The purpose of this paper was to discuss new paradigms in cataloguing in 21 st century and its implications and challenges for libraries in developing countries like Nigeria. The authors recommended the adoption of new strategies. The paper adopted four dimensional approaches in the discussion of issues. In the first part, the paper introduces the concept of 21 st century library. The second approach focused on the role of information and communication technology in cataloguing and recent cataloguing practices. In the third approach, the paper compared cataloguing practices in developed countries with Nigeria. The fourth and final approach discussed implications, challenges and strategies for Nigerian libraries to adopt. The paper listed some challenges and strategies that Nigerian libraries and other developing countries should adopt, such as funding, training of staff, provision and maintenance of infrastructure, eradication of corruption, and so on. While there is numerous literatures on the challenges of application of ICT to library operations in Nigeria, very few recommend practical and workable strategies to solving the problems.  This paper proposes the adoption of new and workable strategies to efficient and effective application of ICT to cataloguing operations.


The paper introduces a theoretically-grounded conceptual framework for the design of collaborative systems which support expert-mediated interactive value creation involving end-users as active participants in the creation of products and services in principal-agent settings. We show how the problems of information asymmetry and burden of choice in interactive value creation can be addressed by integrating the principal-agent perspective with CSCW models of collaboration between heterogeneous actors. Results of a preliminary application and evaluation through the design of a concrete system for cooperative travel advisory in a real-world setting suggest its usefulness and illustrate how it can inform design practice. Abstract The paper introduces a theoretically-grounded conceptual framework for the design of collaborative systems which support expert-mediated interactive value creation involving end-users as active participants in the creation of products and services in principal-agent settings. We show how the problems of information asymmetry and burden of choice in interactive value creation can be addressed by integrating the principal-agent perspective with CSCW models of collaboration between heterogeneous actors. Results of a preliminary application and evaluation through the design of a concrete system for cooperative travel advisory in a real-world setting suggest its usefulness and illustrate how it can inform design practice.


We present the results of numerical simulation of the feedback-controlled 2W-coupling in photorefractive crystals for nonlocal (typical for BaTiO3, SBN crystals) and resonant (DC-biased BSO, BTO and BGO crystals) photorefractive response. We demonstrate in all the cases the distinctive features of this coupling - 100% diffraction efficiency of the recorded dynamic gratings, periodic states instead of steady states, and generation of moving light fringes. The conditions for the achievement of periodic states and the apparent features of these states are shown to be essentially different from those known for the case of local response. A special stress is made on indication of the experimental conditions for detection of the periodic states in BaTiO3 and BTO crystals.


The differential evolution (DE) algorithm is a powerful search technique for solving global optimization problems over continuous space. The search initialization for this algorithm is handled stochastically and therefore does not adequately capture vague preliminary knowledge. This paper proposes a novel Fuzzy Differential Evolution (FDE) algorithm, as an alternative approach, where the vague information on the search space can be represented and used to deliver a more focused search. The proposed FDE algorithm utilizes (a) fuzzy numbers to represent vague knowledge and (b) random alpha-cut levels for the search initialization. The alpha-cut intervals created during the initialization are used for fuzzy interval based mutation in successive search iterations. Four benchmark functions are used to demonstrate performance of the new FDE and its practical value. Additionally, the application of the FDE algorithm is illustrated through a reservoir operation case study problem. The new algorithm shows faster convergence in most of these functions.


Government subsidies have fuelled proposals for new ethanol projects that plan to use Australian grains as their feedstock. Additional ethanol production will intensify competition for grain in the Australian market, particularly during drought periods. This is likely to affect Australia's largest grain user, the livestock industry. Past empirical work has found that expansions to ethanol production will cause grain prices to increase, as a result of restrictions on grain imports. However, this study finds two factors that could moderate such increases in the price of grain: the reliance of ethanol producers on low cost feedstock to remain economically viable, and the possibility of using imported cassava instead of domestically produced grains for ethanol production.


Stress-induced changes in the imprint and switching behavior of (111)-oriented Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT)-based capacitors have been studied using piezoresponse force microscopy. Visualization of polarization distribution and d33-loop measurements in individual 1×1.5-μm2 capacitors before and after stress application, generated by substrate bending, provided direct experimental evidence of stress-induced switching. Mechanical stress caused elastic switching in capacitors with the direction of the resulting polarization determined by the sign of the applied stress. In addition, stress application turned capacitors into a heavily imprinted state characterized by strongly shifted hysteresis loops and almost complete backswitching after application of the poling voltage. It is suggested that substrate bending generated a strain gradient in the PZT layer, which produced asymmetric lattice distortion with preferential polarization direction and triggered polarization switching due to the flexoelectric effect.


A liquid metal (LM) consisting of one-third weight fraction each of Pb, Sn, and Bi has been investigated as the bonding substance in place of He in the pellet-cladding gap of light water reactor fuel elements. The LM bond eliminates the large ΔT over the preclosure gap that is characteristic of helium-bonded fuel elements. Because the LM does not wet either UO2 or Zircaloy, simply loading fuel pellets into a cladding tube containing LM at atmospheric pressure leaves unfilled regions (voids) in the bond, which lead to local fuel hot spots. Voids were eliminated during fabrication by first evacuating the rod loaded with solid alloy and a fuel stack, melting the alloy, pushing down the fuel stack to drive the LM into the gap, and finally applying at least 5 atm He overpressure. Fabrication of a 4-m-long full-scale fuel rod using this technique was successfully demonstrated. A destructive examination revealed numerous breaks in the frozen alloy bond, but all of these appeared to result from handling the fuel rod. Application to commercial fuel manufacturing should require only minor modifications to existing fabrication lines. The most suitable nondestructive examination technique utilizes a collimated X-ray beam to probe edge-on the region between the pellet surface and the cladding inside diameter.


Canadian courts have struggled in distinguishing between in personam jurisdiction and subject-matter jurisdiction (and specifically the Mocambique rule). In particular, they appear to overlook the two-fold jurisdictional requirement that in order to proceed in a given case they must have both types of jurisdiction - in personam and subject-matter - and that when jurisdictional challenges arise due to the fact that the dispute deals with foreign immovables Canadian courts, influenced by the post-Morguard focus on in personam jurisdiction, are dealing with the foreign land question under the rubric of in personam jurisdiction, not under the traditional heading of subject-matter jurisdiction. Part of the problem stems from a judicial preference to apply the Mocambique rule as exclusively a legal rule, while allowing for the in personam exception as a corollary to the "real and substantial connection" test and the Muscutt factors. Professor McLeod's four pre-requisites for the in personam exception from his seminal text "The Conflict of Laws" remain a relevant doctrinal basis for establishing jurisdiction simpliciter over foreign defendants in claims involving foreign immovables. While Professor McLeod was writing about the four pre-requisites for the in personam exception in 1983, his doctrinal approach remains relevant for determining subject-matter jurisdiction over claims involving foreign immovables. However, since Professor McLeod's first pre-requisite only addresses presence-based and consent-based jurisdiction, the court's have sometimes resorted to the Muscutt factors to assume jurisdiction over property-based claims, which offend the Mocambique rule. The Muscutt factors for assuming jurisdiction should be limited to traditional non-property claims in lieu of service-based or consent-based jurisdiction. The process of characterization is ultimately discretionary. However, the determination of jurisdiction simpliciter is not. Part I introduces the key components of judicial jurisdiction in the context of Canadian private international law. Part II provides an overview of the nature and scope of the in personam exception. Part III considers the utility of the real and substantial connection test by analyzing the in personam exception through the prism of recent Canadian case law where jurisdictional challenges raised relating to claims involving foreign real property led to divergent results. In Part IV, I conclude by proposing a three-factored test for jurisdiction simpliciter, which integrates the in personam exception in respect of foreign immovables


The Late Cretaceous–early Paleogene tectonic evolution of the Iranian Plateau is not well understood in comparison to its well-studied late Paleogene–Neogene evolution. Exhumation, metamorphism, and changing sedi¬mentary environments are documented away from the plateau margin for this time interval, however the nature and mechanism of deformation in the interior of the Iranian Plateau remains controversial to the point that both compressional and extensional mechanisms are proposed. We use K-feldspar and mica ^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar thermochronology to determine the thermal evolution of metamorphic rocks exposed in northeastern Great Kavir Basin on the Iranian Plateau. Multi-domain diffusion modeling of K-feldspar and field relationships reveal a stage of rapid cooling via tectonic exhumation starting in the Late Cretaceous and lasting until the early Eocene. We attribute this to continental extension as being accommodated on detachment faults that exhumed the Shotor Kuh–Biarjmand metamorphic core complex. The metamorphic rocks of this core complex underlie a southeastward-younging structural-stratigraphic sequence that includes at its top Late Cretaceous (Campanian–Maastrichtian) carbonates. We interpret this sequence as a crustal section that was exhumed by a NW-dipping master detachment fault. Based on the locations of the syn-extensional detrital rocks we propose that this system accommodated ∼100 km of NW-SE–oriented extension. Our results indicate that extensional deformation started in the Iranian Plateau much earlier (Late Cretaceous) than previously thought (Eocene–Oligocene).


