Executive summary This project focused upon adaptive housing responses to climate change in the town camps of Alice Springs. It particularly examined household practices of staying cool and keeping warm in the context of increasing extremes of temperatures and climate. In a departure from several other studies that concentrated on actively changing the behaviour of household residents or assessing occupant satisfaction with how houses performed, in this project the concern was on identifying the various elements of social practices. These elements include housing hardware (the physical house and appliances), management regimes, skills and knowledge, rules and common understandings. Instead of starting with human behaviour as the driver of responses to hot and cold conditions, the project takes a starting point where the practices of keeping cool and warm are the central focus. Thus, instead of asking the question "How can we change the cooling behaviour of householders", we ask "What shapes the practices of keeping cool?" Of course, people will have a variety of things that they do when it is hot (in this report these are referred to as 'practice variants' of the practice of 'keeping cool'), and the practices change over time. Changes to any of the four elements mentioned above may modify how a practice is performed, and hence changed. Moreover practices are often connected to others (or 'bundled'), so changes in a particular practice may cascade into multiple changes across other practices. This has implications for household (and community) resilience and vulnerability to changed circumstances. The research found that town camp residents involved in the study deal with heat and cold in a diverse variety of ways. Diversity is widely regarded as a sign of adaptive capacity. Town camp residents retain variants of previous practice and embrace new practice variants, which have emerged since refurbishment and provision of new housing over the couple of years prior to the study. Town camp residents have many experiences of dealing with extreme weather events, and are (at least) bilingual, bi-cultural, and have strong cultural identities in Indigenous practice while participating in 'mainstream' economic and social life in Alice Springs and throughout Australia. As such, the town campers are well placed to adapt to changing circumstances, including changing climate conditions. However, that capacity is jeopardised by poverty and both chronic and periodic overcrowding, which remains an entrenched problem and cause of community stress, so adaptive practices need to be actively monitored and nurtured. The emerging tenancy management regime is partially supporting tenant initiated sustainable living practices and there is a need for further work in this regard, as indicated in the recommendations emerging from this research. The full list of recommendations is detailed in section 7. The research highlighted the need to extend the focus of housing providers beyond the delivery and preservation of houses, and to extend community education programs beyond a focus on behaviours around protecting houses and using appliances efficiently. Programs should recognise what shapes how people do things in and around the home. The house is only one element that informs practices and effective adaptation to changed conditions requires accounting for all elements. The research also underlines the importance for housing providers to know and understand how town camp residents use power and water in their daily lives. Electricity is an essential, yet scarce and costly commodity within the camps. Changes to the physical makeup of the houses and the appliances that they contain must be considered in the context of total household energy use. The same principle applies to water usage. It is important that the promotion of efficient energy and water use (using less of a scarce resource) does not compromise existing healthy practices unintentionally, or stifle new ones from emerging. The report also recommends that specific responsibility for climate adaptation planning and resourcing should be assigned and plans and actions instituted to equip town campers with ongoing climate adaptive capacity. Please cite this report as:Horne, R, Martel, A, Arcari, P, Foster, D, McCormack, A 2013 Living change: adaptive housing responses to climate change in the town camps of Alice Springs, National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Gold Coast, pp. 60. This project focused upon adaptive housing responses to climate change in the town camps of Alice Springs. It particularly examined household practices of staying cool and keeping warm in the context of increasing extremes of temperatures and climate. In a departure from several other studies that concentrated on actively changing the behaviour of household residents or assessing occupant satisfaction with how houses performed, in this project the concern was on identifying the various elements of social practices. These elements include housing hardware (the physical house and appliances), management regimes, skills and knowledge, rules and common understandings. Instead of starting with human behaviour as the driver of responses to hot and cold conditions, the project takes a starting point where the practices of keeping cool and warm are the central focus. Thus, instead of asking the question "How can we change the cooling behaviour of householders", we ask "What shapes the practices of keeping cool?" Of course, people will have a variety of things that they do when it is hot (in this report these are referred to as 'practice variants' of the practice of 'keeping cool'), and the practices change over time. Changes to any of the four elements mentioned above may modify how a practice is performed, and hence changed. Moreover practices are often connected to others (or 'bundled'), so changes in a particular practice may cascade into multiple changes across other practices. This has implications for household (and community) resilience and vulnerability to changed circumstances. The research found that town camp residents involved in the study deal with heat and cold in a diverse variety of ways. Diversity is widely regarded as a sign of adaptive capacity. Town camp residents retain variants of previous practice and embrace new practice variants, which have emerged since refurbishment and provision of new housing over the couple of years prior to the study. Town camp residents have many experiences of dealing with extreme weather events, and are (at least) bilingual, bi-cultural, and have strong cultural identities in Indigenous practice while participating in 'mainstream' economic and social life in Alice Springs and throughout Australia. As such, the town campers are well placed to adapt to changing circumstances, including changing climate conditions. However, that capacity is jeopardised by poverty and both chronic and periodic overcrowding, which remains an entrenched problem and cause of community stress, so adaptive practices need to be actively monitored and nurtured. The emerging tenancy management regime is partially supporting tenant initiated sustainable living practices and there is a need for further work in this regard, as indicated in the recommendations emerging from this research. The full list of recommendations is detailed in section 7. The research highlighted the need to extend the focus of housing providers beyond the delivery and preservation of houses, and to extend community education programs beyond a focus on behaviours around protecting houses and using appliances efficiently. Programs should recognise what shapes how people do things in and around the home. The house is only one element that informs practices and effective adaptation to changed conditions requires accounting for all elements. The research also underlines the importance for housing providers to know and understand how town camp residents use power and water in their daily lives. Electricity is an essential, yet scarce and costly commodity within the camps. Changes to the physical makeup of the houses and the appliances that they contain must be considered in the context of total household energy use. The same principle applies to water usage. It is important that the promotion of efficient energy and water use (using less of a scarce resource) does not compromise existing healthy practices unintentionally, or stifle new ones from emerging. The report also recommends that specific responsibility for climate adaptation planning and resourcing should be assigned and plans and actions instituted to equip town campers with ongoing climate adaptive capacity.


What characterized the medical field in France in 1795 as it emerged from the reconstruction of medical and scientific institutions consequent to the abolition of the Ancien Regime was that it had already been differentiated into three distinct spaces constructed around distinct institutions. These spaces respectively produced clinical medicine, social medicine, and what were termed the sciences accessoires (i.e., sciences auxiliary to medicine). The medical field—the product of a set of closely interrelated scientific and social determinants, all concerning the functions assigned to hospitals of producing medical knowledge, training physicians and selecting an elite through a system of competitive examinations—was dominated by hospital physicians in the clinical space. That domination worked to preserve the field's autonomy, since the spaces of social medicine and auxiliary sciences overlapped those of other fields and developed through the construction of hybrid rather than specifically medical knowledge and practices; i.e., knowledge and practices in those two spaces could be mastered by other professional groups. However, it was through the development of those dominated spaces that medicine was able to extend the variety and types of its own practices and assume an active role in preventing disease, reducing mortality and pushing forward knowledge of life, thereby increasing its authority in French society.


The paper analyses the evolution of the Romanian traditional brands during the last 20 years. We started the analysis with the presentation of the most famous Romanian brands during the communist period. Then, we presented the transition of the traditional brands to the market economy, under the influence of structural transformations in economy, globalization and strong competition on the market. Some firms chose special strategies to enter on market or extend their share on market. Among them, the "reactivation" of old brands, from communist period, has an important place. The method seems to be successful and is based on the psychological implications generated by certain products in the nostalgic consumers' minds. The analysis is close correlated with the evolution of the Internet and E-commerce. The new techniques of commercialization of the goods comprise the Internet use and promotion by Internet. That is why we will also present the impact of the Romanian traditional brands on Internet and E-commerce. We intend to know if is possible for old brands to compete on the market, if there is enough capacity for the entrepreneurs to stand out on the market, to protect and promote their products in the tough competition environment, subject to globalization, regardless of the fact that they take over an already consecrated mark or create a new one.


This study explores the importance of quantitative and qualitative data in the development of more inclusive policies of recruitment and appointment in the justice community. Since at least the Abella Equality in Employment Royal Commission Report in 1984, the link between obtaining and analyzing data on recruitment and achieving greater inclusion has been well-documented and oft-repeated. The authors focus on the apparent resistance on the part of governments (in the case of judicial appointments) and private as well as public legal employers (in the case of legal recruitment) to keep, track and publish demographic data on who seeks these opportunities and who is selected for them. While the rhetoric around diversity and inclusion is now pretty much universally in favour of a judicial and legal community that reflects the society and communities they serve, opinions continue to differ sharply on the means of achieving this goal. Many view the focus on numbers and data alone as myopic, and as likely to obscure as reveal the reality of diversity in the judiciary and legal profession. Others are simply worried about efforts to manipulate such data, the impact of ranking, identifying "good" and "bad" firms and organizations in simplistic ways, and so forth. In other words, some fear the focus on data may in fact undermine the goal of a more inclusive justice community. The authors disagree. The authors' view is that, while better practices with respect to collecting and publishing data on diversity will not in and of themselves make the justice community more inclusive, these data represent a necessary first step. The authors also explore blending quantitative and qualitative data together to provide a basis for a better understanding of the progress towards a more inclusive justice community in Canada.


