As chronic pain contributes to tremendous personal and societal costs, efforts at identifying and understanding pain-related disability via the biopsychosocial model have become increasingly important in addressing pain-related health outcomes. This study attempted to compare the predictive ability of the Pain Disability Questionnaire against other established measures in terms of health and pain-related outcomes. The sample consisted of 254 adult chronic pain patients seeking treatment through an interdisciplinary chronic pain management clinic. Participants were administered a battery of assessments including the Pain Disability Questionnaire and other established measures of health and pain-related outcomes (e.g., NIH PROMIS measures) at baseline and post-treatment time points. Results demonstrated convergent validity between the Pain Disability Questionnaire and the other study measures. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed significant associations between pain-related disability as measured by the Pain Disability Questionnaire and a range of biopsychosocial outcomes. Pain Disability Questionnaire scores, as placed in categorical severity levels, demonstrated good discriminative abilities in terms of predicting health-related factors. These findings support the clinical use of the Pain Disability Questionnaire as an empirically supported predictor of health-related outcomes as compared with other established measures of pain and health outcomes.


A method is developed to evaluate the magnifications of the images of galaxies with lensing potentials stratified on similar concentric ellipses. In a quadruplet system, there are two even parity images, two odd parity images, together with a de-magnified and usually missing central image. A simple contour integral is provided which enables the sums of the magnifications of the even parity or the odd parity images or the central image to be separately calculated without explicit solution of the lens equation. We find that the sums for pairs of images generally vary considerably with the position of the source, while the signed sums of the two pairs can be remarkably uniform inside the tangential caustic in the absence of naked cusps. For a family of models in which the lensing potential is a power-law of the elliptic radius, ψ ∝ (a 2 + x 2 + y 2 q −2) β/2 , the number of visible images is found as a function of flattening q, external shear γ and core radius a. The magnification of the central image depends on the size of the core and the slope β of the gravitational potential. It grows strongly with the source offset if β > 1, but weakly if β < 1. For typical source and lens redshifts, the missing central image leads to strong constraints; the slope β must be ∼ < 1 and the core radius a must be ∼ < 300 pc. The mass distribution in the lensing galaxy population must be nearly cusped, and the cusp must be isothermal or stronger. This is in good accord with the cuspy cores seen in high resolution photometry of nearby, massive, early-type galaxies, which typically have β ≈ 0.7 (or surface density falling like distance −1.3) outside a break radius of a few hundred parsecs. Cuspy cores by themselves can provide the explanation of the missing central images. Dark matter at large radii may alter the slope of the projected density; however, provided the slope remains – 2 – isothermal or steeper and the break radius remains small, then the central image remains unobservable. The sensitivity of the radio maps must be increased fifty-fold to find the central images in abundance.


9. Other effects; ageing; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); animal effects; anxiety; asthma; autism; bacteria; behaviour changes; birth defects; effects on blood; bone changes; brain damage; cardiovascular effects; dementia; developmental effects; depression and suicide; EEG changes; energy metabolism; eye effects; gastric effects; genetic defects; hearing effects; heart; insulin and electric fields; interference problems; kidney effects; learning and memory effects; lung, spleen and liver; medical implants; mental health problems; nervous system; neurobehavioural effects; neurodegenerative effects


ABSTRACT

The reservoir quality of Middle Eocene carbonates in the intracratonic Sirt Basin (at the northern margin of the African continent) is strongly influenced by depositional facies and various diagenetic modifications. This thesis investigates the petrography, sedimentology, diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon potential of the Middle Eocene Gialo Formation in the subsurface of the north-central Sirt Basin based on data from core samples and well logs from five boreholes in the Assumood and Sahl gas-fields. Reducing risk in exploration demands an understanding of reservoir facies development, which is governed by the type and distribution of depositional facies and their diagenetic history. Seven major carbonate facies (and 20 microfacies) have been identified in this study and are interpreted as predominantly deposited under shallow-marine conditions within the photic zone, as indicated from their richness in phototrophic fauna and flora. These include lagoon (back-bank), main bank, fore-bank and open-marine facies, all of which were deposited on a homoclinal ramp type of carbonate platform.
The type and distribution of the Gialo depositional facies were influenced by basin-floor architecture and environmental controls. The basin floor was shaped through pre-Eocene structural development into a series of elevated platforms and deep troughs. Platform facies were deposited across three broad facies belts: (1) inner-ramp, dominated by dasycladacean molluscan wackestone/packstone, nummulitic-bryozoan packstone, bryozoan wackestone; (2) mid-ramp, dominated by nummulitic packstone and Discocyclina-nummulitic wackestone; and (3) outer-ramp, dominated by fragmented nummulitic packstone. Troughs were dominated by thick successions of lime mudstone containing rare fine skeletal fragments and nummulites, with deposition taking place in a deeper-marine environment, below the photic zone.
Present-day reservoir characteristics of the Gialo Formation are the net result of modification to the original depositional characteristics caused by diagenesis. This diagenesis took place on the seafloor, under burial, and in the meteoric diagenetic environment. Early marine diagenetic processes affecting the Middle Eocene Gialo carbonates resulted in micritization of bioclasts. Later diagenesis in meteoric to burial environments resulted in dissolution of aragonitic bioclasts, cementation (syntaxial overgrowths on echinoid grains, and blocky to equant, non-ferroan cements), neomorphism, pressure dissolution, compaction and fracturing. δ18O and δ13C values in the Gialo Formation range between -1.06 and -4.16‰ PDB, and 0.76 and 1.89‰ PDB, respectively. These values are mostly marine values, although some alteration is likely. The more negative oxygen of the cements suggests precipitation within the shallow-burial environment under the influence of meteoric water and / or precipitation at higher temperatures during further burial. The carbon isotopic signatures are typical marine values. There is a strong relationship between porosity and the diagenetic processes that-affected the Gialo sediments.
Generally the porosity in the Assumood and Sahl fields is either primary or secondary, enhanced by dissolution and fracturing of the sediments. Reduction in porosity in the investigated sediments is mainly due to cementation and compaction. The common pore-types in the Gialo Formation are intergranular, moldic, intragranular, vuggy and scattered fractures. Porosity ranges from poor to very good (<1% to ~37%) and permeability varies from low to high (<1mD to 100mD). These variations in porosity and permeability are strongly related to facies changes, which were influenced by depositional environment and diagenetic processes. Shallow-water packstones/rudstones containing both primary intergranular and secondary biomouldic porosity have the best reservoir quality. The Gialo Formation is an important gas producing reservoir in the Assumood, Sahl and other surrounding fields. The gas which is generated from the gas-prone Sirt Shale source rock of the northern Ajdabiya Trough possibly migrated onto the Assumood Ridge from the northeast through late Cretaceous, Paleocene and early Eocene carbonates, before being trapped beneath the Augila Shale (Upper Eocene) which is the principal regional seal in the area. This integrated study has helped to understand the reservoir heterogeneity and potential of the Gialo carbonates and based on this current wells are being completed appropriately, as, hopefully, will future wells too.
The facies pattern is different from one well to another, which does suggest that there was a strong tectonic control, that is differential tectonic subsidence and/or fault control, or that deposition was controlled by autocyclic processes. The different vertical positions and numbers of transgressive-regressive cycles in each well make formation-wide correlation problematic. The lack of correlation in terms of cycle thickness, as well as facies, between wells, also suggests autocyclic processes. Third and fourth-order relative sea-level (RSL) changes do not appear to have been a major control on deposition during this Middle Eocene time.


Genetically modified organisms are increasingly used in various fields of human activity. The examples of benefits arising from their use particularly in biotechnology, cultivation, and breeding have been shown. However, the risks associated with modifications of plants and animals intended for use in food and feed raise public concerns. The paper discusses the risks and opportunities for agriculture posed by genetically modified food. There is a need for further studies to clarify the impact of GMOs on the environment and impact on living organisms, especially in long-term diets.


Tucked away in the far corner of remote northeastern Oregon lies the ruggedly beautiful Zumwalt Prairie - a seemingly peaceful land of waving grasses that has become a symbolic battleground in the war between ranchers and environmentalists over the use of our country's rapidly vanishing natural habitats. It is home to one of the highest concentrations of native buteo hawks in North America. Marcy Houle, a wildlife biologist and student, comes to the Zumwalt to discover what attracts and sustains the buteos in such startling abundance. What she finds could overturn all accepted notions on both sides of the land-use debate. Important, exhilarating, and even funny, The Prairie Keepers is compelling nature writing. Drawing together a wealth of anecdotes, both animal and human, Houle portrays an ecosystem of incredible beauty and diversity, as well as a model that can save the last of the native prairies for us all.


Water intakes developed for coastal use often require special design considerations to ensure the incorporation of engineering features which are compatible with environmental protection. Due to the severity of the coastal zone environment, cooling water intakes for power generating facilities typically incorporate one of two possible designs: 1. A shoreline (surface) intake which could incorporate jetties, breakwaters, or inlet channels for wave protection and, when necessary, for retardation of sedimentary processes, or 2. An offshore, submerged intake connected via tunnel or pipeline to an onshore screen/pumphouse. Naturally, protection of structural integrity is of primary concern in designing and locating such intakes. Therefore, physical or hydraulic conditions are required to enhance plant reliability which may be adverse from an environmental viewpoint. As a result, it is often necessary to integrate additional provisions into intake designs which will mitigate potential adverse impacts resulting from plant operation. During the mid to late 1960s, as the size and number of power plants began to dramatically increase in the United States, various agencies responsible for protecting fish and wildlife were becoming increasingly alarmed that sport and commercial fisheries were being adversely affected by thermal discharges (Krenkel and Parker 1969). In response to this concern, various state and Federal regulations were promulgated to limit the effects of thermal discharges on aquatic biota. Various engineering options were developed to limit thermal effects. These options ranged from simply limiting the rise across the condenser, and therefore the ultimate temperature at the point of discharge, to employing various means of closed-cycle cooling, particularly at sites where water availability was limited (Parker and Krenkel 1969).


