Aims. We have observed two newly detected γ-ray pulsars, PSR J1459−6053 and PSR J1614−2230, in the X-ray domain with
XMM-Newton to try to enlarge the sample of pulsars for which multi-wavelength data exist. We use these data with the aim of understanding
the pulsar emission mechanisms of these pulsars.
Methods. We analysed the X-ray spectra to determine whether the emission emanates from the neutron star surface (thermal emission)
or from the magnetosphere (non-thermal emission) and compared this to the region in the magnetosphere in which the γ-ray
emission is generated. Furthermore, we compared the phase-folded X-ray lightcurves with those in the γ-ray and, where possible,
radio domains, to elicit additional information on the emission sites.
Results. J1459−6053 shows X-ray spectra that are best fitted with a power law model with a photon index Γ = 2.10+1.24
−0.85. The γ-ray
data suggest that either the slot gap or the outer gap model may be best to describe the emission from this pulsar. Analysis of the
X-ray lightcurve folded on the γ-ray ephemeris shows modulation at the 3.7σ level in the 1.0−4.5 keV domain. Possible alignment
of the main γ-ray and X-ray peaks also supports the interpretation that the emission in the two energy domains emanates from similar
regions. The millisecond pulsar J1614−2230 exhibits an X-ray spectrum with a substantial thermal component, where the best-fitting
spectral model is either two blackbodies, with kT = 0.15+0.04
−0.04 and 0.88+2.54
−0.54 keV or a blackbody with similar temperature to the previous
cooler component, kT = 0.13+0.04
−0.02 keV and a power law component with a photon index Γ = 1.25+2.30
−1.75. The cooler blackbody
component is likely to originate from the hot surface at the polar cap. Analysis of the X-ray lightcurve folded on the radio ephemeris
shows modulation at the 4.0σ level in the 0.4−3.0 keV domain.


ABSTRACT Introduction: The practice of hazing is a phenomenon that began in the Middle Ages and persists in many universities around the world. In Brazil, although the problem is widely recognized, it has been insufficiently studied. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and to identify factors associated with the occurrence of hazing in a public Medical School, located in the interior of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 477 medical students from the first to the sixth year of the course. The self-reporting questionnaire included questions and structured instruments to access: socio-demographic and academic life characteristics, social support, symptoms of depression, harmful alcohol use (using the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test — Audit), common mental disorder (using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire — SRQ) and if the participant had suffered any form of hazing that he/she considered abusive or if the participant had practiced hazing about which he/she felt guilty or regretful afterwards. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were conducted to identify factors independently associated with each of the outcomes (having suffered abusive hazing or having participated in hazing and feeling regretful afterwards). Results: The response rate was 87.0%. Among the students, 39.8% (95% Cl: 35.4% — 44.2%) reported having suffered abusive hazing, while 7.5% (95% CI: 5.2% — 9.9%) reported having practiced hazing of which they repented. Being subjected to abusive hazing was associated with: male gender, not being adapted to the city, presenting lower scores on the social support scale and psychiatric and/or psychological treatment after admission to university. Having practiced hazing, in turn, was associated with male gender, older age and higher score in the Audit. Conclusion: Hazing was associated with male gender, and with the pursuit of mental health treatment among those who received it and with harmful alcohol use among the perpetrators. It is essential that medical schools discuss and better understand the problem of hazing in order to adopt effective preventive measures.


Continental slopes are presumed key areas for deposition of organic carbon exported from the shelf. Analysis of across-slope differences in diatom and silicoflagellate fluxes recorded in bottom sediments of the Goban Spur margin, a typical North Atlantic slope environment, was carried out to test if they can provide information on the magnitude of advection of material from the shelf into deeper waters. Total diatom and silicoflagellate accumulation rates showed strong across-slope differences. Minimum values are recorded at the shelf break where maximum surface productivity conditions occur while the deeper sampling stations record fluxes as high as 183×106 valves cm–2 ka–1. While high diatom fluxes show a clear correspondence with the activity of a permanent bottom nepheloid layer operating in the region, they do not correlate with productivity patterns observed in the water column. Diatom assemblages are mainly composed of Chaetoceros resting spores and Thalassionema nitzschioides (Grunow) Grunow ex Hustedt, typical indicators of spring bloom conditions in the area. The absence of clear across-slope trends in the diatom assemblages is interpreted as the effect of random mixing driven by the strong hydrodynamic regime provoked by the activity of the bottom nepheloid layer. The dominance of Chaetoceros resting spores across the slope is related to important exportation of shelf-derived production. However, due to the broad ecological tolerances of the main taxa composing the diatom assemblages, they do not allow precise estimations on the magnitude of the primary vertical flux vs. the secondary lateral flux in this slope environment. Use of the tychoplanktonic and benthic diatoms, which are restricted to the neritic realm, allows only the estimation of the minimum amount of shelf-derived diatoms reaching the slope sediments (at least 13% of the total diatom assemblage for the upper slope area of the Goban Spur). This study shows that major limitations exist for the use of diatoms preserved in surface sediments of this area as tracers of shelf-derived production transported to the continental slope.


ObjectiveCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death among American postmenopausal women and all adult Americans. The medical community and the lay community have recently become intrigued with vitamin D and its potential role in reducing the risk of CVD. Research findings from multiple retrospective studies, few prospective studies, and recent nonhuman primate studies have been inconsistent and conflicting. The objective of this study is to review what is known about the topic, what questions remain unanswered, and where the research community should be focusing. MethodsA literature search was conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar up to August 1, 2014. One hundred six articles, including 18 double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials, relevant to the study topic were identified. All studies were stratified based on study design and primary outcome. The effects of vitamin D on CVD were reviewed and summarized. ResultsAlthough there is an abundance of observational studies suggesting an association with CVD protection, the most well-controlled randomized human trial data available show no benefit of vitamin D on CVD. However, highly controlled nonhuman primate studies indicate a beneficial relationship. ConclusionsWell-designed research, with CVD as primary outcome, is needed to help bridge the gap in our knowledge on this topic. In the meantime, caution should be applied to avoid overdiagnosis and overtreatment of vitamin D deficiency.


The flavonoid content in orange peels of different Brazilian citrus varieties such as bahia, lima, lima-of-persian, morcote, pera, ponkan, seleta, cravo, kinkan and pomelo was assessed. Industry processing juice wastes such as bagasse, bagasse residues, animal feeding bagasse, pulp WEUE and CORE-wash were also analyzed. The HPLC analysis indicates that the most abundant flavonoids found in these Brazilian citrus peels are hesperidin and naringin. The solvents used are selective for flavonoid extraction, and depending on their polarity, glycoside or aglycone flavonoids are extracted. The use of multivariate analysis shows that DMSO is the best solvent to extract glycosides flavanones while hexane displays high selectivity in the extraction of polymethoxylated flavones. The flavonoids present in the orange wastes, obtained at different stages of the industrial processing, are qualitative and quantitatively different. The identification and quantification of the flavonoid composition in each Brazilian citrus variety were evaluated and allowed the selection of the best solvent for the extraction of each specific class of flavonoids. These compounds were found to be more abundant in the fruit peels than in their juices, revealing their great industrial potential. The residual portion of the processing juices is also rich in flavonoids, depending on the processing step.


Using both quantitative data from national surveys and qualitative data from our own field research, this paper provides evidence on changes in participatory employment practices in Japan during the economic slowdown in the 1990s. Overall, consistent with the complementarity of such practices and the long-term nature of their effects, evidence points to the enduring nature of such practices (except for small to medium size firms with no union where we find evidence for management to try to weaken the role of employee participation). There are, however, a few early signs of trouble even for large, unionized firms, which might eventually result in the breakdown of the system if left untreated. First, while the number of full time union officials has been falling substantially as a result of continued downsizing of the firm's labor force, the amount of time and effort that union officials need to put into participatory employment practices have not been falling. This often results in an uncompensated increase in workload for union officials. If this trend continues, union officials who have been playing a key role in Japanese participatory management will become less effective and less committed to the interest of the rank and files. Second, top management sometimes finds its participatory management system detrimental to timely and efficient management, and hence tries to streamline the system. Overloaded union officials may offer less resistance to this kind of management initiative. Third, the current system tends to produce a gap in the quantity and quality of information acquired from management between top union officials and their general membership. It is conceivable that such a gap may eventually result in the breakdown of the system.


We investigate numerically the dynamical behavior in a semiconductor ring laser (SRL) subject to a periodic modulation of the injection current. By varying the amplitude and frequency of the modulation at a fixed bias current, different dynamical states including periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic states are found. At frequencies comparable to the relaxation oscillation frequency, the intensities of the counterpropagating modes of the SRLs may exhibit in-phase chaotic motion similar to single mode semiconductor lasers. However, antiphase chaotic oscillations in the modal intensities are observed for modulation frequencies significantly lower than the relaxation oscillations frequency. We show that this antiphase chaotic regime does not involve carrier dynamics and is a result of the underlying symmetry of the SRL. We derive a two-dimensional asymptotic model valid on time-scales longer than the relaxation oscillations, which reproduces the observed dynamical behavior. In a further simplification, we can link this reduced set of equations to Duffing-type oscillators.