We present TLS-Attacker, an open source framework for evaluating the security of TLS libraries. TLS-Attacker allows security engineers to create custom TLS message flows and arbitrarily modify message contents using a simple interface in order to test the behavior of their libraries. Based on TLS-Attacker, we present a two-stage fuzzing approach to evaluate TLS server behavior. Our approach automatically searches for cryptographic failures and boundary violation vulnerabilities. It allowed us to find unusual padding oracle vulnerabilities and overflows/overreads in widely used TLS libraries, including OpenSSL, Botan, and MatrixSSL. Our findings motivate developers to create comprehensive test suites, including positive as well as negative tests, for the evaluation of TLS libraries. We use TLS-Attacker to create such a test suite framework which finds further problems in Botan.


Several forms of cancer are characterized by frequent activating mutations in the serine/threonine kinase, BRAF. Substitution of glutamic acid for valine at codon 600 (V600E) accounts for approximately 90% of all BRAF activating mutations and leads to stimulation of kinase activity, downstream signaling, and cell transformation. To better understand the molecular pathogenesis induced by oncogenic BRAF signaling, we used microarray gene expression profiling to comprehensively analyze the BRAF-directed transcriptional program of cells expressing a conditionally active form of BRAF V600E. Several novel genes that affect proliferation, cell survival, angiogenesis and immune surveillance were identified as possible mediators of BRAF-induced oncogenic signaling. Moreover, we show that a MAPK family member, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-3 (ERK3/MAPK6) is highly expressed in response to BRAF signaling in this system. Cellular ERK3 protein is highly unstable and pharmacological inhibition of BRAF activity resulted in rapid ERK3 degradation. In melanoma cells, RNAi-mediated knockdown of endogenous BRAF or treatment with MEK inhibitors that prevent ERK1/2 activation led to a reduction in ERK3 levels, indicating that elevated ERK3 expression is mediated through MEK1/2 signaling. These results provide strong evidence for another mode by which BRAF can regulate the ERK protein kinase family and suggest ERK3 to be a potential pharmaco-dynamic marker for targeting BRAF signaling in melanoma.


We develop an empirical framework for the credit risk analysis of a generic portfolio of revolving credit accounts and apply it to analyze a representative panel data set of credit card accounts from a credit bureau. These data cover the period of the most recent deep recession and provide the opportunity to analyze the performance of such a portfolio under significant economic stress conditions. We consider a traditional framework for the analysis of credit risk where the probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), and exposure at default (EAD) are explicitly considered. The unsecure and revolving nature of credit card lending is naturally modeled in this framework. Our results indicate that unemployment, and in particular the level and change in unemployment, plays a significant role in the probability of transition across delinquency states in general and the probability of default in particular. The effect is heterogeneous and proportionally has a more significant impact for high credit score and for high-utilization accounts. Our results also indicate that unemployment and a downturn in economic conditions play a quantitatively small, or even irrelevant, role in the changes in account balance associated with changes in an account's delinquency status, and in the exposure at default specifically. The impact of a downturn in economic conditions and, in particular, changes in unemployment on the recovery rate and loss given default is found to be large. These findings are of particular relevance for the analysis of credit risk regulatory capital under the IRB


Phase diagrams are used in materials research and engineering to understand the interrelationship between composition, microstructure and process conditions. In complex systems, computational methods such as CALPHAD are employed to model thermodynamic properties for each phase and simulate multicomponent phase behavior. Written by recognized experts in the field, this is the first introductory guide to the CALPHAD method, providing a theoretical and practical approach. Building on core thermodynamic principles, this book applies crystallography, first principles methods and experimental data to computational phase behavior modeling using the CALPHAD method. With a chapter dedicated to creating thermodynamic databases, the reader will be confident in assessing, optimizing and validating complex thermodynamic systems alongside database construction and manipulation. Several case studies put the methods into a practical context, making this suitable for use on advanced materials design and engineering courses and an invaluable reference to those using thermodynamic data in their research or simulations.


Due to superior mechanical and metallurgical performance, Nickel-base Alloys 617 and 276 have been considered as structural material for used in complex and stochastic applications. Surface irregularities such as cracks in the material may be vulnerable to the structural integrity of an engineering component. Void growth behavior is however analyzed using crystal plasticity theory in nickel-based super alloys. Elastic-plastic fracture mechanics base single compact tension specimen has been used to determine the J1C value as a function of temperature of austenitic Alloy 617 and 276 for ductile crack growth behavior. Crack formation is appropriately explained through crack nucleation based on the microstructural heterogeneity properties of the alloys. Alloy 617 showed a fair increased resistance to fracture as temperature increased from ambient to 5000C for duplicate testing, satisfying the EPFM criteria. Whereas the J1C values of Alloy 276 increased gradually with temperature up to 300° C and due to enhanced plasticity in the vicinity of 4000 C this alloy shows inconsistent value. Two-dimensional simulation of J-integral model of these nickel base super alloys at temperature range 1000C to 5000 C has been proposed. Particular focus is given on the load line displacement where crack propagation occurs during the loading phase only. Path independency of J-integral has been clearly demonstrated for both the alloys up to 3000 C employing finite element analysis meshing with 1922 quadrilateral 2D solid elements in ANSYS. Cracks are typically initiated in relation to the level of strain range. A higher strain range initiates cracks due to precipitate shearing, whereas a low strain range initiates cracks with oxidation reactions and carbide diffusion. The values of K1C and crack tip opening displacement for these alloys have been calculated based on the experimental data. Moreover, fracture morphology in the loading and unloading sequences near the crack tip has been analyzed by SEM.


Three trials were conducted to assess the influence of the barley silage particles as a source of effective fiber in total mixed rations for ruminants. Trial one determined the effective fiber characteristics of barley silage at different theoretical cut length; short barley silage (SBS) = 4.68 mm and long barley silage (LBS) = 18.75 mm in a replicated switch back design using six steers fitted with rumen fistulae to measure rumen fermentation patterns, kinetics, digestibility of cell wall constituents. In the second trial, four steers fitted with rumen fistulae in a 4 x 4 Latin square design were used to study the effect of barley silage particle size and concentrate level on the above variables. The third trial used eight multiparous lactating dairy cows in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin squire design to determined the effect of barley silage particle size and concentrate level on eating behavior, milk production and composition. In the first trial, feeding SBS increased DMI and total tract digestibility of DM,NDF and ADF compared with LBS. Mean ruminal pH was lower for steers fed SBS than those fed LBS but pH range was higher (P < 0.05) for SBS compared to LBS (0.36 vs 0.13 units respectively. Saliva production was 28.2% higher for LBS diets. Feeding SBS reduced rumen mean retention time but increased particulate passage rate. Interaction between particle size and time showed total VFA were higher for SBS diets 4 h post feeding while molar proportion of acetate and acetate: propionate ratio were reduced at the same time. It is concluded that reduced barley silage particle size can influence the quantity and nature of digestive end products by altering chemical and physical conditions in the rumen and rate of onset rumen fermentation. In the second study, feeding SBS at high concentrate rather than LBS diets reduced the molar proportion of acetate but increased the molar proportion of propionate. The daily means of rumen pH and ammonia concentration were lower for diets with 80% concentrate but not for the 50% concentrate diets. The passage rates for particulate matter and the retention time were decreased when SBS diets were fed. SBS diets reduced total digestibility of DM, CP, and NDF (65.5 vs 68.5, 66.5 vs 73.4 and 39.4 vs 45.9; P < 0.05) respectively. These results suggest that long particle size of the silage can promote higher rumen pH, reduced particulate passage thereby modifying rumen environment to favor optimum nutrient utilization when high concentrate diets. Results of the third trial showed that increasing silage particle size of the forage did not affect DMI. The 3.5 FCM and fat yields trended higher for increased particle size. Percent milk protein was higher for short particle size. Increasing concentrate levels in the diets increased proportions of milk protein, lactose but not milk fat. Cows fed SBS spent 90 minutes less per day chewing and ruminating as compared to those on long silage. Total chewing activity per kg forage intake was higher for…


The field of forensic psychology explores the intersection of psychology and the law. The purpose of this book is to examine topics in the field using the powerful, multidisciplinary, conceptually integrated approach that the natural sciences have embraced for decades with great success. Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is the meta-theoretical framework that unifies the field of biology. It unites research and understanding of the development, control, and organization of behavior. The study of humans, which includes all of the social sciences, is part of the field of biology. Darwin's theory provides a powerful meta-theoretical framework that can unify and energize forensic psychology, just as it has the biological sciences. Evolutionary processes undoubtedly shaped physiological characteristics to help solve problems of survival and reproduction. The lungs, for example, with their vast surface area and moist membranes are marvelous adaptions for extracting oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide. Natural selection is the only known process capable of shaping complex functional mechanisms. Just as it shaped physiological adaptations with specific problem-solving functions, it also shaped our thoughts and emotions to guide behaviors toward solving recurrent problems of survival and reproduction. With this logic, we can use knowledge of ancestral problems to guide our understanding of how the mind works. Evolutionary Forensic Psychology is a necessary step toward a unified and complete understanding of psychology and the law. It recognizes that crimes such as murder, non-lethal violence, rape, and theft are manifestations of evolutionarily recurrent selection when they gave individuals an advantage in competition for resources. Each of the chapters that comprise this volume has been selected to provide the first unified examination of important research contributions and future directions of Evolutionary Forensic Psychology.


Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be split along two distinct lines. The first touches on the nature of corporate personality and is rooted in domestic law regulating enterprises specifically and legal persons generally. The second touches on the nature of the rights of individuals and is rooted in international law (and sometimes domestic constitutional law) defining the scope of the human rights of individuals and the consequential obligations of states and legal persons. Both conversations intertwine though they tend to operate autonomously. In both cases, however, the traditional focus of corporate responsibility has focused on the relationship between an operating company and its direct effects on individuals, society and the environment. But increasing attention has been paid to indirect compliance through private intermediaries—the financial institutions which provide operating capital to enterprises. This article considers the corporate social responsibilities of financial institutions, including sovereign wealth funds, for the conduct of their borrowers. The focus will be the extent of any duty or responsibility of lenders to ensure that their borrowers comply with CSR obligations (or alternatively conforms to international human rights standards) as a core aspect of their own CSR obligations (or alternatively of their responsibility to respect human rights). Section II examines the general regulatory framework. There are two aspects that are relevant. The first is to understand the scope and character of the legal norms that may be applied to enterprises generally with respect to their operations that might be understood as CSR-human rights related in nature. The second is to consider the range of non-legal normative governance rules that might apply. In the process it will be important to distinguish between a CSR based regulatory approach and a human rights based approach. Section III considers the application of these norms to financial institutions. This requites distinguishing between those obligations that apply to the internal operations of financial institutions generally, and those obligations that apply to the financial institution's obligations with respect to its lending activities, that is with respect to its relationship with its borrowers. The essay ends with a brief examination of recent cases in which financial institutions undertook such a responsibility, and the ways in which that obligation was undertaken.


Recent years have seen the design and implementation of many optical activatable smart probes. These probes are activatable because they change their optical properties and are smart because they can identify specific targets. This broad class of detection agents has allowed previously unperformed visualizations, facilitating the study of diverse biomolecules including enzymes, nucleic acids, ions and reactive oxygen species. Designed to be robust in an in vivo environment, these probes have been used in tissue culture cells and in live small animals. An emerging class of smart probes has been designed to harness the potency of singlet oxygen generating photosensitizers. Combining the discrimination of activatable agents with the toxicity of photosensitizers represents a new and powerful approach to disease treatment. This review highlights some applications of activatable smart probes with a focus on developments of the past decade.


The passage of the Uruguay Round trade agreement represents a natural opportunity for us to review the policy goals of the US import trade laws, to assess how well current laws achieve those objectives, and to explore possible reforms. We argue that there are a variety of policy concerns that militate for a circumscribed set of import trade statutes. The relevant US laws, however, have largely become divorced from such national welfare considerations and are now too often a mechanism for furtive protectionism. The Uruguay Round effected some (marginal) improvements, but left the fundamental structure of the laws unchanged. We discuss possible reforms in the final selection of the paper.


We address two domains of skill transfer problems encountered by an autonomous robot: within-domain adaptation and cross-domain transfer. Our aim is to provide skill representations which enable transfer in each problem classification. As such, we explore two approaches to skill representation which address each problem classification separately. The first representation, based on mimicking, encodes the full demonstration and is well suited for within-domain adaptation. The second representation is based on imitation and serves to encode a set of key points along the trajectory, which represent the goal points most relevant to the successful completion of the skill. This representation enables both within-domain and cross-domain transfer. A planner is then applied to these constraints, generating a domain-specific trajectory which addresses the transfer task.


Property law — that body of rules which describes and defines relationships between people with respect to things — involves many choices. The choices include determining when it is appropriate and desirable to label something as property or, more accurately, as subject to a relationship between people based in the rules of property law. The choices involve asking questions, including why it is that we create relationships based in property and who should benefit from them. The rules of property law are notoriously difficult and complex, and they frequently appear disjointed and unconnected, but they are not arbitrary. They are based on choices, sometimes made explicitly, other times implicitly, about what is important.One of our principal goals in this collection of property law materials is to emphasize that the making of choices is a necessary, although commonly under-acknowledged, element in creating a regime of property law. We have made a choice to highlight what Margaret Davies has described as ''asking the why question". This involves using materials that prompt not only an investigation of the rules of property law but also the justifications for those rules.Another choice we have made in compiling this material is to highlight the disparate sources of property law. Excerpts from the decisions of common law courts dominate the page count, and learning to derive the principles and the rules from these decisions is a core element in a common law legal education, but there is much else besides. We have chosen to emphasize Indigenous legal traditions as one of the sources of Canadian property law alongside the civil law tradition in Quebec and the common law tradition (including principles of equity) in the rest of the country. This presents challenges, not the least because the concept or category of property, as it has developed in western legal traditions, sits uneasily with many Indigenous legal traditions. But it is also a useful reminder that the rules governing human relationships with respect to things are not only jurisdictionally, but also culturally and historically specific.The law of property is also to be found in a great diversity of legislative instruments, ranging from city by-laws, through provincial and federal statutes and regulations, to international agreements. These sources are scattered throughout the volume, but using them presents other challenges. Within the Canadian federation, property is primarily a matter of provincial jurisdiction, and the diversity of property regimes among the provinces limits our capacity to delve into the particular statutory framework of any one jurisdiction when producing a set of materials that is relevant across Canadian common law jurisdictions. As a result, we include examples from different jurisdictions and leave it to course instructors to add as much or as little of what is particular to their jurisdictions as they think desirable.


In 1970 the Haringvliet estuary of the rivers Rhine and Meuse was closed off from the sea by a dam with outlet sluices to protect the land from storms at sea. This resulted in (he creation of a freshwater lake, suitable for agricultural water supply and drinking water. However, the change of an open estuary into a semi-stagnant lake had many negative ecological effects: loss of natural habitats, bank erosion, accumulation of polluted sediments and the disappearance of a natural transition zone between the estuary and the sea. Hence many characteristic species disappeared. In the 1980s public demand for nature in the Netherlands grew and agricultural importance declined. The ecological degradation was more and more recognized as a problem. In 1988 the government decided to investigate whether it was possible to change the management of the Haringvliet sluices. The conclusion was that alternative management, can lead to a major rehabilitation of the Rhine-Meuse estuary since natural processes will return. In 1998, the government decided to strive for an alternative management regime. The first step will be to put the 'sluices ajar' in 2008. This article gives an overview of questions arisen and learning points encountered while implementing the alternative management of the Haringvliet sluices.


Introduction. Part I: Illuminating Silverlight. Chapter 1: Adding Silverlight to Your Web Development Toolkit. Chapter 2: Getting Started in Silverlight. Chapter 3: Enhancing the User Interface. Part II: Managing Your Silverlight Controls. Chapter 4: Working with Controls for UI Interactions. Chapter 5: Laying Out Controls. Chapter 6: Styling and Skinning Controls. Chapter 7: Creating Your Own Controls. Chapter 8: Creating Animations in Silverlight. Chapter 9: Updating Data the Easy Way with Data Binding. Part III: Connecting with Data. Chapter 10: Accessing Data in Silverlight. Chapter 11: Using WCF Data Services to Store and Manage Data. Chapter 12: Using WCF RIA Services in Silverlight. Chapter 13: Accessing Data with WCF RIA Services. Part IV: The Part of Tens. Chapter 14: Ten Cool Controls for Collecting and Displaying Data. Chapter 15: Ten Ways to Get More Out of Silverlight. Chapter 16: Ten Handy Tips for Writing Silverlight Applications. Index.


One of the interesting aspects of language studies is grammatical tense. In Iran, traditional grammarians have often classified tense into past, present, and future. Today, linguists have challenged such classifications by suggesting new ideas. In this regard, the present study, by using a descriptive-analytic method, and based on traditional models of tense, compares tense in the English and Persian translations of Surah Yusuf (from Holy Quran). Having identified the verbs in the text of Surah Yusuf (Joseph), the study analyzes their tense, and then compares the four Persian and English translations. The study reveals significant findings including the ideology of the translator, number of each subcategory of tense and their relationships with the text of Quran.


International law does not provide an adequate enforcement mechanism against illegal whaling. The Japanese government claims that its whaling practice falls within the scientific research exception of an international moratorium on commercial whaling. Despite an International Court of Justice ruling finding that its practice does not fall within this exception, Japan has continued to kill thousands of whales each year with no effective opposition. The area in which this whaling occurs, however, falls outside the jurisdiction of any nation. Although the United Nations Security Council has the authority to act, the delicate nature of international diplomacy effectively ties its members' hands on this matter. To fill this void, the International Whaling Commission should amend the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling to include a provision allowing for enforcement of the moratorium by approved non-governmental organizations. Should this amendment pass, the needless slaughter of thousands of whales each year could be prevented.


