This paper explains the strategy employed by a case study company to implement lean across the business, and to reflect on the success of this approach so other companies may consider this learning and how it might be useful to them. The strategy to enact lean in the case study company was based on creating a number of standard tools/ways of working. These tools can be considered to be standardised work for key aspects of the construction process that the company undertakes. The aim of the tools was to ensure that critical tasks would be carried out to the correct standard (quality, time, cost, health and safety) every time, across the business. Achievement of this is expected to lead to improved performance and elimination of variation (waste). To implement this strategy of using standardised work to eliminate variation and lead to improved performance, a step-by-step process was developed to create the tools/standardised work. The paper describes the process that was undertaken and how it aimed to not only produce a number of tools/standardised work, but also to involve people and managers from across the business such that lean philosophy and thinking might also begin to become embedded. The paper will firstly explain, with reference to the relevant literature, how and why the strategy to implement standardised work was chosen, the process that was defined to develop the standardised work, and what happened when that process was put into practice. The findings of the paper show that whilst the completed tools delivered business benefits, the development of the tools did not follow the planned process. The paper discusses how people within the business responded to this strategy and how the process had to be continuously adapted to cope with the current business environment and path dependencies, further evidencing that lean implementations need to be tailored to suit the needs of the individual firm, rather than there being a one size fits all solution. Further, the conclusions will be set in the context of what lean has become to mean to the case study organisation, and how this sits in the wider debate of whether lean is an all encompassing philosophy or a set of prescriptive tools and techniques.


Coda waves arise from scattering to form the later arriving components of a seismogram. Coda‐wave interferometry (CWI) is an emerging tool for constraining earthquake source properties from the interference pattern of coda waves between nearby events. A new earthquake location algorithm is derived which relies on coda‐wave‐based probabilistic estimates of earthquake separation. The algorithm can be used with coda waves alone or in tandem with arrival‐time data. Synthetic examples (2D and 3D) and real earthquakes on the Calaveras fault, California, are used to demonstrate the potential of coda waves for locating poorly recorded earthquakes. It is demonstrated that CWI: (a) outperforms traditional earthquake location techniques when the number of stations is small; (b) is self‐consistent across a broad range of station situations; and (c) can be used with a single station to locate earthquakes.


"The innovative essays in this volume . . . demonstrat[e] the potential of the perspective of the affects in a wide range of fields and with a variety of methodological approaches. Some of the essays . . . use fieldwork to investigate the functions of affects—among organized sex workers, health care workers, and in the modeling industry. Others employ the discourses of microbiology, thermodynamics, information sciences, and cinema studies to rethink the body and the affects in terms of technology. Still others explore the affects of trauma in the context of immigration and war. And throughout all the essays run serious theoretical reflections on the powers of the affects and the political possibilities they pose for research and practice."—Michael Hardt, from the foreword

In the mid-1990s, scholars turned their attention toward the ways that ongoing political, economic, and cultural transformations were changing the realm of the social, specifically that aspect of it described by the notion of affect: pre-individual bodily forces, linked to autonomic responses, which augment or diminish a body's capacity to act or engage with others. This "affective turn" and the new configurations of bodies, technology, and matter that it reveals, is the subject of this collection of essays. Scholars based in sociology, cultural studies, science studies, and women's studies illuminate the movement in thought from a psychoanalytically informed criticism of subject identity, representation, and trauma to an engagement with information and affect; from a privileging of the organic body to an exploration of nonorganic life; and from the presumption of equilibrium-seeking closed systems to an engagement with the complexity of open systems under far-from-equilibrium conditions. Taken together, these essays suggest that attending to the affective turn is necessary to theorizing the social.

Contributors . Jamie "Skye" Bianco, Grace M. Cho, Patricia Ticineto Clough, Melissa Ditmore, Ariel Ducey, Deborah Gambs, Karen Wendy Gilbert, Greg Goldberg, Jean Halley, Hosu Kim, David Staples, Craig Willse , Elizabeth Wissinger , Jonathan R. Wynn


This paper addresses the topic of the article processing charges (APCs) that are paid when publishing articles using the open access (OA) option. Building on the Elsevier OA price list, company balance sheet figures, and ScienceDirect data, tentative answers to three questions are outlined using a Monte Carlo approach to deal with the uncertainty inherent in the inputs. The first question refers to the level of APCs from the market perspective, under the hypothesis that all the articles published in Elsevier journals exploit the OA model so that the subscription to ScienceDirect becomes worthless. The second question is how much Elsevier should charge for publishing all the articles under the OA model, assuming the profit margin reduces and adheres to the market benchmark. The third issue is how many articles would have to be accepted, in an OA-only publishing landscape, so that the publisher benefits from the same revenue and profit margin as in the recent past. The results point to high APCs, nearly twice the current level, being required to preserve the publisher's profit margin. Otherwise, by relaxing that constraint, a downward shift of APCs can be expected so they would tend to get close to current values. Accordingly, the article acceptance rate could be likely to grow from 26–27% to about 35–55%.


