assess risk and take measures to protect the values and qualities espoused by their brands; organizations should also aim to proactively disclose transgression information in advance of third parties, even under conditions where management has behaved unscrupulously.


L- methioninase (methionine γ-lyase) has important biotechnological application because of its hydrolytic property to catalyze   L- methionine to α- ketobutyrate, methaneethiol and ammonia. Nessler's method was found to be simple and economical method to estimate L-methioninase activity in terms of released product ammonia. Response surface methodology was used as effective statistical tool to optimize conditions of enzyme because of accounting interactive effects of the variables with screening and prediction of large experimental domain.  Process variables like temperature, pH, substrate volume and incubation period were considered as significant parameters for assay method of L-methioninase produced from Bacillus subtilis. RSM model has shown good fitness with value of coefficient of determination (R²) as 0.9864 for these assay parameters. Multiple regression analysis and ANOVA showed optimum assay conditions of pH of reaction mixture 8.5, reaction time of 30 minutes, incubation temperature of 37˚C, and substrate volumeof 0.5ml. The model was validated after performing experiments at these optimum assay parameters and activity of 17.4 Unit was estimated for L-methioninase.


Teacher and Administrator Perceptions of Administrative Responsibilities for Implementing the Jacobs Model of Curriculum Mapping by Valerie Lyle M.A., Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1983 B.S., Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, 1976 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Teacher Leadership Walden University December 2010 Abstract The problem that compelled this study is one faced by district across the nation, which isThe problem that compelled this study is one faced by district across the nation, which is the alignment of district curriculum with state standards and assessments. The Jacobs model of curriculum mapping was developed to address these alignment issues. The Jacobs model represents a large scale change initiative, and large scale reforms may be unsustainable if leaders misunderstand the magnitude of change and its impact on leadership. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore administrator and teacher perceptions of administrative responsibilities for implementing the Jacobs model of curriculum mapping in a rural Midwestern school and how administrative leadership impacted teacher perceptions of sustainability. The conceptual framework for this study was based on change theories in relation to the work of Fullan and Senge. Data were collected from multiple sources, including interviews with 25 teachers at the elementary, middle, and high school levels and 5 administrators at all instructional levels. Archival documents and artifacts from 5 school years were also collected. Single case data was inductively analyzed and coded into 3 frames of analysis, and a cross case analysis of patterns, relationships, and themes was conducted. The findings of this study identified leadership challenges that impeded sustainability. Results suggest that for large scale reform to be successful, leaders need to identify and address potential change barriers and assume non-traditional leadership roles and responsibilities. Implications for positive social change include raised teacher awareness about the need for curricular alignment with state standards and the importance of horizontal, vertical, and lateral collaboration to address curricular gaps and redundancies in order to improve student learning. Teacher and Administrator Perceptions of Administrative Responsibilities for Implementing the Jacobs Model of Curriculum Mapping by Valerie Lyle M.A., Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 1983 B.S., Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, 1976 Doctoral Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Teacher Leadership Walden University December 2010


A 51-year-old Latin woman presented to the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute with a complaint of blurry vision in both eyes over the last 6 months. The visual loss was described as gradual, affecting both distance and near vision. The patient denied other symptoms of pain, redness, photophobia, floaters, or photopsias. The patient also denied any relevant medical history, medication use, or history of trauma. Family history was non-contributory. Ocular history was significant for "poor vision in my right eye since childhood," but no history of strabismus existed. The patient worked as a clerk at a dairy company and had a 15 pack-year smoking history, with occasional alcohol use.


The expansion in Champaca industry has led to an increasing demand for planting
materials. A study was conducted with the objective of developing plant regeneration
system for Michelia champaca L. through organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis.
The study was conducted in consideration of the potential economic importance of
the species. It consisted of development of sterilization procedure for field grown M.
champaca shoot tip and nodal segment explants and plant regeneration through
organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis of M. champaca either through solid
culture medium and cell suspension culture technique. This was the first report on the
establishment of M. champaca cell suspension culture.
All experiments in this study were conducted in a Completely Randomized Design
(CRD). In the development of sterilization procedure for field grown shoot tips and
nodal segments of M. champaca sterilization with 20% of clorox (20 minutes) + 70%
alcohol (2 minutes) + 10% clorox (5 minutes) and 0.1% HgCl2 (5 minutes) successfully produced non-contaminated explants up to 80% for field-grown shoot tip
and 50% for nodal explants.
In the experiment of determination of M. champaca seed viability, different
tetrazolium concentrations (0.1, 0.5, and 1 % (w/v)) in combination with different
immersion times (1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours) were used as treatments. The highest
percentage of seed viability (100%) was obtained from all tetrazolium concentrations
tested in combination with eight hours of immersion time.
Results on plant regeneration via organogenesis showed that MS (Murashige and
Skoog, 1962) medium supplemented with 0.2 gL-1 of charcoal, 30 gL-1 (w/v) of
sucrose and solidified with 3.9 gL-1 gelrite agar containing BAP at 6 mgL-1 in
combination with 0.5 mgL-1NAA was the most suitable for shoot induction from
shoot tip derived from seedling explants with the highest mean number of shoots
produced per explant (1.8) and mean shoot height of 4.53 cm. Meanwhile treatment
containing 0.5 mgL-1 NAA was the most suitable for rooting with a percentage of
shoot producing root at 70%, with mean number of roots formed per shoot at 2.5 and
mean root length was 1.07 cm.


Summary
A virus related antigenically to the group B arboviruses was isolated from a mouse bitten by a Myotis lucifugus collected in Western Montana, and was subsequently isolated from saliva, brain, and various other tissues of other bats of the same species.
The virus produces fatal infection in adult white mice and cavies by intracerebral but not peripheral injection. Suckling mice are susceptible to peripheral inoculation. Rabbits and hamsters are not susceptible upon inoculation into the central nervous system. The virus is readily adaptable to 8-day-old chick embryos inoculated by the amniotic route and to KB cells in tissue culture.
The smallest porosity gradacol membrane that permitted passage of the virus was 0.1 µ. It is sensitive to chloroform.
Serologic tests indicated affinity but not identity to group B arboviruses: St. Louis, EBSG, Ilheus, Rio Bravo, and Powassan. Hemagglutination was produced with sucrose-acetone brain antigen at low titer only.
Transmission of the virus by the bite of bats and presence of the virus in bat saliva may imply an adaptation of this virus to residence in and transmission by bats without necessary intervention of arthropod vectors.
This virus is tentatively designated as Montana Myotis leukoencephalitis (MML) virus.


In the coming years the world will be undergoing a major structural transformation as the size, composition, and geographic distribution of industry changes under the influence of:

-- increases in factor prices: energy, labor;

-- depletion of resources: minerals, cheap liquid fuels;

-- changes in technology: microelectronics, biotechnology;

-- industrialization of the LDCs.

The already-industrialized nations, whose industrial structure was shaped by relatively inexpensive energy and easy access to resources, will find certain sectors losing competitiveness to newly-industrialized nations with access to similar technologies and cheaper labor. The newly-industrializing nations will strive to increase their portion of the global industrial pie, while the industrialized nations will compete with each other to preserve their shares. At the same time, population increase and economic development will place new demands both for employment and for goods on the industrial system.

At the national level, this transformation will affect economic growth, employment, regional development, balance of payments, R & D, and many other sensitive constituents of national well-being. For the small economies that have a relatively large foreign trade sector, the transformation can be traumatic. Even the large, autarkic economies will face substantial challenges.

IIASA is now beginning an exploration of the role that it might play in analyzing and improving understanding of the global and national issues arising from this transformation of the international industrial structure. One part of the exploration has been the commissioning of a series of papers by outside specialists.

A central question for all nations in the face of the industrial transformation is: what strategy should be followed to maximize the prospects of national well-being, given the anticipated changes? The first paper in the series addresses this question for a nation with a small, open economy: Finland. Its author, Professor Jaakko Honko, is Rector of the Helsinki School of Economics, and a member of the Advisory Committee to the Institute's Management and Technology Area. The paper is an English summary of his book recently published in Finland.