Since Hippocrates, case reports have provided a rich resource for teaching and research in medicine. Case reports are published by many prominent journals—with more than 170,000 case reports are indexed in MEDLINE from 1996 till today, and a number of narrative guidelines for the preparation of case reports have appeared in the medical literature. To facilitate the preparation of case reports, we reviewed the existing guidelines and a random sampling of published case reports and created a fill-in-the-blanks worksheet for dentists, and dental specialists to use to capture unique scientific observations. Although originally developed to assist family practice residents to write case reports, the case report worksheet can be used by physicians in any practice setting and any discipline to collect and report interesting, unusual, or newsworthy cases.


This is a definitive collection of stories from the unrivaled master of twentieth-century horror in a "Penguin Classics" Deluxe edition with cover art by Travis Louie. Frequently imitated and widely influential, Howard Philips Lovecraft reinvented the horror genre in the 1920s, discarding ghosts and witches and instead envisioning mankind as a tiny outpost of dwindling sanity in a chaotic and malevolent universe. S. T. Joshi, Lovecraft's preeminent interpreter, presents a selection of the master's fiction, from the early tales of nightmares and madness such as "The Outsider" to the overpowering cosmic terror of "The Call of Cthulhu". More than just a collection of terrifying tales, this volume reveals the development of Lovecraft's mesmerizing narrative style and establishes him as a canonical- and visionary-American writer.


It is important to have a plan before I begin the Requirements elicitation for my project. This will give me an insight into the elicitation activity. It will help me identify the elicitation techniques I should use and help me identify the ones that are not necessary for my project. This can also help identify other resources that may be useful during the requirements elicitation. The requirements I will be gathering will be for my student accommodation application Room-me. This application is designed for students who have to travel long distances from home to attend college and need accommodation for the year. The app should offer the best prices for students as well as meet some of their requirements such as distance willing to travel, type of home they are looking for, price and wheelchair access etc.

There will always be students attending the variety of colleges around Ireland each year. Many of these people live in rural parts of Ireland and therefore travelling to different counties to attend third level education is necessary. Due to the high demand of young students looking for accommodation and many colleges not having the resources to accommodate all those students in need, many students result in searching independently for accommodation. This can result in many home owners charging the rates that they want. This results in many students having to work long hours to pay for their living space and can have a negative impact on their examination results. The accommodation needs of students can vary some may want their own apartment, some may want just a private room, some may need wheelchair accessible homes however it is important to be realistic and weigh up the costs of these requirements and identifying how necessary they really are. Renting your own apartment is an unrealistic option when attending a college full time therefore the practical option is to stay with a host family or to rent with others in a similar situation.

To understand the business need in more detail, it is important that I conduct a requirements elicitation so I can determine what requirements stakeholders would want from such an application. For example this could include specific information about the guest, information about colleges and information about the hosts.

The concept of Room-me is to provide a service to students who are looking for long term accommodation, hosts who have spare rooms that they are willing to let out and potentially increase the number of students attending colleges. The overall goal is to find students affordable living space that tailors for their needs, give the host the opportunity to earn some extra cash. Room-me will work by both hosts and guest creating a personal profile that gives some basic information about themselves for example name, age, sex, interests, likes and dislikes. The host could have images uploaded of the room/rooms they wish to let out and provide details about the home such as who lives there, family interests and local attractions that are nearby. Students will enter a minimum and maximum amount they are willing to spend, the distance they are willing to travel from the accommodation to their college, the college they are attending and can refine their search based on things such as home type, House rules and accessibility. Students will be able to make contact with hosts through a messaging feature and the two parties can then connect with each other and finalize the living arrangements.


With the rapidly increasing popularity of deep neural networks for image recognition tasks, a parallel interest in generating adversarial examples to attack the trained models has arisen. To date, these approaches have involved either directly computing gradients with respect to the image pixels or directly solving an optimization on the image pixels. We generalize this pursuit in a novel direction: can a separate network be trained to efficiently attack another fully trained network? We demonstrate that it is possible, and that the generated attacks yield startling insights into the weaknesses of the target network. We call such a network an Adversarial Transformation Network (ATN). ATNs transform any input into an adversarial attack on the target network, while being minimally perturbing to the original inputs and the target network's outputs. Further, we show that ATNs are capable of not only causing the target network to make an error, but can be constructed to explicitly control the type of misclassification made. We demonstrate ATNs on both simple MNIST-digit classifiers and state-of-the-art ImageNet classifiers deployed by Google, Inc.: Inception ResNet-v2.


The purpose of this study was to document the field experience of the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) in the use of high-modulus high-binder-content (HMHB) base layer hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Information was gathered with regard to the construction of HMHB base mixtures at three field trial sites in Virginia, and laboratory tests were conducted on samples that were gathered before and during construction. The three locations were the sites of deep rehabilitation or new construction, and HMA base mixtures were used at designed asphalt content, designed asphalt content plus 0.4% additional asphalt, and/or designed asphalt content plus 0.8% additional asphalt. Two of the field trial locations had no construction-related issues; difficulties during compaction occurred at the third. Laboratory testing of materials collected from this location showed the mixture to have a low air void content, a high percentage of voids filled with asphalt, and a binder performance grade that was lower than expected. This was also the only location from which materials were collected for fatigue testing, the results of which did not show a clear relationship between binder content and fatigue life. It is thought that the mixture production and construction issues at this location were site specific and not generally indicative of a larger trend when HMHB mixtures are used. The research showed that HMHB mixtures incorporating 0.4% additional asphalt binder could be successfully constructed but was unable to determine if the same was true of HMHB mixtures incorporating 0.8% additional asphalt binder. Further study may be needed to determine the maximum additional asphalt binder that can be successfully incorporated. Additional studies using repeated-load permanent deformation should be conducted to determine if a cutoff value (or a range) of the flow number can be established to determine optimum performance. This study documented the field and laboratory knowledge gained by VDOT when producing and placing HMHB mixture test sections in an effort to achieve a long-lasting perpetual-type flexible pavement. These designs offer the potential to reduce fatigue cracking by incorporating additional asphalt binder and reducing the void content of the mixture. The use of an adjusted binder grade or RAP to maintain the necessary stiffness for high binder contents should provide the necessary stiffness to minimize the susceptibility for rutting during service. Quantification of the economic benefits of using HMHB mixtures is a future goal that can be realized after longer term study of field performance.


In coded-aperture imaging, a technique useful in nuclear medicine, a coded image of dimensionality one less than that of the object is recorded. It is possible to obtain a crude reconstruction of the object with the use of a form of correlation decoding of the coded image, but to date these methods have been unsatisfactory. We present an iterative reconstruction algorithm that makes use of a priori knowledge of object border and object postivity. Reconstructions obtained in simulations are consistent with the constraints and coded image and are surprisingly accurate in light of the extensive information loss involved in the image-formation process.


Through gradients of inhibitors, fly spermatids control caspase activation to promote differentiation without death. During the maturation process, spermatids must eliminate most of their cytoplasm to become small, highly motile sperm with their characteristic small DNA-packed "head" and "tail" for swimming. In fruit flies, caspases contribute to the elimination of the cytoplasm in a process called individualization, which begins in the head and ends with the elimination of the cytoplasmic contents into a "waste bag" from the tail end. Kaplan et al. identified Scotti (abbreviated soti), in a yeast two-hybrid screen for partners of the adaptor Klhl10, which is part of the E3 ligase complex required for individualization, and confirmed this interaction by coimmunoprecipitation from transfected S2 cells. Spermatids from soti-null mutant flies failed to mature, and immunostaining for active caspase showed that the abundance of activated caspase was abnormally high and that the developing spermatids failed to generate waste bags. In flies double homozygous for soti and cullin3 (cul3) or klhl10, caspase activation and sperm individualization failed to occur, suggesting that Soti acts upstream of the E3 ligase. Experiments with soti-null and cul3 hypomorphic flies suggested that Soti may inhibit the E3 ligase, a hypothesis confirmed by introducing various combinations of a soti transgene, a klhl10 transgene, and a cul3 transgene into fly eyes and examining ommatidial disorganization: Cul3 enhanced the disruption caused by Klhl10, whereas Soti suppressed it. Immunostaining revealed that active caspases were most abundant in spermatids in the later stages of individualization and showed a gradient, with highest amounts in the spermatid head region and lowest in the tail region. In contrast, the distribution of Soti was opposite (highest in the tail and lowest in the head), and its abundance was higher at an earlier stage. This temporal difference in the abundance of Soti and active caspases led the authors to investigate whether Soti affected the abundance and distribution of Bruce, an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP), lack of which causes male sterility in genetically deficient flies. Cotransfection of Klhl10 destabilized Bruce peptides in transfected S2 cells, an effect reversed by Soti. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments suggested that Soti and Bruce may compete for binding to Klhl10. Immunostaining in developing spermatids showed that Bruce accumulated in the tail regions and extended in a gradient toward the head at the time when Soti abundance was declining and individualization was commencing. Bruce abundance was reduced in flies with klhl10 or cul3 deficiency and was increased and concentrated in the tail regions of soti-deficient flies. The authors propose that the decrease in the abundance of the gradient-distributed Soti allows Cul3-mediated Bruce ubiquitylation, which redirects its distribution rather than stimulates its degradation, and thus limits caspase activation to promote maturation instead of apoptosis. Y. Kaplan, L. Gibbs-Bar, Y. Kalifa, Y. Feinstein-Rotkopf, E. Arama, Gradients of a ubiquitin E3 ligase inhibitor and a caspase inhibitor determine differentiation or death in spermatids. Dev. Cell 19, 160–173 (2010). [PubMed]


