Since its first formulation by Marton and Saljo (1976 a and b) the notion of deep approaches to studying has been influential within the higher education sector of the United Kingdom (Entwistle, 1997b; Webb, 1997db). Despite this the literature on approaches to studying, and the more recent literature on approaches to teaching, have remained, largely, detached from mainstream learning theories until Marton and Booth (1997) sequestered the approaches literature into their learning theory, labelled, by Prosser and Trigwell (1999), the constitutionalist perspective.

Marton and Booth represent this theory, which draws heavily from phenomenography, as a one best theory. These other learning theories, in turn, have been clustered into metaphors of acquisition and participation by Sfard (1998) and classified as either modern or post-modem by Prawat (1996).

This dissertation uses Sfard's metaphors and Prawat's classification to delimit the contours of the Marton and Booth's (1997) constitutionalist perspective and, in consequence, the approaches to studying and teaching literature sequestered, by them, into this theory.

This is undertaken within the context of an inquiry into approaches to studying and teaching, adopted by various student and staff members in a department of Building and Surveying, which offers construction related vocational degree courses in a "new" university in the West of Scotland. The study proceeds from Sfard's argument that the various metaphors/ learning theories are dialectically related rather than Prawat's and Marton and Booth's view that they are hierarchically or oppositionally related.

The study is phenomenologically oriented, remaining within the tradition of inquiry initiated by Marton and Saljo (op. cit.) and argued as potentially valuable by Lave (1996) to studies into legitimate peripheral participation.

The principle research instrument in the study is phenomenologically analysed group interviews with the data clustered around headings abstracted from Sfard and Prawat. The group interview is supported by a questionnaire constructed from by combining an abbreviated version of Entwistle's (1997)Attitude to Study Inventory (ASI) and Prosser and Trigwell's Attitude to Teaching Inventory (ATI).

The data generally supports Sfard's argument finding that students and teaching staff tended to talk in terms of both metaphors. However part-time staff and students tended to be the groups who mixed their metaphors the most. Full time staff tended to talk in terms of a single metaphor. In the case of the full-time quantity surveying staff their discourse was skewed towards an acquisition metaphor whilst the full-time interior design staff's discourse favoured a metaphor based on authentic practice in the studio and related this to the Bauhaus of Walter Gropius.

Those students who had an experience of practice, either as part-time students or during Supervised Work Experience (SWE) greatly valued practice as valid learning. Practice is described by them as a rich, complex and intense learning experience where tools of practice, including discourse, are used.

The data from the inventory tended either to support deductions drawn from the constitutionalist perspective and the upproaches literature or be capable of explanation within that perspective. However, there is a suspicion of a social desirability response effect from the teaching staff responses.

Whilst agreeing with Sfard that one metaphor should not dominate the other it is suggested that there is room for manoeuvring the department closer to Sfard's participation metaphor and Prawat's post-modern theories. Student enthusiasm for learning in the authentic context of practice, together with tentative evidence for a deepened approach to studying after SWE, would suggest more emphasis being directed towards a view of the classroom as a locus of authentic practice rather than as a locus where practice is represented. The department being investigated already has the "tools" at its disposal to facilitate such a change in the form of part-time staff. It is recommended that:
- All student groups, including studio based interior designers, be required to undertake SWE with consideration being given to extending SWE from 8 months to 15 months (these durations include academic holiday periods).
- The present 80% of the assessment of SWE by teaching staff be discontinued in favour of a 50-50 split with supervising staff in the workplace. Assessment should he based on the principle of equivulency and not samene.w and could for example be related to internal, authentic, assessment regimes already in place in the workplace such as staff appraisal systems.
- The move towards a practice-portfolio basis for assessment of SWE.
- A closer linkage of SWE with other parts of the curriculum, especially the final year dissertation.
- Part-time staff should not just be treated as another pair of hands. Instead their ability to provide a unique contribution, enabled by their rich tacit knowledge, should be recognised e.g. by leading cross-discipline, case-study tutorials and by participating in course design.
- This last recommendation acknowledges a place for tacit knowledge in the curriculum. The department should investigate the extent to which tacit knowledge should feature, indeed is able to feature, in a classroom based curriculum


Preface. Acknowledgements. List of abbreviations. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Basic notation and two simple examples. 1.2 An offshore electrical power generation system. 1.3 Basic definitions from binary theory. 1.4 Early attempts to define multistate coherent systems. 1.5 Exercises. 2 Basics. 2.1 Multistate monotone and coherent systems. 2.2 Binary type multistate systems. 2.3 Multistate minimal path and cut vectors. 2.4 Stochastic performance of multistate monotone and coherent systems. 2.5 Stochastic performance of binary type multistate strongly coherent systems. 2.6 Exercises. 3 Bounds for system availabilities and unavailabilities. 3.1 Performance processes of the components and the system. 3.2 Basic bounds in a time interval. 3.3 Improved bounds in a time interval using modular decompositions. 3.4 Improved bounds at a fixed point of time using modular decompositions. 3.5 Strict and exactly correct bounds. 3.6 Availabilities and unavailabilities of the components. 3.7 The simple network system revisited. 3.8 The offshore electrical power generation system revisited. 4 An offshore gas pipeline network. 4.1 Description of the system. 4.2 Bounds for system availabilities and unavailabilities. 5 Bayesian assessment of system availabilities. 5.1 Basic ideas. 5.2 Moments for posterior component availabilities and unavailabilities. 5.3 Bounds for moments for system availabilities and unavailabilities. 5.4 A simulation approach and an application to the simple network system. 6 Measures of importance of system components. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Measures of component importance in nonrepairable systems. 6.3 The Birnbaum and Barlow-Proschan measures of component importance in repairable systems and the latter's dual extension. 6.4 The Natvig measure of component importance in repairable systems and its dual extension. 6.5 Concluding remarks. 7 Measures of component importance - a numerical study. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Component importance in two three-component systems. 7.3 Component importance in the bridge system. 7.4 Application to an offshore oil and gas production system. 7.5 Concluding remarks. 8 Probabilistic modeling of monitoring and maintenance. 8.1 Introduction and basic marked point process. 8.2 Partial monitoring of components and the corresponding likelihood formula. 8.3 Incorporation of information from the observed system history process. 8.4 Cause control and transition rate control. 8.5 Maintenance, repair and aggregation of operational periods. 8.6 The offshore electrical power generation system. 8.7 The data augmentation approach. Appendix A Remaining proofs of bounds given in Chapter 3. A.1 Proof of the inequalities 14, 7 and 8 of Theorem 3.12. A.2 Proof of inequality 14 of Theorem 3.13. A.3 Proof of inequality 10 of Theorem 3.17. Appendix B Remaining intensity matrices in Chapter 4. References. Index.


An important yet still not well documented aspect of recent changes in the Arctic Ocean is associated with the advection of anomalous sub-Arctic Atlantic- and Pacific-origin waters and biota into the polar basins, a process which we refer to as borealization. Using a 37-year archive of observations (1981–2017) we demonstrate dramatically contrasting regional responses to atlantification (that part of borealization related to progression of anomalies from the Atlantic sector of sub-Arctic seas into the Arctic Ocean) and pacification (the counterpart of atlantification associated with influx of anomalous Pacific waters). Particularly, we show strong salinification of the upper Eurasian Basin since 2000, with attendant reductions in stratification, and potentially altered nutrient fluxes and primary production. These changes are closely related to upstream conditions. In contrast, pacification is strongly manifested in the Amerasian Basin by the anomalous influx of Pacific waters, creating conditions favorable for increased heat and freshwater content in the Beaufort Gyre halocline and expansion of Pacific species into the Arctic interior. Here, changes in the upper (overlying) layers are driven by local Arctic atmospheric processes resulting in stronger wind/ice/ocean coupling, increased convergence within the Beaufort Gyre, a thickening of the fresh surface layer, and a deepening of the nutricline and deep chlorophyll maximum. Thus, a divergent (Eurasian Basin) gyre responds altogether differently than does a convergent (Amerasian Basin) gyre to climate forcing. Available geochemical data indicate a general decrease in nutrient concentrations Arctic-wide, except in the northern portions of the Makarov and Amundsen Basins and northern Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin. Thus, changes in the circulation pathways of specific water masses, as well as the utilization of nutrients in upstream regions, may control the availability of nutrients in the Arctic Ocean. Model-based evaluation of the trajectory of the Arctic climate system into the future suggests that Arctic borealization will continue under scenarios of global warming. Results from this synthesis further our understanding of the Arctic Ocean's complex and sometimes non-intuitive Arctic response to climate forcing by identifying new feedbacks in the atmosphere-ice-ocean system in which borealization plays a key role.


A study has been made of the hydrogen absorbed by a high-strength steel during cathodic polarization in near-neutral solutions using rigidly controlled experimental conditions. Direct hydrogen analysis by the vacuum heating technique has been utilized and it has been established that use of high extraction temperatures (i.e. > 300°C) can lead to errors which are probably associated with a reaction between adsorbed water and the steel. Extraction at 200°C has been found to give satisfactory results free from this error. The linear relationship between hydrogen absorption and time observed during the early stages of polarization in solutions above pH 4.0 was considered to be characteristic of a rate-controlled slow discharge mechanism of hydrogen evolution. The relationship between hydrogen absorption and overvoltage has been studied in the range pH 4 - 10; the results were found to conform with those anticipated from the kinetics of hydrogen evolution. Metallurgical structure was found to exert a strong influence on the ability of the steel to absorb hydrogen, and a modification of previous theories on delayed failure due to hydrogen has been proposed on the basis of the present study. The influence of arsenic additions to the solution on hydrogen absorption during cathodic polarization have been studied. It has been found that there is a region of pH and overvoltage where hydrogen uptake is inhibited and these results have been correlated with sustained load experiments. The results of this study have been utilized in an attempt to establish whether delayed failure may result from galvanic action produced by discontinuous coatings of electronegative metals (Cd and Zn) on high-tensile steels.