Enhancing social resilience in the event of natural disasters is a critical issue for Japan. It will requires a need huge efforts to further increase the physical preparedness; on the other hand, compared to increasing physical preparedness, enhancing social resilience is a cost-effective means of mitigating the effects of natural disasters. The Cross-ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion program (SIP), the biggest national research program in Japan, selected a theme related to enhancing social resilience in the face of natural disasters in 2014. The authors of this special issue worked as a part of the SIP for five years and developed state-of-the-art technologies for the enhancement, namely, next-generation tsunami and heavy rain observation, integrated liquefaction counter-measures, methods for sharing disaster information, a real-time disaster estimation system, an emergency communication system, and the development of applications for regional use. Most of the technologies have been implemented in efforts at natural disaster mitigation following earthquakes and heavy rains in 2017 and 2018. The development and implementation of advanced technologies are the essence of the SIP because it aims to foster innovation. While the SIP is a Japanese government program, it promotes international utilization of the technologies it develops. There are many instances which might be studied better by developing and utilizing advanced technologies in various countries following different types of natural disasters. I hope that this special issue will be a gateway for readers who are interested in using such advanced technologies to mitigate natural disasters and enhance social resilience during such events.


Quantum mechanical and classical methods for theoretical analysis of the emission spectrum due to radiative association are presented. Quantum mechanical perturbation theory is employed to obtain the spectra when the diatomic molecule HF forms by transitions within the electronic ground state and when it forms by transitions between two electronic states. We contrast these spectra with each other. The former peaks in the infrared, while the latter peaks in the ultraviolet. The classical spectrum, which concerns transitions within the electronic ground state, is also calculated and found to favorably compare with that from quantum mechanical perturbation theory. The emission stemming from resonance mediated radiative association is also discussed.


Vitamin A and its derivatives, known as retinoids, are involved in a number of functions in the developing and adult brain (Lane et al., 2005). Roaccutane (13-cis-retinoic acid, 13-cis-RA) is a synthetic retinoid used for the treatment of severe cystic acne, although its use has been controversially associated with adverse psychiatric events including depression. In this thesis, the presence of retinoid receptors in the rat hippocampus was verified and a similar profile of expression was observed in the rat raphe nuclei for the first time. The expression of retinoid receptors in brain regions that are implicitly associated with depression pathology provides proof of concept for retinoids to influence depressive behaviour. The ability of 13-cis-RA treatment to induce a pro-depressive profile in animal models of depression-related behaviour was tested. In the resident-intruder paradigm, adult rats treated for 7 or 14 days with 13-cis-RA (1mg/kg, i.p.) showed reduced aggressive behaviour, with a concomitant increase in flight submit and flight escape behaviours, compared with vehicle-treated controls. These findings are indicative of increased depression-related behaviour. However, chronic treatment did not alter depression-related behaviour in the forced swim test and sucrose consumption anhedonia paradigms The molecular mechanisms mediating 13-cis-RA-induced depression were investigated by examining monoaminergic gene expression, protein levels and neurotransmitter levels in rat brain tissue and plasma and an in vitro model. The majority of serotonergic components (SERT, 5-HT1AR, 5-HT1BR and MAOA) were not altered by chronic 13-cis-RA treatment, with the possible exception of TPH2 gene/protein expression and increased 5-HT levels in platelets. In fact, the expression of D2 dopamine receptor was significantly elevated in the RN46A-B14 cell line (10μM 13-cis-RA, 48 h) and was similarly elevated at the protein level in the juvenile rat hippocampus (1mg/kg/day, i.p., 6 weeks), suggesting dopaminergic pathways may be of importance. There was also a trend in the data to suggest that 13-cis-RA-treated juvenile rats may be more susceptible the molecular alterations than corresponding adult rats. xii


Norris, McQueen & Cutler claim that Merge is an autonomous model, superior to the interactive TRACE model and the autonomous Race model. Merge is actually an interactive model, despite claims to the contrary. The presentation of the literature seriously distorts many findings, in order to advocate autonomy. It is Merge's interactivity that allows it to simulate findings in the literature.


Web analytics is a common approach to monitoring and analyzing user behavior on websites. We investigated three different research aspects which can be addressed using web analytics data. Our main concern was the data quality, followed by general findings on user behavior as well as potential usability issues. We chose an iterative, qualitative approach in order to address all three aspects. Further, we annotated usage data in detail to achieve a deeper understanding of possible user intentions. As a result, we conclude that the use of web analytics data, captured with a modern and widely used tool, bears some limitations for usability analysis, as semantic problems occur that are often overlooked. Further pre-processing is needed to reconstruct the real clickstream when an analysis of the navigation and user behavior is planned. Some hints at usability issues could be found by detecting movement patterns between certain page types.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the extent to which local health department (LHD) assurance of select services known to promote and protect the health of older adults is associated with more favorable population health indicators among seniors.

DESIGN
Data from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS: 2003, 2005, and 2007) were linked with the 2005 wave of the National Association of County and City Health Officials profile survey and the Area Resource File to assess the association of LHD assurance and senior health indicators. Assurance was measured by an index of 5 services, either directly provided or contracted by LHDs: cancer screening, injury prevention, comprehensive primary care, home health care, and chronic disease prevention. Multilevel regression models estimated the association of LHD assurance of services and each of 6 older adult health indicators, controlling for individual, LHD, and county characteristics that included key social determinants of health, such as poverty.

SETTING
Fifty-seven California counties.

PARTICIPANTS
33,154 older adults (age 65 and older).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Colorectal cancer screening, mammography, healthy eating, physical activity, and multiple falls among older adults.

RESULTS
Local health departments provided or contracted a median of 2 of the 5 services. In adjusted analyses, LHD assurance of services was generally unassociated with the seniors' health behaviors, screening, and falls. Greater LHD expenditures per capita were associated with significantly better mammography screening rates (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.22, P < 0.01) compared to jurisdictions in the bottom one-third of per capita LHD spending. Greater county-level poverty (a social determinant of health) was associated with greater junk food consumption (AOR = 1.14, P < 0.01) and worse fruit and vegetable consumption (AOR = 0.97, P < 0.01). Highly impoverished counties were consistently in the bottom quartile of performance across all indicators.

CONCLUSIONS
The LHD's assurance of select services known to promote and protect the health of older adults does not appear to translate into higher rates of colorectal cancer screening, mammography, healthy eating, physical activity, and fewer falls among seniors. County-level poverty is most strongly associated with older adult health, underscoring a key barrier to address in local senior health improvement efforts.


This thesis consists of five chapters. Chapter one elaborates on the principle of cognitive consistency and provides an overview of what extant research refers to as cognitive consistency theories (e.g., Abelson et al., 1968; Harmon-Jones & Harmon-Jones, 2007; Simon, Stenstrom, & Read, 2015). Moreover, it describes the most prominent theoretical representatives in this context, namely balance theory (Heider, 1946, 1958), congruity theory (Osgood & Tannenbaum, 1955), and cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957). Chapter one further outlines the role of individuals' preference for cognitive consistency in the context of financial resource acquisition, the recruitment of employees and the acquisition of customers in the entrepreneurial context.
Chapter two is co-authored by Prof. Dr. Matthias Baum and presents two separate studies in which we empirically investigate the hypothesis that social entrepreneurs face a systematic disadvantage, compared to for-profit entrepreneurs, when seeking to acquire financial resources. Further, our work goes beyond existing research by introducing biased perceptions as a factor that may constrain social enterprise resource acquisition and therefore possibly stall the process of social value creation. On the foundation of role congruity theory (Eagly & Karau, 2002), we emphasize on the question whether social entrepreneurs provide signals which are less congruent with the stereotype of successful entrepreneurs and, in such, are perceived as less competent. We further test whether such biased competency perceptions feed forward into a lower probability to receive funding.
 Chapter three is also co-authored by Prof. Dr. Matthias Baum as well as by Eva Henrich. The aim of this chapter is to further our understanding of the early recruitment phase and to contribute to the current debate about how firms should orchestrate their recruitment channels in order to enhance the creation of employer knowledge. We introduce the concept of integrated marketing communication into the recruitment field and examine how the level of consistency regarding job or organization information affects the recall and the recognition of that information. We additionally test whether information consistency among multiple recruitment channels influences information recognition failure quota. Answering this question is important as by failing to remember the source of recruitment information, job seekers may attribute job information to the wrong firm and thus create an incorrect employer knowledge.
 Chapter four, which is co-authored by Prof. Dr. Matthias Baum, introduces customer congruity perceptions between a brand and a reward in the context of customer referral programs as an essential driver of the effectiveness of such programs. More precisely, we posit and empirically test a model according to which the decision-making process of the customer recommending a firm involves multiple mental steps and assumes reward perceptions to be an immediate antecedent of brand evaluation, which then, ultimately shapes the likelihood of recommendation. The level of congruity/incongruity is set up as an antecedent state and affects the perceived attractiveness of the reward. Our work contributes to the discussion on the optimal level of congruity between a prevailing schema in the mind of the customer and a stimulus presented. In addition, chapter four introduces customer referral programs as a strategic tool for brand managers. Chapter four is further published in Psychology & Marketing.
 Chapter five first proposes that marketing strategies specifically designed to induce word-of-mouth (WOM) behavior are particular relevant for new ventures. Against the background that previous research suggests that customer perceptions of young firm age may influence customer behavior and the degree to which customers support new ventures (e.g., Choi & Shepherd, 2005; Stinchcombe, 1965), we secondly conduct an experiment to examine the causal mechanisms linking firm age and customer WOM. Chapter five, too, is co-authored by Prof. Dr. Matthias Baum.