Single-layer graphene (SLG) has been proposed as the thinnest protective/barrier layer for wide applications involving resistance to oxidation, corrosion, atomic/molecular diffusion, electromagnetic interference, and bacterial contamination. Functional metallic nanostructures have lower thermal stability than their bulk forms and are therefore susceptible to high energy photons. Here, we demonstrate that SLG can shield metallic nanostructures from intense laser radiation that would otherwise ablate them. By irradiation via a UV laser beam with nanosecond pulse width and a range of laser intensities (in millions of watt per cm(2)) onto a silver nanowire network, and conformally wrapping SLG on top of the nanowire network, we demonstrate that graphene "extracts and spreads" most of the thermal energy away from nanowire, thereby keeping it damage-free. Without graphene wrapping, the radiation would fragment the wires into smaller pieces and even decompose them into droplets. A systematic molecular dynamics simulation confirms the mechanism of SLG shielding. Consequently, particular damage-free and ablation-free laser-based nanomanufacturing of hybrid nanostructures might be sparked off by application of SLG on functional surfaces and nanofeatures.


The well documented dramatic increase in predation pressure which started during the early Mesozoic, termed the Mesozoic Marine Revolution (MMR), had an important impact on the evolution of prey organisms (Vermeij, 1983). Epifaunal bivalves in particular are at considerable risk to predation. In this paper we consider the types of predation to which epifaunal bivalves are prone and outline the evolutionary history of the different modes of predation. We explore methods by which bivalves are known to evade these activities and chart the appearance of these defences in the fossil record. These sections involve both review of the massive existing literature on molluscivory and the presentation of new experimental data, in particular on the value of cementation and various types of valve ornament. Many previously suggested adaptations have been based on rather anecdotal evidence. Such claims need to be validated by experimental evidence of the value of a specific adaptation against a specific mode of predation. Even so it may be difficult to demonstrate that such a defence is a primary adaptation rather than a fortuitous secondary benefit of a non-adaptive or otherwise selected character. Inevitably certain taxa will be prevented from evolving particular defences by the constraints of their own body plans, whilst others will be preadapted for others. For example, obvious defensive adaptations, such as the possession of spines and thick shells are not uniformly distributed amongst the bivalve clades. In this survey we demonstrate that these defences are linked with basic features of valve secretion. Spines can only be created by bivalves which possess a very flexible periostracum, whilst thick shells are restricted to those utilising relatively inexpensive microstructures with a low organic content, for example foliated calcite. Mytiloids have been prevented from evolving such structural armour by these constraints and have, instead, resorted to a plethora of behavioural defences.


This paper describes the international flow of funds associated with calm and volatile global equity markets. During calm periods, portfolio investment by real money and leveraged investors in advanced countries flows into emerging markets. When central banks in the receiving countries resist exchange rate appreciation and buy dollars against domestic currency, they end up investing in medium-term bonds in reserve currencies. In the process they fund themselves (or "sterilize" the expansion of local bank reserves) by issuing safe assets in domestic currency to domestic investors. Thus, calm periods, marked by leveraged investing in emerging markets, lead to an asymmetric asset swap (risky emerging market assets against safe reserve currency assets) and leveraging up by emerging market central banks. In declining and volatile global equity markets, these flows reverse, and, contrary to some claims, emerging market central banks draw down reserves substantially. In effect, emerging market central banks then release safe assets from their reserves, supplying safe havens to global investors.


In this article various aspects of word knowledge and their relations to the text comprehension skills have been investigated for 197 monolingual and bilingual children in grade 5. All children performed three different vocabulary tasks, measuring breadth (quantitative knowledge: 'how many words do they know?'), depth (qualitative knowledge: 'how well do they know (paradigmatic and decontextualized, syntagmatic) relationships between words?'), and words used in school texts (scientific jargon: 'do they know the science-specific meaning of words?'). Besides this, a text comprehension task was administered investigate the relative importance of these different aspects of word knowledge to text comprehension. The analyses showed that bilingual children performed significantly lower on all tasks as compared to their monolingual peers. The highest differences were found on breadth of vocabulary, the lowest on the depth task. Besides this, the breadth task showed the highest correlations with text comprehension, and the depth task the lowest. These conclusions hold for both monolinguals and bilinguals. Finally, a (stepwise) multiple regression analysis revealed that the breadth task explained 38% of the variance of the scores on the text comprehension task. The depth task adjusts to that only 2%. Analyses for monolingual and bilingual children separately yielded comparable outcomes. From this, we conclude that for both monolingual and bilingual children text comprehension is determined by breadth of vocabulary.


The numerical solution of the behaviour of discrete time steps in digital computer analysis of square aquifers containing pumped wells is examined by using the finite element method with a 4 node linear quadrilateral isoparametric surface element. A wide range of time steps are used in the computation. The calculations show that discrete time steps can cause errors and oscillations in the calculations particularly when wells start and stop pumping. Comparison with known results obtained by theoretical and finite difference procedures has been considered. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate comparison of the finite element and finite difference simulation results over a regular linear 4 node quadrilateral mesh suitable to represent the two numerical schemes with a marked similarity. The dimensionless time drawdown results of the finite element method agreed well with the finite difference and analytical results for small time increment. However, for large time increments, there are from slight to significant oscillations in the results and notable discrepancies are observed in the solutions of the two numerical methods.


Numerous studies are underway, using data collected from clinical studies and data collected from surveys of combat troops, to determine the most efficacious treatment options for those diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In contrast, little is known about the effectiveness of predeployment training in preventing or mitigating the impact of combat-related stressors on the development of PTSD. We conducted a comprehensive review of literature pertaining to primary prevention efforts to stem the advent of PTSD and other combat and operational stress injuries in military populations using databases from the peer-reviewed literature as well as online searches and colleague referrals. Results show that, as with treatment for PTSD, the most promising preventive approaches appear to utilize exposure strategies, especially those in conjunction with education and stress reduction skills training.


In this paper, we argue that the social influence of the group is a supportive medium for older adult thriving. To promote the physical well-being aspect of thriving, we discuss groups as one means of offering social support. We present a specific model of physical activity intervention (i.e., group-mediated cognitive behavioral intervention) that uses deliberately-formed interactive groups to help motivate older adults to engage in and sustain physical activity. Our article includes four sections that concern the GMCB intervention model. The first serves as background as to why groups can be powerful behavior change agents and describes the basic model of group motivated intervention. The second section provides a generic description of the intervention structure and how the GMCB intervention is conducted. The third section presents a meta-analytic summary of results of older adult GMCB physical activity interventions across three levels of outcomes: adherence to physical activity, functional and physiol...


During his brief yet prolific career, Egon Schiele created hundreds of drawings, watercolours, and oil paintings of the women in his life. His work is generally regarded as Expressionistic, emotional, intense, autobiographical, and highly sexual. In this elegant and beautifully illustrated book, Jane Kallir examines Schiele's depictions of women to argue that there is more to these images than we realize. Drawing from the latest research as well as her own exhaustive familiarity with Schiele's entire oeuvre, Kallir explores four distinct periods, each characterized by a single figure or series of women: the artist's mother and sisters; the often anonymous models of the "breakthrough" years, 1910 - 11; his lover, Wally Neuzil; and his wife, Edith, and her sister, Adele. Weaving together historical context, biographical information, and observations of the works, Kallir demonstrates how these women relate not only to Schiele's development but to the larger issue of feminine representation. Kallir offers a panoply of significant insights into a central aspect of the artist's achievement, which has never before been the subject of a focused study. Schiele's fans will treasure this beautiful and ground-breaking addition to the literature on this important artist.


Compressional and shear wave velocity and attenuation measurements were obtained in the laboratory from 50 mm diameter, cylindrical, limestone core samples over a confining pressure range of 5 – 60 MPa. Normal and tangential fracture compliance values, as a function of confining pressure, were calculated for a single fracture cut perpendicular to the long axis of the core. The ratio of the normal to tangential compliance was approximately 0.4 and was independent of the applied stress. Values of normal and tangential fracture compliance calculated were of the order 10 -14 m/Pa, and decreased with an increase in confining pressure. Both Q -1 P and Q -1 S 1/Qs were shown to be small for these samples. A borehole test site was constructed in a Carboniferous limestone quarry, at Tytherington, situated north of Bristol, UK. This quarry was chosen because the rock type was fairly homogeneous and the fractures could be mapped in the quarry walls as well as down three, 40 m vertical boreholes drilled in-line in the quarry floor. Wireline logs were obtained in all the holes and a seismic crosshole survey was carried out between the two outermost boreholes. An estimate of in-situ normal fracture compliance, Z N , was obtained from the log and crosshole data, in 4 different ways, using effective medium theories as well as the displacement discontinuity theory. An additional estimate of Z N was obtained from a separate borehole test site constructed in fractured Devonian meta-sediments at Reskajeage, Cornwall, UK. These fractures were much larger in size than those observed at Tytherington quarry. From the above field and laboratory measurements, fracture compliance was shown to increase approximately linearly with the size of the fractures. In addition, a study of crosshole seismic attenuation was performed at Tytherington quarry. Q was found to be frequency dependent. This frequency dependence was interpreted as being due to scattering rather than intrinsic attenuation.


BACKGROUND
Despite widespread vaccination during 30 years, the hypothesis of a resurgence of pertussis in France has been raised by outbreaks and sporadic case reports. No surveillance data were available after 1985.