Choose a speaker for a plenary presentation on Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion (EDI) issues at the annual DPS meeting (see previous presentations below) After each DPS meeting, review anonymous survey results particularly with regards to EDI and accessibility matters. At least one member of our subcommittee serves on the LOC and SOC for the annual DPS meeting to advise on EDI and accessibility issues Arrange for yearly implicit bias or other EDI training for the DPS committee, DPS Prize subcommittee, and other DPS groups as requested. Submit recommendations to the DPS leadership to increase EDI in our community (see below) Present at various meetings, including DPS, on what the committee is working on and/or EDI information of value to the community. Additional efforts for generation of community/DPS resources are undertaken depending on community needs and subcommittee time availability.


The 'open ocean' has become a highly contested space as coastal populations and maritime uses soared in abundance and intensity over the last decades. Changing marine utilization patterns represent a considerable challenge to society and governments. Maritime spatial planning has emerged as one tool to manage conflicts between users and achieve societal goals for the use of marine space; however single-sector management approaches are too often still the norm. The last decades have seen the rise of a new ocean use concept: the joint 'multi-use' of ocean space. This paper aims to explain and refine the concept of ocean multi-use of space by reviewing the development and state of the art of multi-use in Europe and presenting a clear definition and a comprehensive typology for existing multi-use combinations. It builds on the connectivity of uses and users in spatial, temporal, provisional, and functional dimensions as the underlying key characteristic of multi-use dimensions. Combinations of these dimensions yield four distinct types of multi-use with little overlap between them. The diversity of types demonstrates that there is no one-size-fits-all management approach, but rather that adaptive management plans are needed, focusing on achieving the highest societal benefit while minimising conflicts. This work will help to sharpen, refine and advance the public and academic discourse over marine spatial planning by offering a common framework to planners, researchers and users alike, when discussing multi-use and its management implications.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Microarray gene expression profiling has been widely applied to characterize hematologic malignancies, has attributed a molecular signature to leukemia subclasses and has allowed new subclasses to be distinguished. We set out to use microarray technology to identify novel genes relevant for leukemogenesis. To this end we used a unique leukemia-enriched cDNA microarray platform.

DESIGN AND METHODS
The systematic sequencing of cDNA libraries of normal and leukemic bone marrow allowed us to increase the number of genes to yield a new release of a previously generated cDNA microarray. Using this platform we analyzed the expression profiles of 4,670 genes in bone marrow samples from 18 pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

RESULTS
Expression profiling consistently distinguished the leukemia patients into three groups, those with T-ALL, B-ALL and B-ALL with MLL/AF4 rearrangement, in agreement with the clinical classification. Our platform identified 30 genes that best discriminate these three subtypes. Using mini-array technology these 30 genes were validated in another cohort of 17 patients. In particular we identified two novel genes not previously reported: endomucin (EMCN) and ubiquitin specific protease 33 (USP33) that appear to be over-expressed in B-ALL relative to their expression in T-ALL.

INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS
Microarray technology not only allows the distinction between disease subclasses but also offers a chance to identify new genes involved in leukemogenesis. Our approach of using a unique platform has proven to be fruitful in identifying new genes and we suggest exploration of other malignancies using this approach.


The name Luis Barragan evokes images of Latin American modernism-brightly colored plain surfaces set off against lush foliage. His 1,250-acre Gardens of El Pedregal, begun in 1945 on the lava fields of south of Mexico City, were dotted with houses and plazas, fountains and ponds, cacti and pepper trees. Barragan considered El Pedregal his most important project, and critics have described the houses and gardens there as a turning point in Mexican architecture.This book examines El Pedregal's program and form, its representation in architect-commissioned photographs and advertising, and its place within contemporary discourses on cultural identity, design and place, and suburbanization.Like our highly acclaimed Revolution of Form, Luis Barragan's Gardens of El Pedregal offers an in-depth analysis of this now mostly destroyed project through original documents, drawings, color and black-and-white photography, and critical examinations of the design process.