Commentators of the judicial decisions of Justice Holmes have often situated the decisions inside the doctrines of freedom of expression and the rules and tests approach to legal analysis. This Paper situates his judgments in the context of a political theory. Drawing from his articles, lectures and correspondence, the Paper highlights Holmes' reaction to the idealism and rationalism of the intellectual current before him. His view of human nature, conditioned by his war experience, is elaborated. The Paper especially examines his theory of political struggle with the process-oriented view that the dominant social groups invariably become the political elite. The Paper then connects his theory of human nature to his legal doctrines, the role of the judiciary, the nature of the state, and a legal right.


User contributions in the form of posts, comments, and votes are essential to the success of online communities. However, allowing user participation also invites undesirable behavior such as trolling. In this paper, we characterize antisocial behavior in three large online discussion communities by analyzing users who were banned from these communities. We find that such users tend to concentrate their efforts in a small number of threads, are more likely to post irrelevantly, and are more successful at garnering responses from other users. Studying the evolution of these users from the moment they join a community up to when they get banned, we find that not only do they write worse than other users over time, but they also become increasingly less tolerated by the community. Further, we discover that antisocial behavior is exacerbated when community feedback is overly harsh. Our analysis also reveals distinct groups of users with different levels of antisocial behavior that can change over time. We use these insights to identify antisocial users early on, a task of high practical importance to community maintainers.


The opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus can cause severe infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Upon infection, A. fumigatus faces the powerful and directly acting immune defense of the human host. The mechanisms on how A. fumigatus evades innate immune attack and complement are still poorly understood. Here, we identify A. fumigatus enolase, AfEno1, which was also characterized as fungal allergen, as a surface ligand for human plasma complement regulators. AfEno1 binds factor H, factor-H-like protein 1 (FHL-1), C4b binding protein (C4BP), and plasminogen. Factor H attaches to AfEno1 via two regions, via short conserved repeats (SCRs) 6–7 and 19–20, and FHL-1 contacts AfEno1 via SCRs 6–7. Both regulators when bound to AfEno1 retain cofactor activity and assist in C3b inactivation. Similarly, the classical pathway regulator C4BP binds to AfEno1 and bound to AfEno1; C4BP assists in C4b inactivation. Plasminogen which binds to AfEno1 via lysine residues is accessible for the tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), and active plasmin cleaves the chromogenic substrate S2251, degrades fibrinogen, and inactivates C3 and C3b. Plasmin attached to swollen A. fumigatus conidia damages human A549 lung epithelial cells, reduces the cellular metabolic activity, and induces cell retraction, which results in exposure of the extracellular matrix. Thus, A. fumigatus AfEno1 is a moonlighting protein and virulence factor which recruits several human regulators. The attached human regulators allow the fungal pathogen to control complement at the level of C3 and to damage endothelial cell layers and tissue components.


The influence of dispersoids on work hardening of aluminium during tension and cold rolling has been studied by comparing Al–Mn alloys containing similar amounts of solutes but various dispersoid densities. The microstructure evolution with deformation strain was examined in transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It is found that a high density of fine dispersoids strengthens the materials significantly, but their strengthening effect diminishes as the strain increases. From a series of Bauschinger tests, it is found that the internal stress, due to particles, increases rapidly at the initial stage of deformation, but saturates at strains larger than 5%. It is concluded that the internal stress makes a small contribution to the work hardening and contributes to less than 10% of the total flow stress during monotonic loading at strains larger than 5%. The work-hardening behaviour has been correlated to the corresponding microstructure, and the strengthening mechanisms are discussed.


Most urban car trips register low occupancy rates, around 1.20 passengers per car. Originated in the US in the late 1960s, High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) lanes aim to improve mobility by optimizing vehicle occupancy and thus bring on an improved traffic flow, more efficient fuel economy and better environment. Madrid benefits from a 10 year-old HOV lane that has enjoyed success in terms of its functional traffic flow parameters. Variable Message Signs indicate the HOV lane availability, although the essential information is displayed via text. The study tests the judged comprehensibility of several pictograms intended for the HOV lane referent.


This new, revised edition retains all the strengths of the well-established "Beat Dyslexia" series to support those students struggling to read, write or spell. The comprehensive programme develops literacy skills by combining successful phonological approaches with the very best of conventional, multi-sensory and structured teaching methods. The series takes pupils from the earliest stages of letter recognition through to full literacy. Using a wide range of imaginative approaches, the activities are carefully structured so that all the goals are small and attainable. Pupils gain confidence through consolidation and success as they develop their reading skills and build a sound understanding of basic spelling and grammar. The wide variety of phonic activities are based on multi-sensory techniques that assist the teacher in maintaining pupils' interest and enthusiasm - making them ideal for those with short concentration spans. Although primarily designed for dyslexic pupils of all ages, in one-to-one or small group sessions, the careful use of visual and aural approaches, in a clearly structured progession, make them suitable for any pupil struggling to acquire literacy skills. In-built assessment is provided through the progressive series of engaging reading passages and spelling tests.


The coupling of toxicity expression with cell-cycle phases was studied in the toxic marine prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina polylepis Manton & Parke, Clone B1511. Cell synchronisation of cul- tures in exponential or early stationary growth phases under nutrient-replete conditions was achieved by manipulation of the photoperiod. Chlorophyll a (chl a) and cell number increased in a stepwise man- ner, but were asynchronous, with chl a increasing during the light period and cell number increasing during the dark period. In the course of the light period, nearly all cells clustered in the G1 (Gap 1) phase, which lasted for about 20 h. DNA synthesis (S phase) occurred mainly in the dark during a discrete period (about 4 h) and G2 (Gap 2) and mitosis (M) were always completed before the end of the dark period. Toxicity expression, measured by the erythrocyte lysis assay (ELA), exhibited a dramatic drop in LC50 values (increase in toxicity) during the light period, although this effect was less pronounced af- ter the first 2 generations of cell division when the cultures had entered the stationary phase. Similarly, haemolytic activity per unit cell volume decreased by a factor of 3 to 4 during the dark period over the first 48 h, but became irregular towards the end of the experiment. In this study, the light-dependent effect on toxicity and relationship to discrete phases of the cell cycle are demonstrated for the first time in a prymnesiophyte.


In this work, we present a systematic study of how the traffic of different transport protocols (UDP, TCP and ICMP) is treated, in three operational Swedish 3G networks. This is done by studying the impact that protocol and packet size have on the one-way-delay (OWD) across the networks. We do this using a special method that allows us to calculate the exact OWD, without having to face the usual clock synchronization problems that are normally associated with OWD calculations. From our results we see that all three protocols are treated similarly by all three operators, when we consider packet sizes that are smaller than 250 bytes and larger than 1100 bytes. We also show that larger packet sizes are given preferential treatment, with both smaller median OWD as well as a smaller standard deviation. It is also clear that, ICMP is given a better performance compared to TCP and UDP.


In Japan, there has been increased scrutiny of companies' general participation in the political process, in particular political campaign contributions. Over the past decade, Japan has placed new restrictions on companies' political giving and has required greater disclosure of campaign contributions. Increasingly, shareholders are seeking to hold companies accountable for their campaign contributions. However, political activities generally require substantial funds and the situation in Japan is no different. Consequently, political activities require donations from corporations and individuals. In Japan the challenge to the ruling Liberal Democrats, and the broader political crisis, in the 1990s and early 2000s centered on a series of scandals involving payments to politicians for their huge election expenses. Political donations are classified by donor into two groups: corporate donations and personal donations. Under current law, corporate donations are often viewed as collusion between business entities and politicians. Therefore, donations to individual politicians are prohibited, unless the donation is to a single fund raising group managed by a particular politician. An individual politician can appoint only one organization as a single fund managing organization through which he can accept political donations from individuals. This exception is applicable only to personal donations. Donations to political parties can be divided into two categories: (1) those made directly to political parties; and, (2) those made to political funding organizations controlled by political parties. Corporations and individuals may donate money to either institution. However there is a limit on the political donations of corporations: corporations that have lost money over three consecutive years cannot make any political donations. Political donations made under such adverse circumstances may be considered to have unhealthy and unsound purposes; further, shareholders may not approve of such contributions.


The subtypes of the human immunodeficiency virus – type 1 (HIV-1) strains from 54 HIV-1 – infected persons including 44 strains which were typed previously by heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) were determined by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Of 54 HIVinfected persons, 92.5% were infected with HIV-1 subtype B and 7.5% with other HIV-1 subtypes including subtypes D (3.7%), A (1.9%) and J (1.9%). In the phylogenetic analysis, the subtype A virus found in the sample clustered with subtype A reference strains and a circulating recombinant form (CRF) reference strain which originates in Central Africa and is circulating in Cuba indicating a close relationship between these viruses. There was 86% concordance between HMA and DNA sequencing in assigning subtype B viruses. For the non-B subtype viruses, there was less concordance between the two methods (67%). The results confirm the predominance of HIV-1 subtype B strains and the high genetic diversity of HIV1 strains in circulation in Jamaica. The efficacies and some limitations of the HMA as a method of HIV1 subtyping also were noted. It is important that the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Jamaica be monitored meticulously for possible expansions in non-B subtypes and the emergence of inter-subtype recombinant forms. We recommend that the more expensive DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, including HIV-1 genotyping for antiretroviral drug resistance testing, be used as an adjunct to the more costeffective HMA to track the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Jamaica. Elevada Diversidad Genética del Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana – Tipo 1 en Jamaica OD Heslop1, MF Smikle1, IE Vickers1, NA Christian1, KM Harvey2, JP Figueroa2, SE Brown3, CDC Christie4, B Bain5, EN Barton6


Abstract On 2002, a novel initiative was undertaken by the local water administration of Catalonia (the Agència Catalana de l'Aigua) and the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, leading to a ten-year project where a high number of medium resolution satellite images (MODIS and Landsat) were integrated to the daily water management to improve decision making effectiveness. This paper describes the methodology followed in the successful application of remote sensing, as well as the main problems that had to be overcome during its execution. It also presents the products that have been calculated. These are integrated into the Agency's corporate GIS and immediately available via the intranet for the staff, and a selection is available on the Internet.