METHODS
A survey was undertaken in 1993 and 1994 in a pediatric hospital network able to confirm cases; the network (22 hospitals) represents 19.6% of pediatric admissions in France. Case definition included clinical (> or = 21 days of paroxysmal cough), laboratory-confirmed (culture or serology by immunoblot) or epidemiologically confirmed pertussis (documented contact with a laboratory-confirmed case). The pattern of transmission was studied in the household. Vaccine status was obtained from health records.

RESULTS
during a 15-month period 560 cases (316 index cases, 244 household contact cases) were reported; 49% of index cases and 20% of contact cases were confirmed by culture and/or serology. Sixty-five percent of index cases were younger than 1 year of age (the incidence in this age group could be estimated to be 95/100000) and 66% were hospitalized for a mean duration of 2 weeks. Infection was acquired from parents (34%) and siblings (46%). Seventy-three percent of index cases were unvaccinated.

CONCLUSIONS
Although pertussis vaccination coverage is very high in France, the organism is still circulating, affecting, within the pediatric population, mostly non- or incompletely vaccinated infants. These results strongly support the importance of adhering to the immunization schedule and suggest introducing booster dose(s) to prolong vaccine immunity and reduce the exposure to Bordetella pertussis of infants too young to be immunized.


The ability of various lactic acid bacteria isolated from wine to synthesize volatile phenols from trans p -coumaric and ferulic acid was studied in a model medium and compared with that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Dekkera intermedia . Quantitative analysis of the produced vinylphenols and ethylphenols showed that some strains of Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus pentosaceus were capable of decarboxylating p -coumaric acid to form 4-vinylphenol as actively as S. cerevisiae , whereas the same bacteria had a much less marked effect on ferulic acid. The other bacteria, Leuconostoc oenos in particular, only synthesize very small quantities of vinylphenols. Apart from Lactobacillus plantarum , none of the other lactic acid bacteria studied released any significant quantities of ethylphenols during culture. However, the quantities of ethylphenols produced by L. plantarum were still very small compared to those formed by D. intermedia and have no negative impact whatsoever on the wine9s aroma. The influence of lactic acid bacteria on the volatile phenol content of wine is, therefore, very restricted. These findings confirm that Brettanomyces/Dekkera are responsible for the development of a phenolic character in red wines. These yeasts multiply by fermenting the small quantities of residual sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, and trehalose) in the wine. The fermentation of barely 275 mg/ L of sugars, much less than the normal residual sugar level of new red wine at the end of the usual fermentation process, is sufficient to synthesize an excessive quantity of ethylphenols with alteration of the aromatic quality of the wine.


The idea of unsupervised learning from basic facts (axioms) or from data has fascinated researchers for decades. Knowledge discovery engines try to extract general inferences from facts or training data. Statistical methods take a more structured approach, attempting to quantify data by known and intuitively understood models. The problem of gleaning knowledge from existing data sources poses a significant paradigm shift from these traditional approaches. The size, noise, diversity, dimensionality, and distributed nature of typical data sets make even formal problem specification difficult. Moreover, you typically do not have control over data generation. This lack of control opens up a Pandora's box filled with issues such as overfitting, limited coverage, and missing/incorrect data with high dimensionality. Once specified, solution techniques must deal with complexity, scalability (to meaningful data sizes), and presentation. This entire process is where data mining makes its transition from serendipity to science.


Ocean acidification (OA) is a serious consequence of climate change with complex organism-to-ecosystem effects that have been observed through field observations but are mainly derived from experimental studies. Although OA trends and the resulting biological impacts are likely exacerbated in the semi-enclosed and highly populated Mediterranean Sea, some fundamental knowledge gaps still exist. These gaps are at tributed to both the uneven capacity for OA research that exists between Mediterranean countries, as well as to the subtle and long-term biological, physical and chemical interactions that define OA impacts. In this paper, we systematically analyzed the different aspects of OA research in the Mediterranean region based on two sources: the United Nation's International Atomic Energy Agency's (IAEA) Ocean Acidification International Coordination Center (OA-ICC) database, and an extensive survey. Our analysis shows that 1) there is an uneven geographic capacity in OA research, and illustrates that both the Algero-Provencal and Ionian sub-basins are currently the least studied Mediterranean areas, 2) the carbonate system is still poorly quantified in coastal zones, and long-term time-series are still sparse across the Mediterranean Sea, which is a challenge for studying its variability and assessing coastal OA trends, 3) the most studied groups of organisms are autotrophs (algae, phanerogams, phytoplankton), mollusks, and corals, while microbes, small mollusks (mainly pteropods), and sponges are among the least studied, 4) there is an overall paucity in socio-economic, paleontological, and modeling studies in the Mediterranean Sea, and 5) in spite of general resource availability and the agreement for improved and coordinated OA governance, there is a lack of consistent OA policies in the Mediterranean Sea. In addition to highlighting the current status, trends and gaps of OA research, this work also provides recommendations, based on both our literature assessment and a survey that targeted the Mediterranean OA scientific community. In light of the ongoing 2021-2030 United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development, this work might provide a guideline to close gaps of knowledge in the Mediterranean OA research. Systematic Review Registration https://www.oceandecade.org/


This Elon Law Review article sets out the status and development of the landmark case of former UCLA basketball star, Ed O'Bannon who sued the NCAA. O'Bannon's antitrust lawsuit against the NCAA challenges the right of the NCAA and its licensing partners to commercially use student-athletes' images and likeness without compensating them. This writer discusses the law of the right of publicity, that is a protectible property interest in one's name, identity or persona. Every person, celebrity or non-celebrity has the right to own, protect and commercially exploit one's identity. In order for the plaintiff's to prevail on their Section I antitrust claim, they must show that (1) there was an agreement; (2) the agreement unreasonably restrains trade under a rule of reason analysis; and (3) the restraint affects interstate commerce. On August 8, 2014, Chief Judge Claudia Wilken of the Northern District of California ruled in favor of the Plaintiffs in O'Bannon, holding that the NCAA rules violate antitrust laws. She issued an injunction that prevents the NCAA from enforcing any rules or bylaws that would prohibit member schools and conferences from offering a limited share of revenue generated from the use of players' names, images and likeness over and above a full grant-in-aid. The O'Bannon case is now on appeal in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. In other words, stay tuned.


Investigations on the utilization of nutrients from full-fat Moringa oleifera seed meal (FMOSM) and the toxicological and physiological implications of the seeds phytochemicals and heavy metals on utilization of the nutrients were conducted. Dietary FMOSM was offered to broiler chicks at hatch for 4-weeks in a one-way classification design experiment. Response criteria from the birds were determined on nutrients utilization, bioavailability of minerals including heavy metals and effects on blood constituents and metabolites. FMOSM was included in diets at graded levels of 0.00, 7.50, 10.00, 12.50 and 15.00% for diets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 respectively. Increasing level of virgin seed meal in diets caused a concomitant decrease in almost all the indices measured (p < 0.05), probably due to the antinutrients/toxic factors in the unprocessed seed meal. The birds utilized the rich minerals content of M. oleifera including its heavy metals, which prolonged consumption might be inimical to the health status of the experimental animal models. It was therefore concluded that untreated full-fat seed meal be included in diets for poultry not beyond 10% for optimum results.


Tendinopathy, a clinical term used to describe 'tendon-related pain', is a heterogeneous clinical presentation, reflected by the wide-ranging pain presentations and functional deficits.1 For this population, load-based exercise is effective; however, the 'optimal' type of exercise, intensity, frequency and duration are not known.2 3

Substantial variety has been a feature of the exercise prescription used in tendinopathy research to date. However, this variation does not appear to have impacted the results. Exercise programmes as different as a concentric-eccentric heavy slow loading programme performed three times per week and eccentric only exercises performed twice daily, 7 days/week, have achieved similar results.4 While within-group mean severity scores improve, individual responses are wide ranging for the same exercise programme4 and success rates vary from 44% failing to improve5 to 100% success6 for a similar exercise intervention.

Here we discuss a novel consideration to explain such phenomena—cognitive and contextual factors that affect each individual therapeutic encounter. We acknowledge that heterogeneity in the research cohorts (eg, age, sex, chronicity, comorbidities) or variations in how the exercise programme was delivered and progressed likely play a role, but we focus on factors we feel have received little attention.

Beliefs and fears have received little attention in current tendinopathy management models. Working alliance and self-efficacy are both associated with adherence behaviours and rehabilitation …


This article explores the collective action problem of disease prevention by developing the conditions under which people engage in private means of mosquito control and malaria prevention. People are more likely to overcome problems related to collective action and free riding when they face financial rewards or when they lower transactions costs related to monitoring and enforcement. These conditions hold especially when they can tie the collective good of prevention with complementary private goods, and when they can form associations and firms that encourage prevention. These conditions are developed with reference to the American experience with malaria in the early twentieth century, and, in particular, private efforts to eliminate mosquitos and lower malaria prevalence rates. The persistence of malaria in the southern United States supports this logic too, as the private benefits of prevention there were lower than the costs. This study shows that the scope for individual responses to changing prevalence rates is wider than typically assumed.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation is impaired in patients with acute bacterial meningitis: this may be caused by cerebral arteriolar dilatation. We tested the hypothesis that CBF autoregulation is recovered by acute mechanical hyperventilation in 9 adult patients with acute bacterial meningitis.

METHODS
Norepinephrine was infused to increase mean arterial pressure (MAP) 30 mm Hg from baseline. Relative changes in CBF were concomitantly recorded by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography of the middle cerebral artery, measuring mean flow velocity (V(mean)), and by measurement of arterial to jugular oxygen content difference (a-v DO(2)). The slope of the regression line between MAP and V(mean) was calculated. Measurements were performed during normoventilation and repeated after 30 minutes of mechanical hyperventilation.

