MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression with impor- tant roles in cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Present in the brain, they play numerous regulatory roles shaping the proteome in an orchestrated manner with other non-coding RNAs. An independent brain-specific renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists that is subject to miRNA remodelling. The brain RAS regulates cerebral blood flow and electrolytic balance and is involved in neurotransmitter signalling and cognitive processes. Circulating microRNAs allow interaction between systemic and local RAS in the heart and the brain. Their screening and manipulation may be valuable towards understanding pathophysiology and development of treatments for various systemic and cen- tral nervous system diseases.


Asymmetric information is a fundamental friction that results in mismatches and efficiency losses in the labor market. In this paper, we posit that more disaggregated financial disclosure from a CEO candidate's prior employer can help the hiring firm better assess the possible fit between its operational needs and the candidate's skill set. Using a mandatory segment reporting reform in the U.S. (SFAS 131) as an exogenous shock to disclosure disaggregation, we find a significant increase in the firm-CEO match quality when the hiring firm has access to more disaggregated segment information about the external candidate's past employment. Further, the improvement in firm-CEO matching is greater when segment information is incrementally more useful for evaluation of candidate skills. These findings reveal a novel labor market benefit of disaggregated disclosure: alleviating pre-hiring information deficiencies and facilitating efficient allocation of CEO talent across firms.


Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) has been in
existence for decades.Extensive research, new innovation and initiatives anchored by MIT's Auto-ID Centre as well as key advancements in the information communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, has set the stage for a phased adoption and eventually mass scale embracement of this technology, communally termed as Automatic Identification (Auto-ID).This is further reinforced by the fact that businesses have obtained extensive and concrete evidence that this technology will produce a high return on
investment in the short and long term.This paper
commences with an introduction to Auto-ID and proceeds to highlight the key forces that are driving the embracement of this technology. It will then discuss the architecture of Auto-ID that enables it to serve as the underpinning infrastructure and mechanism for dynamic information generation.Next, the discussion is framed around the key applications and advantages of Auto-ID within and external to the supply chain.Finally, an explanation on how Auto-ID is bridging the transition to the fourth information revolution is put forward, where through the use of dynamic information, supply chain efficiency will be amplified and organizational agility will
be enhanced significantly.


In the past few decades, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has been promoted to improve food security and raise incomes as a strategy for sustainable agricultural development. The adoption rates among smallholder farmers, particularly in Africa, remain low and have varied in different contexts. We investigated the market participation spill over effects from the adoption of CSA practices in central Malawi. We tested the hypothesis that the extent of the use of CSA practices in the past 10 years can lead to production surpluses that enable smallholder farmers to participate in markets and thereby increase agricultural incomes. The findings suggest, among others, the need to intensify efforts to promote CSA adoption specifically over a longer period for benefits of the technologies to materialise. The adoption of CSA practices over time enhances crop market participation – an important aspect required for production sustainability as well as for transforming agriculture towards greater market orientation among smallholder farmers.


We study the interaction between an incompressible, viscous fluid and a composite structure, which consists of a thin and a thick elastic layer. The thin layer is modeled using the linearly elastic shell model, while the thick layer is modeled using the equations of linear elasticity. The system is coupled via the kinematic and dynamic coupling conditions. We present an unconditionally stable, loosely-coupled numerical algorithm and show a comparison of the results obtained using the proposed algorithm to the ones obtained using a single layered structure model. This work reveals a new physical property of FSI problems involving thin interfaces with mass: the inertia of the thin fluid-structure interface regularizes solutions of the full FSI problem.


(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)This fine book has a somewhat misleading title. It does not deal with Christmas in Germany ab initio , which would have dated to the eighth century, but rather with the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Perry has provided a thorough and well-balanced account that moves chronologically rather than topically.The book's central theme is that the Germans have always seen Christmas as particularly theirs, and Perry agrees, repeatedly demonstrating how Christmas interacted with so many areas of German life, including politics, but, as the subtitle suggests, he focuses on culture. "Christmas, supposedly a private family celebration, was and is Germany's national holiday" (7).As was typical for the nineteenth century in several countries, the upper middle class set the tone for the Christmas celebration (landed aristocrats had their own traditions). This group solidly emphasized family values that could, but did not always, transcend the confessional gaps; in general the nineteenth-century Christmas reflected Protestant customs and ideals. No less than Friedrich Schleiermacher pointed the way. His 1806 The Christmas Celebration recounts a fictional "dialogue in which the characters--enlightened bourgeois intellectuals in a comfortable salon-style atmosphere--debate the meaning of the birth of Jesus"(19). Three women talk about how Christmas reinforces the spiritual bond between mother and child, while their husbands debate moral and intellectual issues, including the lack of historicity in the gospel of John! Soon after this came E. A. Hoffmann's The Nutcracker which also had a family setting but, reflecting the values of the German Romantics, focused on children's capacity for the magical and mystical.Yet the future belonged to neither of these men but to the bourgeoisie who would enshrine middle-class standards of sacrifice and reward (Christmas presents for good children). Confessional differences impacted the celebrations. Protestants observed the holy day as a family day, in contrast to the Catholic emphasis upon grandiose liturgical celebrations. Protestants adopted the Christmas tree and its legendary association with Luther while Catholics stuck to "the church-approved creche"(31). But the middle-class character of the feast transcended the two religious observances.For example, holiday stories did not deal with the consequences of industrialization. Instead, many stories focused on impoverished children and their widowed mother who struggled to give the family any kind of Christmas. Often, however, help appeared in the form of a generous Christian or even a supernatural visitor. Naturally these women wished to get ahead, thus sharing bourgeois values and making them deserving of a better state in life. The Socialists did produce stories which addressed the economic system that produced poverty and which tried to get people to look at Christmas through the eyes of the suffering, but such tales had limited popularity during a joyous season.The Franco-Prussian War produced the first "War Christmas," a central theme of the book and of the German Christmas. …


Early diagnosis of social isolation in older adults can prevent physical and cognitive impairment or further impoverishment of their social network. This diagnosis is usually performed by personal and periodic application of psychological assessment instruments. This situation encourages the development of novel approaches able to monitor risk situations in social interactions to obtain early diagnosis and implement appropriate measures. This paper presents the development of a prediction model of social isolation in older adults through Ambient Intelligence (AmI) and Social Networking Sites (SNSs). The predictive model has been evaluated in terms of its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, predictive values. This paper also presents the results of an experimental test applying the proposed approach with real users, obtaining a prediction accuracy of 87% and a type II error rate of 15%. The proposed model will benefit institutions interested in developing technological solutions to detect early stages of social isolation, resulting in improving the quality of life of older adults.


In 1937, after years of living alone in New York City, a manic-depressive Thomas Wolfe returned to his family and his native Asheville, North Carolina, a city he had both ridiculed and brought notoriety to through his novel, Look Homeward, Angel, eight years earlier. Concerned about lingering resentment from the community over the literary work and his tenuous relationship with his family members, Wolfe returned to his hometown with caution, but also with the need to both rejuvenate and compile material for his next novel. It is this visit that sparks Wolfe's trademark conclusion, You can't go home again. During 1937 and 1938, Thomas Wolfe experienced extreme highs and lows as he labored furiously to produce his next work. Joanne Marshall Mauldin provides an in-depth look at those final two years in the life of the brilliant, yet troubled writer in Thomas Wolfe: When Do the Atrocities Begin? By adding new information and insight, Mauldin challenges much of the existing biographical material on the writer and offers a fresh view on the final years of his life. Through the utilization of primary and secondary sources including letters, interviews, recordings, and newspaper clippings, Mauldin offers a candid account of the life of Thomas Wolfe from the time of his visit to North Carolina in 1937 until his untimely death in 1938. Mauldin chronicles details of Wolfe's shocking change in publishers and his complex relationships with his editors, family, friends, and his mistress. This examination goes beyond Wolfe's life and extends into the period after his death, revealing details about the reaction of family and friends to the passing of this literary legend, as well as the cavalier publishing practices of his posthumous editors. Mauldin's narrative is unique from other biographical accounts of Thomas Wolfe in that it focuses solely on the final years in the life of the author. Her unbiased approach enables the reader to draw his or her own conclusions about Wolfe and his actions and state of mind during these last two years of his life."


This paper deals with the solution of problems involving partial differential equations in R . For three dimensional case, methods are useful if they require neither domain boundary regularity nor regularity for the exact solution of the problem. A new domain decomposition method is therefore presented which uses low degree finite elements. The numerical approximation of the solution is easy, and optimal error bounds are obtained according to suitable norms. AMS Subject Classification. 65N30. Received: November 28, 1995. Revised: October 2, 1998.


