OBJECTIVE--To see whether non-professional volunteer community mothers could deliver a child development programme to disadvantaged first time mothers for children aged up to 1 year. DESIGN--Randomised controlled trial. SETTING--A regional health authority in Dublin. SUBJECTS--262 first time mothers who were delivered during six months in 1989 and who lived in a deprived area of Dublin; 30 experienced mothers from the same community recruited as community mothers. INTERVENTIONS--All the first time mothers received standard support from the public health nurse. In addition, those in the intervention group received the services of a community mother, who was scheduled to visit monthly during the first year of the child's life. RESULTS--232 (89%) first time mothers completed the study--127 in the intervention group, 105 controls. At the end of the study children in the intervention group were more likely to have received all of their primary immunisations, to be read to, and to be read to daily, played more cognitive games; and were exposed to more nursery rhymes. They were less likely to begin cows' milk before 26 weeks and to receive an inappropriate energy intake and inappropriate amounts of animal protein, non-animal protein, wholefoods, vegetables, fruit, and milk. Mothers in the intervention group also had a better diet than controls. At the end of the study they were less likely to be tired, feel miserable, and want to stay indoors; had more positive feelings; and were less likely to display negative feelings. CONCLUSION--Non-professionals can deliver a health promotion programme on child development effectively. Whether they can do so as effectively as professionals requires further study.


The fastest growth in outdoor recreation participation is projected for activities that are popular with older adults, and the slowest growth for those activities popular with younger adults. Nationally, changing age distribution is the main reason for change in participation; but, in some areas of the U.S., changing racial and ethnic structure and urban residence also are very important. Cohort component projection models estimate that participants be older and will include more racial and ethnic minorities, with minorities a substantial portion of increases in participants. Changes in participants will be especially great in areas where there will be sizable growth in the number of racial and ethnic minority individuals and older Americans - such as in and near cities. Although there is limited information on outdoor recreation participation trends, there is some indication of declining participation rates in some activities, for age and racial and ethnic groups during the 1980s. If these persist, they may slow increases in the growth of participants. Participation rates for racial and ethnic minorities and for older adults may increase, thereby increasing the number of participants as well as the proportion of racial and ethnic minorities and older adults among participants. Outdoor recreation managers may face reduced growth in the number of customers, increased customer diversity (older, more racial and ethnic minorities, more urban), and changing demands for activities, the design of settings and facilities, resource management, visitor programs, fees, communication between managers and users, information and marketing, staffing, and training. Researchers can explore the use of cohort component projection models and other approaches to predicting recreation behavior, to analyze ongoing trends, and to generate better data for use in predictive models. Research is needed to develop guidelines for plans and programs to meet the needs of customers who are increasingly older, urban, and more racially and ethnically diverse.


A practical oxidative homocoupling reaction of aryltrimethylsilanes has been achieved by Pd/o-chloranil catalytic system. The reaction shows the good functional group tolerability toward bromo, fluoro, ester, and methoxy groups to give a series of biaryls bearing electron-withdrawing and -donating groups. The boronate group is also retained on biaryls without any Ar–B bond cleavage, which is highly advantageous for orthogonal coupling.


Abstract This work is a three-dimensional (3-D) implementation of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for a shutdown boron injection jet of a pressurized heavy water reactor, previously developed for the axisymmetric case. The boron shutdown system injects round boron jets into a moderator tank with an array of cylindrical coolant channels. The boron injection jets are tilted with respect to the coolant channels. The 3-D formulation allows the calculation of the curved trajectory of a jet that is deflected by the coolant channels. Furthermore, the modeling of the turbulent jet mixing is performed with a realizable k-ε model to obtain the concentration of boron around the jet axis. The final objective is to predict the distribution of boron inside the moderator tank to calculate the insertion of negative reactivity into the reactor during a fast shutdown with a multidimensional PARCS/RELAP5 coupled model. The implementation of the present CFD results into PARCS/RELAP5 and the neutronic results are discussed in a separate paper. A porous-medium approach is used to represent the coolant channels. This porous-medium methodology is based on a volume average of the governing equations that is equivalent to the two-fluid model used for two-phase flows. The additional source terms that appear because of the averaging (i.e., constitutive relations) in the present model are related to drag over an array of cylinders (i.e., the fuel channels) for the momentum equation and additional mixing source terms due to the cylinders for both the turbulent kinetic energy and the turbulent dissipation transport equations. The CFD model is validated with experimental data of the boron concentration distribution obtained in a 1:7.66 scale facility representing the jets and the moderator tank. Good agreement is achieved for the trajectory of the jet centerline. The transverse spreading of the boron due to turbulence is also well predicted, though the CFD results somewhat overpredict the peak concentration compared with the measurements.


Risk analysis is a method used to determine the probability of disaster in the current and future. This research analyse of fire risk in West Kalimantan by using extreme climate and vulnerability analysis. Extreme climate was calculated based on the extreme dry rainfall from regional climate model RegCM4.4 outputs. Vulnerability analysis was conducted by using a composite mapping analysis used hotspot data and eleven indicators of vulnerability. We found that very high level of extreme dry rainfall located in the southern region and the western coast area of West Kalimantan. This condition was influenced by environment factors such as topography and land use. Extreme dry rainfall also associated with the pattern of annual rainfall in West Kalimantan which ranges between 1753-4861 mm. Modelling of the vulnerability of land and forest fires in West Kalimantan showed that the land use has impact 24% on the vulnerability model. The results of the vulnerability model analysis shows that the plantations areas and secondary swamp forests are highly vulnerable, particularly on the peat area with depth about 50-200 cm. The analysis of land and forest fires risk found that the vulnerable areas have high risk which is largely unmanaged plantation areas and peatlands.


The article concentrates on Estonian novels depicting Soviet prison camps in the 1940s and 1950s. The goal is to map themes, motifs and characteristics in such novels, concentrating on various taboos and rules in the prison camp environment. For a long time the Soviet prison camp theme was not publicly discussed in Estonia due to political reasons. Texts dealing with prison camps could appear in print only outside the Soviet Union; the way Estonians saw these historical events and hellish experiences were depicted mostly in exile novels. Most notable are the novels by Arved Viirlaid (b. 1922), e.g., Kes tappis Eerik Hormi? ( Who Killed Eerik Horm? ) (1974), Surnud ei loe ( The Dead do not Read ) (1975), Vaim ja ahelad ( Mind and Chains ) (1961). Estonian prison camp novels can be seen as "the literature of testimony", to use the term by Leona Toker. Dramatic historical events are written down to record the events and to show the inhumane nature of Soviet society. These records of the dramatic past follow certain patterns and create certain self- and hetero-images. A prison camp is a closed territory within a closed territory; prison camps can be seen as small models of Soviet society. Prison camp novels give a detailed view of the environment of the prison camp, its inhabitants and activities. Two central aspects are labour and food; the life of the prisoner whirls around these. The most important thing is to survive, which often leads to moral decline, e.g., stealing, cheating. However, there are lines Estonians do not cross, e.g., cannibalism or homosexual relationships with superiors. Estonians are always depicted as political prisoners (not common criminals) and heterosexuals, while Russians are portrayed mainly as criminals and often also as homosexuals. Another important component of the image of the Estonians is their enterprising spirit and ability to manage even under very difficult conditions. Therefore, several oppositions can be identified, e.g., Estonians vs . Russians; political prisoners vs . criminals; heterosexuals vs . homosexuals; civilized vs . barbaric, etc.


There has been an increasing interest in wastewater treatment in last decades to reduce human footprint. Primarily, anaerobic technology focused on treatment and stabilization of sludge, but now the tendency is to give it a major role in low cost treatment of high/low strength wastewaters, since anaerobic digestion offers energy generation through gas production.
Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBR) combine anaerobic digestion with membrane fil-tration. They are becoming a feasible option for treating previous unsuitable low-strength wastewaters, decoupling hydraulic and solid retention times, and providing successful treat-ment with the benefits of biogas production.
However, the digestion process is optimal at mesophilic or termophilic (35-37 oC), requiring heating of reactors. The more inexpensive option to treat the wastewater at its ambient tem-perature is feasible using AnMBR since this type of reactor can offer long sludge retention times.
On the other hand, the digestion equilibrium turns out more sensible and delicate, and per-forming a proper and robust start-up of AnMBR in ambient temperatures is still challenging.
The aim of the thesis was the successful startup and stabilization of AnMBR systems at ambi-ent temperature (25 oC) and low organic loading rate (OLR). Reactor operation was moni-tored, and the most relevant process parameters were considered for the aim.
Two pilot-scale AnMBR's (120L) were used with an external membrane configuration. The experiment was carried out in 100 days. Substrate feeding consisted of synthetic dairy wastewater with added nutrients solution. The inoculum was provided from a full-scale an-aerobic plant at a digester of BV dairy (UK) treating dairy wastewater at 30oC.
Main operation parameters were monitored every day, along with gas production and methane yield. Laboratory tests were performed twice a week with samples of the reactors and efflu-ent. A number of parameters were analyzed, the most important of which were total solids content (TSS), alkalinity, fatty acids, biogas content and chemical oxygen demand (COD).
The startup of the two AnMBR's differed greatly. In System 1, stable conditions were ac-quired in one month of operation. System 2 failed after 20 days of function, and did not achieve successful startup. It was not possible to fully recover it during the days of study due to dramatically slow growth of microorganisms and low stability of the process.
Thus, satisfactory system performance could be achieved but the ambient anaerobic process was vulnerable to inhibitory conditions. Both systems showed that the delicate process opera-tion required fast corrective measures to prevent digestion failure. Causes of instability and failure were: washout of biomass, high content of VFA, low buffering capacity and poor per-formance of technical equipment and low pH. However, the digestion could stand a lower pH range than found in literature.
In conclusion, the best parameters to control the startup were pH, alkalinity, methane content, biomass content and organic removal. In this sense, low buffering capacity of a reactor makes it vulnerable to inhibition by sudden pH changes, easily solved by systematic addition of a buffering compound. Finally, the use of simple and fast alkalimetric methodologies can give satisfactory process overview compared to complex and more precise techniques for alkalinity measurement.