Mitochondrial Genetics of Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Perry G. Ridge Department of Biology, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Mitochondria are essential cellular organelles and the location of the electron transport chain, the site of the majority of energy production in the cell. Mitochondria contain their own circular genome approximately 16,000 base pairs in length. The mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) encodes 11 protein-coding genes essential for the electron transport chain, 22 tRNA genes, and two rRNA genes. Mitochondrial malfunction occurs in many diseases, and changes in the mitochondrial genome lead to numerous disorders. Multiple mitochondrial haplotypes and sequence features are associated with Alzheimer's disease. In this dissertation we utilized TreeScanning, an evolutionary-based haplotype approach to identify haplotypes and sequence variation associated with specific phenotypes: Alzheimer's disease case-control status, mitochondrial copy number, and 16 neuroimaging phenotypes related to Alzheimer's disease neurodegeneration. In the first two studies we utilized 1007 complete mitochondrial genomes from participants in the Cache County Study on Memory Health and Aging. First, individuals with mitochondrial haplotypes H6A1A and H6A1B showed a reduced risk of AD. Our study is the largest to date and the only study with complete mtDNA genome sequence data. Next, each cell contains multiple mitochondria, and each mitochondrion contains multiple copies of its own circular genome. The ratio of mitochondrial genomes to nuclear genomes is referred to as mitochondrial copy number. Decreases in mitochondrial copy number are known to occur in many tissues as people age, and in certain diseases. Three variants belonging to mitochondrial haplogroups U5A1 and T2 were significantly associated with higher mitochondrial copy number in our dataset. Each of these three variants was associated with higher mitochondrial copy number and we suggest several hypotheses for how these variants influence mitochondrial copy number by interacting with known regulators of mitochondrial copy number. Our results are the first to report sequence variation in the mitochondrial genome that lead to changes in mitochondrial copy number. The identification of these variants that increase mtDNA copy number has important implications in understanding the pathological processes that underlie these phenotypes. Lastly, we used an endophenotype-based approach to further characterize mitochondrial genetic variation and its relationship to risk markers for Alzheimer's disease. We analyzed longitudinal data from non-demented, mild cognitive impairment, and late onset Alzheimer's disease participants in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative with genetic, brain imaging, and behavioral data. Four clades were associated with three different endophenotypes: whole brain volume, percent change in temporal pole thickness, and left hippocampal atrophy over two years. This was the first study of its kind to identify mitochondrial variation associated with brain imaging endophenotypes of Alzheimer's disease. Together, these projects provide evidence of mtDNA involvement in the risk and physiological changes of Alzheimer's disease.


The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), a randomized, placebo-controlled lung cancer chemoprevention trial of 30 mg of beta-carotene and 25,000 IU of retinyl palmitate, was prematurely terminated when a 46% excess lung cancer mortality was found in subjects on the active arm. Before the CARET intervention ended, 21 men were recruited to participate in a 6-month biomarker study using the same intervention as CARET that determined the effect of this supplementation on lung nutrient levels. Plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell nutrient levels were measured before and after the intervention. The group in the active arm (n = 10) had plasma carotene level increases of over 10-fold, with a small increase in plasma retinol levels BAL cell levels of beta-carotene in the active group also increased 10-fold, from 4.5 to 46.3 pmol/10(6) cells (P = 0.0008), with no change in BAL cell retinol levels. Surgically obtained lung tissue from three CARET subjects in the active arm showed elevated carotene lung tissue levels but no increase in lung retinol levels compared to a group of surgical controls. Combined with our previous work showing a strong correlation between BAL and lung tissue nutrient levels, these findings suggest that supplementation with beta-carotene and vitamin A results in increased lung tissue as well as BAL cell levels of beta-carotene, with little change in lung retinol.


A simple, low-cost solar water purifier (SWP) for rural households, which does not require electricity or waste precious water has been developed. The SWP consists of four tubular solar water heaters attached to a manifold. Non-potable water is filled in the SWP after filtering with four-layered cotton cloth and heated in the stagnation mode by solar energy to make it potable. The cost of the SWP is around Rs 2500–3000 (~US$ 40–50) and is so simple that any small rural workshop can fabricate it. In large-scale production it is envisaged that the cost can come down to Rs 1500. Details of the technology are provided in this article.


Viewed closely and comprehensively, Masterpiece Cakeshop, far from simply being the narrow, shallow, and modest decision many have taken it to be, is a rich, multi-faceted decision that cleaves and binds the parties to the case, carefully managing conflictual crisis. Through a ruling for a faithful custom-wedding-cake baker against a state whose legal processes are held to have been marred by anti-religious bias, the Court unfolds a cross-cutting array of constitutional wins and losses for cultural conservatives and traditional moralists, on the one hand, and for lesbians and gay men and their supporters committed to civil and equal rights, on the other. The Court's central anti-religious-discrimination holding doesn't only potentially benefit opponents of such discrimination in other cases. This holding also has boomerang-like tendencies that should make it useful for those who would level anti-discrimination claims on a variety of other grounds. Liberal and progressive audiences might thus reconsider their aversions to the decision for this reason alone. What's more, Masterpiece Cakeshop's "shadow rulings," described in detail here, dole out notable victories to cultural conservatives, traditional moralists, and lesbians and gay men alike. Officially declining to adjudicate the merits of the baker's artistic freedom claim under the First Amendment, the Court's opinion expresses openness and sympathy, but ultimately substantive doubt about it. In these respects, and notwithstanding suggestions to the contrary, Masterpiece Cakeshop is full of substantive lawmaking. Having tracked that lawmaking to its textual limits, analysis turns to the opinion's final passage, which, on one level, importantly recapitulates the opinion's constitutional rulemaking, instructing courts and governmental actors one last time on how to handle cases like this one in the future. On another level, the passage is a compass pointing to lessons in moral politics that the opinion offers to the partisans of the Kulturkampf. One version of the Court's moral-political teaching involves instruction in a moral politics of respect and friendship. This may be practically politically viable, leaving aside whether it will in fact be accepted. A more ambitious version of the opinion's moral-political teaching involves a moral politics of sibling love that's certain to be widely and emphatically rejected. Reconfigured in aesthetic terms, however, the moral politics of sibling love may receive a more nuanced hearing: widely dismissed as an undertaking appropriate for politics, but received with perhaps different sensibilities on an aesthetic plane. If it's presently uncertain and undecidable whether Masterpiece Cakeshop will prove to have been a major legal event, whatever is ultimately made of it, it covers plenty of ground, doing plenty of legal and extra-legal work, in the here and now.


Globally, gender roles have seen a sharp shift as they become more egalitarian in the face of waves of gender equality movements that have swept the developed nations. This paper looks at changing gender roles in Pakistan from the vantage point of career aspirations and career choices that are credited as the driving forces behind the emancipation and liberalization of women in today's society. The study used a sample of 126 intermediate students (63 boys, 63 girls) who were administered the Islamic Attitude Towards Women Scale (Khalid and Freize, 2004) and Career Aspirations Scale (Gray and O'Brien, 2007). The career choices of the participants were elicited by the use of a semi-structured interview. The career choices were then divided into traditional and non-traditional careers in accordance with male-dominated and female-dominated occupation groups (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2014). The results revealed that men had more conservative gender role attitudes and lower career aspirations than women. Furthermore, women chose more non-traditional and male-dominated careers for themselves than men. More egalitarian gender role attitudes were found to be associated with higher career aspirations and non-traditional career choices among men and women. The study entails important implications for the changing gender roles and social status of women in today's Pakistani society and draws significant association between career aspirations and social emancipation of women.


4133 Background: Pazopanib (paz) is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR-1, -2, -3, PDGF-α, -β, and c-kit. Inhibition of angiogenic pathways in combination with chemotherapy has been shown to benefit patients (pts) with colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS
Pts with previously untreated advanced or metastatic CRC and adequate organ function were assigned to paz with FOLFOX6 (FO) or capeOx (CO) by their physician. Doses of paz were escalated with full strength chemotherapy, starting at 400mg daily. The optimally tolerated regimen (OTR) was the combination dose at which <1/6 pts experienced dose-limiting toxicity (DLT).

RESULTS
Fifty pts were enrolled in FO (paz 400 mg, n=6; 800, 15), CO (400, 12; 800, 9) and reduced capecitabine (rc) CO (800, 8) cohorts: median age = 55.5, M/F = 37/13. Pts have remained on therapy for a median of 3 (range 0-17) months. Three pts remain on study. Safety data is available on 41. The most common AEs are summarized in the table below. The OTR was exceeded with CO in combination with 800 mg and 400 mg of pazopanib, but was not exceeded with 800 mg pazopanib when capecitabine was reduced to 850 mg/m2 twice daily or with FO with 800 mg pazopanib. Efficacy and pharmacokinetic analyses are ongoing.

CONCLUSIONS
The OTRs were achieved at 800 mg paz with full-dose FO, and at 800mg paz with rcCO. [Table: see text] [Table: see text].