From the Book:
Introduction If you've never used Adobe Acrobat before, you're in for quite a pleasant experience when you learn about some of the amazing things it can do. If you've only used Acrobat to read PDF documents given to you, you'll be amazed at what can be done on the "other side"; that is, creating and editing Acrobat documents. If you've used Acrobat version 4.0.1 or older, you'll be astonished by how many new features and capabilities are included in this release. And if you've used Acrobat 5 at all, this book will guide you through its amazingly numerous options, so you can make the most out of your PDF pages.
Acrobat 5 formally declares PDF to be the document exchange format for the masses. Even better, Acrobat Reader is free to everyone with a computer running almost any current system software. So it doesn't matter if you have a Macintosh, a Windows system, an OS/2 system, or even a UNIX-based system.
What's New in Acrobat 5
Acrobat 5 has pumped up the PDF format. The enhanced format enables you to share the contents as well as the document itself. Acrobat 5 has added more Save As file types including RTF, TIFF, JPEG, and PNG file formats. This enables easier editing for users of PDF documents. Now you can truly have a secure document with Acrobat 5's security features. Password protection is now supported with 128-bit encryption. You can add a digital signature to your PDF document, and ensure that no one changes the document after you sign it. It's possible to view and add comments to a PDF document from your Web browser. Acrobat 5 boasts better integration and color controls with other Adobe programs like Photoshop 6 and Illustrator 9. Convert one Web page or an entire site to a PDF file with links. You can use the Batch function to increase productivity.
The Components of Acrobat Acrobat consists of several components, each of which is discussed in this book.
Acrobat Reader is the software that allows you to view PDF documents. Acrobat Reader is free and available from Adobe on their Web site, at wwwadobe.com. Reader is discussed in Chapters 1 and 2. Acrobat eBook Reader is also free from the Adobe Web site. It allows you to read electronic books, and annotate and search their pages. You can also lend and give away eBooks. See Chapter 3 for details. The commercial version of Acrobat contains the following parts: Acrobat is the program used to customize PDF files by editing them and adding PDF-specific features like buttons and the ability to download from the Web one page at a time. Acrobat Distiller changes PostScript t s into PDF files quickly and easily. See Chapter 4 for more on Distiller. Acrobat PDF Writer is the print driver that generates PDF files within any application. Instead of sending your document to a printer, you create a PDF file using the PDF Writer driver. Acrobat Capture is a plug-in within Acrobat that lets desktop scanner users scan in documents and convert them to PDFs on the fly. A more robust version is available as a separate product. For more on Acrobat Capture, see Chapter 12.
Macintosh and Windows Users Acrobat was designed to be totally cross platform; the creation and editing software is available on both Macintosh and Windows systems. The resulting PDF files can be viewed on either platform using Acrobat Reader, as well as on other systems, including OS/2 and UNIX.
So, except for a few pages where "Macintosh" or "Windows" is indicated, each page and example is designed to be used on any platform the Acrobat product family works with-currently Macintosh OS 9.1 and Windows 2000. Acrobat Reader 5 features native Macintosh OS X support.
If you have a UNIX system or a different operating system that Acrobat Reader is created for, the sections on Acrobat Reader will be relevant to you, while the creation and editing sections will not be.


After the publication of the fourth (2018) edition of the Oslo Manual, a key methodological reference for producing innovation statistics at international level, a review of the definitions of innovation – or, better, business innovation – used by the community of official statisticians has to be recommended. The main reason for such a review is the need to assess to what extent the current Oslo Manual has benefited from the rich economic and management literature on firms' innovation produced since the publication of the previous edition in 2005. It should also be pointed out that the current Manual was expected to fix some long-standing issues like that of properly accommodating service innovation in a statistical framework constantly biased towards innovation in tangible goods and technology-related phenomena. This article argues that these challenges have been only partially met. By reviving some concepts used in the past, such as the object-oriented approach to measure innovation, and being especially concerned to make the statistical framework designed to measure business innovation applicable in other sectors of the economy (including individuals and households), some specific features of the business innovation processes may have been neglected. The Manual discusses a wide array of issues regarding the economics of innovation and management practices, however it does not define a new consistent framework able to accommodate the demand for indicators about the influence on business innovation of the ongoing processes of digitalization, servitization or open innovation and, at least partially, to adopt a service-dominant logic.


BACKGROUND- Acquired melanocytic nevi are commonly found and the result of their excision may not be satisfactory depending on their location, extension and factors associated to the patient. OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the use of Erbium:YAG laser in treatment of acquired melanocytic nevi. METHOD - Nine white-skinned patients were selected, six men and three women with aged 20-60 years. All desired to remove one compound acquired melanocytic nevus on the trunk. Half of the nevi was treated with Erbium YAG laser while the remaining were used as control. One month after application, healing, aesthetic results and persistence of melanocytic cells and melanin were evaluated. RESULTS - All patients presented fast healing and excellent aesthetic results. However, the pathologic examination demonstrated permanence of nevus cells and melanin in seven and nine of the samples, respectively. CONCLUSION - Erbium:YAG laser, with the parameters applied in this study, was not capable to completely destroy the melanocytic cells and melanin. Therefore this method can not be recommended for treatment of acquired melanocytic nevi given the possibility of future malignant transformation.


This article describes an algorithm for short-term technical trading. The algorithm was tested in the context of the Penn-Lehman Automated Trading (PLAT) competition. The algorithm is based on three main ideas. The first idea is to use a combination of technical indicators to predict the daily trend of the stock, the combination is optimized using a boosting algorithm. The second idea is to use the constant rebalanced portfolios within the day in order to take advantage of market volatility without increasing risk. The third idea is to use limit orders rather than market orders in order to minimize transaction costs.


This presentation discussed the findings and methodology used in the comparative analysis of England and Wales Offenders Index data and the Netherlands Criminal Career Life Course Study (CCLS), examining the crime mix patterns of offending and how they change over the life course. We have used a latent transition analysis method which jointly estimated the crime mix patterns (different offenders will commit different selections of offences) and the transition probabilities (offenders move from one pattern to another). Our preliminary results showed that each dataset both have versatile and specialist crime mix offending groups but there are also important differences in the make up of these groups, with regard to the type of offences within these groups. These results were discussed in further detail, along with the issues of how best to carry out analyses upon the two datasets. We also explained the additional problems encountered when comparing the two datasets and how we have attempted to overcome them. Our current analyses have used a binary variable to indicate if an offence has occurred in a specific time period. We have attempted to further extend our knowledge of crime mix patterns by using a variable to look at the counts of offences occurring at each time period. Our Initial findings were presented and compared with our previous results.


"This project was developed on the idea that most students need to have a better understanding of certain scientific concepts such as Astronomy. The idea was to increase their background and historical knowledge which intern would help them have a deeper understanding and better appreciation for the work that has already been done by scientists. This historical background knowledge would help with comprehension of future work in astronomy.
This goal was accomplished by taking information that most students could easily observe over the course of time with the naked eye, much like our ancient ancestors. I then built on these observations using activities such as demonstrations with discussions, labs, hands on activities and computer websites to teach students how scientist using experiments and better equipment, explained how the universe works. For each new lab or activity, I incorporated the background history that explained what scientists believed centuries ago and how we have progressed, over time, to the understanding of astronomy we have today.
Pre and post-test results were used as an indication of how many of the students knowledge increased over the course o f this unit. I used an evaluation form to see what activities students liked and thought were helpful. The students needed to know not only how the universe works, but also what evidence scientists used to make their conclusions. The students also filled out evaluation forms that were useful in determining which activities were most beneficial."


n engl j med 372;9 nejm.org february 26, 2015 863 A 33-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department after a motorcycle accident. Clinical examination of the intubated patient showed a hard, swollen, bluish scrotum and an externally rotated and slightly shortened left leg. Computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis revealed dislocation of the left hip and a three-part trochanteric fracture of the proximal left femur (Panel A, white arrow), with displacement of the femoral head and neck fragment into the scrotum (Panels A and B, yellow arrow). There were also fractures of the left anterior pelvic ring and acetabulum (Panels A and B, blue arrow) and open fractures of the right forearm and hand. The femoral head and neck fragment was retrieved by means of a direct scrotal incision (Panel C), and the fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation (Panel D). The patient had no urologic sequelae. After 8 weeks of limited weight-bearing, the patient was able to walk with a cane. There was no evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head on the 3-month follow-up CT scan. At 14 months of follow-up, a CT scan showed vital bone structure and still no avascular necrosis of the femoral head, and the patient was able to walk freely without a cane.


Immune-based diseases that are rising in prevalence jeopardize the health of the western world from the last decade [1,2]. In developing world 358 million people globally had asthma, 1990 [3]. A chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder responsible for over 397,100 deaths in 2015 [4]. Asthma is one of these immune based chronic, inflammatory lung diseases characterized by variable airway obstruction, hyper responsiveness and remodelling [5-7]. Experimental research in the asthma field has largely focused on analysis of the cellular and molecular events induced by allergen exposure in sensitized animals and humans [8-12]. These research studies have been identified elevated production of IgE, mucus hyper secretion, and eosinophilic inflammation, which lead to lung function abnormalities and airway fibrosis [13-17]. Lung function abnormalities develop in chronic asthma disease and other chronic inflammatory processes on subsequent exposure to environmental inhalants such as allergens, organic and inorganic dusts, or autoimmune disease and sarcoidosis [18-23].


The successful and widespread deployment of biometric systems brings on a new challenge: the spoofing, which involves presenting an artificial or fake biometric trait to the biometric systems so that unauthorized users can gain access to places and/or information. We propose a fingerprint spoof detection method that uses a combination of information available from pores, statistical features and fingerprint image quality to classify the fingerprint images into live or fake. Our spoof detection algorithm combines these three types of features to obtain an average accuracy of 97.3% on a new database (UNESP-FSDB) that contains 4,800 images of live and fake fingerprints. An analysis is performed that considers some issues such as image resolution, pressure by the user, sequence of images and level of features.


