Habitat availability and suitability are key factors determining the local abundance of a species and the structure of species assemblages. Nowhere is this more evident than in coral reef systems, where the availability, condition, and complexity of scleractinian corals are major determinants of the abundance, growth, and survival of both specialist and generalist coral reef fishes. Unfortunately, these shallow water habitats are also extremely vulnerable to destructive natural events such as cyclones, as well as anthropogenic environmental disturbances such as reduced water quality, overfishing and destructive fishing, and increased temperatures and reduced ocean pH associated with climate change. The deterioration of shallow water habitats is particularly pronounced in poor, developing nations such as those in the Coral Triangle, where marine biodiversity is high, but so are human population density and reliance on resource extraction. No-take marine reserves (NTMRs) are used throughout the region to reduce human impacts on coastal areas, and produce benefits for conservation, fisheries, or even both. This thesis aims to determine the habitat characteristics that drive the abundance, species richness, growth rates, and assemblage structure of coral reef fishes in order to inform placement of NTMRs, and to identify potential environmental stressors that may require more complex management strategies.

Identifying the full range of habitat characteristics that can influence coral reef fish is potentially highly complex. Thus, work reported early in this thesis was carried out on Chaetodon butterflyfish, which exhibit relatively well-known habitat associations, are highly sensitive to changes in habitat condition and habitat loss, and are not normally targeted by fishers, such that a Chaetodon response to habitat condition should not be confounded by fishing effects. Many Chaetodon butterflyfish exhibit a particularly strong association with live coral cover, such that the abundance of obligate corallivorous Chaetodon butterflyfish has often been promoted for use as an indicator of coral reef health. The work presented in Chapter 2 of this thesis tested the influence of a wide range of bottom-up (benthic resource) and top-down characteristics on the abundance of corallivorous and generalist Chaetodon, and overall Chaetodon species richness. This research reinforced certain well-established associations between Chaetodon butterflyfish and their habitats, such as increased abundance of obligate corallivores with increased availability of branching and tabular live coral and with increasing benthic rugosity, but also elucidated and quantified several less-known influences on Chaetodon abundance and diversity. One of these is that the negative effect of macroalgal cover on Chaetodon abundance and species richness is stronger and more directly influential than has previously been reported in the literature. Furthermore, Chaetodon were not affected by the density of large predators, but corallivorous Chaetodon were negatively influenced by the density of small predators (mesopredators), which are most likely affecting new recruits and juveniles. These results encourage the management of coral reefs to limit macroalgal growth (e.g. improve water quality and reduce fishing pressure on herbivores) and to control the abundance of mesopredators.

Habitat characteristics can influence not only the presence and abundance of a species, but also its physiology and development, with potential consequences for the survival and reproduction of each individual. Chapter 3 extended previous research on the habitat associations of Chaetodon butterflyfishes to explore the effects of habitat condition on the growth rates of newly-settled fishes, using Chaetodon vagabundus as a model species. The data collected in this chapter also provided the first measure of pelagic larval duration and size-at-age estimates for C. vagabundus in this region, which has previously been used to model larval connectivity of coral reef fishes. I report that larval characteristics of C. vagabundus were consistent across the 80 km study region, but that site-level (1-5km) differences in habitat condition caused significant differences in early post-settlement growth rates for this species. High growth rates were associated with the known habitat preferences of juvenile C. vagabundus (rocky, low rugosity reef flats). However, the strongest habitat association was an unexpected, strongly negative influence of macroalgal cover on early growth rates, as well as evidence of reduced growth rates when density of juvenile conspecifics was high (i.e. negative density dependence). The significant negative influence of macroalgal cover in this region again emphasises the importance of management to control macroalgae, such as by improving water quality and reducing fishing pressure on herbivores.

Strong associations between coral reef fishes and their habitats can be used to assess fish responses to environmental disturbances and also to assess the duration of recovery periods of fish and benthos after disturbance. This is particularly true of Chaetodon butterflyfishes and measures of live coral cover. In Chapter 4, I identify the major drivers of the abundance of corallivorous and generalist Chaetodon, as well as overall Chaetodon species richness, and use them to assess the Chaetodon response to a range of environmental disturbance events and subsequent recovery periods over the course of 31 years of almost annual monitoring at two NTMRs and two fished sites at offshore islands in the Bohol Sea, in the central Philippines. Macroalgae was not present at the long-term monitoring sites. Instead, the abundance of generalist Chaetodon and Chaetodon species richness both exhibited a strong negative association with sand and rubble cover. In addition, the uniquely long and consistent monitoring provided the opportunity to quantify the effects of several major disturbance events (typhoons, crown of thorns (COTS) outbreaks, coral bleaching, and destructive fishing) and recovery periods, which saw disturbance events reduce cover of branching and tabular corals and the abundance of corallivorous Chaetodon on average by half in just 1-2 years, while recovery periods saw branching and tabular coral cover and abundance of corallivorous Chaetodon on average double in 11-12 years. The order of magnitude difference in the rate of recovery compared to the rate of decline is an important concern for reef managers and users. Furthermore, the NTMR status of the study sites did not significantly affect benthic cover or Chaetodon abundance, species richness, or assemblage structure, which serves as an important reminder that NTMRs are not a panacea for increasingly disturbed coral reefs.

Many coral reef fishes have much more complex habitat requirements than Chaetodon butterflyfishes. For example, some use a range of reef and non-reef habitats at different periods in their lives, and the spatial extent (i.e. area) of each habitat type, and their proximity to each other (i.e. connectedness) have been identified as significant drivers of the abundance and species richness of these coral reef fishes. Chapter 5 combined extensive in situ collection of traditional habitat condition metrics, such as depth and percent cover of massive and encrusting corals, with remotely-sensed imagery that quantified the spatial extent and proximity of major habitat types (coral reef, seagrass beds, mangrove stands), to determine which variables most strongly influenced the presence/absence and biomass of several major coral reef fishery taxa at 19 inshore sites along the coast of Negros Oriental in the central Philippines. Study taxa included both heavily and lightly targeted species groups in order to provide relevant information to coastal resource managers in this region. I determined that NTMR protection and measures of habitat condition specific to each fish grouping (e.g. percent rubble cover for goatfish) were consistently strong predictors of species presence and biomass, while measures of habitat extent and connectedness were rarely significant drivers in this system. These results encourage the management of coastal resources to promote habitat health, and the placement of NTMRs in areas of high habitat quality rather than in marginal habitats in order to maximize their benefits to local fisheries.

This thesis emphasises the importance of managing coastal habitats, and coral reefs in particular, to prioritise habitat health and condition, such as improving water quality. In addition, it encourages the placement of NTMRs on healthy rather than degraded habitats in order to generate the greatest benefits to conservation and fisheries.


Species ranges are shifting globally to track temperature changes in response to climate warming, with substantial variability among taxa. In the English Channel, a biogeographical transition zone between the cold temperate and warm temperate provinces of the North-East Atlantic, distribution shifts have been relatively well documented for plankton, fish and intertidal benthic organisms, but little information is available on sublittoral benthos. Following a description of the magnitude of the sea bottom temperature (SBT) rise, the changes in the distribution and occupancy of 65 benthic invertebrate species were analysed by comparing data collected throughout the English Channel at more than 200 stations sampled during a cool period in the 1960s–1970s and at present in 2012–2014. A non-uniform rise in SBT for the last three decades was observed at the regional scale, varying from 0.07 to 0.54°C per decade. This rise differs from that reported for sea surface temperature (SST) in stratified areas suggesting that SBT should be used rather than SST to analyse responses of subtidal organisms to climate change. Despite shifts in both minimum and maximum sea bottom isotherms (2.5 and 3.2 km.year−1, respectively), the distribution centroid shift of most species remained <1.0 km.year−1, regardless of the average temperatures they usually experience. Conversely, decreases were observed in the occurrence of most cold-water species and increases were found in the occurrence of most warm-water species. These results suggest that ongoing climate change could lead to a decrease in benthic biodiversity at range limits, especially where connection routes are lacking for new migrants.


This paper reports on a small-scale audit study that investigates sex discrimination in restaurant hiring. Comparably matched pairs of men and women applied for jobs as waiters and waitresses at 65 restaurants in Philadelphia. The 130 applications led to 54 interviews and 39 job offers. The results provide statistically significant evidence of sex discrimination against women in high-price restaurants. In high-price restaurants, job applications from women had an estimated probability of receiving a job offer that was lower by about .5, and an estimated probability of receiving an interview that was lower by about .4. These hiring patterns appear to have implications for sex differences in earnings, as informal survey evidence indicates that earnings are higher in high-price restaurants.


This Article offers an innovative basis for the choice-of-law question: the Choice-Based Perspective (CBP). The main argument is that there exists n alternative rights-based understanding of choice-of-law to that which is presently known as the "vested rights" theory. This understanding is based on the legal philosophy of perhaps the greatest expositor of the rights-based concept, Immanuel Kant. In contrast to alternative approaches, CPB insists on a purely private conception of the subject, grounded on an organizing principle of unity of persons' choices. Furthermore, the proposed approach holds much sway in practice, for the normative underpinnings of CBP are already embedded in many traditional and contemporary choice-of-law rules, doctrines, and concepts.