Las Vegas, Nevada, is one of the country's most rapidly growing cities. To accommodate this growth, a great deal of home building takes place in Clark County, where the city is located. Builders can sell virtually as many houses as they can construct. All of these houses require utility services that, in general, have to be developed. These, of course, include water, electrical power and natural gas. With the high cooling loads required in this environment, the summer demand peaks for electricity are particularly severe. The emphasis of this paper was placed on the energy conservation methods for a planned zero energy residential home for the Southern Nevada area, which would enable net zero electric energy consumption from the local utilities over a year period. Although also important, the cost outcome of the project was considered a secondary issue. The energy analysis was arranged in three principal parts: • Reduction of heating and cooling loads through implementation of sound envelope construction. • Use of highly energy efficient A/C, gas furnace, and lights. • Solar control and utilization. The computer simulation package Energy 10 version 1.6 is employed during the envelope, A/C, furnace and energy-efficient light analysis. The software allows modeling and simulating of a buildings performance based on inputs such as geographical location, building type, orientation, construction materials used and others. The model selected for this study is reflective of the local construction practices, is a single-family one story, 1,610 ft residential house with north facing facade and an attached two-car garage, which in this paper is called the "Base Case". As a result of the energy analysis performed in this paper, the low-energy house (Modified Case) was created. The Modified Case has the identical orientation and floor plan. Implementation of the full spectrum of energy conserving features yielded a dramatic 105% saving on the annual electrical energy consumption by the Modified Case house when compared to the house built according to the local practices. In addition, the space heating and space cooling energy consumptions were reduced by 96% and 72% respectively. Details of the simulations and the final design details are given in the paper.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


Why is there still so much dissatisfaction with the role of special interest groups in financing American election campaigns, even though no aspect of interest group politics has been so thoroughly regu-lated and constrained? This book argues that part of the answer lies in the laws themselves, which prevent many hard-to-organize citizen groups from forming effective political action committees (PACs), while actually helping business groups organize PACs.Thomas L. Gais points out that many laws that regulate group involvement in elections ignore the real difficulties of political mobilization, and he concludes that PACs and the campaign finance laws reflect a fundamental discrepancy between grassroots ideals and the ways in which broadly based groups actually get organized.." . . . of fundamental scholarly and practical importance. The implications for 'reform' are controversial, flatly contradicting other recent reform proposals . . . . I fully expect that "Improper Influence" will be one of the most significant books on campaign finance to be published in the 1990s." --Michael Munger, "Public Choice""It is rare to find a book that affords a truly fresh perspective on the role of special interest groups in the financing of U.S. elections. It is also uncommon to find a theoretically rigorous essay confronting a topic usually grounded in empirical terms. . . . "Improper Influence" scores high on both counts and deserves close attention from students of collective action, campaign finance law, and the U.S. political process more generally." --"American Political Science Review"Thomas L. Gais is Senior Fellow, The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government, State University of New York.


The psychological and physical well-being of students is a cause for concern. For the majority of the student population this means substantial changes in healthy behaviours including eating habits. The current research was aimed at investigating integrative eating in 170 Australian university students. Self-awareness and health locus of control were measured in order to assess their relative impact on positive integrative eating practices. The self-report measures included Your Personal Eating Style Profile, Forms A and B of the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, and the Situational Self-Awareness Scale. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses provided tentative support for the hypothesis that an internal locus of control is a significant predictor of integrative eating total, as opposed to beliefs in powerful others and chance, which were not found to be significant. Private selfawareness was found to be a significant predictor of integrative eating total, after controlling for age, gender, social desirability and health locus of control. An unexpected finding was that awareness of surroundings was also found to be a significant predictor of positive integrative eating. No significant interaction was identified between self-reported private self-awareness and self-reported internal locus of control. Methodological implications of the current investigation and suggestions for future research are discussed.


Realizing sustainable development has become a global priority. This holds, in particular, for agriculture. Recently, the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the Nineteenth National People's Congress has delivered a national strategy for sustainable development in China-realizing green development. The overall objective of Agriculture Green Development (AGD) is to coordinate "green" with "development" to realize the transformation of current agriculture with high resource consumption and high environmental costs into a green agriculture and countryside with high productivity, high resource use efficiency and low environmental impact. This is a formidable task, requiring joint efforts of government, farmers, industry, educators and researchers. The innovative concept for AGD will focus on reconstructing the whole crop-animal production and food production-consumption system, with the emphasis on high thresholds for environmental standards and food quality as well as enhanced human well-being. This paper addresses the significance, challenges, framework, pathways and potential solutions for realizing AGD in China, and highlights the potential changes that will lead to a more sustainable agriculture in the future. Proposals include interdisciplinary innovations, whole food chain improvement and regional solutions. The implementation of AGD in China will provide important implications for the countries in developmental transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.


We study compactifications of subvarieties of algebraic tori using methods from the still developing subject of tropical geometry. Associated to each ``tropical" compactification is a polyhedral object called a tropical fan. Techniques developed by Hacking, Keel, and Tevelev relate the polyhedral geometry of the tropical variety to the algebraic geometry of the compactification. We compare these constructions to similar classical constructions. The main results of this thesis involve the application of methods from logarithmic geometry in the sense of Iitaka \cite{iitaka} to these compactifications. We derive a precise formula for the log Kodaira dimension and log irregularity in terms of polyhedral geometry. We then develop a geometrically motivated theory of tropical morphisms and discuss the induced map on tropical fans. Tropical fans with similar structure in this sense are studied, and we show that certain natural operations on a tropical fan correspond to log flops in the sense of birational geometry. These log flops are then studied via the theory of secondary polytopes developed by Gelfand, Kapranov, and Zelevinsky to obtain polyhedral analogues of some results from logarithmic Mori theory. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Mathematics First Advisor Antonella Grassi


Single-strand breaks (SSBs) are one of the most common types of lesion arising within cells; formed by attack of genotoxic agents on the DNA, as well as enzymatically during normal cellular processes. Although the single-strand break repair (SSBR) pathway is relatively well characterised, and many components have been extensively studied in vitro, little is known of how this pathway operates in vivo when DNA is complexed with histone proteins to form chromatin. This compaction of the DNA into nucleosomal structures has the potential to inhibit repair, by sterically blocking access of repair factors to sites of DNA damage. Whilst previous studies have shown that repair of DNA double-strand breaks and UV-induced lesions are associated with alterations in chromatin structure, through covalent modification of histone proteins and nucleosome remodeling, few similar observations have been made concerning SSBR.

Here, I have produced and employed mammalian cell lines stably expressing fluorescently-tagged histone proteins to analyse the dynamics of chromatin occurring upon DNA damage. Localised damage was introduced using micro-irradiation with a UV-A laser, and the histone proteins at the site of damage visualized in real-time using confocal microscopy. Through this method, I have identified a rearrangement of chromatin structure in the vicinity of DNA strand breaks in mammalian cells, resulting in a mobilization of histone proteins at the site of damage. Furthermore, I have shown that this alteration is partially dependent on the activities of both the SSBR factor poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-like kinase (PIKK) Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM). I have examined a potential requirement for ATM in SSBR, and found no evidence of this, suggesting that the effects of PARP-1 and ATM on histone mobilization are reflective of the independent contributions of repair of single- and double-strand breaks respectively.


In recent years the United States has witnessed a vast increase in migration of Hispanics into the country. Projections from the U.S. Census Bureau (2008) indicate over the next several decades there will be an unprecedented increase in the Latino population. Due to large influxes in prominent geographical locations, many immigrant cultural beliefs have been preserved, as well as many poor problem-solving abilities. The negative choices made by male Hispanic adolescents have resulted in an increase in incarcerations and aftercare program placements. The intent of this study was to gain insights regarding the perceptions of Hispanic adolescents who have demonstrated recidivist behavioral patterns. A gap is evident in the existing research exploring the affective, social, and educational factors that may contribute to resiliency, particularly among Hispanic adolescents (Sickmund, Sladyky, Kang, & Puzzanchera, 2008). While data on aftercare program models indicate some effectiveness based on long and short term recidivism rates among program participants, Rodriguez concluded that further studies are needed to research how "gender, race, ethnicity, and culture affect restorative justice procedures and outcomes" (Rodriquez, 2007, p. 374). The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to explore the barriers that urban, male Hispanic adolescents face and the interventions that may contribute to their behaviors. Participants (N = 10) were purposefully selected (Creswell, 2009) based on the following criteria: 1) Latino males between 18 and 23; 2) U.S. residents for no less than five years; 3) history of recidivist behaviors leading to incarceration; and 4) demonstration of a minimal pattern of two years of resilient behavior. The researcher employed a self-generated demographic questionnaire, a semi-structured interview protocol, and a group moderator's guide in order to obtain data (Gall et al., 2007). Interviewing of participants continued until data saturation was achieved. Topics, patterns, and themes were analyzed using the long table approach (Krueger & Casey, 2000). A significant finding from this study is the influence of fear, which can transform itself into positive and negative influences. Findings were reported in a narrative summary (Creswell, 2009; Lincoln & Guba, 1985). Information obtained can be shared with educational leaders, program directors, and other stakeholders in order to help construct individual plans that would aid in the redirection of Hispanic adolescents' choices and lives.