Authors' note: Science fiction writers construct an imaginary future; historians attempt to reconstruct the past. Ultimately, both are seeking to understand the present. In this essay, we blend the two genres to imagine a future historian looking back on a past that is our present and (possible) future. The occasion is the tercentenary of the end of Western culture (1540 – 2073); the dilemma being addressed is how we – the children of the Enlightenment – failed to act on robust information about climate change and knowledge of the damaging events that were about to unfold. Our historian concludes that a second Dark Age had fallen on Western civilization, in which denial and self-deception, rooted in an ideological fixation on "free" markets, disabled the world's powerful nations in the face of tragedy. Moreover, the scientists who best understood the problem were hamstrung by their own cultural practices, which demanded an excessively stringent standard for accepting claims of any kind – even those involving imminent threats. Here, our future historian, living in the Second People's Republic of China, recounts the events of the Period of the Penumbra (1988 – 2073) that led to the Great Collapse and Mass Migration (2074).


The infrared and Raman spectra of CaCO, calcite substituted with 80% "0 have been recorded. A detailed mode assignment is proposed for all the observed bands, including combinations and overtones. These data are used to propose a simplified model of the vibrational density of states (VDOS) from which the specific heat, the entropy, and the high-temperature equation of state are calculated. Excellent agreement between calculated and measured values of the thermodynamic properties is obtained when measured vibrational mode anharmonicity is included in the calculations. The model can be used to infer the properties of calcite at high pressures ( ~3 GPa) and temperatures ( 5 1200 K) . The observed frequency shifts induced by I80 substitution in both IR and Raman spectra are used to construct the VDOS of CaC '*O3 calcite. The reduced partition function of calcite is then calculated and the effects of anharmonicity are discussed. Finally the effect of pressure on the reduced partition function is calculated and is shown to be appreciable even at high temperatures.


In the People's Republic of China ("PRC"), the texts of major national statutes (falu) and regulations (guiding) are published in the primary Chinese Communist Party newspaper, The People's Daily (Renmin ribao) and on government-run websites. Clearly these publications are "law" in the sense that they are officially enacted as laws, but what about other media transmissions? Print and broadcast media operated by the state also contain reports of official interpretations of the law, and reports about the implementation of law and about matters that are regulated by PRC law. Can these media transmissions also be considered law? This article attempts to determine whether and how the print and television media in the PRC function as law. I survey law as a subject in mass media in the PRC to determine whether, as a historical and institutional matter, products of PRC media might be considered part of China's "legal system" or "sources of law." It is not difficult to make the case that state-run media are part of the legal system of China, particularly when the current apparatus is placed in historical context. It is more of a stretch, however, to argue that media transmissions are authoritative sources of law. Courts in China do not cite them in published opinions, nor do China's legal experts view them as authoritative in a formal sense. When Chinese law is viewed in its historical and institutional context, however, it becomes clear that media transmissions about law carry a great deal of authoritative weight. Though no one else has published the argument that connects media to law in this way, the theories of several sociologists provide support for the notion that law achieves its power by the way that it is communicated in society to individuals. Taken together, the ideas of Emile Durkheim, Michel Foucault, Edward Epstein, and Carole Nagengast depict law as something that is broadcast to shape behavior. This view helps to situate law within Chinese society and makes it easier for us to understand the authoritativeness of any type of official communication about law in China. I use a case study to examine the hypothesis that the mass media in China both enforce the law and provide authoritative sources of law. The study is comprised mainly of a discursive analysis of transmissions of the state-run news agency Xinhua, two major legal newspapers run by branches of the Ministry of Justice, and other official materials. Two random samples of transmissions are used, each of which include popular and internal Party treatises, all of which touch on the regulation of procreation, marriage, divorce, and care of the elderly. The media transmissions in the second sample, which was published eleven to twelve years later, differed from those in the first sample in their greater attention to the attractiveness of the publication's format. The purpose of both transmissions was to provide both examples of behavior that complied with the law and that transgressed it. Also in both samples, the media transmissions interpreted and amplified the relevant law in ways that signaled the mid-1990s tight control of the PRC central government over "political" matters, and a new sharing of control over "economic" matters by both the PRC central government and local entities officially recognized by the government.


Many peatlands across the world are suffering from degradation and erosion exacerbated by human influences. Blanket peat erosion has adverse impacts on terrestrial and aquatic habitats, reservoir capacity and water quality. It also leads to accelerated carbon release. Bioclimatic modelling suggests that some areas, which are suitable for active peat growth currently, may be no longer under a climate supporting the accumulation of peat by the end of the century. Erosion in these marginal regions is thus more likely. However, there have been no attempts to date, to model blanket peat erosion mechanisms and rates and how they might respond to different climate scenarios and land management drivers.

The PESERA-GRID model was chosen as a basis for modelling blanket peat erosion as it had a number of suitable properties such as its applicability in various spatial scales, and hydrological module is theoretically suitable for blanket peatlands. The model was modified to incorporate freeze-thaw and desiccation processes and typical land management practices (artificial drainage and burning) in blanket peatlands. This resulted in a modified model called PESERA-PEAT. In PESERA-PEAT, blanket peat erosion is determined by both sediment supply through weathering and the transport capacity of overland flow. A novel sediment supply index was defined and employed to parameterize the sediment supply from blanket peatlands. Land management practices were parameterized for their influence on vegetation cover and biomass and soil moisture condition. Potential wildfire severity was estimated with a previously developed ignition model. The PESERA-PEAT model was calibrated and validated with field data from previous publications and data from three blanket peat-covered catchments. Model testing suggested that PESERA-PEAT was robust for modelling blanket peat vegetation, runoff and erosion.

Climate change scenarios were established and climate data were compiled to 2100. The PESERA-PEAT model was applied at a regional scale for the blanket peatlands of the North Pennines and at a smaller scale for ten sites across Great Britain to examine the response of blanket peat erosion to possible changes in climate and land management practices. Modelling results suggested that the response of blanket peat erosion to climate change was highly variable across space both within regions and across Great Britain with some sites experiencing reduced erosion under some climate scenarios with most experiencing increased erosion. The model suggested that peat erosion change would be generally higher in southern and eastern areas than in western and northern parts of Great Britain. Predicted erosion change was particularly high in the North York Moors where lower rainfall and higher temperatures suppressed the water table, and led the predicted future erosion to be usually transport limited. It was suggested that summer desiccation may become a more important sediment source for British blanket peat erosion in the future, leading to more sediment erosion released from blanket peatlands during subsequent rainstorms. Erosion change with climate change to 2100 was predicted to be smaller in wetter and colder locations. As climate changes, rainfall was shown to be more important than temperature in shaping long-term changes in runoff production while temperature was generally more dominant than rainfall in controlling long-term erosion change. However, in the North York Moors rainfall appeared to be more dominant in long-term erosion change. Overall, the modelling work suggested that land management may have a greater impact on blanket peat erosion than on runoff, while climate plays a more important role in runoff production rather than in blanket peat erosion. It was suggested that adjusting land management practices may be appropriate in order to buffer the impacts of future climate change on blanket peat erosion. However, when blanket peatlands were managed to protect them from soil erosion through ensuring a thriving vegetation biomass cover, then wildfire-awareness and precautionary fire measures would be required as the wildfire risk increased substantially with climate change and may also increase with such land management strategies.


An unsteady MHD free convective flow of an incompressible, electrically conducting, viscous fluid along an infinitely long vertical plate with an impulsive motion in the presence of heat source and homogeneous binary chemical reaction in a rotating system is studied here. The dimensionless form of governing equations is obtained and solved analytically with the help of Laplace transform method. The solutions obtained for concentration, temperature and velocity distribution are analyzed graphically. The numerical values of the skin friction at the plate are shown in the table. It is noticed that for a strong magnetic field the flow pattern is affected significantly by Hall current at a different rotation. The results obtained may be useful for applications in the area related to the structure of rotating magnetic stars, the solar physics which deals the sunspot development, and the solar cycle, etc.


Social networking applications such as blogs, instant messaging, podcasts, social networking websites (e.g., Renren in China, Vkontakte in Russia, Facebook), professional networking websites (e.g., LinkedIn), Twitter, and virtual worlds (e.g., Second Life) have become increasingly popular in the last few years. Because these applications have substantial implications for users, organizations, and society, online social networks (OSN) have gained attention from information systems (IS) researchers and grown steadily as a research area since 2004. However, to organize the accumulated research and encourage researchers to examine new and pressing issues in social networks, available knowledge needs to be synthesized and research gaps need to be addressed [Bandara et al., 2011]. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of publications about OSN published in major IS journals between January 2004 and August 2013 and provide an overview of the state of IS research regarding OSN. The objective of this study is to show the evolution of the existing IS research on OSN, to build a common nomenclature and taxonomy for this area of research, to identify theories used, and to provide a useful roadmap for future research in this area.


