Aware of the act of writing as a temporal process, many modernist authors preserved numerous manuscripts of their works, which themselves thematized time. Textual Awareness analyzes the writing processes in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake, Marcel Proust's A la recherche du temps perdu, and Thomas Mann's Doktor Faustus and relates these to Anglo-American, French, and German theories of text. By relating theory to practice, this comparative study reveals the links between literary and textual criticism. A key issue in both textual criticism and the so-called crisis of the novel is the tension between the finished and the unfinished. After a theoretical examination of the relationship between genetic and textual criticism, Dirk Van Hulle uses the three case studies to show how?at each stage in the writing process?the text still had the potential of becoming something entirely different; how and why these geneses proceeded the way they did; how Joyce, Proust, and Mann allowed contingencies to shape their work; how these authors recycled the words of their critics in order to inoculate their works against them; how they shaped an intertextual dimension through the processing of source texts and reading notes; and how text continually generated more text. Van Hulle's exploration of process sheds new light on the remarkable fact that so many modernist authors protected their manuscripts, implying both the authors' urge to grasp everything and their awareness of the dangers of their encyclopedic projects. Textual Awareness offers new insights into the artificiality of the artifact?the novel?that are relevant to the study of literary modernism in general and the study of James Joyce, Marcel Proust, and Thomas Mann in particular.Dirk Van Hulle is Assistant Professor of English and German Literature, University of Antwerp."


The semantic service retrieval has reached a complexity level that users are often not able to express their real desire. In many cases the service requester will select one of the first services of a result list although other services are much more better for his requirement. At this point the integration of artificial intelligence tries to solve this problem. The usage of an expert system including fuzzy sets for handling the real-time queries and a neuronal network for the improvement of the expert system realize the identification of the real user's desire. That paper describes in detail an approach to the integration of the artificial intelligence into a semantic service retrieval application. This approach is illustrated using a case study from the European research project SENSORIA.


Urban energy supply systems are changing to distributed energy supply systems according to the spreading of renewable energy. In order to effectively arrange and operate distributed energy supply systems in the city, it is necessary to (1) predict energy demands for each use in each building, (2) consider operation technology such as interchange or storage, and (3) study on a city scale rather than a building scale. Therefore, we aim to construct a method to calculate the optimal energy supply system with renewable energy based on data from geographical information systems (GIS). This paper describes the development of an energy-demand prediction method for non-residential buildings and a demand analysis in Japanese business areas by using this method. For the demand analysis, we developed a method to predict the demand of electricity and heat (heating, cooling and hot water) of non-residential buildings for one year. This program fluctuations in demand by five-minute intervals depending on the type of buildings (office, hospital, hotel, store, restaurant and school), total floor area, outdoor air temperature and so on. The standard demand amount of each type of buildings is based on statistical data and measurement data about energy consumption of non-residential buildings in Japan. Furthermore the fluctuation method of the demand incorporates random number simulation and probability distribution to reproduce an actual fluctuation. We predicted and accumulated the demand for hundreds of buildings by three districts for the demand analysis in the whole district. One of these analyses showed that there are large fluctuations in the demand of each building, and these fluctuations decrease by grouping the buildings in the block. Moreover, we analyzed the gap of peak demand between aggregated individual buildings and districts. This analysis revealed that some of peak demand in districts are less than 40% of aggregated individual.


Abstract : Modern congestion and routing management algorithms work well for networks with static topologies and moderate QoS requirements. However, these algorithms may not be suitable for modern military networks with fluid dynamic topologies and traffic demands that include mobile networks with many assets. These secure networks require a high level of Quality of Service (QoS) that must adapt to changing demands with no service interruptions. The idea of a network weatherman was developed by Stuckey to predict router queue size by using an extended Kalman filter. He modeled and exercised his design in OPNET with positive results. The goal of this research is to investigate the use of queue size predictions and network weatherman and to determine the effectiveness of three types of filters to predict future traffic demand in a virtual network environment. These filters are an extended Kalman filter, an unscented Kalman filter, and a basic filter. These queue size predictions will be used to implement a network controller to improve the performance of information technology (IT) networks and formulate some type of context awareness and cognitive process in the management of networks by reducing packet loss.


This research was aimed at studying teaching techniques of reading skill for the third year students in SMP PGRI 1 Probolinggo. This study tried to find the techniques of teaching reading, the problems and the solutions. This research was based on the fact that sometimes the teacher gets problems in applying the techniques.
This research was descriptive qualitative in which the researcher tried to identify the techniques of teaching reading, the teachers' problems, and also the alternative solutions toward the problems in teaching-learning reading skill. The subject of this research was one English teacher who taught third grade of junior high school. In collecting the data, the researcher used observation and interview. The observation was to know the techniques used by the teacher. In this case the researcher's position was non participant observer. Interview was used to obtain the data concerning problems and solution faced by the teacher in applying the techniques. In this interview the researcher used unstructured form.
The findings of this study showed that the teacher used the eclectic technique and he applied the technique in three stages, namely Pre- reading, whilst- reading and post- reading activity. In applying the technique of teaching reading, he faced some problems. First, he got a problem in pronunciations. Second problems was the class was so crowded and noisy that the teacher difficult to manage and create a good learning atmosphere. The third problem, the teacher could not implement curriculum. Fourth, the teacher could not finish the topics at that time. The last problem was the teacher could not present the materials clearly because the number of the teaching aids was limited. Therefore, to solve the problems related to the pronunciation, he learned how to pronounce words by looking up dictionaries and learned to pronounce words through listening cassette. The next, to solve the problems of big class, the teacher divided the class into groups which could help the teacher observing the reading activity effectively. To overcome the problems about curriculum he followed the training of the new curriculum with instructors. And to solve the problems concerned with the unfinished topic at that time, he gave the additional time outside the schedule of the class. The last, to overcome the problem related to the teacher could not present the materials, he tried to create the teaching aids.


Censorship of information on the Internet has been an increasing problem as the methods have become more sophisticated and increasing resources have been allocated to censor more content. A number of approaches to counteract Internet censorship have been implemented, from censorshipresistant publishing systems to anonymizing proxies. A prerequisite for these systems to function against real attackers is that they also offer blocking resistance. Dust is proposed as a blocking-resistant Internet protocol designed to be used alone or in conjunction with existing systems to resist a number of attacks currently in active use to censor Internet communication. Unlike previous work in censorship resistance, it does not seek to provide anonymity in terms of unlinkability of sender and receiver. Instead it provides blocking resistance against the most common packet filtering techniques currently in use to impose Internet censorship.


Poverty has been declining in Sub-Saharan Africa, but millions are still poor or vulnerable. To address this ongoing and complex problem, all countries in the region have now deployed social safety net programs as part of their core development plans. The number of programs has skyrocketed since the mid-2000s, although many interventions are still modest in size. This notable shift in social policy reflects an embrace of the role that social safety nets can play in the fight against poverty and vulnerability, and more generally in building human capital and spurring economic growth. Realizing the Full Potential of Social Safety Nets in Africa provides evidence that positive impacts on equity, resilience, and opportunity are growing, and it is clear that these programs can be good investments. For the potential of social safety nets to be realized, however, they need to expand with smart technical and design choices. Beyond technical considerations, and at least as important, this book argues that a series of decisive shifts needs to occur in three critical spheres: political, institutional, and financial: First, to recognize the role of politics in offering opportunities for expansion and in guiding design and program choice; Second, to anchor safety net programs in strong institutional arrangements that facilitate their expansion and sustainability; And third, to build sustainable financing through greater efficiency, more varied and predictable resources, and shock-responsive resources. Ignoring these spheres may lead to technically sound, but practically impossible, choices and designs. A deliberate focus on these areas is essential if social safety nets are to be brought to scale and sustained at scale. Only then will their full potential and their contribution to the fight against poverty and vulnerability be realized.


This paper presents large eddy simulation (LES) and experimental studies of the combustion process of ethanol/air mixture in an experimental optical HCCI engine. The fuel is injected to the intake port manifolds to generate uniform fuel/air mixture in the cylinder. Two different piston shapes, one with a flat disc and one with a square bowl, were employed to generate different in-cylinder turbulence and temperature field prior to autoignition. The aim of this study was to scrutinize the effect of in-cylinder turbulence on the temperature field and on the combustion process. The fuel tracer, acetone, is measured using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to characterize the reaction fronts, and chemiluminescence images were recorded using a high-speed camera, with a 0.25 crank angle degree resolution, to further illustrate the combustion process. Pressure in the cylinder is recorded in the experiments. Spatial and temporal resolved LES was used to gain information on the turbulence mixing, heat transfer and combustion process. It was shown that gas temperature in the piston bowl is generally higher than that in the squish, leading to an earlier ignition in the bowl. Compared to the disc engine, the square bowl engine has a higher temperature inhomogeneity owing to the turbulence wall heat transfer. The experimentally observed higher combustion duration and slower pressure rise rate in the square bowl engine as compared to the disc engine can be explained by the higher temperature inhomogeneity in the square bowl engine.