Recent color transfer methods use local information to learn the transformation from a source to an exemplar image, and then transfer this appearance change to a target image. These solutions achieve very successful results for general mood changes, e.g., changing the appearance of an image from "sunny" to "overcast". However, such methods have a hard time creating new image content, such as leaves on a bare tree. Texture transfer, on the other hand, can synthesize such content but tends to destroy image structure. We propose the first algorithm that unifies color and texture transfer, outperforming both by leveraging their respective strengths. A key novelty in our approach resides in teasing apart appearance changes that can be modeled simply as changes in color versus those that require new image content to be generated. Our method starts with an analysis phase which evaluates the success of color transfer by comparing the exemplar with the source. This analysis then drives a selective, iterative texture transfer algorithm that simultaneously predicts the success of color transfer on the target and synthesizes new content where needed. We demonstrate our unified algorithm by transferring large temporal changes between photographs, such as change of season – e.g., leaves on bare trees or piles of snow on a street – and flooding.


"Background: Anemia is a significant public health problem that occurs worldwide with higher prevalence noted in children less than 3 years. Objective of the study was to determine the occurrence, pattern and severity of anemia among hospitalized infants and the risk factors for development of anemia.
Methods: This is a prospective study of hospitalized infants between 6-12 months of age admitted at a tertiary care teaching hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka. between December 2013 to November 2014.
Results: Out of total 260 admissions during the study period 147 (56%) infants were found to be anemic with the mean age group of 9.6 months and majority of them (66%) were admitted for Resp. tract infections. Preterm delivery was seen 34.7% of cases, maternal anemia 55.8% , low SES in 60% , not exclusively breast fed in 78.2% , cow's milk in 76.2%, top up formula feed in 59.9%, improper weaning in 51%, LBW in 40%. 39% of infants had PEM. 52% of infants had moderate to severe anemia . 69.4% had microcytic and hypochromic anaemia.
Conclusion: The Prevalence of anemia was 56% in the current study with more than 69% of anemic infants having microcytic hypochromic anaemia suggesting iron deficiency still as the major cause for nutritional anemia in infants. Improper Weaning techniques, Consumption of cow's milk, top-up formula feeding, Pre-term Gestation and low birth weight are important Risk factors Associated with development of Moderate to Severe Anemia in infants as noted in our study."


We present a fast and stable system for animating materials that melt, flow, and solidify. Examples of real-world materials that exhibit these phenomena include melting candles, lava flow, the hardening of cement, icicle formation, and limestone deposition. We animate such phenomena by physical simulation of fluids --- in particular the incompressible viscous Navier-Stokes equations with free surfaces, treating solid and nearly-solid materials as very high viscosity fluids. The computational method is a modification of the Marker-and-Cell (MAC) algorithm in order to rapidly simulate fluids with variable and arbitrarily high viscosity. This allows the viscosity of the material to change in space and time according to variation in temperature, water content, or any other spatial variable, allowing different locations in the same continuous material to exhibit states ranging from the absolute rigidity or slight bending of hardened wax to the splashing and sloshing of water. We create detailed polygonal models of the fluid by splatting particles into a volumetric grid and we render these models using ray tracing with sub-surface scattering. We demonstrate the method with examples of several viscous materials including melting wax and sand drip castles.


This article explores the implementation of what the Ontario Ministry of Education (OME) calls "social studies thinking concepts" in its current social studies, history, and geography curriculum. As a six-part framework largely influenced by historical thinking, I argue that the OME, in essence, creates a context wherein historical thinking, beyond simply influencing social studies thinking, comes to largely conflate with social studies thinking through what I call a curricular filter, a process of including incompatible or incongruous ideas through more amenable language. I suggest that this is incongruent with the OME's positioning of social studies as an integrated field and effectively denies social studies of its inherent interdisciplinary nature by privileging historically informed methods of inquiry.


The purpose of this study was to explore whether overweight college dieters, engaged in self-structured weight loss efforts, experienced physical symptomatology that has previously been associated with severe caloric restriction. The relationships between physical symptomatology, self-efficacy, and future dieting behavior were also investigated. Forty college students (21 female, Mage = 19.58 years, SD= 1.85) self-reported caloric intake and completed self-efficacy measures and physical symptom reports for three weeks. Results indicated that weekly physical symptom reports were not associated with caloric deficit and did not predict future dieting behavior. Physical symptoms were negatively related to self-efficacy for dieting and exercise as predicted, but in several analyses, higher self-efficacy actually predicted less calorie restriction. Physical symptom reports were predicted by trait neuroticism and neuroticism was also significantly and negatively associated with eating and exercise self-efficacy. Results raised issues about the accuracy of caloric restriction reporting and suggested that personality characteristics may have an important impact on an individual's perception of dieting experiences and levels of self-efficacy during dieting.


The need to increase productivity, improve quality and increase flexibility whist continuously reducing costs is driving manufacturers to search for alternative means of converting the product idea into a manufactured product. Plant automation systems which are the nervous system and increasingly the intelligence of the plant have an integral role to play in this regard. This study investigates the convergence between traditional IT and Industrial Automation with a view to understanding how this phenomenon will affect operational excellence within the manufacturing environment. The study further investigates the key determinants of success for automation systems within the broader business context and how this can lead to an advantage over competitors. The study is limited to manufacturing operations within the greater Durban area. The results revealed that there is a clear relationship between industrial automation and information technology in manufacturing organisations. However, of interest is the fact that in the majority of the organisations surveyed the two functions operate as separate entities within the organisation resulting in overlaps of responsibility and accountability for key equipment and processes. Factory efficiency was found to be the key determinant of success in the majority of the organisations surveyed whilst the provisioning of production data when used strategically was found to have a positive effect in allowing the organisation to gain an advantage over its competitors. Due to the limitation of the short time frame allocated to this research, the study could not go in detail into the drivers of these findings consequently recommendations for further research is made.


We report on micro-machined flow-rate sensors as part of autonomous multi-parameter sensing devices for water network monitoring. Three different versions of the flow-rate sensors have been designed, fabricated and experimentally characterized. Those sensors are made of identical micrometric platinum resistors deposited on two different substrates-glass and silicon with and without insulation layer. The sensors were tested under the anemometric operating scheme. They were characterized under a water velocity range from 0 to 3.68 m/s. We highlight the fact that the glass substrate device is more sensitive and less power-consuming than the silicon one under the identical operating condition, which requires further design strategies when using silicon as the substrate material. Experimental results are analyzed with respect to CFD simulations with the Finite Element Method.


It's the turn of novelist Scarlett Thomas to get going and record her journey. Her cold weather walk takes in many fruits and vegetables, and evokes places such as Ash and Staple. But where is she?

The wonders of winter are best observed on foot. So five writers were asked to go walking whilst the landscape is still transformed by the cold. Deborah Levy, Christopher Hope, Scarlett Thomas, Erica Wagner and Owen Sheers all headed out to different places, and then reported back about their journeys and the actual activity of walking. What did it mean to them?


In Other People's Papers, Jane Bambauer argues for careful reform of the Fourth Amendment's third party doctrine, providing an important contribution to an increasingly rich field of scholarship, judicial opinion, statute, and law reform. Bambauer is especially concerned with access to bodies of third-party data that can be filtered and mined, as they can be privacy invasive but also effective and less subject to traditional investigative prejudices and limitations. Although her article provocatively overclaims in trying to set itself apart from existing proposals, by analyzing existing constitutional and statutory law — including what I have termed a "limited" third party doctrine — and comparing and contrasting her recommendations to those of the American Bar Association Criminal Justice Standards, this article continues the project of formulating how best to regulate law enforcement access to bulk metadata, focusing on cell-site location. The Standards provide an array of access options, the application of which requires struggling with the meaning of relevance and reasonable suspicion in the world of big data and data mining. As scholars have warned and as the National Security Agency's interpretation of USA PATRIOT Act Section 215 has demonstrated, the courts and criminal justice community have work remaining in better defining the meaning of these core terms. My favored analysis suggests legislatures should consider permitting cell-tower dumps for a single point in time upon crime commission, but that for any longer durations they should require a means of selective revelation.


Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly advocated for the conservation and management of sharks and rays. However, substantial uncertainty remains regarding which species can benefit from MPAs. Meanwhile, area-focused protection targets have spurred recent and rapid gains in the creation of large MPAs, many of which carry vague objectives set by a diverse group of stakeholders with potentially different notions of "success." Here, we capture and critically evaluate current views on the use of MPAs for shark and ray conservation. Through interviews with scientists, MPA managers, fisheries experts, conservation practitioners, advocates and policy experts (n = 53), we demonstrate a variety of perspectives regarding: (a) the effectiveness of MPAs as a tool for shark and ray conservation; (b) which factors influence the success of MPAs for sharks and rays; and (c) the desired outcomes of these MPAs. While MPAs created specifically for sharks and rays were viewed to be slightly more effective than regular MPAs as a tool for shark and ray conservation, both were generally considered insufficient in isolation. Despite greater emphasis on social success factors (e.g., local support) over biophysical success factors (e.g., size), biological outcomes (e.g., increased abundance) were prioritized over social outcomes (e.g., livelihood benefits). We argue that a stronger focus on achieving social outcomes can enhance the potential for MPAs to benefit sharks and rays. In revealing current thinking regarding the drivers and indicators of MPA success for sharks and rays, the results of this study can inform efforts to conserve and manage these species.