Fracture control techniques for full-scale structural articles generally require laboratory test data, analysis of key parameters, and evaluation using fracture mechanics techniques. These parameters, usually fracture toughness or critical strain energy release rate, are often measured for metals and even thin-wall composite materials. However, data on thick-wall composites greater than 25 mm is virtually nonexistent. The Space Shuttle solid rocket booster case is currently designed using D6AC steel. However, considerable weight savings are achieved by using conventional filament-wound composites to replace the steel case The Filament Wound Case (FWC) program is aimed at developing graphite/epoxy composite segments for the Space Shuttle. Each FWC segment is 5.9 to 8.2 m (19.5 to 27.0 ft) in length and 3.7 m (12 ft) in diameter. The thickness of the composite varies from 28 mm (1.12 in.) in the center, or membrane region, to 46 mm (1.8 in.) in the joint region. The layup in the membrane region consists of 11 layers of ′29° helical and 90° hoop fibers with the Hercules AS4-12K graphite and HBRF-55A resin system. In the joint region. 0° broadgoods are inserted to increase strength and stiffness. The joint helical and hoop layers are also Hercules AS4-12K graphite fiber with HBRF-55A resin, while the 0° broadgoods are AS4-12K graphite prepreg with 3501-5A resin. As part of the fracture control program, emphasis was placed on the development of specific test methods to measure pertinent fracture parameters for the thick-wall, filament-wound graphite composite. This paper discusses several of the samples selected and analyzed to date as well as the experimental results derived from full-thickness samples removed from a dissected composite segment Test methods currently include both Mode I and Mode It fracture toughness measurements. Interlaminar fracture toughness and strain energy release rates were determined for both modes using a double cantilever beam and modified rail shear test, respectively. Mode I cross-ply fracture toughness was determined using a wide, double-edge notch specimen. Finite-element analyses were conducted on all of the specimens A J-integral post processor was used to develop corresponding Mode I and Mode II strain energy release rates. The values determined from the thick-wall, filament-wound composites were compared to other data from autoclaved systems reported in the open literature. Problems encountered in testing these thick-wall samples and existing analysis limitations are also discussed.


Wind optimal trajectory planning is a critical issue for airlines in order to save fuel for all their flights. This planning is difficult due to the uncertainties linked to wind data. Based on the current weather situation, weather forecast institutes compute wind maps prediction with a given level of confidence. Usually, 30-50 wind maps prediction can be produced. Based on those predictions, airlines have to compute trajectory planning for their aircraft in an efficient way. Such planning has to propose robust solutions which take into account wind variability for which average and standard deviation have to be taken into account. It is then better to plan trajectories in areas where wind has low standard deviation even if some other plannings induce less fuel consumption but with a higher degree of uncertainty. In this paper, we propose an efficient wind optimal algorithm based on two phases. The first phase considers the wind map predictions and computes for each of them the associated wind optimal trajectory also called geodesic. Such geodesics are computed with a classical Bellman algorithm on a grid covering an elliptical shape projected on the sphere. This last point enable the algorithm to address long range flights which are the most sensitive to wind direction. At the end of this first phase, we get a set of wind optimal trajectories. The second phase of the algorithm extract the most robust geodesic trajectories by the mean of a new trajectory clustering algorithm. This clustering algorithm is based on a new mathematical distance involving continuous deformation approach. In order to measure this mathematical distance between two trajectories, a continuous deformation between them is first built. This continuous deformation is called homotopy. For any homotopy, one can measure the associated energy used to shift from the first trajectory to the second one. The homotopy with the minimum energy is then computed, for which the associated energy measure the mathematical distance between trajectories. Based on this new distance, an EM clustering algorithm has been used in order to identify the larger clusters which correspond to the most robust wind optimal trajectories. This new approach avoids the main drawback of the classical approach which uses the mean of the trajectories issued from the first phase. This algorithm has been successfully applied to north Atlantic flights.


Pimpinella anisum L. belongs to Apiaceae family. The samples of vegetative and reproductive organs at different stages of development were gathered and investigated by cell-histology methods. The investigation of the anatomical structure of vegetative organs showed that the secretory ducts are arranged between the parenchymal tissues of the leaf. Section of flower buds revealed that anthers had 4 pollen sacs, the division of pollen mother cell was of the simultaneous type, microspore tetrads were of tetragonal type and the tapetum layer was secretory. The study of the ultrastructure of pollen grains with SEM showed that they had 3 pores. The ovary was found to be twochambered and two-carpeled; the ovule to be anatropous and to have one membrane. In embryogenic investigation it was found that the embryos were globular, cotyledonary and torpedo-shaped and the transition between globular embryos to cordate embryos was found. The vegetative organs were observed to have the general structure of dicotyledons. The development patterns of ovule and embryo sac follow the Polygonum type. Tetrahedral microspore tetrads were observed. The ultrastructure of pollens was found to be similar to those of Smyrnium, a genus of Apiaceae family. All stages of embryogenesis were covered in this study.


This study finds that measures of the University of Michigan's American Customer Satisfaction Index are related to Personal Consumption Growth, controlling for typical predictors that are commonly included in the Index of Leading Indicators. In assessing the relationship, this study uses a Bayesian mean-variance regression that addresses problems of small sample sizes and non-normal distributions by considering both parameter and distributional uncertainty in a semi-parametric framework. Importantly, this paper introduces a new psychometric measure to assess consumer satisfaction; variants of this measure are gaining acceptance in the private and public sectors in Scandinavia, China, Japan, Korea, the United States and in other countries.


Purpose. To conduct a test of the principles underpinning crime linkage (behavioural consistency and distinctiveness) with a sample more closely reflecting the volume and nature of sexual crimes with which practitioners work, and to assess whether solved series are characterized by greater behavioural similarity than unsolved series. Method. A sample of 3,364 sexual crimes (including 668 series) was collated from five countries. For the first time, the sample included solved and unsolved but linked-by-DNA sexual offence series, as well as solved one-off offences. All possible crime pairings in the data set were created, and the degree of similarity in crime scene behaviour shared by the crimes in each pair was quantified using Jaccard's coefficient. The ability to distinguish same-offender and different-offender pairs using similarity in crime scene behaviour was assessed using Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis. The relative amount of behavioural similarity and distinctiveness seen in solved and unsolved crime pairs was assessed. Results. An the of .86 was found, which represents an excellent level of discrimination accuracy. This decreased to .85 when using a data set that contained one-off offences, and both one-off offences and unsolved crime series. Discrimination accuracy also decreased when using a sample composed solely of unsolved but linked-by-DNA series (AUC = .79). Conclusions. Crime linkage is practised by police forces globally, and its use in legal proceedings requires demonstration that its underlying principles are reliable. Support was found for its two underpinning principles with a more ecologically valid sample.


A true dorsalis pedis artery aneurysm is a very rare find. This is a case presentation of a patient with an asymptomatic non-traumatic dorsalis pedis artery aneurysm. A 49-year-old man was referred to the vascular lab for evaluation of an asymptomatic non-traumatic pulsatile lump on the dorsal aspect of his left foot. The patient reported that the lump had been present for at least 4 years. Color flow duplex ultrasound was used to evaluate the lump. Color flow duplex ultrasound examination of the lump demonstrated a dilatation of the dorsalis pedis artery, measuring approximately 1.05 cm by 1.35 cm. Mural thrombus is noted in gray scale image. Normal Doppler flow was noted in the dorsalis pedis artery, proximal, and distal to the aneurysm. The patient was referred to a vascular surgeon. Subsequently, he underwent a lower extremity arteriogram confirming the diagnosis of a dorsalis pedis artery aneurysm, with good distal blood flow to the toes. The patient underwent resection of the dorsalis pedis artery aneurysm. Reverse great saphenous vein was used as an interposition graft. Follow-up graft scans demonstrated good flow in the graft and in the native artery, distal to the graft. True dorsalis pedis artery aneurysms are very rare finding. When left untreated, the patient is at risk for embolization to the digits. Color flow Doppler is a very useful tool in diagnosing and assessing these aneurysms.


Background Somatisation is a common and frustrating clinical problem in primary care. Method Using structural diagnoses and functional measures, we examined the prevalence and associated features of somatisation disorder defined by three current nosologies and an abridged construct in subjects using primary care services. Results Somatisation disorder, diagnosed according to the standard criteria, was found to have a very low prevalence (range 0.06–5%), while more than one-fifth of the sample (22%) met the criteria for the abridged diagnosis. There was poor agreement between succeeding versions of the DSM system for identifying cases of somatisation disorder, each system ending up with rather disparate sets of individuals as well as variable levels of psychopathology and disability. Conclusions According to these data, standard somatisation disorder diagnoses add little to the prediction of disability/psychopathology beyond the contributions of an abridged construct of somatisation.


edited by Marie-Laure Bernadac and Hans-Ulrich Obrist"Everyday you have to abandon your past or accept it and then if youcannot accept it, you become a sculptor."Since the age of twelve, the internationally renowned sculptor LouiseBourgeois has been writing and drawing;first a diary preciselyrecounting the everyday events of her family life, then notes andreflections. Destruction of the Father;the title comes fromthe name of a sculpture she did following the death of her husband in1973;contains both formal texts and what the artist calls"pen-thoughts": drawing-texts often connected to her drawings andsculptures, with stories or poems inscribed alongside the images.Writing is a means of expression that has gained increasing importancefor Bourgeois, particularly during periods of insomnia. The writing iscompulsive, but it can also be perfectly controlled, informed by herintellectual background, knowledge of art history, and sense ofliterary form (she has frequently published articles on artists,exhibitions, and art events). Bourgeois, a private woman "withoutsecrets," has given numerous interviews to journalists, artists, andwriters, expressing her views on her oeuvre, revealing its hiddenmeanings, and relating the connection of certain works to the traumasof her childhood. This book collects both her writings and her spokenremarks on art, confirming the deep links between her work and herbiography and offering new insights into her creative process.