This research comes as a response to young people's concern about the availability of appropriate services for young people seeking assistance in reclaiming their lives after experiencing sexual abuse and/or sexual assault. In order to understand what young people felt were appropriate services, it was first necessary to understand what happened when they disclosed to someone that they had been sexually abused or sexually assaulted. Qualitative feminist interview research techniques were used to ask seven young women "What happened when you disclosed to someone you had been sexually abused/assaulted?" The infonmation given by the young women revealed that: the pre-disclosure stage had an important influence on the effects of a disclosure; emotional turmoil often followed a disclosure: betrayal and re-victimisation by family, friends and systems was a common occurrence; professional workers often Jisplayed a lack Jf understanding and sensitivity; the young women showed strong determination and courage and; disclosure is a process of discovery and reclaiming your life. To expose the reader to the intimacy of the disclosure process, the dialogues from the young women are used extensively throughout. The study also includes reflections on being involved in such a study from b0th participant and researcher viewpoints.


Based on experimental data for reactions involving sapphirine in the system MgO–Al 2 O 3 –SiO 2 (MAS), thermodynamic properties of the sapphirine solid solution end-members have been optimized for both ideal and non-ideal models, and internally consistent P–T grids are proposed. According to the calculated P–T relationships in MAS, the sapphirine + quartz assemblage, which is widely recognized as indicative of ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism, can be stable down to 840 ° C and 0.67 GPa, i.e ., at temperatures up to 150 ° C lower than estimated by Kelsey et al . (2004). The sapphirine + kyanite assemblage has been found stable at temperatures below 860 ° C and 1.13 GPa, whereas the sapphirine + forsterite assemblage may be stable below 800 ° C only under specific conditions of a very low activity of water. Calculations of P–T relationships involving sapphirine using the Thermocalc dataset revealed its inconsistency with both experimental and natural assemblages.


In order to assess the safety of electronic cigarettes, 32 smokers who consume more than 20 tobacco cigarettes daily were enrolled in the present study. The cartridge of an electronic cigarette contains 0.25 g of glycerin aqueous solution. Each participant was asked to consume one filter cartridge per day (more than 150 puffs per day) for 4 weeks. Following the treatment, no abnormal changes in blood pressure, hematological data, or blood chemistry and no severe adverse events were observed. Although a trace amount of acrolein was detected in the vapor collected from a single filter cartridge, it was less than the minimum amount in the mainstream smoke from a single tobacco cigarette. During the use of the electronic cigarette, the daily consumption of tobacco cigarettes decreased significantly. This electronic cigarette containing glycerin aqueous solution may be a safe alternative to cigarette


Jiang, Biaobin Ph.D., Purdue University, August 2016. Computational Labeling, Partitioning, and Balancing of Molecular Networks. Major Professor: Michael Gribskov. Recent advances in high throughput techniques enable large-scale molecular quantification with high accuracy, including mRNAs, proteins and metabolites. Differential expression of these molecules in case and control samples provides a way to select phenotype-associated molecules with statistically significant changes. However, given the significance ranking list of molecular changes, how those molecules work together to drive phenotype formation is still unclear. In particular, the changes in molecular quantities are insufficient to interpret the changes in their functional behavior. My study is aimed at answering this question by integrating molecular network data to systematically model and estimate the changes of molecular functional behaviors. We build three computational models to label, partition, and balance molecular networks using modern machine learning techniques. (1) Due to the incompleteness of protein functional annotation, we develop AptRank, an adaptive PageRank model for protein function prediction on bilayer networks. By integrating Gene Ontology (GO) hierarchy with protein-protein interaction network, our AptRank outperforms four state-of-the-art methods in a comprehensive evaluation using benchmark datasets. (2) We next extend our AptRank into a network partitioning method, BioSweeper, to identify functional network modules in which molecules share similar functions and also densely connect to each other. Compared to traditional network partitioning methods using only network connections, BioSweeper, which integrates the GO hierarchy, can automatically identify functionally enriched network modules. (3) Finally, we conduct a differential interaction analysis, namely difFBA, on proteinprotein interaction networks by simulating protein fluxes using flux balance analysis


Bioinspired organ ‐ level in vitro platforms are emerging as effective technologies for fundamental research, drug discovery, and personalized healthcare. In particular, models for nervous system research are especially important, due to the complexity of neurological phenomena and challenges associated with developing targeted treatment of neurological disorders. Here we introduce an additive manufacturing ‐ based approach in the form of a bioinspired, customizable 3D printed nervous system on a chip (3DNSC) for the study of viral infection in the nervous system. Micro ‐ extrusion 3D printing strategies enabled the assembly of biomimetic scaffold components (microchannels and compartmented chambers) for the alignment of axonal networks and spatial organization of cellular components. Physiologically relevant studies of nervous system infection using the multiscale biomimetic device demonstrated the functionality of the in vitro platform. We found that Schwann cells participate in axon ‐ to ‐ cell viral spread but appear refractory to infection, exhibiting a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1.4 genomes per cell. These results suggest that 3D printing is a valuable approach for the prototyping of a customized model nervous system on a chip technology.


ISSN: 0967-0335 © IM Publications LLP 2012 doi: 10.1255/jnirs.1017 All rights reserved Professor Tomas Isaksson died unexpectedly in this home at Ås, Norway, on 12 July 2012, only 61 years old. Tomas was born in Skøvde, Sweden, but moved early to Norway for his studies in biochemistry at the University of Oslo. After receiving his master's degree he had a temporary job in Oslo before he started working at Matforsk (now Nofima). At Matforsk he played an important role for about 10 years in a team that was put together for developing NIR methodology and multivariate calibration with focus on food products. In this period Tomas developed his basic skills in NIR spectroscopy and chemometrics, he got his PhD degree (in 1990) and established a broad international network. In 1996 he became professor of food science at the Agricultural University of Norway, a position he held until he died. Tomas has published a large number of peer review papers and was co-author and co-editor of two books in the NIR area. He obtained a high international standing in his area and also got internal recognition through the Tomas Hirschfeld award (1997) and the Fellowship in ICNIRS (2011). Tomas loved to travel and see new places and he often combined this with participation in international conferences and workshops all over the world. He gave a large number of presentations at conferences and he was well known and respected for his interesting and always well prepared presentations. He was well known for his abilities in making complicated things comprehensible. This made him a popular supervisor and teacher, and he was named lecturer of the year at the university more than once. In addition to travelling, his hobbies were fishing, reading and handcrafts. Tomas had a lot of humour, he liked long and philosophical discussions and he was always interesting to talk with. His calm, friendly and down to earth attitude made him a pleasant company for all of us. He will be missed a lot both personally and scientifically at Campus Ås, Norway.


In pharmacology, it is common to evaluate the influence of external effectors (for example, temperature, pH, and presence of a second drug) on dose-response relations by the potency factor (PF50): PF50 ED50 ( − effector ) ED50 ( + effector ) where ED50 (± effector) denotes the 50% effective dose in the presence and in the absence of the effector, respectively. In this paper, the external effector is ultraviolet (UV) light, and PF50 is referred to as the photoirritancy factor (PIF). There are two parameters which limit the applicability and toxicological reliability of the PIF. Firstly, the physical properties (for example, water solubility) of the chemical tested and the constraints of the biological test system may make it difficult, or even impossible, to achieve sufficiently high doses to observe 50% of the maximal response. In such cases, no numeric value of the potency factor can be computed. Secondly, the potency factor does not take into account the absolute change in response induced by UV light, i.e. depending on the shape of the ±UV dose-response curves, the absolute change in response may be small although the PIF is large, and vice versa. This paper proposes a more general measure of phototoxicity, the mean photo effect (MPE), which can be assessed from pairs of dose-response curves, even if the 50% response level is not reached in one curve or in both. The MPE is a weighted average of PIFd values across different dose levels (d being common to both dose-response curves). The absolute response changes, ΔRd, i.e. the differences between the -UV curve and the +UV curve are used as weighting factors. The numerical computation of the MPE is based on theoretical curves obtained by fitting a mathematical model to the experimental dose-response data. Plotting PIFd and ΔRd versus the corresponding doses permits differences in the shapes of the two curves to be assessed, and possible alterations in the toxic mechanisms induced by UV light to be revealed. The variance of MPE is estimated by a bootstrap procedure. The use of the MPE is illustrated by its application to dose-response data obtained with a human keratinocyte assay of fibroblasts in the EU/COLIPA international validation project on photoirritancy.


ABSTRACT
Between 1848 and 1914 a wave of German explorers travelled to Africa, enticed by the promise of geographical, botanical and anthropological discovery. Each Afrikareisender composed a narrative account of his German-African encounters and so produced a characteristic mode of travel writing. These works reflect not only the author's experience of their own identity, but also represent Germany's evolving sense of national identity during a period of extensive internal political turmoil which saw the consolidation of the German nation-state in 1871, its emergence as a colonial power in Africa after 1884 and finally left colonial Germany in 1913 on the brink of the First World War.

German-African encounters in nineteenth-century travel narratives are the product of a dialectical combination of influences; firstly a cognitive interest in alternative regions of human experience, a positive, heterophilic desire to appreciate cultural heterogeneity; secondly, the opposite, expansionist, hegemonic aspirations fuelled by growing German nationalism and inter-European rivalry. The chief tool in analysing these conflicting tendencies is the representation of time, for the explorers' ingrained understanding of time, their 'time-set', dominates the structure of these narratives. This 'time-set' informed all theories of historical development, cultural advancement and racial theory with the notion of linear-historicist progress and so set the norm for encountering the other. Hence initially, Afrikareisende travel writing projected received and unreflected concepts of western and German self-understanding onto 'Africa'. Yet the move to Africa in fact exposes the fragility of these norms, so that the whole edifice which they support begins to crumble during the explorers' process of narration. The popularisation of evolutionary theory modified later explorers' time-set by opening up the vista of 'deep-time' and an awareness of infinite time-scales that produced huge changes through infinitesimal increments. This, combined with Germany's particular route to nation-statehood, fuelled an interest in the paths of other peoples. Afrikareisende travel writing thus ended in a wholly unexpected manner: by projecting African otherness onto German domestic reality. Oddly, this writing at the same time paradoxically incited a 'new' German nationalism, for evolutionary theory was also employed to propagate concepts of racial hierarchy and cultural superiority. Here, the linear-time-set modulates into the time of Darwinian struggle. A struggle which was epitomised by inter-European national rivalries on African soil. Hence German activities in the late nineteenth-century in Africa not only express internal tensions in Germany at the time, but also, in some sense, express the internal tensions of nineteenth-century Europe. These neglected yet important texts provide insight into Germany's metamorphosis from passive observer of international political developments to self-destructive would-be world power.


