Currently network security of institutions highly depend on firewalls, which are used to separate untrusted network from trusted one by enforcing security policies. Security policies used in firewalls are ordered set of rules where each rule is represented as a predicate and an action. This paper proposes modeling of firewall rules via directed acyclic graphs (DAG), from which test cases can be automatically generated for firewall testing. The approach proposed follows test case generation algorithm developed for event sequence graphs. Under a local area network setup with the aid of a specifically developed software for this purpose, generated test cases are converted to network test packets, test packets are sent to the firewall under test (FUT), and sent packets are compared with passed packets to determine test result.


Rats subjected to unilateral ablation of the motor cortex and placed on a narrow beam displayed transient contralateral paresis. An immediate and enduring acceleration of recovery was produced by a single dose of d-amphetamine given 24 hours after injury. This effect was blocked by haloperidol or by restraining the animals for 8 hours beginning immediately after amphetamine administration. A single dose of haloperidol given 24 hours after injury markedly slowed recovery. This effect was also blocked by restraining the animals.


Colorado State University continues to maintain the only undergraduate major in Watershed Science since its inception over four decades ago. As the flagship of Watershed Science, CSU has granted over 400 BS, 350 MS, and 100 PhD degrees. Of these, over 70 were granted to international graduate students, Theses and dissertations reflect the evolution of watershed science from the early historical proof of concept studies, through the era of hydrologic processes and modeling, and continue to reflect the science and management underlying current problems - from water quality and snow physics to watershed policy and watershed forums. Undergraduate curricula and graduate programs have changed in concert with the evolving understanding of watershed processes and watershed problems, The most important responsibility of watershed education for the future is to balance the emphasis on the hinterlands/source areas of watersheds with more comprehensive curricula and programs that integrate all land uses, from hog farms and cities, to the human dimension and participatory watershed management. Future undergraduate curricula should include courses in agricultural hydrology, environmental health, hydrogeology, political science, sociology, and water resources. Future watershed research at CSU should emphasize the understanding of watershed processes that operate at hierarchal spatial scales and at the interfaces of land uses which alter the quality of water and the hydrologic behavior of watersheds . Watershed management at CSU should emphasize preparing field-based professionals who can contribute to problem-oriented solutions at local and regional watershed levels from both the technical and the social perspectives.


A fast boundary extraction routine is first introduced to search a part of interest by investigating several scan lines. Once the first three boundary points of the part forming a seed segment are located, the boundary tracing and growing process can be quickly and accurately implemented inside a sequence of small regions. The pose vector [x~,y~,/spl theta/] that represents the location and orientation of the part is estimated based on the part's boundary information. The motion tracking procedure consists of four phases: 1) predict the next region that the part will appear using the previous and current pose vectors; 2) extract the part's boundary within the predicted region using the same boundary-extraction routine; 3) update the pose vector by calculating the new centroid and orientation; and 4) feed the new pose information to the controller to adjust the control signals. This prediction-searching-updating-feedback cycle is repeated until the part reaches its desired position with the desired orientation. The proposed algorithm is fast. Finally, the tracking speed and accuracy are evaluated.


Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia mandrillaris spp. are known to cause fatal amoebic encephalitis. Here, I attempt to draw attention to these cases, which are reported as 'granulomatous amoebic encephalitis' (GAE), and their occurrence in immunocompromised individuals and patients with AIDS. GAE, like any other granulomatous inflammation, can occur only in the presence of ample numbers of CD4 Tlymphocytes. Extensive reviews of manuscripts published over a period of 50 years on this topic and cytokine studies and/or morphological evidence provided in peer-reviewed published studies were evaluated in detail by independent resources to analyse the granulomatous inflammatory evidence provided to justify the title of GAE in this group of patients. The evidence given in support of GAE did not appear to be convincing enough in the majority of published studies, and in particular its occurrence in patients with AIDS and other immunocompromised states was not justified. The distinction between the early development of type IV hypersensitivity reactions and granuloma/ granulomatous inflammation was found to be vague and inconclusive. It is therefore recommended that this terminology is used only when all the diagnostic criteria have been met, and use of a term such as 'granulomatoid' is suggested in cases where there remains an ambiguity in the morphological appearance of the lesions, especially in AIDS and related diseases.


Abstract Capsules with beryllium ablators are very important targets for the DOE National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser in the Inertial Confinement Fusion Program. Two leading candidates for fabricating beryllium capsules are the machining and bonding of hemispheres, and physical vapor deposition of beryllium onto plastic or other shells. An attractive possibility would be to coat a spherical mandrel with a thin layer of beryllium by a non-line-of-sight process. This coating could be applied via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of beryllium. Our first attempt at coating beryllium via CVD was done by using bis(cyclopentadienyl)beryllium, (C5H5)2Be, as the precursor material. Results obtained by use of (C5H5)2Be as the precursor material is discussed. However, difficulties we encountered with use of the (C5H5)2Be precursor material led us to examine a relatively unexplored area of beryllium chemistry, namely that of its amines. This redirection also led us to change surrogate material for use in the developmental work.


Continuous Integration (CI) is a software development practice where changes to the codebase are compiled and automatically checked for software quality issues. Like any software artifact (e.g., production code, build specifications), CI systems require an investment of development resources in order to keep them running smoothly. In this paper, we examine the human resources that are associated with developing and maintaining CI systems. Through the analysis of 1,279 GitHub repositories that adopt Travis CI (a popular CI service provider), we observe that: (i) there are 0 to 6 unique contributors to CI-related development in any 30-day period, regardless of project size, and (ii) the total number of CI developers has an upper bound of 15 for 99.2% of the studied projects, regardless of overall team size. These results indicate that service-based CI systems only require a small proportion of the development team to contribute. These costs are almost certainly outweighed by the reported benefits of CI (e.g., team communication and time-to-market for new content).


The trend toward patient self-management (PSM) of chronic disease is accelerating at a rapid pace along with the evolution of home-based or mobile technologies to support this care. Yet the development of self-management practice standards and advanced practice nursing support has been haphazard. This book fills a glaring void by addressing, against a backdrop of current best practices in PSM, such questions as: What are appropriate standards of safety in PSM? How can we be assured those standards are met? How does one reach a good prognosis about whether or not patients will be able to practice PSM? What level of effectiveness and efficiency should PSM reach to be considered a good policy option? Grounded in a clear ethical practice framework for PSM regimens, the text discusses PSM of the major chronic diseases along with best practice intervention strategies. The text maps out the implementation of the PSM framework for both patient and institution, supported by numerous case examples. Also addressed are PSM challenges to Advanced Practice Nursing, three ethically valid assessment tools, and relevant health policy concerns. Offering study questions and answers, the text is designed for course adoption and as a resource at MSN, DNP, and PhD levels Key Features: Presents clear ethical practice framework for PSM regimens Explores PSM in the major chronic diseases along with case studies Discusses PSM challenges to Advanced Practice Nursing Provides three ethically valid assessment tools Useful for course adoption and a resource at MSN, DNP, and PhD levels


We formalise the undecidability of solvability of Diophantine equations, i.e. polynomial equations over natural numbers, in Coq's constructive type theory. To do so, we give the first full mechanisation of the Davis-Putnam-Robinson-Matiyasevich theorem, stating that every recursively enumerable problem – in our case by a Minsky machine – is Diophantine. We obtain an elegant and comprehensible proof by using a synthetic approach to computability and by introducing Conway's FRACTRAN language as intermediate layer. Additionally, we prove the reverse direction and show that every Diophantine relation is recognisable by μ-recursive functions and give a certified compiler from μ-recursive functions to Minsky machines.


Abstract Backgound: Treatment of serious life-threatening multi-drug-resistant organisms poses a serious problem due to the limited therapeutic options. Tigecycline has been recently marketed as a broad-spectrum antibiotic with activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Even though many studies have demonstrated the activity of tigecycline against ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, its activity is not well-defi ned against micro-organisms producing metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), as there are only a few reports and the number of isolates tested is limited. Aims: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the activity of tigecycline against MBL-producing bacterial isolates. Materials and Methods: The isolates were tested for MBL production by (i) combined-disk test, (ii) double disc synergy test (DDST), (iii) susceptibility to aztreonam (30 μg) disk. Minimum inhibitory concentration to tigecycline was determined according to agar dilution method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Disc diffusion susceptibility testing was also performed for all these isolates using tigecycline (15 μg) discs. Results: Among the total 308 isolates included in the study, 99 were found to be MBL producers. MBL production was observed mostly in isolates from pus samples (40.47%) followed by urine (27.4%) and blood (13.09%). MBL production was observed in E. coli (41.48%), K. pneumoniae (26.67%), Proteus mirabilis (27.78%), Citrobacter spp. (41.67%), Enterobacter spp. (25.08%), and Acinetobacter spp. (27.27%). The result showed that tigecycline activity was unaffected by MBL production and it was showed almost 100% activity against all MBL-producing isolates, with most of the isolates exhibiting an MIC ranging from 0.25-8 μg/ml, except 2 MBL-producing E. coli isolates who had an MIC of 8 μg/ml. Conclusion: To conclude, tigecycline was found to be highly effective against MBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and acinetobacter isolates, but the presence of resistance among organisms, even before the mass usage of the drug, warrants the need of its usage as a reserve drug. The study also found that the interpretative criteria for the disc diffusion method, recommended by the FDA, correlates well with the MIC detection methods. So, the microbiology laboratories might use the relatively easier method of disc diffusion, as compared to the comparatively tedious method of MIC determination.


