Tunable filters that are based on ferrite materials often require large and bulky electromagnets. In this work, we present a tunable filter in the Ku-band, which is realized in multilayer ferrite LTCC substrate with embedded bias windings, thus negating the need of a large electromagnet. Also, because of the embedded windings, the bias fields are not lost at the air-substrate interface and therefore the field and current requirements are reduced by an order of magnitude as compared to the previously reported filters. A simulation strategy that uses full permeability tensor with arbitrarily directed magnetic fields has been used to model the filter on a partially magnetized ferrite substrate. Special attention has also been paid to approximate the non-uniform magneto-static fields produced by the embedded windings. The complete design is implemented in 10 layers of ferrite LTCC, making it the first magnetically tunable filter with embedded windings and extremely small size [(5 × 5 × 1.1) mm3]. The filter demonstrates a measured tunability of 4% and an insertion loss of 2.3 dB. With the small form factor, embedded windings, and low bias requirements, the design is highly suitable for compact and tunable SoP applications.


This article presents a novel control strategy for a high-penetration, wind-based hybrid remote area power supply (RAPS) system. The proposed RAPS system consists of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG)-based variable-speed wind turbine and a battery energy storage system (ESS) with a dump load for dc bus voltage control and a diesel generator as a backup supply. An integrated control approach based on the active power balance of the proposed RAPS system has been proposed and developed to regulate the voltage and frequency within an acceptable bandwidth. The proposed integrated control algorithm is implemented by developing a controller for the individual system components in the RAPS system, including the wind energy conversion system, the diesel generator, the battery storage system, and the dump load, while coordinating their response to achieve optimal operation. The optimal operation for the proposed RAPS system is realized by operating the wind turbine generator (WTG) at its maximum power extraction mode while restricting the operation of the diesel generating system at low-load conditions. In addition to the detailed model, which mainly comprises nonlinear high-order characteristics of each system component, a linearized model of the RAPS system is presented to compare the active power sharing among the system components. Laboratory-based experimental tests have been conducted to validate the coordinated approach, and the results are presented in this article.


Eddy correlation measurements over the ocean give CO2 fluxes an order of magnitude or more larger than expected from mass balance measurements using radiocarbon and radon 222. In particular, Smith and Jones (1985) reported large upward and downward fluxes in a surf zone at supersaturations of 15% and attributed them to the equilibration of bubbles at elevated pressures. They argue that even on the open ocean such bubble injection may create steady state CO2 supersaturations and that inferences of fluxes based on air-sea pCO2 differences and radon exchange velocities must be made with caution. We defend the global average CO2 exchange rate determined by three independent radioisotopic means: prebomb radiocarbon inventories; global surveys of mixed layer radon deficits; and oceanic uptake of bomb-produced radiocarbon. We argue that laboratory and lake data do not lead one to expect fluxes as large as reported from the eddy correlation technique; that the radon method of determining exchange velocities is indeed useful for estimating CO2 fluxes; that supersaturations of CO2 due to bubble injection on the open ocean are negligible; that the hypothesis that Smith and Jones advance cannot account for the fluxes that they report; and that the pCO2 values reported by Smith and Jones are likely to be systematically much too high. The CO2 fluxes for the ocean measured to date by the micrometeorological method can be reconciled with neither the observed concentrations of radioisotopes of radon and carbon in the oceans nor the tracer experiments carried out in lakes and in wind/wave tunnels.


Longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions that extend over three vertebral segments on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are significantly more common in opticospinal multiple sclerosis (OSMS) than in conventional MS (CMS) in Japanese. In Japanese patients with MS, concentrations of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significantly higher in MS patients in relapse than in controls or MS patients in remission, irrespective of clinical subtype. VEGF at relapse showed a significant positive correlation with the length of the spinal cord lesions on MRI. The IL-17/IL-8 system in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was markedly activated in OSMS, and both cytokines correlated with CSF/serum albumin ratio and the spinal cord lesion length on MRI. IL-17 is produced by autoreactive memory T cells and induces IL-8 production in a variety of cells. IL-8 acts as a chemokine for neutrophils as well as T cells. In autopsied spinal cords from OSMS patients, many neutrophils were seen to infiltrate the severely damaged spinal cord lesions; something that might be explained by intrathecal activation of IL-17/IL-8 axis in this condition. Our results, therefore, suggest that an increase in both serum VEGF and CSF IL-17 and IL-8 might contribute to the formation of longitudinally extensive spinal cord lesions through an increase of vascular permeability and the reinforcement of neutrophilic inflammation.


We present an overview of techniques recently elaborated to accurately represent channel state information when it is affected by large uncertainty (¿soft¿ channel information). In that context, point estimates of the channel states are replaced by probability densities optimally representing the knowledge about the channel state. Methods based on entropy maximization were used to derive several models of prior probability density functions for wireless flat-fading MIMO channels for various cases of a priori knowledge about the channel properties, including in particular arbitrary correlation matrices. It is foreseen that the importance of such techniques will grow with the advent of ¿agile¿ devices, operating in complex environments where accurate estimation of all channel parameters is out of question.


The effect of molecular dimension of hemoglobin (Hb)-based O(2) carriers on the diameter of resistance arteries (A(0), 158 +/- 21 microm) and arterial blood pressure were studied in the conscious hamster dorsal skinfold model. Cross-linked Hb (XLHb), polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated Hb, hydroxyethylstarch-conjugated XLHb, polymerized XLHb, and PEG-modified Hb vesicles (PEG-HbV) were synthesized. Their molecular diameters were 7, 22, 47, 68, and 224 nm, respectively. The bolus infusion of 7 ml/kg of XLHb (5 g/dl) caused an immediate hypertension (+34 +/- 13 mmHg at 3 h) with a simultaneous decrease in A(0) diameter (79 +/- 8% of basal value) and a blood flow decrease throughout the microvascular network. The diameter of smaller arterioles did not change significantly. Infusion of larger O(2) carriers resulted in lesser vasoconstriction and hypertension, with PEG-HbV showing the smallest changes. Constriction of resistance arteries was found to be correlated with the level of hypertension, and the responses were proportional to the molecular dimensions of the O(2) carriers. The underlying mechanism is not evident from these experiments; however, it is likely that the effects are related to the diffusion properties of the different Hb molecules.


The Colorado Plateau of the southwestern United States is characterized by a bowl-shaped high elevation, late Neogene–Quaternary magmatism at its edge, large gradients in seismic wave velocity across its margins, and relatively low lithospheric seismic wave velocities. We explain these observations by edge-driven convection following rehydration of Colorado Plateau lithosphere. A rapidly emplaced Cenozoic step in lithosphere thickness between the Colorado Plateau and adjacent extended Rio Grande rift and Basin and Range province causes small-scale convection in the asthenosphere. A lithospheric drip below the plateau is removing lithosphere material from the edge that is heated and metasomatized, resulting in magmatism. Edgedriven convection also drives margin uplift, giving the plateau its characteristic bowl shape. The edge-driven convection model shows good consistency with features resolved by seismic tomography.


Hash functions are used in information security applications for the generation and verification of digital
signatures, key derivation, and pseudorandom bit generation. Hash algorithms are secure because, for a
given algorithm, it is computationally infeasible to find a message that corresponds to a given message digest, or to find two different messages that produce the same message digest. Any change to a message will result in a different message digest with a very high probability. This will result in a verification failure when the secure hash algorithm is used with a digital signature algorithm or a keyed-hash message authentication algorithm. In our work, first we implemented the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP), a hybrid MANET protocol is being implemented in Network Simulator 2 (NS2) and a hashing algorithm, keyed-Hash Message Authen-tication Code Secure Hashing Algorithm 512 (HMAC-SHA512) is implemented for the Authentication and
Data Integrity of the information being sent. In addition to that a Trust-Based system is formulated for preventing the Denial-of-Services (DoS) Attacks. The first part of this paper introduces the HMAC-SHA512 for ensuring that the data packets are received by the destination only and in its original form but at the expense of the increased processing time at the source and the destination. The second part uses the Trust-Based system with those nodes that act maliciously being broadcasted in the network and isolated to render a higher throughput and packet delivery fraction but at the expense of the increased end to end delay.


Although carbonate-precipitating cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems today, the criteria used to identify them in the geological record are subjective and rarely testable. Differences in the mode of biomineralization between cyanobacteria and eukaryotes, i.e. biologically induced calcification (BIM) vs. biologically controlled calcification (BCM), result in different crystallographic structures which might be used as a criterion to test cyanobacterial affinities. Cyanobacteria are often used as a 'wastebasket taxon', to which various microfossils are assigned. The lack of a testable criterion for the identification of cyanobacteria may bias their fossil record severely. We employed electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to investigate the structure of calcareous skeletons in two microproblematica widespread in Palaeozoic marine ecosystems: Rothpletzella, hypothesized to be a cyanobacterium, and an incertae sedis microorganism Allonema. We used a calcareous trilobite shell as a BCM reference. The mineralized structure of Allonema has a simple single-layered structure of acicular crystals perpendicular to the surface of the organism. The c-axes of these crystals are parallel to the elongation and thereby normal to the surface of the organism. EBSD pole figures and misorientation axes distribution reveal a fibre texture around the c-axis with a small degree of variation (up to 30°), indicating a highly ordered structure. A comparable pattern was found in the trilobite shell. This structure allows excluding biologically induced mineralization as the mechanism of shell formation in Allonema. In Rothpletzella, the c-axes of the microcrystalline sheath show a broader clustering compared to Allonema, but still reveal crystals tending to be perpendicular to the surface of the organism. The misorientation axes of adjacent crystals show an approximately random distribution. Rothpletzella also shares morphological similarities with extant cyanobacteria. We propose that the occurrence of a strong misorientation relationship between adjacent crystals with misorientation axes clustering around the c-axis can be used as a proxy for the degree of control exerted by an organism on its mineralized structures. Therefore, precisely constrained distributions of misorientations (misorientation angle and misorientation axis) may be used to identify BCM in otherwise problematic fossils and can be used to ground-truth the cyanobacterial affinities commonly proposed for problematic extinct organisms.