RESULTS
At normoventilation (median PaCO(2) 4.4 kPa, range 3.5 to 4.9), MAP was increased from 68 mm Hg (60 to 101) to 109 mm Hg (95 to 126). V(mean) increased with MAP from 48 cm/s (30 to 61) to 65 cm/s(33 to 86) (P<0.01), and a-v DO(2) decreased from 2.2 mmol/L (1.0 to 2.7) to 1.4 mmol/L (0.8 to 1.8) (P<0.05). During hyperventilation (PaCO(2) 3.5 kPa, range 3.3 to 4.1), MAP was increased from 76 mm Hg (58 to 92) to 109 mm Hg (95 to 121). V(mean) increased from 45 cm/s (29 to 55) to 53 cm/s (33 to 78) (P<0.01), and a-v DO(2) decreased from 2.5 mmol/L (1.8 to 3.0) to 1.8 mmol/L (1.2 to 2.4) (P<0.05). Four patients recovered autoregulation completely during hyperventilation. The slope of the autoregulation curve decreased during hyperventilation compared with normoventilation (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
CBF autoregulation is partially recovered during short-term mechanical hyperventilation in patients with acute bacterial meningitis, indicating that cerebral arteriolar dilation in part accounts for the regulatory impairment of CBF in these patients.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to reassess the pathogenesis of postoperative endophthalmitis (POE), aiming to determine the presence of bacteria in the anterior chamber at the conclusion of phacoemulsification cataract surgery, and the subsequent development of POE. Methods: A single surgeon performed all cataract procedures across the two nominated day surgical centres. Phacoemulsification surgery with intraocular lens implantation (IOL) was performed on 209 eyes. Patient demographics and POE risk factors were obtained, as well as an anterior chamber (AC) aspirate from each patient at the conclusion of the surgical procedure. The aspirate was cultured for 1 – 5 days. Fourteen eyes also underwent bacterial 16S polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the AC aspirate. Any subsequent development of POE was recorded. No intracameral antibiotics were used. Results: Of the 209 cultures, three cases (1.4%) were positive for growth (95% confidence interval). The three positive cases yielded different microorganisms. One case was positive for bacteria (Corynebacterium species) while the other two cases were positive for fungi (Candida species and a Zygomycete). Cases with positive culture growth had no statistically significant difference in the incidence of preoperative, operative and postoperative risk factors for POE, compared with patients with negative culture. No patient in this study developed POE. Conclusion: The bacterial contamination rate of the AC after phacoemulsification surgery with IOL implantation is extremely low. Strict aseptic technique and definitively closed incisions can potentially be attributed to the zero percentage incidence of POE. It is probable that POE is more likely due to postoperative factors.


Agricultural crops benefit from resistance to pathogens that endures over years and generations of both pest and crop. Durable disease resistance, which may be partial or complete, can be controlled by several genes. Some of the most devastating fungal pathogens in wheat are leaf rust, stripe rust, and powdery mildew. The wheat gene Lr34 has supported resistance to these pathogens for more than 50 years. Lr34 is now shared by wheat cultivars around the world. Here, we show that the LR34 protein resembles adenosine triphosphate–binding cassette transporters of the pleiotropic drug resistance subfamily. Alleles of Lr34 conferring resistance or susceptibility differ by three genetic polymorphisms. The Lr34 gene, which functions in the adult plant, stimulates senescence-like processes in the flag leaf tips and edges.


An RNA derivative (pSPT 18.15) of Jeffreys' 33.15 human minisatellite core sequence was used to probe DNA from individuals of the peach-potato (Myzus persicae) and grain (Sitobion avenae) aphid. Sufficient and reproducible quantities of DNA (M. persicae = 0.90 ± 0.19 μg DNA individual-1; S. avenae = 1.50 ± 0.30 μg DNA individual-1) were extracted from individuals by whole-body homogenization to produce complex multi-locus DNA fingerprints. Profiles contained 19.5 ± 2.4 (M. persicae) and 14.8 ± 1.2 (S. avenae) fragments per individual, mainly within the 0.6—6.6 kb range, and exhibited marked endonuclease-specific variations in complexity. Individuals from six clones of S. avenae found to be monomorphic at 11 putative allozymic loci could be distinguished using their DNA fingerprint profiles. Fingerprints from a clone of M. persicae were stable over nine parthenogenetic generations showing the absence of major genetic rearrangements ('endomeiosis') during apomictic parthenogenesis. The demonstration that sequences homologous to human minisatellite regions are both present and polymorphic in an invertebrate, coupled with the ability to characterize clones from individuals yielding small quantities of DNA show that genetic fingerprinting should be especially valuable for monitoring the diversity and dynamics of clonal animals in the field.


Preface. Chapter 1: The Role of Theory in the Physical Sciences. 1.0 Introduction. 1.1 What is the role of theory in science? 1.2 The gas laws of Boyle and Gay-Lussac. 1.3 An absolute zero of temperature. 1.4 The gas equation of Van der Waals. 1.5 Physical laws. 1.6 Laws, postulates, hypotheses, etc. 1.7 Theory at the end of the 19th century. 1.8 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 2: From Classical to Quantum Mechanics. 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 The motion of the planets: Tycho Brahe and Kepler. 2.2 Newton, Lagrange and Hamilton. 2.3 The power of classical mechanics. 2.4 The failure of classical physics. 2.5 The black-body radiator and Planck's quantum hypothesis. 2.6 The photoelectric effect. 2.7 The emission spectra of atoms. 2.8 de Broglie's proposal. 2.9 The Schrodinger equation. 2.10 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 3: The Application of Quantum Mechanics. 3.0 Introduction. 3.1 Observables, operators, eigenfunctions and eigenvalues. 3.2 The Schrodinger method. 3.3 An electron on a ring. 3.4 Huckel's (4N + 2) rule: aromaticity. 3.5 Normalisation and orthogonality. 3.6 An electron in a linear box. 3.7 The linear and angular momenta of electrons confined within a one-dimensional box or on a ring. 3.8 The eigenfunctions of different operators. 3.9 Eigenfunctions, eigenvalues and experimental measurements. 3.10 More about measurement: the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. 3.11 The commutation of operators. 3.12 Combinations of eigenfunctions and the superposition of states. 3.13 Operators and their formulation. 3.14 Summary. 3.15 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 4: Angular Momentum. 4.0 Introduction. 4.1 Angular momentum in classical mechanics. 4.2 The conservation of angular momentum. 4.3 Angular momentum as a vector quantity. 4.4 Orbital angular momentum in quantum mechanics. 4.5 Spin angular momentum. 4.6 Total angular momentum. 4.7 Angular momentum operators and eigenfunctions. 4.8 Notation. 4.9 Some examples. 4.10 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 5: The Structure and Spectroscopy of the Atom. 5.0 Introduction. 5.1 The eigenvalues of the hydrogen atom. 5.2 The wave functions of the hydrogen atom. 5.3 Polar diagrams of the angular functions. 5.4 The complete orbital wave functions. 5.5 Other one-electron atoms. 5.6 Electron spin. 5.7 Atoms and ions with more than one electron. 5.8 The electronic states of the atom. 5.9 Spin-orbit coupling. 5.10 Selection rules in atomic spectroscopy. 5.11 The Zeeman effect. 5.12 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 6: The Covalent Chemical Bond. 6.0 Introduction. 6.1 The binding energy of the hydrogen molecule. 6.2 The Hamiltonian operator for the hydrogen molecule. 6.3 The Born-Oppenheimer approximation. 6.4 Heitler and London: The valence bond (VB) model. 6.5 Hund and Mulliken: the molecular orbital (MO) model. 6.6 Improving the wave functions. 6.7 Unification: Ionic structures and configuration interaction. 6.8 Electron correlation. 6.9 Bonding and antibonding Mos. 6.10 Why is there no He-He Bond? 6.11 Atomic orbital overlap. 6.12 The Homonuclear diatomic molecules from lithium to fluorine. 6.13 Heteronuclear diatomic molecules. 6.14 Charge distribution. 6.15 Hybridisation and resonance. 6.16 Resonance and the valence bond theory. 6.17 Molecular geometry. 6.18 Computational developments. 6.19 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 7: Bonding, Spectroscopy and Magnetism in Transition-Metal Complexes. 7.0 Introduction. 7.1 Historical development. 7.2 The crystal field theory. 7.3 The electronic energy levels of transition-metal complexes. 7.4 The electronic spectroscopy of transition-metal complexes. 7.5 Pairing energies low-spin and high-spin complexes. 7.6 The magnetism of transition-metal complexes. 7.7 Covalency and the ligand field theory. 7.8 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 8: Spectroscopy. 8.0 The interaction of radiation with matter. 8.1 Electromagnetic radiation. 8.2 Polarised light. 8.3 The electromagnetic spectrum. 8.4 Photons and their properties. 8.5 Selection rules. 8.6 The quantum mechanics of transition probability. 8.7 The nature of the time-independent interaction. 8.8 Spectroscopic time scales. 8.9 Quantum electrodynamics. 8.10 Spectroscopic units and notation. 8.11 The Einstein coefficients. 8.12 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 9: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 9.0 Introduction. 9.1 The magnetic properties of atomic nuclei. 9.2 The frequency region of NMR spectroscopy. 9.3 The NMR selection rule. 9.4 The chemical shift. 9.5 Nuclear spin-spin coupling. 9.6 The energy levels of a nuclear spin system. 9.7 The intensities of NMR spectral lines. 9.8 Quantum mechanics and NMR spectroscopy. 9.9 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 10: Infrared Spectroscopy. 10.0 Introduction. 10.1 The origin of the infrared spectra of molecules. 10.2 Simple harmonic motion. 10.3 The quantum-mechanical harmonic oscillator. 10.4 Rotation of a diatomic molecule. 10.5 Selection rules for vibrational and rotational transitions. 10.6 Real diatomic molecules. 10.7 Polyatomic molecules. 10.8 Anharmonicity. 10.9 The ab-initio calculation of IR spectra. 10.10 The special case of near infrared spectroscopy. 10.11 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 11: Electronic Spectroscopy. 11.0 Introduction. 11.1 Atomic and molecular orbitals. 11.2 The spectra of covalent molecules. 11.3 Charge transfer (CT) spectra. 11.4 Many-electron wave functions. 11.5 The 1s12s1 configuration of the helium atom singlet and triplet states. 11.6 The PI-electron spectrum of benzene. 11.7 Selection rules. 11.8 Slater determinants (Appendix 6). 11.9 Bibliography and further reading. Chapter 12: Some Special Topics. 12.0 Introduction. 12.1 The Huckel molecular orbital (HMO) theory. 12.2 Magnetism in chemistry. 12.3 The band theory of solids. 12.4 Bibliography and further reading. Appendices. 1. Fundamental Constants and Atomic Units. 2. The Variation Method and the Secular Equations. 3. Energies and Wave Functions by Matrix Diagonalisation. 4. Perturbation Theory. 5. The Spherical Harmonics and Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions. 6. Slater Determinants. 7. Spherical Polar Co-ordinates. 8. Numbers: Real, Imaginary and Complex. 9. Dipole and Transition Dipole Moments. 10. Wave Functions for the 3F States of d2 using Shift Operators. Index.