Consumer decisions on clothing disposal are important from an environmental point of view, as they have an effect on the lifespan of clothing, as well as the potential for reuse and recycling. This article summarizes what is known about consumers' clothing disposal behaviour based on empirical literature published during the past 30 years. The goal of this synthesis is to integrate empirical research, find generalizable results, evaluate the used research methods and identify central issues for future research. Most clothing disposal studies concentrate on disposal channels, behavioural motivations, disposal reasons and demographics of consumers that behave in specified ways. Many consumers prefer to deliver clothing for reuse rather than to dispose of them, but convenience is paramount. Common disposal reasons for apparel were wear and tear, poor fit and fashion or boredom, in addition to lack of storage space. Survey methods are most common, which indicates the need of other research designs that preferably include the clothing items in method triangulation. Studied samples are dominated by young women and students, and research on more heterogeneous samples is needed.


Extant literature lacks the integrative theory of first-time (pure) nascent entrepreneurs' ongoing opportunity recognition. There is an academic consensus that the investigation of ongoing opportunity recognition may provide new insights into entrepreneurs' behaviours and cognitive processes, i.e. what they do and how they do it.

This study has responded to this knowledge gap by addressing the following research question: how do pre-incubator supported nascent entrepreneurs recognise entrepreneurial opportunities? The objectives of this study were:

(1) to explore the process by which they come up with opportunity ideas;
(2) to explore behavioural actions that shape opportunity ideas into opportunities;
(3) to understand the role of the pre-incubator on their cognitive and behavioural process; and
(4) to provide recommendations for effective opportunity-recognition practice.

A single qualitative case study was adopted for the study of 13 lead graduates who were supported through the pre-incubator's business start-up programme. Data were collected through semi-structured interview, mind-mapping and participants observation, and analysed by adopting an inductive thematic analysis method.

Findings show that nascent entrepreneurs' opportunity recognition comprises two discreet, interrelated components: opportunity awareness and opportunity search. Opportunity awareness is an intentional process by which they translate their experiential problems and perceived gaps into demand- or supply-driven opportunity ideas. It drives their opportunity search behaviour. They rely on various social networks to test the veracity of their opportunity ideas and search for opportunity-related information. They prioritise their social network reliance according to their social relationships. This behaviour is guided by their emotional attachment to opportunities. It is found that pre-incubator managers moderate their emotional attachment and subsequent search behaviours. As they (nascent entrepreneurs) rely on various social networks, their confirmation bias mediates opportunity recognition belief reinforcement and the input factors provided by social network members.

The findings are significant to pre-incubator managers. They provide revelatory insights into their supported nascent entrepreneurs' emotions, behaviours, and cognition in relation to opportunity recognition. This study also makes noteworthy contributions to entrepreneurship literature by providing new theoretical insights into the opportunity recognition of first-time (pure) nascent entrepreneurs.


Abstract The causes of the Protestant Reformation have long been debated. This paper seeks to revive and econometrically test the theory that the spread of the Reformation is linked to the spread of the printing press. I test this theory by analyzing data on the spread of the press and the Reformation at the city level. An econometric analysis that instruments for omitted variable bias with a city's distance from Mainz, the birthplace of printing, suggests that cities with at least one printing press by 1500 were at minimum 29 percentage points more likely to be Protestant by 1600.


The author was asked to review the historical connection of Aboriginal people to the land that lies between Lake Huron and Lake Erie. She is a descendant of Great Lakes Aboriginal ancestors. Aboriginal history and self-understanding is conveyed across generations by stories and teachings grounded in particular landscapes. As a legally-trained historian, the author is familiar with the methods and protocols used in the document-based tradition. Her research method combines oral tradition and archival materials in order construct historical narratives in their cultural context.The task of connecting particular people to a specific place in a given time period is especially daunting if the recorded names of the peoples and the places keep changing. When looking for evidence of group identity in the documentary record, one must consider both what the people called themselves (auto-ethnonyms) and what they were called by others (xeno-ethnonyms). In a region as culturally complex as the Great Lakes over the span of the past four hundred years, naming practices create serious difficulties.The group of people living in the vicinity of rapids called themselves Passinaouek. Their Aboriginal neighbors (who spoke a different language) called them Skiaeronon meaning the Rapids People. The French settlers referred to these people variously as Skiaeronon, Passinaouek or Sauteurs (French for people of the Rapids). When the British settlers arrived, they referred to the same people as: Jibbeways or Ojibways or Chippewas. The recording of so many different names bestowed by outsiders creates the potential for confusing a change of names with a change of peoples. The Passinaouek are a fairly well-documented group because their territory was visited by many record-makers, providing a continuous historical record of the Aboriginal occupation at the Sault. But many Aboriginal people lived in places not frequented by European record makers, and lack of documentation, combined with changing names for both people and places creates an impression of disruption and discontinuity in the region. Southern Lake Huron is such a region. Today many of its Aboriginal occupants are known by the name 'Chippewas' - a term coined by British colonial officials in the late 1700's. The earlier French documentary record provides no evidence of the presence of 'Chippewas' in southern Lake Huron - but that does not mean there is no connection between present-day Chippewas and earliest-recorded Aboriginal people of the region. Researchers must be sensitive to other evidence of identity besides British and French naming practices.The author has encountered evidence of identity independent of the language of the record-maker - which she calls 'totemic identity.' It consists of the identifying symbols that Aboriginal people made on physical objects such as trees, canoes, houses and clothing. Aboriginal leaders also used these symbols as their 'signature' when required by the Europeans. Totemic identity has remained largely unchanged in the four centuries since contact. For example the Passinaouek meaning 'Echo Maker' in their language, is their metaphorical name for Crane. A Crane chief always made his mark by drawing a Crane, regardless of how the record-maker referred to him. Aboriginal use of symbols rather than letters has allowed evidence of totemic identity to persist despite changes in the naming practices and languages of newcomers to the Great Lakes region.Connecting people to place requires an exploration of how people understand themselves in relation to their place. For the Aboriginal people of the Great Lakes, there is both a physical and spiritual aspect to identity and landscape. In this report, the author demonstrates that evidence of totemic identity connects the descendants of the Chippewas who signed treaties in the southern Lake Huron region to their ancestors in the early contact period. To understand how totemic identity is relevant to the Aboriginal history of the Great Lakes, it must be approached from an Aboriginal perspective of creation.


Behavior such as ontogenetic vertical migration (OVM) limits the transport of marine larvae with short pelagic larval durations (PLDs), but its effect on the supposed long-distance disper- sal of larvae with long PLDs is unknown. We conducted laboratory tests of ontogenetic change in lar- val phototaxis and examined size-specific patterns of larval distribution in the plankton to character- ize OVM in the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus during its long (6 mo) PLD. We then used a coupled biophysical model to explore the consequences of OVM and hydrodynamics on larval P. argus dispersal in the Caribbean Sea. Larvae reared in the laboratory were positively phototatic for the first 2 mo and then avoided light thereafter, similar that seen in the planktonic distribution of same-sized larvae. Simulations of larval dispersal from 13 spawning sites in the Caribbean Sea pre- dicted that twice as many larvae would recruit to nurseries if they displayed OVM compared with passive dispersers. Larvae with OVM typically settled 1000 km away. OVM also produced an asymmetrical bimodal pattern of dispersal dominated by larvae that settled near their origin (~60%), but showed a second peak of larvae that dispersed over long distances (~20%). Hydrodynamics created subregional differ- ences in the potential for self-recruitment. Our findings suggest that (1) larval behavior constrains the dispersal of even long-lived larvae, particularly in tandem with retentive oceanographic environ- ments, and (2) larval sources of P. argus in the Caribbean Sea cannot be estimated from passive trans- port and surface circulation.


The evolution of the discourse offered by Spanish public television broadcaster TVE on the Civil War will be analysed from the station's beginnings until Franco's death. The study was carried out by viewing all the relevant audiovisual materials that are available from the RTVE archive. The authors have studied documentaries and, to a lesser extent, news programmes. Some of the materials solely focused on the conflict, others dealt with it only tangentially. No fiction productions about the Civil War were kept in the archive, even though a number were broadcast. This paper sheds some light on the reasons for the change in the way the Spanish Civil War was presented.