The comparative efficiency of three selection methods, honeycomb pedigree selection (HC), pedigree selection (PS) and single-seed descent (SSD), was assessed in an F2 cotton population in two locations. The best five lines derived by each method in each location after five cycles of selection, along with check varieties were tested in comparative experiments in the F6 generation at both locations. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences for yield and quality within lines and locations but the genotype x location interaction was not significant for any of the traits studied except the mean boll weight. On the basis of the mean yield and the number of superior lines derived by each method as compared to the check varieties, HC lines were superior to PS and SSD lines in seed cotton yield, fiber length and mean boll weight. HC lines, however were not better than the best check cultivar Eva. No significant differences were identified between the material of the three methods in plant height, lint percentage and fiber strength. The lines that originated from the PS method were not significantly different in seed cotton yield from those originating from the SSD method. Finally, the material derived by PS was earlier in maturity than the material derived by HC and SSD.


In this study, five criteria of residual analysis in time series modelling and forecasting are evaluated using three study variables namely, Nigeria's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Total Debts Accumulation (TDA) and Rate of Inflation (INFL). Considering five Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) specifications each for GDP and TDA and four ARIMA specifications for INFL, it was observed that four of the five criteria selected ARIMA(2,2,2) for the GDP I(2) while all the five criteria selected ARIMA(2,2,3) for TDA I(2) process. ARIMA(1,0,2) was also selected by all the criteria for INFL I(0) process. It is observed here that there is no particular criterion that clearly dominate others in the search for the "best†model specification and this suggests that modellers should consider the use of more than one criterion in model selection, especially when the family of ARIMA(p,d,q) models are of interest.


Within the framework of quantum chemical topology (QCT) the function L(r), which equals the negative of the Laplacian of the electron density, has been proposed before as a physical basis for the valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) model. The availability of a new algorithm to integrate property densities over the basins of L(r) enabled a re-evaluation of this physical basis. We optimised a set of nine molecules at B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p) level and partitioned the corresponding L(r) function for each molecule into basins. For the first time we visualise these basins in L(r), by directly showing their boundaries. We identify the basins in L(r) with the domains of the VSEPR model. Observations drawn from the populations and volumes of L-basins are contrasted with the three subsidiary VSEPR postulates. We find unexpectedly small populations, nearer to one than to two, for non-hydrogen cores and bonding domains, and populations much larger than two for non-bonding domains. We conclude that non-bonding or lone pairs have larger domains than bonding pairs in the same valence shell, in accordance with VSEPR. We also confirm that double and triple bond domains are larger than single-bond domains. However we cannot substantiate the effect of the electronegativity of central atom or ligand on the volume of bonding domains. In summary, the full topology of L(r) supports two out of three subsidiary VSEPR postulates.


Background The safe administration of medicines and the avoidance of adverse events have been at the forefront of patient safety initiatives for many years.1–3 There have been many studies looking at medication and prescribing errors.4 Few studies have looked at the role of distraction of clinical staff during the writing of a prescription, in contrast to the number of studies looking at the part played by distraction of nursing staff during the administration of medicines.2–4 Aims This study intended to identify relationship between distractions in the prescribing process and prescribing errors the increased likelihood of a distraction outside the designated prescribing error different forms of distractions and how they occur. Methods This is a blinded observational study. During the study, the observer recorded 200 prescriptions. Doctors and ANPs were observed as they undertook their normal prescribing activities and any events that were interrupted or distracted were documented. Each observed action was given a unique number. All prescriptions were examined by a senior pharmacist who was blinded to the outcomes of the observer's findings. Results Of the 200 prescriptions observed, 11 prescriptions were lost to follow-up. The total error rate was 19.6 per 100 orders which maintains consistency with previous work conducted within the department. Of those prescriptions with errors, 43% were associated with a disturbance of the prescribing process. There is a significant relationship (Chi Squared p=0.028). Of the 37 errors that occurred, 23 took place at the bedside and 8 took place at the nurses' station. Twenty six prescriptions took place at designated "prescribing areas" with 6 errors noted. The majority of errors were of no/low clinical significance. Conclusion There is a positive relationship between the distraction and prescribing error. Both are more likely to occur if the prescription is written outside a designated prescribing area.


PURPOSE
Increased levels of endothelins (ETs) are associated with glaucoma and have been said to contribute to the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. In glaucoma, movement of selected components of anterograde axonal transport essential in ganglion cell survival is impaired-specifically, the transport of mitochondria. This study evaluates the effect(s) of a single administration of intravitreous ET-1 on anterograde axonal transport in the rat optic nerve.

METHODS
Proteins for anterograde axonal transport were pulse labeled by intravitreous injection of (35)S-methionine plus or minus ET-1 (2 nmol) in HEPES buffer (pH 7.4). At appropriate time intervals, optic nerves were dissected, sectioned while frozen, and homogenized in denaturing buffer, and transported protein was quantitated by liquid scintillation counting. Counts corrected for efficiency, quench, background, and decay were statistically evaluated (ANOVA, n = 7).

RESULTS
Effects of treatment with intravitreous ET-1 on anterograde axonal transport were significant, biphasic, and prolonged (4 hours to 21 days). The initial phase was a significant enhancement of transport at times normally associated with small, fast-moving tubulovesicles (4 and 24 hours), followed by significant impairments at times normally associated with transport of mitochondria (28-36 hours), cytoplasmic matrix (4 days), and cytoskeletal proteins (21 days). The most pronounced effect of ET-1 was decreased axonal transport at times associated with normal anterograde transport of mitochondrial proteins (28, 32, and 36 hours, P = < 0.001, P < 0.015, and P < 0.001, respectively). This was mimicked by ET-3 at 28 hours.

CONCLUSIONS
Effects of intravitreous ET-1 are consistent with a receptor-mediated role for elevated ETs in pathologic misregulation(s) of anterograde axonal transport.


The future of sequence stratigraphy depends on stratigraphers making observations with a common method so that physical frameworks can be clearly separated from interpretations of driving mechanisms. Depositional sequence boundary selection is a well-known controversy that could be resolved with objective recognition criteria. Accommodation succession sequence stratigraphy refines traditional methods, using sedimentary facies, facies associations, vertical stacking, stratal geometries and stratal terminations as the objective record of competing rates of accommodation change and sediment fill through time. Observations are placed in context of lateral (transgression and regression) and vertical (aggradation and degradation) movement of shoreline through time, across multiple timescales in hierarchal stacks. The repeating motif consists of a subaerial unconformity and its correlative subaqueous surface overlain in coastal settings by a basinward shift in coastal onlap and strata with progradational to aggradation stacking, then retrogradation and aggradation–progradation–degradation stacking. These stacking patterns are bounded by key surfaces, recognized by stratal terminations and characteristic vertical successions of facies. This pattern is independent of time duration or position on a sea-level curve, but incorporates data resolution, regional extent and hierarchal stacking. Examples from multiple datasets show the utility and objectivity of the method and provide insights into sequence boundary formation.


The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) stimulates metabolic pathways that include glycolysis and lipid biosynthesis. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine and threonine kinase that is involved in cell growth and proliferation. It exists in the cell in two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2, whose regulation, functions, and downstream targets differ. mTORC1 promotes protein synthesis and is a sensor of the metabolic state of the cell; its activity depends on the presence or absence of nutrients and growth factors. Whereas mTORC1 activity is inhibited by rapamycin, mTORC2 activity is not. In addition, mTORC1 is inhibited by an upstream complex consisting of the GTPase-activating protein TSC2 and TSC1, whereas the activity of mTORC2 is promoted by TSC1-TSC2. In cells deficient in Tsc1 and Tsc2, mTORC1 becomes constitutively activated, whereas mTORC2 activity is defective, and aberrant states of activity are unaffected by growth factors. Düvel et al. compared TSC-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with wild-type MEFs that were cultured in the absence of growth factors to identify processes that depended solely on the activation of mTORC1. Genomic, metabolomic, and bioinformatic analyses showed that the expression of genes that encoded enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways depended on mTORC1 activity. The mTORC1-dependent stimulation of glycolysis required hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, whereas stimulation of the pentose phosphate pathway and of lipid biosynthesis required sterol regulatory element-binding proteins 1 and 2, which in turn were regulated by the mTORC1 target S6 kinase. Together, these data suggest that the effects of mTORC1 activity extend beyond protein synthesis into other metabolic pathways that alter cell physiology. K. Düvel, J. L. Yecies, S. Menon, P. Raman, A. I. Lipovsky, A. L. Souza, E. Triantafellow, Q. Ma, R. Gorski, S. Cleaver, M. G. Vander Heiden, J. P. MacKeigan, P. M. Finan, C. B. Clish, L. O. Murphy, B. D. Manning, Activation of a metabolic gene regulatory network downstream of mTOR complex 1. Mol. Cell 39, 171–183 (2010). [PubMed]


Abstract
 An annotated check-list of the bryophytes of the Serra de Sintra is presented, based on a compendium of bibliographic records, on the revision of the material stored in Lisbon University herbarium (LISU) and Coimbra University herbarium (COI), as well as on the collections made by the authors during field work in 2011, 2013 and 2014. A total number of 279 taxa were recorded, out of which 5 taxa belong to Anthocerotophyta, 87 to Marchantiophyta and 187 to Bryophyta. Threat status in Portugal for taxa subject to conservation concern is also provided. The dominance of oceanic species on the other chorological types, as well as a remarkably high density of taxa per km2 compared to other mountain regions in the Iberian Peninsula, is highlighted.