The NASA Human Space Flight program is interested in projects where humans, beyond low-Earth orbit (LEO), can make an important and unique contribution that cannot be reasonably accomplished purely by robotic means, and is commensurate with the effort and cost associated with human spaceflight. Robotic space telescope missions have been conceived and launched as completed assemblies (e.g., Hubble) or as jack-in-the-box one-time deployments (e.g., James Webb). If it were possible to assemble components of a very large telescope from one or two launches into a telescope that was vastly greater in light-gathering power and resolution, that would constitute a breakthrough. Large telescopes on Earth, like all one-off precision assembly tasks, are done by humans. Humans in shirtsleeves (or cleanroom bunny suits) can perform tasks of remarkable dexterity and precision. Unfortunately, astronauts in pressure suits cannot perform such dexterous and precise tasks because of the limitations of the pressurized gloves. If a large, inflatable hangar were placed in high orbit, along with all the components needed for a large assembly such as a large telescope, then humans in bunny suits could perform the same sorts of extremely precise and dexterous assembly that they could be expected to perform on Earth. Calculations show that such an inflatable hangar, and the necessary gas to make it safe to occupy by shirtsleeves humans wearing oxygen masks, fits within the mass and volume limitations of the proposed "Space Launch System" heavy-lift rocket. A second launch could bring up all the components of an approximately 100-meter-diameter or larger telescope. A large [200 ft (approximately 61 m) in diameter] inflated fabric sphere (or hangar) would contain four humans in bunny suits. The sphere would contain sufficient atmospheric pressure so that spacesuits would not be necessary [about 3.2 psi (approximately 22 kPa)]. The humans would require only oxygen masks and small backpacks similar to SCUBA tanks. The oxygen content of the gas would be about 35%, low enough to reduce fire risk but high enough to sustain life in the event of a failure of an oxygen mask. The bunnysuited astronauts could ride on long "cherry-picker" robots with foot restraints somewhat similar to the arm on the International Space Station. Other astronauts would maneuver freely with small propeller fans on their backpacks to provide thrust in the zero-g environment.


Straddling the mountainous borders where Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria converge in the Middle East, the 25-30 million Kurds living there constitute the largest nation in the world without its own independent state. In recent years the Kurdish problem has become increasingly important in Middle Eastern and even international politics for two fundamental reasons. First, the wars against Saddam Hussein in 1991 and 2003 resulted in the creation of a virtually independent Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) in a federal Iraq. This KRG has inspired the Kurds elsewhere to seek cultural, social, and even political autonomy, if not independence. Second, Turkey's application for admission into the European Union (EU) also has brought the Kurdish issue to the attention of Europe. The second edition of Historical Dictionary of the Kurds greatly expands on the first edition through an updated chronology, an introductory essay, an expanded bibliography, maps, photos, and over 400 cross-referenced dictionary entries on significant persons, places, events, institutions, and aspects of culture, society, economy, and politics. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the history of the Kurds.


A crystalline, porous Metal–Organic Polyhedron (MOP) 4 was readily assembled starting from 9H-carbazole-3,6-dicarboxylic acid, which was synthesised in only three steps. The single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the resulting supramolecule evidenced voids that were occupied by coordinated as well as uncoordinated solvent molecules from the solvothermal reaction. Careful analysis of its desolvation process, activating the sample at 150 °C and 10−5 bar (followed by FTIR), evidenced that all solvents were completely removed, leaving an empty but nevertheless crystalline MOP with coordinatively-unsaturated Cu(II) sites that was studied for gas adsorption using N2 at 77 K, and CO2 at 196 K. Notably, carbon dioxide was found to be strongly adsorbed in the activated 4 (12.1 mmol g−1, 53.2 wt%) with a molar enthalpy of adsorption of ΔH = 65.12 kJ mol−1, revealing a great selectivity over nitrogen, which in turn showed negligible uptake under the same activation conditions. In situ Raman experiments demonstrated the direct interaction of CO2 molecules and coordinatively-unsaturated Cu(II) sites within 4.


File format obsolescence is a major risk factor threatening the ongoing usefulness of digital information collections. While the preservation community has become increasingly interested in tools for assessing a wide range of risks, the National Library of Australia is developing mechanisms specifically focused on the risks of format obsolescence. The paper reports on the AONS II Project, undertaken in conjunction with the Australian Partnership for Sustainable Repositories (APSR). The project aimed to refine and develop a software tool that would automatically find and report indicators of obsolescence risks, to help repository managers decide if preservation action is needed. The paper discusses the current mismatch between this objective and the available sources of information on file formats, and emphasises the need to take account of both local and global factors in assessing risk. The paper calls for the preservation community to engage with the further development of thinking about file format obsolescence.