The increasing popularity of power constrained mobile computers and embedded computing applications drives the need for analyzing and optimizing power in all the components of a system. Software constitutes a major component of today's systems, and its role is projected to grow even further. Thus, an ever increasing portion of the functionality of today's systems is in the form of instructions, as opposed to gates. This motivates the need for analyzing power consumption from the point of view of instructions—something that traditional circuit and gate level power analysis tools are inadequate for. This paper describes an alternative, measurement based instruction level power analysis approach that provides an accurate and practical way of quantifying the power cost of soft-ware. This technique has been applied to three commercial, architecturally different processors. The salient results of these analyses are summarized. Instruction level analysis of a processor helps in the development of models for power consumption of software executing on that processor. The power models for the subject processors are described and interesting observations resulting from the comparison of these models are highlighted. The ability to evaluate software in terms of power consumption makes it feasible to seach fow low power implementations of given programs. In addition, it can guide the development of general tools and techniques for low power software. Several ideas in this regard as motivated by the power analysis of the subject processors are also described.


In the brain-cell microenvironment, diffusion plays an important role: apart from delivering glucose and oxygen from the vascular system to brain cells, it also moves informational substances between cells. The brain is an extremely complex structure of interwoven, intercommunicating cells, but recent theoretical and experimental works showed that the classical laws of diffusion, cast in the framework of porous media theory, can deliver an accurate quantitative description of the way molecules are transported through this tissue. The mathematical modeling and the numerical simulations are successfully applied in the investigation of diffusion processes in tissues, replacing the costly laboratory investigations. Nevertheless, modeling must rely on highly accurate information regarding the main parameters (tortuosity, volume fraction) which characterize the tissue, obtained by structural and functional imaging. The usual techniques to measure the diffusion mechanism in brain tissue are the radiotracer method, the real time iontophoretic method and integrative optical imaging using fluorescence microscopy. A promising technique for obtaining the values for characteristic parameters of the transport equation is the direct optical investigation using optical fibers. The analysis of these parameters also reveals how the local geometry of the brain changes with time or under pathological conditions. This paper presents a set of computations concerning the mass transport inside the brain tissue, for different types of cells. By measuring the time evolution of the concentration profile of an injected substance and using suitable fitting procedures, the main parameters characterizing the tissue can be determined. This type of analysis could be an important tool in understanding the functional mechanisms of effective drug delivery in complex structures such as the brain tissue. It also offers possibilities to realize optical imaging methods for in vitro and in vivo measurements using optical fibers. The model also may help in radiotracer biomarker models for the understanding of the mechanism of action of new chemical entities.


Abstract. This is the third of a three-part paper series through which we assess the performance of runoff predictions in ungauged basins in a comparative way. Whereas the two previous papers by Parajka et al. (2013) and Salinas et al. (2013) assess the regionalisation performance of hydrographs and hydrological extremes on the basis of a comprehensive literature review of thousands of case studies around the world, in this paper we jointly assess prediction performance of a range of runoff signatures for a consistent and rich dataset. Daily runoff time series are predicted for 213 catchments in Austria by a regionalised rainfall–runoff model and by Top-kriging, a geostatistical estimation method that accounts for the river network hierarchy. From the runoff time-series, six runoff signatures are extracted: annual runoff, seasonal runoff, flow duration curves, low flows, high flows and runoff hydrographs. The predictive performance is assessed in terms of the bias, error spread and proportion of unexplained spatial variance of statistical measures of these signatures in cross-validation (blind testing) mode. Results of the comparative assessment show that, in Austria, the predictive performance increases with catchment area for both methods and for most signatures, it tends to increase with elevation for the regionalised rainfall–runoff model, while the dependence on climate characteristics is weaker. Annual and seasonal runoff can be predicted more accurately than all other signatures. The spatial variability of high flows in ungauged basins is the most difficult to estimate followed by the low flows. It also turns out that in this data-rich study in Austria, the geostatistical approach (Top-kriging) generally outperforms the regionalised rainfall–runoff model.


In this thesis, the problem of image segmentation has been addressed using the notion of thresholding.Since the focus of this work is primarily on object/objects background classification and fault detection in a given scene, the segmentation problem is viewed as a classification problem.
In this regard, the notion of thresholding has been used to classify the range of gray values and hence classifies the image. The gray level distributions of the original image or the proposed feature image have been used to obtain the optimal threshold. Initially, PGA based class models have been developed to classify different classes of a nonlinear multimodal function. This problem is formulated where the nonlinear multimodal function is viewed as consisting of multiple class distributions. Each class could be represented by the niche or peaks of that class. Hence, the problem has been formulated to detect the peaks of the functions. PGA based clustering algorithm has been proposed to maintain stable sub-populations in the niches and hence the peaks could be detected. A new interconnection
model has been proposed for PGA to accelerate the rate of convergence to the optimal solution. Convergence analysis of the proposed PGA based algorithm has been carried out and is shown to converge to the solution. The proposed PGA based clustering algorithm could successfully be
tested for different classes and is found to converge much faster than that of GA based clustering algorithm.


ABSTRACT We propose a framework for a package of Urban Sustainability and Resilience Indicators (USRI) based on a holistic approach to urban dynamics that we name the 'pyramid of urban resilience and sustainability'. We start with a concise discussion of the concepts of urban resilience and sustainability, their synergies and trade-offs. We then make a point of the need for an interdisciplinary and holistic approach to assess progress towards or away from urban sustainability and resilience; and delineate an analytical framework that enables a comprehensive approach to 'the urban' by addressing not only ecological but also economic, sociocultural and governance dimensions. We critically reflect on its potential (and limits) by applying it to the case of Mexico City. The paper presents preliminary results for the ecological dimension of such a framework, and insights from the case of solid waste. USRI offers the potential for a systemic approach to urban sustainability and resilience. Yet, some limitations are evident, mostly related to data availability at the urban level, complexity to aggregate and weight data, the limited efforts for knowledge coproduction and the incorporation of participatory processes, and the need to cautiously translate findings – and their inherent uncertainties – into decision-making.


Abstract In the 169 years since Owen named a tooth as Cardiodon, the study of sauropod dinosaurs has gone through several distinct periods. In the early years, a sequence of descriptions of isolated skeletal elements gave rise to a gradually emerging understanding of the animals that would later be known as sauropods. The second phase began in 1871 with Phillips's description of Cetiosaurus oxoniensis, the first reasonably complete sauropod, and continued with the Marsh-Cope Bone Wars and the description of the nearly complete sauropods Camarasaurus and 'Brontosaurus' (= Apatosaurus). As these and other genera became better known, a third phase began, exploring not just the remains but the lives of these giants, with arguments about posture and habitat to the fore, and with the public becoming increasingly aware of sauropods owing to skeletal mounts. A 'dark age' followed during and after World War II, with sauropods considered uninteresting evolutionary dead ends and largely ignored. This was brought to an end by the 'dinosaur renaissance' that began in the late 1960s, since when work has recommenced with new vigour, and the public has been introduced to a more vigorous and terrestrial image of sauropods through film and television. Both diversity and disparity of sauropods continue to increase through new descriptive work, and the group is now seen as more fascinating and worthy of study than ever before.


Population ageing reduces the working population relative to the number of pensions by one-third over next 30 years. The challenge presented by this development is how best to support pensioners' incomes without suppressing the net incomes of the working population and capital accumulation too much. The ability of private savings and occupational pensions to meet this challenge is doubtful. There is a related issue of inter-generational equity: how do we share the burden of population ageing between generations, rather than passing it on to future generations. Given the uncertainty about future demographic and economic developments, it is important to have adaptable or self-correcting policies to address population ageing.


Two change point detection and estimation procedures for sequences of dependent binary random variables are proposed and their asymptotic properties are explored. The two procedures are a dependent cumulative sum statistic (DCUSUM) and a dependent likelihood ratio test (LRT) statistic, which are generalizations of the independent CUSUM and LRT statistics. A one step Markov dependence is assumed between consecutive variables in the sequence, and the performance of the DCUSUM and dependent LRT are shown to have substantially better size and power performance than their independent counterparts. In most cases, a comparison of the dependent procedures via simulation shows that the dependent LRT provides a more powerful test, while the DCUSUM test has better size performance. The asymptotic distribution of the DCUSUM test is found to be a weighted sum of squared Brownian bridge processes and an approximation to calculate p-values is discussed. A Worsley type upper bound for p-values is provided as an alternative. The asymptotic distribution of the dependent LRT is unknown, but the tail probabilities are found to be empirically bounded by chi-square random variables with 6 and 7 degrees of freedom through a simulation study. A bootstrap algorithm to estimate p-values for the dependent LRT is discussed. Extensions of these procedures to multiple sequences and multinomial random variables are discussed, and a new statistic, the maximal change count statistic, is proposed. An application of the multiple sequence procedures to clustered time series models is provided. The asymptotic properties of the generalized procedures are reserved for future research.


NERA's 38th Congress - Active Citizenship (Nordisk Forening for Pedagogisk Forskning) 11-13 March 2010
Malmo University
School of Teacher Education, Malmo, Sweden


Abstract. In order to determine the efficiency of different aerosol particles to nucleate ice, an Ice Optical DEpolarization detector (IODE) was developed to distinguish between water droplets and ice crystals in ice nucleation chambers. A laser beam polarized linearly (power: 50 mW, wavelength: 407 nm) is directed through the chamber. The scattered light intensity from particles is measured at a scattering angle of Θ=175° in both polarization components (parallel and perpendicular). The ratio between the perpendicular intensity over the total one yields the depolarization ratio δ. Single particle detection is possible, using a peak detection algorithm. For high particle concentrations, a real-time signal averaging method can also be run simultaneously. The IODE detector was used in connection with the Zurich ice nucleation chamber during the ICIS 2007 workshop where ice nucleation experiments were performed with several aerosol types. In presence of ice crystals, a depolarization ratio could be measured on a particle-by-particle basis. Mean values of δ ranged from 0.24 to 0.37 and agree well with theoretical calculations.