Tin-coated multiwalled carbon nanotube (SnO2/MWCNT) composites were synthesized by precipitation of SnCl2 within a CNT suspension in the first stage. An efficient dispersion technique using trifluroacetic acid (TFA) has been employed for the homogenous dispersion of Sn coated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) on an etching mask patterned on Si wafer using AZ 1500 as a photoresist. The MWCNT suspension was dispersed homogenously on the patterned Si wafer and the formation of nano-interconnects or nanojoints were clearly established by high-resolution transmission electron spectroscopy (HRTEM). High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) images demonstrated that nano-interconnects formed between two MWCNTs consisted of both tetragonal Sn and orthorhombic SnO2 phase. .Elemental Sn was observed at the interface of two multiwalled carbon nanotubes by reduction of SnO2/MWCNTs under a reflow atmosphere. The interfacial interaction between the graphene layers in the carbon nanotubes and metallic Sn/oxides were also investigated. Raman spectroscopy studies established the interfacial interaction between MWCNT and the metallic Sn. The results revealed that the strong interaction between MWCNT and Sn lowered the ID/IG ratio in MWCNTs. The multiwalled carbon nanotubes were found to be well connected to each other on the patterned mask and this phenomenon could throw new light on the conductivity of carbon nanotubes in electronic circuits.


Since Luis Ivens Ferraz' work of the 1970s on the four Gulf of Guinea creoles, it has been generally accepted that we are dealing with closely related languages based on historical and linguistic data. However, Ferraz (1987: 348) considers that the Gulf of Guinea creoles share similarities because "(…) they grew up together, with slaves and settlers introduced through the central administration in Sao Tome. Hence different languages developed in the archipelago rather than dialects of one contact language." This paper will reassess the linguistic relation between the Gulf of Guinea creoles and the typological contribution of the African strata. It will be argued that there is indeed substantial linguistic evidence that the GGCs are the result of a common ancestor, a proto-Gulf of Guinea creole. Furthermore, since Ferraz (1979) it has generally been assumed that the substrate of the Gulf of Guinea creoles, in particular of Santome, is halfway Edo and Kongo. I will argue, against this claim by showing that most of the features that are shared by the GGCs or can be reconstructed to the proto-GGC relate to the Niger delta, and Edo in particular, whereas western Bantu languages only played a secondary or adstratal role.


The bandwidth limitation of wideband (WB) audio systems degrades the subjective quality and naturalness of audio signals. In this paper, a new method for blind bandwidth extension of WB audio signals is proposed based on non-linear prediction and hidden Markov model (HMM). The high-frequency (HF) components in the band of 7–14 kHz are artificially restored only from the low-frequency information of the WB audio. State-space reconstruction is used to convert the fine spectrum of WB audio to a multi-dimensional space, and a non-linear prediction based on nearest-neighbor mapping is employed in the state space to restore the fine spectrum of the HF components. The spectral envelope of the resulting HF components is estimated based on an HMM according to the features extracted from the WB audio. In addition, the proposed method and the reference methods are applied to the ITU-T G.722.1 WB audio codec for comparison with the ITU-T G.722.1C super WB audio codec. Objective quality evaluation results indicate that the proposed method is preferred over the reference bandwidth extension methods. Subjective listening results show that the proposed method has a comparable audio quality with G.722.1C and improves the extension performance compared with the reference methods.


The primary purpose of this study is to find out which approach is more effective, text-based approach or dictionary-based approach, in learners' mastery of new words and the time duration in learners' memory. Group A learners received a text containing ten target words with explanations. Group B learners received the material of the same target words with meanings and examples. Ten minutes later, both groups were given the same test. Two weeks later, all of them took the same test as in the first test. Learners in Group A showed statistically more significant gains in their vocabulary knowledge in both tests than Group B learners, and they retained the words for longer than Group B. This study thus demonstrates that the text-based approach is more effective than the dictionary-based approach in mastering and memorizing new words.


Developmental biology, regenerative medicine and cancer biology are more and more interested in understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling pluripotency and self-renewal in stem cells. Pluripotency is maintained by a synergistic interplay between extrinsic stimuli and intrinsic circuitries, which allow sustainment of the undifferentiated and self-renewing state. Nevertheless, even though a lot of efforts have been made in the past years, the precise mechanisms regulating these processes remain unclear. One of the key extrinsic factors is leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) that is largely used for the cultivation and derivation of mouse embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. LIF acts through the LIFR/gp130 receptor and activates STAT3, an important regulator of mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal. STAT3 is known to inhibit differentiation into both mesoderm and endoderm lineages by preventing the activation of lineage-specific differentiation programs. However, LIF activates also parallel circuitries like the PI3K-pathway and the MEK/ERK-pathway, but its mechanisms of action remain to be better elucidated. This review article aims at summarizing the actual knowledge on the importance of LIF in the maintenance of pluripotency and self-renewal in embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells.


AIM
This study sought to determine the knowledge, attitudes and use of research by nurses.

BACKGROUND
There is little evidence about whether nurses are aware of using research and how much research they use in their clinical practice.

METHOD
Using a descriptive design, 347 registered and Enrolled Nurses completed the Edmonton Research Orientation Survey.

RESULTS
Senior Nurse Managers were more likely to have a positive attitude towards research, and completion of university subjects on nursing research was significant in determining attitude and knowledge of research. All nurses, regardless of position identified barriers to performing research.

CONCLUSION
Nurses require specific research education, clinical nursing leadership and work environments conducive to ensure practice is evidenced-based.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT
A positive attitude towards research by Senior Nurse Managers has the potential to influence other nurses in establishing an active nursing research culture and promote evidence-based practice in the workplace.


ABSTRACT Background There is very limited research exploring the value and impact of qualitative research in chronic pain despite the large volume of research. Aims The aim of this study was to find out whether viewers' comments in response to a YouTube film, portraying findings from a qualitative evidence synthesis about living with pain, revealed any potential value or impact to viewers. Methods We collected online data posted in response to the film Struggling to Be Me. We used themes from a large review of qualitative research as an a priori analytic framework. We used inductive thematic analysis to distil the essence of data that did not fit this framework. A thematic analysis of online comments to evaluate the impact of an arts-based health research film on people living with chronic pain is presented. Results We developed two inductive themes that explored the value and potential impact of watching the film online: (1) It has given voice to our suffering and (2) it makes me feel that I am not alone. Two subthemes added insight to the a priori framework: First, I have had enough of me added insight to the theme my life is impoverished and confined; second, I am treated like a criminal because I take opioids added insight to the theme lost personal credibility. Conclusions Our findings indicate that watching the YouTube film has potential value and impact, giving voice to suffering and making people feel that they are not alone. There are specific ethical challenges relating to internet-mediated research.


This study aims to investigate factors affecting knowledge sharing among librarians working in public libraries of Fars Province, Iran. The research uses a survey method. Using stratified random sampling technique, 180 librarians were selected as a sample. The data collection instrument is a questionnaire with an acceptable reliability. Data analysis was accomplished using Lisrel Full Version 8.7. The study findings revealed that education and consultation programs improve librarians' performance. These should be designed based on employees' ability and type of activity. The task-technology fit provides the opportunity to make more use of a technology thus improving the user's performance. Existence of mutual trust between the librarians and their organizations, on the other hand, causes both sides to tend more to make knowledge-sharing. Overall, trust is an important factor in increasing the group performance level. Creation of positive mental thinking in librarians' minds has improved their mentality towards their activities and complexities of their use of knowledge-sharing system, at the same time, increasing job effectiveness and speed of doing duties.


A small but significant find made during a geological survey provides evidence of the oldest human presence yet discovered along the northernmost margin of Egypt9s Nile delta. A manuport, a rock fragment carried by human agency to the site, was discovered in a sediment core section north of Burullus lagoon near the Mediterranean coast. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon analysis of plant-rich matter in the mud surrounding the object provides a date calibrated to 3350–3020 B.C., the late Predynastic period. This long thin manuport, formed of dolomite, had not been deposited by the Nile or the sea but was collected and transported from an outcrop exposure positioned at least 160 km south of the core site. The fragile manuport, used for an undetermined function, lay buried at a depth of 7.4 m in dark olive gray mud deposited in a shallow brackish lagoon setting close to a marsh. This fortuitous find documents an early human presence in the middle Holocene wetlands along the delta9s paleocoast, a sector where traditional excavation and augering are normally incapable of reaching occupation levels or zones of activity at considerable subsurface depths. Core drilling provides a means to help archaeologists locate undetected and potentially important sites.


When a country had a long and chequered history, it gives enough material, it supplies enough material for any party to support any claim . —Indian Prime Minister Nehru in the Lok Sabha, September 4, 1959. Mr. Nehru, in the statement quoted above, was talking about Tibet, but what he said applies to the whole vast mountainous region which India shares with her neighbors to the north. It would be hard to find any part of the world with a longer or more checkered history. And the claims of all parties concerned are numerous, conflicting, and plausibly supported by historical material. This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website , where most recent articles are published in full. Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Abstract Interannual differences in yield and species composition of herbaceous vegetation on semiarid rangelands are common and often related to variations in precipitation regime. Interspecific interactions that occur after drought-induced population fluxes of western ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya D.C.) were evaluated by removing western ragweed or associated species from 1-m2 quadrats at weekly intervals beginning in early May, June, or July 1991 or 1992 on high-seral sandhills prairie in Nebraska. The composite of peak standing crops for ragweed and each group of associated species was 77% greater during May–October 1991 (2 252 kg·ha−1) compared with 1992 (1 275 kg·ha−1) when April and May precipitation was 98 mm below average and a late frost occurred. Mean levels of western ragweed herbage up to 436 kg·ha−1 had no effect on associated species in 1991 when above average precipitation occurred throughout the growing season. In contrast, when an unusually dry spring occurred in 1992, relatively small mean levels of ragweed (189 kg·ha−1) reduced end-of-season standing herbage of rhizomatous C4 grasses on control plots by about 21% (137 kg·ha−1) with little effect on other associated species, regardless of when treatments were initiated. Within a given year, western ragweed density was seasonally constant, similar among treatments, and independent of preceding-year species composition. Severe defoliation of western ragweed had little effect on subsequent-year populations, indicating an ability to maintain primordia for several years with limited plant growth. Because western ragweed is not a strong competitor in the presence of vigorous graminoids, deferring use of June- or July-grazed pasture until after July in the subsequent year can minimize increases in western ragweed.