Poetry, Signs, and Magic brings together in a single volume fourteen new and previously published essays by the eminent Renaissance scholar and literary critic Thomas M. Greene. This collection looks back toward two earlier volumes by Greene, his first essay collection The Vulnerable Text: Essays on Renaissance Literature, and Poesie et Magie, whose theme is here explored again at greater length and depth, from linguistic and literary critical perspectives. Greene argues that certain poetic gestures draw their peculiar strengths by serving as vestiges of poetry's ancestral acts - magic, prayer, and invocation. Poetry, in other words, feigns an earlier power, but in this diminishment there occurs a verbal subtlety, and figural poignancy, commonly associated with art's aesthetic pleasures. Greene employs his well-known skills as a close reader to texts by a range of writers including a variety of contemporary theorists. Greene's central achievement amidst these readings is to isolate and describe in diverse contexts the distinction between disjunctive and conjunctive linguistics, dual theories of sound and meaning of crucial importance to Plato and Aristotle, to Catholic and Protestant debates on the sacraments, to the more recent skeptical methodologies of Derrida and de Man. Thomas M. Greene was a Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Yale University.


Nowadays, many multimedia communication applications are available in mobile and are fast becoming an essential part of people's lives. Multimedia applications provide services like video call, GPS navigation, mobile learning and teleconferencing. There are several factors that can impact the overall user's perception of these services, for example; service accessibility, service availability, ease of use of the service, session quality, service reliability and the level of security. Quality of protection has become a newly security concept that sets security levels for any service depending on security requirements and customers play a major role in defining these requirements. In this article, we review the quality of protection and quality of experience focusing on multimedia communication in terms of requirements and challenges. The article is concluded by discussions and recommendations on how to co-exist a set of multiple security levels without sacrificing acceptable quality of experience for end users.


The Fifth Edition of the 'Guide to Receptors and Channels' is a compilation of the major pharmacological targets divided into seven sections: G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside suggestions for further reading. Available alongside this publication is a portal at http://www.GuideToPharmacology.org which is produced in close association with NC-IUPHAR and allows free online access to the information presented in the Fifth Edition.


Silver clusters incorporated in a zeolite matrix represent a promising alternative for rare earth phosphors, organic dyes, and quantum dots as emitters in organic and hybrid organic/inorganic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Compared to other existing types of emitters, they combine an excellent stability to oxygen and humidity with a high luminescence quantum yield and color tunability. This study reports on the first use of these silver exchanged zeolites embedded in polyvinyl carbazole (PVK), which is expected to act as a conducting matrix, as emitters in a single‐layer OLED. It is demonstrated that the introduction of these Ag zeolites leads to electroluminescence bands that clearly differ from pristine PVK OLEDs as well as from the photoluminescence spectra of the Ag zeolites. The current density and the spectral properties observed in these devices are strongly influenced by the zeolite silver loading, paving the way for a new type of easily tunable hybrid and cost‐effective OLEDs.


Studies of affect labeling, i.e. putting your feelings into words, indicate that it can attenuate positive and negative emotions. Here we track the evolution of individual emotions for tens of thousands of Twitter users by analyzing the emotional content of their tweets before and after they explicitly report having a strong emotion. Our results reveal how emotions and their expression evolve at the temporal resolution of one minute. While the expression of positive emotions is preceded by a short but steep increase in positive valence and followed by short decay to normal levels, negative emotions build up more slowly, followed by a sharp reversal to previous levels, matching earlier findings of the attenuating effects of affect labeling. We estimate that positive and negative emotions last approximately 1.25 and 1.5 hours from onset to evanescence. A separate analysis for male and female subjects is suggestive of possible gender-specific differences in emotional dynamics.


For many-to-one comparisons of independent binomial proportions using their ratios, we propose the MOVER approach generalizing Fieller's theorem to a ratio of proportions by obtaining variance estimates in the neighbourhood of confidence limits for each proportion. We review two existing methods of inverting Wald and score test statistics and compare their performance with the proposed MOVER approach with score limits and Jeffreys limits for single proportions. As an appropriate multiplicity adjustment incorporating correlations between risk ratios, a Dunnett critical value is computed assuming a common, constant correlation of 0.5 instead of plugging in sample correlation coefficients. The simulation results suggest that the MOVER approach has desirable operating characteristics comparable to those of the method of inverting score test statistics. The MOVER with Jeffreys limits yields the median joint coverage percentage closest to the nominal level but its intervals may be wider than the other intervals in some parameter settings.


Subsurface tile drainage
is a common management practice implemented by farmers throughout the Midwest
in fields that have poorly drained soils. Tile drainage has several benefits
including increased productivity, reduced erosion, and increased
trafficability. However, relatively little is known about the long-term change
of soil properties that may occur as a result of subsurface drainage. Careful monitoring of
tile drains at the long-term experimental site at the Southeast Purdue
Agricultural Center led to the observation of faster drain flow than in the
past, with hydrographs of the flow showing flashier peaks, suggesting that more
preferential flow paths have developed over time. The overall goal of this
study was to characterize possible evolution of physical and hydraulic
properties of this silt loam soil after 35 years of subsurface drainage. Bulk
density and water retention were measured in May of 2018 at 0-5 cm, 5-15 cm,
and 15-30 cm in all plots and again in July of 2019 in the 5 m and 40 m
spacings at four different horizons down to depths of approximately 100 cm,
rather than set depth increments. Bulk density results from both sets of
sampling show the 5 m spacing to have a significantly lower bulk density than
the 40 m spacing in the top 30 cm of soil, although the difference was small.
Differences in water retention among treatments were too small to be physically
meaningful. Saturated hydraulic conductivity results measured by three
different methods were highly variable and no differences were detected. In
soils with naturally weak structure, low organic matter, and low clay content,
like the soil in this study, the processes responsible for soil aggregation,
structure stabilization, and lowering bulk density are inherently slow and may require longer than 35 years of
subsurface drainage to produce significant changes in the physical properties measured.


We experimentally demonstrate the generation of an array of optical bottle beams by employing multiple self-accelerating Airy beams. This kind of optical bottle array is created by superimposing eight Airy beams along a circle, all with inward acceleration directed towards the center. In addition, we demonstrate stable trapping of multiple absorbing glassy carbon particles using the proposedoptical bottle array.


Gardner's Law as a Leap of Faith is a work that challenges many of our most widely held beliefs about law with a special focus on legal positivism. This collection of papers is the product of one of our finest legal philosophers today with significant contributions to our understanding of the nature of law and key debates about it by earlier leading figures. While there is no space to address every discussion of wider interest, it is hoped this Review has made clear its central arguments and their impact for jurisprudence. In my judgement, this is one of the most important works of jurisprudence in many years.


Three field studies are described in which Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), and similar innovative therapies were used to treat residents of different correctional settings. Clients in a juvenile residential facility, an adult community corrections center, and an adult county jail were treated for psychological and medical complaints. The authors summarize how the practices were adapted to specific settings, how challenges were approached, and what staff and clients said about the programs. Though the sites and applications differed, some common findings and recommendations for future research are noted.


The Industrial Controls and Safety systems group at CERN, in collaboration with other groups, has developed and currently maintains around 200 controls applications that include domains such as LHC magnet protection, cryogenics and electrical network supervision systems. Millions of value changes and alarms from many devices are archived to a centralised Oracle database but it is not easy to obtain high-level statistics from such an archive. A system based on Elasticsearch, Logstash and Kibana (the Elastic Stack [1]) has been implemented in order to provide easy access to these statistics. This system provides aggregated statistics based on the number of value changes and alarms, classified according to several criteria such as time, application domain, system and device. The system can be used, for example, to detect abnormal situations and alarm misconfiguration. In addition to these statistics each application generates text-based log files which are parsed, collected and displayed using the Elastic Stack to provide centralised access to all the application logs. Further work will explore the possibilities of combining the statistics and logs to better understand the behaviour of CERN's controls applications.


Abstract. As has been the case in North America and western Europe,
the SO2 emissions have substantially reduced in the North China Plain (NCP) in
recent years. Differential rates of reduction in SO2 and NOx
concentrations result in the frequent occurrence of particulate matter pollution dominated by nitrate
( p NO 3 - ) over the NCP. In this
study, we observed a polluted episode with the particulate nitrate mass
fraction in nonrefractory PM 1 (NR-PM 1 ) being up to 44 % during
wintertime in Beijing. Based on this typical p NO 3 - -dominated haze
event, the linkage between aerosol water uptake and p NO 3 -
enhancement, further impacting on visibility degradation, has been
investigated based on field observations and theoretical calculations.
During haze development, as ambient relative humidity (RH) increased from
 ∼10  % to 70 %, the aerosol particle liquid water
increased from ∼1 µg m−3 at the beginning to
 ∼75 µg m−3 in the fully developed haze period. The
aerosol liquid water further increased the aerosol surface area and volume,
enhancing the condensational loss of N2O5 over particles. From the
beginning to the fully developed haze, the condensational loss of
 N2O5 increased by a factor of 20 when only considering aerosol
surface area and volume of dry particles, while increasing by a factor of 25 when
considering extra surface area and volume due to water uptake. Furthermore,
aerosol liquid water favored the thermodynamic equilibrium of HNO3 in
the particle phase under the supersaturated HNO3 and NH3 in the
atmosphere. All the above results demonstrated that p NO 3 - is
enhanced by aerosol water uptake with elevated ambient RH during haze
development, in turn facilitating the aerosol take-up of water due to the
hygroscopicity of particulate nitrate salt. Such mutual promotion between
aerosol particle liquid water and particulate nitrate enhancement can
rapidly degrade air quality and halve visibility within 1 d. Reduction
of nitrogen-containing gaseous precursors, e.g., by control of traffic
emissions, is essential in mitigating severe haze events in the NCP.