This paper introduces the concepts of amount and speed of a discounting procedure. Exponential discounting sequesters both concepts into a single parameter that needs to be disaggregated in order to characterize nonconstant rate procedures. The inverse of the present value of a unit stream of benefits provides a natural measure of the amount a procedure discounts the future. We propose geometrical and time horizon based measures of how rapidly a discounting procedure acquires its ultimate present value, and we prove these to be the same. This provides an unambiguous measure of the speed of discounting, a measure whose values lie between 0 (slow) and 2 (fast). Exponential discounting has a speed of 1. A commonly proposed approach to aggregating individual discounting procedures into a social one averages the individual discount functions. We point to serious shortcoming with this approach and propose an alternative that, for logarithmic utility, is market based and for which the amount and time horizon of the social procedure are the averages of the amounts and time horizons of the individual procedures. We further show that the social procedure will in general be slower than the average of the speeds of the individual procedures. We then characterize three families of discounting procedures in terms of their discount functions, their discount rate functions, their amounts, their speeds and their time horizons. A one parameter hyperbolic discounting procedure, d(t) = (1 + rt)−2, has amount r and speed 0, and we argue that this zero-speed hyperbolic is well suited for social project evaluation. JEL codes: D51, D90, H43 and Q51


SUMMARY
In this work we present WhichCyp, a tool for prediction of which cytochromes P450 isoforms (among 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4) a given molecule is likely to inhibit. The models are built from experimental high-throughput data using support vector machines and molecular signatures.

AVAILABILITY
The WhichCyp server is freely available for use on the web at http://drug.ku.dk/whichcyp, where the WhichCyp Java program and source code is also available for download.


In 2005, three spectacular data security breaches focused public attention on the vast databases of personal information held by data traders such as ChoicePoint and LexisNexis, and the vulnerability of that data. The personal information of hundreds of thousands of people had either been hacked or sold to identity thieves, yet the data traders refused to reveal to those people the specifics of the information sold or stolen. While Congress and many state legislatures swiftly introduced bills to force data traders to be more accountable to their data subjects, fewer states actually enacted laws, and none of the federal bills were taken to a vote before the election in 2006. In large part, individuals remain powerless to discover the information a data trader holds about them, to discover what information was sold or stolen, to prevent data traders from using their personal information in unauthorized ways, or to hold data traders accountable for lax security. The Article argues that a new common law tort should be used to force reform and accountability on data traders, and to provide remedies for individuals who have suffered harm to their core privacy interests of choice and control-choice about who may receive their information, control over the information revealed, and how the recipient of that information may use it. The Article examines the current legislative and common law regimes, concluding that there are no effective remedies for individuals who have suffered harm from data misuse. Given the ineffective legislative response to the security breaches of 2005, the Article argues that the existing scheme of common law privacy torts should be expanded to create a new tort for information misuse. The new tort borrows from existing privacy torts - in particular, the tort of appropriation - and existing privacy statutes, importing the Fair Information Practices from the Privacy Act of 1974 as a standard of care.


We introduce the German multi-metric assessment method PhytoFluss for large rivers, based on phytoplankton, which can be used to implement the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). First, we examined the response of chlorophyll a concentration to total phosphorus (TP) at 220 German river sites. Rivers could be assigned to one of four groups, based on the response curves: a) streams with high specific run-off (Rhine, Danube) had the lowest yield of chlorophyll a per unit of TP, followed by b) low yield in small lowland rivers (Trave, Stepenitz), c) medium-sized lowland rivers (Spree) and large central mountain rivers (Main) had intermediate yields of chlorophyll a, and d) streams with low specific run-off (Elbe, Weser) and Baltic tributaries (Penne, Warnow) had the highest yield of chlorophyll a per unit of TP. To define the five trophic status classes of phytoplankton biomass according the WFD, the chlorophyll a boundaries were derived from these response curves at the 75% percentile level. All selected sites were pre-classified with the combined trophic boundaries for TP and chlorophyll a to create the new four taxa composition metrics: The proportions of Chlorophytes, Cyanobacteria, or Pennales and of indicator taxa were selected as indicative parameters. When applying the final PhytoFluss method to 418 years of investigation from 150 German river sites, the percentages in each status according to the bio- component phytoplankton were: high 3%, good 19%, moderate 42%, poor 30%, and bad 5%. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


The present approach for daily temperature interpolation of the Watershed Simulation and Forecasting System of the Finnish Environment Institute is based on the inverse distance weighted interpolation. In order to improve the calculation, three alternative methods were tested: 1) modified inverse distance weighted model, 2) regression with dummy variables for taking into account time and 3) regression equation calibrated for each day. The regression model calibrated for each day proved to be the most promising model. By average, the difference between the accuracy of it and the inverse distance weighted methods wasn't big but some indication was found that in single cases it can make a difference. The estimated parameters were found to have realistic physical meanings.


SUMMARY The concept of ecosystem services (ES), the benefits humans derive from ecosystems, is increasingly applied to environmental conservation, human well-being and poverty alleviation, and to inform the development of interventions. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) implicitly recognize the unequal distribution of the costs and benefits of maintaining ES, through monetary compensation from 'winners' to 'losers'. Some research into PES has examined how such schemes affect poverty, while other literature addresses trade-offs between different ES. However, much evolving ES literature adopts an aggregated perspective of humans and their well-being, which can disregard critical issues for poverty alleviation. This paper identifies four issues with examples from coastal ES in developing countries. First, different groups derive well-being benefits from different ES, creating winners and losers as ES, change. Second, dynamic mechanisms of access determine who can benefit. Third, individuals' contexts and needs determine how ES contribute to well-being. Fourth, aggregated analyses may neglect crucial poverty alleviation mechanisms such as cash-based livelihoods. To inform the development of ES interventions that contribute to poverty alleviation, disaggregated analysis is needed that focuses on who derives which benefits from ecosystems, and how such benefits contribute to the well-being of the poor. These issues present challenges in data availability and selection of how and at which scales to disaggregate. Disaggregation can be applied spatially, but should also include social groupings, such as gender, age and ethnicity, and is most important where inequality is greatest. Existing tools, such as stakeholder analysis and equity weights, can improve the relevance of ES research to poverty alleviation.


Low soil water contents may be involved in the lack of success of soybean inoculation in southeastern U.S. soils having high indigenous populations of Rhizobium japonicum. This study was conducted to assess the effect of soil water on the inoculation, biomass, N accumulation, and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. 'Bragg' soybeans were noculated with 108 cells/cm row of R. japonicum (strain 110) and grown under both irrigated and nonirrigated conditions on a Norfolk loamy sand (Typic Paleudult) in a split plot design. Rainfall maintained the surface soil above -250 mb matric potential until the late flowering stage of growth. Subsequently, a seasonal drought created treatment differences between irrigated and nonirrigated plots resulting in a twofold increase in seed yield due to irrigation (3,160 vs. 1,682 kg/ha). Inoculation increased the percentage infection by strain 110 from practically 0% background to about 20%. Inoculation increased growth and total N accumulation in pods, petioles, and leaves of Bragg soybeans under irrigated conditions. Under nonirrigated conditions, the increased infection of strain 110 appeared to induced a negative response in the vegetative growth of Bragg soybeans. Nitrogen concentration was also significantly lower in the leaves and pods of nonirrigatedinoculated plants. These differences were not observed in N content of the mature seed, and inoculation did not significantly affect seed yield. These findings indicate that R. japonicum strain x environment interactions may be important for soybean growth and yield in the southeast United States.


With the increasing amount and complexity of data being collected, there is an urgent need to create automated techniques for mining the data. In particular, data being generated and stored by telecom companies overwhelms scientists' ability to manually discover patterns in the data. Because much of this data is structural in nature, or composed of parts and relations between the parts, linear attribute-value based algorithms will not capture all of the intricacies of the data. Hence, there exists a need to develop scalable tools to analyze and discover concepts in structural databases.


Over the past 5 years there has been an increase in the number of applications that require
devices that operate in the millimetre range (30-300GHz). This demand has driven research into
" devices that will operate at frequencies above 100GHz. This performance has been achieved
using two main technologies, the Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT) and the High
Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT). At present it is a HEMT device that holds the record for
the highest operating frequency of any transistor. It is this technology that this project
concentrates on.
In order to fabricate devices that operate at these frequencies two methods are commonly
employed. The first is to vary the material of the device, in particular, increasing the indium
content of the channel. The second method is to reduce the physical dimensions of the
transistors, including reducing the gate length of the device therefore reducing transit time and
gate capacitance. Reducing the separation of the source-drain ohmic contacts or employing a
self-aligned ohmic strategy reduces the associated parasitic resistances. This project will
concentrate on the scaling of the gate length in addition to the reduction of parasitic resistances
with the use of self-aligned ohmic contacts.This work includes the realisation of the first self-aligned 120nm T -Gate. GaAs pHEMT
fabricated at the University of Glasgow. These devices required the development of two key
technologies, the non-annealed ohmic contact and the succinic acid based selective wet etch.
The self-aligned devices showed good RF performance with a ft of 150 GHz and a fmax of 180
GHz which compares favourable with results o~ 120nm GaAs pHEMTs previously fabricated at Glasgow.
The investigation of gate length scaling to device performance included the development of two
lithographic process capable of producing HEMT with a gate length of 50nm and 30nm respectively in addition to a method ~f sample preparation that allows these devices to be
analysed using TEM techniques.
This work has lead to the realisation of SOnm T -gate metamorphic HEMTs using a
PMMAIcopolymer resist stack, these devices displayed an excellent yield, with over 95% of
devices working. The uniformity of the gate process was also high with a threshold voltage of -
0.44SV with a standard deviation of O.OOSV. The devices demonstrated an .it of 330GHz and a
fmax of 260GHz making these devices some of the fastest transistors that have ever been
fabricated on a GaAs substrate. The second lithography process was developed to realise T -gates with a gate length of less than
SOnm. This processed used a two stage "bi-lithography" process to minimise the effect of
forward s7attering through the resist. The gate footprint was transferred into a Si02 gate by a dry
etch process. This lithography process was integrated into a full process flow for lattice matched
InP HEMTs Using this process, HEMTs were fabricated with a T-gate of 2Snm. This is the
smallest T -gate device that has been fabricated at the University of Glasgow and is comparable
with the smallest HEMT devices in the world.