Grassland birds are known to respond to specific changes in habitat structure, such as plant height and density. However, the response of grassland bird communities to management induced changes in the regional habitat mosaic are less well understood. Grazing by ungulates and fire regimes play an important role in defining the habitat mosaic in the Great Plains. We provide information on bird abundance, distribution, and habitat structure from similar sandhill prairie landscapes managed traditionally with grazing by cattle (Bos taurus) and by a dynamic bison (Bos bison)-plus-fire regime. Although the two management regimes are dissimilar, only a few differences were recorded in bird abundance, distribution, and habitat structure at the landscape scale. Our result may reflect either the inherent variability of sandhills prairie compared to the scale at which grassland birds perceive habitat, or the short time frame over which the dynamic bison-plus-fire regime has been in place. The specific habitat patches produced by fire and by intensive bison grazing do appear to have different bird communities and habitat structure at the local scale.


Immersed bodies such as struts, vanes, and instrumentation probes in gas turbine flow systems will, except at the lowest of flow velocities, shed separated wakes. These wakes can have both upstream and downstream effects on the surrounding flow. In most applications, surrounding components are designed to be in the presence of a quasi-steady or at least nonvariant flow field. The presence of unsteady wakes has both aerodynamic and structural consequences. Active flow control of wake generation can therefore be very valuable. One means to implement active flow control is by the use of plasma actuation. Plasma actuation is the use of strong electric fields to generate ionized gas that can be actuated and controlled using the electric fields. The controlling device can be based on AC, DC, or pulsed-DC actuation. The present research was conducted using pulsed-DC from a capacitive discharge power supply. The study demonstrates the applicability of, specifically, pulsed-DC plasma flow control of the flow on a circular cylinder at high Reynolds numbers. The circular cylinder was selected because its flow characteristics are related to gas turbine flowpath phenomena, and are well characterized. Further, the associated pressure gradients are some of the most severe encountered in fluid applications. The development of effective plasma actuators at high Reynolds numbers under the influence of severe pressure gradients is a necessary step toward developing useful actuators for gas turbine applications beyond laboratory use. The reported experiments were run at Reynolds numbers varying from 50,000 to 97,000, and utilizing various pulse frequencies. Further the observed performance differences with varying electric field strengths are discussed for these Reynolds numbers. The results show that flow behaviors at high Reynolds numbers can be influenced by these types of actuators. The actuators were able to demonstrate a reduction in both wake width and momentum deficit.


Fungal development is regulated by environmental stimuli via various signaling pathways. For instance, the cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA) cascade is controlling development or pathogenesis in fungi as filamentous growth in backer yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or pathogenesis in plant pathogenic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The cAMP/PKA downstream target Flo8/Som1 containing a conserved LUG/LUH-Flo8-single-stranded DNA binding (LUFS) domain is required for morphological development and virulence. In this study the FLO8 homolog, AfusomA of the human opportunistic pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus was investigated. Heterologous expression of the AfuSomA encoding gene complemented invasive growth (cell-surface adhesion) or flocculation (cell-cell adhesion) in haploid or pseudohyphal growth in diploid Δflo8 S. cerevisiae yeast strains. AfuSomA and ScFlo8 regulate the expression of the ScFLO11 gene encoding flocculin as major component for adhesion by binding to similar regions on its promoter. These results indicate that AfuSomA and ScFlo8 share a similar function in yeast. Loss of the encoding AfuSomA resulted in a slow growth phenotype and a block in asexual development in A. fumigatus. Only aerial hyphae without further differentiation could be formed in AfusomA null mutant. An abolishment of conidiation was verified by a conditional expression of AfusomA using the inducible Tet-on system. Adherence to the host is an important step for pathogenesis. Adhesion assay with conditional expression strain indicated that AfuSomA is required for adherence to plastic surfaces. Infection of fertilized chicken eggs revealed that AfuSomA is required for pathogenicity. Transcription analysis showed that AfuSomA regulates expression of several transcription factors which have been shown to regulate conidiation and adhesion in A. fumigatus. GFP-Trap with AfuSomA leads to the identification of nucleolar proteins and PtaB (ScMfg1) which the yeast homolog forms complex with ScFlo8. Expression of putative adhesins was down regulated in AfusomA null strain. Single or multiple deletions of putative adhesins showed normal conidiation and pathogenicity.


- Underwater images are usually degraded due to the effects of absorption and scattering. Underwater imaging is very important in present technology for detecting object like fishes, algae, minor particles etc. Light scattering and color change are two dominant sources of distortion for underwater imaging that lowers the visibility and contrast of the captured images, affects ambient underwater environment dominated by a bluish tone. Hence, the presented system demonstrates a novel approach to enhance underwater images by distance factor estimation along with a dehazing algorithm and histogram equalization. The noise particles are removed before dehazing by implementing distance factor based on intensities of different color channels with gamma correction improving the brightness of dimmed images. The dark channel prior removes haze and noise effect, providing better visual quality with adaptive exposure map estimation for adjusting too dark and too bright regions of underwater image. At the final stage, the contrast and brightness of dehazed image is recovered by using contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization. The enhanced haze-free, natural appealing output can be used for display and analysis purpose.


Abstract The Tremp-Isona basin (south-central Pyrenees, Lleida, Spain) shows maximum development of the Tremp Group (early Maastrichtian to late Paleocene) covering a wide geological record across the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary in continental facies. The mineralogy and geochemistry of lutites were used to assess the evolution of weathering from the Maastrichtian to the Eocene, and particularly for the red beds of the Lower Red and Upper Red Units (pre- and post-K/Pg, respectively). Chemical weathering decreased initially in the Maastrichtian (Gray Unit to Lower Red Unit), increasing subsequently from the Paleocene (Upper Red Unit) to Eocene units. ANOVA analysis of mineralogical compositions and cluster hierarchical analysis have been useful tools to select convenient lutites for assessment of weathering evolution by the chemical alteration index and by broadening of the 001 X-ray diffraction line of illite after ethylene glycol solvation. The lesser chemical weathering found in the Upper Red Unit (Danian) is interpreted in the context of relative warming and aridification, in climates of contrasting seasons and pronounced dry seasons.


The literature on competition in corporate law has debated whether competition is a "race to the bottom" or a "race to the top." This Article endorses the increasing scholarly consensus that competition improves corporate law but argues that the pace of innovation in corporate law is likely to be slow. Because benefits of corporate law innovation are not internalized, neither states nor firms will have sufficient incentives to innovate. That competitive federalism is "to the top" suggests that the model could be applied beyond the corporate charter context, for example to areas such as bankruptcy, but that benefits from such competition would accrue only gradually. This Article concludes by considering several means of stimulating competition in corporate law, including allowing firms to select different states for different aspects of corporate law and permitting private provision of law. Perhaps the most promising of these possibilities is the use of intellectual property law to protect corporate law innovations. Although recent decisions allowing patents for business methods make this approach feasible, the fit with existing patent law is imperfect. The scarcity in corporate law that leads to innovation is not a lack of ideas, but a lack of firms and states willing to accept the risks of being the first to innovate.


Polyclonal antibodies were raised against a well conserved region of the vertebrate Na+ channel and were affinity purified for use in immunocytochemistry. Focal demyelination of rat sciatic axons was initiated by an intraneural injection of lysolecithin and Na+ channel clustering was followed at several stages of myelin removal and repair. At 1 week post-injection axons contained long, fully demyelinated regions. Na+ channel clusters appeared only at heminodes forming the borders of these zones, and at widely spaced isolated sites that may represent former nodes of Ranvier. Over the next few days proliferating Schwann cells adhered to axons and began to extend processes. Clusters of Na+ channels appeared at the edges of these structures. As the Schwann cells elongated, the clusters seemed to move with them, since they remained at edges and the distance between aggregates increased. Clusters associated with different Schwann cells ultimately approached each other and appeared to fuse. Na+ channels then coalesced further at these sites, forming new nodes of Ranvier in regions that previously were internodal. If Schwann cell proliferation were blocked by mitomycin, no new clusters of Na+ channels appeared within internodes. Under these conditions, heminodal clusters remained visible at 1 week postinjection, but by 2 weeks they were no longer detectable, suggesting that proliferating Schwann cells are required for their maintenance. Clusters at normal nodes of Ranvier remained. It is concluded that Na+ channel aggregation and mobility in demyelinated nerve fibers is controlled by adhering Schwann cells, resulting in the formation of stable new nodes of Ranvier during remyelination.


The European Union Regulation REACH (No. 1907/2006) classified of boron and its compounds in the group adversely affecting reproduction and fetal development raised the need to to summarize findings about its toxicity and use in medicine during pregnancy and lactation. Acute and chronic toxicity of boron compounds is low. Intoxications were reported only in exceptional circumstances. In animals, reproductive toxicity includes the damage to spermatogenesis and the possibility of congenital defects usually in doses causing maternal toxicity. The work also summarizes the published clinical studies on the effect of boric acid on fetal development. According to the published results of studies, the human exposure does not reach of such values that the reproduction and fetal damage occurred. Since the use of any drug in pregnancy and lactation must be justified and profit must prevail over the risk, the work summarizes studies on the effect of boric acid as compared to other antifungal agents. Nystatin, clotrimazole, or miconazole, fluconazole can be used topically for the treatment of fungal infections, applied p.o. exceptionally in low doses, only. The effectiveness of boric acid is comparable or higher in resistant strains. Low price is an advantage. Finally, it should be emphasized that the use of any drug during the 1st trimester should be supported by the urgent need of treatment.


Eleonora Belfiore has recently argued that 'socio-economic impact has so far failed to successfully 'make the case' for arts funding and to provide a credible solution to the justification issue … [T]he same outcome is likely for humanities research unless a sustained attempt is made to broaden the debate from impact to public value'. In this semi-playful provocation, I suggest that a key strategy for asserting the value of both research and practice in the arts would be to reconfigure the mechanisms of the debate, as much as its terms and terminology.