A thin place in a spun yarn with less number of fibers contains more twist and should result in higher cohesion between the fibers. Still a yarn generally fails at thin place. To study the behavior of thin places during tensile testing, ring spun yarn with three different composition and two counts were produced at three different twist levels. The effect of mass variation on twist and tensile behavior was studied. Yarn thin places in which the mass was 30%, 40%, and 50% less than the mean mass of the yarn were taken for the study. There has been a significant change in the overall and local twist with variation of mass. The composition of the yarns and change in their diameter were found to influence the tensile behavior of the yarns.


In this paper we try to put dierent practical aspects of the general linear methods discussed in the papers (1,6,7) under one algorithm to show more details of its implementation. With a proposed initial step size strategy this algorithm shows a better performance in some problems. To illustrate the eciency of the method we consider some standard test problems and report more useful details of step size and order changes, and number of rejected and accepted steps along with relative global errors.


During the start-up and shut down phase of reciprocating compressors the loads on all components of driven train system are very high. In this paper a method for the calculating the forces on coupling, e-motor, crank shaft as well other components of the system will be described. The modelling of the electrical induction motor, coupling, crank shaft, damper as well as the compressor resistance torque are extremely important in simulating start-up and shut down of reciprocating compressor. Equally important, are the switching torque of the electrical motor and the instantaneous moment of inertia of the reciprocating compressor crank gear. The transient start-up and shut down process under loaded and unloaded is described using a non-linear differential equation for driven train system: EMotor – Coupling – Flywheel – Reciprocating compressor - Damper. Shaft torsional moments on the drive train and especially on the coupling, whether elastic or stiff, can then only be calculated using numerical simulation. This paper will describe some of the key elements in modelling, simulating and measurements of drive train start-up and shut down carried out on already operational piston compressor units


This paper argues that today's "Unani Medicine" as practiced in India and other countries contrary to the self-conception of its practitioners is not essentially identical with earlier Graeco-Islamic medicine in India. In support of this notion the author examines crucial passages from three comprehensive Indo-Persian medical works of the 16th and 17th century CE and carves out the concept of medicine present in these works. This concept appears to be similar to the self-conception current in modern Western medicine in several respects while this does not apply to contemporary "Unani Medicine" in the same way. This is a critical difference between "Unani Medicine" and its historical precursor and should be further examined in future. Since the history of Graeco-Islamic medicine in India is still in its beginnings and even the most important works have not yet been critically edited let alone thoroughly analysed, this paper does not present final conclusions, but rather aims at pointing to crucial problems and at stimulating a discussion. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License .


User engagement is a critical metric for evaluating the quality of open-domain dialogue systems. Prior work has focused on conversation-level engagement by using heuristically constructed features such as the number of turns and the total time of the conversation. In this paper, we investigate the possibility and efficacy of estimating utterance-level engagement and define a novel metric, {\em predictive engagement}, for automatic evaluation of open-domain dialogue systems. Our experiments demonstrate that (1) human annotators have high agreement on assessing utterance-level engagement scores; (2) conversation-level engagement scores can be predicted from properly aggregated utterance-level engagement scores. Furthermore, we show that the utterance-level engagement scores can be learned from data. These scores can improve automatic evaluation metrics for open-domain dialogue systems, as shown by correlation with human judgements. This suggests that predictive engagement can be used as a real-time feedback for training better dialogue models.


Title of Document: Application of the Abstract: Making Sustainable and Solar Design a Reality through LEAFHouse Kimberly Allison Singleton, Master of Architecture, 2007 Directed By: Professor Amy Gardner, AIA, LEED School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation 'Sustainability' and 'green design' are two terms that have become more common in both professional practice and architectural education. They are merely abstract terms however; concepts which many students find difficult to grasp at a high enough level for thorough implementation in a design project. As a result, sustainable and solar techniques become more of an afterthought, giving students a cursory, at best, understanding of the principles, preventing an understanding of how to implement the principles. Reflecting on the process, product, challenges and achievements of both the 2007 Solar Decathlon team and the LEAFHouse, this thesis posits the importance of hands-on, interdisciplinary design and construction work for the understanding and implementation of sustainable techniques and solar technologies. In addition, it suggests a change in the way that the built environment is conceived, designed and constructed, through the collaboration of practitioners and industry professionals from a range of disciplines. APPLICATION OF THE ABSTRACT: MAKING SUSTAINABLE AND SOLAR DESIGN A REALITY THROUGH LEAFHOUSE


A possible alternative to conventional castration methods is the use of vaccines that can be injected in order to sterilize animals. One promising approach involves the use of a vaccine that causes cattle to produce an immune response against one of their own reproductive hormones, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Immunization against GnRH results in a decrease in the amount of GnRH circulating within the animal's blood. Therefore, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are not stimulated to be released, and, subsequently their levels required for reproductive function. Experimentation has shown that immunization against GnRH can effectively block reproductive function in an age-independent manner but has little effect on carcass and growth parameters. However, about 10% of cattle tested do not respond when immunized against GnRH, regardless of dosing regimen. Further research is needed to improve the efficiency of potential GnRH immunocastration vaccines.; Dairy Day, 1997, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1997;


The purpose of the present study is to design an ESP course targeted at Iranian students of Architecture. To do this, a needs analysis questionnaire was administered to elicit information about the skills they required in their profession. Based on the information obtained through the needs analysis questionnaire, specific learning goals and objectives were identified. A PET test was also administered to specify the learners' level of language proficiency. Since the results gathered by the needs analysis questionnaire showed that reading and writing are the skills mostly used in both their course of study and place of work, a course was designed to address the objectives of reading comprehension and writing. Based on the identified goal and objective statements, the researcher adopted a skill-based syllabus to enable students to acquire the necessary knowledge and ability to act successfully in their course of study and work place. Based on the selected syllabus framework, a pre- intermediate sample course was designed aiming to provide the opportunity to cover the required reading, vocabulary, writing, and grammar skills.


Background: General practitioners (GPs) are usually the first-line doctors visiting patients with breast problems. Therefore, their knowledge about breast diseases is of significant importance for proper screening and referral of patients and warrants scrutiny. The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge of GPs regarding different breast imaging modalities. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we asked participants in an annual GP conference to complete a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire elicited information about the GP's characteristics such as age, gender and work experience and eight multiple choice questions about how to use different imaging modalities and manage patients with breast disorders were also proposed. Results: In total, 270 GPs completed the questionnaire (155 females and 115 males). The results showed a significant association between frequency of GPs choosing the correct imaging modality in a 50-year-old asymptomatic patient and participants' age (≤40) and duration of work experience (≤5) (P = 0.002 and P = 0.016, respectively). Also, a significant association was revealed between gender of GPs (female) and correct answers regarding management of nipple discharge (P = 0.024). There were no significant associations between the other variables and answers to the other questions. Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the importance of implementing continuous medical education for GPs in approach to breast diseases.


In a business where great risks, huge fortunes, and even bigger egos are common, Larry Ellison stands out as one of the most outspoken, driven, and daring leaders of the software industry. The company he cofounded and runs, Oracle, is the number one business software company: perhaps even more than Microsoft's, Oracle's products are essential to today's networked world. But Oracle is as controversial as it is influential, as feared as it is revered, thanks in large part to Larry Ellison. Though Oracle is one of the world's most valuable and profitable companies, Ellison is not afraid to suddenly change course and reinvent Oracle in the pursuit of new and ever more ambitious goals. Softwar examines the results of these shifts in strategy and the forces that drive Ellison relentlessly on. In "Softwar," journalist Matthew Symonds gives readers an exclusive and intimate insight into both Oracle and the man who made it and runs it. As well as relating the story of Oracle's often bumpy path to industry dominance, Symonds deals with the private side of Ellison's life. From Ellison's troubled upbringing by adoptive parents and his lifelong search for emotional security to the challenges and opportunities that have come with unimaginable wealth, Softwar gets inside the skin of a fascinating and complicated human being. With unlimited insider access granted by Ellison himself, Symonds captures the intensity and, some would say, the recklessness that have made Ellison a legend. The result of more than a hundred hours of interviews and many months spent with Ellison, Softwar is the most complete portrait undertaken of the man and his empire -- a unique and gripping account of boththe way the computing industry really works and an extraordinary life. Despite his closeness to Ellison, Matthew Symonds is a candid and at times highly critical observer. And in perhaps the book's most unusual feature, Ellison responds to Symonds's portrayal in the form of a running footnoted commentary. The result is one of the most fascinating business stories of all time.