Known for his spontaneous and imaginative interpretation of the world around him, Joan Miro is one of the most popular artists of the 20th century. His carefree, almost childlike works are at once universal and magical. This beautiful collection of works is arranged chronologically, allowing readers to appreciate the evolution of Miro's themes based on his observation of nature and its transformation in his symbolic language. Each chapter opens with an introductory text and features full-colour illustrations. From his earliest, more figurative works such as Vegetable Garden with Donkey and The Church and Village at Mont-Roig, to more abstract works such as Catalan Peasant with a Guitar and Woman, Bird, Stars, the full range of Miro's oeuvre is on display. Readers will understand how Miro incorporated images of moons, stars, comets, birds, and women into his art, while appreciating his poetic interpretation of these familiar objects. Essays by Miro scholars as well as a text by the artist himself round out this celebration of a painter, sculptor, and draughtsman whose unwavering delight in ordinary objects is both infectious and inspiring. Exhibition, Albertina Museum, Vienna, 12th September 2014‒ 11th January 2015.


Study rationale. While household socioeconomic position (SEP) may be clearly a root cause of tuberculosis
(TB), it is more challenging to understand how household SEP affects the risk of TB, how
this effect is mediated by risk factors that are on the causal pathway, how this effect differs at
different level of analysis and different pathogenic stages of TB, and how this evidence can
inform control strategies.
Objectives. The aim of this study was to: 1) explore the ecological correlation between community living
conditions and TB prevalence rates; 2) quantify the association between household SEP and
TB disease and TB infection and, 3) explore the causal mechanism underlying these
associations.

Methods. This research project was nested within a population-based HIV-TB prevalence survey
conducted in 2005-2006 in two Zambian communities, one rural and one urban. Each
community is divided into smaller tracts called Census Advisory Areas (CSA). Prevalent TB
was diagnosed through culture and molecular testing of sputum samples collected from the
prevalence survey participants. The correlation between community living conditions and
TB prevalence was assessed through an ecological analysis conducted at CSA level. The
association between household SEP and TB disease and infection was assessed respectively
through a case-control and a cross-sectional study. CSA living conditions were explored
through poverty mapping. Variables accounting for four different domains of household SEP
were recorded (human resources; food availability; housing quality; and access to services)
and combined into a composite index using principal component analysis. In addition four
more SEP indices were developed: one for each household SEP dimension considered. The
analysis of the mediation pathway between household SEP and TB (disease and infection)
was driven by a pre-defined conceptual framework, including household SEP and individuallevel
risk factors. Adjusted Population Attributable Fractions (PAF) were estimated.

Main findings. Ecological analysis - The overall cluster-adjusted TB prevalence rates was 870/100,000
(95%Cl: 570-1160/100,000) Urban CSA had both significantly higher TB prevalence rates
and wealthier living conditions compared to rural CSA. Although not significantly, TB
prevalence rates tended to increase with the worsening of urban CSA living conditions.
Case control study - At household level, prevalent TB was significantly associated with
lower household SEP [aOR = 6.2,95%Cl: 2.0-19.2 and aOR = 3.4,95%Cl: 1.8-7.6
respectively for low and medium household SEP compared to the baseline]. The food
availability domain was more strongly associated with prevalent TB than the other domains
considered [aOR = 4.2,95%Cl: 1.8-9.2]. At individual level, TB prevalent cases were significantly more likely to have a diet poor in proteins [aOR= 3.1,95%Cl: 1.1-8.7], to be
not BCG vaccinated [aOR = 7.7,95%CI: 2.8-20.8], to be HIV positive [aOR= 3.1,95%Cl:
1.7-5.8], and to have migrated [aOR = 5.2,95%CI: 2.7-10.2] than controls. These
associations all persisted after controlling for household SEP. The association between
household SEP and TB appeared to be mainly mediated by inadequate nutrition. Before
mediation, PAF for household SEP was equal to 30%. The adjusted PAF for inadequate
nutrition and HIV infection was equal to 42% and 36%, respectively.
Cross sectional study - TB infection was associated with higher, rather than lower,
household SEP [aOR = 0.4,95%Cl: 0.2-0.9 and aOR= 0.4,95%Cl: 0.2-0.8 for high and
medium household SEP compared to low SEP]. This association was driven by the
household SEP domain on access to community services [aOR = 2.7,95% Cl: 1.0-7.1 ]. None
of the investigated risk factors appear to mediate the association between household SEP and
TB infection.
Conclusions.
In this setting, urban communities were wealthier but also had greater prevalence of TB. The
low power of the ecological analysis does not allow any conclusions; however - as for other
health indicators, even for TB it seems that the apparent advantage of living in an urban
setting can mask severe TB inequalities across smaller urban communities.
This study revealed an unexpected and counterintuitive result: low household SEP was
significantly associated with a higher risk of TB disease, but with a lower risk TB infection.
Higher household SEP may be associated with lifestyles increasing social mixing and thus
the risk of infection. Among the infected people, poorer individuals may be more likely to
progress to TB disease and, therefore, are more likely to be identified in prevalence surveys.
In the association with TB disease, household SEP seems to operate mainly through
inadequate nutrition. While both 11V and inadequate nutrition were important social
determinants of prevalent TB, these findings suggest that interventions addressing food
insecurity may prevent more TB cases in this setting.
Because of low study power and possible selection biases results this interpretation will have
to be confirmed by more powered and better designed studies. In the meantime, this study
suggests that interventions addressing household SEP, through food and financial support,
may effectively reduce TB prevalence and complement currently control strategies mainly
targeted to HIV positive people.
To evaluate the impact and cost-effectiveness of this approach is a priority.


Functional foods have swept across France and Europe since the late 1980s. Margarines enriched with omega 3 or phytosterols, yoghurts enriched with bifidus or vitamin-rich food supplements... these foods with health claims have reopened the boundary erected over the course of the twentieth century between the markets for medicines, whose primary function is to treat the sick, and those for foods, whose primary function is to meet the nutritional needs of healthy people. They thus raise many issues for regulators, producers, distributors and consumers. Are they health products that can usefully contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases or marketing manipulations that are not of any health interest? Should they be regulated and marketed as drugs, as food or as a separate category? Drawing on significant contributions in economic history and sociology, this article analyzes the consequences of the classification of these products as medicines, foods or dietary supplements on their valuation and the structure of their markets. It also focuses on the boundary work in which industry and regulatory actors engage in order to "(re)classify" these products, and thereby "(re)structure" the markets in which they circulate. The first part of the article describes the process that led France to establish a boundary between the previously intertwined markets for medicines and foods over the course of the twentieth century, which has been blurred by the appearance of functional foods since the beginning of the 1980s. The second part deals with the efforts of French and European regulatory authorities and industry actors to renegociate these boundaries between the markets for medicines and foods bearing nutritional and health claims. We conclude this second part with a discussion of the consequences of this reframing for the reorganization of markets and the reevaluation of the health benefits and commercial advantages of these products.


Many countries adjust their trade policies counter-cyclically with food prices, to the extent that the use of restrictions by food-exporting countries has occasionally threatened the food security of food-importing countries. These trade policies are inconsistent with the terms-of-trade motivation often retained to characterize the payoff frontier of self-enforcing trade agreements, as they can worsen the terms of trade of the countries that apply them. This article analyzes trade policy coordination when trade policies are driven by terms-of-trade effects and a desire to reduce domestic food price volatility. This framework implies that importing and exporting countries have incentives to deviate from cooperation at different periods: the latter when prices are high and the former when prices are low. Since staple food prices tend to have asymmetric distributions, with more prices below than above the mean but with occasional spikes, a self-enforcing agreement generates asymmetric outcomes. Without cooperation, an importing country uses its trade policy more frequently because of the concentration of prices below the mean, but an exporting country has a greater incentive to deviate from a cooperative trade policy because positive deviations from the mean price are larger than negative ones. Thus, the asymmetry of the distribution of commodity prices can make it more difficult to discipline export taxes than tariffs in trade agreements.


Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the most important crops grown globally. Biochar has been proposed as an alternative to aid sustainable soybean production. However, comprehensive studies that include both the economic aspects of soybean production and biochar are scarce. Poland, with an economy largely based on agriculture, is an interesting case to investigate the cost-effectiveness of using biochar in soybean production. We show that the use of biochar at rates of 40, 60 and 80 t/ha is unprofitable compared with a traditional soil amendment, such as NPK fertilization. The breakeven price for biochar to be economically viable should be USD 39.22, USD 38.29 and USD 23.53 for 40, 60 and 80 Mg/ha biochar, respectively, while the cost of biochar used for this experiment was USD 85.33. The payback period for doses of 40 and 60 Mg/ha was estimated to be three years. With a carbon sequestration subsidy of USD 30 per ton of CO2, the use of biochar may be profitable in the first year of soybean production. This is the first comprehensive economic analysis of the use of biochar in soybean production in Poland and one of the few published worldwide.