The publication of the Max-Weber-Gesamtausgabe volumes, including his letters and a recent study of Hinnerk Bruhns, have revised the canonical view on Weber as a German nationalist. With a conceptual and rhetorical analysis of his essays Deutschland unter europäischen Weltmächten (1916) and Zum Thema Kriegsschuld (early 1919), I offer an alternative view on Weber's relationship to European politics. He defended the 'Westphalian' system of balance between great powers, to which he wanted after the end of the War to incorporate Woodrow Wilson's plans for a new League. Weber was a critic of German wartime policy, maintained his Anglophile sympathies, and saw in tsarist Russia the main threat both to the balance between powers and also to the European Kultur, to which he did oppose barbarism, not the Francophone Zivilisation. Weber supported the parliamentarisation of German politics and sketched in the 1919 article a proposal for new regulations of warfare in international law. Although Weber could not imagine the EU's supra-national Parliament and Commission as new elements in the balance of European powers, it would be plausible to advise, in the Weberian spirit, the small member state to strengthen these supra-nation institutions.


For the sake of overtopping, stability and economy, rubble mound breakwaters have been built with a berm in the seaward slope. Here, a breakwater model with cube armour units in the lower slope and a horizontal berm, and rock in the upper slope was tested experimentally. The purpose of the study was to investigate the stability of berms for two different configurations of the transition of armor units from the lower slope to the berm. Based on the test results, an effective configuration of cube units at the transition has been obtained.


A basic endopolygalacturonase (PG) isoform, produced early by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum when infecting soybean seedlings, was used to examine the signaling role of the enzyme in aequorin-expressing soybean cells. A cytosolic Ca2+ elevation was induced, with a rapid increase (phase 1) and a very slow decrease (phase 2) of Ca2+ concentration, indicating the involvement of Ca2+ ions in PG signaling. Within 1 h of PG-cell contact a remarkable level of cell death was recorded, significantly higher than the control cell culture turnover. The observed morphological and biochemical changes were indicative of the activation of programmed cell death; in particular, cytochrome c release in the cytoplasm and activation of both caspase 9-like and caspase 3-like proteases were found. When a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) and the PG were simultaneously applied to cells, both the Ca2+ increase and cell death were annulled. The possible roles of prolonged sustained cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations in inducing cell death and of the PG-PGIP interaction in preventing PG signaling are discussed.


Metal halide lamp is one kind of the most compact high-performance light sources. Because of their good color rendering index and high luminous efficacy, these lamps are often preferred in locations where color and efficacy are important, such as supermarkets, gymnasiums, ice rinks and sporting arenas. Unfortunately, acoustic resonance phenomenon occurs in metal halide lamps and causes light flicker, lamp arc bending and rotation, lamp extinction and in the worst case, arc tube explosion, when the lamps are operated in high-frequency bands. This thesis takes place in the context of developing electronic ballasts with robust acoustic resonance detection and avoidance mechanisms. To this end, several envelope detection methods such as the multiplier circuit, rectifier circuit, and lock-in amplifier, are proposed to characterize fluctuations of acoustic resonance. Furthermore, statistical criteria based on the standard deviation of these fluctuations are proposed to assess acoustic resonance occurrence and classify its severity. The proposed criteria enable classifying between no acoustic resonance and acoustic resonance cases based upon either a two-dimensional plane, a histogram or a boxplot. These analyses are confirmed by the study of spectral variations (variations of the spectral irradiance and colorimetric parameters) as well. Standard deviations and relative standard deviations of these variations are also correlated with the presence of acoustic resonance. The results from this study show that whatever voltage envelope variations or spectral variations are significantly influenced by acoustic resonance phenomena. A set of metal halide lamps from different manufacturers and with different powers are tested in our experiments. We concluded that our designed multiplier and rectifier circuits for acoustic resonance detection have the same sensitivity as the lock-in amplifier, paving the way for the implementation of this function directly into the ballast circuit board.


Most New Yorkers have very little knowledge of how influence is wielded in Albany. This acclaimed book offers a chance to look behind those closed doors. The authors - an Albany-based political scientist and a former State Assembly member now joined by an expert on both state politics and political blogging and networking - infuse their discussion of institutions and processes with the drama and significance of real power politics. Completely revised and updated with extensive new material, the book covers recent political developments and electoral contests as well as all the basics: constitutional issues historical, economic, social, and demographic factors the functioning of executive, legislative, and judicial institutions urban, local, and special district governments parties, interest groups, and bureaucracies and, finance, budgets, health, education, and welfare programs. Throughout, the authors are attentive to the many paradoxes and dualities that distinguish political, social, and economic life in the Empire State. To keep coverage current, updates, links and related readings will be provided via the authors website.


This thesis employs lead and strontium isotope analysis of teeth by TIMS to identify migrants amongst British archaeological cemetery populations since the Neolithic. The study evaluates the benefits of combining two independent isotope systems with the exposure information obtained from elemental concentrations of lead and strontium. It demonstrates that they provide complementary information about mobility but highlights how their efficacy fluctuates both spatially and temporally in the periods investigated. Strontium was useful in all periods but heavily biased towards maritime Sr/Sr (~0.7092) making it a poor discriminant between coastal habitats where lead was superior. Lead utility changes following the advent of large-scale mining and metallurgy, when anthropogenic ore lead severs the link between geographical origin and lead exposure. A cultural focussing of British enamel signatures ensues accompanied by a concomitant rise in lead burdens. British lead exposure during the last two millennia appears more indicative of status and the cultural sphere (e.g. rural/urban) than geographical origin. The results are assessed in the light of migration theory and traditional archaeological and osteological indicators. Samples used are core enamel and co-genetic primary crown dentine, which neither model nor remodel in vivo and thus remain representative of a constrained period of childhood. Modern and archaeological teeth are investigated to assess isotope variability intra-enamel, intra-tissue, intra-antimere, intra-dentition, intra-sibling and between mother/child pairs. Recommendations for future tissue sampling and standardisation are made. The fundamentals of tooth biomineralisation are reviewed and clarified, chiefly that incremental enamel structures relate to initial formation not mineralisation; lead and strontium are principally incorporated during mineralisation. Macromorphological preservation proved no guide to biogenic strontium or lead isotope integrity. Mature, but not immature, enamel proved highly resistant to diagenesis whether well preserved or not. Dentine was highly susceptible to diagenesis irrespective of preservation state and is proposed as a proxy for the time averaged isotope signature of the soil. Moreover, it is argued that lead and strontium behave differently in teeth; uptake mechanisms are different and they respond independently to subsequent migration. Results suggest soil leaches were useful but complex and the most suitable leach reagent may be specific to the soil type and isotope system. Two Norse Period immigrants (male and female) were identified at Cnip, Lewis; the Sr/Sr signatures constrain their origin to Tertiary volcanics. In the North Atlantic these occur on Iceland, Faeroe Isles, and Antrim in Ireland but not Norway. No indubitable immigrants were identified at the Anglian cemetery at West Heslerton, Yorkshire but soil leaches and juveniles suggested a local Sr/Sr signature range. "Non-locals" included both sexes, weapon burials and unaccompanied burials, providing no evidence for an immigrant group composed solely of male warriors. All analysed burials with wristclasps and cruciform brooches were non-local, supporting Hines' (1984) hypothesis that wristclasps confirm the presence of Norwegian immigrants during this period.


The predictions of the S&P 500 returns made in 2007 have been tested and the underlying models amended. The period between 2003 and 2008 should be described by the dependence of the S&P 500 stock market index on real GDP because the population pyramid was highly inaccurate. The 2008 trough and 2009 rally are well predicted by the original model, however. The rally will end in March/April 2010 and the S&P 500 level will be decreasing into 2011. This prediction should validate the model.