This landmark study of American religion, recipient of the National Religious Book Award in 1976, is being brought back into print with an updated bibliography. The Modernist Impulse in American Protestantism traces the history of American Protestant thought from the early part of the nineteenth century to the present. William R. Hutchison deals especially with the "modernist" movement that flourished in the years around 1900, and with the colorful personalities and disputes associated with that movement.


The existing empirical research exploring the impact of threat appeals on driver behavior has reported inconsistent findings. In an effort to provide an up-to-date synthesis of the experimental findings, meta-analytic techniques were employed to examine the impact of threat-based messages on fear arousal and on lab-based indices of driving behavior. Experimental studies (k = 13, N = 3044), conducted between 1990 and 2011, were included in the analyses. The aims of the current analysis were (a) to examine whether or not the experimental manipulations had a significant impact on evoked fear, (b) to examine the impact of threat appeals on three distinct indices of driving, and (c) to identify moderators and mediators of the relationship between fear and driving outcomes. Large effects emerged for the level of fear evoked, with experimental groups reporting increased fear arousal in comparison to control groups (r = .64, n = 619, p<.01). The effect of threat appeals on driving outcomes, however, was not significant (r = .03, p = .17). This analysis of the experimental literature indicates that threat appeals can lead to increased fear arousal, but do not appear to have the desired impact on driving behavior. We discuss these findings in the context of threat-based road safety campaigns and future directions for experimental research in this area.


While both work with images, computer graphics and computer vision are inverse problems. Computer graphics starts traditionally with input geometric models and produces image sequences. Computer vision starts with input image sequences and produces geometric models. In the last few years, there has been a convergence of research to bridge the gap between the two fields.
This convergence has produced a new field called Image-based Rendering and Modeling (IBMR). IBMR represents the effort of using the geometric information recovered from real images to generate new images with the hope that the synthesized
ones appear photorealistic, as well as reducing the time spent on model creation.
In this dissertation, the capturing, geometric and photometric aspects of an IBMR system are studied. A versatile framework was developed that enables the reconstruction of scenes from images acquired with a handheld digital camera. The proposed system targets applications in areas such as Computer Gaming and Virtual Reality, from a lowcost perspective. In the spirit of IBMR, the human operator is allowed to provide the high-level information, while underlying algorithms are used to perform low-level computational work. Conforming to the latest architecture trends, we propose a streaming voxel carving method, allowing a fast GPU-based processing on commodity hardware.


This article discusses an unexamined area of the history of the legal profession — the role that late nineteenth and early twentieth century Jewish women legal practitioners played in the delivery of free legal aid to the poor as social workers, lawyers, and, importantly, as cultural and legal brokers. It presents two such women who represented different types and models of legal aid — Minnie Low of the Chicago Bureau of Personal Service, a Jewish social welfare organization, and Rosalie Loew of the Legal Aid Society of New York. The article interrogate how these women negotiated their identities as Jewish professional women, what role being Jewish and female played in shaping their careers, understandings of law, and the delivery of legal aid, as well as the constrained professional possibilities, but at times, opportunities, both women confronted and embraced. By puzzling through these issues, we also see two contrasting understandings of the rule of law and the secular liberal state. This article, combining gender history, legal history, and Jewish history, thus contributes to and enriches the growing body of scholarship on Jewish male lawyers and their relationship to the larger Jewish community and the state.


In 1927 a sea-snake was captured at Scamander by Mr.
K. Gatenby and Mr. Ransom. The animal was subsequently
presented to the Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston, by Mr.
S. Tulloch Scott; and on making an examination of the specimen
last year I came to the conclusion it was Hydrophis
ornatus, variety ocellatus Gray. As the normal habitat
of this species is the North Australian Goast (though an
individual was caught in the Hawkesbury River, N.S.W., in
1925), the Scamander specimen was submitted to Mr. J. R.
Kinghorn, C.M.Z.S., Zoologist, Australian Museum, Sydney,
who kindly made an examination of it, and confirmed the
determination. This adds a third species to the list of
sea-snakes recorded from Tasmanian waters.


In this paper, we pose the question where the source regions of the aerosol, which occurs in the European Arctic, are located. Long-term aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from Ny-Ålesund and Sodankylä as well as short-term data from a campaign on a Russian drifting station were analysed by air backtrajectories, analysis of the general circulation pattern and a correlation to chemical composition from in-situ measurements. Surprisingly, our data clearly shows that direct transport of pollutants from Europe does not play an important role. Instead, Arctic haze in Ny-Ålesund has been found for air masses from the Eastern Arctic, while events with increased AOD but chemically more diverse composition have been found for air from Siberia or the central Arctic. Moreover, the AOD in Ny-Ålesund does not depend on the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Hence, either the pollution pathways of aerosol are more complex or aerosol is significantly altered by clouds.