Since its foundation in 2005, YouTube, which is considered to be the largest video sharing site, has undergone substantial changes. Over the last decade, the platform developed into a leading marketing tool used for product promotion by social media influencers. Past research indicates that these influencers are regarded as opinion leaders and cooperate with brands to market products on YouTube through electronic-word-of-mouth mechanisms. However, surprisingly little is known about the magnitude of this phenomenon. In our article, we make a first attempt to quantify product promotion and use an original dataset of 139,475 videos created by German YouTube channels between 2009 and 2017. Applying methods for automated content analysis, we find that YouTube users indeed are confronted with an ever-growing share of product promotion, particularly in the beauty and fashion sector. Our findings fuel concerns regarding the social and economic impact of influencers, especially on younger target groups.


Economic gardening is a new economic development strategy used to grow local economies by cultivating existing businesses, rather than, or in addition to, hunting for new businesses to relocate from the outside. This report presents findings about economic gardening and related activities in communities across Michigan, as well as the opinions of Michigan's local government leaders about whether or not the strategy can succeed in their communities. The report is based on statewide surveys of local government officials conducted in the Spring 2010 wave of the Michigan Public Policy Survey (MPPS).


The gay and lesbian community's response to California's Proposition 8 was strong and quick. Within days of the 2008 election, opponents of the measure had targeted its proponents, in particular the Mormon Church, as subjects for scorn. Singling out the Mormon Church on this issue was particularly ironic because to the extent that members of the Mormon Church were responsible for the success of Proposition 8, they simply did to the gay community what courts of the United States consistently did to their forebears: defined away their right to marry. In striking down individuals' rights to enter into polygamous marriages, courts said that polygamy was not marriage and that monogamy was marriage, but they expended little energy explaining why. This article does not condone either the forceful effort to pass Proposition 8 or the counter-response from the gay community, but it will argue that part of the problem that same-sex marriage ("SSM") advocates encounter stems from the failure of courts to explain what marriage is. It is very hard to talk about a right to marry without a common understanding of why states license marriage.In the end, this article will offer a definition of marriage which suggests that marriage can be beneficial to the state, beneficial to the couple, and integrated into the rich social history of marriage without necessarily being gendered. In order to understand why this proffered story is important, the article first evaluates the marriage narratives that have been told to date in the SSM debate and shows how those stories have fared as constitutional claims.


AIM
To investigate the effects of propolis on bacterial translocation and ultrastructure of intestinal morphology in experimental obstructive jaundice.

METHODS
Thirty Wistar-Albino male rats were randomly divided into three groups, each including 10 animals: group I, sham-operated; group II, ligation and division of the common bile duct (BDL); group III, BDL followed by oral supplementation of propolis 100 mg/kg per day. Liver, blood, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileal samples were taken for microbiological, light and transmission electron microscopic examination on postoperative 7th d after sacrification.

RESULTS
The mean number of villi per centimeter and mean mucosal height of the propolis group were significantly different in the BDL group (P = 0.001 and 0.012, respectively). The electron microscopic changes were also different between these groups. Sham and BDL + propolis groups had similar incidence of bacterial translocation (BT). The BDL group had significantly higher rates of BT as compared with sham and BDL + propolis groups. BT was predominantly detected in MLNs and the most commonly isolated bacteria was Escherichia coli.

CONCLUSION
Propolis showed a significant protective effect on ileal mucosa and reduced bacterial translocation in the experimental obstructive jaundice model. Further studies should be carried out to explain the mechanisms of these effects.


This chapter provides a roadmap for any who are inspired to start a teen science café program as a member of the teen science café network. These out-of-school programs are a free, fun way for teens to explore the advances in science and technology affecting their lives. Teens and scientists engage in lively conversations and activities to explore a topic deeply. Teens get increased understanding of the nature of science and develop a realistic perception of scientists, science careers, and the lives they lead. Scientists gain skills in communicating science to the public and inspire youth to STEM careers. Adult leaders serve as guides for the teen leaders and are the linchpin of the program. Evaluation shows programs positively influenced teens understanding of science issues in the news, the ability to use facts to support scientific points of view and considering multiple sides of an issue before making a decision.


We critically re‐examine the concept of a throat in a porous medium as a geometric quantity defined independently of an entry meniscus in a drainage process. To maintain the standard notion of a throat as a locally minimum‐area cross section in the pore network, we demonstrate with examples that throats must intersect each other. Using flow simulation, we show that these intersecting throats correspond to capillary pressure controlled entry points during drainage. We have designed a throat‐finding algorithm that explicitly locates intersecting throats, using a planar approximation for robustness and speed. The capability of the new algorithm was compared against an existing algorithm in the construction of pore‐throat networks from X‐ray computed tomography images of consolidated sandstones (7.5–22% porosity) and of an unconsolidated sand pack (32.5% porosity). We show that the probability of throat intersection increases significantly with porosity above 20%; in the sand pack, over 1/4 of all throats intersect with another.


The aim of this study was to investigate validity and reliability of an instrument for patient classification in anaesthetic nursing care. The study included two parts. The first part involved two panels of experts, one internal consisting of nurse anaesthetists from the local hospital, and one external represented by nurse anaesthetists from nine different hospitals in Sweden and one in Iceland. The internal experts gave suggestions for improvements of the existing instrument. Thereafter the external experts gave their opinion about both the internal panels elucidation as well as the existing instrument. The instrument was thereafter adjusted in concordance to their suggestions. The second part involved an investigation of the inter-rater reliability, with one hundred double ratings before the changes in the instrument and one hundred ratings after the changes in the instrument. Statistical analyses for inter-rater reliability were performed with Spearmans correlation coefficient. The first assessment showed good inter-rater reliability in four of thirteen items, while the inter-rater reliability on the second version showed good agreement in eleven of thirteen items. Results indicated that the changes in the instrument were positive in terms of reliability. The instrument thus improved in terms of validity and reliability and may be of use in anaesthetic wards with similar context.


I. INTRODUCTION II. U.S. TELECOMMUNICATIONS REGULATION A. Deregulation Framework B. Access Pricing III. ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND REVIEWING TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESS PRICES A. The Verizon Decision B. Administrative Law and Access Pricing IV. TAKINGS JURISPRUDENCE AND REVIEWING TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESS PRICES A. Takings and Telecommunications Before Verizon B. Takings and Telecommunications After Verizon V. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION The need for regulators to manage changing economic conditions and technology in the telecommunications industry has given rise to access regimes characterized by broad guidelines and considerable flexibility for the regulator. The incumbent local exchange carriers ("ILECs") sought to challenge this broad discretion in Verizon Communications, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission (1) which required the Supreme Court to scrutinize the Telecommunications Act of 1996 and Implementation of the Local Competition Provision in the Telecommunications Act of 1996, First Report and Order ("Local Competition Provisions"). (2) Two issues before the Court were (1) the legality of using forward-looking economic cost for setting rates for interconnection or leasing of network elements and further, the legality of defining forward-looking economic cost through the total element long-run incremental cost ("TELRIC") of the element which measures costs through a hypothetically efficient network; and (2) whether a rate-setting methodology could amount to a 'taking' for the purposes of the Fifth Amendment, which states "nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation" (the "Takings Clause"). (3) This Article draws on the Supreme Court decision in Verizon to argue that the intersection of ambiguous telecommunications access statutes and the limits on judicial review as a result of the separation of powers and the application of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. (4) mean that administrative law has become an ineffective tool in ensuring the accountability of telecommunications regulators. Telecommunications regulation has become too reliant on regulatory expertise, and in the process, has ceded control over a vital area of economic policy to the regulator. (5) A dearth of regulator accountability can give rise to a technocratic approach that undermines democratic governance. This Article argues for Congress to address access pricing in greater detail. If further guidance is not provided, the Article argues, further challenges to TELRIC based on the Takings Clause and the Supreme Court's rate-setting cases can be expected. The limits on judicial review that are embodied in Chevron do not apply to the enforcement of a fundamental constitutional guarantee such as the Takings Clause. It follows that this constitutional protection will be more frequently invoked to establish a "just compensation" floor as a brake on the lack of regulator accountability. II. U.S. TELECOMMUNICATIONS REGULATION The deregulation of the U.S. Telecommunications industry took place through the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which amended the Communications Act of 1934. (6) The application of the rules varies depending upon whether an entity is an ILEC, or a new entrant, referred to in the legislation as a competitive local exchange carrier ("CLEC"). A. Deregulation Framework There are two types of rules. The first type may be described as the necessary conditions for a CLEC to enter the local call market, which apply equally to ILECs and CLECs. The rules require mandatory interconnection for the exchange of traffic to overcome the natural monopoly. (7) Interconnection must be provided at any technically feasible point, must be at least equal in quality to that provided by the ILEC to itself and must be provided according to rates, terms, and conditions that are nondiscriminatory. …


There is a growing public expectation that universities should start focusing on delivering sustainability. The topic of sustainability in higher education has gathered a significant amount of interest from students, academics, governments and international organizations.