National governments have submitted emission mitigation pledges under the Paris Agreement that vary considerably in their form, level of required emission mitigation, elaboration of non-emission goals, and implementation strategies. As a result, domestic emission mitigation programs necessary to deliver on the Paris pledges will diverge in the degree to which that mitigation will be achieved at least cost. This paper explores both what we learn from how national determined contributions (NDCs) diverge from least-cost policies and the implications for comparing mitigation effort. The NDCs can reveal a country's preferences over climate policy, economic development, and other priorities. Modeling analysis of the NDCs can highlight opportunities for (i) measuring the revealed cost of institutional and political constraints that limit least cost implementation; (ii) mitigating climate change alongside other policy objectives; (iii) policy learning over time. We undertake two case studies based on global energy-economic models to illustrate how implementation of NDCs may deviate from least-cost implementation. In the first case study, we employ the WITCH model to assess how the non-emissions goals in NDCs may constrain implementation in a way that increases costs related to cost-effective emissions abatement. In the second case study, we employ the DNE21+ model to assess how countries' stated domestic implementation policies may diverge from a cost-effective domestic mitigation policy. These modelling analyses serve to illustrate how comparing mitigation implementation can then be represented by a bounding exercise that develops both conservative and generous estimates of mitigation effort.


The incorporation of various molecular metal clusters, with well defined stoichiometry, into M41S materials has been investigated. The grafting of simple metal clusters, such as [Ru3(CO)12] and [PPN]2[Fe4(CO)13], and the larger, and in one instance, bimetallic, clusters [(dppe)2Cu][Cu6Fe4(CO)16] and [PPh4][Ru10(μ6-C)(μ-H)(CO)24] has been achieved. Nanoparticles containing iron and platinum were also anchored on silaceous supports. The proportion of iron to platinum in FePt nanoparticles was adjusted by altering the molar ratios of starting materials. Consequently, ratios of Fe : Pt of 20 : 80, 27 : 73, 40 : 60, 53 : 47 and 64 : 36 were examined. The materials produced in this manner were characterised by Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD), BET surface areas and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and elemental analysis. The FePt materials were also investigated for their magnetic properties by SQUID magnetometry. A number of the metal containing materials were investigated for their potential to produce hydrocarbons in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.


Research Question: This paper presents a review of empirical methods used by authors to determine the influence of different groups of factors that influence households' electricity consumption. Motivation: The question what drives electricity consumption is very complex and requires a systematic approach in analysis of different theory frameworks and factors. In the literature, there are a lot of attempts to classify a huge number of very different factors which could be heterogeneous. The review is built on the existing literature by distinguishing the appropriateness of the usage of different empirical methods for collecting the data on the influence of specific groups of factors. Idea: Based on significant literature review and analysis of different methods used in this field, the aim of this paper is to make classification of the most important factors which have the highest impact on electricity consumption. The factors has been grouped into four groups by authors of the paper. Data: Analysis was conducted by reviewing papers dealing with households' electricity consumption published in the international journals. Tools: The systematisation of relevant literature was used with the goal of determining the most common and proper methods that were used for determination of the influence of different groups of factors on electricity consumption. Findings: As consumer behaviour in the area of electricity consumption often demands the examination of subjective views of consumers, methods like interviewing, conduction of online/offline surveys, case study and field experiments are commonly used for analysing the influence of cognitive and affective factors, socio-demographic and behavioural. For analysis of the impact of contextual factors with using the large amount of secondary data, statistical and econometric methods are used as the most appropriate ones. Contribution: This paper provides an overview of most appropriate research methods when it comes to examination of the impact of different groups of factors whose influence needs to be empirically proven.


Much laboratory work has been carried out to determine the gene regulatory network (GRN) that results in plant cells becoming flowers instead of leaves. However, this also involves the spatial distribution of different cell types, and poses the question of whether alternative networks could produce the same set of observed results. This issue has been addressed here through a survey of the published intercellular distribution of expressed regulatory genes and techniques both developed and applied to Boolean network models. This has uncovered a large number of models which are compatible with the currently available data. An exhaustive exploration had some success but proved to be unfeasible due to the massive number of alternative models, so genetic programming algorithms have also been employed. This approach allows exploration on the basis of both data-fitting criteria and parsimony of the regulatory processes, ruling out biologically unrealistic mechanisms. One of the conclusions is that, despite the multiplicity of acceptable models, an overall structure dominates, with differences mostly in alternative fine-grained regulatory interactions. The overall structure confirms the known interactions, including some that were not present in the training set, showing that current data are sufficient to determine the overall structure of the GRN. The model stresses the importance of relative spatial location, through explicit references to this aspect. This approach also provides a quantitative indication of how likely some regulatory interactions might be, and can be applied to the study of other developmental transitions.


INTRODUCTION When compared to popular questionnaires, accelerometry provides more reliable information regarding physical activity. Thus, the objective has been to document the variability of physical activity in Chilean children in relation to age, gender, nutritional status and days of the week, and to determine how many of them meet the recommendation for moderate to vigorous physical activity for more than an hour a day. POPULATION AND METHODS One hundred and nine (109) school children aged 4-10 (67 boys, 42 girls) wore an accelerometer for 2, 3 or 4 consecutive days. Of them, 30 were obese (BMI>95th percentile by age and gender). In each subject, levels of physical activity were expressed in counts per minute (cpm) and means (SD) of cpm/hour. Moderate to vigorous physical activity was defined by the daily sum of cpm>900. RESULTS Daytime physical activity had a mean of 21,697 (662) cpm/hour with considerable variation from one child to another, and from one time of the day to another in the same child. Individual cpm/hour was significantly associated to moderate to vigorous physical activity (R = 0.954). Differences were found between girls and boys (p < 0.01) and between obese and non-obese children (p < 0.01). There were no differences between children 9 years (p = 0.12). There was a slight difference between weekdays and weekends. Fifty-six (56) of 67 boys (83.6%) and 24 of 42 girls (57.1%) met the recommendation for moderate to vigorous physical activity for more than 60 minutes a day. CONCLUSION There is a physical activity defcit in Chilean school children under 10 years, particularly in girls and obese kids.


This paper focuses on the most promising evolutions which are emerging in the packaging of microwave functions for space applications. Starting from the former micropackage solution, continuing with the current MCM technology, new routes are then reviewed. Those include flip-chip which has the huge advantage of short and reproducible connections, glob-top and other non-hermetic approaches. All of them are major departures from the present situation if not a complete revolution. Finally, a special attention is given to MEMS as these new devices can also bring their own intrinsic packaging solution. This is one of the most intriguing and captivating outcome of their apparition : at last, the convergence of electrical and mechanical expertise.


The paper explores how verb-particle combinations have changed with the increased use of online real-time short communication forms. Following up on earlier research (Diemer 2008b & 2009), the study discusses examples of new prefix verbs from a web-based corpus of blogs, providing evidence that the long-term decline of this verb form in English has been reversed in computer-mediated communication, which facilitates the creation and increasingly flexible use of previously non-standard prefix verbs like inbe, oncome and atstand . Proposed reasons for this change are the influence of other languages on English, analogy with existing prefix verbs, special-purpose use, playful use of language, facilitation of syntax and demands of brevity.


Methods by remote sensing techniques were developed to locate potential jokulhlaup lakes and to assess the volume of water discharged. To locate potential jokulhlaup lakes, a time sequence of LandSat satellite imagery covering the area was investigated with spectral mapping techniques. The investigations showed how LandSat images can be used to map surface water, glacial ice, and surface temporal anomalies, and when combined with geographic information system (GIS) analysis, potential jokulhlaup lakes could be identified. For assessing the volume of the water discharged, the bottom topography for the jokulhlaup lakes were mapped from stereo images acquired by the ASTER satellite sensor and thereby defining the relations between the lake surface areas and the volumes of water stored in the lakes. Annual lake areas outlined from LandSat images were combined with the area-volume relations to describe the change over time in the volume of water in the lakes and thereby the volume released during jokulhlaups. The results of the volume assessments were validated against recordings from a hydrological station in the downstream lake. The validation underpinned the credibility of the method and as it relies on satellite data that are readily available, the method is applicable for use in many areas of the world.