This monograph examines the history and politics of educational reform in Ghana, focusing on the issue of access to basic education in the post-colonial period. The monograph employs data from a series of interviews conducted with senior policy-makers, implementers and researchers, as well as drawing on documentary sources, to explore the drivers and inhibitors of change at the political, bureaucratic and grass-roots levels. It describes the patterns of change in relation to enrolment and outlines the key policies adopted through from the British colonial administration to the various independent regimes, authoritarian and democratic. Progress in universalising access has been substantial and basic education indicators in Ghana, both in early post-colonial times and today, stand out positively when compared to most countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The study explores the nature of the domestic political and administrative machinery which has enabled comparative success in enrolment growth in Ghana, attending also to the importance of political will as well as to shifting patterns of international and donor influence.

The study draws out key tensions in education policy making, including tensions between the goals of access, equity, quality and relevance; those between academic and vocational orientations; those between elite and popular interests and those between political and technical imperatives. The processes of reform begun by the Kwapong and Dzobo committees and continued through to the fCUBE policy are examined in detail and the underlying aims and objectives of these processes are shown to share a number of common although sometimes mutually conflicting features. Interview data allow a nuanced interpretation of both impetus and resistance to policy formulation and implementation. The reforms of 1987 are shown to be critical in the development of the universal basic education policies that emerged subsequently and those later policies are considered partly as responses to unrealised objectives from 1987.

Following the restoration of democratic government in Ghana, the establishment of a constitutional commitment to universal basic education in 1992 provided a lasting and binding responsibility for the state, which was followed by a comprehensive policy in fCUBE. Subsequently education policy has played an important role in political manifesto pledges. The monograph concludes by considering the election pledges of the 2008 Ghana Government, their provenance and initial indications of their implementation and finally summarises its findings on progress and on the importance of policy, regime, political will, and the drivers and inhibitors of reform implementation in relation to the pursuit of basic education for all in historical perspective.


Boro-silicate glass samples were
coated with chemically treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to study
the resistance offered by the coatings under the high strain rate impact. Impact
testing of these glass samples was performed on Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), where strain rates were
varied from 500/s to 3300/s. However, the comparisons were limited to samples subjected
to a strain rate of 2300/s to 3000/s so that the effect of only variable deposits
of coatings on the stress-strain behavior of glass can be studied. Variable
deposits (0.1 mg to 0.8 mg) of MWCNTs were coated uniformly on
glass samples having a disc
shape with a fixed surface area (79 mm2) to
observe the effect of the coating on the impact absorption capacity of glass. It
was observed that the small thickness of about 25 μm formed due to the fact that 0.2 mg of MWCNTs deposit spread over the surface increased the impact
absorption capacity
of the glass pieces by nearly 70%. However, beyond this amount when the deposit was increased to 0.4 mg, the coating thickness got doubled to nearly 49 μm and this led to a fall in absorption capacity
which remained static till 0.8 mg deposit.
However, even this decrease in capacity was able to absorb 30% more impact than
offered by pure glass sample.


Abstract. Stomatal conductance influences both photosynthesis and transpiration, thereby coupling the carbon and water cycles and affecting surface–atmosphere energy exchange. The environmental response of stomatal conductance has been measured mainly on the leaf scale, and theoretical canopy models are relied on to upscale stomatal conductance for application in terrestrial ecosystem models and climate prediction. Here we estimate stomatal conductance and associated transpiration in a temperate deciduous forest directly on the canopy scale via two independent approaches: (i) from heat and water vapor exchange and (ii) from carbonyl sulfide (OCS) uptake. We use the eddy covariance method to measure the net ecosystem–atmosphere exchange of OCS, and we use a flux-gradient approach to separate canopy OCS uptake from soil OCS uptake. We find that the seasonal and diurnal patterns of canopy stomatal conductance obtained by the two approaches agree (to within ±6 % diurnally), validating both methods. Canopy stomatal conductance increases linearly with above-canopy light intensity (in contrast to the leaf scale, where stomatal conductance shows declining marginal increases) and otherwise depends only on the diffuse light fraction, the canopy-average leaf-to-air water vapor gradient, and the total leaf area. Based on stomatal conductance, we partition evapotranspiration (ET) and find that evaporation increases from 0 to 40 % of ET as the growing season progresses, driven primarily by rising soil temperature and secondarily by rainfall. Counterintuitively, evaporation peaks at the time of year when the soil is dry and the air is moist. Our method of ET partitioning avoids concerns about mismatched scales or measurement types because both ET and transpiration are derived from eddy covariance data. Neither of the two ecosystem models tested predicts the observed dynamics of evaporation or transpiration, indicating that ET partitioning such as that provided here is needed to further model development and improve our understanding of carbon and water cycling.


Mental retardation is a condition of intellectual growth retardation seen in behavioral immaturity, low intellectual level and low social skills condition the limited ability of adolescent development possessed mental retardation, triggering the emergence of the myth that states that they have no sexual attraction to the opposite sex and is not capable of doing sexual behavior with the opposite sex. The condition causes mental retardation teens avoid a variety of
information about sexuality and the opportunity to interact with the opposite sex. This study aims to know the description of the mentally retarded adolescent heterosexual behavior. This research is qualitative research. The process of data mining is done by non-participant observation and interviews. Observations are made directly by observing the behavior associated with heterosexuality adolescent mental retardation, which is done at home each subject on 04 December 2005 until January 3, 2006, with research subjects as much as two people. Interviews were conducted with research subjects and informants are the source of the family who lived with the subject, the teacher who has taught the subject, caregiver permah boarding care subjects and friends who know the subject. The procedure involves research pralapangan stage, the stage of field work and data analysis phase. Checking the validity of data is done by checking the data of observation, interview data and written documentation on the subject of research. Results of research on heterosexual behavior of adolescent mental retardation, including their picture heterosexual behavior. The forms of heterosexual behavior that is raised by the research subjects followed the pattern of development of heterosexuality in adolescents, which include feelings of falling in love and attracted to the opposite sex, interest in personal appearance in order to attract the attention of the opposite sex, approaching the opposite sex they like and romantic attitude in form of giving a gift to the opposite sex that they like. In addition, the subject of the research also shows that other sexual behaviors, such as dating behavior, bergenggaman hands, cuddle up to smooch with the opposite sex to their liking. On the whole it can be concluded that, adolescent mental retardation showed a normal teenager like heterosexual behavior in general. The condition of mental retardation does not interfere with or impede the emergence of heterosexual behavior as a manifestation of their sexual attraction towards opposite sex.


ABSTRACT With more effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), people with HIV (PWH) are living longer and have more chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus (DM). The prevalence of DM has been estimated in PWH previously, however there is less research regarding DM control. Our objectives were to determine the prevalence of DM and DM control and determine factors associated with DM control in a large urban cohort of PWH in care. We examined DC Cohort participants aged ≥18 years old to determine DM prevalence and to assess DM control (HbA1c measurement <7.0%). Demographic, clinical, and HIV-related factors associated with DM control were identified using multivariate logistic regression. The cohort of 5876 participants was predominantly male (71.3%), Non-Hispanic Black (78.1%) and had a median age of 52.0 years. DM prevalence was 17.4% (1023/5876). Among participants with recent HbA1c data available (39.9%) the proportion with DM control was 60.0% (245/408). In multivariate analysis, higher BMI (aOR: 0.47; 95% CI 0.28, 0.79) and use of non-insulin DM medication (aOR 0.43, 95% CI 0.25, 0.73) or insulin (aOR 0.010, 95% CI 0.04,0.24) compared to no medication use. Our findings suggest that individuals on medication for their DM likely need enhanced support to reach their treatment goals.


We examine competition for Andersen's public clients during and after its failure in 2002. This setting provides a natural experiment to examine audit market dynamics at the local level. We construct a database documenting Big4 purchases of local Andersen offices. After exploring the factors associated with office purchases, we examine the impact of office purchases on public client market share gains and changes in audit fees. We find that three Big4 firms - Deloitte, Ernst & Young, and KPMG - purchased approximately 60% of Andersen's offices while PricewaterhouseCoopers did not purchase any. The probability that a firm purchased a specific office is greater in markets where the acquiring firm: 1) already had a presence, 2) had a lower ratio of local Andersen clients to the purchaser's clients, and 3) had already acquired relatively more local former Andersen public clients than other firms prior to the purchase. Our fee analysis expands the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) post-Andersen audit market study by documenting that the former Andersen clients' change in audit fees is associated with the differences in client acquisition method.