Information and communication technologies (ICT) in health play a fundamental role in the management of COVID-19. This pandemic has rediscovered telehealth and has accelerated the use of digital platforms with health-oriented services. Within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Peruvian Government has issued several regulations aiming to promote its use. The objective of this paper is to discuss the role of telehealth, and the evolution of its regulatory framework in Peru. Likewise, the initiatives developed and implemented by the Peruvian College of Physicians (PCP) regarding ICT use for healthcare within the framework of COVID-19 are described, such as "Observatorio CMP" (PCP Observatory), and the technological platforms: "Alo CMP" (Hello PCP) and "Salud a un Clic" (Health in a Click). Finally, the paper analyzes some current challenges for ICT in healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Background: Problematic Internet addiction or excessive Internet use is characterized by excessive or poorly controlled preoccupations, urges, or behaviors regarding computer use and Internet access that lead to impairment or distress. Currently, there is no recognition of internet addiction within the spectrum of addictive disorders and, therefore, no corresponding diagnosis. It has, however, been proposed for inclusion in the next version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM). Objective: To review the literature on Internet addiction over the topics of diagnosis, phenomenology, epidemiology, and treatment. Methods: Review of published literature between 2000–2009 in Medline and PubMed using the term "internet addiction. Results: Surveys in the United States and Europe have indicated prevalence rate between 1.5% and 8.2%, although the diagnostic criteria and assessment questionnaires used for diagnosis vary between countries. Cross-sectional studies on samples of patients report high comorbidity of Internet addiction with psychiatric disorders, especially affective disorders (including depression), anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Several factors are predictive of problematic Internet use, including personality traits, parenting and familial factors, alcohol use, and social anxiety. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Although Internet-addicted individuals have difficulty suppressing their excessive online behaviors in real life, little is known about the patho-physiological and cognitive mechanisms responsible for Internet addiction. Due to the lack of methodologically adequate research, it is currently impossible to recommend any evidence-based treatment of Internet addiction.


Support vector machines (SVM) are increasingly used in brain image analyses since they allow capturing complex multivariate relationships in the data. Moreover, when the kernel is linear, SVMs can be used to localize spatial patterns of discrimination between two groups of subjects. However, the features' spatial distribution is not taken into account. As a consequence, the optimal margin hyperplane is often scattered and lacks spatial coherence, making its anatomical interpretation difficult. This paper introduces a framework to spatially regularize SVM for brain image analysis. We show that Laplacian regularization provides a flexible framework to integrate various types of constraints and can be applied to both cortical surfaces and 3D brain images. The proposed framework is applied to the classification of MR images based on gray matter concentration maps and cortical thickness measures from 30 patients with Alzheimer's disease and 30 elderly controls. The results demonstrate that the proposed method enables natural spatial and anatomical regularization of the classifier.


There is uncertainty about average and peak levels of radioactivity to which some people are being exposed. Radioactive materials cause harm only when not enough antioxidants are present to soak up the extra electrons (energetic free radicals; oxidative stressors) induced by radioactive particles. Radiation is like a submolecular fire. There is a temperature above which even the best fire resisting protective barrier fails. So it is with radioactivity.


Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals travel about 20,000 km from the satellite to a receiver on the surface of the Earth. At the end of this journey, which only takes about 60-70 milliseconds, the GNSS signal must travel through the Earth's atmosphere. Particularly the ionosphere, located at a height of between about 50 and 1,000 km above the surface, has a significant effect on the propagation of GNSS signals due to its high spatial and temporal variability. Most of the ionosphere is electrically neutral, but when solar radiation strikes it becomes an electrical conductor and supports the flow of electric currents. The effect of the ionosphere on GNSS signal propagation is a function of the Total Electron Content (TEC) along the signal path and the frequency of the signal. The TEC varies with time, season and geographic location. When travelling through the ionosphere, the speed of the GNSS signal deviates from the speed of light, causing measured pseudoranges to be 'too long' compared to the geometric distance between satellite and receiver, while carrier-phase observations are 'too short'. The condition of the ionosphere is strongly related to the solar cycle, which shows a maximum approximately every 11 years. This paper discusses the likely effects of the maximum of the current solar cycle (cycle 24), predicted to occur in early 2013, on GNSS users. Although it is anticipated to be a smaller solar maximum than the previous peak encountered in 2000-2001, GNSS users can at times expect reduced positioning, navigation and timing performance. Particularly during enhanced ionospheric or geomagnetic storm activity caused by sudden eruptions of the Sun, increased ionospheric variability can be expected. This will also cause increased scintillation effects (i.e. rapid changes in the phase and amplitude of the transmitted signals), which adversely affects ambiguity resolution and may cause GNSS receivers to lose lock in some instances.


A new method for evaluation of edge detectors, based on the average risk of a decision, is discussed. The average risk is a performance measure well-known in Bayesian decision theory. Since edge detection can be regarded as a compound decision making process, the performance of an edge detector is context dependent. Therefore, the application of average risk to edge detection is non-trivial. The paper describes a method to estimate the probabilities on a number of different types of (context dependent) errors. A weighted sum of these estimated probabilities represents the average risk. The weight coefficients define the cost function. The method is suitable, not only for the comparison of edge operators, but also for the determination of the weaknesses and strengths of a certain edge operator. This is demonstrated with some well-known edge operators.<<ETX>>


Optical communication develops very fast and is today the main method for long distance wired communication. However cost is still high. Looking back to the evolution of optical transmission systems, one main objective of system development has become more and more important; minimize cost per gigabytes per second per kilometre, Gb/s/km. One possible solution is to utilize cost effective CMOS technology for all electronic parts and replace optical dispersion compensation with electronic equalization. Recent research indicates that deep submicron CMOS technology indeed can be used for realizing highly integrated optical receivers at data rates of tens of gigabit per second. Recent research also shows that expensive optical dispersion compensators can be replaced with electrical equalizers.This thesis describes an optical receiver in CMOS. The optical receiver consists of a differential transimpedance amplifier, a differential and four times interleaved decision feedback equalizer, DFE coefficient update unit and symbol synchronization. The objective of the thesis is to find a scalable optical receiver topology for high speed, wide input range, low power supply sensitivity and reasonable input related noise, for a CMOS technology with a relative low fT The target is to reach 2.5 Gb/s in a 3.3 V 0.35μm CMOS process. Due to the risk for instability for cascaded broadband amplifiers, the amplifier stability related to the power supply impedance is also investigatedMeasurements on the differential transimpedance amplifier show 72 dBΩ transimpedance gain and 1.4 GHz bandwidth. Eye diagrams at data rate of 2.5 Gb/s show a dynamic range of more than 60 dB. The performance is reached with a three-stage transimpedance amplifier, utilizing differential high-speed stages and carefully chosen peaking frequencies.By measurements on the equalizer, a 2 Gb/s NRZ pattern are sent through a 5 m coaxial cable with an 8 cm open stub for echo generation. The coaxial cable with the stub introduces such large intersymbol interference that there is no eye opening left. The equalizer recovers then the sent data correctly.The equalizer is clocked with a DLL, which is separately tested. The DLL has a new type of delay cell with low power supply sensitivity. The delay range is 0.31 ns to 21.8 ns. For 0.5 ns delay of a 500 MHz signal, the delay increases 2.5 % if the power supply is decreased from 3.3 V to 3 V.The DFE coefficient update unit and the symbol synchronization is implemented in verilog-A and verified with simulations.


Summary Seahorses are the vertebrate group with the embryonic development occurring within a special pouch in males. To understand the reproductive efficiency of the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 under controlled breeding experiments, we investigated the dynamics of reproductive rate, offspring survivorship and growth over births by the same male seahorses. The mean brood size of the 1-year old pairs in the 1st birth was 85.4±56.9 per brood, which was significantly smaller than that in the 6th birth (465.9±136.4 per brood) (P<0.001). The offspring survivorship and growth rate increased with the births. The fecundity was positively correlated with the length of brood pouches of males and trunk of females. The fecundity of 1-year old male and 2-year old female pairs was significantly higher than that from 1-year old couples (P<0.001). The brood size (552.7±150.4) of the males who mated with females that were isolated for the gamete-preparation, was larger than those (467.8±141.2) from the long-term pairs (P<0.05). Moreover, the offspring from the isolated females had higher survival and growth rates. Our results showed that the potential reproductive rate of seahorses H. erectus increased with the brood pouch development.