Building facade has a significant impact on the environmental and economic performance of buildings and projects. The specification of their elements at the early design phase depends on numerous technical, environmental and economic factors and involves several stakeholders. The procurement and delivery of the facade work package from the early design phase, through detailed design and manufacture, to installation is a process with several inherent risk factors due to the involved cost, technical and engineering complexities and its position on the critical path in all projects. This research investigates the process of selection and specification of building facade elements at the early design phases with the overarching aim of identifying the issues affecting specification decisions, their root causes and impact on projects. The research utilizes a mixed research approach which combines a retrospective case study and an industry survey as two research methods that build on each other. The findings suggest that the complexity of specification at the early design phases is exacerbated by factors such as the inadequate technical knowledge of stakeholders involved in the decision making process, the non-involvement of building facade consultants, the late involvement of specialist facade subcontractors, and in a few cases by some commercial exclusivity agreements that restricts specification decisions.


HIGHLIGHTS  Value‐added measures for principals have many of the same problems that value‐added measures for teachers do, such as imprecision and questions about whether important outcomes are captured by the test on which the measures are based.  While most measures of teachers' value‐added and schools' value‐added are based on a shared conception of the effects that teachers and schools have on their students, value‐added measures for principals can vary in their underlying logic.  The underlying logic on which the value‐added measure is based matters a lot in practice.  Evaluation models based on school effectiveness, which measure student test‐ score gains, tend not to be correlated at all with models based on school improvement, which measure changes in student test‐score gains.  The choice of model also changes the magnitude of the impact that principals appear to have on student outcomes.  Estimates of principal effectiveness that are based on school effectiveness can be calculated for most principals. But estimates that are based on school effectiveness relative to the effectiveness of other principals who have served at the same school or estimates that are based on school improvement have stricter data requirements and, as a result, cover fewer principals.  Models that assume that most of school effectiveness is attributable to the principal are more consistent with other measures of principal effectiveness, such as evaluations by the district. However, it is not clear whether these other measures are themselves accurate assessments.  There is little empirical evidence on the advantages or disadvantages of using value‐added measures to evaluate principals.


Criminal and civil law differ greatly in their use of the element of intent. The purposes of intent in each legal system are tailored to effectuate very different goals. The Supreme Court's recent decision in Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A., 131 S. Ct. 2060 (2011), however, imported a criminal concept of intent — willful blindness — into the statute for patent infringement, a civil offense, despite these differences. This importation of a criminal law concept of intent into the patent statute is novel and calls for examination. This Article compares the purposes behind intent in criminal law with the purposes behind intent in patent law to demonstrate that this importation does not achieve the policy goals of the patent regime. Criminal law jurisprudence requires an intent element for three reasons: to ascribe a level of moral blameworthiness to an act, to separate criminal from civil liability, and to shield otherwise innocently acting defendants from criminal punishment. Patent infringement actions, by contrast, lack an intent element because they almost exclusively seek to remedy economic harms. The importation of criminal concepts of knowledge into the patent infringement statute may therefore lead to unwanted consequences, particularly, higher-than-warranted burdens of proof for patent holders. To this end, equating criminal mental states to civil ones risks treating patent infringement as criminal conduct. This Article concludes by proposing that courts should examine the purposes of mental state requirements on a statute-by-statute basis.


A much cited example of exaptation is the development whereby the old case marker of the nominative in the masculine singular -er evolves into a derivative suffix changing adjectives into nouns in Swedish (Norde 2001, 2002, 2009; Heine 2003: 168; Narrog 2007). Recent studies based on Old and Middle Danish sources uncover how the developments of the old nominative took place (Jensen 2011); this paper presents an outline of these developments. The outline serves as the foundation for a discussion of whether the development of -er in Swedish and Danish should be taken as an example of exaptation, and if we really need the concept in historical linguistics at all, given that the developments depicted in this paper are easily and adequately covered by other well established concept of change, especially the notion of reanalysis.


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We present a stochastic model and numerical simulation framework for a synthetic nanoscale walker that can be used to transport materials and information at superdiffusive rates in artificial molecular systems. Our multivalent random walker model describes the motion of a walker with a rigid, inert body and flexible, enzymatic legs. A leg can bind to and irreversibly modify surface-bound chemical substrate sites arranged as nanoscale tracks. As the legs attach to, modify, and detach from the sites, the walker moves along these tracks. Walkers are symmetrical and the tracks they walk on are unoriented, yet we show that under appropriate kinetic constraints the walkers can transform the chemical free energy in the surface sites into directional motion, and can do ordered work against an external load force. This shows that multivalent random walkers are a new type of molecular motor, useful for directional transport in nanoscale systems.
We model the motion of multivalent random walkers as a continuous-time discrete-state Markov process. States in the process correspond to the chemical state of the legs and surface sites, and transitions represent discrete chemical changes of legs binding to, unbinding from, and modifying the surface sites. The Markov property holds because we let the mechanical motion of the body and unattached legs come to equilibrium in between successive chemical steps, thus the transitions depend only on the current chemical state of the surface sites and attached legs. This coarse-grained model of walker motion allows us to use both equilibrium and non-equilibrium Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The Metropolis-Hastings algorithm approximates the motion of a walker's body and legs at a mechanical equilibrium, while the kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm simulates the transient chemical dynamics of the walker stepping across the surface sites. Using these numerical techniques, we find that MVRWs move superdiffusively in the direction of unmodified substrate sites when there is a residence time bias between modified and unmodified sites. This superdiffusive motion persists when opposed by external load forces, showing that multivalent random walkers are molecular motors that can transform chemical free energy into ordered mechanical work.
To produce these results we devised a distributed object-oriented framework for parallel simulation and analysis of the MVRW model. We use an object-relational mapping to persistently maintain all simulation-related objects as tuples in a relational database. We present a new object-relational mapping technique called the natural entity framework which disambiguates the semantics of object identity and uniqueness in the relational and object-oriented programming models. Using the natural entity framework we are able to guarantee the uniqueness of mappings between data stored as objects in the relational database and external data stored in non-transactionally-secured HDF5 data files.


This study aims to investigate the relative importance of nanoflagellate grazing and viral lysis for heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus spp. mortality in coastal waters of the north-eastern Taiwan. The results showed that viral lysis and nanoflagellate grazing are the main factors responsible for the mortality of heterotrophic bacteria, however, the presence of viruses had a positive effect on the Synechococcus spp. growth. Moreover, this study observed different growth responses between heterotrophic bacteria and Synechococcus spp. population by using the modified dilution approach. The results also showed that there was lower net growth rate of Synechococcus spp. in 30 kDa dilution series than that observed in 0.2 μm series. Furthermore, based on the results obtained from modified dilution approach, we can estimate that about 12.8 ng N L-1 h-1 and 2.8 ng P L-1 h-1 was released by nanoflagellate grazing. In addition, this study estimated that, during the process of viral lysis, locally recycled nutrients released about 224 ng N L-1 h-1 and 24.9 ng P L-1 h-1 in this system. Our findings suggest that due to viral lysis, substantial portion of the recycled nutrients required for Synechococcus spp. growth was supplied sufficiently, emphasizing the importance of the viral shunt, especially in oligotrophic regions. Article history: Received 18 May 2020 Revised 20 July 2020 Accepted 13 August 2020


In this paper, we argue that the design and development of multimodal datasets for natural language processing (NLP) challenges should be enhanced in two significant respects: to more broadly represent commonsense semantic inferences; and to better reflect the dynamics of actions and events, through a substantive alignment of textual and visual information. We identify challenges and tasks that are reflective of linguistic and cognitive competencies that humans have when speaking and reasoning, rather than merely the performance of systems on isolated tasks. We introduce the distinction between challenge-based tasks and competence-based performance, and describe a diagnostic dataset, Recipe-to-Video Questions (R2VQ), designed for testing competence-based comprehension over a multimodal recipe collection (http://r2vq.org/). The corpus contains detailed annotation supporting such inferencing tasks and facilitating a rich set of question families that we use to evaluate NLP systems.


OBJECTIVE
To examine the relationship between inflammatory cytokine production and body cell mass (BCM) in women with stable, medically well-controlled rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS
Case-control study of 20 women with RA and 20 healthy women matched for age, race, and body mass index (kg/m2). Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), and IL-6 production were measured by specific, non-cross-reacting ELISA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured with and without 100 ng/ml of endotoxin. Total BCM was assessed by the reference method of whole-body counting of naturally occurring radioactive potassium-40.

RESULTS
Patients with RA were cachectic, with 14% less BCM (p < 0.001) and higher TNF-alpha production (p < 0.05) than controls. TNF-alpha production was inversely associated with BCM both without (r = -0.51, p = 0.03) and with (r = -0.57, p = 0.01) endotoxin stimulation in patients but not in controls. In multivariate linear regression models, these inverse associations remained significant after adjustment for age and physical activity. No association was found for IL-1beta or IL-6 production in these models.

CONCLUSION
Women with stable, medically well-controlled RA have lower than normal BCM that is inversely associated with elevated TNF-alpha production.


This study shows that the wage premium paid by large firms fell over the past 20 years and that the decline in the size premium has been most pronounced among the least educated work force. Empirical evidence supports several explanations for the decline in the size premium. First, there has been a convergence in the returns to worker characteristics at large and small firms over time. Second, there has been a convergence in the types of workers employed at small and large firms. Particularly important have been changes in the distribution of workers across industries and the greater rate of decline in unionism at large firms.