Deep Neural Networks (DNN) have demonstrated superior ability to extract high level embedding vectors from low level features. Despite the success, the serving time is still the bottleneck due to expensive run-time computation of multiple layers of dense matrices. GPGPU, FPGA, or ASIC-based serving systems require additional hardware that are not in the mainstream design of most commercial applications. In contrast, tree or forest-based models are widely adopted because of low serving cost, but heavily depend on carefully engineered features. This work proposes a Deep Embedding Forest model that benefits from the best of both worlds. The model consists of a number of embedding layers and a forest/tree layer. The former maps high dimensional (hundreds of thousands to millions) and heterogeneous low-level features to the lower dimensional (thousands) vectors, and the latter ensures fast serving. Built on top of a representative DNN model called Deep Crossing, and two forest/tree-based models including XGBoost and LightGBM, a two-step Deep Embedding Forest algorithm is demonstrated to achieve on-par or slightly better performance as compared with the DNN counterpart, with only a fraction of serving time on conventional hardware. After comparing with a joint optimization algorithm called partial fuzzification, also proposed in this paper, it is concluded that the two-step Deep Embedding Forest has achieved near optimal performance. Experiments based on large scale data sets (up to 1 billion samples) from a major sponsored search engine proves the efficacy of the proposed model.


Optical scanning holography (OSH) is a distinct digital holographic technique in that real-time holographic recording a three-dimensional (3-D) object can be acquired by using two-dimensional active optical heterodyne scanning. Applications of the technique so far have included optical scanning cryptography, optical scanning microscopy, 3-D pattern recognition, 3-D holographic TV, and 3-D optical remote sensing. This paper reviews some of the recent progress in OSH. Some possible further works are also discussed.


Abstract Objective The purpose of this cross-sectional retrospective study was to use three-dimensional surface imaging to determine gender dimorphism and facial morphological changes from adolescence to adulthood in African American and Caucasian populations. Materials and Methods Three-dimensional images were captured and the total sample size included 371 subjects. Images were combined using Rapidform 2006 Plus Pack 2 software to produce a male and female facial average for each population. Comparisons were conducted within the following categories: (1) gender comparison within each race, (2) adult and adolescent comparison within each race, and (3) adult and adolescent comparison between the races. Results Adolescent gender comparisons within each race showed high percentages of similarity. However, adult females in both races showed more prominent periorbital, malar, and nasolabial regions and less prominent lower forehead, nose, and lower face compared with adult males of the same race. African American adult females showed increase in length and width of the face, increased nasal tip projection, and decreased periorbital regions compared with African American adolescent females. Welsh adult females had an increase in the nose and chin projection compared with Welsh adolescent females. Adult males of both races had increase in nose and chin projection, increase in length and width of the face, and decreased periorbital, malar, and nasolabial regions compared with adolescent males of the same race. African American adolescents had a wider alar base, more protrusive lips, and periorbital regions, and less prominent nose and chin compared with the Welsh adolescents. African American adults also had a wider alar base; more protrusive lips and periorbital regions; a broader face; and more retrusive chin, nose, nasolabial region; and lower forehead compared with Welsh adults. Conclusions Few differences were noted between genders within the same racial groups during adolescence. However, changes became more distinct in adulthood. From adolescence to adulthood, facial morphologies were similarly matched within the gender for females; however, there were significant changes for males. Lastly, facial morphology patterns tend to be established early in life.


While grounded theory methods are most often used in the way their name implies (i.e., to develop theory) they can also be used for more applied research and assessment problems related to libraries, their users, and uses of them. This workshop will begin with a brief discussion of the ways in which grounded theory methods might be applied to library assessment problems, including an exercise allowing participants to practice aligning theory development goals and library assessment goals. It will continue by reviewing several of the core grounded theory methods, including the role of sensitizing concepts, simultaneous data collection and analysis, sources of data, identifying and recruiting an initial sample, coding, constant comparative method of analysis, memo writing, theoretical sampling, and integrating and presenting results. Several of these discussions will be accompanied by hands-on exercises, e.g., in observation, coding, and memo writing. The workshop will conclude by revisiting the issues associated with applying grounded theory methods to library and user/use assessment.


We consider the problem of allocating network resources across applications in a private cluster running data-parallel frameworks. Our primary observation is that these applications have different communication requirements and thus require different support from the network to effectively parallelize. We argue that network resources should be shared in a performance-centric fashion that aids parallelism and allows developers to reason about the overall performance of their applications. This paper tries to address the question of whether/how fairness-centric proposals relate to a performance-centric approach for different communication patterns common in these frameworks and engages in a quest for a unified mechanism to share the network in such settings.


»Siegen fur Deutschland? Patriotismus, Nationalismus und die Deutsche
Fusball-Nationalmannschaft 1954-2014«. This article discusses the relationship
between expressions of patriotism, nationalism and national identity
and the fortunes of the German national football team by examining developments
from the 1950s until the present. It analyses the varying degrees of
identification of the Germans with their national team from the wave of enthusiasm
that greeted the 1954 World Cup win to the more sober reception the
team received thereafter which climaxed in the 'denationalization' of the national
team during the 1974 World Cup. It then explains the renationalization
of discourses and practices associated with the team from the late 1980s onwards
to end with a discussion of the 'partyotism' during the 2006, 2010 and
2014 World Cups. The article argues that while the identification of the Germans
with their national football team is a useful indicator of more general
historical and cultural trends, one should not overestimate its relevance for determining
the degree of nationalism in German society.


A class of nonlinear PID controllers is derived for nonlinear systems using a nonlinear generalised predictive control (NGPC) approach. First, the disturbance decoupling ability of the NGPC is discussed. For a nonlinear system where the disturbance cannot be decoupled, a nonlinear observer is designed to estimate the offset. By selecting the nonlinear gain function in the observer, it is shown that the closed-loop system under optimal generalised predictive control with the nonlinear observer is asymptotically stable. It is pointed out that this composite controller is equivalent to a nonlinear controller with integral action. As a special case, for a nonlinear system with a low relative degree, the proposed nonlinear controller reduces to a nonlinear PI or PID predictive controller, which consists of a nonlinear PI or PID controller and a prediction controller. The design method is illustrated by an example nonlinear mechanical system.


Enormous trade surpluses are problematic for the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the rest of the world. They primarily stem from processing trade. This paper investigates how exchange rate changes would affect the PRC's imports for processing and processed exports. The results indicate that an appreciation throughout East Asian supply chain countries would reduce the PRC's surplus in processing trade, while an appreciation of the yuan alone might not. Even for an appreciation throughout East Asia, however, the sum of the exchange rate elasticities is not large. Thus, to rebalance the PRC's trade, exchange rate appreciations must be accompanied by other changes such as factor market liberalization and greater enforcement of environmental regulations.


"Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Nutrition" provides readers with a preparatory look at the exciting field of sport and exercise nutrition, including its foundational concepts and the diverse career options available. With this one-stop resource, students thinking of entering the field, athletes, and those working with athletes will gain a basic understanding of how nutrition affects sport performance and exercise training. They will also see how this knowledge is put to work in today's sport environment. The text provides an overview of the field without getting into the more complicated, scientific details. It blends current and evidence-based information and the application of that information to athletes in various sports. The goal of the book is not only to cover the basics of sport and fitness nutrition but to inspire readers to continue their exploration of the topic. Chapters 1 and 2 define the field of sport and exercise nutrition, the kinds of jobs available, and the education necessary for those jobs. Chapters 3 to 8 cover the essential nutrients of sport and exercise nutrition (carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamins, minerals, and balance of water, electrolytes, and fluid) as well as energy balance and imbalance. The remaining chapters cover body weight and body composition, unhealthy eating practices, and the future of sport and exercise nutrition. Because sport nutrition is a young scientific field, the information can sometimes appear to be confusing, contradictory, incomplete, and even unknown. With this text, readers will get the most up-to-date answers to common questions on weight loss, supplements, sport drinks, and other popular issues. Each chapter of the text summarizes the latest scientific literature and then translates that information into practices that can be used by athletes, coaches, trainers, physicians, and other professionals. Throughout the book are many features that enhance the learning experience and show readers how sport nutrition is used in today's world: - Numerous boxes highlight interesting topics, myths, and popular beliefs. - Success Stories showcase individuals who have been successful in the field, how they got to where they are, and how they spend a typical day. - Sidebars draw attention to interesting trivia and debatable topics. - An appendix explores how other professions might use sport and exercise nutrition in their work. "Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Nutrition "is the second book in Human Kinetics' Fundamentals of Sport and Exercise Science series. The series helps students and professionals understand the basic topics, goals, and applications of the many subdisciplines in kinesiology. This and other books in the series provide a solid grounding that readers can use as a jumping-off point for further study.