5 Correspondence: Roxana Duda 1 Calistrat Grozovici Str., 2 District, Bucharest, Romania e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Abstract. Introduction. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis is an important and complex disease characterized by a persistent inflammatory process involving the sinonasal mucosa, representing a serious health problem and economic challenge, with pathogenic mechanisms still debated. Researchers in this area are currently concerned with finding new molecular pathways that coordinate this complex chronic inflammatory process of the sinonasal mucosa, thus aiming to identify both clear pathogenic mechanisms and a potential value of predictive and prognostic markers. OBJECTIVE. The aim of this study was to estimate the predictive value of the ultrastructural changes in the nasal mucosa in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, in order to establish the best therapeutic option. MATHERIAL AND METHODS. We performed a prospective study between January 2012February 2014 on 82 patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP) assessed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical methods to determine the presence of inflammatory markers such as eosinophilic infiltrate and proinflammatory protein HMGB1. The patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and the specimens taken during the surgery were examined .Histopathological evaluation of biopsy fragments taken from nasal polyps was performed to quantify the eosinophilic infiltrate from a much complex score containing also fibrosis, angiogenesis and oedema of the mucosa. Immunohistochemistry determined the distribution of the proinflammatory protein HMGB1 extracellulary. Based on these parameters, the patients were categorized in four groups. To evaluate the outcomes a visual analogue scale (VAS) for each symptom (nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, anosmia/hyposmia) was filled by the patients and the nasal endoscopic score Lund-Kennedy was assessed by the physician. The predictive value of the histopathological and immuhistochemical parameters in clinical evolution and recurrence of nasal polyposis was evaluated by comparing these results at 1 month, 3,6 months and 1 year). RESULTS. Our results demonstrated that the extracellular HMGB1protein and eosinophilic infiltrate show a great importance as predictive factors for both evolution and recurrences in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Analyzing all four groups, we observed that group 4(HMGB1 extracellular positive and eosinophilic infiltrate) had the worst evolution and the highest number of recurrences(19,23%)-, while group 1(HMGB1extracellular negative with infiltrate non-eosinophilic), exhibited the best improvement and a recurrence of only 3%. CONCLUSION. The results of our study showed that HP and IHC parameters could be considered significant predictive factors in post-therapeutic clinical evolution and recurrence of nasal polyposis.


This paper analyzes the relationship between culture and financial development in Europe, with culture defined as informal constraints on human interactions. We assert that various national characteristics such as people's trust and trustworthiness, and the level of control they feel they have over their lives can modify transaction costs, which in turn leads to different levels of financial development. Furthermore, we consider communism as an exogenous shock to the cultural values existent in Central and Eastern Europe. This exogenous component of culture is negatively related to present financial development, even after controlling for other historical variables such as religion and formal institutions at the beginning of the 20th century. Via 2SLS regression analysis, we show that communism has shaped cultural values, which in turn affect financial development.


In the United States, rhetoric in support of the Iraq War often focuses on discourses of patriotism and supporting the troops. These discourses hold enormous sway over the American public because of the discursive legacies of the Vietnam War and the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. In response, members of the peace movement who are veterans, soldiers, and military families stress their military identities during activism. These individuals have organized as an important branch of the U.S. antiwar movement that challenges the pro-war framing of patriotism and troop support by strategically deploying "oppositional identities." The oppositional identity strategy involves highlighting the activism of individuals who many would assume would be part of the movement's opposition. In an effort to assert credibility and support their frames, activists assert this novel and seemingly contradictory identity through organizational affiliation, rhetoric, clothing, mannerisms, and symbols.


Don Watson takes an analytical look at the ways in which the Australian imagination has always been dominated by America. Why are they so much better than we are? Even when it comes to producing books like the Updike 'Rabbit' sequence that tell us what we are like? Why are they also a land of executioners who have nevertheless created the least bad empire the world has seen? Can we really expect to be deputies to America? And what about our own sacred story (the progressive one) that we have sold for the sake of the Americanisation of our own society? If we can't have a friendly independent relationship with America, why don't we go the whole hog and join them? In a dark, brooding, moody essay, Don Watson plays on the paradoxes of Australia's feeling about America and offers a scathing view of an Australian culture that is asking to be engulfed by its great and powerful friend because the mental process is already so advanced.


The aggregation and estimation of values over networks is fundamental for distributed applications, such as wireless sensor networks. Estimating the average, minimal and maximal values has already been extensively studied in the literature. In this paper, we focus on estimating empirical distributions of values in a network with anonymous agents. In particular, we compare two different estimation strategies in terms of their convergence speed, accuracy and communication costs. The first strategy is deterministic and based on the average consensus protocol, while the second strategy is probabilistic and based on the max consensus protocol.


Ms. Morse, a former writer for the New York Herald Tribune, is the author of The Shakers and the World's People, a comprehensive, widely praised documentary history. Of her work on the Shakers, Commonweal wrote: "Fascinating material. Superbly described." Kirkus Reviews commented, the Shakers have "a caring spokesperson in Flo Morse."


The fundamental drawback of current stereo and multi-view visualization is the necessity to perform multi pass rendering (one pass for each view) and subsequent image composition + masking for generating multiple stereo views. Thus the rendering time increases in general linearly with the number of views.In this paper we introduce a new method for multi-view splatting based on deferred blending. Our method exploits the programma-bility of modern graphic processing units (GPUs) for rendering multiple stereo views in a single rendering pass. The views are calculated directly on the GPU including sub-pixel wavelength selective views. We describe our algorithm precisely and provide details about its implementation. Experimental results demonstrate the performance advantage of our multi-view point splatting algorithm compared to the standard multi-pass approach.


Psoriasis is considered as a T‐cell‐mediated inflammatory skin disease which is characterized by hyperproliferation and poor differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. While susceptibility to psoriasis is inherited, the disease is influenced by environmental factors such as infections and stress. Diet has been suggested to play a role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of psoriasis. Fasting periods, low‐energy diets and vegetarian diets improved psoriasis symptoms in some studies, and diets rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish oil also showed beneficial effects. All these diets modify the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism and influence the eicosanoid profile, so that inflammatory processes are suppressed. Some patients with psoriasis show an elevated sensitivity to gluten. In patients with IgA and/or IgG antigliadin antibodies the symptoms have been shown to improve on a gluten‐free diet. The active form of vitamin D, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3, exhibits antiproliferative and immunoregulatory effects via the vitamin D receptor, and thus is successfully used in the topical treatment of psoriasis. In this review, dietary factors which play a role in psoriasis are assessed and their potential benefit is evaluated. Furthermore, the risk of drug–nutrient interactions in psoriasis therapy is discussed.


Spread across Brazil and attaining an unparalleled political force, therapeutic communities are as inescapable in the debate on drug policy as they are complex to define. Although they are not a Brazilian creation, they have been operating in that country for decades, and their dissemination intensified in the 1990s. In 2011, they were officially incorporated into Brazil's Psychosocial Care Network (Rede de Atenção Psicossocial, or RAPS). Since then, therapeutic communities have been at the center of public debates about their regulation; about how they should—or even if they should—be a part of the healthcare system; about the level of supervision to which they should be submitted; about their sources of funding, particularly whether or not they should have access to public funding; and, most importantly, about the quality of the services they offer and the many reports of rights violation that have been made public. However, a well-informed public debate can only flourish if the available information is based on sound evidence. The SSRC's Drugs, Security and Democracy Program is concerned with the policy relevance of the research projects it supports, and the debate around therapeutic communities in Brazil points to a clear need for impartial research that addresses different cross-cutting aspects of this topic in its various dimensions: legal, regulatory, health, and observance of human rights, among others. It is in this context that we publish this working paper series on therapeutic communities in Brazil. The eight articles that compose this series offer a multidisciplinary view of the topic, expanding and deepening the existing literature and offering powerful contributions to a substantive analysis of therapeutic communities as instruments of public policy. Although they can be read separately, it is as a whole that the strength of the eight articles that make up this series becomes more evident. Even though they offer different perspectives, they are complementary works in—and already essential for—delineating and understanding the phenomenon of therapeutic communities in Brazil.


In this paper, the constitution making process in Europe is assessed with emphasis on incorporating the Charter of Fundamental Rights. Is the Charter a means to reduce the democratic deficit even if it does not fully comply with the notion of people-made law? The EU establishes post-national rights, including fundamental rights of a constitutional type. The focus is on the contribution of fundamental rights to constitutionalism and to cosmopolitan democracy. Rights are necessary for democracy to prevail, but rights have to be right. In Europe, there is a constitution in the making, as the citizens have been assigned rights, but as they have not given themselves the rights explicitly, the validity of the rights may be of a dubious quality.