On-chip implementation of large-scale neural networks with emerging synaptic devices is attractive but challenging, primarily due to the pre-mature analog properties of today's resistive memory technologies. This work aims to realize a large-scale neural network using today's available binary RRAM devices for image recognition. We propose a methodology to binarize the neural network parameters with a goal of reducing the precision of weights and neurons to 1-bit for classification and <8-bit for online training. We experimentally demonstrate the binary neural network (BNN) on Tsinghua's 16 Mb RRAM macro chip fabricated in 130 nm CMOS process. Even under finite bit yield and endurance cycles, the system performance on MNIST handwritten digit dataset achieves ∼96.5% accuracy for both classification and online training, close to ∼97% accuracy by the ideal software implementation. This work reports the largest scale of the synaptic arrays and achieved the highest accuracy so far.


Alveolar macrophages are cell's important in immune defense and inflammation in the lung, and the coagulation system participates in these reactions. In earlier experiments, it was found that alveolar macrophages contain and produce tissue factor, the extrinsic clotting pathway activator. The present experiments explore possible production by alveolar macrophages of the sequence of the clotting proteins that interact to form thrombin following initiation of coagulation by tissue factor. In studies using alveolar macrophages purified from rabbits, factor V activity was not detected in cell preparations assayed directly after isolation. However, after short-term culture, we found generation and release of factor V activity by these cells, which was predominantly from subpopulations with densities of 1.060-1.068 g/ml, corresponding to intermediate stages of alveolar macrophage maturation. Cell viability and protein synthesis were required for generation of the activity as shown by inhibitory effects of cell lysis before culture and by effects observed after including puromycin in cultures with viable cells. The activity generated was characterized as factor V by demonstrating specific functional requirements in one- and two-stage coagulation tests. There was no detectable generation in these cultures of factors II, VII, X, or the more recently described factor X- independent monocyte/macrophage prothrombinases. Factor V activity generated by alveolar macrophages may contribute to prothrominase assembly, activation of clotting, and fibrin formation within the alveolus.


As vehicle interior noise levels decrease and customer expectations of comfort increase, measures of sound‐pressure level are no longer sufficient to characterize the acoustic environment of the vehicle. It therefore becomes important to study other sound attributes that affect customer satisfaction. A procedure has been developed by which customers identify and evaluate the important powertrain attributes, using the semantic differential technique. The attributes fall into two categories, psychoacoustic (loudness, roughness, pitch) and ''halo'' (expensive, reliable, powerful). By correlating the semantic result with preference data, it can be determined which attributes contribute most to customer preferences. Attributes important for one market segment may be unimportant for another segment. The semantic differential results are correlated to objective sound quality metrics. Comparison of the results across compact, midsize, and luxury market segments will be discussed.


We employ low-frequency data to estimate historical volatility measures for Hong Kong stocks and examine the relationship between these measures and the one-month ahead stock return over thirty-five years. First, we employ a stock's past three-year weekly return to compute idiosyncratic volatility. Second, we use a stock's past three-year maximum weekly return to create a MAX measure. We find that both IVOL and MAX are significant and negatively related to the one-month ahead stock return. Both effects co-exist in the Hong Kong stock markets and are robust after controlling for the financial crisis, January effect, and tiny stocks.


Net art is one of the most viewed and experienced artforms, yet some net artworks stop functioning in less than five months. At the heart of this research lies the question of net art's survival. While net art is hardly accounted for in museum collections – the traditional keepers of cultural heritage – this dissertation explores the material and behaviour of net art. Using a broad range of interdisciplinary resources the chapters open up key theoretical issues that rethink museum practices. Among others, this includes notions of authenticity, authorship, documentation and documents, networks, open source, performativity and processual.

Arguing for the need to reconsider traditional attitudes in museums and notions of static conservation as well as acknowledging decentralised and community-based approaches, this dissertation describes an expanded practice of conservation in the computational age. It shows how net art operates through often imperceptible or ambiguous performance of processes and is networked in various ways. It then examines the way these strategies are used and fold back into notions of authenticity, documentation and variability.

It is in addressing and answering some of the challenges facing net art that this dissertation makes a distinctive contribution to the field of conservation, curatorial studies as well as to cultural and museum analysis. At the same time, an exploration of net art's intersections with conservation puts studies on net art into a new perspective. Consequently, the study enables more informed decisions when responding to, critically analysing or working with net art, in particular software-based processes. Surviving FOREVER means embracing rather then fearing ephemerality, loss and obsolescence.


TVB-N (total volatile basic nitrogen) concentration in fish muscle was used as an index of freshness quality to compare the spoilage of rainbow trout wrapped in cling film and in aluminium foil. TVB-N levels in different muscle tissue and in the whole fish were measured every two days for a period of 16 days at 4-6°C. In addition, three different methods of determining of TVB-N were evaluated in terms of sensitivity, reliability, speed, and cost. Regardless of the method of analysis, there was an increase in the level of TVB-N during storage, especially after 7-9 days. In general, the trend of increase was similar in each method, but semi-steam distillation yielded the highest concentration of TVB-N. Results obtained also showed that TVB-N in the belly flesh sample was the highest, whereas the lowest TVB-N value was obtained with the dorsal flesh for each method. If the high cost can be tolerated, flow injection method is recommended for determination of TVB-N. It was also found, however, that TVB-N can not be used as an index of spoilage but as an indicator of advanced spoilage in the sample.


All of your projects and programs make up your portfolio. But how much time you actually spend on your projects, and how much time do you spend responding to emergencies? This book will introduce you to different ways of ordering all of the projects you are working on now, and help you figure out how to staff those projects--even when you've run out of project teams to do the work. Once you learn to manage your portfolio better, you'll avoid emergency "firedrills." The trick is adopting lean and agile approaches to projects, whether they are software projects, projects that include hardware, or projects that depend on chunks of functionality from other suppliers. You may be accustomed to spending time in meetings where you still don't have the data you need to evaluate your projects. Here, with a few measures, you'll be able to quickly evaluate each project and come to a decision quickly. You'll learn how to define your team's, group's, or department's mission with none of the buzzwords that normally accompany a mission statement. Armed with the work and the mission, you can make those decisions that define the true leaders in the organization.


Introduction Patients with degenerative hip disease frequently present with bilateral involvement that requires surgical management. The main goal when treating these patients is to achieve the maximum efficiency without increasing risk of perioperative complications; therefore, the decision regarding the best moment to operate the second hip becomes relevant. Although studies have addressed this topic, whether a simultaneous or staged surgery should be performed remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine, based on available evidence, the optimum strategy in terms of safety to operate the second hip in patients with bilateral involvement. Materials and Methods A meta-analysis was planned. A systematic review of the literature was performed including clinical trials or observational analytical studies comparing the safety of bilateral arthroplasty performed simultaneously or staged by measuring major and minor complications. The appropriateness of a meta-analysis was evaluated through the detailed analysis of the risk of bias and clinical heterogeneity of the included studies. Results Thirteen studies were selected after the systematic review. A wide variability in the methodological designs was found with a critical risk of bias in most of them. Considerable heterogeneity was detected in defining staged surgery in the cointerventions and how the outcomes were defined and measured. In response to these findings, a meta-analysis was considered not appropriate. The results showed no differences in the risk of mortality or systemic complications in young and healthy patients between simultaneous or staged surgeries. However, increased risk of complications for staged surgeries performed during the same hospitalization was observed. Conclusions Available evidence is very heterogeneous and the quality of evidence is low. The available evidence supports the performance of simultaneous hip arthroplasty in selected patients (not older than 65 years, ASA 1-2, without cardiovascular comorbidities) and suggests the avoidance of staged surgeries within the same hospitalization.


In this book Ousman Kobo provides a fresh understanding of the indigenous origins of Islamic reforms sympathetic to "Wahhabi" ideas in two West African countries, Burkina Faso and Ghana, and connects these movements to Muslim's search for religious purity in modern contexts.


BACKGROUND
Stillbirth affects at least 2.6 million families worldwide every year and has enduring consequences for parents and health services. Parents entering a subsequent pregnancy following stillbirth face a risk of stillbirth recurrence, alongside increased risks of other adverse pregnancy outcomes and psychosocial challenges. These parents may benefit from a range of interventions to optimise their short- and longer-term medical health and psychosocial well-being.

OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of different interventions or models of care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth on maternal, fetal, neonatal and family health outcomes, and health service utilisation.

SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (6 June 2018), along with ClinicalTrials.gov and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (18 June 2018).

SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomised controlled trials (qRCTs). Trials using a cluster-randomised design were eligible for inclusion, but we found no such reports. We included trials published as abstract only, provided sufficient information was available to allow assessment of trial eligibility and risk of bias. We excluded cross-over trials.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed trials for eligibility and undertook data extraction and 'Risk of bias' assessments. We extracted data from published reports, or sourced data directly from trialists. We checked the data for accuracy and resolved discrepancies by discussion or correspondence with trialists, or both. We conducted an assessment of the quality of the evidence using the GRADE approach.

MAIN RESULTS
We included nine RCTs and one qRCT, and judged them to be at low to moderate risk of bias. Trials were carried out between the years 1964 and 2015 and took place predominantly in high-income countries in Europe. All trials assessed medical interventions; no trials assessed psychosocial interventions or incorporated psychosocial aspects of care. Trials evaluated the use of antiplatelet agents (low-dose aspirin (LDA) or low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), or both), third-party leukocyte immunisation, intravenous immunoglobulin, and progestogen. Trial participants were women who were either pregnant or attempting to conceive following a pregnancy loss, fetal death, or adverse outcome in a previous pregnancy.We extracted data for 222 women who had experienced a previous stillbirth of 20 weeks' gestation or more from the broader trial data sets, and included them in this review. Our GRADE assessments of the quality of evidence ranged from very low to low, due largely to serious imprecision in effect estimates as a result of small sample sizes, low numbers of events, and wide confidence intervals (CIs) crossing the line of no effect. Most of the analyses in this review were not sufficiently powered to detect differences in the outcomes assessed. The results presented are therefore largely uncertain.Main comparisonsLMWH versus no treatment/standard care (three RCTs, 123 women, depending on the outcome)It was uncertain whether LMWH reduced the risk of stillbirth (risk ratio (RR) 2.58, 95% CI 0.40 to 16.62; 3 trials; 122 participants; low-quality evidence), adverse perinatal outcome (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.20 to 3.32; 2 trials; 77 participants; low-quality evidence), adverse maternal psychological effects (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.07 to 14.90; 1 trial; 40 participants; very low-quality evidence), perinatal mortality (RR 2.58, 95% CI 0.40 to 16.62; 3 trials; 122 participants; low-quality evidence), or any preterm birth (< 37 weeks) (RR 1.01, 0.58 to 1.74; 3 trials; 114 participants; low-quality evidence). No neonatal deaths were reported in the trials assessed and no data were available for maternal-infant attachment. There was no clear evidence of a difference between the groups among the remaining secondary outcomes.LDA versus placebo (one RCT, 24 women)It was uncertain whether LDA reduced the risk of stillbirth (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.06 to 12.01), neonatal death (RR 0.29, 95% CI 0.01 to 6.38), adverse perinatal outcome (RR 0.28, 95% CI 0.03 to 2.34), perinatal mortality, or any preterm birth (< 37 weeks) (both of the latter RR 0.42, 95% CI 0.04 to 4.06; all very low-quality evidence). No data were available for adverse maternal psychological effects or maternal-infant attachment. LDA appeared to be associated with an increase in birthweight (mean difference (MD) 790.00 g, 95% CI 295.03 to 1284.97 g) when compared to placebo, but this result was very unstable due to the extremely small sample size. Whether LDA has any effect on the remaining secondary outcomes was also uncertain.Other comparisonsLDA appeared to be associated with an increase in birthweight when compared to LDA + LMWH (MD -650.00 g, 95% CI -1210.33 to -89.67 g; 1 trial; 29 infants), as did third-party leukocyte immunisation when compared to placebo (MD 1195.00 g, 95% CI 273.35 to 2116.65 g; 1 trial, 4 infants), but these results were again very unstable due to extremely small sample sizes. The effects of the interventions on the remaining outcomes were also uncertain.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is insufficient evidence in this review to inform clinical practice about the effectiveness of interventions to improve care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following a stillbirth. There is a clear and urgent need for well-designed trials addressing this research question. The evaluation of medical interventions such as LDA, in the specific context of stillbirth prevention (and recurrent stillbirth prevention), is warranted. However, appropriate methodologies to evaluate such therapies need to be determined, particularly where clinical equipoise may be lacking. Careful trial design and multicentre collaboration is necessary to carry out trials that would be sufficiently large to detect differences in statistically rare outcomes such as stillbirth and neonatal death. The evaluation of psychosocial interventions addressing maternal-fetal attachment and parental anxiety and depression is also an urgent priority. In a randomised-trial context, such trials may allocate parents to different forms of support, to determine which have the greatest benefit with the least financial cost. Importantly, consistency in nomenclature and in data collection across all future trials (randomised and non-randomised) may be facilitated by a core outcomes data set for stillbirth research. All future trials should assess short- and longer-term psychosocial outcomes for parents and families, alongside economic costs of interventions.


2D nanomaterials, including graphene, transition metal oxide (TMO) nanosheets, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets, etc., have offered an appealing and unprecedented opportunity for the development of high-performance electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Although significant progress has been made on 2D nanomaterials for LIB applications in the recent years, some major challenges still exist for the direct use of these sheet-like nanomaterials, such as their serious self-agglomerating tendency during electrode fabrication and low conductivity as well as the large volume changes over repeated charging-discharging cycles for most TMOs/TMDs, which have resulted in large irreversible capacity, low initial Coulombic efficiency and fast capacity fading. To address these issues, considerable progress has been made in the exploitation of 2D nanosheets for enhanced lithium storage. In this review, we intend to summarize the recent progress on the strategies for enhancing the lithium-storage performance of 2D nanomaterials, including hybridization with conductive materials, surface/edge functionalization and structural optimization. These strategies for manipulating the structures and properties of 2D nanomaterials are expected to meet the grand challenges for advanced nanomaterials in clean energy applications and thus provide access to exciting materials for achieving high-performance next-generation energy-storage devices. © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of China Science Publishing & Media Ltd. All rights reserved.


Formation and existence of gashydrates cause three factors: temperature, pressure and the presence in the gaseous medium of drop water. Therefore prevention or elimination of gashydrate structures is reduced to exception of one of these factors. The limitation of the mutual mixing of gas and water, i.e., the agitation of flow, is the partial solution by the exception of the third factor. Nevertheless, in certain cases this method occurs the unique solution of problem, for example, with the passage of the flow of the gas through the flow regulator. In the article are given the experimental data about the work of two control valves KRU and KRE, in the first of which the flow of gas is passed as that as strongly created turbulence, and the secondly - it is linear, without mixing of gas and water. Results proved to be striking: KRU in the course of time loses its stable work, and KRE its characteristic it preserves practically stably. Valve KRE possesses the high accuracy of regulation because of its design internal regulation characteristic, which prevents the accumulation of gashydrate in it. In the automatic regime at the assigned pressure to the valve is observed the most stable work KRE. During the hydrate formation, which is manifested in an increase in the assigned pressure to KRE, automation will give signal for the discovery, as a result of which, occurs the disruption of hydrate and the restoration of work from the assigned parameter, in this case the temperature and pressure remain constants. In the automatic regime with the assigned expenditure, in the case of changing the pressure in the collector the fluctuations of regime occur, but valve stably supports the required expenditure. With the average consumption of methanol of 930 l/month with the work KRU, on KRE the expenditure composed 480 l/month, which shows to reduction in the gashydrate accumulation in the valve KRE. Thus, studies proved that the valve KRE is characterized by effectiveness, efficiency, accuracy and smoothness of regulation due to the absence of the accumulation of hydrates inside the valve.


Among well-acquainted people, those high on agentic narcissism are less popular than those low on agentic narcissism. That popularity-difference figures prominently in the narcissism literature. But why are agentic narcissists less popular? We propose a novel answer―the tit-for-tat hypothesis. It states that agentic narcissists like other people less than non-narcissists do and that others reciprocate by liking agentic narcissists less in return. We also examine whether the tit-for-tat hypothesis generalizes to communal narcissism. A large round-robin study (N = 474) assessed agentic and communal narcissism (Wave 1) and included two round-robin waves (Waves 2-3). The round-robin waves assessed participants' liking for all round-robin group members (2,488 informant-reports). The tit-for-tat hypothesis applied to agentic narcissists. It also applied to communal narcissists, albeit in a different way. Compared with non-narcissists, communal narcissists liked other people more and―in return―those others liked communal narcissists more. Our results elaborate on and qualify the thriving literature on narcissists' popularity.