Marital fairness, or the subjective balance between two spouses' gains and losses, was evaluated by a cross-sectional sample of 134 married Australian men and women representing five phases in the family life cycle: preparental, childbearing, the full house, launching, and the empty nest. Husbands' perceptions of their own marital equity described a U-shaped curve across these phases, with significantly more men feeling equitably treated both initially and after children's departure than during any of the three phases with children in the home. Wives' perceptions, by contrast, showed little variation with life cycle phase. Overall, a slight majority (52 percent) of husbands and wives perceived their marriages as equitable. Both sexes were inclined to agree, however, that whenever deviations from strict marital equity arose during family life, these were most likely to overbenefit husbands and to underbenefit wives. Results are discussed in relation to 1) equity theory, 2) marital satisfaction research, and 3) Bernard's model of the intrinsic sexual inequality of marriage as an institution [1].


Extracted from text ... African Markets
Overview
October 2002
ISSN 1606-8793
AFRIICAN MARKETS OVERVIIEW October 2002
Copyright Africa Centre for Investment Analysis 2002. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission from the Africa Centre for Investment Analysis.
CONTENTS
Editorial Page 2
Botswana Page 4
Egypt Page 6
Ghana Page 8
Kenya Page 10
Malawi Page 12
Mauritius Page 14
Morocco Page 16
Namibia Page 18
Nigeria Page 21
Tunisia Page 24
Zambia Page 26
Zimbabwe ..


Lundstrom, L. 2004. Reading Difficulties and the Twofold Character of Language. How to Understand Dyslexia. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Studia Psychologica Upsaliensia 22. 147 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-6045-3. The present longitudinal study, which comprised 125 children from Grade 2 (typal age: 8) to Grade 6 (typal age: 13), examines and interprets the results of several decoding and reading comprehension tests. A point of departure is the proposition that there may be a lack of concepts about central questions that help interpret the results of an expanding test practice in the educational system. To construct the central questions the typologies and hypothetical causes of reading problems ought to be constrained in relation to explanatory constructs combining reading acquisition and reading difficulties. First, the field of research on reading acquisition and reading difficulties was surveyed as a background to the presentation of the model, which is heavily indebted to and basically molded on the balance model but which also takes advantage of the proposition of combining the double-route and connectionist approaches. Second, the following themes were investigated empirically: – The predictive power of the tests: Generally, there seem to be almost as accurate predictions from Grade 2 as from Grade 3. A combined decoding-comprehension prediction was not shown to be more powerful as a product than as a linear combination. – The possibility of an image/symbol transition in early reading acquisition: A weak image/letter decoding correlation distinguished boys weak in reading comprehension from all others in Grade 3; a weak letter/word decoding correlation distinguished those weak from those strong in reading comprehension regardless of gender in Grades 2 and 3; and a weak image/word decoding correlation distinguished boys from girls in Grade 2. – Indications of stages in the development of reading: The conclusion is that orthographic decoding is more strongly related to reading comprehension than is phonologic decoding but there appears to be a parallel development of phonologic and orthographic decoding between Grades 3 and 6. This pattern seems to be the same for boys and girls and for those with low and high reading comprehension. – Comparing subtypes: The surface/phonologic dyslexia distinctions were tentatively related to the linguistic/perceptual dyslexia distinctions and the letter/word-decoding screening instrument. The compensatory concept is questioned. – Dimensions in reading acquisition and reading difficulties: A conclusive proposition of the study is that the hypothetical twofold metaphor/metonym character of language may be instrumental in analysing the complex interaction between the characteristic traits of the learning brain and the construction of meaning through script.


BACKGROUND
The influence of extracellular calcium on phagocytosis is limited, and the involvement of extracellular magnesium is unclear.

AIMS
The role of extracellular calcium and magnesium on phagocytosis efficiency was investigated.

RESULTS
Extracellular calcium had no influence on the internalization of 1 μm polystyrene particles by primary monocytes as has been shown before for the human lymphoma-derived, differentiated cell line U937 and murine alveolar macrophage-derived MH-S cells. In contrast, the phagocytosis by differentiated U937 cells was positively affected by the presence of extracellular magnesium whereas that of MH-S cells was not. An extracellular increase in the magnesium level did not cause an increase in the free cytosolic magnesium concentration in either cell line. In contrast to magnesium, extracellular calcium caused an increase in intracellular divalent cation levels in differentiated U937 cells.

CONCLUSIONS
A phagocytosis-enhancing effect in the extracellular space was observed in relation to extracellular magnesium rather than with an intracellular increase in magnesium levels, indicating that murine and human immune cells might be regulated differently.


In this study, cross-lingual and cross-cultural equivalence of the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2006 Student Questionnaire was assessed comparatively across Turkey, the United States of America, Australia, and New Zealand samples. At the first stage of this study, the factor structure of the questionnaire constructs was examined using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). At the second stage, Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analyses (MG-CFA) based on Mean and Covariance Structures (MACS; Sorbom, 1974) were conducted in order to determine whether the questionnaire items exhibit differential item functioning (DIF) across different cultures or languages. At the last stage, causes of DIF were identified by expert judgments. CFA results showed that the measurement model had the same factor structure across samples. MG-CFA results indicated that some items exhibited DIF between countries. It is observed that as the linguistic and cultural differences increased between countries, the number of DIF items increased. The main reasons for DIF were found to be due to poor translation and differences in cultural relevance.


In this letter, we are reporting the change of superconducting critical temperature in Sb2Se3 topological insulator under the influence of an external hydrostatic pressure based on first principles electronic structure calculations coupled with Migdal–Eliashberg model. Experimentally, it was shown previously that Sb2Se3 was undergoing through a transition to a superconducting phase when subjected to a compressive pressure. Our results show that the critical temperature increases up to 6.15 K under the pressure unto 40 GPa and, subsequently, drops down until 70 GPa. Throughout this pressure range, the system is preserving the initial Pnma symmetry without any structural transformation. Our results suggest that the possible relevant mechanism behind the superconductivity in Sb2Se3 is primarily the electron–phonon coupling.


Many movies today seem to be based on a novel or short story. After viewing a film based on a novel, an audience member might respond, "It wasn"t as good as the book." When someone reads a novel or short story in English, he or she creates an image of the story, a personal adaptation. The main character may be described in excruciating detail by the author, yet each person will come up with a slightly different mental image, this is his or her individual variation of the story. When watching a film that has been based on a foreign novel, the language barrier and cultural differences make it hard for the author"s intentions to be transferred onscreen. In this thesis, I will discuss the process of adaptation, taking a novel or short story and making it into a film. This purpose of this thesis is to show the differences between literature and how it is performed onscreen, and then discuss the difficulties posed with translating the text before adaptation, and finally, I will reveal challenges specific to my journey in adapting a screenplay from Un Coeur Simple, a short story by Gustave Flaubert. URI http://hdl.handle.net/10323/2608 Collections Honors College Theses From Un Couer Simple to A Simple Heart: An Adaptation of Gustave Flaubert" s French Story Un Coeur Simple into an English Screenplay


Establishing an appropriate semantic overlay on Peer-to-Peer networks to obtain both semantic ability and scalability is a challenge. Current DHT-based P2P networks are limited in their ability to support semantic search. This paper proposes the DST (Distributed Suffix Tree) overlay as the intermediate layer between the DHT overlay and the semantic overlay. The DST overlay supports search of keyword sequences. Its time cost is sub-linear with the length of the keyword sequences. Using a common interface, the DST overlay is independent of the variation of the underlying DHT overlays. Analysis and experiments show that DST-based search is fast, load-balanced, and useful in realizing accurate content search on large networks.


Constitutional limits on government's power to regulate the culture and the arts, newly salient in light of the controversy involving the Brooklyn Museum, are best understood by distinguishing among (a) content-neutral, (b) content-based, and (c) viewpoint-based restrictions, and also among (a) criminal and civil sanctions, (b) "penalties," and (c) mere failure to fund. The resulting three-by-three matrix provides an understanding of the vast bulk of current constitutional law. At the same time, several serious puzzles are created by current law: the distinction between viewpoint discrimination and content discrimination can be thin in the context of art; it is hard to know what counts as a "mere" failure to fund; and the law contains important uncertainties about selective funding. There is discussion as well of government subsidies of the market for culture and art.


Photoexcitation of the Mott insulator 1T-TaS2 by an intense laser pulse leads to an ultrafast transition toward a gapless phase. Besides the collapse of the electronic gap, the sudden excitation of the charge density wave (CDW) mode results in periodic oscillations of the electronic states. We employ time resolved photoelectron spectroscopy to monitor the rich dynamics of electrons and phonons during the relaxation toward equilibrium. The qualitative difference between the oscillatory dynamics of the CDW and the monotonic recovery of the electronic gap proves that 1T-TaS2 is indeed a Mott insulator. Moreover the quasi-instantaneous build-up of mid gap states is in contrast with the retarded response expected from a Peierls insulating phase. Interestingly, the photoinduced electronic states in the midgap spectral region display a weak resonance that is reminiscent of a quasiparticle peak.