Institutions and researchers stand to benefit from the facilitation of more widespread syndication of, and easier access to, Table of Content (TOC) RSS (Really Simple Syndication [1]) feeds produced for scholarly journals. However, many journal TOC RSS feeds are at present being produced with erroneous, poor or incomplete metadata. This can hamper the usefulness of scholarly current awareness services, and also cause problems for individual subscribers to those feeds. This is exactly what the ticTOCron software toolkit aims to overcome. The ticTOCron toolkit automatically enhances poor, heterogeneous and incomplete metadata found in TOC RSS feeds by making use of a pre-defined "Best Practice" metadata scheme suitable for scholarly journals. In this work we depict the main issues and "bad practices" found in TOC RSS metadata obtained from more than 435 scholarly publishers. Then, we describe software solutions implemented via ticTOCron. Some references are made to the algorithms for generating semantic relations within, between and from the harvested TOCs and to the mechanisms for propagating "metadata associations" from a previously crawled metadata-rich reference set. However, an effort is made to avoid technical jargon and to replace complex technical descriptions with samples and simple comparisons. The original metadata is converted to a canonical format using the "Best Practices metadata set" for scholarly papers proposed by the ticTOCs Project [2]. We also present the results produced by ticTOCron when it was used for enhancing and normalizing TOC RSS feeds collected from more than 12,000 journals. Finally we propose a sustainable and scalable computational model whereby the automatic solution is complemented and fine-tuned by a cost-effective human cross-validation process.


Deformation of engineering structures is often monitored in order to ensure
that the structure is exhibiting a safe deformation behavior. The deformation of highrise
building can be monitored using geodetic surveys and geotechnical/structural
measurements. Geodetic surveys include conventional (terrestrial) and satellite
(Global Positioning System); wherelse geotechnical/structural measurements are
detected either by using leasers, tiltmeters, joint-meters or micrometers. This
research discusses the capability of monitoring high and low-rise building structure
using geodetic surveys (conventional and satellite) and geotechnical measurement
(crack width measurement). Two buildings namely the Twin Tower and Innovation
Centre Building of University Technology MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia were
chosen for this research. Five control stations have been established around the
UiTM Twin Tower Building for the purpose of monitoring and another nine points
for the Innovation Centre Building. The monitoring exercises were carried out at four
(4) different epochs. The Terrestrial and Global Positioning System (GPS) dataset in
the monitoring exercise were processed and analysed using the Trimble Geodetic
Office (TGO) survey software. Generally the monitored points for the Twin Tower
Building experienced movements within 1 mm to 10 mm. For the Innovation Centre
Building monitored points seemed to shift between 1 mm to 9 mm. Detection of
movement for both building structures seemed to be within the allowable tolerance.
It is shown that monitoring of building structures using the techniques adopted in this
study has significant advantages and disadvantages.
ii


Student affairs practitioners are inundated with a variety of ethical considerations when making day-to-day decisions regarding the welfare of students and colleagues. There is every reason to believe that confronting ethical issues will be an increasingly difficult issue for student affairs professionals in the future. This article provides a model for ethical decision making that is designed particularly for graduate students and new professionals. Student affairs practitioners are inundated with a variety of ethical considerations when making day-to-day decisions regarding the welfare of students and colleagues. Indeed, Kitchener (1985) stated that "college student personnel work has ethical choices at its very core" (p. 17). Robert Brown (1985) agreed and stated, "The common mission of the student services profession is being the moral conscience of the campus. Staff responsibility is to promote and support ethical behavior on campus and to recognize and confront unethical behavior" (p. 68). Yet new student affairs practitioners and graduate students may view themselves as ill-prepared to address ethical decision making. The first time new professionals face an ethical decision is when it revolves around a crisis. At such times, the staff member may have to support a campus policy or a supervisor's decision with which they do not agree; or the new professional may have to make a decision that is in conflict with his or her own personal set of values and standards. Although ethical considerations have existed among student affairs practitioners for almost 70 years (Saunders & Cooper, 1999), the recent national trend of ethical lapses in business has brought this issue to the forefront. Carroll (2003) stated "today, after ... [the] numbing experience of watching one business executive after another fall victim to corruption and fraud, everyone seems to be calling on colleges and universities to do something about the ethics of organizations and leaders" (p. 1). Higher education has not been insulated from this "numbing experience"; recent examples include former University of Tennessee president's excessive spending habits and the University of Colorado at Boulder's scandal-ridden athletic program. It may be difficult to instill a sense of ethical behavior among our greater student population. Dalton (2002) voiced this concern when he wrote, Student cynicism about the shallowness and hypocrisy of leaders and popular culture combined with students' privatism and concern for wealth and status to create a powerful college student culture of detachment in much of higher education. Colleges and universities often promote this culture of detachment by forcing a separation between intellectual and moral reasons and reflection. To the extent that issues of conscience, citizenship, character, civility, social responsibility are treated in academe as matters of personal discretion and peripheral to higher learning the more the culture of detachment is fixed in the minds and hearts of college students, (p. 1) Many new student affairs practitioners may feel anxious when address ethical decision making due to their lack of training and experience. They may be wrestling with integrating their personal set of core values that will guide their work. Two of the biggest challenges student affairs professionals face when trying to implement ethical decision making are "How can I know whether I'm being ethical or not?" and "Why should I care if I make the ethical decision? I can't win for losing!" Carroll (2003) provided insights for new practitioners wrestling with these issues. He wrote, Maybe the appropriate question is not whether ethics can be taught, but whether they can be learned. In considering my own personal experiences and the experiences of many others I know and have observed, it is clear that ethics can be learned. As an experiment, think about what you believed was right and acceptable back when you were a teenager and then think about how you believe today. …


Hybridization and introgression between species is remarkably common, even between distantly related taxa. This suggests that the frequency of hybridization between species has been greatly constrained, not by evolutionary divergence in isolation, but by lack of opportunity. This constraint is being relaxed by human-mediated dispersal. Here, we document a case where such dispersal of a widespread species of freshwater turtle (Emydura macquarii) into the highly restricted range of a critically endangered endemic turtle (Myuchelys georgesi) has provided op portunity for the two to hybridize. This has raised concerns about the potential impact of hybridization on the endemic species, and its continued persistence in the face of challenges brought about by habitat alteration, increased competition, disease and genetic pollution. This study serves to highlight the risks associated with human-mediated dispersal, which can bring into contact species that would otherwise never or only rarely have met, and thus provide opportunities for hybridization and introgression between even distantly related species, with uncertain consequences for already threatened species.


Tumor initiation and growth is associated with significant changes in the surrounding tissue. During carcinoma progression, a global stiffening of the extracellular matrix is observed and is interpreted as a signature of aggressive invasive tumors. However, it is still unknown whether this increase in matrix rigidity promotes invasion and whether this effect is constant along the course of invasion. Here we have developed a biomimetic in vitro assay that enabled us to address the question of the importance of tissue rigidity in the chronology of tumor invasion. Using low concentrations of the sugar threose, we can effectively stiffen reconstituted collagen I matrices and control the stiffening in time with no direct effect on residing cells. Our findings demonstrate that, depending on the timing of its stiffening, the extracellular matrix could either inhibit or promote cancer cell invasion and subsequent metastasis: while matrix stiffening after the onset of invasion promotes cancer cell migration and tumor spreading, stiff matrices encapsulate the tumor at an early stage and prevent cancer cell invasion. Our study suggests that adding a temporal dimension in in vitro models to analyze biological processes in four dimensions is necessary to fully capture their complexity.


Background and Objectives Complications resulting in hospital readmission are important concerns for those considering bariatric surgery, yet present understanding of the risk for these events is limited to a small number of patient factors. We sought to identify demographic characteristics, concomitant morbidities, and perioperative factors associated with hospital readmission following bariatric surgery. Methods We report on a prospective observational study of 24,662 patients undergoing primary RYGB and 26,002 patients undergoing primary AGB at 249 and 317 Bariatric Surgery Centers of Excellence (BSCOE), respectively, in the United States from January 2007 to August 2009. Data were collected using standardized assessments of demographic factors and comorbidities, as well as longitudinal records of hospital readmissions, complications, and mortality. Results The readmission rate was 5.8% for RYGB and 1.2% for AGB patients 30 days after discharge. The greatest predictors for readmission following RYGB were prolonged length of stay (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0–2.7), open surgery (OR, 1.8; CI, 1.4–2.2), and pseudotumor cerebri (OR, 1.6; CI, 1.1–2.4). Prolonged length of stay (OR, 2.3; CI, 1.6–3.3), history of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (OR, 2.1; CI, 1.3–3.3), asthma (OR, 1.5; CI, 1.1–2.1), and obstructive sleep apnea (OR, 1.5; CI, 1.1–1.9) were associated with the greatest increases in readmission risk for AGB. The 30-day mortality rate was 0.14% for RYGB and 0.02% for AGB. Conclusion Readmission rates are low and mortality is very rare following bariatric surgery, but risk for both is significantly higher after RYGB. Predictors of readmission were disparate for the two procedures. Results do not support excluding patients with certain comorbidities since any reductions in overall readmission rates would be very small on the absolute risk scale. Future research should evaluate the efficacy of post-surgical managed care plans for patients at higher risk for readmission and adverse events.