This collection examines the forces, both external and internal, that lead corporations to behave efficiently and to create wealth. Corporations vest control rights in shareholders, the author argues, because they are the constituency that bear business risk and therefore have the appropriate incentives to maximize corporate value. Assigning control to any other group would be tantamount to allowing that group to play poker with someone else's money, and would create inefficiencies. The implicit denial of this propositions is the fallacy of the so-called stakeholder theory of the corporation, which argues that corporations should be run in the interests of all stakeholders. This theory offers no account of how conflicts between different stakeholders are to be resolved, and gives managers no principle on which to base decisions, except to follow their own preferences. In practice, shareholders delegate their control rights to a board of directors, who hire, fire and set the compensation of the chief officers of the firm. However, because agents have different incentives than the principals they represent, they can destroy corporate value unless closely monitored. This happened in the 1960s and led to hostile takeovers in the market for corporate control in the 1970s and 1980s. The author argues that the takeover movement generated increases in corporate efficiency that exceede $1.5 trillion and helped to lay the foundation for the great economic boom of the 1990s.


Loss of myofibrillar proteins is a hallmark of atrophying muscle. Expression of muscle RING-finger 1 (MuRF1), a ubiquitin ligase, is markedly induced during atrophy, and MuRF1 deletion attenuates muscle wasting. We generated mice expressing a Ring-deletion mutant MuRF1, which binds but cannot ubiquitylate substrates. Mass spectrometry of the bound proteins in denervated muscle identified many myofibrillar components. Upon denervation or fasting, atrophying muscles show a loss of myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C) and myosin light chains 1 and 2 (MyLC1 and MyLC2) from the myofibril, before any measurable decrease in myosin heavy chain (MyHC). Their selective loss requires MuRF1. MyHC is protected from ubiquitylation in myofibrils by associated proteins, but eventually undergoes MuRF1-dependent degradation. In contrast, MuRF1 ubiquitylates MyBP-C, MyLC1, and MyLC2, even in myofibrils. Because these proteins stabilize the thick filament, their selective ubiquitylation may facilitate thick filament disassembly. However, the thin filament components decreased by a mechanism not requiring MuRF1.


Understanding users' perception of app behaviors is an important step to detect data access that violates user expectations. While existing works have used various proxies to infer user expectations (e.g., by analyzing app descriptions), how real-world users perceive an app's data access when they interact with graphical user interfaces (UI) has not been fully explored. In this paper, we aimed to fill this gap by directly measuring how end-users perceive app behaviors based on graphical UI elements via extensive user studies. The results are used to build an automated tool - GUIBAT (Graphical User Interface Behavioral Analysis Tool) - that detects sensitive resource accesses that violate user expectations. We conducted three user studies in total (N=904). The first two user studies were used to build a semantic mapping between user expectations of sensitive resource accesses and the common graphical UI elements (N=459). The third user study (N=445) was used to validate the performance of GUIBAT in predicting user expectations. By comparing user expectations and the actual app behavior (inferred by static program analysis) for 47,909 Android apps, we found that 75.38% of the apps have at least one unexpected sensitive resource access in which third-party libraries attributed to 46.13%. Our analysis lays a concrete foundation for modeling user expectations based on UI elements. We show the urgent need for more transparent UI designs to better inform users of data access, and call for new tools to support app developers in this endeavor.


Leaping over a final hurdle, last week Canada-based Nautilus Minerals announced a resolution to its years of negotiation with the government of Papua New Guinea over plans to mine a copper- and gold-rich hydrothermal vent site in the country9s waters. But scientists and environmental advocates alike worry that there is still too little information about how such mines will affect ocean ecosystems.


The objectives of this research are to formulate a novel characterization of underwater sound for brackish water for Sea bass (Cynoscion nobilis), to identify sound pollution sources affected conductive environment for Sea bass, to characterize aquaculture environment sound for brackish water, and to propose an underwater audio threshold level for fish aquaculture. The expected outcome is a method of improving Sea bass productivity and breeding using underwater audio. Breeding farm (pond) dimension is 25 x 100 m and 2 m depth. Total of 6 paddle wheels were used in the edge of the pond. Sound profile has been measured to investigate the relative amplitude at different location and depth. These sound pressure level has been measured by using Cetacean hydrophone C304 which the range frequency of 7 Hz to 250 kHz. Emphasis has been given on the frequency range between 10 and 50 Hz. SpectraPlus software has been used to perform the analysis. Two cages of 3 x 3 m were used in the edge and centre of the pond. The study involved monitoring the growth of 20 fish in the each cage and 15800 fish outside the cage. Sound profile has been measured for each cage. Spectrum frequency of sound profile has been analyzed. Chemical properties and water quality been monitored. The cage at the edge of the pond experienced higher sound profile. The size and weight of fish inside the cage is less than outside the cage. Fish in the cage shows linear growth, while fish outside the cage shows exponential growth. No significance effect on fish growth for both cages. Thus, it shows that sound doesnt affect the fish growth. Mobility of fish in the cage limits their movement, therefore it cause stress and difficulties to access the food.


The rise of the Internet facilitates an ever increasing growth of virtual, i.e. digital spaces which co-exist with the physical environment, i.e. the physical space. In that, the question arises, how physical and digital space can interact synchronously. While sensors provide a means to continuously observe the physical space, several issues arise with respect to mapping sensor data streams to digital spaces, for instance, structured linked data, formally represented through symbolic Semantic Web (SW) standards such as OWL or RDF. The challenge is to bridge between symbolic knowledge representations and the measured data collected by sensors. In particular, one needs to map a given set of arbitrary sensor data to a particular set of symbolic knowledge representations, e.g. ontology instances. This task is particularly challenging due to the vast variety of possible sensor measurements. Conceptual Spaces (CS) provide a means to represent knowledge in geometrical vector spaces in order to enable computation of similarities between knowledge entities by means of distance metrics. We propose an approach which allows to refine symbolic concepts as CS and to ground ontology instances to so-called prototypical members which are vectors in the CS. By computing similarities in terms of spatial distances between a given set of sensor measurements and a finite set of CS members, the most similar instance can be identified. In that, we provide a means to bridge between the physical space, as observed by sensors, and the digital space made up of symbolic representations.


Abstract. Reconstructing fine facade geometry from MMS lidar data remains a challenge: In addition to being inherently sparse, the point cloud provided by a single street point of view is necessarily incomplete. We propose a simple framework to estimate the facade surface with a deformable 2.5d grid. Computations are performed in a "sensor-oriented" coordinate system that maximizes consistency with the data. the algorithm allows to retrieve the facade geometry without priori knowledge. It can thus be automatically applied to a large amount of data in spite of the variability of encountered architectural forms. The 2.5d image structure of the output makes it compatible with storage and real-time constraints of immersive navigation.