The performance of an imaging technique relying on the spatial correlation of laser-speckle intensity measurements is evaluated on the basis of theoretical analysis, computer simulation, and laboratory results. A theoretical expression for the signal-to-noise ratio of the recovered imaging target's power spectrum is used to estimate the imaging performance expected in the computer simulation and laboratory experiment. Power-spectrum estimates for an imaging target, obtained both in the laboratory and through simulation, are compared with the theoretical results and with the true spectrum of the target. Images recovered from the simulation data and the laboratory data are also compared. Our results suggest that the signal-to-noise ratio expression provides an accurate means for estimating the recoverable frequency content of a simple target.


Mild reading difficulties are a pervasive symptom in aphasia, but are little researched. Eye tracking research with neurologically healthy participants has demonstrated that reading is influenced by a number of information sources that are related to our experience with language. Two of these sources of influence, frequency and context, demonstrate that more probable words and structures are processed more quickly than those that are less probable. However, not much is known about probabilistic influences on the reading of people with aphasia at the sentence level.

Two eye tracking experiments were conducted to establish whether or not frequency and context influence reading for people with aphasia in a way that is parallel to that of neurologically healthy participants. The first experiment examined the influence of word frequency and context on visual word recognition at the sentence level. The second experiment examined the influence of argument structure frequency on the reading of temporarily ambiguous sentences. Specifically, target sentences appeared after a context that cued a specific verb meaning and probabilistically associated argument structure. The target sentence was either consistent with or at odds with that context.

The analysis of eye movements from both experiments revealed that people with aphasia have prolonged fixation durations and an increased proportion of regressions (backward fixations), indicative of their reading difficulties. Results from the first experiment demonstrated large effects of word frequency and context on both first pass and second pass eye movement measures by both groups. This suggests that frequency and context are related to both early and late processing stages of reading. However, differences were found between groups in a later processing stage where the aphasia group relied more on the context (top-down processing support) than the control group. The second experiment revealed that participants from both groups were sensitive to argument structure frequency when they read sentences that were temporarily ambiguous. Context cues facilitated the access of verb meaning and probabilistically associated argument structure, even though the individuals with aphasia showed delayed reading patterns. The context effect was found for both first pass and second pass eye movement measures, and was particularly strong for total fixation durations, which indicate re-reading behaviour.

Overall, the outcome suggests the importance of considering multiple factors in sentence reading. Reading and sentence decoding by neurologically healthy individuals as well as individuals with aphasia are not only influenced by syntactic factors, but are also sensitive to factors relating to our language exposure. Results from the aphasia group are consistent with constraint-based theories of sentence comprehension and with slowed or reduced processing accounts.


Background: Despite improvements in the design and manufacturing of the components used in total knee arthroplasty, wear of the polyethylene bearing remains a potential source of failure. One theoretical advantage of modular tibial implants is that, when the components are well fixed, patients with wear or instability of the tibial insert can be treated with isolated polyethylene exchange. The aim of this study was to assess the results of isolated tibial insert exchange during revision surgery in a relatively large, consecutive group of patients. Methods: From 1985 through 1997, we performed fifty-six isolated tibial insert exchanges in fifty-five patients (twenty-nine men [one man had bilateral revision] and twenty-six women; mean age, sixty-six years) primarily because of wear or instability. Patients with loosening of any of the components, a history of infection, severe stiffness of the knee, recognized malposition of any component, or problems with the extensor mechanism were excluded. Twelve knees had had one, two, or three prior revisions. The duration of follow-up averaged 8.3 years (range, 1.6 to 16.2 years) after the index arthroplasty and 4.6 years (range, two to fourteen years) after the revision. Results: The mean Knee Society knee and function scores improved from 56 and 50.9 points prior to the revision to 76 and 59 points at the time of final follopcow-up. Fourteen (25%) of the fifty-six knees subsequently required rerevision at a mean of only three years (range, 0.5 to 6.8 years) after the tibial insert exchange. The cumulative survival rate at 5.5 years was 63.5% (95% confidence interval, 14.4%, with nineteen patients remaining at risk). Of the twenty-seven knees with preoperative instability, eight were rerevised and another four were considered failures because of severe pain. Of the twenty-four knees that were treated with the index revision because of wear of the insert, five were rerevised. In addition, one extremity in this group was amputated above the knee as a result of chronic osteomyelitis of the ankle concomitant with chronic pain at the site of the total knee arthroplasty and another two inserts were considered failures because of severe pain. Conclusions: Isolated tibial insert exchange led to a surprisingly high rate of early failure. Tibial insert exchange as an isolated method of total knee revision should therefore be undertaken with caution even in circumstances for which the modular insert was designed and believed to be of greatest value.


The central focus of this thesis is the early-eighteenth century consumer in south Westmorland, and his possessions and acquisitions. It is based on a family case study of the Brownes, a yeoman family of Troutbeck, a scattered township situated in south Westmorland. Benjamin Browne (1664-1748) is central, because he amassed a wealth of documentation which allows extraordinary insights into his life and that of his family and neighbours during the early-eighteenth century. Unusually, Townend, the family's home for over four hundred years, and much of the furniture inside, has survived too.
Debates surrounding consumer behaviour and material culture have focused upon fmding the first recorded appearance of certain new items across regions of the country, in probate inventories. It is now clear that understanding consumer behaviour involves more than counting the goods held at death, with lifecycle and regional influences playing a crucial part. Using these documents, the house and the extant possessions, we gain a more complete picture of the consumer, understanding behaviour in relation to life, not as an abstract activity as it is so often portrayed.
Consumption emerges as the result of an assembly of strategies: new, second-hand, vernacular, metropolitan, investment, inheritance, ownership and use-rights. These strategies were affected by externally defmed influences with a distinct regional flavour, including budget, opportunity, market-location, life-cycle, inheritance customs and tenancy. This led to community 'norms' of function, taste and status, and we see that consumption was not about the single purchases of individual people, but about social context.


We report on the effect of a new laser annealing treatment for thin film CdTe solar cells using a 808 nm diode laser. As-deposited, laser annealed and MgCl2 treated/laser annealed CdTe thin films have been analysed. One part of the work has been focused on understanding the efficacy of the activation treatment by laser annealing. The results show partial chlorine diffusion and associated partial re-crystallisation of the absorber. The second part of this work has been focused on the effect of the treatment on the chemical composition of the CdTe surface. It has been found that the process also contributes to the formation of a Te-rich layer on the surface of the CdTe absorber, which may provide a useful process to produce a back contact. This paper reveals the effect of the laser treatment on the microstructural properties of the CdTe absorber material. The microstructure has been analysed using STEM/EDX, HRTEM and XRD. Further work is required to optimise the process but it has the potential to provide much greater control than current activation methods and also to provide a Te back contact suitable for CdTe solar cells.


The evolutionarily conserved protein kinase C (PKC) pathway plays an important role in vertebrate immunity, but its role in regulating defence processes in molluscs is poorly understood. Innate defence in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis, intermediate host of the avian schistosome Trichobilharzia ocellata, is largely assured by macrophage-like cells called haemocytes. Protein kinase C-like proteins were identified in L. stagnalis haemocytes using western blotting with phosphospecific anti¬PKC antibodies; the proteins appeared most similar to PKCa. and had an approximate molecular weight of 85 kDa. The phosphorylation (activation) of PKC increased over S¬lO minutes in response to the glucan-based compounds laminarin and zymosan, the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and a PKC activator phorbol 12- myristate 13-acetate (PMA), with a 3.S-fold increase observed following challenge with laminarin. Activation of PKC was also shown by immunocytochemistry, and confocal microscopy revealed possible localisation of phosphorylated PKC to the plasma membrane following laminarin challenge. Pharmacological inhibitors of PKC reduced the phosphorylation of extra extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and mitogen-activated proteinlERK kinase (MEK) in laminarin-challenged haemocytes demonstrating that the ERK pathway is a downstream target of PKC in these cells. Moreover, inhibitor experiments revealed phospholipase C (PLC), but not phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3-K), to be upstream regulators of PKC in laminarin¬challenged haemocytes. The effects of the schistosome epitopes Lewis X and Lac-di¬Nac on haemocyte PKC phosphorylation were also investigated in presence of haemolymph; however, these compounds did not alter the phosphorylation status of PKC-like proteins over 30 minutes. Finally, two haemocyte defence functions were found to be partially PKC-dependent: the production of the reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) hydrogen peroxide (H202), and cell spreading. Whereas challenge of haemocytes with laminarin resulted in a 9.S-fold increase in H202 output by haemocytes, inhibition of PKC reduced this response by up to 65 %; cell spreading
was also reduced by up to 64 %. Moreover, the tyrosine kinase Src was found to play a role in haemocyte spreading; this effect could be mediated by a focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-dependent pathway. In conclusion, this study broadens our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating innate defence in snails. The results should facilitate further research on molluscan immunity that could be of value in advancing our understanding of snail-schistosomes interactions.