Disability assessments of patients are among the most common nontherapeutic evaluations requested of treating psychiatrists. Yet, there has been relatively little empirical analysis of how psychiatrists approach these evaluations in real clinical practice. Treating psychiatrists, those both with and without forensic expertise, struggle with the challenge of dual agency and overlapping therapeutic and forensic roles. Making the different roles clear to the patient can allow for more therapeutic exploration and alliance around further treatment goals, expectations, and interventions. Given the high prevalence of psychiatric disability and requested evaluations, psychiatric trainees would benefit from formal teaching, and it should be considered an important area for psychiatric continuing education.


The most recent decade featured a data revolution. The call for developing a legal, policy and ethical framework for using big data, artificial intelligence and algorithms sector has therefore reached unprecedented momentum. The report aims at helping a broad spectrum of stakeholders understand the impact of big data, algorithms and health data to provide them with information on key drivers, restraints, challenges, and opportunities for the pursuit of improvement of this new market innovation. States human and diplomats are invited to consider three major trends in the wake of the Artificial Intelligence (r)evolution:

(1) Artificial Intelligence has gained citizenship as robots have become the first citizens:

• With attributing quasi-human rights to AI, ethical questions arise of a stratified citizenship.

• Robots and algorithms may only be citizens for their protection and upholding social norms towards human-like creatures

• but may not have full citizen privileges such as voting, property rights of possession and holding a public office.

(2) Big data and computational power hold unprecedented opportunities for:

• Crowd understanding, trends prediction and healthcare control.

• Risks include data breaches, privacy infringements, stigmatization and discrimination.

• Data protection through technological advancement, self-determined privacy attention through education as well as discrimination alleviation through taxation of data transfer values are recommended. Taxation revenues will grant the fiscal space to offset losses and the social costs of market distortions caused by robots and algorithms taking over in the marketplace.

(3) The European Union should consider a fifth trade freedom of data:

• To bundle AI and big data gains large scale such as in the US and China.

• Especially in the healthcare sector, the EU has a competitive advantage over the US and China as for a wealth of data.

• Big data in the healthcare sector should only be used with caution to avoid discrimination. For instance, only anonymized data slices should be made available to the public in order to avoid stigmatization, gentrification and discrimination based on predictable prevalences.


Due to its numerous applications, rank aggregation has become a problem of major interest across many fields of the computer science literature. In the vast majority of situations, Kemeny consensus(es) are considered as the ideal solutions. It is however well known that their computation is NP-hard. Many contributions have thus established various results to apprehend this complexity. In this paper we introduce a practical method to predict, for a ranking and a dataset, how close this ranking is to the Kemeny consensus(es) of the dataset. A major strength of this method is its generality: it does not require any assumption on the dataset nor the ranking. Furthermore, it relies on a new geometric interpretation of Kemeny aggregation that we believe could lead to many other results.


Eukaryotic cells use the host protein TIFA to sense the monosaccharide HBP, derived from Gram-negative bacteria. Invariant molecules specific to different classes of microbes, but not expressed by eukaryotic cells, alert the immune system to a potential invader. Gaudet et al. identified one such molecule expressed by a variety of Gram-negative bacteria: the monosaccharide heptose-1,7-bisphosphate (HBP) (see the Perspective by Brubaker and Monack). HBP is an intermediate in the synthesis of lipopolysaccharide, a major component of bacterial cell walls. Rather than alerting the immune system through traditional pathogen detection pathways, such as Toll-like receptors, HBP signals through the host protein TIFA (TRAF-interacting protein with forkhead-associated domain), which activates both innate and adaptive immune responses to control the infection. R. G. Gaudet, A. Sintsova, C. M. Buckwalter, N. Leung, A. Cochrane, J. Li, A. D. Cox, J. Moffat, S. D. Gray-Owen, Cytosolic detection of the bacterial metabolite HBP activates TIFA-dependent innate immunity. Science 348, 1251–1255 (2015). [Abstract] [Full Text] S. W. Brubaker, D. M. Monack, Microbial metabolite triggers antimicrobial defense. Science 348, 1207–1208 (2015). [Summary] [Full Text]


Although franchising is growing in importance as a form of business with considerable benefits to all participants, little research has been done to evaluate the factors that contribute to a successful franchise relationship from the viewpoint of the franchisee. This study is intended to provide valuable information for establishing an effective management strategy, with a view to improving the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee. The study will include an analysis of the predictors of a quality relationship between the franchisor and the franchisee; and attempts to increase the understanding of the relationships between the predictors of a quality relationship, which may contribute to the franchisee's performance and satisfaction. Using the survey responses of the franchisees of the Convenience stores within the Petroleum Industry, this study identifies key factors that affect the franchisee's motivation to become a franchisee, the franchisee's perception of the franchisor's support, the quality of the relationship, loyalty/commitment to the franchisor and the franchisee's performance. The results of this study provide strong support for the idea that the quality of the relationship between the franchisor and the franchisee plays a key role in ensuring that the contractual relationship will lead to financial success for both parties. Recommendations provided will assist the franchisor in establishing an effective management strategy to improve the relationship between the franchisor and franchisee and thus improve the rate of succe~s for both the franchisor and the franchisee.


SQL injection is one of the most prominent vulnerabilities for web-based applications. Exploitation of SQL injection vulnerabilities (SQLIV) through successful attacks might result in severe consequences such as authentication bypassing, leaking of private information etc. Therefore, testing an application for SQLIV is an important step for ensuring its quality. However, it is challenging as the sources of SQLIV vary widely, which include the lack of effective input filters in applications, insecure coding by programmers, inappropriate usage of APIs for manipulating databases etc. Moreover, existing testing approaches do not address the issue of generating adequate test data sets that can detect SQLIV. In this work, we present a mutation-based testing approach for SQLIV testing. We propose nine mutation operators that inject SQLIV in application source code. The operators result in mutants, which can be killed only with test data containing SQL injection attacks. By this approach, we force the generation of an adequate test data set containing effective test cases capable of revealing SQLIV. We implement a MUtation-based SQL Injection vulnerabilities Checking (testing) tool (MUSIC) that automatically generates mutants for the applications written in Java Server Pages (JSP) and performs mutation analysis. We validate the proposed operators with five open source web-based applications written in JSP. We show that the proposed operators are effective for testing SQLIV.


The importance of permeability sensitivity to the changes in pore pressure drop or effective overburden stress increase has been examined at laboratory using two types of rocks, sandstone and limestone. Whereas the experimental data were used as an input in the modified Darcy equation for single-phase steady-state flow through porous medium. The selected rocks were tested for triaxial compressive strength, permeability, x-ray diffraction, grain size distribution, stress-strain relationship and thin sections structure. The experimental work conducted in this study showed that the permeability of the tested rock samples was significantly influenced by the increase of effective overburden stress (i.e. pore fluid pressure drop). This result is supported by thin sections examination and stress-strain relationship, which have shown that pore structure was highly affected by the increase in the overburden stress. Therefore it is very important to include the effect of effective overburden stress increase (or pore fluid pressure drop) in any reservoir productivity prediction technique.


Controlled Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Laura McJilton Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Rice University Houston, TX The chemistry and applications of carbon nanotubes are critically dependent on nanotube chirality. To date, no one has demonstrated chirality-selective synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes from pre-synthesized catalyst nanoparticles. A proposed chemical approach to the mass production of chirality-selective SWNTs is their "cloning" by chemical cutting, decoration with catalyst nanoparticles, and continued growth. The progress of this process will be reviewed. Purified HiPco nanotubes were sidewall functionalized to allow suspension in water and organic solvents. Methods were developed to end-functionalize suspended nanotubes with linkers used to attach preformed catalyst particles. SWNT-catalyst complexes (SWNTcats) were deposited on a surface and exposed to hydrogen to show the feasibility of controlled etching of a single nanotube resulting in removal of the functional linker. To orient the nanotubes for growth, SWNTcats were assembled into open structures on a carbon fiber grid. Vertically oriented carbon nanotube carpets grown by catalytic CVD have received enormous attention because of their suitability in a growing number of important technological applications. An area of concern is the sudden termination of growth that occurs after micron heights are attained. A previously unexplored factor in this termination is the coarsening of the catalyst particles used for growth by Ostwald ripening. The coarsening behavior of Fe catalyst films supported on alumina deposited by atomic layer deposition as a function of thermal annealing in H2 and H2/H20 is demonstrated. The results reveal that the addition of water in water assisted growth of single-walled carbon nanotube carpets may be a means of inhibiting Ostwald ripening through the ability of oxygen and hydroxyl species to reduce diffusion rates of catalyst atoms and thus delay the termination of growth.