Context: Daily broad-band full-limb H? images of the inner corona were obtained during solar cycle 23 (1994-2005) using the 15 cm Pic-du-Midi coronagraph. Aims: We want to automatically extract the properties and evolutions of the observed cool HI coronal structures over a wide range of sizes and light fluxes, from small jets and/or spikes to large prominences. Methods: A tool was developed to process the complete set of stored images. This paper describes the recognition techniques implemented in our software and discusses its use. It includes the removal of the parasitic diffraction ring produced by the set of different occulting disks used throughout the year. Results: We present and discuss selected results from a statistical analysis of the occurrence of parameters characterizing the observed structures applied to a large sample of observations. It illustrates the capabilities of this software when applied to our database. Strong asymmetries of the activity level over the solar poles become evident, confirming similar results from previous works. We also discuss the distribution of relative light fluxes of these structures over a wide range of sizes. Conclusions: The complete series of FITS and calibrated images, the list of the detected structures, and their geometric and luminosity evolutions are stored in the BASS2000 solar database catalogue (http://bass2000.bagn.obs-mip.fr) and are made publicly available. The H? HI structures observed over the limb of the sun present statistical properties of great interest for understanding its eruptive activity.


This paper explores the earnings gap between the self-employed and wage earners in urban Ghana. This is important in understanding the drivers of inequality, we hypothesise that heterogeneity in informal sector earnings will have implications for the income gap between self-employed individuals and wage earners. This heterogeneity in earnings will be concealed at the mean. However, the information about who benefits and who is penalized in the informal sector can be important from the policy perspective. Furthermore, this paper investigates the possibility that result from quantile regression can depend on the assumption of the estimator about the variation due to the fixed effect. The results show that at the mean, self-employed individuals enjoy a premium, however, quantile result suggests that this is driven by the individuals at the upper end of the self-employment earning distribution. At the lower quantiles, being self-employed attracts a penalty. We note that this result becomes apparent only when we allow the quantile effect to be arbitrarily correlated with fixed effects. Finally, our results show that formal sector premium, gender earnings gap and informal sector premium (where it exists) all favour male and older cohorts of workers at the expense of young and female workers.


Background Educational outcomes for language minority (LM) children are of great concern across the nation because these students have lower grades, are rated by their teachers as having lower skills, perform worse on standardized tests, and are more likely to drop out than are non-LM students. Given this context of underperformance, there is a need for educators to better understand the factors that are associated with their academic outcomes. Purpose This national study examines demographic and school contexts of LM students as compared to their non-LM peers to highlight the disparities between them that extend beyond language differences. A nationally representative sample of LM students and their peers participated in this study, along with their parents and teachers, beginning with kindergarten in fall 1998 and continuing in first, third, and fifth grades. In particular, data on key student variables (race, gender, etc.) and the characteristics of their teachers were examined. Teacher characteristics included: years of experience, certification status, highest educational level achieved, and specialized coursework (reading methodology and ESL). By comparing descriptive statistics for LM students and their non-LM peers, the authors hoped to identify possible factors that may contribute to the achievement gap between these two groups. Research Design For this descriptive and comparative study using secondary data, the authors analyzed a full sample of kindergarten students, including both LM and non-LM students (n = 15,026), in order to describe key demographic variables (i.e., gender, race, SES, etc.) for the two subgroups. Proportions for each subgroup variable and Fisher's exact test results were reported, in order to determine statistically significant differences between groups for categorical variables. The analytic subsample was then restricted to students from homes in the two lowest SES quintiles to compare mean values, associated t-tests, and histograms for five dimensions of teacher background to identify differences related to LM status. Conclusions/Recommendations This study demonstrated some of the great disparities that exist between LM and non-LM students that go beyond language differences including: 70% of LM students come from the lowest SES group versus 37% of their non-LM peers. Also, teachers of LM students had fewer years of experience and lower rates of certification than teachers of non-LM students. Finally, many teachers of LM students (as much as 50% in first grade) reported feeling inadequately prepared to teach LEP (limited English proficient) students. These findings suggest the need for careful attention in the form of educational policies that acknowledge the disproportionate effect of poverty and low SES on LM students. The negative effects of limited resources and inadequate social capital overshadow limited English proficiency and their ability to overcome academic challenges. Furthermore, it is important for education decision-makers to recognize the role that inexperienced, uncertified teachers may play in the educational outcomes of LM students.


DURING BRITISH COLONIAL RULE, a superb feat of political engineering kept together several nationalities clearly differentiated by religion, ethnicity, language, and cultural tradition. As a result, the withdrawal of the colonial power in 1947 brought to the surface national tensions similar to those which had already led to the creation of scores of nation-states in Europe, each based on the principle of national self-determination. The inevitable creation of Pakistan as an independent sovereign state in 1947 illustrates the historic existence of multiple nationalities in South Asia. It is further substantiated by the fact that when the eastern wing of Pakistan broke away in 1971, it did not return to India, which had militarily intervened to bring about the secession, but asserted its independence from India as strongly as Pakistan has always done. In contemporary South Asia, states like India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka continue to be multiethnic and multi-national states. For each of these states, internal consolidation and cohesion has depended on the successful resolution of great sub-regional rivalry and competition. Occasionally, internal conflict has loomed so large as to create a genuine crisis of governability. The case of Pakistan seems unique in many respects. It is the only country in which the internal contradictions that existed between the two wings of the country, separated by more than a thousand miles of hostile India, exploded into a major bloody conflict leading to the emergence of a third state in the subcontinent, Bangladesh. Paradoxically, the trauma of this separation led to deep soul-searching in Pakistan which, in the due course of time, profoundly affected its political culture. The loss of East Pakistan in 1971 did not exacerbate the tensions within West Pakistan, even though these tensions had been largely neglected during the pre-war attempts at mediation of the East-West conflict. Rather, the new Pakistan rediscovered a set of principles and allegiances which have played an important role in the country's consolidation. First and foremost, the people of Pakistan widely attributed the secession of East Pakistan to a breakdown of democracy, and subsequently moved to re-establish a democratic system under the leadership of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. During the five years that were available to him before the military coup d'etat, Bhutto disseminated an abiding faith in democracy to Pakistanis far beyond the middle classes. The common people of Pakistan were enfranchised and empowered to decide their own destiny. The loyalty to a liberal democratic polity that the nation developed withstood extreme repression, as well as the lure of substitute political systems masquerading as democracy, during the decade that followed the military coup. The people of Pakistan clung to their conviction that the tragedy of East Pakistan's separation would be avoided in the new Pakistan only through a democratic framework that allowed the federating provinces to mediate openly and justly their competing claims to national resources and opportunities. Democracy, with all the imperfections to which it is prone in a developing country, has become an article of faith with the Pakistani people since the 1970s. The armed forces have in recent years also changed their attitude toward national government, demonstrating a greater respect for civil society and elected representation. In recent political crises, the armed forces have not only resisted calls by misguided political elements to intervene, but have also thrown their support behind democratically-elected governments. A set of new conventions and tacit agreements to refine consultative procedures among the executive, the legislature, the governing bureaucracy, and the armed forces has supplanted the military coup d' etat as their chosen form of influence. Recognizing their fundamental task to guard the nation against external aggression, the armed forces have demonstrated their preference that the elected representatives of the people proceed unhindered in political leadership. …


Efficient processor allocation is crucial for obtaining high performance in space-shared parallel computers. A good processor allocation algorithm should find available processors for incoming jobs, if they exist, with minimum overhead. In this paper, we propose such a fast and efficient processor allocation scheme for mesh-connected multicomputers. By using simple coordinate calculation and spatial subtraction, the proposed scheme reduces the search space drastically and, hence, can locate a free submesh very quickly. The algorithm is implemented efficiently using a stack and therefore is called the stack-based allocation (SBA) algorithm. Extensive simulation reveals that our scheme incurs much less allocation overhead than all of the existing allocation algorithms, while delivering competitive performance.