The last decade has witnessed significant influx of direct foreign investment in developing countries. The increased flow of foreign investment has contributed to the ability of developing countries to produce import competing manufactured goods by combining imported and domestically produced inputs. This situation has to some extent changed the comparative advantage of developing countries. Within the context of this development, this paper attempts to examine the effectiveness of devaluation and other import restricting polices. The paper argues that trade liberalization remains the most desirable policy. Specifically a cut in import and export duties are found to be beneficial both in the short-run and the long-run.


A primary temperature scale requires realising a unit in terms of its definition. For high temperature radiation thermometry in terms of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 this means extrapolating from the signal measured at the freezing temperature of gold, silver or copper using Planck's radiation law. The difficulty in doing this means that primary scales above 1000 °C require specialist equipment and careful characterisation in order to achieve the extrapolation with sufficient accuracy. As such, maintenance of the scale at high temperatures is usually only practicable for National Metrology Institutes, and calibration laboratories have to rely on a scale calibrated against transfer standards. At lower temperatures it is practicable for an industrial calibration laboratory to have its own primary temperature scale, which reduces the number of steps between the primary scale and end user. Proposed changes to the SI that will introduce internationally accepted high temperature reference standards might make it practicable to have a primary high temperature scale in a calibration laboratory. In this study such a scale was established by calibrating radiation thermometers directly to high temperature reference standards. The possible reduction in uncertainty to an end user as a result of the reduced calibration chain was evaluated.


Investigations have been made into the genetic control of immunity to the nematode Trichuris muris. Both background genes and genes within the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC), H-2, were shown to influence the expulsion of T. muris with the former having the stronger influence. At least two genes within the H-2 complex determined response phenotypes, the effects of "resistance" or "susceptibility" alleles at I-A being modulated by resistance or susceptibility alleles at aD end locus/loci. Differential responsiveness within slowly responding mouse strains suggested that parasite-dependent effects were also important.
The primary antibody response to T. muris excretory/secretory (E/S) antigen, predominantly an IgG response, was also shown to be controlled by background and H-2-linked genes. In general, mouse strains less resistant to infection developed higher levels of IgG than- more resistant strains of mice. However strains of mice possessing the H-2q haplotype, irrespective of their genetic background, rapidly developed higher levels of IgG1 antibodies than strains of other haplotypes, H-2q haplotype mice tending to be more resistant to infection. Recognition of two high molecular weight (MW) E/S antigens by IgG as revealed by immunoprecipitation was also found to be almost exclusively H-2q restricted. This restriction may be partly quantitative but as such would operate in vivo due to the restriction on the ability to produce high levels of specific IgG. Both H-2q restricted phenomena may be part of, but not absolute requirements for, protective immunity.
Parasite-induced effects on host immunity were also studied. Later larval and adult stages of T. muris were shown to be immunosuppressive, immunosuppression being long lasting and preventing the expulsion of subsequent infections.
Vaccination with E/S antigen was shown to protect strains of mice which are slow to expel worms (poor-responder) or totally unable to expel worms (non-responder) from a primary infection with T. muris. However protection was slow to be expressed. Antigen recognition profiles of vaccinated strains of mice differed from their primary infection recognition profiles and included the recognition of the two high MW antigens shown to be H-2q restricted in a primary infection. Thus altering the mode or route of E/S antigen presentation may lead to shifts in responsiveness of H-2 genotypes to specific determinants and/or boost specific antibody levels sufficiently to reveal recognition of these antigens. Prior experience of a patent primary infection prevented vaccination protecting non-responder mice against subsequent infections. This inability was correlated with suppressed IgG1 antibody levels and failure to recognise three high MW antigens including the IL-2q restricted antigens.
Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies raised against E/S antigen it was shown that E/S antigens, apparently including both immunogenic and immunosuppressive molecules, were localised to granules within the stichocyte cytoplasm of the adult T. muris stichosome.


Background and Aim: Bone sialoprotein (BSP) is a specific marker of osteoblastic differentiation. In this research, the effect of Zoledronic Acid on BSP expression and methylation status during osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow. For osteogenic differentiation, hMSCs were pulse treated with zoledronic acid, and were incubated in osteogenic differentiation medium for 3 weeks. The DNA and RNA were extracted after the first, second and third weeks of culture and also from undifferentiated MSCs. After Sodium bisulfate (SBS) treatment, gene specific methylation analysis for BSP was carried out using Methylation Specific PCR technique. Results:. BSP expression was observed in osteoblastic differentiated cells whereas it was not seen in MSCs. MSP showed that BSP was unmethylated during osteoblastic differentiation. Conclusion: BSP was expressed from the first week of differentiation. This confirms that zoledronic acid accelerates osteoblastic differentiation. Unmethylation status of BSP indicates that zoledronic acid does not have any effect on BSP methylation status. Other genetic or epigenetic mechanisms may control BSP expression during osteoblastic differentiation induction by zoledronic acid.


Some of the volatile compounds present in grapes give wine is its unique and genuine characteristics.  "Terroir" and berry maturity are considered to be the main influences on the expression of these characteristics. This work was undertaken to establish the specific characteristics that define Vitis vinifera cv. Pais, based on its aromatic profile and free and bound compounds (glycosides), and to assess the effects of location and maturity. Free and bound volatile compounds presented significant differences in the three locations studied. The total amount of free alcohols, acids and ketones depended on the location. During ripening, the amount of aroma precursors increased in all chemical groups in every location studied, and they were found mainly in the skins. With reference to free volatile compounds, it was found that cis-2-hexenol could be a good candidate to assess maturity, and that terpene content seemed to be strongly related to the vineyard location and cultivar conditions. Also, data analysis showed that the free aroma profile seemed to be influenced more by the maturity of the grapes and the bound aroma fraction more by the location.


While much has been written on the history of psychiatry, remarkably little has been written about psychiatric collections or curating. Exhibiting Madness in Museums offers a comparative history of independent and institutional collections of psychiatric objects in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United Kingdom. Leading scholars in the field investigate collectors, collections, their display, and the reactions to exhibitions of the history of insanity. Linked to the study of medical museums this work broadens the study of the history of psychiatry by investigating the significance and importance of the role of twentieth-century psychiatric communities in the preservation, interpretation and representation of the history of mental health through the practice of collecting. In remembering the asylum and its different communities in the twentieth century, individuals who lived and worked inside an institution have struggled to preserve the physical character of their world. This collection of essays considers the way that collections of objects from the former psychiatric institution have played a role in constructions of its history. It historicises the very act of collecting, and also examines ethical problems and practices which arise from these activities for curators and exhibitions. [Book summary from publisher]


In this paper we intend to establish the creation and educational effectiveness of a digital learning module related to the implementation of Mobile Pedestrian Navigation and Augmented Reality (MPN-AR) features, developing educational processes linked to the territorial information and historical-culture heritage corresponding to the cities of Salamanca (Spain) and Santiago (Chile). The research focuses on two main areas: the first is the design and development of a MPN-AR platform, defining the architecture, functionality, interface and implementation; in a second stage we will develop empirical testing of display modes, understanding and effectiveness of the MPN-AR model created in a context of Mobile and Ubiquitous Learning about located territorial cultural heritage. Finally, the expected results are building flexible software in a mobile environment that allows the presentation of content on the historical heritage and the determination of its effectiveness in the context of Ubiquitous and Mobile Learning.


A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, pale yellow, aerobic bacterial strain, JC2902(T), was isolated from a sediment sample of Ungok Lake in Gochang, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JC2902(T) belongs to the genus Flavobacterium and forms a distinct phyletic line within a clade containing four recognized species of the genus Flavobacterium. The genomic relatedness between strain JC2902(T) and closely related strains was calculated using average nucleotide identity values of whole genome sequences, which indicated that the new isolate represents a novel genomic species. Through comparison of chemotaxonomic and other phenotypic characteristics between strain JC2902(T) and the type strains of the four phylogenetically related species, a number of characteristics differentiated strain JC2902(T) from the previously described type strains. Differential characteristics of strain JC2902(T) include fatty acid profiles, cellular motility, inability to grow on Luria-Bertani and tripticase soy agar media, and absence of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and flexirubin-type pigments. Based on data from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain JC2902(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium limnosediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JC2902(T) ( = KACC 16937(T) = JCM 18661(T)).


The thesis provides a novel contribution to the literature of microstructural theory and discovery models. The main contributions are twofolds. First, we move from price to liquidity discovery and explicitly study the dynamic behavior of a direct measure of liquidity observed from the foreign exchange markets. We extend the framework presented by Hasbrouck (1991) and Dufour and Engle (2000) by allowing the coefficients of both liquidity and trade activity to be time dependent. We find that liquidity time is characterized by a strong stochastic component and that liquidity shocks tend to have temporary effects when transactional time is low or equivalently when trading volatility is high.

We then analyze the contribution of liquidity to systemic risk and contagion and, in particular, assess the price impact of liquidity shocks. We extend the approach in Dumitru and Urga (2012) and present a co-jump testing procedure, robust to microstructural noise and spurious detection, and based on a number of combinations of univariate tests for jumps. The proposed test allows us to distinguish between transitory-permanent and endogenous-exogenous co-jumps and determine a causality effect between price and liquidity. In the empirical application, we find evidence of contemporaneous and permanent co-jumps but little signs of exogenous co-jumps between the price and the available liquidity of EUR/USD FX spot during the week from May 3 to May 7, 2010.