In any sport or human endeavor, coaches regularly state "play to your strengths." One might not guess that a land-locked, mountainous country like Switzerland would have strengths that would give them a chance at winning the oldest, most competitive sailing competition in the world, the America's Cup. But it does! In 2003, in the Harukai Gulf of New Zealand, a Swiss yacht called Alinghi was the surprise winner of the America's up. And in 2007, in the Mediterranean sea near Valencia, Alinghi confirmed its dominance by defeating the New Zealand Team 5 to 2 in a breathtaking final match race. Mathematics and computational science were involved in Alinghi's first successes in 2003, when it won the Louis Vuitton Cup and then the America's Cup by defeating the defending Black Magic Team of New Zealand. Mathematics helped create the design of the boat which brought the defender Alinghi its second triumph in Valencia in 2007. Mathematical models were used in the design phase and again during the competition. Of course mathematical models alone are not enough to guarantee success in a race as competitive as the America's Cup: a great team and much luck are needed. We know that people and explorers have been sailing literally since the stone age. It may seem astonishing that, with all the technological progress that has been achieved, sailing is still such a challenge. Alinghi has shown that part of the progress that will likely be made in the future rests on mathematical models and their numerical solution.


The paper presents background and motivation for a processing model that segments discourse into units that are simple, non-nested clauses, prior to the recognition of clause internal phrasal constituents, and experimental results in support of this model. One set of results is derived from a statistical reanalysis of the Swedish empirical data in Strangert, Ejerhed and Huber 1993 concerning the linguistic structure of major prosodic units. The other set of results is derived from experiments in segmenting part of speech annotated Swedish text corpora into clauses, using a new clause segmentation algorithm. The clause segmented corpus data is taken from the Stockholm Umeå Corpus (SUC), 1 M words of Swedish texts from different genres, part of speech annotated by hand, and from the Umeå corpus DAGENS INDUSTRI 1993 (DI93), 5 M words of Swedish financial newspaper text, processed by fully automatic means consisting of tokenizing, lexical analysis, and probabilistic POS tagging. The results of these two experiments show that the proposed clause segmentation algorithm is 96% correct when applied to manually tagged text, and 91% correct when applied to probabilistically tagged text.


In The Search for the Codex Cardona , Arnold J. Bauer tells the story of his experiences on the trail of a cultural treasure, a Mexican "painted book" that first came into public view at Sotheby's auction house in London in 1982, nearly four hundred years after it was presumably made by Mexican artists and scribes. On folios of amate paper, the Codex includes two oversized maps and 300 painted illustrations accompanied by text in sixteenth-century paleography. The Codex relates the trajectory of the Nahua people to the founding of the capital of Tenochtitlan and then focuses on the consequences of the Spanish conquest up to the 1550s. If authentic, the Codex Cardona is an invaluable record of early Mexico. Yet there is no clear evidence of its origin, what happened to it after 1560, or even where it is today, after its last known appearance at Christie's auction house in New York in 1998.

Bauer first saw the Codex Cardona in 1985 in the Crocker Nuclear Laboratory at the University of California, Davis, where scholars from Stanford and the University of California were attempting to establish its authenticity. Allowed to gently lift a few pages of this ancient treasure, Bauer was hooked. By 1986, the Codex had again disappeared from public view. Bauer's curiosity about the Codex and its whereabouts led him down many forking paths—from California to Seville and Mexico City, to the Firestone Library in Princeton, to the Getty Museum in Los Angeles and Christie's in New York—and it brought him in contact with an international cast of curators, agents, charlatans, and erudite book dealers. The Search for the Codex Cardona is a mystery that touches on issues of cultural patrimony, the workings of the rare books and manuscripts trade, the uncertainty of archives and evidence, and the ephemerality of the past and its remains.


Rhetoric surrounding foreign sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) has reflected a swinging pendulum: from a fear of SWFs actively investing based on political motivations, to a fear of SWFs passively sinking into institutional apathy. This Note examines empirical information about SWF investment behavior in the post-financial crisis world and proposes a solution to yield a value-enhancing middle ground. This Note argues that when SWFs behave like responsibly active shareholders, their behavior is value-maximizing for the firm in which they invest. However, in order to ensure that SWF shareholders remain responsibly active, SWFs must be more transparent. Such transparency can be achieved by harnessing international law mechanisms to incentivize transparent SWF investment.


A bacterial effector protein ubiquitylates host proteins through a mechanism that is independent of and blocks the host ubiquitylation machinery. Ubiquitylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins through which ubiquitin proteins are covalently attached to lysine residues in target proteins. This process of amide bond–mediated substrate attachment requires the sequential actions of three types of enzyme: an E1 enzyme activates ubiquitin, which is first transferred to the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme and then to the target protein through the action of the E3 ubiquitin ligase. This process is ATP dependent. Depending on the type of ubiquitylation (monoubiquitylation or polyubiquitylation linked through K48 or K63, for example) that occurs, the target proteins may be degraded, relocalized, or interact with specific protein partners to mediate regulatory processes. Although prokaryotes lack a ubiquitylation system, many pathogenic bacteria have evolved effector proteins that subvert protein ubiquitylation systems in infected host cells to avoid detection and destruction by the innate immune system. Noting that the Legionella pneumophila effector protein SdeA mediates the transfer of ubiquitin to host proteins in an NAD-dependent, ATP-independent manner, Bhogarju et al. investigated the mechanism and chemistry of the underlying mechanism. First, SdeA promoted the phosphoribosylation of ubiquitin, which depended on the mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase domain and a previously uncharacterized phosphodiesterase domain of SdeA. Second, SdeA catalyzed the ubiquitylation of substrate proteins by conjugating phosphoribosylated ubiquitin to a serine residue of the target protein through the formation of a phosphodiester bond. None of these reactions required the E1, E2, or E3 enzymes of the host cell ubiquitylation machinery. Indeed, in cells expressing SdeA, phosphoribosylation of ubiquitin prevented the E1 and E2 enzymes from interacting with ubiquitin, thus blocking the host ubiquitylation machinery and impairing several cellular processes that require ubiquitylation. Together, these data reveal another ubiquitylation pathway that is independent of the characterized ubiquitylation components (E1, E2, and E3) and modifies serine rather than lysine residues in target proteins. Whether such a ubiquitin phosphoribosylation system exists in mammalian cells remains to be determined. S. Bhogaraju, S. Kalayil, Y. Liu, F. Bonn, T. Colby, I. Matic, I. Dikic, Phosphoribosylation of ubiquitin promotes serine ubiquitination and impairs conventional ubiquitination. Cell 167, 1636–1649 (2016). [PubMed]


The purpose of this chapter is to explore the African provenience of some of Latin America's Black inhabitants and to demonstrate how recent advances in research have made it possible to determine their ancestors' origin with a high degree of specificity. To that end, the ancestry of two specific (and admittedly unusual) communities will be examined from a linguistic perspective: (1) the maroon village of Palenque (Colombia), and (2) ritual "families" of Palo Monte (Cuba). Part 2 of this chapter then sets these findings in dialogue with the latest investigations regarding the population genetics (DNA) of Palenque and over 40 sub-Saharan ethnolinguistic communities. The combined results of this interdisciplinary DNA and linguistic research point to a monogenetic hypothesis that places Bakongo slaves from a small region (Mayombe, also known as Yombe) in Western Central Africa at the center of Palenque's and Palo Monte's foundational story.


Public participation geographic information systems (PPGIS) support collaborative decision-making in the public realm. PPGIS provide advanced communication, deliberation, and conflict resolution mecha nisms to engage diverse stakeholder groups. Many of the functional characteristics of Web 2.0 echo basic PPGIS functions including the authoring, linking, and sharing of volunteered geographic information. However, with the increasing popularity of geospatial applications on the Web comes a need to develop concepts for scalable, reliable, and easy-to-maintain tools. In this paper, we propose a cloud computing implementation of a scalable argumentation mapping tool. The tool also illustrates the opportunities of applying a Web 2.0 model to PPGIS. The searching, linking, authoring, tagging, extension, and signalling (SLATES) functions are associated with PPGIS functionality to produce a participatory GeoWeb tool for deliberative democracy.


The growth of Africa's towns and cities has outpaced local governments' capacity for service delivery in terms of management, infrastructure, and financing. As a result, many African towns and cities are now faced with a governance crisis. The restructuring of governmental functions and finances has entered the core of the development debate. Policy makers are increasingly aware of the potential and need to mobilise domestic revenues through broad based property taxation. In this Insight we examine political and administrative constraints facing the development of effective property tax systems. Based on experiences from across the African continent, we argue that the major obstacles to improved property rates is not valuation, but poor administration and political resistance to reform. We suggest ways ahead. AU T H O R S Odd-Helge Fjeldstad Senior Researcher, CMI Extraordinary Professor, African Tax Institute at the University of Pretoria Senior Fellow, International Centre for Tax and Development


Sirolimus (SRL) is a potent immunosuppressant. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of SRL is required to optimize the therapy. Immunoassay, high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV), and HPLC with mass-spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS or HPLC/MS/MS) have been used in the analysis of SRL. The purpose of this study was to share our experience in validating a HPLC-UV method for analyzing SRL and to have an overview of HPLC-UV methods used in SRL assay. A validated HPLC/UV method developed by Wyeth-Ayerst Research with minor modification was use to determine SRL concentration in human whole blood. An Alltima C18 column (5 μm, 150 × 2.1 mm) was used as the stationary phase. The mobile phase was 60% acetonitrile in water, and the flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. Samples were prepared by spiking human whole blood (0.5 mL) with the internal standard (IS) and designated amount of SRL, except blank. Zinc sulfate (50 g/L, 1 mL) and acetone (1 mL) were used for hemolysis and deproteinization. After alkalizing supernatant with 100 mM NaOH (0.2 or 0.3 mL), 1-chlorobutane (2 mL) was used for extraction. The 1-chlorobutane layer was dried, reconstituted with mobile phase and back extracted with 0.5 mL of n-hexane. The limitation of quantification was 2.5 ng/mL and the standard curve was linear at the concentration range of 2.5-75 ng/mL. The intraday and interday coefficients of variation were 2.1-5.2% and 2.8-5.7%, respectively. The intraday and interday relative errors were -0.03-5.3% and 0.7-3.3%, respectively. The recoveries for SRL and the IS were 78.5-92.8% and 76.9 ± 3.9 %, respectively. The samples were proven to be stable after 3 freeze/thaw cycles, and the extract was stable over 24 hr at an autosampler set to 4 ̊C. In addition to an overview of the chemical properties of SRL, different HPLC-UV methods for the quantification of SRL were provided to identify analytic parameters that are critical for the establishment of HPLC-UV assay for SRL.