With a plethora of declarations, initiatives, marketing and assessments, there is a need to assess what the stakeholders want in order to make decisions regarding an institutions sustainability. Ultimately, students are the ones using these sustainability marketing materials to assist in their decision at which institution they will pursue their studies. The sheer volume of interpretations of the word sustainability with regards to higher education institution leaves ample room for potentially misguided initiatives or marketing.

A universal system for assessing a higher educational institution's sustainability has not been translated into a measurable reality. It is proposed that a universal system would help create a common understanding of sustainability within higher education institutions and would help in stakeholder understanding, institutional accountability and impactful application of sustainable initiatives.

This research looked to answer if a holistic framework could be created that would aid stakeholders in reviewing a university's level of sustainability. And, if so, if this vision of a fully sustainable university could be translated into a measurable reality.

The research was approached in a structured way. Each chapter represents a published and peer-reviewed step towards addressing if a holistic framework could be created that would aid students in reviewing sustainability tools, assessments and marketing. The qualitative and quantitative conclusions from each chapter influenced the subsequent chapters, eventually leading to the creation and testing of two digital tools. The interpretations of these published chapters are found in the conclusion of this dissertation.

To assist the reader in effectively navigating this dissertation, an overview of the research questions, the methodology, and the summarized results are outlined below in Figure 0.1. A more detailed summary of each of the chapters follows.


1. Analyses in many fields of ecology are increasingly considering multiple species and multiple individuals per species. Premises of statistical tests are often violated with such datasets because of the non-independence of residuals due to phylogenetic relationships or intraspecific population structure. Comparative approaches that account for the phylogenetic relationship of species—for which the benefits are demonstrated—are well developed. However, the importance of accounting for the intraspecific genetic structure, especially with the phylogenetic structure, is rarely addressed in the ecological literature. 2. We investigated whether it is beneficial to account for intraspecific genomic relatedness in multi-species studies. For this, we used a Phylogenetic Mixed Model to analyze simulated data and results from a budburst experiment where clippings of 10 tree and shrub species were subjected to different treatments in terms of temperature and photoperiod. 3. We found that accounting for intraspecific genomic relatedness yields more accurate and precise fixed effects as well as increased statistical power, but more so when the relative importance of the intraspecific to the phylogenetic genetic structure is greater. Analysis of the budburst experiment further showed that accounting for intraspecific and phylogenetic structures yields improved estimates of warming and photoperiod effects and their interactions in explaining the time to budburst. 4. Our results show that important statistical gains can be made by incorporating information on the intraspecific genomic relatedness of individuals in multi-species studies. This is relevant for investigations that are interested in intraspecific variation and that plan to include such observations in statistical tests.


FEW NOW DISPUTE THAT PSYCHOLOGISTS, THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL Association (APA) itself, and several prominent members of its staff and governance have provided support to America s shameful role in the torture of detainees during the post-September 11 era. (1) Psychologists provided the research that formed the underpinnings of the torture practices, designed the techniques of torture themselves, advised torturers on a case-by-case basis on how to most effectively "break" individual detainees, and colluded with the Bush Justice Department in creating a semantically deceptive system designed to whitewash the whole process. The APA, unlike other major health organizations, consistently defeated attempts to declare the participation of psychologists in these interrogations unethical. In an epilogue, it was reported that a prominent psychologist who developed relationships with the government and military officials during this process has received a large sole source grant to treat our military troops suffering from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) with techniques from "positive psychology." (2) PTSD is an extremely painful, potentially chronic, psychiatric illness. Its victims are besieged by frightening "flashbacks," alternating states of emotional numbing and emotional terror, general mood instability, sleeplessness, and a series of other painful and disruptive symptoms. Not surprisingly, left untreated, many of its victims will succumb to substance abuse in an attempt to self-medicate or commit suicide. A few will even turn violent. Favoritism in the awarding of government contracts is nothing new; neither is the waste of taxpayers' dollars that results from sole source contracts. Most egregious in this case, however, is that the treatment purchased in such an expensive and suspicious context is by no means state-of-the-art trauma treatment. In some cases, it may even prove to be very harmful to our troops, who have given so much and deserve competent treatment. Given the limited alternative resources, they are very unlikely to get that with the newly announced military program. An especially tragic aspect of this development is that no treatment for psychological suffering has benefited more from recent advances than the care for trauma victims. The "positive psychology treatment," which was awarded the sole source contract for primary treatment, does not reflect these advances. Rogue scientists applying their expertise for evil are nothing new. Mental health professionals from psychiatry and psychology have historically participated in such efforts. Several years ago, a prominent psychologist testified before Congress in support of the tobacco industry (3) and, more recently, another one used his prestige to give the imprimatur of legitimacy to managed health care, which has been devastating to mental health patients for almost two decades. (4) Most shocking about the role of psychology in torture, however, has been the complicity of the APA. The national organization for U.S. psychologists, it is also the largest organization of psychologists in the world. Its longstanding tradition as a bastion of respect for individual dignity and social justice is evidenced in its history of taking strong advocacy positions on behalf of ethnic minorities, women, gay men and lesbians, and persons with disabilities. Psychologists have used research data and clinical sensitivity in support of these basic principles of human dignity. Investigative journalists have now documented the descent of the United States into torture. How did psychology come to play such an important role in this? The recent debacle inside the APA is a painful lesson in just how wrong things can go if a perfect storm of mal-intentioned and beguiling leadership, gullible followers, and passive, disbelieving onlookers coalesces. Before addressing that ultimate question, one must consider three things. …


Although there have been a few articles discussing laughter in social work, social work is not normally associated with humour and laughter. The paper explores the use of non-seriousness in interview interactions with Approved Mental Health Professionals (AMHPs) using analytical insights gained from ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and socio-linguistics. Excerpts from empirical data from individual narrative interviews will be used to show how social work identity can be accomplished through humour and laughter. The significance of the key ethnomethodological concepts of unique adequacy, vulgar competency and indexicality will be used to inform the analysis of gallows or bleak humour, ironic banter about the 'other' and the telling of troubles. In the interviews, non-seriousness was successfully accomplished by two 'strangers'. It is argued that as group members of a specialised group, we share a deep competence in the haecceity or the 'just thisness' of the social work trade. Thus, this can be seen as a powerful demonstration of the competencies involved in being a bona fide member of a collectivity.


Human-object interactions (HOI) recognition and pose estimation are two closely related tasks. Human pose is an essential cue for recognizing actions and localizing the interacted objects. Meanwhile, human action and their interacted objects' localizations provide guidance for pose estimation. In this paper, we propose a turbo learning framework to perform HOI recognition and pose estimation simultaneously. First, two modules are designed to enforce message passing between the tasks, i.e. pose aware HOI recognition module and HOI guided pose estimation module. Then, these two modules form a closed loop to utilize the complementary information iteratively, which can be trained in an end-to-end manner. The proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art performance on two public benchmarks including Verbs in COCO (V-COCO) and HICO-DET datasets.


Few published studies incorporating shaped hole designs in the leading-edge region, or showerhead, of turbine airfoils have been performed; but among them is the indication that shaped holes may offer an improvement in coolant performance compared to cylindrical holes. A shaped hole was designed with the goal of high performance in the showerhead. The performance and physical behavior of this shaped hole design was studied in comparison to a traditional cylindrical hole design in a series of experiments. The geometries were built into the leading edge of a scaled-up turbine blade model for testing in a low-speed simulated linear cascade. To accomplish an engine-representative test environment, a nominally 5% approach turbulence level was used for this study. Adiabatic effectiveness as a function of coolant injection rate was measured for the two designs using infrared thermography. In addition, off-the-wall thermal field measurements were performed for each hole geometry in the leading-edge region. It was found that the shaped hole offered ∼20–100% higher performance in terms of adiabatic effectiveness depending on the coolant injection rate. The thermal field measurements suggested that this was due to the better attachment of the jets exiting the shaped holes, the momenta of which were effectively reduced by the diffusers.


Oscillations in calcium released from intracellular stores regulate cellular responses to increases in intracellular calcium concentration [Ca2+]I. The amplitude of the calcium spikes can be independent of agonist concentration, but the frequency of the spikes is often a function of agonist concentration. Zhu et al. electroporated HeLa cells to deliver specific inositol phosphate compounds or antibodies against phosphoinositol kinase, which altered the intracellular concentrations of specific polyphosphoinositides, and monitored calcium oscillations in response to histamine with the calcium-sensitive dye Fluo-3. Their data are consistent with inositol (1,3,4,5) tetraphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4) being the frequency regulator in vivo and with Ins(1,3,4,5)P4 being produced through the action of inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate kinase (IP3K) on inositol (1,4,5) trisphosphate. Furthermore, IP3K is a calcium/calmodulin-activated enzyme providing a possible mechanism for the oscillatory nature of the activity of IP3K. Zhu, D.-M., Tekle, E., Huang, C.Y., and Chock, P.B. (2000) Inositol tetrakisphosphate as a frequency regulator in calcium oscillations in HeLa cells. J. Biol.Chem. 275: 6063-6066. [Abstract] [Full Text]


Previous studies rarely examined the relationship between intellectual capital and competitive advantage. Most studies underestimate the shift towards knowledge based economy where, capital and work are no longer the differentiating and generating factors of sustainable competitive advantage. Relatively, little is known in the literature about how intellectual capital affects competitive advantage. This study will contribute to the literature by proposing a theoretical model considering the relationship of intellectual capital with the creation of competitive advantage in knowledge intensive organizations. Additionally, the extensive literature review will be utilized in the development of five hypotheses linking intellectual capital with competitive advantage. The hypotheses show that, human capital, organizational capital and relational capital positively influence competitive advantage. Moreover the positive influence of intellectual capital on strategy formulation and the positive influence of strategy formulation on competitive advantage constitute the basis for the hypothesis; intellectual capital positively influences competitive advantage. The last hypothesis is based on the positive influence of innovation on competitive advantage regarding the positive relationship between the relational capital and innovation. A future research opportunity can be the statistical testing of the hypotheses with the survey method.