Although the French Revolution is associated with efforts to dechristianize the French state and citizens, it actually had long-term religious-even Christian-origins, claims Dale Van Kley in this controversial new book. Looking back at the two and a half centuries that preceded the revolution, Van Kley explores the diverse, often warring religious strands that influenced political events up to the revolution. Van Kley draws on a wealth of primary sources to show that French royal absolutism was first a product and then a casualty of religious conflict. On the one hand, the religious civil wars of the sixteenth century between the Calvinist and Catholic internationals gave rise to Bourbon divine-right absolutism in the seventeenth century. On the other hand, Jansenist-related religious conflicts in the eighteenth century helped to "desacralize" the monarchy and along with it the French Catholic clergy, which was closely identified with Bourbon absolutism. The religious conflicts of the eighteenth century also made a more direct contribution to the revolution, for they left a legacy of protopolitical and ideological parties (such as the Patriot party, a successor to the Jansenist party), whose rhetoric affected the content of revolutionary as well as counterrevolutionary political culture. Even in its dechristianizing phase, says Van Kley, revolutionary political culture was considerably more indebted to varieties of French Catholicism than it realized.


The objective was to summarize management practices, identify factors associated with bacterial counts, and describe the variation in total solids concentrations of milk or milk replacer in automated feeders. Six dairy calf operations in Virginia and 4 in Minnesota employing 1 to 2 sophisticated automated calf feeders were visited biweekly for 26 to 28 wk. An initial management survey was conducted for each farm. Observations on facilities, calf weights and heights, blood samples to estimate serum total proteins, treatment records, digital feeding behavior records, and milk or milk replacer (MMR) samples were collected at each visit. Additional milk replacer (MR) samples were collected for 4 wk preand post-circuit cleaning. Samples of MMR were plated on Aerobic Plate Count (APC) and Coliform Count (CCP) Petrifilms. Total solids concentration was estimated for MR samples by refractometry. Feeding plans varied widely between farms. Estimates of calf growth were near industry standards, but the proportion of calves receiving treatment was elevated. Least squares mean APC and CCP were 5.26 and 3.01 log10 cfu/ml for Virginia and 3.80 and 0.61 log10 cfu/ml for Minnesota. Circuit cleaning (CC) caused 13 and 16% log reduction in APC and CCP. However, more frequent CC/wk increased bacteria. Mixer/heat exchanger cleanings decreased bacteria during biweekly farm visits. Chlorine bleach reduced bacteria. Use of silicone feeder hoses increased bacteria. A quadratic effect of MMR liters delivered/d was observed; liters delivered > 147 L decreased APC. Automated feeders delivered 12.26% of MR samples > 2% over and 25.71% > 2% under target solids concentration.


Cognition refers to mental activity including thinking, memory, psycholinguistics, comprehension, motivation, perception and self confidence. When cognitive approach is applied to learning and teaching, focus is on understanding of information and concepts. If we are able to understand the connections between concepts, breakdown information and rebuild with logical connections, then our retention of material and understanding capacity will be improved. To improve the cognitive skills among school children by using modern teaching techniques. The study participants were from a school following uniform curriculum in Chennai. The control group and study group participants were exposed to conventional teaching and novel modern teaching methodology respectively. The results were statistically analysed and found to be statistically significant. This study revealed that modern teaching techniques are one of the effective and efficient method in improving the cognitive skills of the school students to make them perform better in their education.


An electrolyte is a key component of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices and its properties greatly affect the energy capacity, rate performance, cyclability and safety of all EES devices. This article offers a critical review of the recent progress and challenges in electrolyte research and development, particularly for supercapacitors and supercapatteries, rechargeable batteries (such as lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries), and redox flow batteries (including fuel cells in a broad sense). The review will focus on liquid electrolytes, including aqueous and organic electrolytes, ionic liquids and molten salts. The influence of electrolyte properties on the performances of different EES devices is discussed in detail.


Last August, Australia's Senate considered a motion calling for Japan's full acceptance and adequate compensation for "comfort women" forced into sexual slavery during World War II (WWII). While having failed at vote, the resolution would have added Australia to the list of various other bodies such as the European Union, Canada, and the United States, that have pressured Japan concerning the Imperial Government's involvement in institutionalizing wartime sexual slavery. Despite what the Japanese Embassy describes as having "acknowledged the comfort women issue and extended official apologies on many important occasions," most survivors and their advocates reject such statements on the grounds that these gestures were short in both legitimacy and reparations. The subject matter lives on as a contentious topic in social and political dialogue between Japan and other East Asian countries, and while some activists may overemphasize its individual political clout in foreign relations, it has been a hot-button issue in the Far East that continually simmers in the background, proving easily volatile in conjunction with other current events. Sixty-four years after the conclusion of WWII, the "comfort women" question remains largely unresolved, going beyond the realm of human rights and striking deeper chords of nationalism, memory, and the politics of apology. Background Euphemistically labeled "comfort women," between 80,000 and 200,000 women are estimated to have been coerced into supplying sex for Imperial Japanese soldiers during WWII. With approximately 80 percent of the victims ethnically Korean, the issue has largely been associated with Korea, but numbers include women from other formerly occupied Japanese territories such as China, the Philippines, and Indonesia. A distinctive element to the incident has also been the relative youth of the victims, mostly under the age of 18, and thus considered under-aged even for consensual prostitution. Conditions under which the women were forced to operate were often inhumane and physically and psychologically traumatic, survivors charge. But while Asian society was implicitly aware of the incident, social stigma led most survivors to bury the issue under silence for several decades after the war. Despite the media coverage the issue garners today, it was not until August 1991 that a public testimony in Korea was given, when former Korean comfort, woman Kim Haksoon acknowledged her victimization by holding a press conference about Japanese "comfort stations" of WWII. By 2001, some two hundred Korean former comfort women had testified, as well as women from other countries such as the Philippines and Taiwan. The Japanese government initially denied direct involvement in the recruiting of comfort women, giving a statement in 1990 rejecting any official connection to the brothels. Instead, the government attributed the coordination to solely private contractors. However, after historian Yoshiaki Yoshimi discovered government records in the Japanese Defense Agency library in 1992 proving a direct role in managing the brothels, the government released the guarded Kono statement acknowledging the partial involvement of the Japanese government, which, while accepting some contribution to military-servicing brothels, evaded legal responsibility toward the comfort women. Thus, the Japanese government, by first denying, then continuing to diminish, the state's position in institutionalizing sexual slavery during the war, failed to satisfy the demands set forth by former comfort women. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Causes and Colonialism Discourse on comfort women follows a largely postcolonial framework. As previously mentioned, the composition of the victims was primarily of women from occupied Japanese territories. Testimonies of former comfort women also repeatedly refer to the colonization of their country as the reason for their enslavement and suffering. …


This Article develops a consequentialist game-theoretic perspective for understanding the right to silence. By applying this perspective, the Article reveals that the conventional perception of the right to silence, as impeding the search for truth and thus helping criminals alone, is mistaken. The Article demonstrates that the right to silence can help triers of fact to distinguish between factually innocent and guilty suspects and defendants. This is achieved by an important feature of the right to silence which this Article brings to the fore: a criminal's self-interested response to questioning can impose externalities (in the form of wrongful conviction) on innocent suspects and defendants who tell the truth but cannot corroborate their responses. Absent a right, criminals would make false exculpatory statements if they believed that their lies were unlikely to be exposed; and, knowing criminals' incentives, the trier of fact would rationally discount the probative value of uncorroborated exculpatory statements, at the expense of some unfortunate innocents who cannot corroborate their true exculpatory stories. By contrast, neither pooling nor the ensuing wrongful convictions would then occur were a right available: for as Bentham famously noted, innocents would still tell the truth, whereas criminals would separate by rationally exercising the right. The Article also demonstrates that this game-theoretic analysis of the right to silence is supported by the existing empirical data. There is therefore a strong case for the right to silence, which should be set against current attempts to curtail or abolish it.The right to silence would only operate in this way in legal systems which observe the proof-beyond-all-reasonable-doubt requirement. Criminals choose to exercise an available right because lies told in court or during police interrogation are amenable to refutation, whereas silence can help a guilty defendant to obtain an acquittal based on a reasonable doubt.This Article also demonstrates that its rationale for the right to silence has a strong explanatory capacity. This rationale outscores its competitors in both justifying and coherently explaining each branch of the Fifth Amendment jurisprudence. The proposed rationale is therefore not only normatively sound, but is also efficacious in its descriptive role.


Moving on from his previous book, Superstructuralism , Richard Harland argues that the focus on single words in the structuralist theory of language is its key weakness and that the next advance beyond post-structuralism depends upon replacing word-based with syntagm-based theories. In a lucid way he develops a new syntagmatic theory which shows that the effect of combining words grammatically can transform the very nature of meaning. The wide breadth of coverage in the book covers both post-Chomskyan' linguistics and Derrida, and sets up an opposition to analytic and speech-act views of language. By presenting a systematic critique and counter-proposal, Harland challenges the very foundation of recent literary and language based theory.