[1] The physical, structural, and optical properties of newly formed ice types were studied in the Cape Bathurst polynya (71°N, 127°W) during fall freezeup in October to early November 2003. Variable meteorological conditions with occasional snowfall resulted in the formation of numerous ice types and surface conditions. Ice samples were collected from horizontally homogeneous surfaces representative of the area. Crystallographic analysis on 33 ice cores revealed highly variable growth conditions and formation mechanisms in the area. The mean fraction of granular ice was 33%, while intermediate granular-columnar and columnar ice contributed 37% and 30%, respectively. Salinity profiles in the ice were C-shaped and as the ice grew thicker, bulk salinities decreased according to 4.582 + 13.358/hi (cm). These conditions resulted in brine volumes ranging from 4% to 46%. Bare ice surfaces commonly formed a high salinity brine skim layer due to brine expulsion. Salinities up to 40‰ were observed in this layer. Under suitable conditions frost flowers formed on the ice, and their presence was related to characteristic ice microstructure with crystals that appeared disc-like in shape. Fine-grained snow-ice was formed when snow merged with surface brine to create a complex hypersaline surface at the snow/ice interface. The spectral reflectance for the thin ice types was most strongly related to surface conditions. The presence of frost flowers significantly increased the reflectance independent of snow precipitation. Any increase in ice thickness was found to have little effect on the reflectance once a 20–30 mm thick snow layer was present.


Background The administration of glutamine (GLU) intravenously as part of protein intake in patients who are given parenteral nutrition (PN) is associated with fewer infectious complications, shorter hospital stay and, possibly, reduced mortality in critically ill patients. Purpose To examine the use of GLU in clinical practice as a supplementation to PN according to the product information and recommendations of the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN). Materials and methods A descriptive, observational study included patients who received PN GLU supplementation from January 2012 to June 2012. The following data were collected from electronic medical records and from MedicalOne Parenteral software: prescribing service, indication, weight, GLU dose, creatinine clearance (CrCl), liver disease and length of treatment with GLU. Results Of the 282 patients who received PN, 36 (12.8%) received GLU. The indication for the prescription of GLU was: 24: major abdominal surgery (66.7%), 7: critical illness (19.4%), 3: acute pancreatitis (8.33%) and 2: mucositis (5.7%). The weight was recorded in 22 of the 36 patients, range 45 to 108 kg (median 60). 100 ml of alanyl-glutamine was administered to all GLU patients (82 mg alanine + 134.6 mg glutamine); 7 patients were underdosed (31.8%) considering that the recommended dose is 1.5–2.5 ml/kg. 2 patients (5.5%) had severe renal dysfunction (CrCl <25 ml/min) and 2 (5.5%) severe liver disease, situations in which the administration of GLU is contraindicated. The time range of GLU administration was 1–28 days (median: 6). Experience in using GLU for more than 9 days is limited, yet the product information indicates that the length of treatment should not exceed 21 days. In 11 patients (30.5%) treatment extended to 9 days, and in 1 patient (2.8%) over 21 days. Conclusions The use of GLU meets the recommendations of the product information and ESPEN in terms of indication. However, we found some errors in terms of dose, contraindications and length of treatment. Through clinical monitoring of patients and validation of PN prescription, the pharmacist is key to alerting the doctor about these GLU prescription and administration errors in critically ill patients. No conflict of interest.


Eyeballs from 121 fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) and 83 harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were used for age estimation using the aspartic acid racemization (AAR) technique. The racemization rate (kAsp) for fin whales was established from 15 fetuses (age 0) and 15 adult whales where age was estimated by reading growth layer groups (GLGs) in the earplugs. The (kAsp) for harbor porpoises was derived from 15 porpoises (two calves and 13 > 1 yr old) age-estimated by counting GLGs in the teeth and two calves classified to age based on length. The (kAsp) values were estimated by regression of GLGs against D/L ratios. For the fin whales an (kAsp) of 1.15 9 10 � 3 /yr (SE ± 0.00005) and a D/L ratio at birth [(D/L)0 ]o f 0.028 (SE ± 0.0012) were estimated, which is in agreement with rates for other mysticeti. For the harbor porpoises a (kAsp) of 3.10 9 10 � 3 /yr (SE ± 0.0004) and a (D/L)0 value of 0.023 (SE ± 0.0018) were estimated, which is considerably higher than found for other cetaceans. Correlation between chosen age estimates from AAR and GLG counts indicated that AAR might be an alternative method for estimating age in marine mammals.


This book documents an Islamic-Confucian school of scholarship that flourished, mostly in the Yangzi Delta, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Drawing on previously unstudied materials, it reconstructs the network of Muslim scholars responsible for the creation and circulation of a large corpus of Chinese Islamic written material - the so-called Han Kitab. Against the backdrop of the rise of the Manchu Qing dynasty, The Dao of Muhammad shows how the creation of this corpus, and of the scholarly network that supported it, arose in a context of intense dialogue between Muslim scholars, their Confucian social context, and China's imperial rulers. Overturning the idea that participation in Confucian culture necessitated the obliteration of all other identities, this book offers insight into the world of a group of scholars who felt that their study of the Islamic classics constituted a rightful "school" within the Confucian intellectual landscape. These men were not the first Muslims to master the Chinese Classics. But they were the first to express themselves specifically as Chinese Muslims and to generate foundation myths that made sense of their place both within Islam and within Chinese culture.


The mean-variance method developed by Markowitz (1959) was aimed at obtaining optimizing portfolios. But selection of portfolio in the real world mostly deviates from this optimal criterion. In this paper we have considered this issue from an altogether different aspect and developed means for aiming at nearly optimum portfolio. We considered the risk taking propensity as the main driving force and presented a heuristic method to reach the near to the optimal state. For doing so, we have introduced the coefficient of optimism in the decision making process and simultaneously considered conditional optimum portfolio and corresponding heuristic portfolio. In the extreme situations three different human value systems can be considered as optimistic, pessimistic and risk planner. To examine the closeness between the heuristic and optimum portfolios we have carried out empirical analysis covering ten years data of fifteen companies from Nifty (2000-09). Regarding the choice of companies we have adopted random selection technique. From empirical study we have found that for moderate values of the coefficient of optimism a heuristic investor's decision nearly coincides with the corresponding optimum portfolio. However, for extreme situations i.e. optimistic and pessimistic situations heuristic portfolio differs from optimum portfolio. Keywords: Expected return, risk, optimum portfolio, heuristic portfolio, coefficient of optimism.


This paper investigates the characteristics of professionalization in a group of Italian smallmedium family firms (FFs), appraising similarities and differences compared to non-family firms (NFFs). The research focuses the implementation of formal Strategic Planning (SP), Management Control Systems (MCSs), and features thereof. Literature review has been combined with research findings of a questionnaire submitted to a sample of North Italian FFs and NFFs. Professionalization is a relevant issue either at theoretical or practical level as it suggests a direction of managerial innovation for competitiveness Managerial mechanisms are believed to generate benefits, especially in terms of support to the decision-making processes of the various functions of the firm.


In the early twentieth century—not long after 1898, when the United States claimed the Philippines as an American colony—Filipinas/os became a vital part of the agricultural economy of California's fertile San Joaquin Delta. In downtown Stockton, they created Little Manila, a vibrant community of hotels, pool halls, dance halls, restaurants, grocery stores, churches, union halls, and barbershops. Little Manila was home to the largest community of Filipinas/os outside of the Philippines until the neighborhood was decimated by urban redevelopment in the 1960s. Narrating a history spanning much of the twentieth century, Dawn Bohulano Mabalon traces the growth of Stockton's Filipina/o American community, the birth and eventual destruction of Little Manila, and recent efforts to remember and preserve it.

Mabalon draws on oral histories, newspapers, photographs, personal archives, and her own family's history in Stockton. She reveals how Filipina/o immigrants created a community and ethnic culture shaped by their identities as colonial subjects of the United States, their racialization in Stockton as brown people, and their collective experiences in the fields and in the Little Manila neighborhood. In the process, Mabalon places Filipinas/os at the center of the development of California agriculture and the urban West.


Once, on a winter's night many years ago, after a heavy snow, the devil passed through the Scottish fishing town of Coldhaven, leaving a trail of dark hoofprints across the streets and roofs of the sleeping town. Michael Gardiner has lived in Coldhaven all his life, but still feels like an outsider, a blow-in. Now living in self-imposed exile out on the point, Michael feels at one with the sea-birds and the changing light of this ancient landscape - yet more distant than ever from the dark, closed community of the villagers. But that is about to change. When Moira Birnie decides that her abusive husband is the devil and then kills herself and her two young sons, a terrible chain of events begins. Michael's infatuation with the fourteen-year-old Hazel takes him on a journey towards a defined fate, where he is forced to face his present and then, finally, his past. Having confronted his own demons he must return, walking in penance and penitence, to be reborn into a world where he was always a stranger. Written with the exquisite clarity and power of a folktale, "The Devil's Footprints" is the story of a man trying to come to terms with a suspended life, and the fear, guilt and unbearable grief that mark it. Revealing what lies beneath the surface of the everyday world, John Burnside has written a novel of mysterious and terrifying beauty - as primal and thrilling as cloven hooves in the snow.