Regional infrastructure is one of the major determinants of economic integration process. It enhances international and regional connectivity through the free flow of goods and factors across borders, allowing countries to benefit from a better relocation of resources. Efficient transportation networks linking neighbouring countries enlarge market size and help national economies to grow further through higher trade and production. The South Asian merchandise trade due to South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) is expected to increase by manifolds in coming years. Accompanying this growth will be an increase in demand of both national and regional infrastructure services, for both production and consumption, and international trade purposes. A failure to respond to this demand will slow down South Asias trade and hamper the growth process. Thus, the infrastructure challenges, both hardware and software, before the South Asian countries, particularly for those are land-locked and island, require better understanding and adequate support. This paper discusses the emerging scenario in regional infrastructure development in South Asia, identifies the infrastructure challenges for the future, and provides some policy options in order to better integrate the South Asian region.


This essay charts the early modern afterlives of a range of objects associated in the Tudor era with the reign and person of Richard III. While some of these things survived because they remained useful in the present, others were preserved as witnesses to the lost past (trophies) or as vital links between the past and the present (relics). Strikingly, a number of these objects—including Richard's dagger, his prayer book, his crown, and his bed—reemerge as significant theatrical properties in Shakespeare's Richard III. Like their real-world counterparts, many of the play's props seem bent on interrogating or disrupting the boundary between the present and the past. In its treatment of objects, Richard III invites us to consider how much and how little separates the dramatic property from the genuine article, and in doing so to gauge both the proximity and the distance between Shakespeare's time and the late medieval world of Richard III.


The Mexican expropriation of 1938 was the first large-scale non-Communist expropriation of foreign-owned natural resource assets. The literature generally makes three assertions: the U.S. government did not fully back the companies, Mexico did not fully compensate them for the value of their assets, and the oil workers benefitted from the change in ownership. This paper musters data and evidence that supports only the first of those assertions, and only to a limited extent: the companies devised political strategies that maneuvered Roosevelt into supporting their interests, and they were more than fully compensated by the Mexican government as a result.


First of all, I should like to thank Maria Luisa Cabral and the organisers of this LIBER workshop for inviting me to give this keynote address. I hardly need an excuse to come to the Hague and to the KB, the National Library of the Netherlands, where, through working with KB colleagues, I have learnt such a lot about the future potential of European libraries over the years. When the invitation was issued last year, I had myself only recently taken charge of a large international research library. As many of you know, I have now left that post at Berlin, so that what I shall be saying today is based on my thinking about some of the issues from the point of view of library decision makers, but I won't be constrained by current institutional responsibility. Needless to say, I shall also be drawing on my personal experience of preservation and digitisation issues not only at Berlin State Library but also at the British Library, latterly as the Head of Early Printed Collections, and especially as it relates to surrogacy or reformatting.


Abstract. Black carbon (BC) particles accumulated in the Arctic troposphere and deposited on snow have been calculated to have significant effects on radiative forcing of the Arctic regional climate. Applying cluster analysis technique on 10-day backward trajectories, seven distinct transport pathways (or clusters) affecting Alert (82.5° N, 62.5° W), Nunavut in Canada are identified in this work. Transport frequency associated with each pathway is obtained as the fraction of trajectories in that cluster. Based on atmospheric transport frequency and BC surface flux from surrounding regions (i.e. North America, Europe, and former USSR), a linear regression model is constructed to investigate the inter-annual variations of BC observed at Alert in January and April, representative of winter and spring respectively, between 1990 and 2005. Strong correlations are found between BC concentrations predicted with the regression model and measurements at Alert for both seasons (R2 equals 0.77 and 0.81 for winter and spring, respectively). Results imply that atmospheric transport and BC emission are the major contributors to the inter-annual variations in BC concentrations observed at Alert in the cold seasons for the 16-year period. Other factors, such as deposition, could also contribute to the variability in BC concentrations but were not considered in this analysis. Based on the regression model the relative contributions of regional BC emissions affecting Alert are attributed to the Eurasian sector, composed of the European Union and the former USSR, and the North American sector. Considering both seasons, the model suggests that former USSR is the major contributor to the near-surface BC levels at the Canadian high Arctic site with an average contribution of about 67% during the 16-year period, followed by European Union (18%) and North America (15%). In winter, the atmospheric transport of BC aerosols from Eurasia is found to be even more predominant with a multi-year average of 94%. The model estimates smaller contribution from the Eurasian sector in spring (70%) than that in winter. It is also found that the inter-annual variation in Eurasian contributions depends mainly on the reduction of emissions, while the changes in both emission and atmospheric transport contributed to the inter-annual variation of North American contributions.


This paper explains the spatial patterns
of visitor behavior at the North
Carolina Zoological Park (NCZP). The
NCZP is one of the top ten tourist attractions
in the state, but it is unclear
what factors influence each individual 's
decision to visit the zoo. The research
reported in this paper partially confirmed
many of the theoretical expectations
about visitor behavior. Based on
the results of a visitor survey, the NCZP
is a family attraction that caters to a
largely well-educated and affluent audience.
Most of those surveyed came from
the nearby urban centers, while the rural
counties immediately adjacent to the
NCZP did not generate a large number
of visitors, in part due to their smaller
populations. Individuals may also require
a threshold in distance travelled
before a recreational day-trip becomes a
meaningful experience. Visitors w ith
above average income levels were more
likely to travel greater distances to visit
the NCZP, while education played a less
significant role in explaining distance
travelled. Although the NCZP is a statefunded
institution, visitors from the extreme
eastern and western parts of the
state are not well -represented. The remoteness
and largely rural nature of the
economy in these parts of the state, and
the lower income levels of individuals
from these counties, may act to constrain
individual mobility.


Homer Spit is a natural spit formed by littoral processes at the confluence of Kachemak Bay and Cook Inlet in Southcentral Alaska, some 192 km southwest of Anchorage. The immediate erosion problem is the continual storm damage to a section of the State-maintained roadway along the southwestern shore of the spit. The State of Alaska has attempted to control erosion in the affected area through the use of wooden beach groins, wooden bulkheads, a section of sheet piling, and a concrete slab revetment. To date, all of the methods have failed. Several alternative solutions were formulated as a result of a 1985 reconnaissance study performed by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District. Study components are discussed. It was concluded that beach erosion at Homer Spit is severe and requires a permanent solution.


Oscillatory secretion of endocrine hormones is a widely recognized phenomenon. In man, as well as other species (dog, monkey), during the basal state insulin secretion is oscillatory and, on average, regular with a 13-min periodicity. In NIDDM there is a loss of regular oscillatory activity, being shorter in duration and irregular in nature. First-degree relatives of NIDDM subjects with normoglycaemia and obese normal subjects also exhibit this change, reverting to the regular oscillatory characteristic following weight loss in the latter group. The regular insulin secretory oscillations seen in the fasting stage in normal subjects are completely lost by raising the basal glucose concentration only marginally to about 6 mmol l-1. Thus, regular oscillations reflect a 'contented' beta-cell. Also, in states of hyperglycaemia, pulsatile exogenous insulin is more effective than continuous administration. Additional studies indicate that it is the periodicity of the insulin secretory oscillations and the rate of rise of the first phase insulin secretion in response to a glucose challenge which are the main candidates for successful signalling. Irregular oscillations of insulin can be used as an early marker of beta-cell under stress, but not as a fixed phenotypic marker.


Pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins that are commonly found in plants. Organelle transcript processing and stability are mediated by PPR proteins in a gene-specific manner through recognition by tandem arrays of degenerate 35-amino-acid repeating units, the PPR motifs. However, the sequence-specific RNA recognition mechanism of the PPR protein remains largely unknown. Here, we show the principle underlying RNA recognition for PPR proteins involved in RNA editing. The distance between the PPR-RNA alignment and the editable C was shown to be conserved. Amino acid variation at 3 particular positions within the motif determined recognition of a specific RNA in a programmable manner, with a 1-motif to 1-nucleotide correspondence, with no gap sequence. Data from the decoded nucleotide frequencies for these 3 amino acids were used to assign accurate interacting sites to several PPR proteins for RNA editing and to predict the target site for an uncharacterized PPR protein.


In this paper, we demonstrate the benefit of role allocation in a collective of autonomous robots performing a simple transport task. We demonstrate that, under certain conditions, the performance of the collective can be improved when a subset of the robots assume institutional roles as traffic regulators. The concept of institutional roles is part of a high-level approach to the control of multi-robot collectives called Institutional Robotics. We compare the institutional robotics approach to a swarm robotics approach. Based on results of experiments in simulation, we conclude that the coordination provided by the traffic regulating robots improves performance for large collectives, but for small collectives the performance is higher when all robots are directly involved in carrying out the task.