The 2006 Esperanza Fire in Riverside County, California, was simulated with the Coupled Atmosphere-Wildland Fire Environment (CAWFE) model to examine how dynamic interactions of the atmosphere with large-scale fire spread and energy release may affect observed patterns of fire behavior as mapped using the FireMapper thermal imaging radiometer. CAWFE simulated the meteorological flow in and near the fire, the fire's growth as influenced by gusty Santa Ana winds and interactions between the fire and weather through fire-induced winds during the first day of burning. The airflow was characterized by thermally stratified, two-layer flow channelled between the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountain ranges with transient flow accelerations driving the fire in Cabazon Peak's lee. The simulation reproduced distinguishing features of the fire including its overall direction and width, rapid spread west-south-westward across canyons, spread up canyons crossing its southern flank, splitting into two heading regions and feathering of the fire line. The simulation correctly depicted the fire's location at the time of an early-morning incident involving firefighter fatalities. It also depicted periods of deep plume growth, but anomalously described downhill spread of the head of the fire under weak winds that was less rapid than observed. Although capturing the meteorological flow was essential to reproducing the fire's evolution, fuel factors including fuel load appeared to play a secondary role.


"Keen participation with USB Security" is about the administration of participation through an enhanced innovation of face location. Our task deals with the procedure of detecting so as to check participation face. In this firstly we have USB begin of undertaking by which the venture begins. At that point through administrator login we can move advance then understudies login should be possible in which they will first enter the id and secret word and after that the face can be recognized. Facial acknowledgment or face acknowledgment as it is frequently alluded to as, investigation qualities of a man's face picture data through a camera. It gauges general facial structure, separations between eyes, nose, mouth, and jaw edges. These estimations are held in a database and utilized as an examination when a client remains before the camera. Generally understudy's participation is taken physically by utilizing participation sheet, given by the employee in class. The Present participation stamping strategies are dreary and tedious. Physically recorded participation can be effectively controlled. Also, it is extremely hard to check one by one understudy in a vast classroom environment with appropriated branches whether the validated understudies are really reacting or not. The information or pictures got by the camera are sent to a PC modified framework for further investigation. The got pictures are then contrasted and an arrangement of reference pictures of each of the workers or understudies and stamp the relating participation. Being a standout amongst the best uses of the picture handling, face acknowledgment has a fundamental part in specialized field particularly in the field of security reason. Human face acknowledgment is an imperative field for confirmation reason particularly on account of understudy's participation.


Abstract Accumulating literature has linked poverty to brain structure and function, particularly in affective neural regions; however, few studies have examined associations with structural connections or the importance of developmental timing of exposure. Moreover, prior neuroimaging studies have not used a proximal measure of poverty (i.e., material hardship, which assesses food, housing, and medical insecurity) to capture the lived experience of growing up in harsh economic conditions. The present investigation addressed these gaps collectively by examining the associations between material hardship (ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15 years) and white matter connectivity of frontolimbic structures (age 15 years) in a low-income sample. We applied probabilistic tractography to diffusion imaging data collected from 194 adolescents. Results showed that material hardship related to amygdala–prefrontal, but not hippocampus–prefrontal or hippocampus–amygdala, white matter connectivity. Specifically, hardship during middle childhood (ages 5 and 9 years) was associated with greater connectivity between the amygdala and dorsomedial pFC, whereas hardship during adolescence (age 15 years) was related to reduced amygdala–orbitofrontal (OFC) and greater amygdala–subgenual ACC connectivity. Growth curve analyses showed that greater increases of hardship across time were associated with both greater (amygdala–subgenual ACC) and reduced (amygdala–OFC) white matter connectivity. Furthermore, these effects remained above and beyond other types of adversity, and greater hardship and decreased amygdala–OFC connectivity were related to increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. Results demonstrate that the associations between material hardship and white matter connections differ across key prefrontal regions and developmental periods, providing support for potential windows of plasticity for structural circuits that support emotion processing.


This article identifies the inescapable elements in the development of a regional, and inter transexenal "Logistics Platform" project; well as the importance of a valuable joint institutions and the participation of stakeholders. A structure that allows the project done with agility, legitimacy and transparency supported by a smart, sustainable and coordinated strategy is proposed. With what it is intended to walk as a society, to an economy that uses its resources efficiently, enhancing strategic projects with high added value in the value chains in the region, to strengthen the internal market and equip themselves with high social responsibility jobs.


ABSTRACT This article investigates the presence of domestic-international linkages in the Lithuanian mass media discourse on climate change. We apply the domestication framework which distinguishes three types of framing climate change in the media: as a domestic issue disconnected from its global dimensions, as a global issue disconnected from the geographic location in which news is being produced and consumed, and as an issue that links together the domestic and international levels. We estimate a Correlated Topic Model for a dataset of 583 Lithuanian news articles published between 2017 and 2018. Classifying the resulting topics as respectively associated with either type of domestication, we find that domestic-international linkages ('extroverted domestication') accounts for roughly half of the latent semantic structure of our corpus, while the disconnected globalized perspective on climate change ('counter-domestication') accounts for a third. We conclude that the Lithuanian mass media discourse on climate change is strongly internationalized and suggest potential avenues for the further development and application of the domestication framework.


This paper shows how to prevent oscillation in adaptive routing algorithm. When a network implements load sensitive routing, traffic fluctuations are often observed which give rise to routing instability. This results in poor route selection and an overall degradation of network performance. In this paper we presented three different stability factors that can be used to provide stable routing by preventing oscillation in Adaptive Routing Algorithms. The performance is studied computationally for various networks with different number of nodes under static traffic model. In all the experiments the stability factor III shows better results in terms of iterations.


Background Transient elastography non-invasively measures liver fibrosis. Cholestasis, acute inflammation and hepatic congestion increase liver stiffness. There is paucity of data in factors influencing elastography in healthy livers Aims To determine the range and predictive factors of normal liver stiffness in healthy young adults without liver disease in the general population. Methods Liver stiffness measurements (LSM) were assessed using transient elastography in 1241 subjects from the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine Study) Cohort from May 2010 to March 2012. Assessment included medical questionnaire, alcohol intake, anthropometric measurements, fasting serum liver function and biochemistry. Subjects had previously been screened for fatty liver by abdominal ultrasound. 'Healthy livers' were defined according to normal liver enzymes (ALT < 40 U/L males, <35 U/L females, bilirubin <20 μmol/L), absence of ultrasonographic diagnosis of NAFLD at age 17 or prior liver disease. LSM reliability was defined by interquartile range (IQR)/LSM ≤ 0.3, ≥10 valid scans and success rate ≥ 60%. Linear regression was used to determine associations between log transformed LSM and measurements of liver function, indicators of the metabolic syndrome and alcohol intake Results Of the 1241 subjects assessed (634 [51%] males), 337 (27.2%) were excluded due to poor liver health and 46 (3.7%) due to an invalid liver stiffness assessment. Overall the median (range) LSM was 4.8 kPa (4.0–5.7 kPa) and was signifi cantly higher in males than females (5.2 vs 4.4 kPa, p < 2 × 10–16). Other factors significantly (all p < 0.005) associated with log transformed LSM on univariate analysis were height, ALT, ALP, AST, bilirubin, glucose, triglycerides, HDL and total cholesterol, SBP, heart rate, alcohol intake and measures of adiposity (BMI, skinfolds, waist, waist-hip ratio). In the multivariate analysis, male sex (beta = 0.103, p = 0.00002) and heart rate were the most significant factors predicting LSM (HR beta = −0.445 and HR2 beta = 0.002 per 10 beats/min, p = 8 × 10–7 and p = 6 × 10–5, respectively) with male sex associated with increased log LSM and heart rate associated with lower log LSM. Other factors associated with log LSM on multivariate analysis included increased SBP (beta = 0.014 per 5 mmHg p = 0.005), triglycerides (beta = −0.052 per 1 mmol/L; p = 0.026), cholesterol (beta = −0.034 per 1 mmol/L, p = 0.015) and alcohol intake (beta = −0.001 per 10 gms p = 0.001). These factors accounted for 28.4% of the variation in log LSM. Sex-specifi c analyses indicated similar associations in both males and females, although no triglyceride effect was observed in males and no SBP effect was observed in females Conclusion Male sex and low heart rate are significantly associated with higher liver stiffness measurements in the healthy adult population without liver disease. Normal values of liver stiffness should be stratified according to sex and heart rate.


Sixty three potato clones (51 farmers' and 12 varieties) from Eritrea, 18 and 12 varieties from Kenya and Rwanda, respectively were characterized using 12 highly polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The study was designed to assess the genetic diversity and varietal distinctness among the different samples. In total, 91 alleles ranging between 2 (STM1053) to 13 (STM0031) alleles per marker were scored. All but 97.8 SSR markers were highly polymorphic with an average PIC value of 0.87 (0.51 to 0.98). All of the 51 farmers' cultivars were clearly distinct from each other. Samples from Eritrea showed the highest genetic diversity as explained by the diversity index (h). The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed that the local farmers' Eritrean samples are different from the Kenyan, Rwandese and even the imported varieties. Genetic distance analysis generated three clusters correlating with the PCoA findings. Cluster I consisted of 45 samples with 6 sub-clusters; Cluster II consisted of 29 samples with a majority (26) from Eritrea while cluster III consisted of 19 samples. Potato materials from Eritrea appeared to cluster separately from the other samples, which reflects a contribution from the Tuberosum germplasm prominent in temperate regions, unlike from the Andigenum germplasm for Kenyan and Rwandan potato materials. Most of the Eritrean samples in cluster I are farmers' cultivars with intermediate maturity, good performance and better tuber quality characteristics. Cluster II contains mainly the imported variety from Eritrea characterized by late emergence and late maturity. The Kenyan and Rwandese were grouped mainly in Cluster III. In summary, the farmers' cultivars are distinct from the Kenyan and Rwandese materials and represent more genetic diversity than the varieties imported into Eritrea. This finding is of interest to national breeding program to use the farmer's materials as source of genetic variation for traits of interest. Keywords: Potato, simple sequence repeat (SSR), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), cluster analysis, Eritrea, multivariate