ABSTRACT The role of the external auditor in the supervisory process requires standards such as independence, objectivity and integrity to be achieved. Even though the regulator and external auditor perform similar functions, namely the verification of financial statements, they serve particular interests. The regulator works towards safeguarding financial stability and investor interests. On the other hand, the external auditor serves the private interests of the shareholders of a company. The financial audit remains an important aspect of corporate governance that makes management accountable to shareholders for its stewardship of a company. The debate surrounding the role of external auditors focusses in particular on auditor independence. A survey by the magazine "Financial Director" shows that the fees derived from audit clients in terms of non-audit services are significant in comparison with fees generated through auditing. Accounting firms sometimes engage in a practice called "low balling" whereby they set audit fees at less than the market rate and make up for the deficit by providing non audit services. As a result, some audit firms have commercial interests to protect too. There is concern that the auditor's interests to protect shareholders of a company and his commercial interests do not conflict with each other. Sufficient measures need to be in place to ensure that the external auditor's independence is not affected. As well as considering threats to auditor independence and safeguards to protect against such threats, this paper focuses on how the external auditor can assist the FSA through two of its principal regulatory tools in the FSA's response to risk, namely supervision and enforcement. A lot of work and improvements on audit independence have been carried out over the years and there should be an ongoing process of review and further efforts aimed at improvement. Key words: Supervision, Enforcement, Independence


The objective of this study was to develop and test a PID controller to adjust the height of bum sections of sprayer booms. This study was conducted under laboratory conditions using an experimental frame representing the boom sections of the sprayer. The boom section was operated using an electro-hydraulic system driven by a hydraulic power pack. Ultrasonic distance sensors were used to adjust the height of the boom tips based on the set height values. During the on-off control, the sudden openings of the hydraulic valve conduits caused oscillations, resulting in unstable operation. In the PID control, increased gain up to 100% resulted in unstable operations and resembled the response of on-off control. With the use of low gain values, oil flow delivered to the hydraulic actuator was adjusted accurately using the proportional valves and smoother boom section motion was possible. The effects of different disturbances on the system dynamic responses were presented graphically using PID control.


Many poor households in developing countries are liquidity-constrained. As a result, they may under-invest in the human capital of their children. We provide new evidence on the long-term (10-year) effects of cash transfers using data from Ecuador. Our analysis is based on two separate sources of data and two identification strategies. First, we extend the results from an experiment that randomly assigned children under the age of 6 years to early or late treatment groups. Although the early treatment group received twice as much in total transfers, we find no difference between children in the two groups on performance on a large number of tests. Second, we use a regression discontinuity design exploiting the fact that a poverty index was used to determine eligibility for transfers. We focus on children who were just-eligible and just-ineligible for transfers when they were in late childhood, and compare their school attainment and work status 10 years later. Transfers increased secondary school completion, but the effects are small, between 1 and 2 percentage points from a counterfactual school completion rate of 75 percent. We conclude that any effect of cash transfers on the inter-generational transmission of poverty in Ecuador is likely to be modest.


Although short, the three-year membership of M. Romeris in the State Council, a high constitutional institution of Lithuania established in 1928, is often referred to by the biographers as an important page of his life. In spite of such assessment, this page is far from complete. This article is based on the archival materials and the relevant thoughts of M. Romeris himself and it seeks to compensate for this shortage in the literature about the life of M. Romeris. M. Romeris agreed to cease his favored activities as a judge in the Highest Tribunal and took up a position in the new State Council as established in 1928 because he hoped to contribute to the democratic values that he established in his scholastic work and private life. This article seeks to describe this goal by explaining the following activities of his: the drafting of the Statutes of the State Council, which were not approved by the Government due to the stubbornness of the Council and himself; the unsuccessful effort to realize the idea of an administrative court; the efforts to implement the constitutional freedom of conscience and establish a civil registry. This article concludes that by firmly seeking the ideas of democracy M. Romeris did not meet the expectations of the authoritarian Government. As the Government blocked his efforts, M. Romeris gave up the idea of getting any results from his activities in the Council and therefore he left the Council.


The international mobility of teachers is gaining increased attention as particular developing countries become significant sources of supply for more developed countries that have shortages. Most attention so far has focused on Africa's contribution to the United Kingdom workforce. This article examines the patterns of teacher migration for Australia and New Zealand generally, with the aim of providing a context within which to view Pacific Island teacher mobility. Australia and New Zealand are potentially important as destinations for Pacific Island teachers, as sources of teachers to these countries and as partners in the development process, which involves the training and support of teachers. Three quite different cases, the Cook Islands, Fiji and Vanuatu, are used as examples to begin to understand what is happening in the Pacific. While Vanuatu has little international mobility of teachers, Fiji does experience quite an outflow but this is mainly linked to the political instability which has racked the country since the 1980s. The Cook Islands is quite unique in its overall level of out-migration but the outflow of teachers is not a significant issue. Neither Australia nor New Zealand recruit explicitly from these three countries but they do benefit from the inflow of small numbers of teachers in their general migration programs.


The sea ice surrounding Antarctica may be thicker than previously thought. Earlier estimates using shipboard observations and drill cores had suggested that the Southern Ocean ice pack was thinner than 1 meter on average. New measurements, reported November 24 in Nature Geoscience, show ice floes with thicknesses ranging from 1.4 to 5.5 meters, with some areas as thick as 16 meters.


Long-distance seed dispersal is an important ecosystem service provided by migratory animals. Plants inhabiting discrete habitats, like lakes and wetlands, experience dispersal limitation and rely heavily on zoochory for their spatial population dynamics. Granivorous waterbirds may disperse viable seeds of wetland plants over long distances during migration. The limited knowledge of waterbird migration long hampered the evaluation of the importance of waterbirds in seed dispersal, requiring key metrics such as realistic dispersal distances. Using recent GPS tracks of mallards on spring migration, we built a mechanistic seed dispersal model to estimate realistic dispersal distances. Mallards are abundant, partially migratory ducks known to consume seeds of >300 European plant species. Based on the tracking data, we informed a mallard migration simulator to obtain a probabilistic spring migration model for the mallard population wintering at Lake Constance in Southern Germany. We combined the spring migration model with seed retention curves to develop seed dispersal kernels. We also assessed the effect of pre-migratory fasting and the availability of suitable deposition habitat for aquatic and wetland plants. Our results show that mallards at Lake Constance can disperse seeds in northeastern direction over median distances of 293 and 413 km for seeds with short and long retention times, respectively, assuming departure immediately after foraging. Pre-migratory fasting strongly affected the dispersal potential, with only 1-7% of ingested seeds left for dispersal after fasting for 12 h. Availability of suitable deposition habitat was generally <5% along the migratory flyway. High probability of seed deposition in freshwater habitat during the first stopover, after the mallards completed the first migratory flight, makes successful dispersal most likely to happen at 204-322 km from Lake Constance. We conclude that the directed long-distance dispersal of plant seed realized by mallards on spring migration may contribute significantly to large scale spatial plant population dynamics, including range expansion in response to shifting temperature and rainfall patterns under global warming. Our dispersal model is the first to incorporate detailed behavior of migratory waterbirds and can be readily adjusted to include other vector species when tracking data are available.


The ability to engage the user in a conversation and the credibility of the system are two fundamental characteristics of virtual coaches. In this paper, we present the architecture of a conversational e-coach for promoting healthy lifestyles in older age, developed in the context of the NESTORE H2020 EU project. The proposed system allows multiple access points to a conversational agent via different interaction modalities: a tangible companion that embodies the virtual coach will leverage voice and other non-verbal cues in the domestic environment, while a mobile app will integrate a text-based chat for a ubiquitous intervention. In both cases, the conversational agent will deliver personalized interventions based on behavior change models and will promote trust by means of emotionally rich conversations.


There is a growing interest in developing embedded systems capable of being deployed in dynamic environments that may change in unpredictable manners. When such systems are Distributed Embedded Systems (DESs) they must exhibit flexibility at all levels of their architecture, including the network. On the other hand, there is a clear trend in industry towards using Ethernet-based protocols at the network level of DESs. Nevertheless, Ethernet lacks appropriate support for real-time (RT) communications, mixing different RT traffic and on-line management of the Quality of Service (QoS). Several implementations of the Flexible Time-Tiggered (FTT) protocol over Ethernet were proposed to cope with these drawbacks. FTT is a master/multi-slave protocol that is able to simultaneously convey real and non-real-time traffic and provides mechanisms for dynamically changing the QoS of the network, including Admission Control (AC). The AC is a fundamental component for on-line network management, since it guarantees that each participant gets the required QoS. This paper presents the implementation in OMNeT++ of a simulation model of the AC in the FTT HaRTES switch as well as a preliminary performance study using that model.


This paper examines a project in which videotaped face-to-face class sessions were converted into interactive instructional modules for Internet delivery. The development of the online class involved the challenge of teaching the advanced Microsoft Office Suite - normally skills learned hands-on - to distance learners. Sixteen interactive modules were eventually produced by using a process the authors describe as the instructional design in reverse. This paper discusses the importance of the proper application of instructional design theory, the actual production processes used for developing the modules, and important lessons learned in working with interactive multimedia course content for online delivery.