Hydrogen extraction using water electrolysis, and microbial biomass conversion are clean and minimum-emission option for renewable energy storage applications. Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) is a category of electro-active polymers that exhibits the property of ion migration under the application of external voltage. This property of IPMC is useful in electrolysis of water (H2O) and produce hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) gases. This paper discusses the electrochemical fundamentals of electrolysis, which provides a linear relationship between the flow rate of hydrogen from electrolysis and the source current. An IPMC electrolyzer circuit model is developed to capture the electrical characteristic of IPMC. The model incorporates nonlinear capacitance, pseudo-capacitance, and a nonlinear resistance defined with a polynomial function. A state-space equation is then obtained to simulate the proposed circuit model for electrolysis. Experimental result shows that the flow-rate of hydrogen production is proportional to the system current and the proposed model validates the step-response of the system. The model prediction error is less than 4.5647%.Copyright © 2015 by ASME


We consider the problem of predicting a sequence of real-valued multivariate states from a given measurement sequence. Its typical application in computer vision is the task of motion estimation. State Space Models are widely used generative probabilistic models for the problem. Instead of jointly modeling states and measurements, we propose a novel discriminative undirected graphical model which conditions the states on the measurements while exploiting the sequential structure of the problem. The major benefits of this approach are: (1) It focuses on the ultimate prediction task while avoiding probably unnecessary effort in modeling the measurement density, (2) It relaxes generative models' assumption that the measurements are independent given the states, and (3) The proposed inference algorithm takes linear time in the measurement dimension as opposed to the cubic time for Kalman filtering, which allows us to incorporate large numbers of measurement features. We show that the parameter learning can be cast as an instance of convex optimization. We also provide efficient convex optimization methods based on theorems from linear algebra. The performance of the proposed model is evaluated on both synthetic data and the human body pose estimation from silhouette videos.


Score-at-a-Time index traversal is a query processing approach which supports early termination in order to balance efficiency and effectiveness trade-offs. In this work, we explore new techniques which extend a modern Score-at-a-Time traversal algorithm to allow for parallel postings traversal. We show that careful integration of parallel traversal can improve both efficiency and effectiveness when compared with current single threaded early termination approaches. In addition, we explore the various trade-offs for differing early termination heuristics, and propose hybrid systems which parallelize long running queries, while processing short running queries with only a single thread.


Despite tremendous advances in civil rights, we live in a world where the sexes remain sharply segregated from birth to death: in names, clothing, social groupings, and possessions; in occupations, civic association, and domestic roles. Gender separatism, so pervasive as to be almost invisible, permeates the fabric of our daily social routines. Preferring a notion of gender that is fluid and contextual, and denying that separatism is inevitable, Nancy Levit dismantles the myths of gender essentialism Drawing on a wealth of interdisciplinary data regarding the biological and cultural origins of sex differences, Levit provides a fresh perspective on gendered behaviors and argues the need for careful cultivation of new relations between the sexes. With its focus particularly on men, The Gender Line offers an insightful overview of the construction of gender and the damaging effects of its stereotypes. Levit analyzes the ways in which law legitimizes the social segregation of the sexes through legal decisions regarding custody, employment, education, sexual harassment, and criminal law. In so doing, she illustrates the ways in which men's and women's oppressions are intertwined and how law molds the very definition of masculinity. Applying feminist methodology to the doctrine of feminism itself, Levit artfully demonstrates that gender separatism infects even our contemporary views of feminism. Levit asks questions that have been too long been unspoken--those that lie at the core of the feminist project, yet threaten its very foundations. Revealing masculinity as both a privileged and a victimized condition, she calls for a step forward, past the bounds of contemporary feminism and its conflicts, toward a more egalitarian and inclusive feminism. This brand of feminism would reshape traditional masculinity, invite men into feminist dialogue, and claim men as political allies.


In cooperative localization systems, wireless nodes need to exchange accurate position-related information such as time-of-arrival (TOA) and angle-of-arrival (AOA), in order to obtain accurate location information. One alternative for providing accurate position-related information is to use ultra-wideband (UWB) signals. The high time resolution of UWB signals presents a potential for very accurate positioning based on TOA estimation. However, it is challenging to realize very accurate positioning systems in practical scenarios, due to both complexity/cost constraints and adverse channel conditions such as multipath propagation. In this paper, a two-step TOA estimation algorithm is proposed for UWB systems in order to provide accurate TOA estimation under practical constraints. In order to speed up the estimation process, the first step estimates a coarse TOA of the received signal based on received signal energy. Then, in the second step, the arrival time of the first signal path is estimated by considering a hypothesis testing approach. The proposed scheme uses low-rate correlation outputs and is able to perform accurate TOA estimation in reasonable time intervals. The simulation results are presented to analyze the performance of the estimator.


Rich faunas of minute, Early Carboniferous gastropods, elegantly preserved as chloritic replacements, are documented from the Rangari Limestone Member of the Tulcumba Sandstone (early to middle Tournaisian), the Namoi Formation (middle to late Tournaisian), the Dangarfield Formation (late Tournaisian) and the uppermost part of the Kyndalyn Mudstone Member of the Merlewood Formation (middle or late Visean) of eastern New South Wales. Seven new genera Campbellospira, Globobulimorpha, Microcochlis, Kyndalynia, Palaeoalvania, Kimina and Pseudoaclisina are proposed. Of the 79 gastropod species (referable to 47 genera and subgenera), 40 are described as new: Euphemites pustula, Cymbularia carinata, Bellerophon (Bellerophon) kyndalynensis, Bellerophon (B.) swainsensis, Knightites (Retispira) multilirata, Knightites (R.) triangularis, Straparollus brevis, Serpulospira scalariformis, Platyschisma lingua, Platyschisma vitrea, Angyomphalus radianodosa, Eotomaria umbilicata, Campbellospira conica, Glabrocingulum pustulum, Hesperiella elongata, Hesperiella planorbis, Agnesia reticulata, Worthenia crenilunula, Gyronema nacre/ormis, Rhabdotocochlis turgida, Naticopsis (Naticopsis) minuta, Palaeozygopleura obesa, Pseudozygopleura gracilis, Leptozyga costata, Ceraunocochlis australis, Ceraunocochlis tenuis, Strobeus ovalis, Girtyspira inflata, Globobulimorpha costata, Microcochlis parva, Eucochlis depressa, Eucochlis umbiliparva, Kyndalynia inflata, Kimina australis, Kimina minor, Kimina globosa, Pseudoaclisina microspirulata, Palaeoalvania talenti, Donaldina minutissima, Streptacis gundyensis. Seventeen additional forms are discriminated but because of bad preservation or dearth of material they are not named. Campbellospira, characterised by a planktotrophic protoconch with a selenizone and long slit is assigned to Pleurotomarioidea. Globobulimorpha, an unusual globular fusiform shell with a columellar fold and deviated protoconch is tentatively assigned to Subulitoidea. Kimina and Palaeoalvania are placed in Order Heterogastropoda. Aclisina turgida Yoo is made the basis of a new genus Pseudoaclisina and transferred from Murchisonioidea to Order Heterogastropoda. Stegocoelia is transferred from Murchisonioidea to Loxonematoidea. It is not possible at present to place three genera, Microcochlis, Kyndalynia and Eucochlis in any existing Order.


Since Xi Jinping took office as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, he has been tightening ideological control across many fronts. This article investigates how the framing of televised confessions facilitates Xi's rule. Originating from the intra-Party disciplinary technique of self-criticism, the recent resurgence of mediated confessions reflects Xi's pursued strategy in tackling social and political challenges. Applying critical discourse analysis to the case of the disappeared Swedish bookseller Gui Minhai, this paper shows the way in which the framing of Gui's televised confession follows Xi's so-called rule of law agenda and selectively appeals to traditional Chinese family values. The paper argues that the propaganda value of the televised confession from a little-known, non-Party confessant lies in its banality, which blends into the Party's everyday narration. The resurgence of confessions might suggest a regression towards Maoist-style campaigns, but more audience-oriented research is needed to address this issue fully.


Here we consider the problem of low-flying rotorcraft that must perform various missions such as navigating to specific goal points while avoiding obstacles, looking for acceptable landing sites or performing continuous surveillance. Not all of such missions can be expressed as safe, goal seeking, partly because in many cases there isn't an obvious goal. Rather than developing singular solutions to each mission, we seek a generalized formulation that enables us to express a wider range of missions. Here we propose a framework that allows for multiple objectives to be considered simultaneously and discuss corresponding planning algorithms that are capable of running in realtime on autonomous air vehicles. The algorithms create a set of initial hypotheses that are then optimized by a sub-gradient based trajectory algorithm that optimizes the multiple objectives, producing dynamically feasible trajectories. We have demonstrated the feasibility of our approach with changing cost functions based on newly discovered information. We report on results in simulation of a system that is tasked with navigating safely between obstacles while searching for an acceptable landing site.


Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot is the larvae of a fly Hermitia illucens, which hatch in four days, very well used as a source of protein feed ingredients for poultry and could be used to substitute fish meal (FM) where still a lot of imported. BSF maggot meal contains 46.58% crude protein, crude fiber 4.32%, 23.56% crude fat and metabolizable energy 3457 kcal/kg and the amino acid profile has similarities with the amino acid profile of fish. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of fish meal substitution meal by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) maggot meal in the diet on quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) production performance. One hundred female Japanese quails at 6 weeks of age were raised in cages until 20 weeks old. The treatments were 5 types of diets, i.e., R0 (100% FM), R1(75% FM + 25% BSF), R2 ( 50% FM + 50% BSF), R3 (25% FM + 75% BSF) and R4 (100% BSF). Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used 5 treatments, replicated four times, and if there are any significant effect then followed by orthogonal contrasts test. The results showed that treatment substitution of fish meal (FM) protein with maggot meal (BSF) protein in quail diet was significant effect on feed consumption, feed conversion and egg weight but was no significant effect on egg production. The average consumption of R4 treatment (100 % BSF maggot level) was lower than the R0 treatment (100% FM level) in production of quail egg. This indicated that black soldier fly (BSF) maggot meal can be used to alternative protein source of feedstuff to substitute fish meal protein in quail diet.


Objective: The objective of this selective EBM review is to determine whether or not etanercept is a safe and effective treatment for ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Study Design: Review of three English language randomized control trials published in 2007, 2008, and 2010. Data Sources: Two double-blind placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials and one placebo-controlled randomized control trial comparing etanercept to placebo were found using PubMed. Outcomes Measured: Work instability was measured through the Ankylosing Spondylitis Work Instability Scale (AS-WIS) based on scores of 1-20. Quality of life was measured through the EuroQOL-5D (EQ-5D), which assesses mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Physical functioning was evaluated through the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functioning Index (BASFI) where scores for functional limitation range from 1-100. Lastly, the safety and tolerability of etanercept were assessed based on personal reports from the patients themselves. Results: In a study by Barkham et al, etanercept treatment was not found improve work instabililty but not to the point of statistical significance. Risk of job loss was also decreased in those who received etanercept treatment. Quality of life was considerably improved with etanercept therapy as seen in a RCT by Braun et al. This study also illustrated statistically significant improvement in physical functioning in those who obtained etanercept verse placebo. Long-term treatment with etanercept for 192 weeks was shown to be safe and tolerable in a study conducted by Davis et al. The most common adverse effect of etanercept therapy was injection site reaction where more reactions were present compared with placebo. Conclusions: The results of two of the randomized control trials demonstrate etanercept to be a safe and effective treatment for ankylosing spondylitis. One randomized control trial does not reach statistical significance.


"Sustainability" is widely used to imply the presence of explicit consideration of environmentally friendly needs and that high societal-value is placed on those needs. However, it is abundantly clear after 30 years that talking about sustainability and achieving it are two entirely different things. The core concept underlying sustainability is that current human practices and activities be conducted so as to not degrade prospects for future generations. With nitrogen, conflicts about sustainability in-theory and sustainability in-practice are close to the surface because of nitrogen's central role in food production and economic activity. Measures of nitrogen inputs commonly range as high as 10x the ability of ecosystems to process them: there can be little room for discussing sustainability when waters and floodplains are saturated with 1000% greater loads of nitrogen than they are adapted to handle. The desire to appear reasonable and reduce discussions about nitrogen to its effects where problems become visible has had the insidious effect of enabling on-going high depositions and loads elsewhere in watersheds. How far are we from sustainability in fact? If we believe we know the outcome of our efforts to move toward a sustainable future we are not understanding how far the culture has to move to achieve it: we are only thinking about marginal change to existing systems and not actual needs and provisioning a real future for our descendants.


Background Congenital rubella syndrome remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children in sub-Saharan Africa. A safe and effective vaccine is available and many countries, including Zambia, plan to introduce the measles-rubella vaccine by 2020. HIV-infected youths may be an important group to consider as they may remain susceptible to rubella virus due to waning immunity. More information is needed in this age group to guide policy on catch-up rubella vaccination campaigns after introduction. Methods This cross-sectional study was nested within ongoing studies of HIV and malaria in Southern Province, Zambia. Dried blood spot cards from children and youths 5–15 years of age enrolled in these studies from 2009–2013 were selected and tested for IgG antibodies to rubella virus. Antibody levels among HIV-uninfected youth, HIV-infected treatment-naïve youth, and HIV-infected youth receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) were compared. Results 617 HIV-uninfected, 144 HIV-infected treatment-naïve, and 128 HIV-infected youth receiving ART were included in the study. The proportion seropositive for rubella virus was significantly higher among HIV-uninfected youth (54.7%) compared to HIV-infected treatment-naïve youth (41.7%) and HIV-infected youth receiving ART (49.6%). The proportion of youth with equivocal results was significantly higher for the two groups of HIV-infected youth (treatment-naïve=11.8%; receiving ART=7.9%) compared to HIV-uninfected youth (1.1%). Within groups, the proportion seropositive increased with age. Other than age, no demographic or clinical characteristics were associated with susceptibility among HIV-infected youth. Conclusions Our results suggest that HIV-infected youth would benefit from vaccination against rubella virus. Half of all youth in rural Zambia were susceptible to Rubella virus. When rubella vaccine is introduced, failure to target older girls in immunisation campaigns could lead to an increase in congenital rubella cases.


The hot strip rolling of advanced microalloyed high strength steels still represents a new task to many mills due to the lack of data on the hot deformation resistance. With the aid of processing data from the Ispat-Inland hot strip mill, the "measured mean flow stresses" are calculated from the mill force using the Sims analysis and taking into account roll flattening, slip ratio and the redundant strain. A modification of the Misaka mean flow stress equation is proposed for C – Mn – Si – Al steels microalloyed with up to 0.02 % Nb. The effects of alloying and microalloying are then estimated. A new fitting parameter shows excellent agreement with the mean flow stress data from industrial processing of advanced high strength microalloyed steels. However, during the second half of the rolling schedule (lower temperature region), indications of austeniteto- ferrite transformation were found.


We define a capacity C on abstract Wiener spaces and prove that, for any u with bounded variation, the total variation measure |Du| is absolutely continuous with respect to C: this enables us to extend the usual rules of calculus in many cases dealing with BV functions. As an application, we show that, on the classical Wiener space, the random variable sup_{0\leqt\leqT} W_t admits a measure as second derivative, whose total variation measure is singular w.r.t. the Wiener measure.


Research indicates that police contact has many negative ramifications. Individuals who are stopped or arrested have fewer educational and employment opportunities, more deviant identities and attitudes, increased involvement with delinquent peers, and higher levels of delinquency. Less is known about whether these adverse consequences are universal or if they are more prevalent among some segments of the population. In this dissertation I draw on labeling theory to explore the effects of police contact for a sample of juveniles. According to labeling theory and its extensions, official labels such as those associated with police contact should lead to delinquency through three primary mechanisms: social exclusion and the attenuation of prosocial bonds, development of a deviant identity, and involvement with deviant groups. Because few studies have examined the effects of police contact on these labeling mechanisms simultaneously, this dissertation extends prior research by assessing whether the labeling process varies by race, sex, age, attitudes toward the police, and neighborhood structural characteristics. This dissertation uses self-report data collected from a sample of 1,534 youth who participated in the National Evaluation of the Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program. In addition, information on the neighborhoods in which the youth reside is taken from the 2000 United States Census. Using four waves of data to ensure proper temporal ordering, path modeling is used to examine the relationship between police contact, the proposed mediators, and later delinquency. Propensity score matching is used to adjust for selection bias associated with observed characteristics. The results indicate that the effects of police contact are consistent with labeling theory and are largely invariant across groups. Overall, youth who experience police contact are more delinquent, and this relationship is accounted for by each of the labeling mechanisms to some degree, with involvement in delinquent groups explaining the largest increases in delinquency. Police contact also retains a direct effect on delinquency, which suggests that the labeling mechanisms included in this study do not fully capture the labeling process. The results are discussed in terms of the development of labeling theory and the implications for delinquency prevention and intervention efforts.


Background: Increased postponement of fertility, especially among higher-educated women, means it is important to know whether women recuperate births at older ages, but evidence for the UK is lacking. The extent to which the timing and quantum of mothers' fertility underlie the strong educational gradient in completed family size is also unclear. Objective: We investigate the relative contributions of childlessness, timing, and quantum to educational differences in completed fertility within cohorts born between 1940 and 1969. Methods: We analyse retrospective fertility histories from 44,351 women, born 1940-1969, interviewed in the British General Household Survey (1979-2009) and the UK Household Longitudinal Study (2009-2010). After describing educational differences in the timing of first birth and parity distributions, we quantify the relative contributions of childlessness, delayed entry into motherhood, and fertility rates conditional upon age at entry into motherhood, to educational differences in completed family size. Results: Within each cohort, the educational gradient in completed family size is explained, in demographic accounting terms, almost entirely by educational differences in the proportions remaining childless and the age distribution of mothers at entry into motherhood. Conditional upon age at entry into motherhood, subsequent fertility rates are similar across educational groups and across cohorts. Conclusions: Unlike for some other European countries, the postponement of motherhood to later ages in Britain has not resulted in a significant increase in childbearing among more-educated women who enter motherhood at later ages. The stability of aggregate measures of completed fertility in Britain is not the result of a straightforward process of postponement followed by recuperation.