The Warwick Commission has argued persuasively, and with some effect, that the acronym STEM which has recently fixed educational priorities should be adjusted to STEAM to incorporate the arts. Although a successful pragmatic strategy, the deployment of acronyms here, I would argue, maintains a corporate politics that is allied to the agendas of impact and instrumentality. Acronyms, however, are not merely the simple, and prosaic, mnemonics they appear to be. In their poetic dimensions, they open up polysemic possibilities that – read through an arts and humanities lens – circulate in much more pleasurable yet much less stable ways. For example, in its metaphorical aspect, STEAM may evoke attractive images of power, toil, frustration and energy. Yet it also conjures a counter-productive spirit of the industrial and historical, which (ironically) emphasises the scientific, technological, engineered and mathematical.

To reconsider the role and value of the arts and humanities within the current debate, I offer two new acronyms – and two new types of acronym – for consideration: the anti-acronym MASHED; and the dialectical acronym SHAMED.


Understanding how past ruptures will affect the propagation of the following ruptures, and how stress heterogeneities develop on faults are fundamental to a better comprehension of earthquake behavior. In that sense, numerical simulations provide a useful tool to study slip dynamics. In this study, we show, using dynamic rupture simulations, the importance of viscoelastic rheologies on the persistence of heterogeneous stress states along a frictional interface. The modeled set-up is a system used in laboratory friction experiments [Rubinstein et al., 2007; Ben-David et al. 2010]. Using a finite-element code, we model two 2D blocks of viscoelastic material (PMMA), with a slip-weakening friction law at the interface between the two solids. The system is loaded from the side of the upper block, resulting in a sequence of precursory slip events, which initiate at the trailing edge and stop before propagating over the entire interface. Their length increases with increasing loading, and high stress concentrations are generated at the tip of each arrested rupture. We analyze the evolution of these stress concentrations when the following slip events take place. We show that due to the viscous properties of the bulk material, the stress concentrations created by the arrest of precursory slip are not erased by the propagation of the following rupture, but reappear with the relaxation of the material, with a smaller amplitude. The amplitude of the stress concentrations follows an exponential decrease rate with successive rupture, which is controlled by the material properties, and in particular by the ratio of the viscous over instantaneous Young's moduli. We extend this analysis by using rheological parameters relevant for rocks. Our results highlight the importance of viscous relaxation mechanisms in the persistence of heterogeneous stress states along a frictional interface. This study also provides a mechanism to explain how previous slip history will influence the propagation of the next rupture.


A shot is heard within the inner room. Tesman runs in. Immediately, we hear him yelling at Brack: "Shot herself! Shot herself in the temple! Think of that!" Brack replies, as if speaking to himself: "But, good God Almighty ... people don't do such things!" (1) Such is the last scene before curtain falls in Ibsen's Hedda Gabler (1890). The person who shoots herself is Hedda, the heroine of the play. According to Ibsen's description, Hedda is "a lady of 29. Her face and her figure are aristocratic and elegant in their proportions. Her complexion is of an even pallor" (179). The suicide of a young beauty is not unique in modern drama. In Cao Yu's well-known play Richu [CHINESE TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] Sunrise, 1936), we witness the suicide of a young Chinese beauty, Chen Bailu [CHINESE TEXT NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]. She is even younger, aged twenty-three, with "jet-black hair" and "bright, attractive eyes." (2) Despite being the center of a distinguished social group and surrounded by admirers, Chen Bailu finds that life is becoming so boring that she would rather die than live. Unlike Hedda, she does not have access to a gun; instead, just before the end of the play, she takes enough sleeping pills to kill herself. These two suicides can easily be written off as just two random events of modern dramatic creation if no further connections are established between them, despite the fact that Cao Yu knew Ibsen very well and openly spoke about Ibsen's influence on his own work. (3) Critics have shown enormous interest in the influence of Western writers--particularly Ibsen--on Cao Yu, but no comparative study has so far been made between Hedda Gabler and Sunrise. Yet, such a study reveals that the two plays have much in common. First and foremost, the motives behind the suicides are remarkably similar. The title Ibsen chose for his play Hedda Gabler is significant. Hedda's married name is Mrs. (Norw.: fru) Hedda Tesman, which is the name the playwright uses in the list of characters for his play. The use of Hedda's maiden name (Gabler) for the title highlights not only Hedda's aristocratic family background (her father is a general) but also her close association with the upperclass standard of living, both materially and spiritually. It may also suggest the difficulties Hedda has in adjusting to the middle-class environment of the Tesmans--to become, in a real sense, Hedda Tesman. It is, as a matter of fact, not the material comfort with which she is discontent (Tesman's villa is reasonably elegant). She is contemptuous of Tesman and unable to relate to his bourgeois lifestyle, as Ibsen details: "Jorgen Tesman, his old aunts, and the elderly serving-maid Berta together form a whole and a unity. They have a common way of thinking; common memories, and a common attitude to life. For Hedda they appear as an inimical and alien power directed against her fundamental nature" (505). Hedda and Tesman are far too different to be united, and as such their relationship is cold. As Else Host points out, Hedda "has used him [Tesman] as her provider, and will have little to do with him as a human being." (4) The play begins with Miss Tesman's early visit. The reunion of the old aunt and her orphan nephew is a warm and harmonious one. The entrance of Hedda, however, turns the atmosphere to uneasiness and discomfort. Hedda refuses to get involved in Tesman's excitement over getting his old slippers back and later deliberately mistakes Miss Tesman's hat for the maid's. The gap between Hedda and the Tesmans becomes obvious. By the time Miss Tesman leaves, Hedda is dearly agitated: "Hedda walks about the room, raises her arms and clenches her fists as though in a frenzy" (183). However, she quickly brings her emotions under control in keeping with her aristocratic upbringing. Her agitation turns into a distracted melancholy in the following sequence: Tesman: (picking up the slippers from the floor) What are you looking at, Hedda? …


The purpose of this white paper is to evaluate improvements to Battery Management System (BMS) performance and cost with Altera® FPGAs. In many high-voltage battery systems, including electric vehicles, grid attached storage and industrial applications, the battery is a significant portion of the system cost, and needs to be carefully managed by a BMS to maximize battery life and to optimize charging and discharging performance. This white paper presents the BMS functional requirements for these applications and outlines existing BMS architectures. Key BMS architectural challenges are discussed and opportunities for Altera devices are identified. For each of these opportunities, the performance and cost of the existing solution are compared with Altera FPGA solutions. Altera devices provide architectural flexibility, scalability, customization, performance improvements, and system cost savings in BMS applications.


Drawing on the universe of California income tax filings and the variation imposed by a 2012 tax increase of up to 3 percentage points for high-income households, we present new findings about the effects of personal income taxation on household location choice and pre-tax income. First, over and above baseline rates of taxpayer departure from California, an additional 0.8% of the California residential tax filing base whose 2012 income would have been in the new top tax bracket moved out from full-year residency of California in 2013, mostly to states with zero income tax. Second, to identify the impact of the California tax policy shift on the pre-tax earnings of high-income California residents, we use as a control group high-earning out-of-state taxpayers who persistently file as California non-residents. Using a differences-in-differences strategy paired with propensity score matching, we estimate an intensive margin elasticity of 2013 income with respect to the marginal net-of-tax rate of 2.5 to 3.3. Among top-bracket California taxpayers, outward migration and behavioral responses by stayers together eroded 45.2% of the windfall tax revenues from the reform.


In this study, we describe the postsecondary transitions of students taking CTE courses in high school using administrative data on one cohort of high school students from Washington State. Our findings indicate that CTE students are less likely to enroll in college overall, especially four-year college. But among students who do enroll in college, CTE students are significantly more likely to enroll in and complete vocational programs, especially in applied STEM and public safety fields. Among students not enrolled in college, CTE students also are more likely to obtain full-time employment—and to work more intensively—within the first three years following high school graduation. Thus, despite the reduction in four-year college enrollment, the higher completion rates of vocational credentials among CTE concentrators in college indicate some important positive outcomes for this population.


The success of a breeding program depends on having adequate diversity in the germplasm. However, as advanced breeding stocks and materials are generated, one casualty is the diversity itself. As a result, breeding programs in many crop species have reached a point of diminishing returns and it is feared that unless new diversity is infused into the breeding germplasm, we face catastrophic reductions in crop productivity if the climate turns adverse. Although some scientists favor transgenic approaches, a "back to nature" approach to genetic diversity may prove faster and more effective. Wild and exotic relatives of crop plants hold a wealth of alleles that, if we can fi nd them, can help break yield barriers and enhance tolerance to stresses. Many approaches, based largely on quantitative trait loci genetics, have been proposed and used for this purpose, but most are either highly laborious or discover relevant variation ineffi ciently. Here, we propose a gene-centered approach, dubbed MAGIC (mutant-assisted gene identifi cation and characterization), that uses Mendelian mutants or other genetic variants in a trait of interest as reporters to identify novel genes and variants for that trait. MAGIC is similar to enhancer–suppressor screens, but rather than relying on variation created in the laboratory, it reveals variation created and refi ned by nature over millions of years of evolution. This approach could be an effective tool for exploring novel variation and a valuable means to harness natural diversity and defi ne genetic networks.