Because childhood is not only culturally but also legally and biologically understood as a period of dependency, it has been easy to dismiss children as historical actors. By putting children at the center of our thinking about American history, Karen Sanchez-Eppler recognizes the important part childhood played in nineteenth-century American culture and what this involvement entailed for children themselves. Dependent States examines the ties between children's literacy training and the growing cultural prestige of the novel; the way children functioned rhetorically in reform literature to enforce social norms; the way the risks of death to children shored up emotional power in the home; how Sunday schools socialized children into racial, religious, and national identities, and how class identity was produced, not only in terms of work, but also in the way children played. For Sanchez-Eppler, nineteenth-century childhoods were nothing less than vehicles for national reform. Dependent on adults for their care, children did not conform to the ideals of enfranchisement and agency that we usually associate with historical actors. Yet through meticulously researched examples, Sanchez-Eppler reveals that children participated in the making of social meaning. Her focus on childhood as a dependent state thus offers a rewarding corrective to our notions of autonomous individualism and a new perspective on American culture itself.


Simply Mycoplasma The bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a human pathogen, has a genome of reduced size and is one of the simplest organisms that can reproduce outside of host cells. As such, it represents an excellent model organism in which to attempt a systems-level understanding of its biological organization. Now three papers provide a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of the proteome, the metabolic network, and the transcriptome of M. pneumoniae (see the Perspective by Ochman and Raghavan). Anticipating what might be possible in the future for more complex organisms, Kühner et al. (p. 1235) combine analysis of protein interactions by mass spectrometry with extensive structural information on M. pneumoniae proteins to reveal how proteins work together as molecular machines and map their organization within the cell by electron tomography. The manageable genome size of M. pneumoniae allowed Yus et al. (p. 1263) to map the metabolic network of the organism manually and validate it experimentally. Analysis of the network aided development of a minimal medium in which the bacterium could be cultured. Finally, G‡ell et al. (p. 1268) applied state-of-the-art sequencing techniques to reveal that this "simple" organism makes extensive use of noncoding RNAs and has exon- and intron-like structure within transcriptional operons that allows complex gene regulation resembling that of eukaryotes. Sequencing of a tiny bacterium's RNA reveals many noncoding RNAs and complex gene regulation reminiscent of eukaryotes. To study basic principles of transcriptome organization in bacteria, we analyzed one of the smallest self-replicating organisms, Mycoplasma pneumoniae. We combined strand-specific tiling arrays, complemented by transcriptome sequencing, with more than 252 spotted arrays. We detected 117 previously undescribed, mostly noncoding transcripts, 89 of them in antisense configuration to known genes. We identified 341 operons, of which 139 are polycistronic; almost half of the latter show decaying expression in a staircase-like manner. Under various conditions, operons could be divided into 447 smaller transcriptional units, resulting in many alternative transcripts. Frequent antisense transcripts, alternative transcripts, and multiple regulators per gene imply a highly dynamic transcriptome, more similar to that of eukaryotes than previously thought.


The political career of Antoni Rovira i Virgili (Tarragona, 1882–Perpignan, 1949), expressed through the journalism, does not exclude its literary side. In fact, from his youth, he was known as an author of modernist drama and theater staging (Vida nova, 1905 -New life-). It needs to be said that his work as a journalist started in his period at the Federal Youth of Tarragona. We should also highlight is literary translations (done as a young man) and his essays focused in the political fight. His intellectual biography tallies with a model of intellectuals and politicians who intervene in the public affairs in order to spread the referents for the political transformation and the social change from the postulates of the liberal republican left. A great part of this intervention is conveyed in the side of the ideological literature defined in articles opinion and analysis, and in international and national news. All this is due to the detailed knowledge that Rovira had about politicians, literates and thinkers who, somehow, were related to his political and cultural activity.The collection of portraits contained in the work Siluetes de Catalans (Silhouettes of Catalans) – from which we know two editions: the first, published in 1969 (publishing house Barcino) and the second, completed and corrected, in 1999 (publishing house Proa) – is an excellent sample of political contexts of the 19th century (Els grans catalans del Vuit-cents, 1928) and of the civil and cultural relations and environments which Rovira set and visited during the central stage of his live: the twenties and the thirties. These contributions are continued in the similarities exposed in his publications during the exile, some of them part of the aforementioned referent.From the sequence of this portraits – shorter than Josep Pla's Homenots , but more intense due to the fact that there were journalistic works derived from contemporary events – we should remark the precise characterizations of every character, that means, canonical annotations – human, psychological and cultural – which shape the personality of every character and detail the essential ideology. To sum up, the set of portraits written by the journalist, writer and historian Rovira i Virgili offers interpretative keys to analyze the meaning of the cultural environment in a Catalonia between the Noucentisme and the republican movement, which was an expression of the urban spreading and a center of new republican, socialist and pro-independency politics and culture. As for its inherent narrative formality, the work I present highlights the synthetic and situational capability of the author, at the time that it reflects about the a priori canonical classifications.


This qualitative study sought the voice of eight adolescents attending two academically selective high schools in New South Wales to better understand how peer groups influence the social and emotional wellbeing of ability grouped students. The 21-item Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995) was used to measure participants' self-reported psychological wellbeing. Individual semi-structured interviews explored the factors that contributed to the formation and maintenance of secure peer relationships, and a school's role in this. Transcripts were interrogated utilising iterative principles of interpretive phenomenological analysis (Smith, 1995). The findings from this study suggest that secure peer groups have a positive influence on the social and emotional outcomes of students who attend academically selective high schools. The formation and maintenance of school-based friendship groups, however, is hindered by several logistical constraints outside the control of the individual students.


Digital Games and Entertainment are a modern area of enormous economic potentials and of a serious social impact. In fact, the video game industry has surpassed the revenue of the box office motion picture and music industries. Computers with advanced graphics capabilities have contributed to the immersive interactive experience that attracts many to spend as much of their leisure time playing video games as watching television. However, the artificial intelligence behind games and our understanding of knowledge usage in these interactive worlds has remained relatively undeveloped. This track looks at games and entertainment primarily from two views: digital games knowledge media and interactive computer game AI


We analyze the effects of declining population growth on the adoption of automation technology. A standard theoretical framework of the accumulation of traditional physical capital and of automation capital predicts that countries with a lower population growth rate are the ones that innovate and/or adopt new automation technologies faster. We test the theoretical prediction by means of panel data for 60 countries over the time span from 1993 to 2013. Regression estimates provide empirical support for the theoretical prediction and suggest that a 1% increase in population growth is associated with approximately a 2% reduction in the growth rate of robot density. Our results are robust to the inclusion of standard control variables, the use of different estimation methods, the consideration of a dynamic framework with the lagged dependent variable as regressor, and changing the measurement of the stock of robots.


This study evaluates the book availability as well as the performance measure of the Walter Sisulu University (WSU) Library and determines the levels of satisfaction among its users. Attention was focused on four parameters of performance measure, namely: Acquisition (Pa), Circulation (Pc), Users' performance at the catalogue and success in obtaining materials from the shelf (Pu), and, the Library administrative operation (Pm), all of which were independently measured. An overall availability rate of 33% was obtained for the Walter Sisulu University (WSU) Library. This is rather low. This low availability level obtained was associated with the low circulation performance (Pc) at 45%. However, a high performance was obtained for the university acquisition policy at 85%, Library operations at 88%, and User performance at 87%. The study focused largely on availability of monographic materials and not on online searches carried out by users of the library. Similar studies that were carried out in a number of academic libraries identified bottlenecks which enable library managers to effect policy changes or appropriate corrective actions that later resulted in the higher satisfaction level of the libraries concerned. This same approach is being recommended in this study.


The purpose of this study is to analyze and determine the influence of fiscal potential and needs in the model of allocation formulation of regional bottom air (BDB) in North Sumatra province. The variables used in this study are the performance of the regional bottom aid (Y) as dependent variable while is total population (X1), poverty index (IKR) (X2), size of region (X3), construction cost index (CCI) (X4), gross domestic product (GDP) (X5), regional revenue (PAD) (X6), balances of fund (X7) and income per capita (X8) as independent variables. The data analysis used in this study is structural equation models, while the population is all the 33 districts/cities in North Sumatera province, and the sampling technique is using purposive sampling method with consideration of specific criteria. The findings concluded that the dominant variable in determining the allocation of the regional bottom aid (BDB) in North Sumatra is the total population, construction cost index (CCI), the financial fund balance and income per capita. KEYWORD:Regional Bottom Aid, Population, Construction Cost Index, Financial Balance Fund and Income Per Capita.


While it is well established that climate change affects species distributions and abundances, the impacts of climate change on species interactions has not been extensively studied. This is particularly important for specialists whose interactions are tightly linked, such as between the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and the plant genus Asclepias, on which it depends. We used open-top chambers (OTCs) to increase temperatures in experimental plots and placed either nonnative Asclepias curassavica or native A. incarnata in each plot along with monarch larvae. We found, under current climatic conditions, adult monarchs had higher survival and mass when feeding on A. curassavica. However, under future conditions, monarchs fared much worse on A. curassavica. The decrease in adult survival and mass was associated with increasing cardenolide concentrations under warmer temperatures. Increased temperatures alone reduced monarch forewing length. Cardenolide concentrations in A. curassavica may have transitioned from beneficial to detrimental as temperature increased. Thus, the increasing cardenolide concentrations may have pushed the larvae over a tipping point into an ecological trap; whereby past environmental cues associated with increased fitness give misleading information. Given the ubiquity of specialist plant-herbivore interactions, the potential for such ecological traps to emerge as temperatures increase may have far-reaching consequences.