Bilateral adrenalectomy usually results in lifelong primary adrenal insufficiency. Evidence exists that up to 34% of patients with Cushing's disease (CD) have some degree of endogenous cortisol secretion after treatment; however, it is unusual that overt recurrence persists even after the removal of the replacement therapy. We present a case of a patient with an atypical corticotropinoma/carcinoma and CD recurrence after bilateral adrenalectomy. A 59-year-old man presented with CD in 2010 and underwent a transsphenoidal adenomectomy. Pathohistological evaluation suggested an 8 mm × 8 mm atypical corticotropinoma. CD recurred 8 months after surgery. A total hypophysectomy was performed, which led to complete remission, followed by recurrence 5 months later. Subsequently, a bilateral two-stage adrenalectomy was performed along with radiosurgical treatment. Postoperatively, the patient received glucocorticoid replacement therapy. 2 years after the adrenalectomy, the patient was diagnosed with Nelson's syndrome. Fractionated radiotherapy was given, and ACTH levels slightly decreased, but urinary free cortisol (UFC) continued to increase. Glucocorticoid therapy was stopped, but UFC increased to 1400 nmol/24 h (normal range 54-319 nmol/24 h) 3 years after the adrenalectomy, accompanied by the recurrence of signs and symptoms of CD. Abdominal computed tomography showed a 4 cm large mass in the left adrenal bed suggestive of adrenal tissue, along with multiple liver lesions, without signs of another primary tumor. The patient died 5 years after initial diagnosis. This is the first case of recurrent CD after bilateral adrenalectomy. This report highlights the importance of long-term patient monitoring after total bilateral adrenalectomy and individual dosing of replacement therapy.


In this article, I explore the tension between the current political context in which science needs defending against anti-intellectualism and outright assaults on evidence as a means of decision-making on the one hand and the overzealous scientism that can result from backlash against a perceived lack of rigor in various forms of inquiry. To do so, I return to the emergence of the discourse of scientifically based research (SBR) in education and the debates surrounding it (2002-2013), which have implications for how and why educational researchers would advocate for science and what that advocacy might do. Specifically, I argue that we must have a science that does not allow alternative facts and politically expedient truth claims while still allowing science to be flexible, responsive, and theoretically informed. I conclude by advocating for theoretically informed activism and non-innocent science.


Abstract Gender relations and gendered power relations are major defining features of science and technology. This article addresses the question of how to understand gender, and considers their various implications for science and technology. Gender and gender relations can be understood as operating and as relevant to science and technology at several levels: who does science and technology; how science and technology are organized; and the con- struction of knowledge in science and technology. We review five underlying formulations that inform both policy interventions and theorizing around gender and science — gender based on sex; masculinity/femininity and sex roles; categoricalism, structure and plural structures; poststructuralist, discursive and deconstructive approaches; the material-discursive.


Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) is a high speed imaging technique with high axial resolution in the micro-meter-scale range combined with a high sensitivity allowing to probe 3D volumes of weakly back-scattering biological tissues in-vivo. Phase shifting techniques allow the reconstruction of the full complex sample signal which results in an additional suppression of unwanted auto-correlated distortion as well as an extended depth range. Current complex FDOCT realizations introduce the phase shift via reference path length modulation causing chromatic phase errors especially if broad bandwidth light sources are employed. Broad optical bandwidth is necessary for ultrahigh resolution OCT systems. By frequency shifting the light fields with acousto-optic frequency shifters in the reference and sample arm respectively, a phase-resolved signal at high speed can be registered. Therefore the reference arm does not rely on arm length changes or delays. The beating signal generated this way shows high phase stability. The phase of this beating signal is not wavelength-dependent, as the frequency shift applied is the same for all wavelengths. With a Ti:Sapphire laser at 800nm and a spectral width of 130nm a high speed complex FDOCT system is realized with an axial resolution of 4μm.


In practice, development too often neglects the perspective of the impoverished when attempting to ameliorate negative socioeconomic conditions that persist. Entrepreneurs, and in particular social entrepreneurs, often attempt to solve social issues through a triple-bottom line approach but in many cases focus on the problem without greater consideration to the cultural context of their intervention. We introduce a new term, transcultural development, to advocate for the inclusion and preservation of cultural norms and rights of receiving cultures in the face of globalization, particularly when conducting projects that attempt to alleviate poverty. Presented is an applied ethnographic study conducted by two faculty members and seven undergraduate students consulting for a non-governmental organization (NGO) social enterprise over a ten-day short-term study abroad trip. The NGO and student group aimed to assist impoverished Guatemalans inhabiting the southwestern coastal plain to develop a new export crop, the pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan ). Gender norms and rights proved a focal point in demonstrating the importance of conducting social impact assessments regularly to mitigate entrenched or biased views. The transcultural development approach may optimally incorporate an applied anthropological lens to the social aspects of social entrepreneurship.