[1] During 20 April to 21 May 2003, large amounts of smoke aerosols from Central American Biomass Burning (CABB) fires were transported to southeastern United States. Using a coupled aerosol, radiation, and meteorology model built upon the heritage of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with new capabilities called the Assimilation and Radiation Online Modeling of Aerosols (AROMA), this paper, the second of a two-part series, investigates smoke radiative impact on the regional surface energy budget, temperature and relevant boundary layer processes. Comparisons with limited ground-based observations and MODIS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) showed that model consistently simulated the smoke AOT and smoke radiative impacts on the 2 m air temperature (2mT) and downward shortwave irradiance (DSWI). Over 30 days the 24-hour mean smoke AOT was 0.18 (at 0.55 μm) near the smoke source region (Yucatan Peninsula and southern Mexico), and 0.09 in downwind region (e.g., southern Texas), both showing a diurnal variation of 24%. Maximum AOT occurred during late afternoon and minimum during early morning in smoke source region. The smoke radiative effects were dominant mostly during the daytime and resulted in the decrease of DSWI, sensible heat and latent heat by 22.5 Wm−2, 6.2 Wm−2, and 6.2 Wm−2, respectively, near the source region, in contrast to 15.8 Wm−2, 4.7 Wm−2, and 7.9 Wm−2, respectively, in downwind regions. Both maximum and minimum 2mT were decreased, and the overall diurnal temperature range (DTR) was reduced by 0.31°C and 0.26°C in the smoke source and downwind regions, respectively. The smoke absorption of solar radiation increased the lapse rate by 0.1–0.5 K/day in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), thus warming the air over the ocean surface. However, over the land surface where the coupling between the lower PBL and the cooler land surface is strong, such warming only occurred in the upper PBL and is amendable to the diurnal variation of smoke emission. The simulation numerically verifies the smoke self-trapping feedback mechanism proposed by Robock (1988), where the increase of the atmospheric stability in the PBL caused by the smoke radiative effects further traps more smoke aerosols in the lower PBL. Such feedbacks, when coupled with favorable synoptic systems, may have important implications for air quality modeling and hydrological processes.


The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency requires concentrated animal feeding operations to develop and implement a comprehensive nutrient management plan. Changes in manure management to meet nutrient application standards will generally increase production costs. Some of these costs can be offset by savings from replacing commercial fertilizer with manure nutrients, and through financial assistance programs such as the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). A manure application cost model was used to examine the costs to confined dairy farms of meeting nutrient application standards, and the ability of fertilizer offsets and EQIP to reduce these costs.


In this systematic review, I investigate interventions used to address pre-migration, in transit, and post migration stressors amongst the three settings of the refugee relocation process: pre-migration, in transit, and post migration. After a comprehensive search of the literature, nine articles met the inclusion criteria determined for this study. The nine studies were then coded with predefined categories based on intervention setting and the types of issues that were address by the interventions. I found that of the nine studies, eight involved interventions in post migration settings. I also found that eight of the nine studies address pre-migration issues, one of the nine articles included in transit issues, and three of the nine articles included aspects of post migration issues in their interventions. Based on the research included in this study, it is evident that the social services are neglecting to capture the totality of the refugee relocation experience by focusing primarily on pre-migration issues, trauma and torture, in post migration settings.


We have seen a fast track of growth in surgical skills and techniques across the broad medical disciplines in recent years. This is tailed after by the repeatedly highlighted and renewed concepts such as minimally invasive surgery, medical artificial intelligence, precision medicine and multidisciplinary team. With an aim to exchange the vast knowledge across borders and expedite studies in cutting-edge surgical practices, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Clinical Congress 2018 was held in Boston, USA on October 21–25, 2018. Bringing together multi-disciplined surgeons, surgery residents, medical students and well-experienced surgical teams from all over the world, this Congress sparked a whole bunch of ideas that is believed to benefit more and more patients all over the world.


Nrf2 gene encodes a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a cluster of antioxidant and detoxification genes. Recent works from our laboratory indicate that oxidative stress causes rapid de novo synthesis of Nrf2 protein. We have found that 5′ Untranslated Region (5′UTR) of Nrf2 allows the mRNA to undergo an Internal Ribosomal Entry Site (IRES) mediated protein translation. Using liquid chromatography tandem MS, we have discovered that La/SSB protein bound to Nrf2 5′UTR in response to oxidative stress. In vitro RNA binding and in vivo ribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation showed H2O2 dose and time dependent increases of La/SSB binding to Nrf2 5′UTR. La/SSB protein translocated from the nuclei to cytoplasm and distributed in the perinuclear space in cells treated with H2O2. Isolation of ribosomal fractions indicated that oxidants caused an association of La/SSB with ribosomes. Physical interaction of La/SSB with representative proteins from the small or large subunits of ribosomes was found to increase in cells responding to H2O2 treatment. Knocking down La/SSB gene with siRNA prevented Nrf2 protein elevation or Nrf2 5′UTR activation by oxidants. In contrast, overexpression of La/SSB gene was able to enhance Nrf2 5′UTR activation and Nrf2 protein increase. Our data suggest that oxidants cause nuclear export of La/SSB protein and subsequent association of La/SSB with Nrf2 5′UTR and ribosomes. These events contribute to de novo Nrf2 protein translation because of oxidative stress.


Title of Document: DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A MULTIPLEXED TEMPERATURE SENSOR Gregory William Anderson, Ph.D. 2008 Directed By: Professor Marino di Marzo, Department of Mechanical Engineering Professor Jungho Kim, Department of Mechanical Engineering Researchers studying phenomena associated with steep surface temperature gradients, such as boiling, need to be able to obtain a detailed surface temperature distribution. Such a distribution can be obtained by taking measurements at a number of discrete locations on the surface using multiple individual temperature sensors. Because each sensor requires at least two electrical connections, this approach has historically been limited to relatively few temperature measurements; the most extensive measurements made this way are still limited to a 10 × 10 array. A new temperature sensor has been developed to address this measurement problem. The new sensor consists of a 32 × 32 array of diode temperature sensors in a 10.24 mm area, with each component diode measuring 100 × 100 :m. Unlike previous array-type sensors, the new sensor uses a multiplexing scheme to reduce the number of external leads required; only 64 leads are required to obtain measurements from over 1000 individual temperature sensors. The new sensor also incorporates eight resistive heater elements to provide the heat flux to initiate and sustain boiling. The heaters are capable of delivering up to 100 W/cm. This dissertation describes the design and testing of the new temperature sensor and the supporting hardware and software. The system is demonstrated by determining the local heat transfer coefficients for a jet of FC-72 from a 0.241 mm diameter nozzle. The surface temperature distribution is measured for various combinations of applied heat flux, jet velocity, and nozzle standoff distance; these measurements are then used to determine the local heat transfer coefficient distribution. These measured values compare favorably to those predicted using several correlations available in the literature. DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A MULTIPLEXED TEMPERATURE SENSOR


Oral reading has a varied history of interpretation (12) and IS presently under scrutiny in terms of characteristics rather than quantity (5). Despite the doubt that controversies generate, the identification and tabulation of oral reading errors dominate decisions generated in practice us,ing informal reading inventories. In practice, informal reading inventories depend on identification, scoring, and interpretation of oral reading errors. Controversies are usually ignored perhaps in the hope that the expert judgment of reading specialists overcomes the difficulties. Beldin (1) explores the controversial history of informal inventories. From early studies to the present, doubt surrounds scoring criteria ( 7, 9, 10). This study examines the process of identification and scoring of oral reading errors by well-qualified reading specialists. THE PROCESS OF OBSERVING ORAL READING SCORES


Abstract : An investigation was made of the ground-water resources of the Suck Creek area, Marion County, Tennessee, 1990-91. Suck Creek is located on the Walden Ridge section of the Cumberland Plateau, and is about 16 miles northwest of Chattanooga. Eight wells were drilled into bedrock of Pennsylvanian age. Drilling sites were chosen at or near fracture traces. Yields of the eight wells ranged from less than 1 to as much as 80 gallons of water per minute. Three wells had yields of 50 gallons per minute or more; two of these had estimated yields of 75 to 80 gallons per minute. These three wells produced water from a well-developed fracture within the Sewanee Conglomerate. Specific capacities for these three wells were 1.1, 1.3, and 2.2 gallons per minute per foot of drawdown. Samples of water from six test wells and three domestic wells were analyzed for major inorganic constituents, nutrients, major metals, trace elements, and bacteria. In addition, water samples from two of the test wells were analyzed for volatile organic compounds and scanned for the presence of semi-volatile organic compounds. Iron exceeded 300 micrograms per liter in five of the nine samples, and manganese exceeded 50 micrograms per liter in seven of the nine water samples. Toluene, a volatile organic compound, was detected in a concentration slightly above the reporting level; no other volatile organic compounds were detected.


Abstract This article examines the development, framing, and implementation of Proposition 35, the 'Californians Against Sexual Exploitation Act.' The 2012 ballot initiative, described variously as a measure against human slavery, human trafficking, and sex trafficking secured more votes than any other initiative or candidate in a single statewide election in California history. We argue that the measure exemplifies a disjuncture in the articulation of feminist politics against sexual violence, labor exploitation, and criticisms of the carceral state. The rise of the sex trafficker as a 'spectral' subject of contemporary political discourse shapes a broader ideological framework that permits a distinct set of political actors and interests to widen their institutional and political authority and to marginalize competing claims about the roots of sexual violence and labor exploitation. Proposition 35, which targets a 'spectral' figure abstracted from institutional context and relations of power, expands the carceral state in the name of protecting vulnerable women while also excluding long-standing feminist solutions to sex and gender-based violence.