Abstract:The deliberate burning of libraries is nothing new, but it seems surprising that such incidents have also occurred in peacetime in democracies. What does this say about community perceptions of libraries and the response of the library profession? Mostly, libraries are not very newsworthy. In some countries they are largely invisible; in others they may only attract public attention when they are threatened by cutbacks or closures or when things go badly wrong. The visibility and invisibility of libraries in the political arena confer risks, as well as benefits. As a framework for an exploration of this topic, libraries in various countries are conceptualized as being located in the political space on a continuum, from invisible to highly visible, on which the risks of visibility and invisibility can be situated. Some observations, with particular reference to library development in South Africa, follow on how librarians see themselves and their institutions in relation to the communities and societies they serve. This paper concludes that the risks of invisibility outweigh those of visibility, but that the political awareness, engagement, and commitment of the library profession are critical.


The article presents the current state-of-the-art of the European HPC ecosystem design and implementation. It covers the benefits for all ecosystem stakeholders: scientific end-users, operational staff, architecture vendors, owners of the computational facilities. The PRACE – Partnership for Advanced Computing In Europe initiative has started the preparation of the background towards the legal form of the related activities. It benefits in the creation of the PRACE non-profit association AISBL, registered in Brussels. During the implementation phase of PRACE, the scientific community has been given free and transparent access to the world-class supercomputing systems in Europe. Polish scientists and researchers may apply for the computational cycles.


The McCoy Mountains Formation consists of Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous silt- stone, sandstone, and conglomerate exposed in an east-west-trending belt in southwest- ern Arizona and southeastern California. At least three different tectonic settings have been proposed for McCoy deposition, and multiple tectonic settings are likely over the ~80 m.y. age range of deposition. U-Pb iso- topic analysis of 396 zircon sand grains from at or near the top of McCoy sections in the southern Little Harquahala, Granite Wash, New Water, and southern Plomosa Moun- tains, all in western Arizona, identifi ed only Jurassic or older zircons. A basaltic lava fl ow near the top of the section in the New Water Mountains yielded a U-Pb zircon date of 154.4 ± 2.1 Ma. Geochemically similar lava fl ows and sills in the Granite Wash and southern Plomosa Mountains are inferred to be approximately the same age. We interpret these new analyses to indicate that Meso- zoic clastic strata in these areas are Upper Jurassic and are broadly correlative with the lowermost McCoy Mountains Formation in the Dome Rock, McCoy, and Palen Moun- tains farther west. Six samples of numerous Upper Jurassic basaltic sills and lava fl ows in the McCoy Mountains Formation in the Granite Wash, New Water, and southern Plomosa Mountains yielded initial e Nd values (at t = 150 Ma) of between +4 and +6. The geochemistry and geochronology of this igne- ous suite, and detrital-zircon geochronology of the sandstones, support the interpretation that the lower McCoy Mountains Forma- tion was deposited during rifting within the western extension of the Sabinas-Chihuahua- Bisbee rift belt. Abundant 190-240 Ma zir- con sand grains were derived from nearby, unidentifi ed Triassic magmatic-arc rocks in areas that were unaffected by younger Juras- sic magmatism. A sandstone from the upper McCoy Mountains Formation in the Dome Rock Mountains (Arizona) yielded numer- ous 80-108 Ma zircon grains and almost no 190-240 Ma grains, revealing a major reor- ganization in sediment-dispersal pathways and/or modifi cation of source rocks that had occurred by ca. 80 Ma.


Spectrum sharing mechanisms have evolved to meet different needs related to increasing spectrum use efficiency. At first, decentralized and opportunistic cognitive radios (and cognitive radio networks) were the primary focus of research for these mechanisms. This gradually transitioned toward the development of cooperative sharing methods based on databases, typified by TV white spaces databases. Spectrum sharing is now the basis for the dynamic and fine-grained spectrum rights regime for the citizen's band radio service (CBRS) as well as for license shared access (LSA). The emergence of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin has stimulated interest in applying its underlying technology, blockchain, to other applications as well, such as securities trading and supply chain management. This paper explores the application of blockchain to radio spectrum management. While blockchains could underlie radio spectrum management more broadly, we will focus on dynamic spectrum sharing applications. Like the cooperative approaches currently in use, blockchain is a database technology. However, a blockchain is a decentralized database in which the owner of the data maintains control. We consider the benefits and limitations of blockchain solutions in general, and then examine their potential application to four major categories of spectrum sharing.


Recent progress in pretraining language models on large textual corpora led to a surge of improvements for downstream NLP tasks. Whilst learning linguistic knowledge, these models may also be storing relational knowledge present in the training data, and may be able to answer queries structured as "fill-in-the-blank" cloze statements. Language models have many advantages over structured knowledge bases: they require no schema engineering, allow practitioners to query about an open class of relations, are easy to extend to more data, and require no human supervision to train. We present an in-depth analysis of the relational knowledge already present (without fine-tuning) in a wide range of state-of-the-art pretrained language models. We find that (i) without fine-tuning, BERT contains relational knowledge competitive with traditional NLP methods that have some access to oracle knowledge, (ii) BERT also does remarkably well on open-domain question answering against a supervised baseline, and (iii) certain types of factual knowledge are learned much more readily than others by standard language model pretraining approaches. The surprisingly strong ability of these models to recall factual knowledge without any fine-tuning demonstrates their potential as unsupervised open-domain QA systems. The code to reproduce our analysis is available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/LAMA.


While several studies have focused on the effect of natural resources on economic development, less attention has been paid to their effects on other development outcomes. We contribute to this literature by studying the impact of resource rents on fiscal capacity, i.e., the ability of states to raise revenues from broad tax bases. We posit that natural resource rents reduce the incentives to invest in fiscal capacity. However, political institutions that limit the power of the executive, by reducing rulers' discretion over the use of resource revenues, may mitigate, neutralise or reverse such negative effect. We provide empirical support for this hypothesis using a recently constructed data set on non-resource taxes and panel methods for 98 developing countries covering the period 1981-2011. Moreover, we show that the effect of resource rents is likely to work mainly through institutions that make the tax system accountable and transparent to citizens. Our findings imply that it is possible to develop both fiscal capacity and the natural resources sector, without any trade-off. Whether a fiscal resource curse exists or not is a question of what type of political institutions countries have adopted before they became resource-rich.


Signal problems in autism spectrum disorder Autism spectrum disorders have many causes. Bidinosti et al. studied Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMDS), one of the symptoms of which can be autism (see the Perspective by Burbach). The authors used neurons derived from these patients, as well as from mice, with the culprit gene disrupted and found that a chain of intracellular signals becomes imbalanced. Signaling and behavioral symptoms could be improved by a small-molecule therapeutic that inhibits a key kinase. Science, this issue p. 1199; see also p. 1153 Small-molecule therapeutics improve the social response in a mouse model of one of the autism spectrum disorders. [Also see Perspective by Burbach] SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (SHANK3) haploinsufficiency is causative for the neurological features of Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMDS), including a high risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We used unbiased, quantitative proteomics to identify changes in the phosphoproteome of Shank3-deficient neurons. Down-regulation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt)–mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling resulted from enhanced phosphorylation and activation of serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit, B56β, due to increased steady-state levels of its kinase, Cdc2-like kinase 2 (CLK2). Pharmacological and genetic activation of Akt or inhibition of CLK2 relieved synaptic deficits in Shank3-deficient and PMDS patient–derived neurons. CLK2 inhibition also restored normal sociability in a Shank3-deficient mouse model. Our study thereby provides a novel mechanistic and potentially therapeutic understanding of deregulated signaling downstream of Shank3 deficiency.


The brassinosteroid insensitive gene (BRI1) encodes a plasma membrane-localized, transmembrane serine/threonine kinase of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR) family. Genetic studies suggest that BRI1 participates in the response to the plant steroid hormone brassinosteroid. Wang et al. provide evidence from binding assays with BRI1-overexpressing plants and immunoprecipitation of BRI1 that BRI1 is in fact the brassinosteroid receptor. Furthermore, treatment of seedlings with brassinosteroid induced phosphorylation of BRI1, which was dependent on the cytoplasmic kinase domain of BRI1, suggesting that BRI1 autophosphorylates in response to brassinosteroid binding. Genomic analysis indicates that plants lack conventional nuclear steroid hormone receptors. These studies confirm that steroid signaling is initiated at the plasma membrane in plants and suggest that steroid signaling initiates a phosphorylation cascade beginning with the steroid receptor itself. Z.-Y. Wang, H. Seto, S. Fujioka, S. Yoshida, J. Chory, BRI1 is a critical component of a plasma-membrane receptor for plant steroids. Nature 410, 380-383 (2001). [Online Journal]


Surface integrity refers to a set of characteristics of the surface and subsurface layers that have great influence on the functional performance of mechanical components under conditions of wear, corrosion, and fatigue and is determined by the manufacturing processes employed. Thus, surface treatments are used to generate a surface integrity suited to the desired function. Deep rolling is one of the surface treatments that involve cold working of the surface and subsurface layers. This work addresses the influence of selected deep rolling parameters (pressure, speed, feed, and number of passes) on the surface integrity (roughness, surface and subsurface microhardness, and microstructure) of AISI 1020, AISI 1065, and AISI 1080 carbon steels. Deep rolling significantly improved the surface finish; however, the excessive increase in pressure, associated with the reduction of the carbon content, and in feed, associated with the increase in the carbon content, increased the roughness. An increase in the number of passes, on the other hand, improved the surface finish in some cases. Under all conditions tested, deep rolling increased the microhardness of the subsurface layer and affected depth. Finally, the microstructure analysis showed that the increase in the carbon content promoted a reduction in grain deformation caused by deep rolling. Grain deformation was found to increase in AISI 1020 and AISI 1065 steels with increasing pressure and to reduce with the elevation of rolling speed and feed. The number of passes, on the other hand, affected only the subsurface layer of AISI 1020 steel. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4049109]


In many countries there is a considerable gender gap in enrolment for a bachelor's degree in Economics, arguably an important stepping stone towards positions of influence in policy making and occupations paying relatively high wages. We investigate the sources of this gap by looking in detail at the university admission process in the UK. We use a 50 percent random sample of administrative data covering all university applications in 2008 and find no evidence of universities discriminating against female applicants. What we find is that girls are less likely to apply for a bachelor's degree in Economics to start with, even if once they apply their likelihood of enroling is the same as for boys. Girls are less likely to study Maths in high school and this may deter them from applying to study Economics at the university level. However, even among those who have studied Maths, females are less likely to apply than males, suggesting that differences in the choice of A level subjects cannot explain the whole gap.