CX3CL1 (fractalkine), the only member of the (cid:1) subclass of chemokines, is a known chemotactic factor for monocytes/macro-phages as well as NK cells and T lymphocytes. In several pathologies, excessive production of CX3CL1 at specific sites leads primarily to monocyte/macrophage recruitment, which causes tissue and vascular damage. Despite their clinical relevance, the mechanisms underlying monocyte/macrophage chemotaxis to CX3CL1 remain poorly documented. The present report addresses this issue and identifies cell signaling crucial for this process. Using the murine monocyte/macrophage RAW cell line, we show that CX3CL1 treatment elicits a rapid and transient increase in F-actin and the formation of F-actin-enriched cell protrusions. CX3CL1 also triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins localized in those protrusions. The protein tyrosine kinase Syk is activated upon CX3CL1 treatment, and reduction of Syk expression using RNA-mediated interference results in a specific and massive impairment of RAW cell migration to CX3CL1. Similar results are obtained using the Syk inhibitor, piceatannol. Cells with reduced Syk expression also exhibit a major defect in CX3CL1-induced cytoskeletal remodeling. These data suggest that in monocytes/macrophages, Syk is essential for proper reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in response to CX3CL1 and is therefore required for cell chemotaxis to CX3CL1. The Journal of Immunology, 2005, 175: 3737–3745.


Models such as pairwise conditional random fields (CRFs) are extremely popular in computer vision and various other machine learning disciplines. However, they have limited expressive power and often cannot represent the posterior distribution correctly. While learning the parameters of such models which have insufficient expressivity, researchers use loss functions to penalize certain misrepresentations of the solution space. Till now, researchers have used only simplistic loss functions such as the Hamming loss, to enable efficient inference. The paper shows how sophisticated and useful higher order loss functions can be incorporated in the learning process. These loss functions ensure that the MAP solution does not deviate much from the ground truth in terms of certain higher order statistics. We propose a learning algorithm which uses the recently proposed lowerenvelop representation of higher order functions to transform them to pairwise functions, which allow efficient inference. We test the efficacy of our method on the problem of foreground-background image segmentation. Experimental results show that the incorporation of higher order loss functions in the learning formulation using our method leads to much better results compared to those obtained by using the traditional Hamming loss.


Strategic renewal has become a prominent theme in a variety of organization and management research domains in recent years. It refers to the process that allows organizations to alter their path dependence by transforming their strategic intent and capabilities. With contributions from an increasing range of theoretical perspectives and research contexts, the strategic renewal literature has become fragmented and lacks common definitions and conceptual clarity, which prevent cross-fertilization and harm further development. This study systematically reviews the various literature streams on strategic renewal to provide a more integrative perspective. The authors identify three key theoretical tensions at the heart of strategic renewal research, namely learning vs. resource, induced vs. autonomous, and co-alignment vs. co-creation. By exploring these key tensions, the authors define strategic renewal's conceptual core, identify gaps in the past literature, and provide guidance for future research.


The Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis typically prefers woodland habitat for nesting and hunting. In recent decades, however, the species has started colonising urban environments across Europe. Here I present the first study on the ranging behaviour of urban-breeding Goshawks. Each year from 1997 to 1999, I tracked a different adult male during the breeding season in the city of Hamburg, Germany (858 hours of total tracking time; n = 5364 radio-fixes). All corresponding pairs raised young in the year of data collection (3, 3 and 4 juveniles). Average home range size was 863 ha (100% Minimum Convex Polygons). Males spent 88% of daylight hours in patches of urban green space (mainly parks) and made short but regular hunting excursions into the matrix of built-up habitat. Built-up habitat was used less frequently than expected from its percentage availability. However, 42% of all recorded kills (n = 143) were made in this habitat type, indicating that it offered good foraging opportunities. Hawks spent 9.7% of daylight hours in active flight (1.8% inter-perch flights, 7.9% soaring). Daily activity patterns were bimodal, with peaks in the early morning and in the evening. I observed one hawk hunting regularly after sunset under artificial light conditions. Goshawks hunted by perched hunting (49%), soaring (33%), and fast contour-hugging flights (11%; n = 220 hunts). Average hunting success was 16% (n = 176 directly observed attacks), or one kill every 35 min of active flight. Home range size was smaller, time spent flying was shorter, and hunting success was higher for the monitored urban hawks than for non-urban individuals from earlier studies. Taken together, my data suggest that living conditions for Goshawks are more favourable in the city of Hamburg than in many non-urban environments.


Considering the cold environment operations, ice accretion can occur at a rapid pace and can adversely affect the operations. In such scenario, ice detection is useful for the ice mitigation and removal upon the marine and offshore structures. Various techniques exist in the literature to detect the icing mainly utilizing its physical or electromagnetic properties. The parameters measured by these ice detectors includes its mass, rate and liquid water content. The paper explains the possible implementation of Infrared (IR) ice detection technique. The experimentation setup is described keeping in view of the marine icing phenomena over the ships and offshore structures. The detection mechanism is unique from the passive IR detection by introducing the active heating concept underneath the observed surface. The intervention of the active heating information inside the IR ice detection system will able to improve the system's detection capability and disseminate the valid information at user interface level. The experimentation setup consists of various components operating at the various level of communication and shows strong cognitive capability contributing towards the outcome of valid ice detection. T. Rashid, H. Khawaja, K. Edvardsen UIT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway


The advances in location-acquisition technologies have led to a myriad of spatial trajectories. These trajectories are usually generated at a low or an irregular frequency due to applications' characteristics or energy saving, leaving the routes between two consecutive points of a single trajectory uncertain (called an uncertain trajectory). In this paper, we present a Route Inference framework based on Collective Knowledge (abbreviated as RICK) to construct the popular routes from uncertain trajectories. Explicitly, given a location sequence and a time span, the RICK is able to construct the top-k routes which sequentially pass through the locations within the specified time span, by aggregating such uncertain trajectories in a mutual reinforcement way (i.e., uncertain + uncertain → certain). Our work can benefit trip planning, traffic management, and animal movement studies. The RICK comprises two components: routable graph construction and route inference. First, we explore the spatial and temporal characteristics of uncertain trajectories and construct a routable graph by collaborative learning among the uncertain trajectories. Second, in light of the routable graph, we propose a routing algorithm to construct the top-k routes according to a user-specified query. We have conducted extensive experiments on two real datasets, consisting of Foursquare check-in datasets and taxi trajectories. The results show that RICK is both effective and efficient.


Measuring the Effectiveness of Professional Development lies in arranging and assessing teacher training needs based on knowledge, skills and content. Questions designed at Jeddah Community College (JCC) analyzed and interpreted these three fundamental objectives in relation to a Business Development Unit and how this offers the way forward for faculty members as well as institutes.


The fourth volume of Readings in European Security considers the EU's internal and external challenges on a number of fronts, spanning from its own burning banlieues to Afghanistan. Containing the most recent set of working papers of the European Security Forum (Nos. 21 through 25), this collection brings together the contributions of leading experts on security matters during the period of January 2006 to February 2007. The book begins with the wider implications of the EU's constitutional malaise on the international scene and the EU's current or desired role as a strategic actor. The reflection on internal challenges extends to consider the rise of suicide bombings and parallel societies within Europe, with scholars offering diverse views on the role of Islam. Risks to the EU's energy security are also assessed, in which its relations with Russia figure prominently. Ukraine comes to the fore in this context, with in-depth analysis given of its energy and foreign policy goals against the background of domestic reforms. Finally, the chapter devoted to Afghanistan provides a critical assessment of the West's handling of the conflict, underscoring its growing difficulties in trying to set the global strategic agenda.


In this paper, a Left-handed Metamaterial (LHM) structure is designed for side lobe suppression of a microstrip array antenna at frequency 2.8-3.1 GHz. The LHM structure is placed at the top of the microstrip array antenna with a space or gap between them. Side lobe suppression is very important for Radar system which needs antenna with high performance of its radiation properties. The linier array microstrip antenna consists of 4x1 elements. The simulation result using CST microwave studio shows that the Side Lobe Level (SLL) has been suppressed from -8.93 dB to -15.86 dB at phi = 0 while the measurement result shows suppression from -6.6 dB to -10.75 dB. Both simulation and measurement result shows a side lobe suppression using LHM structure.