The concept of ecosystem is about to be brought into the digital age where, instead of plants and animals, the digital species who roam the landscape include software components, applications, services, business models, contractual frameworks and laws. Along with understanding the nature of habitat and the significance of localisation, diversity is one of the key characteristics of a healthy ecosystem. However, encouraging diversity in the context of technology production brings with it significant challenges, and designing a framework for governance that can balance interests, address technology lock-in and enable the co-existence of diverse software production methods quickly becomes a priority, as participants in the Digital Business Ecosystem project have found.


This paper presents a measurement of quantities related to the formation of jets from high-energy quarks and gluons (fragmentation). Jets with transverse momentum 100 GeV $<p_T<$ 2.5 TeV and pseudorapidity $|\eta|<2.1$ from an integrated luminosity of 33 fb$^{-1}$ of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV proton-proton collisions are reconstructed with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. Charged-particle tracks with $p_T>500$ MeV and $|\eta|<2.5$ are used to probe the detailed structure of the jet. The fragmentation properties of the more forward and the more central of the two leading jets from each event are studied. The data are unfolded to correct for detector resolution and acceptance effects. Comparisons with parton shower Monte Carlo generators indicate that existing models provide a reasonable description of the data across a wide range of phase space, but there are also significant differences. Furthermore, the data are interpreted in the context of quark- and gluon-initiated jets by exploiting the rapidity dependence of the jet flavor fraction. A first measurement of the charged-particle multiplicity using model-independent jet labels (topic modeling) provides a promising alternative to traditional quark and gluon extractions using input from simulation. The simulations provide a reasonable description of the quark-like data across the jet $p_T$ range presented in this measurement, but the gluon-like data have systematically fewer charged particles than the simulations.


Gas chromatography (GC) has been utilized for the study of enantiomer resolution of the atropisomers of PCBs, o,p´-DDD and o,p´-DDT. Different substituents and concentrations of cyclodextrin, capillary dimensions and type of stationary phase films have been investigated to achieve the resolution of as many of the atropisomers on one column as possible. The results indicated that the butyl substitution of 6-hydroxyl and the methyl substitution of 2- and 3-hydroxyl were the most promising for the enantiomeric separation. Using Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), the trimers and monomers of PM-β-CDs were compared for enantiomeric resolution, as well as comparing the cationic PMMA-β-CD with the anionic HS-β-CD. In these studies the trimer did not show an improved resolution for mepivacaine, when compared to the equimolar concentration of the monomer. The cationic CD gave increased resolution values for ibuprofen when compared to the anionic CD. A scheme for reversing enantiomeric elution order of both the basic propranolol and acidic ibuprofen is also presented, with the aim of facilitating the detection of impurities in a high sample loading. The detection of 1% of each enantiomer of propranolol, and 1% of R(-)-ibuprofen, was demonstrated, with elution prior to the tailing peak of the corresponding enantiomer. Dimethylacrylamide-coated capillaries were used in this work, and the stability of this coating was demonstrated, giving a highly reduced electroosmotic flow for up to six months. Enantiomeric baseline separations of omeprazole and 5-hydroxyomeprazole have also been achieved with both CE and Open Tubular Capillary Electrochromatography (OT-CEC) methods. With CE-UV, both a non-aqueous method (using HDMS-β-CD) and an aqueous method (using HS-β-CD) were used for enantiomeric resolution of the two racemates. Resolution of omeprazole was also achieved using CE-Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). In OT-CEC, avidin was immobilized on the inside surface of a fused silica capillary and was employed as chiral selector for the enantiomeric baseline resolution of omeprazole and 5-hydroxyomeprazole.


Learn how to create interactive HTML5 charts and graphs with canvas, JavaScript, and open source tools Overview Build interactive visualizations of data from scratch with integrated animations and events Draw with canvas and other html5 elements that improve your ability to draw directly in the browser Work and improve existing 3rd party charting solutions such as Google Maps In Detail The HTML5 canvas tag makes creating any plot shape easy, all you have to do then is fill it with exciting visualizations written in JavaScript or using other visualization tools. "HTML5 Graphing and Data Visualization Cookbook" is the perfect break into the world of Canvas, charts, and graphs in HTML5 and JavaScript. In this book we will go through a journey of getting to know the technology by creating and planning data-driven visualizations. This cookbook is organized in a linear, progressive way so it can be read from start to finish, as well as be used as a resource for specific tasks. This book travels through the steps involved in creating a fully interactive and animated visualization in HTML5 and JavaScript. You will start from very simple "hello world" samples and quickly dive deeper into the world of graphs and charts in HTML5. Followed by learning how canvas works and carrying out a group of tasks geared at taking what we learned and implementing it in a variety of chart types. With each chapter the content becomes more complex and our creations become more engaging and interactive. Our goal is that by the end of this book you will have a strong foundation; knowing when to create a chart on your own from scratch and when it would be a good idea to depend on other APIs. We finish our book in our last two chapters exploring Google maps and integrating everything we learnt into a full project. What you will learn from this book Creating graphics in Canvas 2D and draw complex shapes Building most of the common charts through step-by-step recipes Adding interactivity to canvas elements and create your own JavaScript animation engine Discovering many fantastic charting solutions and learn how to deal with their capabilities and how to change them as well Learning how to work with Google maps , Google Charts, and Google Docs API Integrating your data into live data, xml driven data, objects, and strings Approach This cookbook is organized in a linear, progressive way allowing it to be read from start to finish, as well as to be used as a useful resource for specific tasks. The HTML5 examples and recipes will have you making dynamic, interactive, and animated charts and graphs in no time. Who this book is written for You don't need to have a background in HTML5 or Canvas but you do need to have a basic understanding of how HTML works and know how to code in any language (preferably in JavaScript). In this book we will not explain how to learn to code but how to create projects and how to plan and execute them in the process.


Chemical composition of groundwaters was investigated in the region of the Hornsund fjord (southern Spitsbergen). The investigations were conducted during polar expeditions organized by the University of Wroclaw in two summer seasons of 2003 and 2006. Three zones of groundwater circulation: suprapermafrost, intrapermafrost and subpermafrost, were identified in areas of perennial permafrost in the region of Hornsund. The zone of shallow circulation occurs in nonglaciated (suprapermafrost) and subglacial areas. In this zone, the chemical composition of groundwater originates from initial chemical composition of precipitation, mineralogical composition of bedrock, oxidation of sulphides and dissolution of carbonates. The intermediate system of circulation is connected with water flow inside and below perennial permafrost (intrapermafrost and subpermafrost). In this zone, the chemical composition of groundwater is mainly controlled by dissolution of carbonates, ion exchange processes involving Ca 2þ substitution by Na þ , and oxidation of sulphides under oxygen-depleted conditions. The subpermafrost zone (deep groundwater circulation) occurs in deep-tectonic fractures, which are likely conduits for the descent of shallow groundwater to deeper depths. In this zone, the groundwater shows lower mineralization comparing to intrapermafrost zone and has a multi-ion nature Cl–HCO3–Na-Ca–Mg.


This document presents supporting materials for the following publication: Zhang, Juanjuan and Peng Liu (2012), "Rational Herding in Microloan Markets," Management Science, Vol. 58, No. 5, May, pp. 892-912. Microloan markets allow individual borrowers to raise funding from multiple individual lenders. We use a unique panel dataset which tracks the funding dynamics of borrower listings on Prosper.com, the largest microloan market in the United States. We find evidence of rational herding among lenders. Well-funded borrower listings tend to attract more funding after we control for unobserved listing heterogeneity and payoff externalities. Moreover, instead of passively mimicking their peers (irrational herding), lenders engage in active observational learning (rational herding); they infer the creditworthiness of borrowers by observing peer lending decisions, and use publicly observable borrower characteristics to moderate their inferences. Counterintuitively, obvious defects (e.g., poor credit grades) amplify a listing's herding momentum, as lenders infer superior creditworthiness to justify the herd. Similarly, favorable borrower characteristics (e.g., friend endorsements) weaken the herding effect, as lenders attribute herding to these observable merits. Follow-up analysis shows that rational herding beats irrational herding in predicting loan performance.


Thiol- and acrylate-functionalized nanoparticles have been synthesized from pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercapto-propionate) and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate using thiol-ene click chemistry. Using Raman and 1H NMR spectroscopy as well as Ellman's assay, it was demonstrated that excess pentaerythritol tetraacrylate in the feed mixture led to nanoparticles with free acrylate groups on their surface, whereas nanoparticles with thiolated surfaces could be synthesized using feed mixtures with excess pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercapto-propionate). The possibility of fluorescent labelling of thiolated nanoparticles has been demonstrated through their reaction with fluorescein-5-maleimide. The thiolated nanoparticles were found to be mucoadhesive and exhibited retention on mucosal surface of porcine urinary bladder.


Retail establishments want to know about traffic flow and patterns of activity in order to better arrange and staff their business. A large number of fixed video cameras are commonly installed at these locations. While they can be used to observe activity in the retail environment, assigning personnel to this is too time consuming to be valuable for retail analysis. We have developed video processing and visualization techniques that generate presentations appropriate for examining traffic flow and changes in activity at different times of the day. Taking the results of video tracking software as input, our system aggregates activity in different regions of the area being analyzed, determines the average speed of moving objects in the region, and segments time based on significant changes in the quantity and/or location of activity. Visualizations present the results as heat maps to show activity and object counts and average velocities overlaid on the map of the space.