The creation of a growing number of agencies at the EU level is one of the most significant developments in the administrative structure of the EU. These agencies play a useful role as they allow the Commission to decentralize a number of scientific, technical, or observatory functions to specialized bodies. Yet, the effectiveness of these agencies is hampered by several problems. First, because of the non-delegation doctrine adopted by the European Court of Justice in Meroni, it is not possible for the EU legislative authorities to delegate true regulatory powers to these agencies. European Agencies are thus often limited to executive functions. Second, the setting up of these agencies has followed a piecemeal approach. The creation by the EU of a series of uncoordinated, ad-hoc agencies contributes to the view that EU institutions are complex and impenetrable. Moreover, the lack of procedural requirements applicable across agencies creates a lack of clarity as to the procedural guarantees enjoyed by citizens affected by the actions of European Agencies. Third, European Agencies often fail to comply with principles of good governance, such as the principles of independence, accountability, transparency, and participation. This paper argues that the EU could learn a great deal by looking at the US experience with regulatory agencies, which is over a century old. In particular, it argues that the European Court of Justice should take a more relaxed view of delegation. Delegation of regulatory powers to agencies is desirable in a modern administrative state, and the EU should be no exception. It also claims that the EU would greatly benefit from expanding the rights of individuals affected by agency decisions to have such decisions reviewed in court. Finally, this paper argues that the EU would benefit from the adoption of a European version of the APA.


Human dynamin-1-like protein (DNM1L) is a GTP-driven molecular machine that segregates mitochondria and peroxisomes. To obtain insights into its catalytic mechanism, we determined crystal structures of a construct comprising the GTPase domain and the bundle signaling element (BSE) in the nucleotide-free and GTP-analogue-bound states. The GTPase domain of DNM1L is structurally related to that of dynamin and binds the nucleotide 5′-Guanylyl-imidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP) via five highly conserved motifs, whereas the BSE folds into a pocket at the opposite side. Based on these structures, the GTPase center was systematically mapped by alanine mutagenesis and kinetic measurements. Thus, residues essential for the GTPase reaction were characterized, among them Lys38, Ser39 and Ser40 in the phosphate binding loop, Thr59 from switch I, Asp146 and Gly149 from switch II, Lys216 and Asp218 in the G4 element, as well as Asn246 in the G5 element. Also, mutated Glu81 and Glu82 in the unique 16-residue insertion of DNM1L influence the activity significantly. Mutations of Gln34, Ser35, and Asp190 in the predicted assembly interface interfered with dimerization of the GTPase domain induced by a transition state analogue and led to a loss of the lipid-stimulated GTPase activity. Our data point to related catalytic mechanisms of DNM1L and dynamin involving dimerization of their GTPase domains.


Given a set of rectangles with fixed orientations, we want to find an enclosing rectangle of minimum area that contains them all with no overlap. Many simple scheduling tasks can be modelled by this NP-complete problem. We use an anytime branch-and-bound algorithm to solve the problem optimally. Our main contributions are a lower-bound on the amount of wasted space in a partial solution, based on a relaxation of the problem to one-dimensional bin packing, and a dominance condition that allows us to ignore many partial solutions. For our experiments, we choose a class of increasingly difficult square-packing problems as a simple and easily-specified benchmark. The square-packing problem of size N is to find the smallest rectangle that contains the 1x1, 2x2, etc. up to NxN square. We find optimal solutions to these problems up to size N=22. For comparison, we also find the best slicing solutions, a popular approximation algorithm. Our approach is rather general, and many of our techniques can be applied to packing non-rectangular shapes in non-rectangular enclosing regions, and higher-dimensional packing problems as well.


Professors bemoan the great difficulty students have understanding the complexity of their disciplines or functional specializations. Many non-traditional students have work and family commitments that limit the time needed to reflect professionally and to master these concepts. This disconnect has persisted despite decades of work developing more integrated, interdisciplinary curricula. One potential, partial solution is to simply start sooner and partner with liberal arts courses to introduce business students to complexity and paradox before they arrive at the business school. Grounding these concepts in the Classics embeds them in great stories of passion, betrayal, commitment, and emotion normally absent in business courses. Business textbooks and cases are usually sanitized, simplified, and quantified, stripping them of the chaos normally experienced in reality. These classical tales are captivating and compelling, making the business concepts used to analyze them more memorable and hopefully retained until encountered again in the business curriculum. The classics deal with real and raw emotions, with powerful prose more likely to capture and engage students on a very personal level. This article explores how economics can be used to analyze Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, how multi-stakeholder theory can be used to analyze Sophocles' Antigone, and how business contract law can be used to analyze William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Liberal Arts programs will gain additional relevance, commanding further student respect; business schools will stand a better chance of meeting AACSB gold-standard, interdisciplinary learning outcomes when students are exposed to these concepts before arriving at the business school.


Gas filled neutron detectors are used for a variety of applications. In this work, a Monte Carlo simulation model of a He-3 neutron detector was made in MCNP5. For experimental validation of the detector model, the measured neutron counts at different neutron fields were compared with simulated neutron counts. A Cf-252 radioactive source was used to produce the neutron field, while neutron scattering and absorbing materials were used to vary the neutron energy distribution of the field. Simulation results showed that the different materials were able to vary the original neutron energy spectrum of the Cf-252. Subsequently, the simulated and measured neutron counts of the detector exposed to the neutron fields, were found to agree with reasonable uncertainty. Following the validation, the He-3 model can be utilized in the design of practical applications using the detector.


Control in interfirm transactional relationships has, inter alia, the purpose of mitigating potential opportunistic behaviour. For an individual actor the power-base to exercise control over the (output of) the behaviour of another actor in the relationship is a contractual arrangement. From a contractual perspective control systems are designed, thus providing contractual instruments to align interests and to prevent future opportunistic behaviour from occurring. Transaction cost economics proves to be a powerful tool for designing these instruments, which from this theoretical perspective are based on 'credible commitments' and 'credible exit threats'. The paper argues that the design and potential use of these instruments are efficient in the presence of the legitimate mistrust for which they have to compensate. However, given fundamental uncertainty, these designs do not suffice in attenuating opportunism and have to be complemented by trust building. Drawing on insights from cognitive social psychology and sociology, the paper clarifies that in self-regulating processes of rational interaction guided by a principle of enlightened self-interest, trust is built via mutual relational signalling. Partners voluntarily and deliberately signal to each other that they are trustworthy. The paper argues and gives evidence that instrumental control system design embedded in an institutional environment and atmosphere is a necessary flank for a trust building process to work properly. The (interrelated) roles of accounting in a contractual realm as well as in self-regulating processes of relational signalling are examined.


ABSTRACT Economists and business managers have long been interested in the impact of research and development (R&D) cooperation with scientific institutions on the innovation performance of firms. Recent research identifies a positive correlation between these two variables. This paper aims to contribute to the identification of the relationship between R&D cooperation with scientific institutions and the product and process innovation performance of firms by using a difference-in-difference approach. In doing so, we distinguish between two different types of scientific institutions: universities and governmental research institutes. For the econometric analyses, we use data from the German Community Innovation Survey. In total, data from up to 560 German service and manufacturing firms are available for the difference-in-difference analyses. The results suggest that R&D cooperation with universities and governmental research institutes has a positive effect on both product innovation and process innovation performance of firms.


Quasiquotes have been shown to greatly simplify the task of metaprogramming. This is in part because they hide the data structures of the intermediate representation (IR), instead allowing metaprogrammers to use the concrete syntax of the language they manipulate. Scala has had "syntactic" quasiquotes for a long time, but still misses a statically-typed version like in MetaOCaml, Haskell and F#. This safer flavor of quasiquotes has been particularly useful for staging and domain-specific languages. In this paper we present Squid, a metaprogramming system for Scala that fills this gap. Squid quasiquotes are novel in three ways: they are the first statically-typed quasiquotes we know that allow code inspection (via pattern matching); they are implemented purely as a macro library, without modifications to the compiler; and they are reusable in the sense that they can manipulate different IRs. Adapting (or binding) a new IR to Squid is done simply by implementing a well-defined interface in the style of object algebras (i.e., tagless-final). We detail how Squid is implemented, leveraging the metaprogramming tools already offered by Scala, and show three application examples: the definition of a binding for a DSL in the style of LMS; a safe ANF conversion; and the introduction of type-safe, hygienic macros as an alternative to the current macro system.


Source code comments contain key information about the underlying software system. Many redocumentation approaches, however, cannot exploit this valuable source of information. This is mainly due to the fact that not all comments have the same goals and target audience and can therefore only be used selectively for redocumentation. Performing a required classification manually, for example, in the form of heuristics, is usually time‐consuming and error‐prone and strongly dependent on programming languages and guidelines of concrete software systems. By leveraging machine learning (ML), it should be possible to classify comments and thus transfer valuable information from the source code into documentation with less effort but the same quality. We applied classical ML techniques but also deep learning (DL) approaches to legacy systems by transferring source code comments into meaningful representations using, for example, word embeddings but also novel approaches using quick response codes or a special character‐to‐image encoding. The results were compared with industry‐strength heuristic classification. As a result, we found that ML outperforms the heuristics in number of errors and less effort, that is, we finally achieve an accuracy of more than 95% for an image‐based DL network and even over 96% for a traditional approach using a random forest classifier.