In the present work a new series of 3-alkyl-2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-one-2-thienoyl hydrazones have synthesized by the reaction of 3-alkyl-2, 6-diarylpiperidin-4-one with 2-thiophenecarboxylic acid hydrazide and characterized by spectral (IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY and COSY) techniques. The hydrazones were screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities against some selected micro organism. The results show that, compounds with halo-substituents at para position of the phenyl showed good antibacterial profile and antifungal against all tested organism.


The goal of my study was to compare English Language Learner instruction for Spanishspeaking siblings when taught individually and together. The English Language Learner [ELL] field is rapidly growing; however, not a lot of research has been done in the area of ELL siblings. Through this paper I will share the findings of my study in which I worked with two pairs of Spanish-speaking siblings individually and together to determine if working with a sibling has an effect on how the students focus on the lesson (if they pay attention more, are distracted easier, etc.) and on how much information the students take from the lesson. In my study I also examined teacher, peer, administration, and parental perception of ELL instruction and teacher preparedness for working with these students.


Qatar produces only about 8 to 10 percent of food consumed in the country. Domestic production of perishable commodities, primarily vegetables, will be increased by using a combination of hi-tech water-efficient field and greenhouse production systems. Improving the decision making in the various stages of production faces a number of challenges mainly related to adverse climatic conditions, quality of soils, scarcity of irrigation water, and market constraints. This paper highlights preliminary results in assessing climate, soil and crop management constraints in Qatar. Components of the research framework include assessing the yield potential of selected crops through simulation modelling using historical climate and soils data. AquaCrop, a model developed by FAO, has been used in this study to simulate yields of squash for different planting cycles of 110 days in Doha over the 30 year period from 1985 to 2014. The mean simulated yield for January to March planting dates (22nd of each month) was 23 t/ha with a narrow range of only 21 to 24 t/ha, while the simulated yields were highly variable for April, May and June planting dates. The mean yield for April was 17 t/ha (lowest 4 t/ha, highest 24 t/ha). The mean yield for May and June plantings was 7 t/ha with a range of 1 to 20 t/ha. These results compare well with the recent data collected from Al Sulaiteen Agricultural and Industrial Complex site (SAIC) in Doha. The relatively lower yield with greater variability during April to June months is associated with higher evaporative demand and higher temperatures during the crop growth period. The model is used to estimate yields for other crops including cucumber and tomatoes. Comparison of the simulated crop yields with actual field data is underway. Further and more detailed analysis of the AquaCrop model is required. This analysis will help improve the overall food security in the state of Qatar by assisting the decision making process in the various stages of production of selected perishable food crops. Yield potential for selected crops were simulated for conditions where water and nutrients are not limiting. However the simulated results can be used to estimate the optimum amount (and timing of application) of water and nutrients required to achieve the desired production. The findings of this paper will contribute towards achieving the goals of our research project "Improving Food Security in Qatar: Assessing Alternative Cropping Systems Feasibility and Productivity in Variable Climates, Soil and Marketing Environments" (NPRP6-064-4-001) funded by Qatar National Research Fund (QNRF- a member of Qatar Foundation) through its National Research Priority Program.


In the 1980s, working women migrant labourers, known as the dagongmei or "working sisters," emerged as an object of interest in popular films and television dramas. These initial visual representations have since been reiterated in sequels adjusted to fit best the current rhetoric of the party-state. Concurrent to the mass media is the less-widespread phenomenon of labourer's literature (dagong wenxue), through which we can read the dagongmei's own (self-) representations. Eventually, after the Millennium the number of scientific publications on the dagongmei topic has also increased significantly. Bringing these different media together, this paper thematizes the aporias of dagongmei's (self-) representations and scrutinizes various acts of utterance, asking what they mean in terms of
class and gender subjectivity. I argue that for blue-collar women, becoming part of the popular media culture does not necessarily lead to the emergence of novel mass subject identifications. It can be regarded much more as a strategy of appeasement of the rural "other" based upon the idea of a high modern, highly flexible subjectivity that does not really offer much more agency than the possibility of smoother adjustment to the logic of global capitalism.


Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a technology that transports voice data packets across packet switched networks using the Internet Protocol (IP). However, the current Internet, which was originally designed for data communications, provides best-effort service only, and does not guarantee to transmission quality. As known, packet delay dramatically degrades the quality of VoIP calls. It is widely accepted the network was self-similar. The degree of self-similarity can be expressed by the Hurst parameter H (0.5≪H≪1), so the effect of packet delay often modeled as a function of Hurst. However Hurst coefficient is long time statics character, in quality prediction model, the perceptual value will vary widely for a single H value while time change. In this paper, we carefully set up a testing environment to measure the impairment of packet delay. From the experiment result , it is clear that the Hurst function mentioned in previously work can not determine the delay effect suitably. In fact, we found it is accurate by using some function of the standard deviation of the packet delay.


Automated segmentation and quantification of cellular and subcellular components in multiplexed images has allowed for a combination of both spatial and protein expression information to become available for analysis. However, performing analyses across multiple patients and tissue types continues to be a challenge, as well as the greater challenge of tissue classification itself. We propose a model of tissues as interconnected networks of epithelial cells whose connectivity is determined by their size, specific expression levels, and proximity to other cells. These Biomarker Enhanced Tissue Networks (BETN) reflect both the individual nature of the cells and the complex cell to cell relationships within the tissue. Performing a simple analysis of such tissue networks managed to successfully classify epithelial cells from stromal cells across multiple patients and tissue types. Further experiments show that significant information about the structure and nature of tissues can also be extracted through analysis of the networks, which will hopefully move towards the eventual goal of true tissue classification.


The goal of this article is to examine the degree to which Puritanism influenced early American political culture. That is, how did Puritan values and practices facilitate the development of an exceptional political culture during the formative years of Massachusetts Bay? Utilizing a case-study method of analysis, this article examines the political developments in the General Court and the town of Boston during the decade 1630 to 1640. The research methods used are primarily the writings of leading Puritans, and concomitant town, church, and colonial records. The main finding is that the Puritans paid little heed to notions of democracy, theocracy, oligarchy, or British political traditions; instead, Puritan institutions and practices were based on the primary Puritan ideal of godliness. However, the formative influence of the godly ideal inadvertently reinforced democratic and republican ideals. The conclusion is that the focus on godliness provides a comprehensive and multiple explanations for the course of political developments in early Massachusetts Bay.


The book discusses personality as a unified set of evolved and culturally developed structures that serves a single and definable purpose, to maintain the individual's safety, in the context of dyadic relationships, group processes and more abstract and fluid social configurations. The infant-mother relationship remains the blueprint for modes of relating to the social surround, at whatever level of complexity, and for approximating the sense of safety originally provided by the mother. The personality is organized around the need to maintain self-esteem, thereby preserving the individual's sense of safety and warding off deep-seated paranoid anxiety, which signals the potential of annihilation of the self. Paranoid anxiety is the counterpart of intraspecific aggression and the potential of the group as a whole to attack and annihilate the individual. Paranoid anxiety, which was recognized by Melanie Klein as playing a critical role in infant development, is not overcome as development proceeds but remains latent, buried under layers of personality organization that are essentially concerned with sourcing recognition and approval from the social environment, thereby inhibiting others' aggression and guarding against annihilation of the self. The book adds to self psychology (Kohut) by showing how the principle of self-preservation underpins all aspects of normal and abnormal character dynamics. It integrates self psychology with other branches psychoanalytic theory and revives the link between psychoanalysis and ethology. Ethology (Lorenz, Hass, Eibl-Eibesfeldt) has provided insights into how interrelated intraspecific aggression and appeasement gestures are critically important for the evolution of social behavior in higher animals as well as for cultural evolution in humans, insights that allow, more generally, for a bridging of the gap between psychoanalysis and the biology of social behavior. Furthermore, an evolutionary approach to character dynamics and related social phenomena will have important implications for understanding psychopathological vulnerabilities and self-perpetuating processes in mental illness.