The paper intends to analyze the US manufacturing industries' demand for energy, total and per value added, over the last 25 years with an outlook into the future. The study concentrates on 5 energy-intensive industries (food, paper, chemicals, stone and clay, metals), which together absorb about 80 percent of the total energy consumed in manufacturing industries, excluding coal and petroleum products. The historical growth rates of the last 25 years show for each of these industries and total maufacturing a decrease in the amount of energy used per unit of output. This trend was observed during the periods of economic growth, when energy was relatively cheap and abundant; and it continued during the recent past in the 1975/76 recession. The question is raised of how various research bodies see the development of these trends in their projections up to the year 2000.

The study which contains detailed data on methods and sources for various concepts of energy consumption and manufacturing output, was originally used to provide the data basis for the IIASA modeling exercises of energy demand by manufacturing industries.


This thesis falls within the area of systematic theology. It seeks, by examining Jacques Dupuis's theological concepts and proposals, to evaluate his perspective on a Christian theology of religious pluralism. The concepts which are examined include the idea of a single history of salvation and revelation, God's revelation in the sacred scriptures of other religions, the universality and uniqueness of Jesus Christ, the church in relation to the Reign of God, and the characteristics of interreligious dialogue. The main theological proposals cover religious pluralism "in principle", the Trinitarian Christology for understanding God's saving activity outside of Christianity, and the world religions as "participated" mediations of salvation. A brief characterisation is presented of Dupuis's life and theology in general, the influences on his thought and its evolution, and his difficulties with the Vatican. The research also covers the historical theological context out of which the theology of "inclusive pluralism" emerges, giving an overview of the main approaches to religions, namely, ecclesiocentrism, Christocentrism and theocentrism in a Christian theology of religions. Dupuis uses the Trinitarian approach to the religious history of humanity to explain the work of the Holy Trinity in the process of salvation of humanity focusing on a distinction between the enduring action of the eternal Word of God, the Word incarnate in Jesus Christ and the saving presence of the Spirit. This Trinitarian Christology becomes the basis for Dupuis's proposal for perceiving the religious traditions as "paths" to salvation. Dupuis attributes to the religious traditions "participated" mediation on the basis of God's self-communication which takes place in other religions. Because this dissertation has been written in the South African context, the final question concerns the possible applications of Dupuis's inclusivist thought to the present situation of dialogue among religions in this country. In this regard, a general background is given of religious diversity in South Africa. Relations among religions during respectively colonial and early apartheid years, the second half of the twentieth century and finally democracy are examined. The research suggests areas of application of Dupuis's proposals for dialogue among religions in South Africa. The existing relationship between Christianity and Islam is the basis for a case study of the possible application of Dupuis's proposals. The research indicates areas of convergence between Dupuis's proposals and dialogue with Muslims. Concrete examples reveal that the most promising forms of dialogue with Muslims in South Africa remain dialogue of life and action that are especially needed in the process of reconstruction and nation-building. The thesis concludes with an evaluation of the "inclusive pluralism" of Jacques Dupuis, its validity and contribution to a Christian theology of religions and to the future of interreligious dialogue.


Abstract. The analysis of moving objects is a rather challenging but also informative task. It provides important knowledge which is required in a large variety of research fields and applications. The same holds for the analysis of group movements, which, for instance, is able to provide knowledge that can support or contribute to social behavior studies of human beings or animals. In this work, we present an approach to identify changes in the group structure over time, which can support studies regarding an object's role or standing within the group. The presented methodology is based on the transformation to relative movements and a consecutive change detection algorithm. In order to evaluate our approach, we further conduct experiments by applying it to real data from different scenarios. The results obtained in these experiments demonstrate the functionality and its portability to different uses cases.


A number of developing countries have implemented financial reforms as a mechanism towards improving the process of financial intermediation and ultimately economic growth. Lesotho has also implemented a series of reforms in the financial sector including interest rate liberalization and introduction of indirect instruments of monetary policy. The paper investigated the validity of McKinnon- Shaw complementarity hypothesis in Lesotho using the quarterly data covering 1990-2006. The hypothesis argues that there is a positive relationship between real money and physical capital. Using granger causality and error correction models (ECM), the study found empirical support for the complementarity hypothesis in Lesotho. Thus the ongoing financial reforms play an important role in enhancing fixed capital formation and economic growth.


The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change was published on 30 October 2006. In this article Richard Tol and Gary Yohe, while agreeing with some of the Review's conclusions, disagree with some other points raised in the Review and they address six issues in particular: First, the Stern Review does not present new estimates of either the impacts of climate change or the costs of greenhouse gas emission reduction. Rather, the Stern Review reviews existing material. It is therefore surprising that the Stern Review produced numbers that are so far outside the range of the previous published literature. Second, the high valuation of climate change impacts reported in the Review can be explained by a very low discount rate, risk that is double-counted, and vulnerability that is assumed to be constant over very long periods of time (two or more centuries). The latter two sources of exaggeration are products of substandard analysis. The use of a very low discount rate is debatable. Third, the low estimates for the cost of climate change policy can be explained by the Review's truncating time horizon over which they are calculated, omitting the economic repercussions of dearer energy, and ignoring the capital invested in the energy sector. The first assumption is simply wrong, especially since the very low discount rates puts enormous weight on the other side of the calculus on impacts that might be felt after the year 2050. The latter two are misleading. Fourth, the cost and benefit estimates reported in the Stern Review do not match its policy conclusions. If the impacts of climate change are as dramatic as the Stern Review suggests, and if the costs of emission reduction are as small as reported, then a concentration target that is far more stringent than the one recommended in the Review should have been proposed. The Review, in fact, does not conduct a proper optimization exercise. Fifth, a strong case for emission reduction even in the near term can nonetheless be made without relying on suspect valuations and inappropriate summing across the multiple sources of climate risk. A corollary of this observation is that doing nothing in the short term is not advisable even on economic grounds. Sixth, alarmism supported by dubious economics born of the Stern Review may further polarize the climate policy debate. It will certainly allow opponents of near-term climate policy to focus the world's attention on the estimation errors and away from its more important messages: that climate risks are approaching more quickly than previously anticipated, that some sort of policy response will be required to diminish the likelihoods of the most serious of those risks, and that beginning now can be justified by economic arguments anchored on more reliable analysis. These six points are discussed in separate sections before the authors reach their conclusion.


Machine Learning (ML) models trained on data from multiple demographic groups can inherit representation disparity (Hashimoto et al., 2018) that may exist in the data: the model may be less favorable to groups contributing less to the training process; this in turn can degrade population retention in these groups over time, and exacerbate representation disparity in the long run. In this study, we seek to understand the interplay between ML decisions and the underlying group representation, how they evolve in a sequential framework, and how the use of fairness criteria plays a role in this process. We show that the representation disparity can easily worsen over time under a natural user dynamics (arrival and departure) model when decisions are made based on a commonly used objective and fairness criteria, resulting in some groups diminishing entirely from the sample pool in the long run. It highlights the fact that fairness criteria have to be defined while taking into consideration the impact of decisions on user dynamics. Toward this end, we explain how a proper fairness criterion can be selected based on a general user dynamics model.


Participation in federal crop insurance programs has been encouraged through premium subsidies. The current subsidy depends on contract features as well as coverage levels. This type of subsidy rule causes farmers to choose contract designs and coverages that are not efficient for managing risk, in order to capture subsidy. Farmers are found to be as well off with a flat subsidy that is up to 25% less than the value of the current regressive proportional subsidy.


In this thesis I examine the artistic contributions of Gerrit van Honthorst (1592-1656) to the sudden increase in the pictorial representation of musical subjects in Utrecht during the 1620s. Like his contemporaries, Honthorst was profoundly influenced by the complex and dramatic style of Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571-1610) during his studies in Italy, and he adopted the new Italianate interpretation of realism and chiaroscuro in his painting technique by the time he returned to Utrecht in 1620. However, Honthorst employed a strategy of representation that combined painterly techniques from the milieu of Italian art with subjects and themes from Netherlandish tradition, resulting in an innovative category of genre painting that was both familiar and new to the contemporary viewer. Through an analysis of a representative sample of Honthorst's paintings of musicians and their relation to contemporary Dutch trends and interests, I consider how his works resonated with the aesthetic tastes of Northern patrons. I argue for the presence in Honthorst's paintings of musicians of elements from contemporary Dutch culture, such as literary conventions, artistic tradition, and customs of musical performance, and I examine the ways in which these commonalities in ideology appealed to Northern audiences.


Stochasticity is rarely explicitly investigated as a determinant of patterns of habitat use, even though evidence of its influence would undermine support for deterministic models of habitat selection. To assess the role of stochasticity in generating patterns in habitat use, we compared observed patterns of year-to-year variation in habitat use of 20 bird species over five years with patterns randomly generated from null models with different biological constraints (i.e., abundance, territoriality, exclusion of unused habitat, site fidelity, and habitat preference). We were able to recreate patterns of variability in spatial distributions with one or more null models for 18 species, suggesting an important role of stochasticity. Although year- to-year variability could be modeled as a purely stochastic process for only four species, null models in which random variability was constrained by the influences of vegetation or site fidelity collectively matched the observed patterns of variability of all 18 species. Support for these two models suggested that factors that increase the likelihood of returning to a previously used area and thus limit the spatial extent of random territory placement can generate patterns similar to those we observed. Greater support for models with preference constraints (i.e., models that included bird-vegetation associations) over models with avoidance constraints (i.e., models that excluded areas that were never occupied) indicated that preference was the primary mode of habitat selection. Stochastic patterns in habitat use may have resulted from a weak relationship between habitat selection and habitat quality, influence of non-vegetation habitat features (e.g., climatic fluctuations), nonequilibrium conditions, and a greater influence of stochastic variation at small spatial and temporal scales. Alternatively, responses to environmental cues may have been deterministic, but in summation, these responses may have created variability in spatial distribution patterns that was indistinguishable from random variation. In such cases, we suggest that it may be easier to model variation in habitat use as a random process rather than using deterministic models that account for a multitude of environmental factors influencing habitat selection of birds. Regardless, stochasticity may play a larger role in generating patterns of habitat use than is often considered, and it deserves wider attention.