A physically-based model for discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) in metals is developed using a mean field approach. It couples together polyphase plasticity, grain growth and nucleation models to predict the macroscopic stress and grain size evolution during thermomechanical processing. A new nucleation model is developed based on a recent description for static recrystallization which considers an evolving microstructure. Hot compression experiments are performed for pure Cu and a series of Cu-Sn alloys (Cu-0.2Sn, Cu-2Sn and Cu-5Sn (wt%)) to test the effect of solute in solution on DRX for a range of temperatures (725K - 975K) and strain-rates (0.001s^-1 - 0.2s^-1) to a strain of 1. The macroscopic stress response during straining was recorded by a hydraulic Instron and the resulting microstructures were examined by optical microscopy and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) maps. Solute additions are shown to significantly refine the DRX grain size. Sn additions exhibit a non-monotonic effect in composition on DRX which is suggested to be caused by the different antagonistic effects Sn has on the elementary processes of strain-hardening, nucleation and grain growth during DRX. The DRX model applied to pure Cu was able to predict the experimentally observed trends such as the critical strain for DRX initiation, single to multi-peak stress transition, convergence towards a steady-state stress and the DRX grain size as a function of temperature, strain-rate and initial grain size. The model reveals an evolving DRX nucleation rate as a function of strain, and agrees with experimental estimates that it generally increases with increasing strain-rate and decreasing temperature. The model was then systematically extended to include the effects of Sn additions in Cu over different hot-working conditions and Sn concentrations. It was found that Sn must play a significant role to suppress the micro-mechanisms that govern nucleation. With Sn, the model was able to capture the experimental trends such as the stress peak broadening, transition from multi to single-peak stress behaviour and grain refinement. It is envisaged that this model in the future may be used to identify new optimum solutions in alloy design and processing schedules to most effectively refine the grain structure via DRX.


Several unique aspects of mitotic spindle formation have been revealed by investigation of an autoantibody present in the serum of a patient with the CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, schlerodacytyly, and telangiectasias) syndrome. This antibody was previously shown to label at the spindle poles of metaphase and anaphase cells and to be absent from interphase cells. We show here that the serum stained discrete cytoplasmic foci in early prophase cells and only later localized to the spindle poles. The cytoplasmic distribution of the antigen was also seen in nocodazole- arrested cells and prophase cells in populations treated with taxol. In normal and taxol-treated cells, the microtubules appeared to emanate from the cytoplasmic foci and polar stain, and in cells released from nocodazole block, microtubules regrew from antigen-containing centers. This characteristic distribution suggests that the antigen is part of a microtubule organizing center. Thus, we propose that a prophase originating polar antigen functions in spindle pole organization as a coalescing microtubule organizing center that is present only during mitosis. Characterization of the serum showed reactions with multiple proteins at 115, 110, 50, 36, 30, and 28 kD. However, affinity-eluted antibody from the 115/110-kD bands was shown to specifically label the spindle pole and cytosolic foci in prophase cells.


Abstract Objective: Little is known about the impact of acquired brain injury (ABI) on the long-term quality-of-life (QoL) in children and youth. The objectives of this study were to illustrate the long-term QoL trajectories at 5 years post-ABI. Methods: The QoL of children between 5–18 years (n = 94) admitted to McMaster Children's Hospital with ABI were assessed longitudinally for a minimum of 5 years post-injury using the Child Health Questionnaire. Independent t-tests were used to examine differences in QoL between the study cohort and a normative sample at different time points. Mixed-effects models were used to identify predictors for QoL. Results: The QoL of children with ABI was significantly poorer (p < 0.05) than the normative data on all domains and at all-time points except at baseline. The CHQ physical summary score (PHSS) showed a significant decline immediately after injury and a significant recovery at 8 months post-injury; while the CHQ psychosocial summary score (PSSS) showed a significant immediate decline, which remained over the course of the study. Pre-morbid school record, time post-injury and mechanism of injury significantly predicted the CHQ PSSS. Conclusions: QoL is impacted by ABI regardless of severity. This impact is further affected by time post-injury.


Learn Revit Architecture 2010 from the source! This beautiful full-color Official Training Guide is the perfect resource for those who need a complete, expert guide to Revit Architecture 2010. With training provided by Autodesk experts who helped create the software, this book thoroughly covers the principles and fundamentals of this groundbreaking building information modeling (BIM) software. You'll create a basic floor plan, add and edit simple and complex walls, modify and detail drawings, and learn valuable techniques and best practices. This invaluable guide also prepares designers for Revit Architecture certification. Covers Revit Architecture 2010 for architects, contractors, designers, and students; this book is an Autodesk Official Training Guide and was created by Autodesk, makers of Revit Architecture Walks readers through techniques, workflows, and content tailored to those just learning as well as professionals working on real-world projects or preparing for Revit Architecture certification Delves into elements, Revit families, working with components, managing section and elevation views, making modifications, documentation, and more Demonstrates best practices while you create a basic floor plan, add and edit walls, create and modify roofs and floors, and more Features a gallery of customer success stories highlighting how Revit was used to create the compelling designs Get the very most out of Revit Architecture with this must-have training guide from the makers of Revit.


Here s a great book for every young adult age 11 up, "Signing Fun: American Sign Language Vocabulary, Phrases, Games, and Activities." Signing is visual, easy to learn, and fun to use. Author Penny Warner offers 441 useful signs on a variety of favorite topics: activities, animals, fashion, food, holidays, home, outdoors, parties, people, places, play, emotions, school, shopping, travel, plus extra fun signs for especially popular words. Each chapter includes practice sentences using everyday phrases to help new signers learn in a fun way. "Signing Fun" provides dozens of entertaining games and activities, too, such as Alphabet Sign, Finger Fun Gesture Guess, Match Signs, Mime and Sign, Oppo-Sign, Picture Hand, Secret Sign, Sign-A-Gories, Signo Bingo, Snap and Sign, and Truth or Sign. It also features a list of tips on how to sign, including how to fingerspell, use numbers, and communicate with deaf people. Whimsical drawings clearly illustrate all of the signs, and a full index lists all of their English meanings for quick reference. "Signing Fun" is a terrific first book for learning sign while having a great time."


—As the adoption of Cloud Computing is growing, the automated deployment of cloud-based systems is becoming more and more important. New standards, such as TOSCA (OASIS), allow the modeling of interoperable Cloud services. It is now possible to build reusable and portable cloud services that can be (semi-) automatically deployed by different cloud-deployment-engines at various Cloud environments. However, there is still an acceptance problem among potential users, especially in the enterprise segment, that stems from security issues like data security. To improve security in automatic Cloud management engines, this paper proposes a framework for processing non-functional requirements of Cloud services.


The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) carprofen (CPF) contains a single chiral centre. It was administered orally to Beagle dogs as a racemate (rac-CPF) at a dose of 4 mg per kg body weight and as individual (-)(R) and (+)(S) enantiomers at 2 mg per kg body weight. Each of the enantiomers achieved similar plasma bioavailability following administration as the racemate as they did following their separate administration. Only the administered enantiomers were detectable when the drug was given in the (-)(R) or (+)(S) form, indicating that chiral inversion did not occur in either direction. Higher plasma concentrations of the (-)(R) (Cmax 18 micrograms/ml, AUC0-24 118 micrograms h/ml) than the (+)(S) (Cmax 14 micrograms/ml, AUC0-24 67 micrograms h/ml) enantiomer were achieved following administration of the racemate. Both enantiomers distributed into peripheral subcutaneous tissue cage fluids, but Cmax and AUC values were lower for both transudate (non-stimulated tissue cage fluid) and exudate (induced by the intracaveal administration of the irritant carrageenan) than for plasma. Drug concentrations in transudate and exudate were similar, as indicated by Cmax and AUC values, although CPF penetrated more rapidly into exudate than into transudate. Neither rac-CPF nor either enantiomer inhibited thromboxane B2 (T x B2) generation by platelets in clotting blood (serum T x B2), or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) synthesis in inflammatory exudate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


AGI will show how a project planning process that includes a business case analysis for Nanofabrication buildings can help with many of the design, construction and operational decisions for the buildings. The typical building project often focuses only on capital costs and timing. Items such as the costs of the equipment, cost of the building, and a general timeline are often considered. However, how the building design can affect the equipment start up process and ongoing operating costs are often overlooked. Items such as facilities cost, equipment maintenance, consumables, product yield, and personnel need to be considered to realistically evaluate the alternatives. AGI will illustrate several examples using a computer program (AGI's CARME model) to calculate a high-level income and expense model. AGI's Jupiter model can then be used to get into specific operational costs. By using both models, tradeoffs can be evaluated to optimize the long and short term costs of running a facilities and building product. Attendees will learn how to uses the two models to analyze the income and expenses for a Nanofabrication Operation, how to use these analyses to make decisions on design, construction and operational strategies, and how to forecast product costs under a variety of circumstances.


Instructional media as a tool to deliver the students' ability to appreciate a number of capabilities, knowledge and attitude in solving everyday problems in the learning process. Every child has a varying ability to learn. This is because the background of the students as a result of internal and external factors cause the child learns constraints. For example, some children to be able to concentration difficulties in learning due to hereditary factors, namely mental retardation so that parents can affect the totality of possible student learning. In addition, family demands also psychologically malnourished nutritional food will also affect a child's learning. And a failure to prioritize the implementation of learning as teachers or educators about maximizing use of learning media as a tool to train and hone entrepreneurial skills, which in turn can provide insight into students' independence in the community falls in later. In modern times this much needed media that can deliver children's understanding in solving problems in the process of learning both in the classroom, at home or where they move later, as an alternative media that is used is based media entreprenership. This media offers how students can exercise self-responsibility, self-reliance to risk, have a high commitment to the pursuit of his ideals. The hope primary school children are not only capable in cognitive knowledge but they can have the ability and a good attitude and ready to meet his future in the future.