This paper describes the design process and user evaluation of an outdoor educational mobile augmented reality application. The main goal was to enhance and augment the experience of a visit to a culturally significant place, the childhood home of the children's book author Astrid Lindgren. Visiting sites of historical significance is not limited to the cultural experience itself, but can be seen as an opportunity for learning and exploring a place as it is now and as it has been in past times. By investigating the two design dimensions place and time, our application was conceived as a treasure hunt, where users activate content by moving between places and pointing the mobile device in different directions or at different markers. The application was field tested with mixed groups of children and adults. The evaluation indicates that the prototype did encourage both learning and exploring, which also was the design objective.


Objective: Little research has investigated children's physical activity levels during school recess and the contribution of recess to school day physical activity levels by weight status. The aims of this study were to examine non-overweight and overweight children's physical activity levels during school recess, and examine the contribution of recess to school day physical activity. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Four elementary schools located in Nebraska, United States of America (USA). Methods: Two hundred and seventeen children (99 boys, 118 girls; 47.9% overweight) wore a uni-axial accelerometer for five consecutive school days during autumn 2009. The proportion of time spent engaged in sedentary (SED), light (LPA), moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) intensity physical activity during recess was determined using age-specific accelerometer thresholds. Results: Overweight children engaged in more %MPA and less %VPA than non-overweight children, respectively. No differences were found between overweight and healthy weight children's moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Recess contributed 16.9% and 16.3% towards non-overweight and overweight children's school day %MVPA, respectively. Conclusion: Examining %MVPA as an outcome variable may mask differences in recess physical activity levels between non-overweight and overweight children. Future research is needed to establish why healthy weight and overweight children engage in differing levels of %MPA and %VPA during recess.


In recent years, computer scientists have recognized the office as a natural environment for the application of computing technology. At the same time, there has been a growing awareness of the need for automated tools to increase the productivity of white-collar workers. In an ideal office environment, machines would assume all the repetitive, mechanical tasks, thus freeing people to concentrate on problems that require creative thinking. The key to providing these office tools is the representation and utilization of information about the business of the office. This special issue of Computer focuses on recent office information systems research that is directed at improving the environment and productivity of office workers.


Introduction Optimum doses of secondary prevention cardiac medicines need to be achieved post-ACS to derive evidence-based benefits, including reductions in mortality, hospital readmission and improved symptom control. High intensity statin therapy can be started immediately at high-target dose, whilst ACE inhibitors (ACEi) and beta-blockers require up-titration to reach maximum tolerated doses. Despite a high percentage of patients being discharged on appropriate secondary prevention post-ACS, doses of ACEi and beta-blockers at the point of discharge are not at target dose due to haemodynamic effects and require up-titration post discharge. The aim of this study is to assess doses of ACEi and beta-blockers at the point of discharge and at various time points following discharge to assess rates of up-titration. Method Patients discharged following ACS in September 2015, April 2016, July 2016 and September 2016 were identified using the Myocardial Ischemia National Audit Project (MINAP). Using electronic patient records, discharge doses of ACEi (or ARBs), beta blockers and statins were recorded. Patients were contacted in October 2016 to assess current doses of ACEi (or ARBs), beta blockers and statins corresponding to rates of up-titration at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-ACS. Full dose equivalents (FDE) were used to standardise variability of dosing between different ACEi (or ARBs), beta blockers and statins. FDE ranged from 0, those not on the class of medication, to 1, those on maximum doses. Patients without a true diagnosis of ACS or those deceased were excluded from the study. Results 635 patients were identified from MINAP, of which 349 met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Up-titration occurred in 53 patients (15%) taking beta blockers and 79 patients (23%) taking ACEi (or ARBs); however optimal doses of beta blockers and ACEi (or ARBs) were only achieved in 32 patients (9%) and 40 patients (11%) respectively. Average FDE of beta blockers and ACEi (or ARBs) was 0.38 and 0.37 respectively. 270 patients (77%) were taking optimal doses of statins, with an average FDE of 0.86. No differences were seen with regards to up-titration of secondary prevention at different time points. Conclusions Results demonstrate an opportunity to titrate doses of beta blockers and ACEi (or ARBs) to optimal doses following ACS. NICE suggests up-titration to maximum doses within 4–6 weeks of discharge; however, whilst there is a positive trend in the number of patients on optimum doses with time, up-titration is minimal with patients achieving one third of target doses up to one year post-ACS. Data from this study shows a growing need to support patients in the community to optimise cardiac medications for secondary prevention after an ACS.


Cycling Aspects of Austroads Guides contains information that relates to the planning, design and traffic management of cycling facilities and is sourced from Austroads Guides, primarily the Guide to Road Design, the Guide to Traffic Managementand the Guide to Road Safety. The document is intended as a guide for engineers, planners and designers involved in the planning, design, construction and management of cycling facilities. Throughout the document practitioners are referred to relevant Austroads Guides for additional information. The publication provides: an overview of planning and traffic management considerations and cross?references to other Austroads Guides and texts for further detailed information a summary of design guidance and criteria relating to on?road and off?road bicycle facilities together with a high level of cross?referencing to the relevant Austroads Guides for further information information and cross-references on the provision for cyclists at structures, traffic control devices, construction and maintenance considerations and end-of-trip facilities.


Nano-bubbles have recently been observed experimentally on smooth hydrophobic surfaces; cracks on a surface can likewise be the site of bubbles when partially wetting fluids are used. Because these bubbles may provide a zero shear stress boundary condition and modify considerably the friction generated by the solid boundary, it is of interest to quantify their influence on pressure-driven flow, with particular attention given to small geometries. We investigate two simple configurations of steady pressure-driven Stokes flow in a circular pipe whose surface contains periodically distributed regions of zero surface shear stress. In the spirit of experimental studies probing slip at solid surfaces, the effective slip length of the resulting flow is evaluated as a function of the degrees of freedom describing the surface heterogeneities, namely the relative width of the no-slip and no-shear stress regions and their distribution along the pipe. Comparison of the model with experimental studies of pressure-driven flow in capillaries and microchannels reporting slip is made and a possible interpretation of the experimental results is offered which is consistent with a large number of distributed slip domains such as nano-size and micron-size nearly flat bubbles coating the solid surface. Further, the possibility is suggested of a shear-dependent effective slip length, and an explanation is proposed for the seemingly paradoxical behaviour of the measured slip length increasing with system size, which is consistent with experimental results to date.


Introduction Georgia Douglass Camp Johnson (1918), an African American female poet wrote, "The heart of a woman goes forth with dawn,/ as a lovebird, soft winging, so restlessly on./ A far o'er life's turrets and vales does it roam./In the wake of those echoes the heart calls home./ The heart of a woman falls back with the night/and enters some alien cage in plight./And tries to forget it has dreamed of the stars,/while it breaks, breaks, breaks, on the sheltering bars. Historically, middle-class White women have not appreciated the differences among themselves, Black women, and other women of color. Nor, have they acknowledged the unique challenges and issues confronting women of color as multiple oppressed people in terms of the impact of racism and sexism. Because feminism and feminist therapy are intertwined with gender, race, and politics, it is important to set this discussion of Black feminism and feminist therapy in the context of the historical path of the women's movement. Further, to truly understand the unique experiences of women of color, the dialogue must be broadened to include, for example, the history of the Black civil rights movements and the American Indian Movement (AIM). From these historical data, themes emerge such as women of color's relationship to our personal and political histories and how it connects us to our foremothers, and our relationship with ourselves as women with an oppressive racial identity. Therefore, by tracing the similarities and historical elements that shaped both the Black civil rights and feminist movements, we broaden our understanding of feminist therapy as it relates to women of color, specifically African American women. Thus, the purpose of this article is to illustrate how African American women's experiences of racial and sexual discrimination in the Black and feminist liberation movements during the abolitionist and modern civil rights eras have negatively affected and limited African American females' participation in third-wave feminism. The Black and the Women's Freedom Movements The pervasiveness of racism and sexism that existed in the Black and women's liberation movements rendered Black women almost nonexistent in both worlds (Breines, 2002; Hull, Bell-Scott, & Smith, 1982; Oyewumi, 1999). As a consequence, those racist and sexist narratives remain in the consciousness of present-day African American feminists, specifically the older Black feminists, and this memory continues to be a strong force in alienating African American women, and other women of color from White feminist organizations. Nevertheless, the lack of participation with White women in women's liberation has been costly and detrimental to African American and White women's gains regarding gender issues. In terms of the liberation movements, historically, women's protest has paralleled or followed the Black civil rights protest, which always surged up under the more intense and creel acts such as lynching in early 20th century--then late 1950s through 1968 (Zangrando, 1980). In the second half of the nineteenth century, the women's movement (first wave feminism) resembled the Black movement in its quest for equal rights. However, in contrast, the Black movement's issues of equality were more focused on the human atrocities such as lynching and massacres of African slaves. Some authors have written that women involved in the first wave of feminism began the reform activities as champions for the rights of others (e.g., Tobias, 1997), whereas according to others, they were advocates for their own rights (e.g., Staples, 1972). Regardless of the view or motive, 19th century White women were strong supporters of charitable organizations, prison reforms, and the abolition of slavery (e.g. Sarah and Angelina Grimke) without them themselves having any status, respect, or power (Baxandall, 2001; Lerner, 1988). During the 20th century, for a second time, the civil rights movement of the 1960s' ignited a resurgence of the women's movement (second wave feminism). …


Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma, also known as actinic granuloma, is a rare skin condition with a chronic course that is often resistant to treatment. Literature is sparse, and only a handful of case reports are available to guide treatment decisions. Typical first line treatment options include topical and intralesional steroids, topical pimecrolimus, and cryotherapy. Resistant cases have been treated with cyclosporine, systemic steroids, antimalarials, and oral retinoids. In particular, acitretin and isotretinoin have shown success in three cases. However, these medications can have side effects and require frequent lab monitoring. We present a case of a 47-year-old woman with bilateral forearm lesions consistent with annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma who was successfully treated with topical tretinoin. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(7):699-700..