In this Article, we argue that the Supreme Court should route most Federal Rules of Civil Procedure issues through the notice-and-comment rulemaking process of the Civil Rules Advisory Committee instead of issuing judgments in adjudications, unless the case can be resolved solely through the deployment of traditional tools of statutory construction. While we are not the first to express a preference for rulemaking on civil procedure issues, we advance the position in four significant ways. First, we argue that the Supreme Court in the civil procedure arena is vested with powers analogous to most administrative agencies. Second, building upon this insight, we present an analogy-to-administrative-law justification for favoring rulemakings over adjudications. Third, we couple this preference for rulemaking over adjudication with three criteria detailing when this presumption should apply. Namely, we conclude that civil procedure issues are better resolved by reference to the Advisory Committee if the issue: (a) requires an interpretation of a rule that rests substantially upon legislative facts, (b) calls for the resolution of a Chevron-step-two-like ambiguity, or (c) seeks a legislative-rule-like resolution. Only when traditional tools of statutory construction – text, history, and purpose – will resolve a case should the Court retain its disposition in the adjudicatory form. Fourth, we offer the mechanisms for pragmatically achieving this preference for rulemaking both under existing law as well as through a new "referencing" procedure, without unduly constraining the flexibility needed by lower courts to implement the civil rules effectively. In so doing, we contend that expanding the Court's use of rulemaking not only should result in better rules, but should also bolster the democratic legitimacy of the Court's civil-rules decisionmaking.


This work reports on the design, fabrication, and characterization of CMOS pixels for subretinal implants, which seems to be an effective way to recover visual capabilities in some types of blindness. Two possible approaches are presented for CMOS pixel implementation: 1) an approach based on a light-controlled oscillator (LICOS) using a ring oscillator with an odd number of inverters and 2) an approach based on distributing a square signal at each pixel that filters out a number of pulses depending of the light intensity wave across the chip (WATCH). Both types of pixels fabricated in 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS demonstrate good mimic of the electrical behavior of human retina, with low-power consumption (typically 1 mW for a 14/spl times/14 matrix of pixels) and having small dimensions (75/spl times/78.5 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ for LICOS and 70/spl times/50 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ for WATCH), which make them suitable for practical implants. Experimental validation is reported on physiological solutions. Because of its characteristic, the proposed matrix of pixels could be considered as one of the first stand-alone highly integrated solutions for subretinal implant chips.


This study investigates how affective and self-related factors impact participation in science learning and environmental awareness and responsibility. Using PISA 2006 datasets from Taiwan and Canada having similar level of science competency, the model for this study verifies and expands an earlier model by examining the relationships among science-related interest, enjoyment, self-efficacy, self-concept, leisure time engagement, and future intended interest in science and how these relationships synergistically interact with environmental awareness and responsibility. The most consistent finding revealed that students' science self-concept in both groups was weakly associated with future intended interest and engagement in science learning and with their sense of environmental awareness and responsibility. Reasons for this phenomenon and possible causes underlying why students' science self-concept was weakly connected to their future intended interest in science learning are also presented. Finally, how the results of this study are important to science education instruction and research are forwarded in which students' identity and beliefs about self in science need to part of the next generation of science education reforms. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 1084–1101, 2014


This paper covers the application of innovative decision support technologies on two major projects in Edmonton. The first one is the West Edmonton Sanitary Sewer (WESS) stage W12. A syphon was constructed to connect the Rat Creek Trunk to the Gold Bar Wastewater Treatment Plant across the North Saskatchewan River, which was designed to control and reduce the combined sewer overflow. The other one is the 3.3-km North LRT (Light Rail Transit) extension line, which connects the current Churchill station to the future NAIT station in Edmonton. A tunnel excavated using the Sequential Excavation Tunneling Method from Churchill station to MacEwan station in the downtown area plays a critical role in the overall project, and has significant impact on project completion date and project budget. Due to the complexity of the two projects, various 3D technologies and construction simulation models were applied to facilitate decision-making processes and project controls. 3D models were developed for design review and design conflict detection, while 4D models were established to help create a robust construction schedule. Construction sequencing animation was used to convey design intents and demonstrate construction stages to contractors and workers. Construction simulation models were developed in order to analyze different scenarios and assist in selecting the best option. The combined applications of 3D technologies and construction simulation helped the project team to identify critical issues, and assured effective communication among engineers, management, contractors, and other parties. Therefore, it provided better opportunities for the success of the projects.


The purpose of this report is to recommend the addition of a Spanish in Construction class to the Construction Management curriculum. Many of Cal Poly's graduates enter a construction workforce which is composed heavily of Hispanic and Latino members. Historically, Hispanics and Latinos account for not only the most rapidly growing populations of construction, but also the most proportionally at-risk. In an industry as dangerous as construction, it is important that students are well-rounded and well-prepared to contribute as safely, efficiently, and flawlessly as possible. Thorough literature review and an interview of part-time Cal Poly lecturer and industry veteran, Eric Brinkman, this project reveals the need for an increased understanding of the Spanish language amongst construction professionals. This need is complemented by a department-wide survey of Construction Management students and faculty, which gives this recommendation a discovery component, including the newfound knowledge of high levels of student interest in learning Spanish. Down the road, this research and discovery should translate into the implementation of a technical elective course that Cal Poly students can opt to participate in.


Mating strategies in fishes are known to include polygyny, polyandry and monogamy and provide valuable insights regarding powerful evolutionary forces such as sexual selection. Monogamy is a complex of mating systems that has been relatively neglected. Previous work on mating strategies in fishes has often been based on observation and focused on marine species rather than freshwater fishes. SNPs are increasingly being used as a molecular ecology tool in non-model organisms, and methods of probabilistic genetic analysis of such datasets are becoming available for use in the absence of parental genotypes. This approach can be used to infer mating strategies. The long-term pair bonding seen in mammals, reptiles and birds has not been recorded in freshwater fishes—in every other respect an extremely diverse group. This study shows that multi-year pair bonding occurs in an Australian Percichthyid fish that exhibits paternal care of eggs and larvae. Using SNPs, full sibling pairs of larvae were found over multiple years in a three-year study. Stable isotope signatures of the larvae support the genetic inference that full sibling pairs shared a common mother, the ultimate source of that isotopic signature during oogenesis. Spatial and temporal clustering also suggests that the full sibling larvae are unlikely to be false positive identifications of the probabilistic identification of siblings. For the first time, we show multi-year pair bonding in a wild freshwater fish. This will have important conservation and management implications for the species. This approach could provide insights into many behavioural, ecological and evolutionary questions, particularly if this is not a unique case. Our findings are likely to initiate interest in seeking more examples of monogamy and alternative mating strategies in freshwater fishes, particularly if others improve methods of analysis of SNP data for identification of siblings in the absence of parental genotypes.


Engaging with the question of the extent to which the so-called human, economic or social sciences are actually sciences, this book moves away from the search for a criterion or definition that will allow us to sharply distinguish the scientific from the non-scientific. Instead, the book favours the pursuit of clarity with regard to the various enterprises undertaken by human beings, with a view to dissolving the felt need for such a demarcation. In other words, Read pursues a 'therapeutic' approach to the issue of the status and nature of these subjects. Discussing the work of Kuhn, Winch and Wittgenstein in relation to fundamental question of methodology, 'Wittgenstein among the Sciences' undertakes an examination of the nature of (natural) science itself, in the light of which a series of successive cases of putatively scientific disciplines are analysed. A novel and significant contribution to social science methodology and the philosophy of science and 'the human sciences', this book will be of interest to social scientists and philosophers, as well as to psychiatrists, economists and cognitive scientists.


CONTEXT
An outbreak of meningococcal disease in Quebec province prompted a mass immunization program. The impact of this campaign on the epidemiology of meningococcal disease has not been studied.

OBJECTIVES
To study the impact of a mass immunization campaign using polysaccharide vaccine on the epidemiology of meningococcal disease (MCD) and to assess serogroup C vaccine effectiveness (VE).

DESIGN, SETTING, AND SUBJECTS
Analysis of MCD cases reported in Quebec from 1990 to 1998, before and after the mass immunization campaign was conducted during the winter of 1992-1993, when 84% of residents aged 6 months to 20 years (the target population, approximately 1.9 million individuals) were vaccinated.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Incidence of MCD in 1990-1998; incidence of culture-proven serogroup C MCD between April 1, 1993, and March 31, 1998, compared among vaccinated and unvaccinated persons in the target population.

RESULTS
The incidence of serogroup C disease decreased after the mass immunization campaign, from 1.4 per 100 000 in 1990-1992 to 0.3 per 100 000 in 1993-1998, and the overall incidence of other serogroups remained stable at 0.7 per 100 000, with a small increase in the proportion of cases caused by serogroup Y (P =.009). Protection from serogroup C MCD was indicated in the first 2 years after vaccine administration (VE, 65%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 20%-84%), but not in the next 3 years (VE, 0%; 95% CI, -5% to 65%). Vaccine effectiveness was strongly related to age at vaccination: 83% (95% CI, 39%-96%) for ages 15 through 20 years, 75% (95% CI, - 17% to 93%) for ages 10 through 14 years, and 41% (95% CI, -106% to 79%) for ages 2 through 9 years. There was no evidence of protection in children younger than 2 years; all 8 MCD cases in this age group occurred in vaccinees.

CONCLUSIONS
Serogroup C polysaccharide vaccine is effective for controlling outbreaks in teenaged individuals but should not be used in children younger than 2 years. The mass campaign did not induce significant serogroup switching.