In this lecture, Professor Richard Leo discusses false confession cases, exploring the phenomenon of false confessions, the impact of confession evidence, and the causes of false confession. In the beginning of his presentation, Professor Leo highlights some typical characteristics of false confession cases by discussing the false confessions of Adrian Thomas and Nga Truong, both wrongly accused of killing their children. In both cases, law enforcement officers ignored substantial medical evidence that the children died from other causes and assumed from the start that Thomas and Truong were guilty of homicide. Professor Leo explores laboratory and field studies on the impact of confession evidence, which demonstrate that confessions are highly prejudicial. He also outlines the social psychology of police interrogation, noting that contemporary American interrogation methods are designed to persuade suspects that their situation is hopeless and that confession is in their self-interest. Next, Professor Leo details the risk factors for interrogation-induced false confessions, including officers' presumption of guilt, lengthy interrogation and sleep deprivation, false evidence ploys, minimization and maximization, and explicit promises and threats. In conclusion, he argues that the United States needs to enact front-end reforms, such as electronic recording of interrogations and improved training for law enforcement personnel, that would help to minimize false confessions.


ABSTRACT Saggar's article is concerned with the use of evidence by the UK policy community to tackle Islamist-inspired terrorism. It focuses on how evidence for such terrorism is generated, interpreted and organized, in particular pinpointing the challenges of reliability and prediction facing those with responsibility for tackling terrorism and its associated causes. Counter-terrorism policy is heavily exposed to risks of bias and distortion, but it is also vulnerable to various kinds of institutional group-think and vested interests. This article scrutinizes three such aspects of counter-terrorism evidence-based policymaking. First, there are imperfections in the evidence base, mostly arising from data limitations and practical shortcomings. These include factual gaps in knowledge, difficulties in comparing evidence about Muslims with non-Muslims, methodological weaknesses and difficulties in measuring profoundly subjective feelings about alienation and grievance. Second, the scope of the problem to which policy is addressed (and the policy paradigms that are alluded to) shape the priorities placed on the evidence base. How much weight should be given to evidence about the narrative of oppression or dissent used by extremists? Background oppositional identities are extensively researched and yet policymakers may choose to concentrate instead on factors in the foreground that have to do with actual violent conspiracies. Third, important nuances in the evidence–policy nexus arise from the implicit generalizations that are held by policymakers. Evidence describing the problem of terrorism is better accompanied by an appreciation of (and perhaps evidence about) the behavioural situation of decision-makers and decision-making structures. This involves trade-offs, bargaining and accommodations to carry different constituencies, and has a bearing on the kind of evidence that is used in counter-terrorism. Saggar closes with a discussion of the above distinctions, and concludes that there is a risk of naivety in evidence-based policymaking that is not alive to the politics of radicalization and extremism.


This paper describes user testing of a technological system which enables stroke survivors to independently undertake rehabilitation exercises at home. The prototype is based on advanced movement sensors which are worn by the user when performing prescribed exercises. Sensor data are transmitted to a computer which displays the user's movements and progress. The number and type of sensors, methods of attaching them to the user's body in the correct locations, the type of computer screen and the input devices were changed and refined as the project progressed in response to feedback from people with stroke, their carers and physiotherapists. Home-based testing of the system highlighted usability issues concerned with the appropriateness and acceptability of the equipment in domestic settings, the sensors and methods of attachment, and use of, and interpretation of the screen presentation. Users required education as well as support throughout the testing period. Increasing sophistication of the technological aspects of the system over time resolved some usability issues but also created others, as did meeting the aims of improved clinical utility. The interplay between technology development, clinical utility and usability must be taken into account for devices to be successfully developed for practice.


The joint synthesis of the spatial power pattern and polarization of arbitrary arrays is addressed. Specifically, the proposed approach gives the solution to a frequently encountered problem, namely the array design (i.e., the determination of the radiating element weightings) to achieve a pattern that is arbitrarily upper bounded, while its polarization is optimized in a given angular region. Any state of polarization (elliptical, circular and linear) can be synthesized and there is no restriction regarding the array geometry and element patterns. The synthesis problem is rewritten as a convex optimization problem, that is efficiently solved using readily available software. This ensures the optimality of the proposed solution. Various numerical results are presented to validate the proposed method and illustrate its potentialities. The synthesis of a sequentially rotated array is first addressed. Then a linear array of equispaced randomly oriented dipoles is considered. Finally, a conformal and a planar array of patches, where the mutual coupling effects are considered, are synthesized to radiate a linear and a circular polarization.


Groundwater resources are critically important for irrigated agriculture in Tunisia. However, excessive irrigation extractions where groundwater is slowly renewed are causing a widespread depletion of the aquifer systems, with the impacts of climate change expected to further exacerbate this problem. These circumstances call for the development of methodologies and analyses that can support the design of sustainable groundwater management policies. This paper presents a hydro-economic mathematical programming model that is used to evaluate the effects of different policy measures for reducing aquifer depletion in the Cap-Bon region of Tunisia. Three policies have been evaluated: a quota defining the maximum quantity of groundwater extractions, environmental taxation, and supply expansion with subsidized desalinated seawater. Overall, results highlight the economic and social tradeoffs among these different policy choices and the challenges facing the implementation of sustainable groundwater management in Tunisia. More specifically, results show the advantages of using subsidized desalinated seawater compared to the other two policy alternatives in terms of the value of agricultural production, farmers' profits, and employment, despite of its sizeable budgetary burden.


The overall objective of this research project is to develop and implement model-based control strategies for improving biological treatment and document the methodology, benefits, and effort required. The project phase documented in this report include performing a literature review, installing extensive instrumentation at a full-scale advanced wastewater treatment facility, and developing real-time, dynamic models for biological nutrient removal that are suitable for control.

The literature review was published as a separate report entitled Model-Based Control: Literature Review and Primer. It provides a detailed description of model predictive control and examines case studies from the process industries and the environment utility industry.

Considerable on-line analytical instrumentation was installed at the Stamford WPCA wastewater treatment plant where all the full-scale experimental work was performed. The instrumentation includes five ammonia, six nitrate/nitrite, one suspended solids, four dissolved oxygen, and two ORP analyzers. The analyzers have performed reliably and accurately with minimal periodic maintenance.

Artificial neural network models were developed for the nitrification and denitrification processes. These models provide adequately accurate results for the purpose of control. However, additional field work will be required to collect data with sufficient variability to include the effects of some parameters known to affect the nitrification and denitrification processes.

This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series .

ISBN: 9781843393924 (eBook)


Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have a role in physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 665 (LINC00665) gene and the cell cycle in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using database analysis including The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Material/Methods Expression levels of LINC00665 were compared between human tissue samples of HCC and adjacent normal liver, clinicopathological correlations were made using TCGA and the GEO, and qPCR was performed to validate the findings. Other public databases were searched for other genes associated with LINC00665 expression, including The Atlas of Noncoding RNAs in Cancer (TANRIC), the Multi Experiment Matrix (MEM), Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Results Overexpression of LINC00665 in patients with HCC was significantly associated with gender, tumor grade, stage, and tumor cell type. Overexpression of LINC00665 in patients with HCC was significantly associated with overall survival (OS) (HR=1.47795%; CI: 1.046–2.086). Bioinformatics analysis identified 469 related genes and further analysis supported a hypothesis that LINC00665 regulates pathways in the cell cycle to facilitate the development and progression of HCC through ten identified core genes: CDK1, BUB1B, BUB1, PLK1, CCNB2, CCNB1, CDC20, ESPL1, MAD2L1, and CCNA2. Conclusions Overexpression of the lncRNA, LINC00665 may be involved in the regulation of cell cycle pathways in HCC through ten identified hub genes.


In Alchemy in the Rain Forest Jerry K. Jacka explores how the indigenous population of Papua New Guinea's highlands struggle to create meaningful lives in the midst of extreme social conflict and environmental degradation. Drawing on theories of political ecology, place, and ontology and using ethnographic, environmental, and historical data, Jacka presents a multilayered examination of the impacts large-scale commercial gold mining in the region has had on ecology and social relations. Despite the deadly interclan violence and widespread pollution brought on by mining, the uneven distribution of its financial benefits has led many Porgerans to call for further development. This desire for increased mining, Jacka points out, counters popular portrayals of indigenous people as innate conservationists who defend the environment from international neoliberal development. Jacka's examination of the ways Porgerans search for common ground between capitalist and indigenous ways of knowing and being points to the complexity and interconnectedness of land, indigenous knowledge, and the global economy in Porgera and beyond.


The reuse of collateral can support the efficient allocation of safe assets in the financial system. Exploiting a novel dataset, we show that banks substantially increase their reuse of sovereign bonds in response to scarcity induced by Eurosystem asset purchases. While repo rates react little to purchase-induced scarcity when reuse is low, they become increasingly sensitive at high levels of reuse. An elevated reuse rate is also associated with more failures to deliver and a higher volatility of repo rates in the cross-section of bonds. Our results highlight the trade-off between shock absorption and shock amplification effects of collateral reuse.