Attitudes and habits are extremely resistant to change, but a disruption of the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to bring long-term, massive societal changes. During the pandemic, people are being compelled to experience new ways of interacting, working, learning, shopping, traveling, and eating meals. Going forward, a critical question is whether these experiences will result in changed behaviors and preferences in the long term. This paper presents initial findings on the likelihood of long-term changes in telework, daily travel, restaurant patronage, and air travel based on survey data collected from adults in the United States in Spring 2020. These data suggest that a sizable fraction of the increase in telework and decreases in both business air travel and restaurant patronage are likely here to stay. As for daily travel modes, public transit may not fully recover its pre-pandemic ridership levels, but many of our respondents are planning to bike and walk more than they used to. These data reflect the responses of a sample that is higher income and more highly educated than the US population. The response of these particular groups to the COVID-19 pandemic is perhaps especially important to understand, however, because their consumption patterns give them a large influence on many sectors of the economy.


Objective: This research focuses on the impact of political parties and electoral quotas on women's political participation within the context of Islam. Methods: This study utilizes quantitative methods in analyzing women in eight Muslimmajority countries in the Middle East. The statistical dataset was culled from Kaasem's work entitled Party Variation in Religiosity and Women's Leadership: A Cross-National Perspective, 2008-2010, published by the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research of the University of Michigan. The statistical analysis and modeling focused on selected Middle East countries, namely: Bahrain, Egypt, Lebanon, Palestine, Yemen, Turkey, Israel, and Kuwait. The sample consisted of 126 observations at the political party level Results: Gender is construed as a classification of being a woman or a man not merely by biological identification but one that is embedded within culture, and structures of power in families, communities, and states, which have gender in itself, as an organizing principle. Woman's question (dispute of women) is identified as a complex personal and social problem, and therefore cannot be rejected as a valid search for gender sameness or equality. Based on the quantitative analysis of the dataset of the survey conducted among selected Middle East countries, electoral quotas and seats occupied in previous parliaments affect women's nominations in current parliaments. Conclusion: The research shows that electoral quota for women has proven to increase female participation in parliaments.


A 10T/pixel CMOS digital pixel sensor with clock count output, ultra low supply voltage, and wide dynamic range is presented. The pixel fabricated by a standard 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS logic process comprises a reset transistor, a photo-diode, a comparator, and an inverter with pixel size of 9.4/spl times/9.4 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and 24% fill factor. The amplified logarithmic output response similar to the light response of human eye is demonstrated in this work. The pixel can operate at a supply voltage as low as 1.2 V without affecting its output characteristics. The dynamic range of this cell limited by either the subsequent analog-to-digital circuit resolution or the rising and falling time of output clock is higher than 90 dB with an 8-bit resolution.


Background and Aims: The Hawthorne effect – the alteration of behavior by subjects due to their awareness of being observed – is evident in both research and clinical settings involving different forms of observation. However, the role of the Hawthorne effect on healthcare professionals and their practice are poorly understood. A systematic review of primary studies that examined the role of the Hawthorne effect on healthcare professionals was performed.
Materials and Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched. Studies that discussed any changes in healthcare professionals' performance or behavior due to observation or awareness of being studied were included. A quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies was used to assess risk of bias. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used to report this review.
Results and Conclusions: In total, 23 studies were analyzed. 18 out of 23 (78%) studies showed behavioral change among observed healthcare professionals, and all behavioral changes led to increased productivity, compliance, or adherence to best practice guidelines or protocols. From 13 studies that observed only physicians as subjects, 8 (62%) studies reported a positive Hawthorne effect. 86% of studies using "direct" observation methods demonstrated positive Hawthorne effect in comparison to 67% using "indirect" observation. Of the five studies with post-intervention follow-up, four studies (80%) reported either diminished or decreasing Hawthorne effect within three months once observation ceased. Of the three studies with continued observation, two studies reported diminished Hawthorne effect. This systematic review demonstrated that healthcare professionals were affected by the Hawthorne effect. They tended to exhibit short- lived positive behavior change when observed.


Gravitational fluctuations along the line of sight from the surface of last scatter to the observer distort the microwave background in several related ways: The fluctuations deflect the photon path (gravitational lensing), the decay of the gravitational potential produces additional fluctuations (ISW effect) and scattering off of hot gas in clusters produce additional fluctuations (Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect). Even if the initial fluctuations generated at the surface of last scatter were Gaussian, the combination of these effects produces non-Gaussian features in the microwave sky. We discuss the microwave bispectrum as a tool for measuring and studying this signal. For MAP, we estimate that these measurements will enable us to determine the fraction of ionized gas and to probe the time evolution of the gravitational potential.


This article suggests how we should study media and information literacies (MIL) and do so at a time, when young people nurture these literacies through multiple media practices and across spaces of learning. Our basic argument is this: in order to gain a robust knowledge base for the development of MIL we need to study literacy practices beyond print literacy and numeracy, and we need to study these practices beyond formal spaces of learning. The argument is unfolded with particular focus on ethnic minority youth since this group routinely figures as under-achieving in studies of school literacy, such as Programme for International Student Assessment. Based on a brief overview of literacy studies in view of digitization and a critical examination of recent studies of youthful media practices and ethnicity, the argument is illustrated through an empirical analysis that draws on results from a nationally representative survey of media uses among Danes aged 13–23 years. The analysis demonstrates that ethnic minority youth offer the most serious challenge to existing literacy hierarchies found in formal education. We discuss the implications of these results for educational policy-making and for future research on MIL, advocating inclusive approaches in terms of media for learning and spaces of learning.


The Local Atrial Deflection. Introduction: As a wave front passes unfiltered bipolar recording electrodes, the point of local depolarization is marked by a maximal change in voltage, i.e., the intrinsic deflection. However, during electrophysiologic studies, the depolarization (A) on the lead recording the His‐bundle potential traditionally has been measured at the first rapid reproducible deflection on a filtered electrogram. This methodology permits considerable latitude for subjective interpretation. The purpose of this study was to assess the timing of the atrial electrogram using the intrinsic deflection of relatively unfiltered electrograms (0.1‐4.0 to 1,250 Hz) or the equivalent on filtered recordings. Methods and Results: To do this we studied 70 patients without evidence of atrial or atrioventricular (AV) nodal disease, documenting the difference in timing between the A wave as traditionally measured and as measured at its peak local deflection (AL) determined from simultaneously recorded filtered and relatively unfiltered electrograms. New ranges based on the AL were established for timing of intra‐atrial and AV nodal conduction intervals. The P‐A (41 ± 11 msec) was significantly shorter than the P‐AL (55 ± 12) and the A‐H (80 ± 20) was longer than the AL‐H (66 ± 21 msec), both P <0.001. Interobserver differences in measurements were smaller when using the local (AL) rather than traditional criteria. Conclusions: Conventional measurement of the A deflection provides only a rough estimate of local depolarization of the atrium near the AV node. The criteria proposed in the present article may (1) provide a better estimate of the timing of local depolarization; (2) have application in computerized timing of intervals; and (3) decrease technical problems and subjective error.


The feature matching problem is a fundamental problem in various areas of computer vision including image registration, tracking and motion analysis. Rich local representation is a key part of efficient feature matching methods. However, when the local features are limited to the coordinate of key points, it becomes challenging to extract rich local representations. Traditional approaches use pairwise or higher order handcrafted geometric features to get robust matching; this requires solving NP-hard assignment problems. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a graph neural network model to transform coordinates of feature points into local features. With our local features, the traditional NP-hard assignment problems are replaced with a simple assignment problem which can be solved efficiently. Promising results on both synthetic and real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Surrogate risk minimization is an ubiquitous paradigm in supervised machine learning, wherein a target problem is solved by minimizing a surrogate loss on a dataset. Surrogate regret bounds, also called excess risk bounds, are a common tool to prove generalization rates for surrogate risk minimization. While surrogate regret bounds have been developed for certain classes of loss functions, such as proper losses, general results are relatively sparse. We provide two general results. The first gives a linear surrogate regret bound for any polyhedral (piecewise-linear and convex) surrogate, meaning that surrogate generalization rates translate directly to target rates. The second shows that for sufficiently non-polyhedral surrogates, the regret bound is a square root, meaning fast surrogate generalization rates translate to slow rates for the target. Together, these results suggest polyhedral surrogates are optimal in many cases.