I examine how the historical legacies of inter-ethnic complementarity and competition interact with contemporary electoral competition in shaping patterns of ethnic violence. Using local comparisons within Gujarat, a single Indian state known for both its non-violent local traditions and for widespread ethnic pogroms in 2002, I provide evidence that where political competition was focused upon towns where ethnic groups have historically competed, there was a rise in the propensity for ethnic rioting and increased electoral support for the incumbent party complicit in the violence. However, where political competition was focused in towns that historically enjoyed inter-ethnic complementarities, there were fewer ethnic riots, and these towns also voted against the incumbent. These historic legacies proved to be important predictors of the identity of the winner even in very close electoral races. I argue that these results reflect the role local inter-ethnic economic relations can play in altering the nature and the benefits of political campaigns that encourage ethnic violence.


In the traditional historiography of the Enlightenment in which historians regard it as a rather narrow, exclusively intellectual movement, the voice of women is almost, if not entirely, non-existent. However, a more inclusive interpretation of the Enlightenment, which adds cultural and social dimensions to it, allows for a place for her-story. In this essay, various roles that women played during the era of the Enlightenment are explored.


Landing Zones brings to life the dramatic, gripping, and often painful stories of twenty-four Vietnam Veterans from the American South. The men and women interviewed here represent a remarkable range of experience, including a marine rifleman, a helicopter pilot, an army nurse, a prisoner of war, a riverboat gunner, and the commanding general William Westmoreland. Skillfully interviewed by James R. Wilson, a journalist and Army press officer in Vietnam, each narrative explores and describes the war's events before following the veterans home and carrying them to the present. These stories focus on a uniquely southern view of Vietnam. In terms of numbers the South shouldered more than its share of human cost-31 percent of Americans who served came from one of the eleven states of the old Confederacy, and 28 percent of the dead were southerners. Southerners also brought to Vietnam certain shared cultural tastes and a particularly southern heritage of honor in military service stemming from the Civil War. For many, as their testimony reveals, a sense of patriotism was tested and questioned by the horrors of war, and for others that patriotism was a continued source of strength. Individually and collectively, however, these oral histories make up a picture of war that prevents us from forgetting the truth as one veteran put it: "Vietnam was not one war, but a thousand little nasty wars."


This article examines the conceptual transformation of what was once considered usury into finance. To counter traditional arguments that usury was exploitative and unnatural, early modern theorists reconceptualized debt as a form of investment for both borrowers and lenders. Today, this ethical justification of debt as an investment underlies the rhetoric of finance and financialization. Close examination of the realities of contemporary financialized debt, however, reveal that much of this rhetoric is misleading and false. While the rhetoric of finance is unrelentingly oriented toward the future, the lived reality of debt is one of being constrained and haunted by the past. Relatedly, this rhetoric exhorts borrowing for investment, while finance has actually had the opposite effect of making consumer debt a necessity for the majority of Americans. Taken together, these realities of debt today contradict the rhetoric of finance as investment and undermine the ethical framework on which it depends.


Within the Enceladus Explorer Initiative of the DLR Space Administration navigation technologies for a future space mission are in development. Those technologies are the basis for the search for extraterrestrial life on the Saturn moon Enceladus. An autonomous melting probe, the EnEx probe, aims to extract a liquid sample from a water reservoir below the icy crust.A first EnEx probe was developed and demonstrated in a terrestrial scenario at the Bloodfalls, Taylor Glacier, Antarctica in November 2014. To enable navigation in glacier ice two acoustic systems were integrated into the probe in addition to conventional navigation technologies. The first acoustic system determines the position of the probe during the run based on propagation times of acoustic signals from emitters at reference positions at the glacier surface to receivers in the probe. The second system provides information about the forefield of the probe. It is based on sonographic principles with phased array technology integrated in the probe's melting head. Information about obstacles or sampling regions in the probe's forefield can be acquired. The development of both systems is now continued in the project EnEx-RANGE. The emitters of the localization system are replaced by a network of intelligent acoustic enabled melting probes. These localize each other by means of acoustic signals and create the reference system for the EnEx probe.This presentation includes the discussion of the intelligent acoustic network, the acoustic navigation systems of the EnEx probe and results of terrestrial tests.


In the physical processes of reclamation and urban renewal in Singapore, ground can be seen as a geomorphic entity that is endlessly shaped in accordance to a nationalistic vision. However, when the Chinese burial grounds in Singapore are repossessed for new usage, a contestation ensues between the contradicting values of land as a national resource and the landscape as a cultural entity. This dissertation seeks to recast the Chinese burial grounds in Singapore as heterotopia, a Foucauldian space of 'otherness'. It will do so by identifying the unique spatial configuration of the Chinese grave that is anomalous to its surrounding environment, proposing that this particular reading hinges on the politics of 'ground'. It is therefore asserted that ground is a datum that has to be read in both its physical and symbolic potentialities. The Chinese grave is explored as a distinctive space arranged in accordance to strict topological laws of geomancy, inextricably connected to 'real' spaces of the living. Thus, ground performs a crucial role in constructing an elaborate relationship between the physical and projected aspects of heterotopia. When the ground of the Chinese grave is broken into, these fragile relationships are disrupted. Tan Pin Pin's short film Moving House and Kuo Pao Kun's play The Coffin Is Too Big For The Hole are adopted as vehicles discussing this disruption of the Chinese burial ground. In Moving House, the Chew family's ancestral grave is exhumed and their parents' remains are relocated into a columbarium, so that space may be freed for national development. Elsewhere, The Coffin comically pits the hapless protagonist and his father's ornate, oversized coffin against the unyielding ground of the public cemetery and its inflexible administrator. Several surveys of ground will be conducted, plotting the interlinked spatial and ideological tensions between state and heterotopic Chinese burial ground. The nationalistic milieu is investigated in 1960s government propaganda film, revealing ground to be commodified as 'land' in utopian projections. The cultural complexities of the Chinese burial ground are mapped, unsettling the assumptions made in these visions of rational homogeneity. Finally, the physical razing and manipulation of ground is traced when the Chinese grave is exhumed and reconfigured in the columbarium, a 'degenerate utopia'. The aim of these surveys is to demonstrate that the Chinese burial ground's heterotopic qualities, while seemingly fixated in the immutable landscape, can be easily destabilized and dispelled by an order contrary to its own. Dissertation Supervisor: Dr Lilian Chee Title: Assistant Professor


Hobbes, Locke, Hume, and Rousseau are classic modern philosophers, widely consulted in matters of ethics and political theory. In this provocative study David Braybrooke challenges received scholarly opinion by arguing that these canonical theorists took St Thomas Aquinas as their point of reference, reinforcing rather than departing from his natural law theory. The natural law theory of St Thomas Aquinas is essentially a secular theory, says Braybrooke. He argues that Hobbes, Locke, Hume, and Rousseau share a core of thought that not only has roots in St Thomas but offers an alternative to other ethical theories now current. According to Braybrooke, this surviving and reinforced core qualifies as an ethical theory viable by the most sophisticated standards, meeting the main challenges of analytical metaethics, and thus standing up to the scrutiny that any ethical theory must undergo in contemporary philosophical discussions. Braybrooke's study takes the reader into a rich and compelling intellectual universe, one in which medieval natural law theory, widely ignored as obsolete, survives robustly through the modern canon and into the third millennium.


This thesis examines the off-court spaces of adolescent basketball literature. In most sports literature, the spotlight is placed on the field of play, whether it be a football field, a baseball diamond, or a basketball court. However, I take the spotlight off of the court and place it on the bench and in the locker room.
After a short history of adolescent sports fiction, I examine the bench. Although the bench may be "the best seat in the house," it is just that—a seat. The young adult athletes in these basketball novels want to play; anything that keeps them from playing becomes a threat. For this reason, the bench becomes the coaches' best form of punishment. On the bench, both players and coaches are powerless. They are part of the team, but the fact that they are sidelined renders them helpless. As a result, the bench often becomes a place of selfishness and cynicism.
Next, I take a look at the locker room. The locker room is different for each young adult athlete. While some are able to find community in the locker room, others see it as a place where social orders are strictly enforced. The coach is also a dominant figure in the locker room. His or her behavior often determines whether an athlete's locker room experience is a positive one or a negative one. Moreover, I analyze the locker room as a gendered space and discuss the sexual images that arise.
This thesis is grounded in close readings of various young adult basketball novels. I also incorporate both adolescent literary theory, as well as sports theory in order to find out the impact that these spaces have on young adult athletes.


Available marine free-air gravity anomalies (FAGA) derived from multiple satellite altimetry missions have had geologically useful, short wavelength features removed during processing. An approach is described for augmenting these FAGA in the high latitude region with coherent higher frequency data. This added-value approach is demonstrated over the Barents Sea in the Arctic using existing FAGA predictions from the Danish National Cadastre (KMS98) as a reference. Short wavelength components between 4 and 111 km were added from reduced and correlation-filtered ERS1 168-day mission altimetry that had been sorted into ascending and descending datasets for separate processing. The processed data were then recombined by spectral quadrant swapping to generate a correlated, high frequency gravity field related to the local geologic sources. This added-value surface adjusted the reference FAGA to better reflect features at wavelengths related to the distances between altimetry tracks.