This paper presents a survey of causes and correction approaches to address the "missing rich" problem in household surveys. "Missing rich" here is a catch-all term for the issues that affect the upper tail of the distribution of income: undercoverage, sparseness, unit and item nonresponse, underreporting and top coding. Upper tail issues can result in serious biases and imprecision of survey- based inequality measures. A number of correction approaches have been proposed. A main distinction is between those that rely on within-survey methods and those that combine survey data with information from external sources such as tax records, National Accounts, rich lists or other external information. Within each category, the methods can correct by replacing top incomes or increasing their weight (reweighting). Correction methods can be nonparametric and parametric. This survey aims to help researchers choose appropriate correction strategies and design robustness tests. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)


Prepared by the Earthquake Investigation Committee of the Technical Council of Lifeline Earthquake Engineering of ASCE. On August 17, 1999, the Izmit (Kocaeli) earthquake tore through Kocaeli, Turkey, resulting in more than 15,000 deaths and 27,000 injuries; 200,000 people were left homeless. The electric power system, nearly destroyed, sustained more than US$70 million in damage. Another earthquake on November 12, to the east of Izmit at Duzce, added to the lifeline systems damage, impacting the communications system, water and wastewater system, ports, railway, road, and bridges. This TCLEE Monograph provides information for practitioners to improve the performance of the lifeline systems. Topics include: seismology, geology, and geotechnical issues; electric power; airports; telecommunications; water and wastewater; transportation (highways and bridges); liquid fuel facilities; railway; ports; hospitals; social impacts; and emergency response and recovery.


The year 2020 will unlikely be one that any member of the higher education community will forget It has posed challenges and opportunities to rethink aspects of tertiary learning and teaching, and also confirmation of some of the better practices we have engaged in For some, the novel coronavirus pandemic has forced bad practice – such as simple and rapid digitalisation of existing curriculum – often bundled into the pedagogically-ambiguous 'emergency remote teaching' or ERT (Toquero, 2020) The intense pressure for academics to deliver curriculum online, typically to the exception of time for comprehensive academic development and upskilling The practice for an overnight transition to online learning, while deemed by many to have been essential at the time, has created a myriad of future decisions to be actioned across the sector These range from deploying future academic development workshops to transform the workforce for continued online learning to employment of educational technologists, learning designers, or similar to enable purposeful decisions of pedagogy within online learning environments Financial constraints have tempered the deployment of additional resources, with institutions suffering from financial modelling unexpected in late-2019 budget forecasting meetings A reduction in student enrolments from international markets offers complexity for higher education exporter nations like Australia (Marshman & Larkins, 2020) Nonetheless, there has been a resilience from the sector to ensure continuity of education under all circumstances The role of journals like the Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice during the pandemic has been to support timely publication of evidence-based practices for responses to COVID-19 This has included a need to balance the acceptance of manuscripts with pre-COVID-19 data and implications, and those authors contributing to the exponentially expanding knowledge base for teaching and learning during COVID-19 For the former, we have encouraged authors during final acceptance to reflect on their work's role in enabling a positive response to the pandemic For those in the latter, we have ensured that writers have considered the broader implications of their work beyond the pandemic These decisions support manuscripts publishing in JUTLP to contribute to the contemporary landscape, and also beyond the pandemic © 2020, University of Wollongong All rights reserved


A team of scientists at Bilkent has designed the simplest experimental system to date to identify the minimum requirements for the emergence of complexity. Their work is reported in the current issue of Nature Communications. [20] Like two magnets being pulled toward each other, tiny crystals twist, align and slam into each other, but due to an altogether different force. For the first time, researchers have measured the force that draws them together and visualized how they swivel and align. [19] Researchers at Georgia Institute of Technology have found a material used for decades to color food items ranging from corn chips to ice creams could potentially have uses far beyond food dyes. [18] Liquid droplets are natural magnifiers. Look inside a single drop of water, and you are likely to see a reflection of the world around you, close up and distended as you'd see in a crystal ball. [17] MIT physicists have created a new form of matter, a supersolid, which combines the properties of solids with those of superfluids. [16] When matter is cooled to near absolute zero, intriguing phenomena emerge. These include supersolidity, where crystalline structure and frictionless flow occur together. ETH researchers have succeeded in realising this strange state experimentally for the first time. [15] Helium atoms are loners. Only if they are cooled down to an extremely low temperature do they form a very weakly bound molecule. In so doing, they can keep a tremendous distance from each other thanks to the quantum-mechanical tunnel effect. [14] Inside a new exotic crystal, physicist Martin Mourigal has observed strong indications of "spooky" action, and lots of it. The results of his experiments, if corroborated over time, would mean that the type of crystal is a rare new material that can house a quantum spin liquid. [13] An international team of researchers have found evidence of a mysterious new state of matter, first predicted 40 years ago, in a real material. This state, known as a quantum spin liquid, causes electrons - thought to be indivisible building blocks of nature - to break into pieces. [12] In a single particle system, the behavior of the particle is well understood by solving the Schrodinger equation. Here the particle possesses wave nature characterized by the de Broglie wave length. In a many particle system, on the other hand, the particles interact each other in a quantum mechanical way and behave as if they are "liquid". This is called quantum liquid whose properties are very different from that of the single particle case. [11] Quantum coherence and quantum entanglement are two landmark features of quantum physics, and now physicists have demonstrated that the two phenomena are "operationally equivalent"—that is, equivalent for all practical purposes, though still conceptually distinct. This finding allows physicists to apply decades of research on entanglement to the more fundamental but less-well-researched concept of coherence, offering the possibility of advancing a wide range of quantum technologies. [10] The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. The Planck Distribution Law of the electromagnetic oscillators explains the electron/proton mass rate and the Weak and Strong Interactions by the diffraction patterns. The Weak Interaction changes the diffraction patterns by moving the electric charge from one side to the other side of the diffraction pattern, which violates the CP and Time reversal symmetry. The diffraction patterns and the locality of the self-maintaining electromagnetic potential explains also the Quantum Entanglement, giving it as a natural part of the relativistic quantum theory. The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of electromagnetic radiations being in the same intensity level and compensating each other. One of these compensating ratios is the electron – proton mass ratio. The lower energy side has no compensating intensity level, it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter.


There is a surprising gap in the economic literature on social capital. First, we lack studies addressing the effects of social capital on those facets of development that can contribute in making growth more sustainable in the long run, like, for example, human development and social cohesion. Second, it is still unclear what type of networks may exert a positive effect on the different dimensions of development. In particular, the literature has not yet provided a rigorous assessment of the role of strong family ties, that are generally referred to as a form of bonding social capital causing backwardness. This paper carries out an empirical investigation into the relationship between the three types of social capital so far identified by the literature (i.e. bonding, bridging and linking), human development, and labour precariousness, in the belief that precariousness and uncertainty play a crucial role in determining the social cohesion and well-being that are necessary to make growth sustainable in the long run.


We present a Monte Carlo simulation program for the propagation of polarized photons in an anisotropic scattering model consisting of poly-dispersed spherical and infinite long cylindrical scatterers. The cylinders are aligned following a Gaussian distribution. Densities and sizes of the spherical and cylindrical scatterers, as well as the orientation of the cylinders are variables for the simulation of different anisotropic media. The good agreement between the simulation and experimental results of polarization imaging confirms the validity of the polarization-dependent Monte Carlo simulation program.


Abstract : A description of two computerized methods, CONCUR and CONVOL, for consolidating information on the total time required to perform two kinds of maintenance tasks. Aircraft maintenance can be separated into those tasks that may be started at the same time and those that must wait until other tasks have been partially or fully completed to be initiated. CONCUR applies to the first group of tasks, CONVOL to the second group. Given the time-to-repair distribution of each individual task, CONCUR determines the time-to-repair distribution of the longest time, i.e., the time to complete all tasks. Similarly, CONVOL determines the distribution of the total time required to complete maintenance, given the distribution of each sequential task. Used together, CONCUR and CONVOL allow probability distributions of times required for distinct maintenance actions to be compressed into a single distribution corresponding to the total aircraft maintenance time. In conjunction with operational data, sorties generation capability can be established. (Author)


Memory is an essential component of intelligence as it enables an individual to make informed decisions based on past experiences. In the context of biological systems, however, what selective conditions promote the evolution of memory? Given that reliable memory is likely to be associated with costs, how much is it actually worth in different contexts? We use a genetic algorithm to measure the evolutionary importance of memory in the context of the Iterated Prisoners Dilemma, a game in which players receive a short-term gain for defection, but may obtain greater long- term benefits with cooperation. However, cooperation requires trust; cooperating when an opponent defects is the worst possible outcome. Memory allows a player to recall an opponents previous actions to determine how trustworthy that opponent is. While a player can earn a high payout by defecting, it will likely lose the trust of an opponent with memory, yielding a lower long-term payout. We determined the value of memory in the Iterated Prisoners Dilemma under various conditions. When memory is costly, players reduce their available memory and use short-term greedy strategies, such as Always Defect. Alternatively, when memory is inexpensive, players use well-known cooperative strategies, such as Tit-for-Tat. Our findings indicate that organisms playing against a static opponent evolve memory as expected. However, memory is much more challenging to evolve in coevolutionary scenarios where its value is uneven.