Abstract: In the 1960s, Canadian theologian Clark H. Pinnock declared that saving human knowledge of God could only be built upon the plain sense of the infallible and inerrant text of Holy Scripture. In the ensuing decades, however, Pinnock's confidence in an inerrant Bible severely waned. A close examination of Pinnock's early epistemological outlook reveals critical defects that sowed seeds of his later departure from a traditional confession of Scripture's total trustworthiness. Pinnock's theological migration reminds scholars and church leaders that only an epistemology that is rooted in the being, knowledge, and revelation of God in Scripture supplies the necessary context for a robust confession of Scripture's inerrancy and its relationship with the observable world.


Background: Many patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) die from desmoid tumours which can arise spontaneously but often appear to be surgically induced by prophylactic colectomy. FAP results from germline adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutations and desmoids arise following biallelic APC mutation, with one change usually occurring distal to the second β-catenin binding/degradation repeat of the gene (3′ to codon 1399). We have suggested that because families with germline mutations in this region already have the requisite change, they are more likely to develop desmoids. However, there are families with 5′ germline mutations where desmoids are common. Patients and methods: We examined desmoid risk dependent on germline APC mutation, sex, history of abdominal surgery, and family history in FAP patients from the St Mark's Hospital Polyposis Registry. Results: Overall desmoid prevalence was 15%. Desmoids tended to cluster in susceptible individuals, irrespective of the germline APC mutation. Independent predictors of increased desmoid risk were: germline mutation distal to codon 1399; any family history of disease; and a strong family history of desmoids. A family history of multiple desmoids (>1) increased an individual's own risk of multiplicity. Females had twice the odds of developing desmoids compared with males. There was no significant interaction between any of the three explanatory variables. Conclusions: Our results indicate the influence of unknown genetic factors independent of APC in susceptibility to desmoid tumours in FAP. The data have implications in terms of clinical management of FAP patients and assessing the balance between chemoprevention and prophylactic colectomy.


Empirical research has now become an essential component of software engineering yet software practitioners and researchers often lack an understanding of how the empirical procedures and practices are applied in the field. Empirical Research in Software Engineering: Concepts, Analysis, and Applications shows how to implement empirical research processes, procedures, and practices in software engineering. Written by a leading researcher in empirical software engineering, the book describes the necessary steps to perform replicated and empirical research. It explains how to plan and design experiments, conduct systematic reviews and case studies, and analyze the results produced by the empirical studies. The book balances empirical research concepts with exercises, examples, and real-life case studies, making it suitable for a course on empirical software engineering. The author discusses the process of developing predictive models, such as defect prediction and change prediction, on data collected from source code repositories. She also covers the application of machine learning techniques in empirical software engineering, includes guidelines for publishing and reporting results, and presents popular software tools for carrying out empirical studies.


Abstract. Ice shelves buttress the continental ice flux and mediate ice–ocean interactions. They are often traversed by channels in which basal melting is enhanced, impacting ice-shelf stability. Here, channel evolution is investigated using a transient, three-dimensional full Stokes model and geophysical data collected on the Roi Baudouin Ice Shelf (RBIS), Antarctica. The modeling confirms basal melting as a feasible mechanism for channel creation, although channels may also advect without melting for many tens of kilometers. Channels can be out of hydrostatic equilibrium depending on their width and the upstream melt history. Inverting surface elevation for ice thickness using hydrostatic equilibrium in those areas is erroneous, and corresponding observational evidence is presented at RBIS by comparing the hydrostatically inverted ice thickness with radar measurements. The model shows that channelized melting imprints the flow field characteristically, which can result in enhanced horizontal shearing across channels. This is exemplified for a channel at RBIS using observed surface velocities and opens up the possibility to classify channelized melting from space, an important step towards incorporating these effects in ice–ocean models.


The current study was aimed to assess the effects of different iodate concentrations on morpho-physiological characteristics of potato. In this regard, a pot experiment was carried out during the spring and summer 2013. Five concentrations of KIO 3 including control beside 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/Kg soil were applied through irrigation system. The results showed that all selected agronomical and morphological characteristics of potato except dry weight of stem (SDW) and root (RDW) were negatively affected by high iodate concentrations. The results showed that applying 80 mg KIO 3 /Kg soil compared to control resulted in around 15, 86, 84, 41, 16, 25, 20, and 87% reductions in harvest index (HI), leaf dry weight (LDW), tuber dry weight (TDW), plant dry weight (PDW), stem length (SL), root length (RL), plant height (PH), and number of tuber per plant (NT), respectively. Iodate application (80 mg KIO 3 /Kg soil vs. control) also affected potato's physiological characteristics including chlorophyll content (SPAD), relative water content (RWC), water use efficiency (WUE), evapo-transpiration efficiency (ETE), cell membrane stability index (CMSI) and tolerance index (TI) showing around 27, 12, 87, 39, 40, and 77% reductions for each one, respectively. Increasing iodate concentrations, although, showed no effect of Zn concentration of root and Fe and Mn concentrations of leaf, gradually decreased Zn concentration of leaf and increased Fe and Mn concentrations of root and Cu concentrations of root and leaf. Plants also showed several visible symptoms including stunting, chlorosis, browning of leaf tip and reduction in growth due toxicity.


The scope of this study was to investigate the concentrations of certain heavy metals, mineral levels, and antioxidative metabolism in cows raised near (300 m) and away from highways (2.5 km) in Cankiri Province. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 100 cows (aged 3-5 years) raised near and away from highways in this province. Concentrations of certain heavy metals and minerals in the serum were analyzed on an ICP-MS device. Additionally, lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in the plasma and antioxidative defense system indicators, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, were measured with a spectrophotometer. As a result, levels of certain heavy metals and minerals and antioxidative status were determined in cows raised near and away from highways. Aluminum, iron, nickel, and zinc levels in the cows raised near highways were significantly different from those of the cows raised away from highways. Furthermore, MDA concentrations and SOD activities were significantly different between the two groups. It is concluded that monitoring the concentration of these heavy metals periodically may be useful to increase the productivity of cows.


We show how classic source-decomposition and subgroup-decomposition meth ods can be reconciled with regression methodology used in the recent liter ature. We also highlight some pitfalls that arise from uncritical use of the regression approach. The LIS database is used to compare the approaches using an analysis of the changing contributions to inequality in the United States and Finland. JEL Classification: D6


Ferroelectrics (FE) and multiferroics (MFE) have attracted a lot of attentions due to their rich and novel properties. Studies towards FE and MFE are of both fundamental and technological importance. We use a first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian method, conventional ab-initio packages and linear-scale three-dimension fragment method to investigate several important issues about FE and MFE. Tuning the properties of FE and MFE films are essential for miniaturized device applications, which can be realized through epitaxial strain and growth direction. In this dissertation, we use the effective Hamiltonian method to study (i) BaTiO3 films grown along the (110) pseudocubic direction on various substrates, (ii) BaTiO3 films grown on a single substrate along directions varying from [001] to [110] via [111] pseudocubic direction. Optimized physical responses or curie temperatures are found along some special directions or under epitaxial strain of certain range. FE and MFE nanostructures are shown to possess electrical vortices (known as one type topological defect), which have the potential to be used in new memory devices. However, the dynamic mechanism behind them is barely known. We use the effective Hamiltonian method to reveal that there exists a distinct mode which is shown to be responsible for the formation of the electrical vortices and in the THz region. Spin-canted magnetic structures are commonly seen in MFE, which results in the coexistence of two or more magnetic order parameters in the same structure. Understanding the physics behind such coupled magnetic order parameters is of obvious benefit for the sake of control of the magnetic properties of such systems. We employ both the effective Hamiltonian and ab-initio methods to derive and prove there is a universal law that explicitly correlates various magnetic order parameters with the different types of oxygen octahedra rotations. FE or MFE possessing electrical vortices are experimentally shown to have a much lower critical voltage in current-voltage curves. However, the exact underlying reason is unknown. In this dissertation, we take the advantage of the effective Hamiltonian method and linear-scale three-dimension fragment method to study the electronic properties of electrical vortices. Such combined procedure clearly shows the existence of electrical vortices doesn't decrease the band gap, but increases it instead, which suggests the lower critical voltage in current-voltage curves is likely to result from the defects inside the vortices.


At specific velocities, intense noise can be generated by the flow around a cascade of flat plates due to acoustic resonance. To reduce the aerodynamic noise, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuators (PAs) were utilized. The aim of this investigation was to clarify the control effects and the mechanism of noise reduction. To do this, wind tunnel experiments and computations were carried out for three vertically aligned flat plates. The PAs were mounted on both sides near the leading-edge of the vertically central flat plate. Moreover, to optimize the deployment of the operated PAs for control, PAs divided in the spanwise direction were utilized, where the PA was composed of 2 parts on each side. Experiments with various combinations of operated PAs were performed. The noise reduction achieved increases as the applied voltage of PAs increases. The maximum reduction of the tonal noise was 10.8 dB and was achieved by operating the whole array of PAs at a velocity of 13.5 m/s. The velocity profiles downstream of the PAs changed and the frequency of vortex shedding in the wake of the flat plate decreased with control of the PAs. The velocity corresponding to the maximum acoustic resonance was increased by operating the whole array of PAs. When the array of PAs are partially operated with a spanwise asymmetric deployment, it intensifies the three-dimensionality of the flow. Consequently, the acoustic radiation was weakened with a wider range of frequencies compared to the control by operating the whole array of PAs. The present results indicated that spatial asymmetry deployment is preferred to reduce aerodynamic noise.