This opening paper of the Voicelessness conference in October 2011 gives an introduction to the theme. After tracing the semantic fields in which "voicelessness" is used, the paper develops a "phenomenology" of the concept. Seven types of voicelessness are identified and applied to theological voicelessness. The periodisation implied in "the new millennium" is also explored, before reflecting on the theological method needed to face these challenges. The paper concludes by proposing five ways of overcoming theological voicelessness. These involve developing new strategies in relation to identity, research, politics, the academy, and worship.


Research into safety in autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicles has, so far, largely been focused on testing and validation through simulation. Due to the fact that failure of these autonomous systems is potentially life-endangering, formal methods arise as a complementary approach. This paper studies the application of formal methods to the verification of a human driver model built using the cognitive architecture ACT-R, and to the design of correct-by- construction Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). The novelty lies in the integration of ACT-R in the formal analysis and an abstraction technique that enables finite representation of a large dimensional, continuous system in the form of a Markov process. The situation considered is a multi-lane highway driving scenario and the interactions that arise. The efficacy of the method is illustrated in two case studies with various driving conditions.


Language purists have viewed Malaysian English as divergence from native speakers' conventions due to lack of estimation of the language. Much need to be done before Malaysian English can be accurately described and codified. Hence, this qualitative study intends to show the range of usage of Standard Malaysian English lexis, that is the acrolectal variety, in the written and spoken discourse of 203 English as Second Language (ESL) teachers in 38 National Secondary Schools in the Klang district in Selangor. The main aims are to detect and categorise the types of lexical borrowings from three main languages in Malaysia namely Malay, Chinese and Indian languages used by the ESL teachers, to what extent these lexical borrowings are used and for what reasons. This study has identified and collected 483 lexical items over a period of one year that is, from December 2011 to November 2012, whereby qualitative data is interpreted quantitatively. The findings of this study show that the ESL teachers mainly use the lexical items from the Malay language more frequently as it is the official language and has a prestigious placing. Borrowings from the local languages show that the English language is still in contact with other languages to express new ideas and concepts and mostly to retain the culture and tradition of Malaysians regardless of ethnicity. It is prone to change according to the users' needs and to express themselves with respect to their needs to enhance and enrich the language and culture.


Veterinary dentistry and oral surgery is beginning to incorporate osseous graft material and techniques into their everyday dental clinical practices. Autogenous, allogenic, xenografts and synthetics are all part of a new armamentarium to improve clinical results and achieve osseous reconstruction either to preserve anatomical ridge contours or support implants placed to replace teeth extracted or previously missing. Clinicians and researchers have been exploring the use of calcium sulphate (CS) for over 100 years. in orthopedic, spinal arthrodesis and maxillofacial surgery. Calcium sulphate is an inexpensive, easy to use material that offers many advantages as a predictable and significant bone regeneration substrate.


This document presents a part of work which aims to find sub-optimal strategy for the orbital rendezvous between an active chaser spacecraft and a passive target satellite which is moving in a known elliptic orbit around the Earth. The Yamanaka-Ankersen model of motion is considered. The variable-mass chaser spacecraft is equipped with a variable-thrust propulsion. The essence of the problem is to find a control resulting in a quasi-optimal rendezvous trajectory. This work approaches the problem of rendezvous of spacecraft using model predictive control. A proposal of solution is based on a version of Quasi Time-Optimal Receding Horizon Control (QTO-RHC) algorithm. This method is noise resistant and able to effectively handle with various constraints. The problem includes constraints on amount of used fuel, thrust magnitude and approach velocity. In this paper a conception of solution is presented. The paper contains also results for simplified case.


This thesis explores the nexus of democratic development, international democracy assistance and local political cultures in one eastern region of Madagascar. In so doing, it questions whether common targets of the democracy assistance industry (i.e. electoral process, freedom of expression, rule of law) merely encourage the simulation of Western democratic systems or actually stimulate democratic development that makes sense to local people. While there are no doubt many explanatory factors for the (in)effectiveness of democracy assistance policies, in this
thesis I propose that the perceptions, beliefs, and expectations of ordinary citizens (i.e. political cultures) could help account for the dogged persistence of hybrid regimes. My intention in undertaking this research is not to discredit other variables pertinent to democratic development, but rather to narrowly investigate how ordinary citizens interpret "democracy" and whether these interpretations are compatible with those assumed by the global democracy assistance industry. I also offer a step-by-step account of the methodological innovations
employed in this research. Empirical data on political culture was collected using a modified version of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). The data analysis
techniques used in this research were likewise visual, facilitating the translation of highly contextualised field data into thematic trends relevant to democracy assistance policy. The highly visual research process piloted here could be meaningfully applied to a wide range of research problems and contexts, including the emerging trend toward country-led democracy assessment procedures. The originality of this work lies in its exploration of a highly contested concept (political culture), using an innovative visual research method (the modified TAT) in a country not often researched by (particularly Anglophone) political scientists (Madagascar). This research is significant in that it proposes both a theoretical framework and original methodology for exploring how ordinary people perceive democracy in their countries, and relating these perceptions to specific policy goals.


The effect of exposure of carnation plants infected with carnation, latent virus (CLV) to two temperature regimes (35 + 2 "C and 40 +2 "C) for different periods (1 to 4 weeks) revealed that the exposure to different temperatures for different periods has a negative correlation with the survival of plants. Whereas only 33.33 per cent plants survived after 4 weeks at 35 + 2 "C, the plants when exposed to 40+ 2 "C for the same period could not tolerate the heat shock. However, only those plants which were exposed to 35 + 2 "C for 4 weeks and those exposed to 40 + 2 "C for 3 weeks were free from CLV. However, because of better survival rate, the higher temperature regime of 40 + 2 "C is recommended for production of virus-tested carnation plants.


We use a field experiment to study how workers value alternative work arrangements. During the application process to staff a national call center, we randomly offered applicants choices between traditional M-F 9 am – 5 pm office positions and alternatives. These alternatives include flexible scheduling, working from home, and positions that give the employer discretion over scheduling. We randomly varied the wage difference between the traditional option and the alternative, allowing us to estimate the entire distribution of willingness to pay (WTP) for these alternatives. We validate our results using a nationally-representative survey. The great majority of workers are not willing to pay for flexible scheduling relative to a traditional schedule: either the ability to choose the days and times of work or the number of hours they work. However, the average worker is willing to give up 20% of wages to avoid a schedule set by an employer on a week's notice. This largely represents workers' aversion to evening and weekend work, not scheduling unpredictability. Traditional M-F 9 am – 5 pm schedules are preferred by most jobseekers. Despite the fact that the average worker isn't willing to pay for scheduling flexibility, a tail of workers with high WTP allows for sizable compensating differentials. Of the worker-friendly options we test, workers are willing to pay the most (8% of wages) for the option of working from home. Women, particularly those with young children, have higher WTP for work from home and to avoid employer scheduling discretion. They are slightly more likely to be in jobs with these amenities, but the differences are not large enough to explain any wage gaps.


The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the successful application of system dynamics simulation modelling at investigating performance dynamics of the ship steam boiler. Ship steam boiler is a complex non-linear system which needs to be systematically investigated as a unit consisting of a number of subsystems and elements, which are linked by cause-effect (UPV) feedback loops (KPD), both within the system and with the relevant surrounding. In this paper the author will present the efficient application of scientific methods for the research of complex dynamic systems called qualitative and quantitative simulation System dynamics methodology, which will allow for production and use of higher number and kinds of simulation models of the observed elements, and finally allow for the continuous computer simulation, which will contribute to acquisition of new information about the non-linear character of performance dynamics of ship steam boilers in the process of designing and education.


The fact that in 2010 eighteen young workers attempted suicide at Foxconn production facilities in China has attracted worldwide attention. Drawing on research conducted in Foxconn factories in three regions of China — the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta, and West China — the authors trace the development of the Foxconn Technology Group as a case that demonstrates the aggressive nature of capital expansion in China and its impact on the lives of Chinese workers. While the Foxconn Group produces Apple products for the world's consumers, it simultaneously produces a new Chinese working class, the majority of whom are young migrant laborers. The authors claim that in China the state played a significant role in accelerating global capital accumulation. The authors hope to make sense of the way that a state-capital alliance is shaping a new form of labor recruitment and labor use. This article analyzes the emerging labor regime, specifically, the use of student labor in the process of Foxconn's expansion in China. First, the article discusses the ways in which the state contributes to the rise of monopoly capital by supplying workers who are both cheaper and younger. Second, the article examines how the new labor regime, established by Foxconn, generates more pressure on workers, leading to increased levels of anxiety and desperation among young factory workers. The article's principal research question is how a labor crisis was structurally produced in a mega global factory regime, when a new youth working class was emergent in China.