Metastable lime-of-flight (TOF) spectroscopy was used to measure the translational energy distribution of specific rotational states of CO formed from ketene photodissociation (CH2CO-->CH2+CO) at 351 nm. This distribution could be directly related to the internal energy distribution of the other fragment ((X) over tilde B-3(1) CH2) formed in the reaction, thereby giving a correlated distribution of the internal states of the fragments. This technique overcomes the spectral complexity associated with detection the state CH2. Previous measurements of the CO rotational distribution were simulated theoretically using the impulsive model and zero-point vibrational energy considerations. These models predicted that the rotational distributions of CO and CH2 should be uncorrelated, that similar to 10% of the CH2 should be vibrationally excited with one quantum in the bending mode, and that the rotational energy distribution of CH2 should peak near zero. Measurements presented in this paper show a slight anticorrelation of CO and CH2 rotations, no vibrational excitation of CH2 and Gaussian-like rotational energy distributions of CH2 that peak at similar to 1 kcal/mole and have a full width at half-maximum of similar to 0.8 kcal/mol. Qualitative explanations for this behavior are presented.


The existing system for sensing, recording, and reporting climatic conditions has been developed mainly in response to demands of specific clients. Weather conditions provided for airline navigation, agricultural production management, and severe storm tracking, are three examples. Thus, the system for producing, storing, and disseminating climate data has strong historical linkages to the demands of major clients and the sensing and recording technologies available at the time of implementation. Locations of first order stations at airports, the cooperator system, frequency of reporting, and the levels in the atmosphere at which data are recorded all can be viewed as having a user based history.


This chapter examines an approach to crime reduction which differs from many others in that it focuses, not on the offender or their reasoning for committing an offence, but upon the environment in which an offence takes place. This approach also differs in its consideration of who should hold responsibility for the reduction of crime, with a focus, not solely upon the traditional criminal justice system agencies, but also upon planners, architects, developers and managers of public space. The approach is based on the presumption that offenders will maximise crime opportunities, and therefore, those opportunities must be avoided (in the first place) or removed (following the emergence of a crime problem). In the 2001 publication 'Cracking Crime through Design', Pease introduces the concept of design as a means of reducing crime, but more importantly, the premise that it is the moral responsibility of many different actors and agencies to improve the lives of those who may fall victim to crime, those who live in fear of crime, and (less obviously) those who will, through the presentation of unproblematic opportunities, be tempted into offending. In the case of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED), it is the planners, designers, developers and architects who risk acting (as Pease paraphrases the poet John Donne) as the gateway to another man's sin.


Global economic output is expected to grow by 3.7 percent this year, and with a slightly stronger dynamic in the coming year; both predictions match the figures proposed in DIW Berlin's spring forecast, even though the year started off somewhat weaker than expected. But overall, economic recovery continues. Despite rising inflation rates, private consumption remains one of the main drivers in the developed countries, primarily due to the fact that more and more people are getting jobs. In the U.S. and Europe, corporate investment activity is once again picking up momentum. But although the elections in France and the Netherlands yielded positive outcomes with regard to the cohesion of the EU, and thus helped reduce the widespread unease, there remain risks for the global economy: the Brexit negotiations and the uncertainty surrounding the possible new elections in Italy are curbing the spending of both companies and consumers alike. Moreover, the emerging countries could be affected by capital outflows resulting from the U.S. Federal Reserve's interest rate hikes.


We develop a framework for combining differentiable programming languages with neural networks. Using this framework we create end-to-end trainable systems that learn to write interpretable algorithms with perceptual components. We explore the benefits of inductive biases for strong generalization and modularity that come from the program-like structure of our models. In particular, modularity allows us to learn a library of (neural) functions which grows and improves as more tasks are solved. Empirically, we show that this leads to lifelong learning systems that transfer knowledge to new tasks more effectively than baselines.


Leaf fragments from Late Paleocene sediments at Cambalong Creek in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales are assigned to a new species ofBanksieaephyllum Cookson & Duigan,B. praefastigatum. A study of leaf form andmicromorphological characters of extant Banksieae was carried out to identify possible affinities for the new taxon, and a compendium of the architecturaland micromorphological characters of leaves of all described species ofBanksieaephyllum andBanksieaeformis Hill & Christophel is presented.Banksieaephyllum praefastigatum has characteristicstomatal and trichome features of both extinct and extant species ofBanksiinae, but is dissimilar in leaf morphology to any extant species ofBanksia L.f., Dryandra R.Br., orthe oldest previously described species ofBanksieaephyllum, B. tayloriiCarpenter, Hill & Jordan, with which it was contemporaneous.Banksieaephyllum praefastigatum, with its stronglydeveloped areolation and superficial stomates, is different from extantspecies of Banksiinae and Musgraveinae, and may represent a now-extinct sistertaxon to these subtribes in Banksieae, one which had not changed substantiallyfrom hypothesised mesophytic ancestral Proteaceae. Leaf morphology ofB. praefastigatum indicates that serrate-, lobed-andentire-margined forms of Banksieaephyllum were coeval in many localities throughout southern Australia during the Tertiary, and that Banksiinae had diversified significantly by the Early Tertiary, reflecting diversification of at least several other subtribes of subfamily Grevilleoideae by that time.


Background. The aim of the study was to analyse the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on fluoxetine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods. Group I served as control. Group II received CAPE intraperitoneally. Group III received fluoxetine per orally. Group IV received fluoxetine and CAPE. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and liver enzymes including paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase levels were measured. Liver tissues were processed histopathologically for evaluation of liver injury and to validate the serum enzyme levels. Results. An increase in TOS and OSI and a decrease in TAC and PON-1 levels in serum and liver tissues of Group III were observed compared to Groups I and II. After treatment with CAPE, the level of TOS and OSI decreased while TAC and PON-1 increased in serum and liver in Group IV. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed hepatic injury after fluoxetine treatment and reduction of injury with CAPE treatment. Conclusion. Our results suggested that CAPE treatment provided protection against fluoxetine toxicity. Following CAPE treatment with fluoxetine-induced hepatotoxicity, TOS and OSI levels decreased, whereas PON-1 and TAC increased in the serum and liver.


This action research project examined the effects of mindfulness and meditation on concentration among elementary students. The research was conducted at a private Montessori school in an upper elementary classroom for twenty-six children ages nine to twelve. Baseline data was collected for three consecutive days. The intervention was implemented for four weeks. The teacher led the students in mindful movements in the morning and daily meditation took place in the afternoon. The average percent of on-task behavior was collected for baseline data using observational records and journal notes. Observational records included what percent of the class was on-task for specific intervals. Journal notes contained what specific behaviors were observed as off-task. Data collection during the intervention included observational records, journal notes, group discussions and questionnaires. Data analysis showed that concentration did not increase during the intervention. However, students reported meditation and mindful breathing as useful in their daily lives. Further research could include the effects of student chosen mindful activities on concentration and student well-being. A similar study of a longer duration may also yield different results.


ABSTRACT Growth in India declined in the post financial crisis years both due to external and domestic factors. While the slowdown appears to be largely cyclical, it is possible that trend growth may also have been affected, especially by negative shocks from the domestic policy environment. In this article, we analyze the sources of output growth in the past three decades and discuss the outlook going forward. We make projections for the growth of factors of production and the growth of trend gross domestic product (GDP) per worker for the period from 2013–2030. In general, the outlook for factors appears strong. As long as policy reforms support the broad environment for investment in infrastructure and education and eliminate frictions hampering the efficient use of labor and capital, all of which can also boost productivity, it does not appear that trend growth is likely to decline in the future.


The capture of CO2 is of high interest in a society concerned by climate change and consequently by greenhouse gas emissions. If the amine absorption or hot potassium scrubbing are widely used, several membrane processes are also employed. Many studies are realized to develop new polymers in order to increase the selectivity and permeability of membranes. Polyether based copolymers are particularly studied because of the high flexibility of the polyether chain which enables good gas diffusion properties and favorable polar interactions between the oxygen atoms of ether and the carbon dioxide. Moreover, the mechanical and thermal properties can be tailored using different hard segments, different chain lengths or compositions for the soft segment which affect the crystallinity of both phases. Fixed sites carrier membranes are also studied because facilitated transport enables to get membranes with both high selectivity and permeability. In this study, polyether based copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) or poly(propylene oxide) soft segments are considered. The hard segments are aldehyde groups for one series and aldehyde and histamine groups for a second series, based on the same soft segments. The permeation properties for pure N2, CH4 and CO2 have been tested using a time lag permeation rig at 5 bars. Mixed gases experiments have also been performed using a gas mixture of 10% CO2 – 90% N2 at 1.2 and 5 bars feed pressure, in dry and humidified conditions, in order to identify the presence of a possible facilitated transport. The sorption of carbon dioxide has been studied by gravimetric method using a Rubotherm magnetic suspension balance. The membranes materials have been characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry and by Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy and some of them with Atomic Force Microscopy. Water vapors swelling experiment has been performed in order to characterize the amount of water sorbed in each membrane and its influence on membrane properties. The gas permeability and gas sorption results were correlated with the chemical polymers structure. Twelve membranes have been studied, half of them containing histamine groups. Infrared Spectroscopy showed that all the membranes have the same functional groups but in different relative proportions which is consistent with the structures of the membranes. Differential Scanning Calorimetry gave the characteristic temperatures of the polymers, the most interesting one being the glass transition temperature. All the soft membranes had a negative Tg whereas the glassy ones had a Tg greater than 35°C. The membranes from the series "without histamine" were softer than the other membranes. Histamine membranes, due to their additional amine groups which can react with water, were able to uptake a bigger amount of water per volume of polymer. CO2 sorption in polymers followed different mechanisms depending on the membranes: Henry's law for rubbery membranes – all "without histamine" series and T3 and T6; dual sorption model for the other membranes. The membranes without histamine showed higher CO2 permeability for both pure and mixed gases experiments. This is expected and correlated with their rubbery structure which enables bigger free volume. The CO2/N2 selectivity was generally higher for the membranes without histamine. For all the membranes, CO2/N2 selectivity was higher in wet conditions than in dry conditions, proving that facilitated transport was occurring in a certain degree for all membranes. However, it is not possible to conclude that histamine groups enhance this facilitated transport. T3 without histamine and T6 without histamine present the best tradeoff between selectivity and permeability and T2 without histamine and T5 show also good separation properties. Therefore, they are the membranes which could be further developed in order to be used in industry.