We provide a first contribution to analyze how agency problems within the private consortium (i.e., imperfect bundling of private tasks) affect the performance of public–private partnerships (PPPs). When both public–private and private–private contracts are incomplete, the profit-sharing rules are key to regulate private partners' incentives. In failing to consider the role of imperfect bundling, the scope for PPPs may be overrated (or underrated) if the social benefits of infrastructure quality are large (or small) as compared to the social cost of operation efficiency. Also, it may be optimal for the government to restrict the admissible governance of private consortia.


Objective: To investigate progressive, severe neuromuscular weakness associated with lactic acidosis in some HIV-infected patients after exposure to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). Methods: HIV-associated neuromuscular weakness syndrome (HANWS) was retrospectively identified and classified based on the level of diagnostic certainty: possible (progressive weakness owing to neuromuscular disease), probable (progressive neuromuscular weakness with documented exclusion of confounding causes), or definite (progressive weakness and electrophysiological or pathological evidence of neuromuscular pathology). Results: Of 69 patients identified with HANWS, 27 had definite HANWS, 19 probable, and 23 possible. In 44 patients with documented follow-up, 16 required intubation and nine died. There was a marginal association between death and hyperlactatemia (P = 0.061). At onset of neurological symptoms, 68 were receiving antiretroviral therapy, including stavudine for 61 (89.7%). Serum lactate level was elevated (> 2.2 mmol/l) in 30/37 (81%), with a trend towards an association between hyperlactatemia and stavudine usage (P = 0.087). In 25, neurological symptoms occurred after antiretroviral therapy discontinuation (median, 14 days). Electrophysiological studies (n = 24) indicated sensorimotor neuropathy in 20 patients and myopathy in three. Nerve biopsy (n = 9) revealed axonal degeneration and inflammation in three, mixed axonal and demyelinating lesions in three, and primary axonal neuropathy in three. Of 15 muscle biopsies, three revealed inflammation and four mitochondrial abnormalities. Conclusions: A severe neuromuscular weakness syndrome may occur in HIV-infected individuals. The association with hyperlactatemia and NRTI exposure supports mitochondrial toxicity as a pathogenesis. In some, the onset of neurological symptoms lagged significantly after discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy, suggesting that different etiological mechanisms may underlie these cases.


In this article, I discuss two roles of documents in the creation and enforcement of public health laws in early colonial Vanuatu and their implication in colonial attempts to transform ni-Vanuatu societies and subjectivities. Colonial officials of the British-French Condominium based their projects on their admittedly partial knowledge in reports generated by experts studying depopulation. This knowledge, I argue, produced a 'population' by categorizing people according to their relationship with a reified notion of culture. The Condominium enforced health laws by sending letters to people categorized as Christian who would, the Condominium hoped, adhere to the regulations as self governing subjects. Officials would engage in persuasive conversations when they enforced the regulations in 'bush' villages. I conclude by reflecting on niVanuatu knowledge of well-being and illness that could not be represented or documented and its centrality for subjectivities that might elude, if not subvert, the modern subject presumed by colonial strategies of governance.


This study provides H2 gas as a renewable energy source from sewage water splitting reaction using a PMT/Au photocathode. So, this study has a dual benefit for hydrogen generation; at the same time, it removes the contaminations of sewage water. The preparation of the PMT is carried out through the polymerization process from an acid medium. Then, the Au sputter was carried out using the sputter device under different times (1 and 2 min) for PMT/Au-1 min and PMT/Au-2min, respectively. The complete analyses confirm the chemical structure, such as XRD, FTIR, HNMR, SEM, and Vis-UV optical analyses. The prepared electrode PMT/Au is used for the hydrogen generation reaction using Na2S2O3 or sewage water as an electrolyte. The PMT crystalline size is 15 nm. The incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) efficiency increases from 2.3 to 3.6% (at 390 nm), and the number of H2 moles increases from 8.4 to 33.1 mmol h−1 cm−2 for using Na2S2O3 and sewage water as electrolyte, respectively. Moreover, all the thermodynamic parameters, such as activation energy (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH*), and entropy (ΔS*), were calculated; additionally, a simple mechanism is mentioned for the water-splitting reaction.


Aboriginal youth in Canada face a number of economic, health and social challenges, while being one of the fastest-growing segments of the country's population. Researchers have suggested that involvement in positive cultural experiences can be beneficial to the well-being of these youth. However, past research has not defined the types of cultural experience that are most impactful, or the areas of well-being that are affected. As well, no research has investigated the role that cultural experience may have on the views of the future among Aboriginal youth, or how these views may impact wellbeing. Working together with Walpole Island First Nation community members, a research survey was created for youth in the community. Researchers tested whether each of three types of subjective well-being (SWB; positive affect, negative affect, life satisfaction) would be predicted by the linear combinations of cultural experience variables (cultural identity, acculturation, bicultural identity integration) and/or variables relating to future possible selves (planning and likelihood), while controlling for baseline variables typically predictive of SWB (finances, social support, health). The relationship between cultural experience and possible selves was also investigated. Participants were 132 Anishnaabe youth ages 15-25 (63 male, 69 female) who were members of or resided in Walpole Island First Nation. Results showed that cultural experience and possible selves variables were predictive of positive affect. However, cultural experience and possible selves were not significantly predictive of negative affect or life satisfaction. Significant relationships were also found between cultural experience variables and possible selves planning and likelihood. Additional analyses were completed by the researchers to clarify individual relationships between these variables. Theoretical and community implications are discussed.


When infants are given coloured shapes to play with they begin to study physical geometry . The toys have various defects of materials and workman s hip. Some students play with imaginary perfect toys which have no defects. That is pure geometry . In schools, Physical Geometry is dealt with in the Art and Craft Departments . Pure Geometry is the province of the Mathematics Department . The two kinds of geometry are not allowed to mix. Engineers and some other applied scientists and technologists often combine pure and physical geometry and thereby create great inventions and magnificent works. They have to be careful that they do not also create confusion in their own and other people's imaginations.


From the Publisher:
A practical guide to Cryptography and its use in the Internet and other communication networks.
This overview takes the reader through basic issues and on to more advanced concepts, to cover all levels of interest. Coverage includes all key mathematical concepts, standardisation, authentication, elliptic curve cryptography, and algorithm modes and protocols (including SSL, TLS, IPSec, SMIME, & PGP protocols).
Details what the risks on the internet are and how cryptography can helpIncludes a chapter on interception which is unique amongst competing books in this fieldExplains Public Key Infrastructures (PKIs) - currently the most important issue when using cryptography in a large organisationIncludes up-to-date referencing of people, organisations, books and Web sites and the latest information about recent acts and standards affecting encryption practiceTackles the practical issues such as the difference between SSL and IPSec, which companies are active on the market and where to get further information


PURPOSE
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is one of the two predominant modes of nuclear emission tomography, the other being Positron Emission Tomography (PET). An important recent advance has been region-of-interest (ROI) SPECT for cardiac imaging. For SPECT imaging onboard radiation therapy machines, we have proposed a robotic, multi-pinhole SPECT approach. Robotic maneuvering facilitates navigation of the SPECT system about patient, patient table, and gantry, and it also enables more flexible positioning of the pinholes. Even more pinhole-positioning flexibility can be provided by enabling more degrees of freedom (DOFs) in the motion of pinholes relative to one another. This will likely increase imaging performance, but also system cost. The purpose of this study is to investigate imaging performance as a function of DOFs in relative pinhole motion. This has bearing for molecular and functional imaging onboard radiation therapy machines, and also for other applications of SPECT ROI imaging.

METHODS
A 49-pinhole system which we have previously presented is considered for imaging ROIs smaller than, equal in size to, and larger than the ROI for which the system was optimized. This system has one internal DOF which enables relative motion among the seven 7-pinhole pods that comprise the system. Also considered is a second system in which 7 additional DOFs enable relative motion of the pinholes within each pod. Imaging performance of these two 49-pinhole systems is compared over a range of ROI sizes.

RESULTS
The additional DOFs can improve proximity to smaller ROIs and thereby improve SPECT sensitivity and resolution for those ROIs.

CONCLUSION
SPECT ROI imaging can be advanced by a multi-pinhole approach that enables greater relative motion of pinholes. This work was supported by PHS/NIH/NCI grant 5R21CA156390.