There are some market share estimations by analysts (Pang 2007) that give us a very raw figure on the developments of the ERP or Enterprise Systems market either globally or in certain countries. The assumptions and fundamental calculations of the market share investigations are seldom visible for the public. For countries with a broad range of enterprise system vendors like Germany where more than 600 enterprise system vendors are registered insufficient there is to do data research in that area although text-based case studies are broadly available like the honorable project 'Experience base' (Woelfle 2009). However, a detailed and industry-specific analysis of reasons for new enterprise systems answering the following questions is missing: Movements of market shares from systems with an old technological base to newer ones? Trends in scrapping of old systems? Movements to a new system from the same vendor and so on. The main goal of the ongoing project 'Enterprise Systems Knowledge' is to attack these questions in a new manner.


In order to examine the role of bacterivorous protists during degradation and conversion of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), we performed a batch enrichment experiment with freshwater bacterioplankton and macrophyte leachate as a natural DOC source. Bacterial growth, activity and morphological structure, as well as the decrease in DOC concentration were compared in treatments, which consisted of bacteria only, and treatments that also contained bacterivorous protists (either cultured heterotrophic nanoflagellates or a natural protist community). Development of heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF) caused a reduction in bacterial biovolume to 12-18 % compared to the protist-free controls. Overall DOC decomposition rates were similar between the treatments, and around 60 % of the initial DOC concentration was utilized within one week. A major difference occurred, however, in the size-activity structure of the bacterial community. With grazers, the contribution of filamentous bacteria and bacterial aggregates to total bacterial biovolume increased strongly, and a major part of bacterial activity was concentrated in the size fraction >10 μm. Without grazers, >90% of the activity was found in the size fraction <10 μm. The bacterial communities in grazing treatments maintained a higher specific activity, as was evident from respiration and ectoenzymatic activities. The results of our model system suggest that protist grazing and resulting organic matter recycling simultaneously maintain a highly active bacterial community during detritus decomposition and trigger an increase in microbial size fractions.


This volume provides a first-hand survey of the arts and literature during a crucial period in modern culture, 1915–1924. Pound was then associated with such germinal magazines as BLAST, The Little Review, The Egoist, and Poetry; he was discovering or publicizing writers such as Robert Frost, Hilda Doolittle, T. S. Eliot, and James Joyce; and he was championing the painters Wyndham Lewis and William Wadsworth as well as the sculptors Jacob Epstein, Henri Gaudier-Brzeska, and Constantin Brancusi.

Pound wrote to John Quinn—a New York lawyer, an expert in business law, and a collector of unusual taste and discrimination—about these artists and many more, urging him to support their journals, collect their manuscripts, and buy and exhibit their paintings and sculptures. Quinn at one time owned manuscripts of Ulysses and The Waste Land, Brancusi's sculpture Mlle. Pogany, and Picasso's painting Three Musicians. Yet he was often skeptical about the value of new schools of art, such as Vorticism, and disturbed by the outspokenness of authors such as Joyce. Pound's letters are unusually tactful when he counters Quinn's doubts and explains the premises of experimental art. Pound's letters to Quinn are touched with his characteristic humor and wordplay and are especially notable for their lucidity of expression, engendered by Pound's deep respect for Quinn.


Automatic plant leaf curl detection is an important step towards the development of Computer-aided crop damage analysis systems. It helps in analyzing the health condition of the plants through leaf images. Image processing techniques are recently being used to analyze the condition of the leaf and identify the disease that inflicted the crop. Leaf curl disease can be identified by analyzing the edges of the leaf. This paper presents a procedure to identify the curl disease occurring in plant leaves using active contour, Fourier feature descriptor, and deep learning. Active contour is used to identify the shape of the leaf. The edge contour of the leaf is then given to the Fourier feature descriptor. The feature extracted using the Fourier descriptor is invariant to the angle and size of the leaf. The same feature vector is produced in any given angle and size of the leaf in the image. The features are trained using 1D CNN. The model can then be used to classify new images and automatically identify the leaf have curl disease or not. The experimental results prove that the proposed algorithm produces good results in identifying the leaf curl disease.


Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) is the most common HPV genotype found in invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Recent comprehensive genomics studies of HPV16 have revealed that a large number of minor nucleotide variations in the viral genome are present in each infected woman; however, it remains unclear whether such within-host variations of HPV16 are linked to cervical carcinogenesis. Here, by employing next-generation sequencing approaches, we explored the mutational profiles of the HPV16 genome within individual clinical specimens from ICC (n = 31) and normal cervix (n = 21) in greater detail. A total of 367 minor nucleotide variations (167 from ICC and 200 from the normal cervix) were detected throughout the viral genome in both groups, while nucleotide variations at high frequencies (>10% abundance in relative read counts in a single sample) were more prevalent in ICC (10 in ICC versus 1 in normal). Among the high-level variations found in ICC, six were located in the E1/E2 genes, and all of them were non-synonymous substitutions (Q142K, M207I, and L262V for E1; D153Y, R302T, and T357A for E2). In vitro functional analyses of these E1/E2 variants revealed that E1/M207I, E2/D153Y, and E2/R302T had reduced abilities to support viral replication, and that E2/D153Y and E2/R302T failed to suppress the viral early promoter. These results imply that some within-host variations of E1/E2 present at high levels in ICC may be positively selected for and contribute to cervical cancer development through dysfunction or de-stabilization of viral replication/transcription proteins.


We present the discovery of a candidate of giant radio-quiet Lyα blob (RQLAB) in a large-scale structure around a high-redshift radio galaxy (HzRG) lying in a giant Lyα halo B3 J2330+3927 at redshift z= 3.087. We obtained narrow- and broad-band imaging around B3 J2330+3927 with Subaru/Suprime-Cam to search for Lyα emitters (LAEs) and absorbers (LAAs) at redshift z= 3.09 ± 0.03. We detected candidate 127 LAEs and 26 LAAs in the field of view of 31 × 24 arcmin2 (58 × 44 comoving Mpc). We found that B3 J2330+3927 is surrounded by a 130 kpc Lyα halo and a large-scale (∼60 × 20 comoving Mpc) filamentary structure. The large-scale structure contains one prominent local density peak with an overdensity of greater than 5, which is 8 arcmin (15 comoving Mpc) away from B3 J2330+3927. In this peak, we discovered a candidate 100 kpc RQLAB. The existence of both types of Lyα nebulae in the same large-scale structure suggests that giant Lyα nebulae need special large-scale environments to form. On smaller scales, however, the location of B3 J2330+3927 is not a significant local density peak in this structure, in contrast to the RQLAB. There are two possible interpretations of the difference of the local environments of these two Lyα nebulae. First, RQLAB may need a prominent (δ∼ 5) density peak of galaxies to form through intense starbursts due to frequent galaxy interactions/mergers and/or continuous gas accretion in an overdense environment. On the other hand, Lyα halo around HzRG may not always need a prominent density peak to form if the surrounding Lyα halo is mainly powered by its radio and active galactic nucleus activities. Alternatively, both RQLAB and Lyα halo around HzRG may need prominent density peaks to form but we could not completely trace the density of galaxies because we missed evolved and dusty galaxies in this survey.


How does environmental impact change when national income increases? So far, this question has been mainly discussed from the point of view of production, but in recent years several studies have dealt with the question of decoupling from the point of view of consumption. The optimistic subscribers to decoupling argue that, with increasing income, the composition of consumption changes in the direction of more environment-friendly goods and services. This paper discusses this hypothesis critically on the basis of several studies dealing with historical experience. First, it is argued that an overall assessment of the environmental impact is most appropriately based on an input approach. Then data on input intensities for different categories of consumption goods are combined with data on changes in consumption patterns, and it is concluded that the historical changes in the composition of consumption seem to have done little to counterbalance the environmental effects of growth.


Over the last decade, the Internet and Internet technologies such as electronic commerce have experienced phenomenal growth. However, research shows that small businesses have been slow to adopt and to implement e-commerce due to a variety of barriers or impediments. Our understanding of these barriers and their importance has been fragmented and incomplete. This article presents an exploratory study of regional small businesses in Sweden that aims to improve our knowledge about e-commerce adoption barriers and to determine if there are any differences in the level of importance assigned to different barriers by males and females. The results of the study suggest that e-commerce adoption barriers fall into one of two distinct groupings: too difficult to implement or unsuitable to the business. The results also show that while males rate the difficulties of implementing e-commerce as more important, females indicate more concern about the unsuitability of e-commerce. The results of the study have significant implications for government organizations engaged in promoting e-commerce adoption, particularly among small businesses in regional areas.