In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the base station (BS) is a critical sensor node whose failure causes severe data losses. Deploying multiple fixed BSs improves the robustness, yet requires all BSs to be installed with large batteries and large energy-harvesting devices due to the high energy consumption of BSs. In this paper, we propose a scheme to coordinate the multiple deployed BSs such that the energy supplies required by individual BSs can be substantially reduced. In this scheme, only one BS is selected to be active at a time and the other BSs act as regular sensor nodes. We first present the basic architecture of our system, including how we keep the network running with only one active BS and how we manage the handover of the role of the active BS. Then, we propose an algorithm for adaptively selecting the active BS under the spatial and temporal variations of energy resources. This algorithm is simple to implement but is also asymptotically optimal under mild conditions. Finally, by running simulations and real experiments on an outdoor testbed, we verify that the proposed scheme is energy-efficient, has low communication overhead and reacts rapidly to network changes.


Loyalty discounts are agreements to sell at a lower price to buyers who buy all or most of their purchases from the seller. This article proves that (assuming no efficiency justifications) loyalty discounts can create anticompetitive effects, not only because they can impair rival efficiency, but because loyalty discounts perversely discourage discounting even when they have no effect on rival efficiency. The essential reason, missed in prior work, is that firms using loyalty discounts have less incentive to compete for free buyers, because any price reduction to win sales to free buyers will, given the loyalty discount, also lower prices to loyal buyers. This in turn reduces the incentive of rivals to cut prices, because there will exist an above-cost price that rivals can charge to free buyers without being undercut by the firm using loyalty discounts. These anticompetitive effects occur even if buyers can breach or terminate commitments, and even if the loyalty conditions require no buyer commitments and less than 100% loyalty. These anticompetitive effects also differ from those created by most-favored-nation or price matching clauses, neither of which require the seller to commit to maintain a price difference between loyal and disloyal buyers. Further, I prove that these anticompetitive effects are exacerbated if multiple sellers use loyalty discounts. None of the results depend on switching costs, market differentiation, imperfect competition, or whether the loyalty discount bundles contestable and incontestable demand. Contrary to commonly held views, I prove these anticompetitive effects exist even (1) when all prices are above seller or rival costs, (2) buyers voluntarily agree to the conditions, and (3) discount and foreclosure levels are low, although such low levels do lower the likelihood buyers would agree to anticompetitive loyalty discounts. I also derive formulas for calculating the inflated price levels in each situation. However, because loyalty discounts can have efficiencies, rule of reason analysis remains appropriate. JEL Codes: C72, K21, L12, L40, L41, L42.


With more than 1 billion users having access to mobile broadband Internet and a rapidly growing mobile app market, all stakeholders involved have high hopes that this technology may improve health care. Expectations range from overcoming structural barriers to access in low-income countries to more effective, interactive treatment of chronic conditions. Before medical health practice supported by mobile devices ("mHealth") can scale up, a number of challenges need to be adequately addressed. From a psychological perspective, high attrition rates, digital divide of society, and intellectual capabilities of the users are key issues when implementing such technologies. Furthermore, apps addressing behavior change often lack a comprehensive concept, which is essential for an ongoing impact. From a clinical point of view, there is insufficient evidence to allow scaling up of mHealth interventions. In addition, new concepts are required to assess the efficacy and efficiency of interventions. Regarding technology interoperability, open standards and low-energy wireless protocols appear to be vital for successful implementation. There is an ongoing discussion in how far health care-related apps require a conformity assessment and how to best communicate quality standards to consumers. "Apps Peer-Review" and standard reporting via an "App synopsis" appear to be promising approaches to increase transparency for end users. With respect to development, more emphasis must be placed on context analysis to identify what generic functions of mobile information technology best meet the needs of stakeholders involved. Hence, interdisciplinary alliances and collaborative strategies are vital to achieve sustainable growth for "mHealth 2.0," the next generation mobile technology to support patient care.


The chronicles of the Ryukyu Kingdom describe at least four coastal inundation events at Ishigaki Island during the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries: the 1771 Meiwa earthquake tsunami, which killed 12,000 people; another earthquake tsunami (1687); and two events with unrecorded causes (1625 and 1714). We used a high‐resolution U/Th method to date well‐preserved surface parts of massive Porites spp. coral head boulders that had been cast ashore and found that the ages of two boulders correspond to the 1771 event. One large Porites boulder (diameter > 4 m) was dated to 1625, suggesting that that event was also a large inundation event. Calibrated 14C ages, based on a newly estimated local value for the radiocarbon marine reservoir effect, clustered around 1625 and 1771, suggesting that these events were larger than the others. Our study demonstrated that Porites boulders have enormous potential value for studies of paleoinundation events such as tsunamis and extreme storms.


Abstract Whataroa virus, first detected in 1962 in bird populations around Whataroa township, is the only mosquito-borne virus circulating in New Zealand that has been isolated. Even though at least one other mosquito-borne pathogen (avian malaria) has greatly increased in prevalence in New Zealand in recent decades, no surveillance for Whataroa virus in its vertebrate hosts has been carried out for four decades. This is of concern since Whataroa virus may infect humans, possibly causing influenza-like symptoms. Here we reassess the status of Whataroa virus in the same bird species in the same area where it was detected previously. Molecular diagnostics identified Whataroa virus in three out of 95 non-native birds screened: two out of eight song thrushes Turdus philomelos, and one out of nine blackbirds Turdus merula. The detection of virus in birds, in contrast with recent screening of mosquitoes, highlights how wildlife surveillance for pathogens can be far more effective than vector surveillance. Results of this survey indicate the virus has not increased substantially in prevalence since last monitored, possibly because of little change in the local mosquito vector community. Finally, virus detection in the two Turdus species alone supports earlier claims that these non-native hosts act as reservoirs that maintain the virus, sourcing spillover infections in other native and non-native species. A similar role for the blackbird in avian malaria epidemiology in New Zealand has also recently been hypothesized.


The importance of ecological production and ecological products has significantly increased during the last decade especially in the domain of food products. The main reason for this trend is increasing environmental and health awareness of consumers. The purpose of this study is to identify main determinants for the future development of ecological agriculture and all of its market dimensions in Croatia. To understand current state and perspectives for development of eco-food production in Croatia, the study investigates present trends on the eco-agricultural product market on both the demand and supply side. On the demand side, it is crucial to understand basic characteristics and present changes in consumers' behavior, attitudes and preferences. From supply aspect, it is necessary to identify basic determinants and changes in the production process. Special attention was paid to distribution channels since distribution channels are often referred to as a key problem by eco-food producers in Croata. Apart from supply and demand trends on the home market, the study analyzes main trends on the global market which directly or indirectly affect direction of eco-agriculture development in Croatia and perspectives of eco-food market. The paper puts forward the systematized overview of above mentioned trends in the "Eco-food market trends matrix" which has been developed for the purpose of this paper based on the analysis of strategic documents and relevant literature review. An additional, third dimension of the matrix is the dimension of expected future trends. This matrix can indicate strategies and marketing activities needed for optimization of marketing program for effective satisfaction of consumer needs and for fostering the undoubtedly desirable social change in the direction of greater demand (and consequently supply) of ecologically acceptable food. It also enables the recognition of main challenges and issues which need to be considered when designing strategies on macro level.


Phosphorus is a critical element in the biosphere, limiting biological productivity and thus modulating the global carbon cycle and climate. Fluxes of the global phosphorus cycle remain poorly constrained. The prehuman reactive phosphorus flux to the ocean is estimated to range from 0.7—4.8 x 1012g/yr. Uncertainty in the reactive phosphorus flux hinges primarily on the uncertain fate of phosphate adsorbed to iron oxyhydroxide particles which are estimated to constitute 50% or more of the chemically weathered-phosphorus river flux. Most reactive phosphorus is initially removed from seawater by burial of organic matter and by scavenging onto iron–manganese oxide particles derived from mid-ocean ridge (MOR) hydrothermal activity. Calculation of the oceanic phosphorus burial flux is complicated by early diagenetic redistribution of both oceanic and terrestrial phosphorus. Increased phosphorus input during periods of warm, humid climate is offset to some degree by increased burial rate as productivity shifts to expanded shallow-water estuary and shelf areas where phosphorus is rapidly decoupled from organic matter to form phosphorite. Phosphorus scavenging is greater if high sea levels are associated with increased MOR hydrothermal activity such as during the Late Cretaceous. Less phosphorus is derived from weathering during cool, dry climatic periods but a more direct transportation of phosphorus to the deep ocean, and a shift of productive upwelling regions to deeper water areas allows more phosphorus to be recycled in the water column. Lowered sea level results in less effective trapping of phosphorus in constricted estuary and shelf areas and in an increase in the phosphorus flux to the deep ocean from sediment resuspension. A decrease in MOR spreading rates and the resulting decrease in phosphorus scavenging by iron–manganese oxide particles would result in more phosphorus for the biosphere. Orogeny and glaciation may accelerate chemical weathering of phosphorus from the continents when the increased particle flux is exposed to warm and humid climate. Large, reworked phosphorite deposits may proxy for short-term organic carbon burial and correspond to periods of increased reactive phosphorus input that cannot be accommodated by longterm organic matter an


Abstract. It is well known that during polar springtime halide sea salt ions, in particular Br-, are photochemically activated into reactive halogen species (e.g., Br and BrO), where they break down tropospheric ozone. This research investigated the role of blowing snow in transporting salts from the sea ice/snow surface into reactive bromine species in the air. At two different locations over first-year ice in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, collection baskets captured blowing snow at different heights. In addition, sea ice cores and surface snow samples were collected throughout the month-long campaign. Over this time, sea ice and surface snow Br- / Cl- mass ratios remained constant and equivalent to seawater, and only in lofted snow did bromide become depleted relative to chloride. This suggests that replenishment of bromide in the snowpack occurs faster than bromine activation in mid-strength wind conditions (approximately 10 m s−1) or that blowing snow represents only a small portion of the surface snowpack. Additionally, lofted snow was found to be depleted in sulfate and enriched in nitrate relative to surface snow.