The developments of forest conservation Wildlife (SM) in Bentayan as flora and fauna ecology has created a conflict within the society and has negatively affected the wellbeing of the community in the area. The communities have used a lot of natural resources for their life. A development of Bentayan's Wildlife Centre has been opposed by the community as the usage of various natural resources have been restricted after the development of the wildlife centre started. In order to solve the conflicts, many strategies have been employed. However, the expected outcome has not yet been achieved. Therefore, the current study provides a conflict resolution model approach to accommodate the interests of all parties, both society and government through the Natural Resources Conservation Center. The model was developed from narrative data that was collected through series of dialogues and negotiation process with both parties (community and agency/Centre) involving stakeholders and community members. This proposed model can be used as a framework for managing forestry and wildlife centre.


This article explores two approaches to regional integration: traditional free trade areas and customs unions under Article XXIV of GATT and the new concept of open regionalism introduced by the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC). Once the main features of open regionalism are described, we analyse the feasible extension of this model to other regions. Special attention is paid to the traditional framework of Article XXIV and the alternative ways of making regional agreements more open. Finally, empirical evidence is provided for two ongoing projects of regional integration: Mercosur and the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA). I. Introduction The principle of non-discrimination is a cornerstone of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). In Article I, contracting parties are committed to grant Most Favoured Nation (MFN) treatment to all other GATT signatories, that is to extend to them all trade concessions without discrimination. Regional trade agreements are, by definition, discriminatory, since trade concessions are granted only to members. However, as an exception to Article I, Article XXIV allows for regional agreements under certain conditions on the grounds that international economic liberalization has been pursued by both multilateral and regional agreements. The insertion of these discriminatory agreements within the international trading system has been a major issue of discussion over the decades, ever since the signature of the GATT in 1947. In those early days of the postwar trading system, the United States and Great Britain disagreed on the compatibility of the British Imperial Preferences with the new provisions of the multilateral trading framework. In the present, concern arises again on the proliferation of regional trade arrangements in the 1980s and 1990s and on the possible weakening of the multilateral system embodied by the World Trade Organization (WTO): more than one hundred regional agreements so far have been notified to the GATT/WTO, twenty-nine of them recorded since 1992. Although some of them simply replace former regional agreements, for example EU for EC or AFTA for ASEAN, there is certainly a renewed impulse towards regional integration. The fear of a failure of the Uruguay Round negotiations boosted the search for liberalization at the regional level, with the United States, the former sponsor of multilateral trade, as the key player (Bhagwati 1987). The large trade deficits in the 1980s, along with the expected emergence of the EC as a fortress after the Single Act led to a major shift in American trade policy towards unilateralism and regionalism. Also the EU adopted a regionalist approach and developed throughout the last decade numerous forms of association and co-operation, which stand out as classical examples of "hub-and-spokes" agreements and threaten to proliferate in the future (for example FTAA and TAFTA initiatives). The concern over the expansion of such agreements and the creation of regional trading blocs relates to its impact on third countries outside the regional scheme. As the world moves towards larger trading blocs, with countries linked by tailor-made agreements, developing countries that did not implement or join any arrangement may be harmed (Hughes Hallett and Primo Braga 1994). Also, trade between blocs is likely to shrink (Krugman 1991), even though it can be offset by new intra-bloc flows. Regionalism may as well undermine the GATT system by diverting resources and political capital from the multilateral system (Lawrence 1996). All these concerns have been widely addressed in the economic literature, from the classical theory of customs unions by Viner (1953) to the new theory of regional integration, mainly concerned with the dynamics of integration and the incentives for single countries to join regional trade initiatives (for example Baldwin 1993). At the same time, a new concept in regional integration has recently emerged from the experience and proposals of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC): open regionalism. …


Many libraries offer open access publishing funds to support authors in paying article processing charges (APC) levied by some OA journals. However, there are few standard practices for managing or assessing these funds. The Open Access Working Group (OAWG) of the Canadian Association of Research Libraries (CARL) was asked to investigate and articulate best practices for successful open access fund management. In spring 2015, the OAWG surveyed Canadian academic libraries with OA funds to review their criteria and collect feedback on current practices. The survey proved timely because many OA funds are under review. Shrinking budgets, ending pilots, and questions around scale and sustainability of funds provide context for some institutions revisiting or reconfiguring these funds. At the same time, Canada's principal funding agencies have issued the new Tri‐Agency Open Access Policy on Publications (effective May 2015) which mandates open access for funded research and which is increasing the demand from researchers for financial support from their institutions to pay APCs and other OA costs. This paper addresses findings of the survey, some best practices for open access publishing fund management, and counter arguments for OA funds, as well as other strategies developed by international agencies including the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition (SPARC).


ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the Program for Pollution Control Evaluation and Rating (PROPER) in Indonesia. PROPER, the first major public disclosure program in the developing world, was launched in June 1995; though it collapsed in 1998 with the Asian financial crisis, it is currently being revived. There have been claims of success for this pioneering scheme, yet little formal and conclusive analysis has been undertaken. We analyze changes in emissions concentrations (mg/L) using panel data techniques with plant-level data for participating firms and a control group. The results show that there was indeed a positive response to PROPER, especially among firms with poor environmental compliance records. The response was immediate, and firms pursued further emissions reductions in the following months. The total estimated reductions in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were approximately 32 per cent.


Existing evidence indicates that racial discrimination is a common, if not pervasive, feature of Black Americans' experiences in U.S. consumer markets. However, few studies have quantitatively explored specific social psychological and interactional consequences of consumer racial discrimination. In response, we draw from literatures on experiences, attributions, and reactions to racial discrimination to posit and test for Black-White differences in consumers' behavioral responses to dissatisfactory dining experiences. Specifically, past research shows that Black Americans' dissatisfactory experiences in consumer markets are more often perceived to be the result of consumer racial discrimination. Given their increased exposure to racial discrimination in consumer markets and the United States more broadly, we posit that Black customers will react more punitively to dissatisfactory restaurant experiences than White customers. We test this notion using a within-subject experimental design and regression analyses of survey data collected from a consumer panel of White and Black U.S. adults (n = 307). Results indicate that Black respondents in this sample are more likely than White respondents to penalize their server's tips and lodge a complaint when dissatisfied with restaurant food and/or service. These findings are consistent with the prediction that Black American consumers tend to react more punitively on average to dissatisfactory consumer experiences than Whites and are consistent with prior scholarship linking coercive and unjust experiences to retributive behaviors. We conclude by discussing implications of these results and the need for further research on racial discrimination in U.S. restaurants and related consumer markets.


It is indisputable that the continuous development of digital technologies influences the business environment. Using information technologies means easier access to a huge amount of business information, which is hard to include in day-to-day decision-making. Traditional data processing methods in business management become inadequate. So, business process management approaches and business data analysis are the tools that could be utilized to optimize processes in a company and to harvest valuable information that can provide a variety of decision-making material for company management. This article deals with the analysis, modeling, and optimization of the transport process, as well as the design of a system for decision support in this process within a small transport company. The research is focused on the development of an innovative decision support system based on a company's data analysis in order to improve the management of the transport service process.


This paper is one of a set of working papers that focus on the cultural and linguistic practices in internationalised university contexts across a number of different countries including the UK, Denmark and Australia. The research network CALPIU which is based at Roskilde University in Denmark is interrogating the nature of cultural and linguistic practices in contemporary Higher Education. This is being done from a range of research perspectives with different foci on language, culture and social or academic identities. This particular paper concentrates on presenting a student view of internationalised Higher Education in contrast to other papers that emphasise staff perspectives (e.g. Preisler 2008, this volume). Here we consider the role of culture, language and communication in an internationalised university and suggest that the development of intercultural competence in students (and indeed staff although this is not researched here) should be considered to be an integral aim of internationalisation. The paper examines how international students' experience of studying in Higher Education in another country may prepare them for living and working in a global context. It is noted in research on UK home students' experience (Ball et al. 2000; Shipton 2005) that being at university changes students' perceptions of themselves and others. It is suggested in this paper that the international nature of mobile students' experience may accentuate this development and provide them with a changed perspective on what it means to live, study and socialise with people from different cultures. This perspective could enable students to develop intercultural competences that may contribute to their professional and personal futures. This self?awareness and wider intercultural view of self being developed in the international student may be contrasted with a more mono?cultural experience of some home students who may not be benefiting from the social and cultural diversity being created by internationalisation in Higher Education. This paper draws on data from a study carried out in 2003 that investigated the social and cultural experience of a group of international students in a UK university. In addition to this, the CALPIU sub?project intends to further the findings of this data by carrying out research into current student perspectives on the role of culture, language and social interaction in an internationalised university in 2008. This part of the project aims to establish to what extent student views on studying and living in an international education environment have changed over the past five years.


Much of the social choice literature examines direct voting systems, in which voters submit their ranked preferences over candidates and a voting rule picks a winner. Real-world elections and decision-making processes are often more complex and involve multiple stages. For instance, one popular voting system filters candidates through primaries: first, voters affiliated with each political party vote over candidates of their own party and the voting rule picks a candidate from each party, which then compete in a general election.We present a model to analyze such multi-stage elections, and conduct the first quantitative comparison (to the best of our knowledge) of the direct and primary voting systems with two political parties in terms of the quality of the elected candidate. Our main result is that every voting rule is guaranteed to perform almost as well (i.e., within a constant factor) under the primary system as under the direct system. Surprisingly, the converse does not hold: we show settings in which there exist voting rules that perform significantly better under the primary system than under the direct system.