Previous work showed that ctenophore larvae swim backwards in high-KCl seawater, due to a 180 degrees reversal in the direction of effective stroke of their ciliary comb plates (Tamm, S. L., and S. Tamm, 1981, J. Cell Biol., 89: 495-509). Ion substitution and blocking experiments indicated that this response is Ca2+ dependent, but comb plate cells are innervated and presumably under nervous control. To determine whether Ca2+ is directly involved in activating the ciliary reversal mechanism and/or is required for synaptic triggering of the response, we (a) determined the effects of ionophore A23187 and Ca2+ on the beat direction of isolated nerve-free comb plates dissociated from larvae by hypotonic, divalent cation-free medium, and (b) used permeabilized ATP- reactivated models of comb plates to test motile responses to known concentrations of free Ca2+. We found that 5 microM A23187 and 10 mM Ca2+ induced dissociated comb plate cells to beat in the reverse direction and to swim counterclockwise in circular paths instead of in the normal clockwise direction. Detergent/glycerol-extracted comb plates beat actively in the presence of ATP, and reactivation was reversibly inhibited by micromolar concentrations of vanadate. Free Ca2+ concentrations greater than 10(-6)M caused reversal in direction of the effective stroke but no significant increase in beat frequency. These results show that ciliary reversal in ctenophores, like that in protozoa, is activated by an increase in intracellular free Ca2+ ions. This allows the unique experimental advantages of ctenophore comb plate cilia to be used for future studies on the site and mechanism of action of Ca2+ in the regulation of ciliary motion.


The South American region has experienced a steady increase in its demand for electricity and faces several challenges in the development of the electricity sector. Among them, high fluctuations in hydro generation, high and volatile prices of fossil fuels, and environmental and social impacts associated to energy activities. Strengthening cooperation for cross-border electricity trade is considered a sustainable alternative for addressing these challenges. For the expansion of electricity trade among countries within the region, both infrastructure and a regulation that defines the conditions of the electric power exchanges between countries are required. A good regulatory framework would allow all market players to have access to the commercialization of energy with other countries in the region, guarantee that the treatment of exchanges is non-discriminatory, and maintain the efficiency, cost effectiveness and security characteristics operation of all electricity systems. In this context, this paper proposes a regulatory model setting conditions for the import and export of energy from the "surplus" available for exchange. The empirical analysis of the regulatory proposal, based on simulations, shows that the exchange of energy from Chile with its neighboring countries is feasible in a clear and transparent manner, reducing the marginal costs of energy and the total cost of operation, keeping the average cost of generation relatively constant.


The abundance of modern literature dealing with the topic of war makes it incumbent upon the writer of this article to limit the scope of his undertaking. The innumerable angles of discussion include the religious, political, sociological, scientific, psychological and literary aspects, to name but a few. Such encyclopedic ramification of the topic in question cannot possibly be envisaged within the confines of the present analysis. Our interest will be focused on the literary as well as the psychological implications of the problem that have affected he lives of millions of people from time immemorial. Having used the term "people", however, we find ourselves in an apparent dilemma from the very start, for it would be rather presumptuous to deal with the topic of war in terms of collective experience. While the trauma of war constitutes in actuality visitations on the body of the people as a collective, it is only through the mouth of the suffering individual that such experiences are transmitted and become vociferous. Thus, the topic under discussion constitutes an attempt at circumscribing the motivational factors that contribute to the understanding of individual reaction within a setting of violence and upheaval such as war. The question whether the orgy of self-renunciation transcends the limited scope of the individuals discussed in this paper may be answered in the affirmative. The dark, or psychological side of each person is not only his shadow but that of the entire human race which assumes individual form in him. Erich Neumann states: "My shadow is part and exponent of the shadow of mankind in general...and as I accept it myself. I accept with it also that part of mankind that is in terms of my shadow my `next'." (1) It is therefore the aim of this paper to search the human psyche and elucidate its traumata in actual combat situation. Three works have been singled out to depict the topic of self-renunciation or self--abandonment on the part of the individual facing his hour of destiny. In order to widen the scope of this analysis somewhat, and to allow for a more generous discussion, the three representatives in question have been chosen from English, French and German literatures respectively. The reason for this choice lies not only in the fact that each of the dramatis personae carries with him the syndrome of his very own psychic disposition, but as representatives of their different backgrounds and cultures they are simultaneously also members of the human family at large. Thus, the elements of separation prevalent in and characteristic of the setting of the setting of war are the selfsame elements that unite them as well. The works under discussion here are: Richard Aldington's Roads to Glory; Victor Hugo's Quatrevingt-treize, and Heinrich Boll's Wo warst Du Adam? In all three works our attention will be focused on the differences that separate the individual participants in their respective rationalization of self-renunciation, as well as on the factors they have in common beyond their ethnic separation. I do not purport to furnish an answer to the problem of war on the basis of the forthcoming analysis. I am dealing merely with the phenomelogical aspect as reflected in the individual psyche rather than with conjectures of a philosophical nature. The prospects for the immediate future do not give rise to optimism. The old Roman slogan: "si vis pacem, para bellum" (if you desire peace, prepare for war), is still as deceptively actual today as it has ever been. In his remarkable contribution The Betrayal of the Intellectuals, Julien Benda concludes that man's grandiose control over matter must consequently lead to mankind's consciousness of its power. The implication is in no way cryptic, and Benda's statement: "history will smile to think that this is the species for which Socrates and Jesus Christ died," (2) does not allow for too complacent an outlook into the future. PROFANE AND SACRED TIME For the sake of understanding the extraordinary circumstances prevailing on the battle--field, it is apt to introduce two terms that have a bearing on the individual in peace as well as war. …


In this study, the effect of real exchange rate on bilateral trade balance
 between Turkey and its 25 main trade partners is investigated for the period
 of 1996 - 2015 with heterogeneous panel data techniques. Trade balance model
 is estimated by using Mean Group (MG) estimator, which allows parameter
 heterogeneity, Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG), and Augmented
 Mean Group (AMG) estimators, which both allow cross-section dependency and
 heterogeneity. Results indicate that the real exchange rate elasticity of
 the trade balance ranges between -0.40 and -0.45 and Marshall-Lerner (ML)
 condition is valid for Turkey. According to the results, the foreign income
 elasticity of trade balance ranges between 1.54 and 2.84, while for domestic
 income elasticity, it is found between -0.75 and -1.38. Country-specific
 results show that ML condition is valid for the USA, Belgium, Spain,
 Switzerland, Romania, and Russia at the bilateral level according to both
 CCEMG and AMG estimators.


Conventional survival analysis approaches estimate risk scores or individualized time-to-event distributions conditioned on covariates. In practice, there is often great population-level phenotypic heterogeneity, resulting from (unknown) subpopulations with diverse risk profiles or survival distributions. As a result, there is an unmet need in survival analysis for identifying subpopulations with distinct risk profiles, while jointly accounting for accurate individualized time-to-event predictions. An approach that addresses this need is likely to improve the characterization of individual outcomes by leveraging regularities in subpopulations, thus accounting for population-level heterogeneity. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian nonparametrics approach that represents observations (subjects) in a clustered latent space, and encourages accurate time-to-event predictions and clusters (subpopulations) with distinct risk profiles. Experiments on real-world datasets show consistent improvements in predictive performance and interpretability relative to existing state-of-the-art survival analysis models.


We define an expanding Schwarzschild-like spacetime by attaching a scaling function a(t) to the spatial components of the Schwarzschild metric. By imposing McVittie's no accretion condition -- asserting an absence of radially flowing cosmic fluid -- the modified Schwarzschild metric is then used to describe a black hole embedded in an anisotropic universe. Expressions for the radii of the black hole and cosmological apparent horizons are calculated by locating the regions where the expansion scalars of ingoing and outgoing null geodesic congruences vanish. Results show that while the black hole horizon always exists, the duration of the existence of the cosmological horizon is bounded by a critical time tc and the time interval of its existence depends on how the cosmic flow parameter H(t) is defined.


Almost all developed economies at some time during the 1970s seemed supply-constrained. Even much of measured excess capacity was arguably redundant due to energy price shocks, environmental policy, and other structural flux of the 1970s. Little analytical work has been carried out on the macroeconomics of open economies under such supply constraints. This paper attempts a beginning. Its focus is on the international transmission of various macroeconomic shocks, and on their implications for the current account, capital account, and exchange rate. The paper captures both the foreign repercussions and the terms-of-trade effects of various shocks. Conclusions are based on an analytical model that assigns behavior to each of two regions relating to one nontradeable input, one tradeable output, and one tradeable financial asset. International exchange between the two regions is characterized by sequential "temporary equilibria," each consistent with economically and institutionally constrained optimization, yet each simultaneously consistent with failure of output and input markets to clear. International transactions take place in capital markets and through a foreign exchange market that do clear continuously through flexible exchange rates. The abstract reduced form of the model is derived, then applied empirically, using parameters and initial values that incorporate data and consensus beliefs about the U.S. and the rest of the world in the 1970s. The most important conclusions of the exercise are:(1) Floating exchange rates fail to insulate either supply-constrained economy from unanticipated shocks in the other. International transmission is direct -- the impacts on the two regions of any shock have the same sign.(2)Exchange rates and the terms of trade between the supply-constrained economies are moderately sensitive to incomes policies and changes in technology/productivity trends (elasticities of 0.5 to 1.5 in absolute value) and relatively insensitive to fiscal policy and distributionally neutral wage-price guidelines. Wage-favoring incomes policies, liquidity-financed fiscal expansion, tighter wage-price guidelines, and slackening of technology/productivity growth all cause depreciation of the domestic currency and deterioration of the terms of trade.(3)These same shocks all promote "internationalization" of commodity and financial markets. Export volume, import volume, claims on foreigners, and indebtedness to them all grow as a result, sometimes by significant amounts (elasticities as high as 1.5 in response to each shock taken independently of the others, and larger elasticities in response to combinations of shocks).