There are a number of factors influencing changes to the legal services market, (Mayson 2007), not least amongst them the Legal Services Act 2007 (LSA) and the advent of alternative business structures. Further influences include the disruptive legal technologies discussed by Richard Susskind in the "The End of Lawyers?" (Susskind 2008). It is submitted that with the advent of increasing legal process outsourcing (LPO) that the legal services market is changing, stretching and polarizing with fewer expert fully qualified solicitors and barristers at one end of the scale, and, more "paralegals" with a range of different definitions at the other end of the scale. It is also suggested that private practice will look different; the range of careers open to those with knowledge of law and legal research will alter. The market is being influenced by the disruptive legal technologies. We have closed legal communities with Legal OnRamp. (This is a collaboration system for in-house counsel and invited outside lawyers and third party service providers. There are lawyers participating from over 40 countries, and a rapidly growing collection of content and technology resources. Basic services are free, so all members are expected to contribute to the community as a whole. See http://legalonramp.com/). There are ever more sources of law to interpret and evaluate. The lawyers of the future, it is argued by Furlong (2009), will need an understanding of project management skills and web 2.0 technologies and ever greater research skills. Should the potential changes being initiated by the LSA and mobile technologies be taken into account in learning and teaching strategies? Should the structure and content of the law degree alter? This article will discuss possible impacts of these initiators of change.


Traumatic events can have a profound influence on the way musicians experience "musicing" as well as on their actual performance. An interpretative phenomenological analysis of two case histories is presented here – one being that of a professional singer whose family members were brutally murdered, and the other of a conductor whose mentor committed suicide and who was paralysed for three months after a serious motor vehicle accident. Before turning the focus to the two musicians, issues pertaining to the subject of trauma are highlighted and the author "brackets out" her own experiences with particular reference to work as repetiteur for the opera Winnie and postgraduate piano studies in Warsaw. For the two case study participants, healing comprised a journey consisting of various phases in which music played an integral role. Traumatic influence was seen to have a discernible impact on expression of emotion in music, memory for music, career choices and interpersonal relationships. It was through music that they re- established their connection to self and others, and, after a period of struggling with emotional expression, experienced a deepening of affect. For the conductor, drumming played an essential role in recovering lost motor function and memory. Counselling formed the other pillar in their recovery process, and for the conductor this also entailed a journey leading to spiritual growth. The participants offered advice to others. Both these case histories provide striking examples of how musicing can first suffer in the wake of experiencing overwhelming traumatic events, yet later prove to be instrumental in restoring well-being and bringing about transformation.


A significant part of the innovation efforts carried out across very heterogeneous economies in Europe is under the form of Non-R&D innovation activities. But the traditional macro approach to the determinants of TFP does not handle this issue appropiately. This paper has proposed and estimated an augmented macro-theoretical model to the determinants of total factor productivity (TFP) by jointly considering the effects of R&D endowments and the impact of Non-R&D innovation activities on …firms´ levels of productivity. The estimation of the model for a sample of EU26 countries covering the period 2004-2008 shows that the distinction between R&D and Non-R&D endowments really matters for a number of different issues. First, the results show a sizable differential impact of these endowments on TFP growth, being the impact of R&D twice as big as the impact of Non-R&D. Second, absorptive capacity is only linked to R&D endowments. And third, the two types of endowments cannot strictly been seen as complements at least for the case of countries with high R&D intensities or high Non-R&D intensities.


South Africa's higher education system requires systemic mechanisms to respond to the urgent, complex, and often competing urgent calls to transform. The New Generation of Academics Programme (nGAP) is an example of a systemic response to the challenges related to the composition and capacity of academic staff to adequately respond to the competing demands placed on higher education. The programme is designed to support public institutions' recruitment, development and retention of early career academics (DHET, 2016). The programme allows appointees who have limited formal teaching experience access into an academic career. Questions have arisen, though, regarding the development of nGAP appointees as teachers that can contribute to institutional changes in pedagogical approaches and to curriculum development more generally. This study investigates how dominant discursive constructions of teaching, emerging from induction programmes in four institutions, may contribute to shaping a new generation of university teachers.


We survey the empirical literature on corporate financial restructuring, including breakup transactions (divestitures, spin-offs, equity carveouts, and tracking stocks), leveraged recapitalizations, and leveraged buyouts (LBOs). For each transaction type, we survey techniques, deal financing, transaction volume, valuation effects and potential sources of restructuring gains. Many breakup transactions are a response to excessive conglomeration and reverse costly diversification discounts. The empirical evidence shows that the typical restructuring creates substantial value for shareholders. The value-drivers include elimination of costly cross-subsidizations characterizing internal capital markets, reduction in financing costs for subsidiaries through asset securitization and increased divisional transparency, improved (and more focused) investment programs, reduction in agency costs of free cash flow, implementation of executive compensation schemes with greater pay-performance sensitivity, and increased monitoring by lenders and LBO sponsors. Buyouts after the turn of the century created value similar to LBOs of the 1980s. Recent developments include consortiums of private equity funds (club deals), exits through secondary buyouts (sale to another LBO fund), and evidence of persistence in fund returns. LBO deal financing has evolved towards lower leverage ratios. In Europe, recent deals are financed with less leveraged loans and mezzanine debt and more high-yield debt than before. Future research challenges include integrating analyses across transaction types and financing mixes, and producing unbiased estimates of the expected return from buyout investments in the presence of limited data on portfolio companies that do not return to public status.


Corporate taxation is a perennially controversial topic in American politics. In fact, it may be the tax policy controversy that most Americans are aware of and even have an opinion about. Nevertheless, the purpose of corporate taxation is unclear in popular, or even for that matter, academic, discourse. In this paper we lay out and critically evaluate contemporary and historical corporate tax policy debates based on three common justifications for taxation: the "revenue" justification, the "distribution" justification, and the "behavior" justification. The revenue theory argues that the purpose of taxes is to raise the money required to finance expenditures. The distribution theory argues that certain taxes are required to produce desirable distributional outcomes. The behavior theory argues that certain taxes are required to change organizational and individual behavior in ways that benefit society.
This paper will trace the application of these justifications in American corporate tax law debates from the late nineteenth century through to the present, and analyze the implications of these debates to the contemporary corporate income tax debate. In particular, we argue that: a) following the observation made in 1946 by former President of the New York Federal Reserve Beardsley Ruml that, in the context of a modern government with a non-convertible currency, a floating exchange-rate, and its own central bank, "taxes for revenue are obsolete," the revenue theory is empirically false; b) The distribution theory case for the modern corporate income tax is weak; and c) from the perspective of the behavior theory, the modern corporate income tax has strongly perverse impacts on corporate behavior.


The virtue of the STRIPS assumption for planning is that it bounds the information relevant to determining the effects of actions. Viewing the "assumption" as a statement about beliefs, we find that it does not actually assume anything about the world itself. We can characterize the assertion about beliefs in terms of probabilistic independence, thereby facilitating analysis of representations for planning under uncertainty. This interpretation separates the STRIPS assumption from other necessary features of a planning architecture, such as its model of persistence and its inferential policies. By isolating these factors, we can understand the role of dependence across a wide range of planners and action representations. Graphical models of dependence developed for probabilistic analysis provide a convenient tool for verifying the STRIPS assumption for a variety of planning systems. Investigation of a few representative systems reveals a Markovian event structure common to these planning models.


The article deals with the correlation between reflection and translation and proves the possibility to extrapolate the notion of "hermeneutic circle" into translation. Translation, which is understood as a specific speech activity, has a hermeneutic character as in its basis there is a "reflexive delay", a specific state of intelligence which occurs as a result of a language, ethnic or cultural barrier and demands a reflective action. At that, the circle is transformed into a spiral, which lets conceive the essence of every text fragment through its integration into the former comprehended layer. Interpretation, a reflexive action, which has a three-level structure, creates a unified image of a foreign text in the translator's consciousness and provides the integration of the text concept into the translator's pragmatic net, the representative of a foreign language community, and promotes the target text creation which conforms to the recipient's expectations. At that, the interpreter's personality, their ability to interpret, total existential competence and active position are of precedence for sense comprehension. Reflexive abilities refer to the category of the over-subjective; however, they provide adequate interpretation of the source text and creation of the so-called natural target text. The so-called des-objective reading, predicted synthesis and retrospective analysis are the key notions for the translator. Such abilities are the basis of the professional competence of the translator, who becomes not only a professional but also an intelligent personality that has existential and academic background.


This study examines the environmental factors affecting the density of the exploited giant land snail species, Archachatina marginata, Achatina fulica and Limicolaria flammea in the Dassa-Zoumedistrict of Benin. Thirty plots of 30m £ 30m were laid out, within four vegetation types (fallows, forest, woodlands and wood savannah). Inside each plot the numbers of each giant land snail species were counted, and soil characteristics were measured. ANOVA and generalized linear models (GLMs) with Poisson distribution were used to examine the influence of soil factors on the giant land snails. A. fulica has the highest mean density (507 snails/ha) while A. marginata has the lowest density (110 snails/ha). ANOVA showed no significant difference in density between habitat types for any species. The most parsimonious GLM model showed that the abundance of A. fulica was positively associated to the fine sands, fine silts and pH, while the interactions were negatively associated with the abundance of the species. The abundance of L. flammea was negatively associated with the fine sands, fine silts and pH, while the interactions were positively associated with the abundance of the species. As for A. marginata, the abundance was negatively associated with the fine silts, pH and litter, while the interactions were positively associated with the abundance of the species. The abundance pattern of forest molluscs is likely to be affected by different processes. Exploitation of these giant snails will affect their density, and further research is needed to establish appropriate levels of harvesting and habitat management.