African horse sickness (AHS, virus AHSV) is an infectious noncontagious virus in the family Reoviridae and genus Orbivirus that is transmitted to domestic and wild equids (horses, mules, donkeys) by biting midges (no-see-ums) in the genus Culicoides
(6). The virus is nonenveloped and the icosohedral 85-nm-diameter capsid contains the 10 segments of linear double-stranded RNA genome of approximately 25 kilobases (4, 5).  The disease is found in Africa and is endemic in the central tropical regions of the continent. Epizootic, the disease has occured in the Middle East and Europe, Spain and Portugal.  Pictures shown here were taken during an outbreak in Spain.  Due to the seasonal increase in the vector, disease is most prevalent from mid summer to early fall.  The disease was first recognized in South Africa in 1780 (2).
Horses and mules are most susceptible to AHSV; donkeys suffer milder disease, and although zebras get infected they rarely show signs of disease.  There are four recognized forms of the disease: (i) pulmonary, (ii) cardiac, (iii) combined pulmonary and cardiac, and (iv) mild or asymptomatic.  Approximately 7 to 14 days postexposure horses will develop fever (104 to 106oC) for a few days followed by respiratory signs including increased respiratory rate, standing with head extended and nostrils flared (Fig. 1 and 5), abdominal heaving, sweating, and frothy nasal discharge due to pulmonary edema (Fig. 1–4 show the progression of the discharge).  Red swollen eyelids (Fig. 4 and 5) and swelling of the supraorbital fossae (the indentation that is usually above the eyes) (Fig. 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6) are common.  Mortality usually occurs within 4 to 8 days of clinical onset.  In horses, mortality ranges between 70 and 95%; in mules it is usually around 50%, and in donkeys only 5 to 10%.  Upon necropsy examination, a frothy fluid is found in the lungs (Fig. 7) and myocarditis (inflammation of the heart) with petechial hemorrhages can be seen with the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac and lungs (Fig. 8).  A frothy discharge is often observed in the trachea (Fig. 9) and muscle tissue (1, 2, 3).
Infected horses remain viremic for approximately 18 days, and donkeys and zebras for 28 days.  It should be noted that although zebras become infected, normally they do not show signs of clinical disease.  There is no treatment for this disease, but several vaccines are available for prevention (2, 3).  Diagnosis is performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or virus neutralization assay (using paired acute and convalescent serums, 2 weeks apart, and assayed for a four-fold increase in serum neutralizing antibody titers).  This assay detects antibodies in the serum; if animals have had an immune response, antibodies will neutralize the ability of the virus to produce plaques in a plaque assay (this titer should go up at least four-fold if the infection is current). References.
  1.  Committee on Foreign Animal Diseases of the United States Animal Health Association.  1998, revision date.  The Gray book of foreign animal diseases, 6th ed.  United States Animal Health Association, Richmond, Va.  [Online.] http://www.vet.uga.edu/VPP/gray_book/FAD/index.htm.
  2.  Fenner, F., P. A. Bachmann, E. P. J. Gibbs, F. A. Murphy, M. J. Studdert, and D. O. White.
1987. Veterinary virology, p. 587–590.  Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, Fla.
3.  Roberts, W. A., and G. A. Carter.  1976.
 Essentials of veterinary virology,  p. 106.  Michigan State University Press, East Lansing, Mich.
4.  Roy, P.
  2001. Orbiviruses, p. 1679–1728.
In D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley (ed.), Fields virology.  Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
5.  Tyler
, K. L.
  2001. Mammalian reoviruses, p. 1679–1728.
In D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley (ed.), Fields virology, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa.
6.  Walton T. E., and B. I. Osburn. 1991. Bluetongue, African horse sickness, and related Orbiviruses.  Proceedings of the Second International Symposium. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Cortical hyperdensity was observed in the immediate postembolization CT scans of some patients with intracranial aneurysms following uneventful endovascular treatments. The clinical significance and possible underlying mechanism were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-three consecutive patients with a total of 100 intracranial aneurysms, treated by endosaccular packing, were studied. Seventy-four aneurysms were treated with balloon assistance, and the remaining aneurysms were treated without balloon assistance. All patients underwent cranial CT just before and immediately after the endovascular treatment. If the post-treatment CT showed any new finding, an immediate MR imaging and a repeat CT 4–6 hours after the initial posttreatment CT were performed. Several parameters were investigated related to the presence of cortical hyperdensity. RESULTS: Cranial CT showed focal cortical hyperdensity following the treatment of 40/74 aneurysms (54%) with balloon remodeling and 9/26 aneurysms (34.6%) without balloon assistance. None of these patients were symptomatic, and cortical hyperdensity resolved in the repeat CT scans. A statistically significant relationship was observed between the presence of this finding and the total amount of contrast material, microcatheter time, number of balloon inflations, and total balloon inflation time. CONCLUSION: Immediate postembolization CT may show focal cortical hyperdensity following un-eventful endovascular aneurysm treatment, most likely caused by blood-brain barrier disruption resulting in accumulation of contrast medium. The hyperdensity was more frequent when balloon assistance was used but was also seen in the patients with no balloon use. It is important to differentiate this clinically insignificant finding from possible hemorrhage, which would affect patients' immediate postprocedural medical management.


This study aims to provide an overview of social support her husband with postpartum depression in mothers postpartum first child and the impact of social support provided to the mother's husband. Social support is in the form of emotional support, the support award, instrumental support and informative support. The method used in this research is using qualitative exploratory study the two subjects who had a husband and wife with postpartum depression after giving birth first child with wife aged 21-28 years. Determination of the subjects in this study using purposive sampling technique and is located in several places according to the agreement of the subject and significant others. Data collection methods used were observation method using anecdotel record with the observation that social support indicators husband and interview methods are equipped with general guidance interview. The results showed that each subject provide social support her husband with different forms of support for marriage influenced by the subject. The effect of the second wife of the study subjects also differ on the subject of the first wife can get through 25 days postpartum depression after giving birth, while the second subject can get through 40 days postpartum depression after giving birth. Factors support from significant others and coping also affect maternal postpartum depression can get through the second wife of the research subjects.


This article is part of a series of reviews designed to provide topical information on agriculture and agricultural policy in the European Community. The development and management of major commodity markets are described, together with supplementary programs (set-aside, income aids, extensification and reconversion). Some boundary conditions of the Common Agricultural Policy (monetary and fiscal restrictions, international trade negotiations) are also dealt with. Finally, the consequences for agriculture and the food sector of the imminent realisation of the Community's single internal market are reviewed and some aspects of German agricultural policy are commented on. The state of information being 1 May 1989, the 1989-90 price decisions have already been taken into account.


A lack of concordance between quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating defense and those regulating growth was initially detected in a recombinant inbred line population containing nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic variation, probably due to the small population size examined. After accounting for allelic differences in growth QTLs, this study uncovers a significant effect of glucosinolates on growth. To understand how genetic architecture translates between phenotypic levels, we mapped the genetic architecture of growth and defense within the Arabidopsis thaliana Kas × Tsu recombinant inbred line population. We measured plant growth using traditional size measurements and size-corrected growth rates. This population contains genetic variation in both the nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes, allowing us to separate their contributions. The cytoplasmic genome regulated a significant variance in growth but not defense, which was due to cytonuclear epistasis. Furthermore, growth adhered to an infinitesimal model of genetic architecture, while defense metabolism was more of a moderate-effect model. We found a lack of concordance between quantitative trait loci (QTL) regulating defense and those regulating growth. Given the published evidence proving the link between glucosinolates and growth, this is likely a false negative result caused by the limited population size. This size limitation creates an inability to test the entire potential genetic landscape possible between these two parents. We uncovered a significant effect of glucosinolates on growth once we accounted for allelic differences in growth QTLs. Therefore, other growth QTLs can mask the effects of defense upon growth. Investigating direct links across phenotypic hierarchies is fraught with difficulty; we identify issues complicating this analysis.


Summary Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists, currently used in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer, have been described as a rare cause of pituitary apoplexy, a potentially life-threatening clinical condition. We report the case of a 69-year-old man with a known pituitary macroadenoma who was diagnosed with prostate cancer and started treatment with GnRH agonist leuprorelin (other hormones were not tested before treatment). Few minutes after drug administration, the patient presented with acute-onset severe headache, followed by left eye ptosis, diplopia and vomiting. Pituitary MRI revealed tumor enlargement and T1-hyperintense signal, compatible with recent bleeding sellar content. Laboratory endocrine workup was significant for low total testosterone. The patient was managed conservatively with high-dose steroids, and symptoms significantly improved. This case describes a rare phenomenon, pituitary apoplexy induced by GnRH agonist. We review the literature regarding this condition: the pathophysiological mechanism involved is not clearly established and several hypotheses have been proposed. Although uncommon, healthcare professionals and patients should be aware of this complication and recognize the signs, preventing a delay in diagnosis and treatment. Learning points: Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a potentially life-threatening complication that can be caused by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) administration for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. This complication is rare but should be taken into account when using GnRHa, particularly in the setting of a known pre-existing pituitary adenoma. PA presents with classic clinical signs and symptoms that should be promptly recognized. Patients should be instructed to seek medical care if suspicious symptoms occur. Healthcare professionals should be aware of this complication, enabling its early recognition, adequate treatment and favorable outcome.