Child sex trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) are major public health problems in the United States and throughout the world. Despite large numbers of American and foreign youth affected and a plethora of serious physical and mental health problems associated with CSEC, there is limited information available to pediatricians regarding the nature and scope of human trafficking and how pediatricians and other health care providers may help protect children. Knowledge of risk factors, recruitment practices, possible indicators of CSEC, and common medical and behavioral health problems experienced by victims will help pediatricians recognize potential victims and respond appropriately. As health care providers, educators, and leaders in child advocacy, pediatricians play an essential role in addressing the public health issues faced by child victims of CSEC. Their roles can include working to increase recognition of CSEC, providing direct care and anticipatory guidance related to CSEC, engaging in collaborative efforts with medical and nonmedical colleagues to provide for the complex needs of youth, and educating child-serving professionals and the public.


We present an analysis of the accuracy and information content of three-dimensional reconstructions of the dielectric susceptibility of a sample from noisy, near-field holographic measurements, such as those made in scanning probe microscopy. Holographic measurements are related to the dielectric susceptibility via a linear operator within the accuracy of the first Born approximation. The maximum-likelihood reconstruction of the dielectric susceptibility is expressed as a linear combination of basis functions determined by singular value decomposition of the weighted measurement operator. Maximum a posteriori estimates based on prior information are also discussed. Semianalytical expressions are given for the likely error due to measurement noise in the basis function coefficients, resulting in effective resolution limits in all three dimensions. These results are illustrated by numerical examples.


In many taxa there is considerable intraspecific variation in life-history strategies from within a single population, reflecting alternative routes through which organisms can achieve successful reproduction. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) show some of the greatest within-population variability in life history strategies amongst vertebrates, with some individuals of a population migrating while other individuals remain resident (the phenomenon of 'partial migration'). Furthermore within each migratory ecotype, multiple discrete male and female life histories (e.g. time spent in freshwater and saltwater) co-exist and interbreed on many spawning grounds, although the effect of the various combinations of life histories on offspring traits remains unknown. These issues are covered in the General Introduction (chapter 1), which introduces the rationale for the experimental work which forms the core of this thesis.
In the first of these empirical investigations, full-sibling groups of offspring from freshwater-resident and anadromous brown trout and half-sibling groups of Atlantic salmon were reared in the laboratory under common garden conditions to examine potential differences in their early development, physiology, behaviour and phenotypic flexibility. I found that freshwater-resident parents produced eggs that were slower to hatch than did anadromous parents, but their offspring were quicker to absorb their yolk and reach the stage of exogenous feeding. Their offspring also had a higher conversion efficiency from the egg stage to the start of exogenous feeding (so were larger by the start of the fry stage) than did offspring from anadromous parents (chapter 2).
Using Atlantic salmon I showed that mothers that had spent longer at sea (two versus one year) produced offspring which were heavier, longer and in better condition at the time of first feeding. However, these relationships disappeared shortly after fry had begun feeding exogenously. At this stage, the juvenile rearing environment (i.e. time spent in fresh water) of the mother was a better predictor of offspring traits, with mothers that were faster to develop in fresh water (migrating to sea after two rather than three years of age) producing offspring that had higher maximal metabolic rates and aerobic scopes, and that grew faster. Faster developing fathers tended to produce offspring that grew faster, were in better body condition and had higher maximal metabolic rates (chapter 3). I also found that the parental type in brown trout had a significant effect on dominance status in territorial interactions, with offspring of anadromous fish being dominant over size-matched offspring of freshwater-residents, but only when both had been raised under intermediate levels of food availability (chapter 4).
Lastly I found that offspring of anadromous trout were less able to maintain their growth rate when reared on a Daphnia diet than were those of freshwater-residents, and showed a correspondingly greater increase in growth following a switch in diet from Daphnia to Chironomid larvae. Offspring of anadromous parents also showed less morphological flexibility in response to diet than did the offspring of freshwater-residents (chapter 5). The results of these studies are summarised in the General Discussion (chapter 6), which suggests that parental effects (either direct or environmentally-mediated through differences in rearing environments) may be an important mechanism underlying the expression of threshold traits and play a significant role in the perpetuation of non-breeding partial migration and life history strategies within populations.


Multi-layer heterostructure oxide semiconductors employing a layer-by-layer deposition of alternating indium oxide and zinc oxide thin films generated via atomic layer deposition (ALD) are investigated for their feasibility into high performance thin film transistors (TFT). The successful deposition of uniform film thickness across the alternating indium oxide and zinc oxide deposition at 200 °C is achieved using trimethyl indium (TMI), diethyl zinc (DEZ) and water as oxidizing agent. The as-prepared polycrystalline material shows a conductive behaviour which upon additional mild annealing between 250–300 °C demonstrates a high TFT device performance. In addition, insights into the dependency of the defect passivation gradient within the multilayer upon thermal annealing of the oxide stack are presented. Studies towards an optimised film thickness result in a high device performance in enhancement mode with a saturation field-effect mobility (μsat.) of 6.5 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off ratio (Ion/off) of 4.6 × 107 using a deliberately large width to length channel ratio (W/L = 500). The TFT performance turned out to be dependent on the position of the individual oxide layers within the stack and the number of heterostructure stacks. These findings on the influence of semiconductor stack formation allow for a better understanding on the formation of the active semiconductor channel and serve towards the applicability of ALD based heterostructure metal oxide semiconductors in next generation electronics.


It makes sense to combine Marx and Bourdieu in order to analyze capitalism and criticize economics. Whereas Marx reveals the crucial importance of social forms and capital fetishism, Bourdieu's theory of practice serves as theoretical antidote to rational choice theory in economics and other social sciences. Furthermore Bourdieu convincingly criticizes Marxism for its inability to overcome theoretical oppositions like idealism vs. materialism. On the other hand Bourdieu's theory of capital contributes to the proliferation of capital concepts in social science and contains some degree of complicity with economic imperialism that can be questioned by Marxian theory.


Nasal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus is the major risk factor for disease and transmission. Epidemiological studies have reported a reduced risk of S. aureus carriage in immunocompetent but not in immunocompromised children colonized by Streptococcus pneumoniae. We investigate the hypothesis that the immune response to pneumococcal colonization affects S. aureus colonization. We demonstrate that pneumococcal colonization in mice inhibits subsequent S. aureus acquisition in an antibody-dependent manner and elicits antibody that cross-reacts with S. aureus. We identify the staphylococcal target of cross-reactive antibody as 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH), and the homologous immunogen in S. pneumoniae as SP_1119, both of which are conserved dehydrogenases. These antigens are necessary and sufficient to inhibit the acquisition of S. aureus colonization in a mouse model. Our findings demonstrate that immune-mediated cross-reactivity between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus protects against S. aureus nasal acquisition and thus reveal a paradigm for identifying protective antigens against S. aureus.


Asset-Liability Management (ALM) is concerned with strategic management of assets (uses of funds) and liabilities (sources of funds) of banks, against risks caused by changes in the liquidity position of the bank, interest rates, and exchange rates, and against credit risk and contingency risk. An effective ALM technique aims to manage the volume, mix, maturity, rate sensitivity, quality and liquidity of the assets and liabilities as a whole so as to attain a predetermined acceptable risk/reward ratio. The purpose of ALM is to enhance the asset quality, quantify the risks associated with the assets and liabilities and further manage them, in order to stabilize the short-term profits, the long-term earnings and the long-run sustenance of the bank. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has implemented the Basel II norms for the regulation of Indian banks, providing a framework for banks to develop ALM policies. The present study analyses asset-liability management in banks operating in India using the asset-liability guidelines provided by the Reserve Bank of India. The primary objective of the study was to compare the maturity gaps in public, private and foreign banks in the Indian banking industry.


Career planning is a highly researched area. The most popular topics include the analysis of career planning, career choice, goal setting processes etc. Still there is an open question which psychological factors could be crucial for the smooth entry into the labour market. Our research aims to explore the peculiarities of career planning which takes place between two important events: after entering the system of higher education, but before entering the labour market. The research focuses on the analysis of the interrelation between the intention to continue a chosen career path and three independent variables: satisfaction with career choice, academic self-efficacy, and profession related beliefs. Theoretically, our research is based on the principles of Social Cognitive Career Theory. The questionnaire was administered in a sample of 178 undergraduate university students. The statistical analysis has shown a statistically significant relation between the intentions to continue chosen career path, satisfaction with career choice and career related beliefs. Hierarchical regression analysis confirms the significance of the satisfaction with career choice and career related beliefs to the intention to continue a chosen career path. On the contrary, no significant relation between academic self-efficacy and career intentions was found. The results provide basis for further theoretical and practical implications in career counselling field, and set guidelines of possible future research.


Cases on the right to arms in state constitutions can provide useful guidance for courts addressing Second Amendment issues. Although some people have claimed that state courts always use a highly deferential version of "reasonableness," this article shows that many courts have employed rigorous standards, including the tools of strict scrutiny, such as overbreadth, narrow tailoring, and less restrictive means. Courts have also used categoricalism (deciding whether something is inside or outside the right) and narrow construction (to prevent criminal laws from conflicting with the right to arms). Even when formally applying "reasonableness," many courts have used reasonableness as a serious, non-deferential standard of review. District of Columbia v. Heller teaches that supine standards of review, such as deferring to the mere invocation of "police power," are inappropriate in Second Amendment interpretation. This article surveys important state cases from the Early Republic to the present, and explains how they may be applied to the Second Amendment.