How can a court justify deferring to an administrative agency interpretation of a statute under the Chevron doctrine given the accepted understanding that Article III of the Constitution makes the judiciary the ultimate decider of the meaning of law in any case or controversy that is properly before a court? That is the question this article addresses. It further considers the ramifications of the answer to that question on the potential forms that any doctrine of interpretative deference may assume. This article first rejects congressional intent to delegate interpretative primacy to agencies as the basis for Chevron. It argues that such intent is an unsupportable fiction that distracts attention from judicial responsibility for the Chevron doctrine. Instead, it posits that Chevron is better viewed as a doctrine of judicial self-restraint under the courts' Article III responsibilities. It then analyzes how this view of Chevron might influence when and how the doctrine should operate.


Master production schedule (MPS) plays an important role in an integrated production planning system. It converts the strategic planning defined in a production plan into the tactical operation execution. The MPS is also known as a tool for top management to control over manufacture resources and becomes input of the downstream planning levels such as material requirement planning (MRP) and capacity requirement planning (CRP). Hence, inappropriate decision on the MPS development may lead to infeasible execution, which ultimately causes poor delivery performance. One must ensure that the proposed MPS is valid and realistic for implementation before it is released to real manufacturing system. In practice, where production environment is stochastic in nature, the development of MPS is no longer simple task. The varying processing time, random event such as machine failure is just some of the underlying causes of uncertainty that may be hardly addressed at planning stage so that in the end the valid and realistic MPS is tough to be realized. The MPS creation problem becomes even more sophisticated as decision makers try to consider multi-objectives; minimizing inventory, maximizing customer satisfaction, and maximizing resource utilization. This study attempts to propose a methodology for MPS creation which is able to deal with those obstacles. This approach takes into account uncertainty and makes trade off among conflicting multi-objectives at the same time. It incorporates fuzzy multi-objective linear programming (FMOLP) and discrete event simulation (DES) for MPS development.


This dissertation describes ultrasound algorithms developed for synthetic transmit aperture (STA) imaging during the transmission and the image reconstruction stages. Images generated using these algorithms demonstrate image quality enhancement both theoretically and experimentally. The advanced algorithms also improve the application of STA imaging.

Due to the single element transmission pattern, the low signal-to-noise ratio is a major limitation for STA imaging. A delay-encoded transmission scheme (DE-STA) was designed in this dissertation to encode all the transmissions. The decoded RF signals were equivalent to the standard STA signals, but with a higher SNR. Improved image qualities were observed under DE-STA transmission in terms of lateral resolution (+28%), peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR, +7 dB) and target contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR, +360%) compared to those acquired with the standard STA mode.

The stability of DE-STA was analyzed and verified under various noise levels by the special distribution of the singular values of the encoding matrix through singular value decomposition (SVD) (i.e. all the singular values were the same except for the first one and the last one). A more efficient decoding process was also derived based on pseudo-inversion (PI) and the computation complexity was reduced by 2/3.

Speckle and undesired sidelobe signals can reduce the lesion CNR and detectability in ultrasound images. Typically, the CNR can be increased by spatial compounding (SC) or frequency compounding (FC) during reconstruction. We proposed methods to implement a 2-dimentional (2-D) aperture domain filter in the SC/FC processes, referred to as filtered spatial compounding (FSC) and filtered frequency compounding (FFC), for synthetic transmit aperture (STA) imaging. Both techniques reduced the sidelobe interference and provided improved lesion CNR. Consequently, the lesion signal-to-noise ratio (lSNR) in FSC and FFC increased (up to +130%), compared to that in the standard delay-and-sum (DAS) method.

This dissertation investigates all these proposed advanced ultrasound algorithms, with the end goal of implementing these methods in STA imaging to extend its application in clinic.


The eruption of Tambora (Indonesia) in April 1815 had substantial effects on global climate and led to the 'Year Without a Summer' of 1816 in Europe and North America. Although a tragic event—tens of thousands of people lost their lives—the eruption also was an 'experiment of nature' from which science has learned until today. The aim of this study is to summarize our current understanding of the Tambora eruption and its effects on climate as expressed in early instrumental observations, climate proxies and geological evidence, climate reconstructions, and model simulations. Progress has been made with respect to our understanding of the eruption process and estimated amount of SO2 injected into the atmosphere, although large uncertainties still exist with respect to altitude and hemispheric distribution of Tambora aerosols. With respect to climate effects, the global and Northern Hemispheric cooling are well constrained by proxies whereas there is no strong signal in Southern Hemisphere proxies. Newly recovered early instrumental information for Western Europe and parts of North America, regions with particularly strong climate effects, allow Tambora's effect on the weather systems to be addressed. Climate models respond to prescribed Tambora‐like forcing with a strengthening of the wintertime stratospheric polar vortex, global cooling and a slowdown of the water cycle, weakening of the summer monsoon circulations, a strengthening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, and a decrease of atmospheric CO2. Combining observations, climate proxies, and model simulations for the case of Tambora, a better understanding of climate processes has emerged. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:569–589. doi: 10.1002/wcc.407


The oxidation stability of local base stock, delivered from Co-operative Petroleum Company. In the presence of two prepared Azo-compounds, namely 2-sec-butyl-4-[(4-methoxyphenyl)-diazenyl] phenol (I) and 2-sec-butyl-4-[(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl ] phenol (II) was studied. The structures of the prepared two compounds were carefully investigated via Elemental analysis, I.R., 1 H-NMR spectroscopy, and electron ionization mass spectroscopy (EI-MS). The oxidation reaction was tested using the change in Total Acid Number (TAN), Viscosity, and Infra-Red (IR) spectroscopy. The data showed that compound (I) is more efficient than compound (II). The Quantum chemical parameters such as highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, energy gap (EHOMO-ELUMO), the dipole moment and charge densities were calculated. The theoretical calculations were in good agreement with experimental results.


An approach for tracking multiple objects in single frame in which the centroid of objects are taken as central component is proposed. The feature histogram based target representations are regularised by isotropic kernel. The target localization problem will be formulated by attraction of local maxima. But feature information is not sufficient for enhance localization therefore some structure information is added to the traditional method of tracking. This method is successfully adjusted with moving camera, Partial occlusions and changing scale and orientation of target. Some main applications are: surveillance application, control application and analysis


We present reconstructed convergence maps, mass maps, from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) third year (Y3) weak gravitational lensing data set. The mass maps are weighted projections of the density field (primarily dark matter) in the foreground of the observed galaxies. We use four reconstruction methods, each is a maximum a posteriori estimate with a different model for the prior probability of the map: Kaiser–Squires, null B-mode prior, Gaussian prior, and a sparsity prior. All methods are implemented on the celestial sphere to accommodate the large sky coverage of the DES Y3 data. We compare the methods using realistic ΛCDM simulations with mock data that are closely matched to the DES Y3 data. We quantify the performance of the methods at the map level and then apply the reconstruction methods to the DES Y3 data, performing tests for systematic error effects. The maps are compared with optical foreground cosmic-web structures and are used to evaluate the lensing signal from cosmic-void profiles. The recovered dark matter map covers the largest sky fraction of any galaxy weak lensing map to date.


Pumping a finite energy density into a quantum system typically leads to `melted' states characterized by exponentially-decaying correlations, as is the case for finite-temperature equilibrium situations. An important exception to this rule are states which, while being at high energy, maintain a low entropy. Such states can interestingly still display features of quantum criticality, especially in one dimension. Here, we consider high-energy states in anisotropic Heisenberg quantum spin chains obtained by splitting the ground state's magnon Fermi sea into separate pieces. Using methods based on integrability, we provide a detailed study of static and dynamical spin-spin correlations. These carry distinctive signatures of the Fermi sea splittings, which would be observable in eventual experimental realizations. Going further, we employ a multi-component Tomonaga-Luttinger model in order to predict the asymptotics of static correlations. For this effective field theory, we fix all universal exponents from energetics, and all non-universal correlation prefactors using finite-size scaling of matrix elements. The correlations obtained directly from integrability and those emerging from the Luttinger field theory description are shown to be in extremely good correspondence, as expected, for the large distance asymptotics, but surprisingly also for the short distance behavior. Finally, we discuss the description of dynamical correlations from a mobile impurity model, and clarify the relation of the effective field theory parameters to the Bethe Ansatz solution.


This note evaluates the use of language orders in date rape trials in which the defense is consent through a case study of State v. Safi, in which Tory Bowen claims that Pamir Safi date raped her. In that case, the trial judge granted a motion by the defense to prevent the prosecution and any of their witnesses from using words such as "rape" and "sexual assault." Using State v. Safi as a starting point, the author examines the use of such trial orders from the perspective of both defendants and victims. The author concludes that a modified version of such language orders would effectively preserve the presumption of innocence afforded to all criminal defendants without sacrificing a fair opportunity for victims to see their attackers