Using a representative longitudinal survey of U.S. households, we find that household income became noticeably more volatile between the early 1970s and the late 2000s despite the moderation seen in aggregate economic activity during this period. We estimate that the standard deviation of percent changes in household income rose about 30 percent between 1971 and 2008. This widening in the distribution of percent changes was concentrated in the tails of the distribution. The share of households experiencing a 50 percent plunge in income over a two-year period climbed from about 7 percent in the early 1970s to more than 12 percent in the early 2000s before retreating to 10 percent in the run-up to the Great Recession. Households' labor earnings and transfer payments have both become more volatile over time. As best we can tell, the rise in the volatility of men's earnings appears to owe both to greater volatility in earnings per hour and in hours worked.


This volume collects a wide-ranging set of essays examining Friedrich Nietzsche's engagement with antiquity in all its aspects. It investigates Nietzsche's reaction and response to the concept of "classicism," with particular reference to his work on Greek culture as a philologist in Basel and later as a philosopher of modernity, and to his reception of German classicism in all his texts. The book should be of interest to students of ancient history and classics, philosophy, comparative literature, and Germanistik. Taken together, these papers suggest that classicism is both a more significant, and a more contested, concept for Nietzsche than is often realized, and it demonstrates the need for a return to a close attention to the intellectual-historical context in terms of which Nietzsche saw himself operating. An awareness of the rich variety of academic backgrounds, methodologies, and techniques of reading evinced in these chapters is perhaps the only way for the contemporary scholar to come to grips with what classicism meant for Nietzsche, and hence what Nietzsche means for us today.The book is divided into five sections -- The Classical Greeks; Pre-Socratics and Pythagoreans, Cynics and Stoics; Nietzsche and the Platonic Tradition; Contestations; and German Classicism -- and constitutes the first major study of Nietzsche and the classical tradition in a quarter of a century. The contributors are Jessica N. Berry, Benjamin Biebuyck, Danny Praet and Isabelle Vanden Poel, Paul Bishop, R. Bracht Branham, Thomas Brobjer, David Campbell, Alan Cardew, Roy Elveton, Christian Emden, Simon Gillham, John Hamilton, Mark Hammond, Albert Henrichs, Dirk t.D. Held, David F. Horkott, Dylan Jaggard, Fiona Jenkins, Anthony K. Jensen, Laurence Lampert, Nicholas Martin, Thomas A. Meyer, Burkhard Meyer-Sickendiek, John S. Moore, Neville Morley, David N. McNeill, James I. Porter, Martin A. Ruehl, Herman Siemens, Barry Stocker, Friedrich Ulfers and Mark Daniel Cohen, and Peter Yates.


Like most kinds of writing, academic writing rarely shines, but far more often than ordinary writing scholarly prose is murky and impenetrable. This brief jeu d'esprit considers several forms of bad writing, rejecting the claim, increasingly made in academic quarters, that "difficult writing" is necessary to the scholarly enterprise. Bloated, foggy, and enigmatic prose masquerades as profundity that escapes conventional mental grooves. In fact it is useless, unethical, and taken far enough, evil.


Background The detection of signals of adverse drug events (ADEs) has increased because of the use of data mining algorithms in spontaneous reporting systems (SRSs). However, different data mining algorithms have different traits and conditions for application. The objective of our study was to explore the application of association rule (AR) mining in ADE signal detection and to compare its performance with that of other algorithms. Methodology/Principal Findings Monte Carlo simulation was applied to generate drug-ADE reports randomly according to the characteristics of SRS datasets. Thousand simulated datasets were mined by AR and other algorithms. On average, 108,337 reports were generated by the Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the predefined criterion that 10% of the drug-ADE combinations were true signals, with RR equaling to 10, 4.9, 1.5, and 1.2, AR detected, on average, 284 suspected associations with a minimum support of 3 and a minimum lift of 1.2. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the AR was 0.788, which was equivalent to that shown for other algorithms. Additionally, AR was applied to reports submitted to the Shanghai SRS in 2009. Five hundred seventy combinations were detected using AR from 24,297 SRS reports, and they were compared with recognized ADEs identified by clinical experts and various other sources. Conclusions/Significance AR appears to be an effective method for ADE signal detection, both in simulated and real SRS datasets. The limitations of this method exposed in our study, i.e., a non-uniform thresholds setting and redundant rules, require further research.


When trade is costly within countries, international trade leads to concentration of economic activity in locations with good access to foreign markets. Costly trade within countries also makes it harder for remote locations to gain from international trade. We investigate the role of these forces in shaping industry location, employment concentration and the gains from international trade. We develop a model that features Ricardian comparative advantages between countries, coupled with differences in proximity to international markets across locations within a country. In the model, international trade creates a partition between a coastal and an interior region that differ in population density and specialization patterns. We assess the model prediction for industry location across U.S. counties. In tune with the theory, we find that U.S. export-oriented industries are more likely to locate and to employ more workers closer to international ports. We use the model to measure the importance of international trade in concentrating economic activity, and of domestic trade costs in hampering the gains from international trade


Summary
1. The regulation of energy expenditure in relation to food availability and its consequences for individual fitness in free-ranging animals are poorly understood. Increased daily energy expenditure (DEE) may be viewed as the result of two different processes: expenditure may be forced upwards by low food availability (forcing hypothesis) or enabled to increase by high levels of food resources (enabling hypothesis). Several studies have suggested long-term fitness costs due to increased mortality as a trade-off to increased DEE.

2. We examined the relationship between energy expenditure and an indirect measure of food availability, and the short-term fitness consequences associated with changes in DEE in a small, Arctic seabird, the little auk (Alle alle). We measured DEE of 43 parent little auks by the doubly labelled water method during two consecutive breeding seasons and inferred food availability from plasma concentrations of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT).

3. We found that DEE was elevated by 26·7% in the year with reduced levels of CORT, indicating that little auks responded to increased food availability by increasing their DEE. These results support the enabling hypothesis. Elevated DEE was presumably caused by increased parental effort as reflected by higher chick provisioning rates and larger chick meals, and was associated with fitness benefits in terms of enhanced current reproductive success.

4. Contrary to earlier studies, our data did not indicate adverse effects associated with elevated DEE; there was no negative relationship between DEE and the probability of adults returning to the colony the following year. Instead, adult return rate was positively related to body mass, with lower return rates when food was limited.

5. These results suggest that ecological consequences associated with limited resource availability may outweigh possible direct negative physiological effects of elevated DEE.


Mineralizing events in the North Pilbara terrain of Western Australia occurred between 3490 and 2700 Ma and include the oldest examples in the world of many ore deposit types. These events were pulsed and associated with major volcano-plutonic episodes (volcanic-hosted massive sulfide, porphyry Cu, Sn-Ta pegmatite, mafic-ultramafic-hosted Ni-Cu-PGE, and epithermal deposits) and deformation events (lode Au deposits). In many cases, the mineralizing events are associated with extension, either in rifts, pull-apart or back-arc basins, or as the consequence of doming associated with granitoid diapirism.

Although mineralizing events occurred throughout the evolution of the North Pilbara terrain, the largest deposits are related to the development of the Mallina basin, which is located between the older East and West Pilbara granite-greenstone terranes. Four volcano-plutonic and three deformation events occurred in and around the Mallina basin between 2950 and 2840 Ma. Mineralization in the East and West Pilbara granite-greenstone terranes is less intense and occurred over a much longer period.

Compared to other Archean granite-greenstone terrains, the North Pilbara terrain is poorly endowed; the only known world-class deposit in this region is the Wodgina Ta-Sn pegmatite deposit, but large iron ore deposits are being mined in the northeastern North Pilbara terrain. The long history of crustal development and slow rate of crustal growth may be responsible for the diversity of mineral deposits and could account for the apparent poor endowment of the North Pilbara terrain.


By studying embryos, eggs, and sperm in humans and other species, researchers have made solid progress in determining how, where, and when the process of distributing chromosomes to progeny goes awry, a condition called aneuploidy, which is the most common cause of miscarriage. The advent of in vitro fertilization, which has high failure rates that appear strongly tied to aneuploidy, has also pushed the field forward. So, too, has the discovery that some chromosomes are more prone to aneuploidy than others.


This paper examines the social impact of the 'student-as-customer' metaphor on the role of academic leadership and objectivity of the assessment process in the higher education sector. A hybrid approach is used in which Deconstruction seeks to render visible the Foucauldian constructs of power and privilege. The paper draws on the existing literature to explore the problematic relationship between the student as customer metaphor, academic leadership, and student assessment. The paper raises awareness of the inherent tensions with the present reliance on the student as customer metaphor and the resulting negative impact on both students and academic staff. This addresses a gap in the literature in regards to the effect that the use of the student-as- customer metaphor has on academic leadership and assessment in higher education.; ;


The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is an effort by the United States and the European Union to reposition themselves for a world of diffuse economic power and intensified global competition. It is a next-generation economic negotiation that breaks the mould of traditional trade agreements. At the heart of the ongoing talks is the question whether and in which areas the two major democratic actors in the global economy can address costly frictions generated by their deep commercial integration by aligning rules and other instruments. The aim is to reduce duplication in various ways in areas where levels of regulatory protection are equivalent as well as to foster wide-ranging regulatory cooperation and set a benchmark for high-quality global norms.

In this volume, European and American experts explain the economic context of TTIP and its geopolitical implications, and then explore the challenges and consequences of US-EU negotiations across numerous sensitive areas, ranging from food safety and public procurement to economic and regulatory assessments of technical barriers to trade, automotive, chemicals, energy, services, investor-state dispute settlement mechanisms and regulatory cooperation. Their insights cut through the confusion and tremendous public controversies now swirling around TTIP, and help decision-makers understand how the United States and the European Union can remain rule-makers rather than rule-takers in a globalising world in which their relative influence is waning.