As the number of cancer survivors continues to rise, there is an increasing need for psychological research to better understand and help individuals cope with their cancer journey. According to Socioemotional Selectivity theory (SST), shortened time perspective and mortality awareness heighten the importance of social and emotional goals. In the present analysis, SST is applied to the unmet needs of cancer survivors. This is done to provide a better understanding of the association between unmet needs of cancer survivors and the impact of such needs on the survivors' psychological well-being, especially in the case of survivor's awareness of his/her mortality. In keeping with SST theory, we anticipated that for those with higher mortality awareness (e.g., recurrence of cancer, older age, greater mortality ratio), high unmet social and emotional needs, above else, will be associated with lower psychological well-being. Partial support was found for these hypotheses and results are discussed in terms of their contribution to a better understanding of the nature of psychological well-being of cancer survivors.


Abnormal cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, yet there is an absence of quantitative methods to dynamically image this powerful cellular function. Optical metabolic imaging (OMI) is a noninvasive, high-resolution, quantitative tool for monitoring cellular metabolism. OMI probes the fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of the autofluorescent metabolic coenzymes reduced NADH and flavin adenine dinucleotide. We confirm that OMI correlates with cellular glycolytic levels across a panel of human breast cell lines using standard assays of cellular rates of glucose uptake and lactate secretion (P < 0.05, r = 0.89). In addition, OMI resolves differences in the basal metabolic activity of untransformed from malignant breast cells (P < 0.05) and between breast cancer subtypes (P < 0.05), defined by estrogen receptor and/or HER2 expression or absence. In vivo OMI is sensitive to metabolic changes induced by inhibition of HER2 with the antibody trastuzumab (herceptin) in HER2-overexpressing human breast cancer xenografts in mice. This response was confirmed with tumor growth curves and stains for Ki67 and cleaved caspase-3. OMI resolved trastuzumab-induced changes in cellular metabolism in vivo as early as 48 hours posttreatment (P < 0.05), whereas fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography did not resolve any changes with trastuzumab up to 12 days posttreatment (P > 0.05). In addition, OMI resolved cellular subpopulations of differing response in vivo that are critical for investigating drug resistance mechanisms. Importantly, OMI endpoints remained unchanged with trastuzumab treatment in trastuzumab-resistant xenografts (P > 0.05). OMI has significant implications for rapid cellular-level assessment of metabolic response to molecular expression and drug action, which would greatly accelerate drug development studies.


Decisions are made daily concerning many facets of the National School Lunch Program at the federal, state and local levels, but how are decisions made with regard to the actual choice of foods on school lunch menus? No study that we are aware of examines the incentives and barriers among the SFAs decision-making process with regard to the provision of healthier lunch menus. The issue faced by SFAs is a classic moral hazard problem: a SFA's effort for the provision of healthy menu options is unknown (i.e., hidden actions). SFAs can accept federal funds and agricultural commodities to provide healthy lunches while districts create school wellness policies "requiring" minimum nutritional quality of school-provided foods, but the overall quality of implementation and compliance are not observable. This paper utilizes the Principal-Agent (PA) theory to model this moral hazard problem and unveil the barriers and incentive targets and channels behind the observed inefficient school nutrition policy implementation.


The social and political changes that emanated from the transformation process in South Africa had an effect on all spheres of government. The local sphere of government has particularly been affected by the changes since it is the sphere closest to the people and directly responsible for municipal service delivery.
This article aims to identify and analyse the status and relevance of managerial skills in the local sphere of government as well as its influence on municipal service delivery. Managers in municipalities should exhibit particular skills and competencies in order to fulfil their developmental role and provide quality municipal services to inhabitants. The article focuses specifically on category B municipalities, as categorised in terms of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act 108 of 1996).
The institutional capacity as well as its influence on municipal service delivery is furthermore investigated. The availability of the necessary resources, systems, procedures and managerial tools at municipalities will be investigated in order to determine whether they could provide adequate support to managers.
The government of South Africa has committed itself to the improvement of the skills levels of public officials and to establish a culture of learning in the public service. For these purposes legislation and policies pertaining to skills development and training have also been promulgated. This article briefly outlines the various legislative requirements pertaining to skills development and training, and furthermore make recommendations in this regard.


Carbon dioxide concentration, air temperature, and humidity
were monitored at (1) two cave sites and (2) three adjacent
karst soils. The data over a one-year period are supported by
dripwater chemistry and cave visiting frequency. The results
indicate that the sources of cave CO2 are anthropogenic and
epikarstic ones in addition to ordinary soils. Epikarstic CO2
produced under almost stationary conditions probably control
dripwater chemistry and cave's CO2 maxima. Based on breathing
and door opening, anthropogenic activity affects instantaneous
cave CO2 levels, depending on site volume/position and visitor
number. A conceptual model of the CO2 dynamics of the soil-cave
system is proposed. The study indicates that karst processes
such as limestone dissolution and speleothem growth need not be
entirely/directly controlled by external climatic conditions.


The study was conducted in the years 2009-2010 in the UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin. The observations involved the flowering time and the seasonal and diurnal dynamics of flowering and pollen production in flowers of the liverleaf (Hepatica nobilis Schreb.) from the family Ranunculaceae. The liverleaf begins blooming in early March and the full bloom occurs at the end of March and beginning of April. All-day observations demonstrated that the flowers opened between 8 am and 3 pm, and pollen was released from the anthers between 10 am and 4 pm. The mean weight of pollen produced by 10 liverleaf flowers was estimated at 7.4 mg (1.85 mg/100 stamens). An impact of the weather on the flowering period as well as the seasonal and diurnal dynamics of flowering was observed. Among insect pollinators, the honeybee dominated with a density of 4 individuals per 1m2 of a flowerbed that contained 74 open flowers on average.


Background: Isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) were enzymatically produced from rice (rIMO) alone or in combination with product (instant rice porridge mixed rIMO) demonstrated bifidogenic and butyrogenic effects in in vitro studies. The potential use of IMO from rice for pharma-nutraceuticals to prevent or risk reduction of colon cancer was further investigated in rats in this study.Objective: To investigate potential use of IMO from rice on prevention or risk reduction of colon cancer and gut microbiota modulation in rats, colonic polyp formation, histological changes, gut microbiota modulation, and butyrogenic properties were evaluated.Methods: An acute toxicity test was performed in ICR mice with a single dose of 2,000 mg/kg of tested IMO. The effects of rIMO were performed in AOM/DSS-induced Wistar rats. The animals were divided in 8 groups and treated three times a week with vehicle, three doses of rIMO, cIMO, and product (instant rice porridge mixed rIMO) before and after carcinogen administration. Animals were sacrificed at the end of 19th week.Results: Oral administration at up to 2,000 mg/kg of rIMO and product containing rIMO could be considered safe. Additionally, the animals chemically induced with AOM/DSS and treated with rIMO (1,500 mg/kg) and product containing rIMO significantly lower the occurrence of colonic polyps about 60%. There were no changes in other blood hematologic and biochemistry values but an improved gut barrier function when compared with animals in control and vehicle groups. AOM/DSS-induced rats supplemented with product containing rIMO could retard the reduction of beneficial bacteria and butyric acid production and thereby suppres the increase of harmful bacteria through the AOM/DSS post-induction phase.Conclusion: The results of this in vivo study suggest that consumption of rIMO alone or in combination with brown rice porridge could potentially help protect histological changes and risk reduction of developing for colon cancer. IMO from rice has potential use for pharma-nutraceuticals for risk reduction of colon cancer.Keywords: colon cancer, isomalto-oligosaccharides, prebiotic, rice, gut modulation


While Internet users claim to be concerned about online privacy, their behavior rarely reflects those concerns. In this paper we investigate whether the availability of comparison information about the privacy practices of online merchants affects users' behavior. We conducted our study using Privacy Finder, a "privacy-enhanced search engine" that displays search results annotated with the privacy policy information of each site. The privacy information is garnered from computer-readable privacy policies found at the respective sites. We asked users to purchase one non-privacy-sensitive item and then one privacy-sensitive item using Privacy Finder, and observed whether the privacy information provided by our search engine impacted users' purchasing decisions (participants' costs were reimbursed, in order to separate the effect of privacy policies from that of price). A control group was asked to make the same purchases using a search engine that produced the same results as Privacy Finder, but did not display privacy information. We found that while Privacy Finder had some influence on non-privacy-sensitive purchase decisions, it had a more significant impact on privacy-sensitive purchases. The results suggest that when privacy policy comparison information is readily available, individuals may be willing to seek out more privacy friendly web sites and perhaps even pay a premium for privacy depending on the nature of the items to be purchased.


Bacterial wilt of potato, a sever and devastating disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum occurs in tropical and subtropical area. Using resistant cultivars is important in control of this disease. Discovery of plant resistant mechanisms and induced plant responses against pathogen may provide valuable information for improved resistant cultivars. In this direction, the expression pattern of some important defense genes against R. solanacearum in potato commercial cultivars like, Marfona (susceptible), Els (tolerant) of Solanum tuberosum and resistant genotype of Solanum phureja was evaluated over times after inoculation The level of expression of evaluated defense genes including Chitinase A, Chitinase B, Glucanase, PR-10a in the resistant genotype of S. phureja was higher than the other two commercial cultivars. Results show expression of Chitinase A and PR-10a in S. phureja and tolerant cultivar, Els have increase compared to susceptible cultivar Marfona. Expression of defense protein and antimicrobial compounds were also evaluated based on the growth rate of the fungus Fusarium solani on culture media containing extract of induced plants. The growth rate of the fungus decreased on the culture containing extracts from the resistant genotype, compared that of susceptible cultivar.