Development in the Southern Piedmont of the USA is increasing urban demand for clean water for recreation and municipal supplies. Agricultural production is perceived to be a non-point source of pollution in this region. To effectively target efforts to reduce agricultural pollution, we are working to estimate the impact of conservation practices and to develop water-sampling strategies for identifying key areas for conservation efforts. Nine sites were selected for sampling surface water quality in the headwaters area of the Upper Oconee Watershed of Georgia. Significant variation in water quality was observed among the 9 sites. In some cases, high levels of N and P may have been the result of holding ponds associated with agricultural processing or confined animal operations located adjacent to the water body and near the sample sites. Dilution of upstream impacts was apparent at downstream sites particularly with the samples representing the Middle Oconee River.


Fog water collection is an emerging opportunity to combat local water shortages in water-scarce areas where sustainable access to water is unreliable, but fog events are frequent. Since fog water systems are implemented within or near communities, they eliminate or decrease the need to travel far distances for the collection of water during times of scarcity. As a result, these systems decrease the physical and social burden of water collection on women and girls, who are the primary water gatherers in most traditional communities. This is an important outcome because women and girls are disproportionately affected by water scarcity and are not seen as equals in water management, access, or control. This paper illustrates how several fog water collection projects have shown, empirically, that the positive outcomes for women and girls may include the freeing of time for domestic and educational pursuits, improved health outcomes, and improved perceptions of self and others' perceptions of women. These findings are important at a time when the world at large is addressing the Sustainable Development Agenda, where Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 necessitates safe water and sanitation for all and SDG 5 ensures gender equality to empower all women and girls.


This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Qualitative). The objectives are as follows:. Main objective: To identify the factors that create barriers or facilitate physical activity for people with a diagnosis of anxiety or depression from the perspectives of service users, carers, service providers and practitioners to help inform the design and implementation of interventions that promote physical activity. The overall aim of this review is to identify, appraise, and synthesise qualitative research evidence on the barriers and facilitators to engaging in physical activity in general lifestyle settings or as part of an intervention designed to increase physical activity for people with anxiety and depression. This will allow us to identify factors that create barriers and facilitators of physical activity in this population to inform the development, design, and implementation of future interventions. We will also integrate the findings from the QES with the two associated effectiveness reviews (Cooney 2014; Larun 2006). We will communicate our findings to public health commissioners and other stakeholders.


Venepuncture is a painful but necessary prerequisite for safe administration of anaesthesia. Various pharmacological and non pharmacological methods have been attempted to decrease venepuncture pain. EMLA (eutectic mixture of 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine) cream facilitates the local absorption of both constituent drugs without organic solvents, resulting in high concentrations of lidocaine/prilocaine in the skin. Valsalva maneuver reduces the severity of pain associated with venepuncture, via stimulation of the vagus nerve. We conducted an observational study to evaluate the efficacy of Valsalva maneuver and EMLA cream in decreasing venepuncture pain. After obtaining approval from the Indian Ethics Committee, 129 American society of anesthesiology Class 1 & 2 patients who were posted for various surgeries, aged 18-60 years were chosen after obtaining consent. They were randomly allocated into two groups using computerized tables (Group E – 65, Group V – 64), with application of EMLA cream (Group E) and valsalva maneuver (Group V) being performed prior to venepuncture. Post venepuncture, VAS, pain score (to assess subjective and objective pain) and changes in hemodynamic parameters were assessed. Data was analysed using student unpaired 't' test, student paired t test and X2 test. Average Pain score and VAS score for Group E was 1, 0.94 and in Group V was 2 and 2.24 respectively (p <0.0001). Average change in HR and MAP was 3 bpm and MBP 1 mm Hg in Group E, and 6 bpm and MBP 3 mm Hg in Group V, comparing prior and post venepuncture parameters . Average increase in HR and MBP was seen to be significantly more in Group V than in Group E.(p <0.0001). Pain on venepuncture after EMLA cream application was significantly lesser than pain on venepuncture after valsalva maneuver.


We consider a boundary value problem of reflection of a powerful light wave from a dense resonant medium that exhibits intrinsic optical bistability because of the dipole–dipole interaction of two-level atoms. On the basis of analytical solutions and numerical simulations we establish that intrinsic optical bistability results in the dependence of the reflection coefficient on the adiabatically varying intensity of an external field. The reflection coefficient is an oscillating function of the intensity because of the additional reflectivity that is due to a light-induced sharp discontinuity in the nonlinear permittivity of a dense resonant medium.


NANCY HALL, BEVERLY HOWARD, KENNETH HULL, PAUL RICHARDSON Ottawa, Ontario proved to be a spectacular site for members of The Hymn Society to explore Canadian culture, to renew relationships and meet other hymn enthusiasts, and to sing togedier! The 2007 annual conference of The Hymn Society in the United States and Canada [HSUSC] opened on 15 July on the campus of Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. This year the 302 registrants hailed from 36 states, six Canadian provinces, Australia, Brazil, Japan, Norway, and the United Kingdom. The theme of the conference, "Celebrating Hymn Heritages," was interpreted throughout the week in festivals, plenaries, and sectionals. The HSUSC also celebrated its 85th anniversary at this conference. Although there was not a local arrangements committee for this conference, Gordon Johnston and Josephine Meeker assisted in hospitality. May Daw and Anissa Bacon assembled the Conference Bookstore that made available the considerable materials available for purchase from the Hymn Society Book Service. Music Plus, a store from Kitchener, ON, offered a wide array of church music scores and resources. This year the Lovelace Scholarship enabled these five students to attend the conference: * Caitlin Reilley Beck, B.A. student from St. Paul University in Ottawa, ON, majoring in mission studies and inter-religious dialogue * Sarah Kathleen Johnson, M.T.S. student from Conrad Grebel University College, Waterloo, ON, majoring in theology * Geoffrey C. Moore, M.Div. student from Perkins School of Theology, Dallas, TX, majoring in theology and worship * Anne P. Wheeler, M.T.S. student from Candler School of Theology, Adanta, GA majoring in music and worship * Andrew M.D. Wymer, M.Div. student from Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, KY, majoring in worship. During the week, Andrew Tice, former Lovelace Scholarship recipient and new Member-at-Large, gathered current and former scholarship recipients for a lunch meeting. Sunday, 15 July Checking in at the Residence Commons, arriving conferees heard a melange of languages: French, English, and Spanish. The Ceremonial Guard, in training at Carleton University, enjoyed a high profile with their uniforms and bagpipes. Although a number of people arrived early to take advantage of activities in the area, most conferees checked in on Sunday afternoon, unpacked, explored the campus, and browsed the Conference Bookstore. This year, first-time attendees were honored at a reception where they had opportunity to meet members of the Executive Committee. Dominion-Chalmers United Church was the location of the opening hymn festival: "The Scottish Heritage of Psalms and Hymns." Coordinator/enlivener John Bell led us in singing texts and tunes, reminding us of the Scottish heritage in North America through hymns. Stuart Muir provided energetic, thoughtful accompaniments to support our singing. Bell organized the festival into four large sections spanning preReformation polyphony to late twentieth-century hymns: The Beginning, The Barren Years, Fringe Elements Aiding Recovery, and Late in Time. Some selections sung included "Come from Hevin [Heigh] to Tell," Psalms from early Psalters, "Child in the Manger," "The Sands of Time are Sinking," "Beneath the Cross of Jesus," "I Heard the Voice of Jesus Say," "Immortal, Invisible, God Only Wise," "Gather Us In," "Courage, Brother, Do Not Stumble," "Like Fireworks in the Night," and "Love is the Touch." BEVERLY HOWARD Morning Prayer Although we tout our communal singing at the annual conference, we also pray together. Each day of this conference began with Morning Prayer, planned and guided by John Ambrose and Loretta Manzara, with musical leadership by Andrew Donaldson and Rudi Watson Henderson. Responses by Mary Truly Ermey framed a simple, clear pattern that was repeated each day. …


This paper places digital labour in the context of recently revived interest in the young Marx's concept of 'species-being' (Gatungswesen). Cryptically and fragmentarily announced in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, but largely abandoned in Marx's later work, the idea has passed in and then, apparently decisively, out, of fashion amongst his interpreters. But the first decade of the twentyfirst century has seen a renewed interest surely due in part to the manifest capacities of electronic networks and biotechnologies to alter the cognitive and corporeal attributes of the human. After proposing an historical, rather than essentialist, understanding of Gatungswesen the paper goes on to suggest some categories that might be adequate to a situation where the stakes in class conflict are nothing less than the trajectory of a contemporary 'species-becoming': planet factory, futuristic accumulation, global worker, techno-finance, singularity capitalism, biocommunism.