Unlike many books on painting that usually talk about art or painters, James Elkins' compelling and original work focuses on alchemy, for like the alchemist, the painter seeks to transform and be transformed by the medium. In What Painting Is, James Elkins communicates the experience of painting beyond the traditional vocabulary of art history. Alchemy provides a magical language to explore what it is a painter really does in her or his studio - the smells, the mess, the struggle to control the uncontrollable, the special knowledge only painters hold of how colours will mix, and how they will look. Written from the perspective of a painter-turned-art historian, What Painting Is is like nothing you have ever read about art.


Introduction Alternative energy sources have become increasingly important as the production of domestic oil has declined and our dependence on foreign oil has increased. Pickens (2008) believes the greatest threat to ever face the United States is "our crippling dependence on foreign oil" (p. 3). Historically, there have been four time periods during which the United States was in fact crippled by oil shortages. These time periods include: the early 1900s, World War II, the early 1970s, and most recently, a fifteen-month period from 2007-2009 (Energy Information Administration, 2008b). During this most recent time period, oil prices doubled in only nine months and then fell to half the original price in the next six months (see Table 1). Americans felt the effects of this phenomenon in many aspects of their lives: travel to work, vacations, groceries, buying products that required shipping, and the cost of heating their homes. This uncontrollable change in oil prices will happen again as our nation's demand continues to increase while domestic production and future foreign production diminish (Pickens, 2008, pp. 127-131). The general population needs to be technologically literate concerning alternative fuels in order to make intelligent decisions on meeting our energy needs. [TABLE 1 OMITTED] This article focuses on a new unit of study that teaches concepts relating to alternative fuels--specifically, ethanol and biodiesel. Also covered will be the responses from students, parents, and administrators concerning the new unit of instruction. This article does not claim to be the definitive answer to alternative fuels, but the unit has proven successful and will, hopefully, encourage teachers to explore curricular activities covering all aspects and types of alternative fuels. In 2007, experiments with biodiesel were suggested during an experimental laboratory class at Utah State University. The term "biodiesel" was made familiar through media exposure. However, little was known about its applications, attributes, or the process of producing the fuel. Through guidance and a demonstration from a graduate student, students learned that biodiesel could be produced at a skill level appropriate for middle school students. After the purchase of required equipment, the class experimented with the process of making and testing biodiesel. At that point, the author realized he had his next unit of instruction idea. He had been looking for a unit that would cover the Standards for Technological Literacy (STL) area, "Students will develop an understanding of technology and society," which consists of standards four through seven (ITEEA/ ITEA, 2000/2002/2007, p. 15). Learning about and introducing a new technology that represents a current global issue has been exciting. Before this experience, the author had not taught anything on alternative fuels but realized how vital this topic is for today's students. Methodology The development of a standards-based unit of instruction for middle school students on alternative fuels was used as a project for an MS degree at Utah State University. This unit was structured using the backwards-design approach. In the first stage, the following standards were selected from the Standards for Technological Literacy document: * Standard 3--The relationships among technologies and the connections between technology and other fields. * Standard 4--The cultural, social, economic, and political effects of technology. * Standard 5--The effects of technology on the environment. * Standard 6--The role of society in the development and use of technology. * Standard 7--The influence of technology on history. * Standard 15--Agricultural and related biotechnologies. * Standard 18--Transportation technologies. (ITEEA/ITEA, 2000/2002/2007, p. 15) After these standards were selected, lesson objectives and student outcomes were established. …


Copyright © 2020 Phcog.Net. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license. ABSTRACT Since ancient times, medicinal plants performing a very essential role as a source of medicine and their medicinal properties have been well documented in the various traditional systems of medicine including Indian, Chinese and Korean medicines for the management of chronic inflammatory disorders. Arthritis is one of the harmful chronic inflammatory diseases and its pain vastly affects millions of people throughout the world. The inflammatory process of arthritis can stride very promptly causing swelling and destroying bone or cartilage cross the joints by various inflammatory mediators. Presently most commonly prescribed medication for the management of inflammation or arthritic pain is the NSAIDs, DMARDs and corticosteroids. Their prolonged use may cause a high spectrum of toxic effects. Hence, there is a demanding need to develop alternative therapeutic agents with minimum toxic effects. The Eastern Himalayan region is richly furnished with multifarious medicinal plants with potent anti-inflammatory and/ or anti-arthritic properties that have been traditionally used by the local people. Few studies have been convened in Himalayan medicinal plants to validate their medicinal values. Thus, from the knowledge of traditional medicine and research on plant materials, one might be able to discover newer and cost-effective drugs for treating diverse forms of inflammation. This review highlights the medicinal plants from the Eastern Himalayan region which showed promising therapeutic activity against inflammatory diseases as well as novel formulation approaches of these medicinal plants.


One of the most challenging aspects of health and safety (H&S) management for construction sites is ensuring that workers can predict, identify, and respond to potential hazardous conditions before they are exposed. While OSHA addresses the need for enforcement of comprehensive H&S training programs, many safety training programs still do not include hazard recognition or systematic preparations for the avoidance of unsafe conditions. From a scientific standpoint, we currently lack the knowledge of discovering the most efficient training styles for safety and also understanding why and how these styles of training can influence the post-training activities. To address these needs, an Augmented Virtuality(AV) training environment named System for Augmented Virtuality Environment Safety (SAVES) was designed and is presented in this paper. SAVES which integrates a Building Information Model (BIM) with photographs of typical energy sources on a jobsite, allows trainees to control and navigate an avatar within such AV environment. Within the AV environment, the user can conduct a set of interactions with the environment and accomplish multiple instruction and task-based training scenarios. These scenarios include detection of ten types of hazard and/or energy sources at three levels of severity. The energy sources which in SAVES are embedded in forms of 3D elements and 2D imagery are designed to elevate the safety awareness of the users, enable them to predict and identify various types of hazards, and assess their level of severity. To fully document the experience of the users, during each exercise, trainees' choices, time for decision-making and corresponding prevention plan are documented in the system. The complete process of design, development, implementation and results analysis of SAVES is presented.


When I learnt ahead of its publication that Uri Shmueli was writing a textbook on crystal structure determination, two thoughts occurred to me. One was that the author was certain to do an excellent job, the other however was that there seemed little justification for yet another entrant on this particular crowded scene. However, after reading his book, I perceive it has qualities which set it apart from the pack, so to speak, and it is on those features that I shall concentrate. There was a time when it was the norm for crystallographers to undergo a long practical training, an apprenticeship as it were, at an established laboratory, before going out to further spread the gospel elsewhere. The basic theory of our science came as a standard library of eight or ten classic texts – any crystallographer of my generation knows the ones I mean, and will recognize them all in Shmueli's bibliography – but the practical details were held as secrets of the craft. All this changed about the time Stout & Jensen published the first edition of their text [Stout, G. H. & Jensen, L. H. (1968) X-ray Structure Determination: a Practical Guide. London: Macmillan], as their subtitle a Practical Guide and their stated intention to record the 'folklore of crystallography', made abundantly clear. The new order considered crystal structure analysis simply a technique, where 'service' crystallographers could set up in isolation, making use of standard methodology expert systems, or 'black boxes' to the reactionary! This book is called Theories and Techniques of Crystal Structure Analysis, but it would perhaps be more aptly titled Theories and the Theories behind the Techniques, since throughout it maintains – or even exceeds – the level of abstraction of the old-style texts I mentioned above. Indeed, it forms a classical education in X-ray crystallography, presented with rigour and austerity, but using mathematics within the reach of students of all backgrounds. (Although students coming to it from chemistry or biology might find the paucity of actual referent structures somewhat disconcerting!) The text consists of ten chapters, followed by four significant Appendices explaining the mathematical background to various topics. The first three chapters discuss the geometric foundations of crystallography, leading up to an enumeration of the space groups, and a survey of the information available in International Tables for Crystallography. Chapter 4 describes the diffraction conditions, the production of X-rays and the methods of recording the diffraction pattern. The next four chapters together cover the crystallographic phase problem and its solution, by dealing in turn with the topics of structure factor and electron density, the Patterson function, structure-factor statistics and direct methods. Chapter 9 discusses the various ways of modelling atomic displacement parameters, a necessary precursor to the final chapter on the theory of least-squares refinement. Each of these chapters is followed by a number of exercises closely tied – sometimes even essential – to the text material. The text is well presented save for a few misprints scattered through Chapter 8, suggesting perhaps that particular material was just too familiar to the author. The use of figures is frugal and there is but a single plate, but their use is in the main well judged and in keeping with the general approach of treating general theory rather than exemplars. However, I feel that occasionally the opportunity to present a commonly applied visualization was missed; I would have liked to see an example of a contoured Fourier or Patterson section, and a section of the diffraction pattern displayed as a weighted reciprocal net. On the other hand, the real strength of this book lies in the way it condenses and modernizes the material of the classic texts I mentioned before, and so should take their place on the young crystallographer's bookshelf. Its excellent bibliography readily provides for further exploration of the discipline. In fact, my hope for this text is that it will lead a new generation to take a closer look at the fundamentals of crystallography, whether that simply means they gain a sounder grounding for their work, that they are encouraged to review and improve the computer systems we all now use, or that they actually undertake fundamental research in crystallography, an area which, despite the efforts of the recently formed Commission on Mathematical and Theoretical Crystallography, continues to decline in published output.