During the 2000s and early 2010s, Latin America experienced a process of significant improvement in the labour market. The countries of the region, However, still suffer from remarkable deficits in their labour markets and in their generation and distribution of income. In addition to informality, non- standard forms of employment affect a large number of wage-earners. This paper analyses three of such kinds of employment: part-time, temporary and triangular employment. The analysis is carried out for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador and Peru. We estimate its incidence among total wage-earners and in different subgroups of workers, we analyse its evolution during the last decade and we assess the extent to which these non-standard forms of employment are a source of wage gaps and precarious labour conditions.


Regions of different metallicity have been identified in the Magellanic Clouds by using the ratio between Asymptotic Giant Branch stars of spectral type C and M. In the Large Magellanic Cloud the ratio appears to decrease radially while in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) there is no clear trend, reflecting either the large extension of the SMC along the line of sight or a more complex star formation history. The distribution of the C/M ratio is clumpy and corresponds to a spread in (Fe/H) of 0.75 dex in both Clouds. There is an indication of increasing C/M ratio, thus decreasing metallicity, towards the Bridge region connecting the two Clouds.


Linking socioeconomic and personal transformations, recent scholarship on neoliberalism in East and Southeast Asia has examined the role of various emotional experiences in reconfiguring selfhood toward values of personal responsibility and self-care. However, studies rarely focus on how such experiences come to be understood as specifically emotional themselves. In this article, I examine the growing use of emotion (cảm xuc) as a conceptual category to define the self and everyday life in a psychologistic idiom among middle-class residents of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. While more established discourses of sentiment (tinh cảm) define selfhood in relation to notions of obligation and care, the emerging model of emotion emphasizes individuated self-knowledge. However, instead of replacing sentiment, newer understandings of emotion have developed alongside and in relation to sentiment. In categorizing various feelings as explicitly "emotional" in nature, people participate in a self-fashioning project that cultivates an emotionally aware and expressive self that is informed by neoliberal sensibilities yet does not supplant socialist or Confucian models of selfhood. I argue that emotions are not only central to the subjective experience of the transition to a market-oriented economy but also that emotion as a category itself is a medium through which economic transformations reorganize selfhood more generally. [emotion, self, neoliberalism, ethnopsychology, Vietnam]


We suggest a new framework for the use of multi-rater information in the validation of credit rating systems, applicable in any validation process where rating information from different sources is available. As our validation framework does not rely on historical default information it appears to be particularly useful in situations where such information is inaccessible. We focus on the degree of similarity or - more generally - proximity of rating outcomes stemming from different sources and show that it is important to analyze three major aspects of proximity: agreement, association, and rating bias. We suggest using a weighted version of Cohen's kappa to measure the agreement between two rating systems and we introduce a new measure for rating bias. In contrast to the existing literature we suggest tau-x as a measure of association which is based on the Kemeny-Snell metric and, opposed to other measures, is consistent with a set of basic axioms and should therefore be used in the context of multi-rater information. We provide an illustrative empirical example using rating information stemming from the Austrian Credit Register on partially overlapping sets of customers of 27 banks. Using a multi-dimensional scaling technique in connection with a minimal spanning tree we show that it is possible to consistently detect outliers, i.e., banks with a low degree of similarity to other banks. The results indicate that banks which are less diversified across the size of their loans are more likely to be outliers than others.


Abstract. Three glacier–rock glacier transitional landforms in the central Andes of Chile are investigated over the last decades in order to highlight and question the significance of their landscape and flow dynamics. Historical (1955–2000) aerial photos and contemporary (> 2000) Geoeye satellite images were used together with common processing operations, including imagery orthorectification, digital elevation model generation, and image feature tracking. At each site, the rock glacier morphology area, thermokarst area, elevation changes, and horizontal surface displacements were mapped. The evolution of the landforms over the study period is remarkable, with rapid landscape changes, particularly an expansion of rock glacier morphology areas. Elevation changes were heterogeneous, especially in debris-covered glacier areas with large heaving or lowering up to more than ±1 m yr−1. The use of image feature tracking highlighted spatially coherent flow vector patterns over rock glacier areas and, at two of the three sites, their expansion over the studied period; debris-covered glacier areas are characterized by a lack of movement detection and/or chaotic displacement patterns reflecting thermokarst degradation; mean landform displacement speeds ranged between 0.50 and 1.10 m yr−1 and exhibited a decreasing trend over the studied period. One important highlight of this study is that, especially in persisting cold conditions, rock glaciers can develop upward at the expense of debris-covered glaciers. Two of the studied landforms initially (prior to the study period) developed from an alternation between glacial advances and rock glacier development phases. The other landform is a small debris-covered glacier having evolved into a rock glacier over the last half-century. Based on these results it is proposed that morphological and dynamical interactions between glaciers and permafrost and their resulting hybrid landscapes may enhance the resilience of the mountain cryosphere against climate change.


A wide variety of antibacterial compounds is rapidly oxidized by 03 and hydroxyl radical (*OH) during aqueous ozonation. Quantitative microbiological assays have been developed here or adapted from existing methods and utilized to measure the resulting changes in antibacterial potencies during O3 and *OH treatment of 13 antibacterial molecules (roxithromycin, azithromycin, tylosin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, penicillin G, cephalexin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, lincomycin,tetracycline, vancomycin, and amikacin) from 9 structural classes (macrolides, fluoroquinolones, beta-lactams, sulfonamides, dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, lincosamides, tetracyclines, glycopeptides, and aminoglycosides), as well as the biocide triclosan. Potency measurements were determined from dose-response relationships obtained by exposing Escherichia coli or Bacillus subtilis reference strains to treated samples of each antibacterial compound via broth micro- or macrodilution assays and related to the measured residual concentrations of parent antibacterial in each sample. Data obtained from these experiments show that O3 and *OH reactions lead in nearly all cases to stoichiometric elimination of antibacterial activity (i.e., loss of 1 mole equivalent of potency per mole of parent compound consumed). The beta-lactams penicillin G (PG) and cephalexin (CP) represent the only clear exceptions, as bioassay measurements indicate that biologically active products may be formed in the reactions of these two compounds with both O3 and *OH. The active product(s) generated in the direct reaction of O3 with PG appear(s) to be recalcitrant to further transformation by O3, though any biologically active products formed in the reactions of CP with O3, or of either PG or CP with *OH, are apparently deactivated by further reactions with O3 or *OH, respectively. Thus, with few exceptions, it can be expected that municipal wastewater ozonation will generally yield sufficient structural modification of antibacterial molecules to eliminate their antibacterial activities, whether oxidation results from selective reactions with O3 or from relatively nonselective reactions with incidentally produced OH.


Courts and scholars commonly assume that granting convicted defendants more liberal rights to challenge their judgments would harm society's interests in "finality." According to conventional wisdom, finality in criminal judgments is necessary to conserve resources, encourage efficient behavior by defense counsel, and deter crime. Thus, under the common analysis, the extent to which convicted defendants should be allowed to challenge their judgments depends on how much society is willing to sacrifice to validate defendants' rights. This Article argues that expanding defendants' rights on post-conviction review does not always harm these interests. Rather, more liberal review can often conserve state resources, will rarely affect the behavior of defense counsel, and can help reduce crime. First, the assumption that defendants' post-conviction rights burden state resources ignores the costs of wrongful incarceration. Although appeals consume judicial resources, they help save money that would otherwise be wasted incarcerating wrongfully convicted defendants. This Article demonstrates that the incarceration savings produced by state direct appeals may actually exceed the costs of providing appeals and new trials. In other words, protecting the rights of defendants on appeal can often save states money. The Article then identifies specific restrictions, such as those on relief from plain errors in sentencing, that impose net financial costs on states. Second, although increasing opportunities for post-conviction relief may reduce defense counsel's incentives to prevent errors at trial, those reductions are unlikely to affect the actual behavior of counsel. Harmless error rules largely eliminate ex ante incentives for attorneys to intentionally sandbag or engage in other strategic behavior. Greater restrictions on post-conviction rights are unlikely to reduce inadvertent errors because resource constraints on public defenders, rather than inattentiveness, are the principal cause of such errors. Finally, this Article reveals that the traditional deterrence arguments are based on empirical assumptions that are demonstrably false. Moreover, recent social psychological research shows that the willingness of people to obey the law is influenced heavily by their perceptions of procedural fairness and system legitimacy. Restrictions that appear subjectively "unfair" to defendants may, therefore, increase recidivism by undermining legitimacy. Conversely, reforming such restrictions may encourage defendants to comply with the law.