Although Latin displays many characteristics of nominative/accusative alignment, it also exhibits a number of properties that are typical of active/inactive linguistic systems. More specifically, the Latin verbal clause displays an active/inactive distinction, as it regularly marks, through the occurrence of dedicated morphological strategies, the presence of non-agentive as opposed to agentive contexts.
This dissertation explores the syntactic motivations behind this opposition, addressing the crucial question about the relationship between syntax and morphology. The claim is made that verbal morphology in Latin is always syntactically motivated, since it directly reflects the difference between active and inactive structures. In particular, deponent verbs are shown not to be a case of syntax-morphology mismatch: these verbs exhibit inactive morphology because of their non-agentive properties. Moreover, it will be argued that syntax and semantics are closely related to each other within the syntactic computation.
From this perspective, this thesis also provides an account of the development of a number of analytic constructions in Romance: perfective, possessive and deontic periphrases. Substantial attention is devoted to the diachronic study of the Romance auxiliation patterns occurring in these constructions and to their relationship with alignment and argument structure. The main claim is that the Romance outcomes of these periphrases are closely related to the active/inactive opposition characterizing the Latin system and to the alignment changes that characterized the passage from Latin to Romance. Therefore, these developments cannot be seen as isolated phenomena, but must be understood as the various manifestations of a systematic change affecting the whole linguistic system. Finally, the analysis and investigation of these diachronic facts confirms that syntactic reanalysis is one of the major forces at the basis of language change.

This study will be of relevance to anyone interested in diachronic syntax, historical linguistics, classical philology and Italian dialectology.


The main objective of this study is to explore the quality of parent-child
relationships among delinquent female adolescent (DFA) school students.
Specifically, the study compared DFAs' perceptions of father-daughter and
mother-daughter relationships on three parent-child relationship variables,
namely: (1) parent-child attachment; (2) parent-child supervision; and (3) parentchild
communication. Each variable was studied separately for mothers and
fathers. This study also examined the relationship between respondents'
selected background characteristics (number of siblings, parents, education level
and monthly family income) with delinquency scores. Significant predictor
variables were also identified. Seven null hypotheses were tested.
Respondents were 94 Form One DFA school girls from five Keramat District
secondary schools in Kuala Lumpur. The DFAs were selected based on school
discipline records and through referrals by school counselors. Parent-child
attachment was measured using the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden and Greenberg, 1987). Parental supervision was measured using a
modified version of the Strictness / Supervision Scale by Dutra and Chance
(1997). Parent-child communication was measured using a combination of items
from the Self-Report Instrument (Beavers, Hampson and Hulgus, 1985) and
Parent-Child Relationship Survey (Fine, Moreland and Schwedel, 1983).
Respondents level of involvement in delinquent acts were scored using a
delinquency scale developed by Rozumah, Abdullah Al-Hadi, Rumaya,
Asnarulkhadi, Amna, Mansor and Tan (2003).
Descriptive analyses show that DFAs have average academic achievement.
Their parents' level of education was also average. Only 4.3% had university
level education. Majority (97.9%) of the fathers and half of the mothers are
working. Most families (38.3%) have family income above RM2000 per month
while only 7.4% have incomes equal to or less than RM500.
The level of delinquent acts scores were low but presented a worrying trend.
Results revealed that DFAs were involved in a variety of delinquent acts within
and outside the school compound such as smoking, carrying weapons to school,
drunken behavior in public, obscene behavior, and gangsterisme.
Results revealed significant differences between DFAs perceptions of father-child
and mother-child relationship on all three variables, namely: (i) mother-child
attachment (mean score=75.55) and father-child attachment (mean score=
73.08 ), t=2.62, p<0.01; (ii) mother-child supervision (mean score= 35.37)
and father-child supervision (mean score=33.38) , t=4.88, p<0.001; and (iii)
mother-child communication (mean score= 29.98) and father-child communication (mean score=27.37), t=4.69, p<0.001. DFAs perceived that the
quality of their mother-child relationship were better than their father-child
relationship in terms of respect, trust, readiness to share problems, supervision
of activities inside and outside their homes, confidence in communication to solve
problems as well as openness in communication. Results also show that only
family income had a significant and negative correlation with delinquency scores,
r = -.36, p<0.05, while only mother-child communication was found to be a
significant predictor variable contributing 16.6% to the variance.
Results indicate that the three parent-child relationship variables studied are
influential in preventing early adolescent girls from involvement in delinquency.
Hence, female delinquency prevention programmes need to focus on improving
parent-child relationships. Future research should examine parent-child
relationships among pre-adolescents and later adolescents, as well as compare
respondents on variables such as gender, school type, rural-urban locations,
ethnicity, and family structure.


Machinists often simulate a part program to verify its correctness, since mistakes can cause damage to the part, machine, oneself, or others. A popular approach for part program simulation involves representing the stock (the material the part is being carved from) as a heightmap. Although this approach is computationally fast and memory efficient, only objects that are representable as functional surfaces (e.g., z = f(x, y)) can be machined. This thesis presents a new heightmap-based data structure, called a multidirectional heightmap, that does not have this limitation. A multidirectional heightmap, in response to an overhang, recursively subdivides itself until each piece can be represented by an axis-aligned heightmap. More precisely, a multidirectional heightmap is a kD-tree with the property that all cells are "functional": each cell contains a heightmap that represents a functional portion of the stock. To improve accuracy, each regular heightmap can be replaced by a 3-Way Heightmap, a new type of heightmap that samples the tool along all three stock axis directions (three ways) rather than just one. The experimental results herein suggest that the multidirectional heightmap data structure achieves a good level of performance with respect to memory usage, CPU usage, and approximation error.


ABSTRACT In this paper, we consider the COS method for pricing European and Bermudan options under the stochastic alpha beta rho (SABR) model. In the COS pricing method, we make use of the characteristic function of the discrete forward process. We observe second-order convergence by using a second-order Taylor scheme in the discretization, or by using Richardson extrapolation in combination with a Euler–Maruyama discretization on the forward process. We also consider backward stochastic differential equations under the SABR model, using the discretized forward process and Fourier-cosine expansion for the occurring expectations. For this purpose, we extend the so-called BCOS method from one to two dimensions.


Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer among women in the United States. As with all other cancer types, breast cancer formation is the result of alterations in tumor suppressor genes, which regulate diverse cellular activities to prevent tumor development, and oncogenes, which promote tumor formation. In this study, we further characterized two candidate breast cancer tumor suppressor genes, MTUS2 and LHX8, and their role in breast cancer development. Soft agar assays showed that the knockdown of MTUS2 and LHX8 in MCF10AT cells led to increased colony formation compared to non-silencing control. Furthermore, through q-RT-PCR analysis, we found that the relative mRNA expression of MTUS2 and LHX8 is down-regulated in a panel of breast cancer cell lines compared to the pre-malignant breast epithelial cell line MCF10AT. Finally, when we ectopically expressed MTUS2 or LHX8 in MCF7 cells it resulted in slower proliferation of the cells compared to an empty vector control. Taken together, these results provide further information concerning the roles MTUS2 and LHX8 play in breast tumorigenesis. This study implicates two breast cancer tumor suppressor genes, which can provide a unique tool for identifying novel pathways involved in the formation of breast cancer. Citation Format: Diane Fru, Victoria Ruhl, Michael R. Green. Characterizing candidate breast cancer tumor suppressors: MTUS2 and LHX8. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B29. Note: This abstract was withdrawn after the Proceedings was printed and was not presented at the conference.


The article presents the use of Palm Sunday bundles in the Slovene countryside. Because of the belief in the magic power the bundles obtained when they were blessed and the conviction that they were capable of transferring this special power elsewhere, the bundles were used to protect homes, domestic animals, land, and crops. They were further used in many customs and to heal people and animals. After the Second World War, the belief in the magic power of Palm Sunday bundles started to decline, but they acquired new functions in the late 20 th century.


A school of jurisprudential thought rarely emerges full blown at a single instant or immediately announces itself as something new and different in the world of legal scholarship. Bentham's Principles of Morals and Legislation, one of the most startlingly original and seminal contributions to modem legal thought, might have been greeted by one of today's omniscient and pinchminded reviewers, transplanted back to 1789, as "a rather interesting application of the thought of several minor continental writers to English conditions." While we can now trace a whole Kantian school of legal theory, it still remains questionable whether Kant himself had a theory of law.1 Furthermore, the contemporary world does not often find itself blessed with such commanding figures as Bentham and Kant. New intellectual movements are more often the collective work of smaller minds and the products of synthesis, recombination and shifting application of existing ideas. I believe that such a new movement is afoot in legal theory, and I propose to call it political jurisprudence. This new movement is essentially an extension of certain elements of sociological jurisprudence and judicial realism, combined with the substantive knowledge and methodology of political science. Its foundation is the sociological jurist's premise that law must be understood not as an independent organism but an integral part of the social system. Political jurisprudence is in one sense an attempt to advance sociological jurisprudence by greater specialization. It seeks to overcome the rather nebulous and over general propositions of the earlier movement by concentrating on the specifically political aspects of law's interaction


Abstract A multidisciplinary correlation of the Devonian–Carboniferous (D–C) boundary sections from the Moravian Karst (Czech Republic) and the Carnic Alps (Austria), based on conodont and foraminifer biostratigraphy, microfacies analysis, field gamma-ray spectroscopy (GRS), carbon isotopes and element geochemistry, is presented in this paper. The study is focused on the interval from the Middle Palmatolepis gracilis expansa Zone (Late Famennian) to the Siphonodella sandbergi Zone (Early Tournaisian). In Lesní lom (Moravian Karst), a positive δ13C excursion in the Bisphatodus costatus – Protognathodus kockeli Interregnum from a distinct laminated carbonate horizon is correlated with a carbon isotope excursion from the Grüne Schneid section of the Carnic Alps and is interpreted as the equivalent of the Hangenberg black shales and a local expression of the global Hangenberg Event sensu stricto. Higher up at both sections, a significant increase in the terrigenous input, which is inferred from the GRS signal and elevated concentrations of terrigenous elements (Si, Ti, Zr, Rb, Al, etc.), provides another correlation tieline and is interpreted as the equivalent of the Hangenberg sandstone. Both horizons are discussed in terms of relative sea-level fluctuations and palaeoceanographic changes. Recent studies show that conodont biostratigraphy is facing serious problems associated with the taxonomy of the first siphonodellids, their dependence on facies and discontinuous occurrences of protognathodids at the D–C boundary. Therefore, the correlative potential of geochemical and petrophysical signatures is high and offers an alternative for the refining of the problematic biostratigraphic division of the D–C boundary.


Dag Pike draws on his experience as merchant navy captain, fast boat navigator and boat safety tester for RNLI lifeboats to focus on a wide range of disasters at sea. He compiles a wide range of accounts of yachts, motorboats and commercial vessels running into difficulty as a result of poor navigation, fog, miscalculation, human error, weather conditions etc and analyses in a readable and entertaining fashion what caused the disaster, what went wrong, how it was dealt with and the lessons learned from it. Examples range from the Fastnet disaster, powerboat races, boats run down in the Channel, to trawlers pulled under by submarines, ferry accidents and tanker and cargo ship disasters. The incidents include grounding, collision, fire, sinking, ice and storms, and each chapter has an example from the Marine Accident Investigation Bureau who monitor incidents at sea. This book is a fascinating read for all who go afloat either for business or pleasure, and for anyone interested in just why disasters happen at sea.


The aim of the present study was to evaluate if physical exercise (swimming program), begun in different periods of pregnancy of diabetic rats, promotes changes in the maternal metabolism. Severe diabetes was induced in female rats using Streptozotocin. The rats were mated and randomly assigned to three groups (n = 13 rats/group): sedentary (G1) or exercised from day zero (G2) or day seven (G3) to day 21 of pregnancy. The exercise consisted of a moderate swimming program. During pregnancy, the body weight and glycemic level were weekly evaluated. All the female rats were killed on day 21 of pregnancy to carry out laparotomy. The blood samples were collected to determine total protein, triglycerides, total cholesterol and VLDL-cholesterol. Liver and muscle samples were collected to determine hepatic and muscular glycogen, respectively. Regardless the initial moment, the exercise did not alter glycemic level, body weight evolution and total protein, hepatic and muscular glycogen concentrations. However, the swimming program begun on the 7th day of the pregnancy decreased the triglyceride rate (G1 = 369.10 ± 31.91 mg/dL; G2 = 343.32 ± 162.12 mg/dL; G3 = 212.35 ± 70.32 mg/dL), total (G1 = 176.48 ± 28.25 mg/dL; G2 = 141.33 ± 19.77 mg/dL; G3 = 129.86 ± 33.16 mg/dL), and VLDL (G1 = 64.92 ± 24.41 mg/dL; G2 = 63.54 ± 28.31 mg/dL; G3 = 42.53 ± 14.12 mg/dL) cholesterol concentrations compared to G1 group. Physical exercise did not interfere on the maternal glycemic levels. Thus, the swimming program began on the day seven of the pregnancy was a beneficial treatment for the lipidic profile of the diabetic rats. This result validates an association of regular physical activity to diet and insulin treatment in pregnancy complicated by diabetes.


This thesis is about the Pentecostal preacher Georg Gustafsson (1899-1983). The aim is to describe, analyse and evaluate his devoted service for the Swedish Pentecostal movement during more than 60 years of his life. The thesis describes the person, his lifetime achievement and the context within which his work was carried out. One important point of departure has been to understand his background and roots in the revival in Smaland, characterized by pietism and neoevangelism/Rosenianism. A number of questions have been raised and answered in this study, one of them being: How did Georg Gustafsson as an individual, and the Pentecostal movement as a collective consider the call of God? Another question is how Gustafsson preached, and how his preaching in form and content fitted in with the homiletic tradition which Pentecostal Pastors represented during the 1900`s? The third question relates to Georg Gustafsson`s intercession and healing ministry. Why did he devote himself to such a ministry during 60 years, and to what extent was prayer for sick people characteristic for the Pentecostal movement during the period from 1920 to 1980?The fourth question I've tried to answer is: What responsibilities did Georg Gustafsson and other leading persons of the Swedish Pentecostal movement have regarding Swedish society during the 1900`s? It was first in the 1940`s that the Pentecostal movement began to be seriously interested in society-related issues. The fifth and last question is: How did Gustafsson react on the development within the Swedish Pentecostal movement itself? The answers are given in this thesis.


For me, the most exciting problems design can grapple with are large, muddy, and important. This might sound strange from someone who spent 7 years in a dusty workshop, getting lost in the details of designing and building furniture. Over my time at AHO I have tried to explore how bridging disciplines and collapsing scales can help us to address wicked problems; how strategic, and yet small-scale and aesthetic, interventions can fuel change. Journalism is at the heart of several wicked problems. It is a critical part of a democratic society, and yet all of our interactions with it are personal and mediated through objects of one kind or another. It is at the same time both systemic and personal, macro and micro. At a public lecture at AHO this spring, Cameron Tonkinwise said "There are ways that objects enable transitions." (Tonkinwise, 2018) I hope that the results of this project, in some small way, have done just that, and have illustrated the value of working with an unabashedly multidisciplinary approach. All photographs, illustrations and graphics by the author, unless otherwise noted. This document has been formatted for printing on newsprint, meaning that some colours may appear duller than intended. a note on language Throughout the course of this project I have struggled with how to describe the people who will ultimately be using future products and services. Users is a commonly-used word in both UX and service design processes, but doesn't adequately reflect the relationship people have to news media and journalism. At the same time, reader, listener, and viewer are commonly used in media environments, but are tied to specific types of media, and, like user and consumer, fail to address an emerging two way relationship between the producers and consumers of content (content: another problematic term). The word prosumer has emerged as an attempt to represent a dual-natured user, but has not been widely adopted outside of DIY and maker spaces. While it might not seem so important, our language shapes how we as designers imagine and engage with people. This is all just to say that we will need to explore new terms to represent new and complex relationships between actors, across different types of media. For now, though, I'll try to stick with user and reader, even if they fall short, and people aren't actually reading anything.


The aim of this study is to evaluate the bioaccessibility of two progesterone oral formulations (micronized progesterone 100 mg SR capsules and milled progesterone 100 mg SR capsules), using an in vitro model of the human GI tract. Results show that overall bioaccessibility of micronized progesterone (21.8%) was significantly greater than that of milled progesterone (1.9%), p < 0.001. The higher total bioaccessibility could potentially be due to the smaller particle size of micronized progesterone (< 6 μm), in comparison to that of milled progesterone (approximately 92 μm). One may hypothesize that oral compounded micronized progesterone has the potential for greater bioavailability because of the significantly higher bioaccessibility of micronized progesterone in comparison to milled progesterone. Knowledge of this study's results may be useful for practitioners when justifying the viability of using micronized progesterone over milled progesterone in the management of postmenopausal symptoms.


This article discusses about "Gubuk Gegana", that is a place which is used for ammonia process called amoniasi. This has a result a fodder from straw which has higher nutrition value than usual. Gubuk Gegana is expected to overcome the problem of shortage of fodder  in the dry season in Kebumen. Besides, Gubuk Gegana is designed to make the best possible use of many natural potential and develop the knowledge and skills of the society in Kebumen. On the other word, Amoniasi is expected to solve agricultural wastes problem especially rice straw be more optimal utilization.


We live in a leadership crisis. "In an age when incompatible worlds collide and when scandals rock formerly stable institutions," says Walter Fluker, "what counts most is ethical leadership and the qualities of personal integrity, spiritual discipline, intellectual openness, and moral anchoring." Fluker finds these characteristics exemplified in the work and thought of black-church giants Martin Luther King Jr. and Howard Thurman. This volume, for leaders and emergent leaders in religious and other settings, sets forth the context and principles for ethical leadership, particularly for ministries and other professions whose mission directly advances the common good. Fluker's volume grounds leadership in story, the appropriation of one's roots, as a basis for personal and social transformation. He then explores the key values of character, civility, and community for ethical action on the personal, public, and spiritual realms. From these considerations he develops a model of the specific virtues that embody each realm of ethical leadership before applying them to the practical aspects of leadership and decisionmaking.