The objective of this study was to evaluate whether package marketing can add value to logistic delivery and to discuss how package marketing influences customers' purchase intention. A survey of 184 consumers in Taiwan was carried out using structural equation modelling. A direct positive relationship between attitude toward package marketing and attitude toward advertising was identified. Specifically, it was confirmed that attitude toward advertising plays a mediating role between attitude toward package marketing and purchase intention. Overall, when companies attach marketing advertisements in a package in the future, the key is to include advertisement contents that could result in consumers' positive attitude and influence their purchase intention.


We investigate the effect of synaptic compensation on the dynamic behavior of an attractor neural network receiving its input stimuli as external fields projecting on the network. It is shown how, in the face of weakened inputs, memory performance may be preserved by strengthening internal synaptic connections and increasing the noise level. Yet, these compensatory changes necessarily have adverse side effects, leading to spontaneous, stimulus-independent retrieval of stored patterns. These results can support Stevens' recent hypothesis that the onset of schizophrenia is associated with frontal synaptic regeneration, occurring subsequent to the degeneration of temporal neurons projecting on these areas.


This paper explores the use of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) wavebands in the red/near-infra-red for estimating concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the moderately turbid, optically complex waters of Lake Erie. Observations show that at wavelengths shorter than 550 nm, more than 50% of the absorption signal is accounted for by dissolved organic matter and phytoplankton, confirming that algorithms incorporating these wavelengths may not be appropriate for these waters. Single band and band ratios at wavelengths greater than 667 nm are tested for their suitability for monitoring SPM concentrations in these waters. A simplified regional semi-analytical model is utilized which is independent of variations in dissolved organic matter and chlorophyll absorption, enabling estimates of SPM concentrations from MODIS water-leaving radiance at 748 nm with an average root mean square (RMS) error of 40%. Knowledge of the vertical distribution of particles enables estimates of total water column suspended loads which are then related to wind re-suspension events. The method is applied to MODIS water-leaving radiance at 748 nm to produce a time series of surface and total water column suspended loads in Lake Erie for the period 2003–2007.


By investigating the connections between drawing, object and memory, this research project
operates as an enquiry into processes of transition and transformation, and the significance of
everyday objects to memory. Through practices of process‐based drawing, I focus on aged domestic
objects to explore relationships between materiality and our awareness of and insights into past
experience. I approach the drawing and casting of objects as a metaphor for the mental processes
we experience in relation to memory. The project is supported by research into theories of memory,
with particular focus on the capacity of memory to shift and change over time, and how the merging
of past and present relates to the creation of new realities.
The practical research has resulted in a body of work that consists of a series of photocopy drawings,
rubbings and three‐dimensional forms made from liquid latex, wax and tarlatan fabric. The
development of tangible, delicate forms and imagery reveals alternate approaches in drawing to
create modified shapes and surfaces of domestic objects. The diverse works reflect the fluctuating
processes of memory, evoking new meanings from prior experiences. The works are also an
intimate, personal response to the vulnerable materiality of the objects from which they originate.
For my practical research I have drawn on a number of philosophical approaches from the following
sources: Edward Casey's research into the change‐inducing processes of remembering in
Remembering: A Phenomenological Study; Paul Ricoeur's focus on the persistence of enduring traces
in Memory, History, Forgetting; Henri Bergson's philosophies regarding memory as an embodied
experience in Matter and Memory; Michael Leyton's ideas on the importance of shape to memory in
Symmetry, Causality, Mind; and Maurice Merleau‐Ponty's theories on embodied consciousness,
touch as sensory surface, and the connection between memory and the material world in
Phenomenology of Perception. My study of this material has expanded my approach to drawing and
my perception of an object's materiality and its connection to the past.
The contextual background includes selected works of three artists – Eva Hesse, Giorgio Morandi
and Louise Bourgeois. The sculptural paper and latex forms of Hesse's studio works (1966–1969)
express the potential of open‐ended exploration within forms that appear incomplete, and their
suggestive uncertainty has influenced my experimentation with ambiguity. Giorgio Morandi's
intimate still life paintings and drawings, and particularly his initial treatment of studio objects, have
been influential in terms of my experimentation with trace and enduring marks. The fabric works of Louise Bourgeois (2000‐2009) are a material expression of autobiographical memory and inspired
my investigations of material potency in my studio work.
This research project expands on theoretical ideas that frame the ambiguous zone of the past and
the present in memory. It emphasises strategies of making aligned with concepts of transformation,
intimacy and the ephemeral. The partial and collapsed nature of the works, the use of disparate and
yielding materials, and the capacity of the two and three‐dimensional forms to be read as matter in
transition demonstrates their potential as catalysts for new form and meaning. The project
acknowledges the everyday object as a valuable referent for the complexities of memory and
domestic items as a source for shape. The innovative application of drawing techniques undertaken
within the studio research contributes to an ongoing pursuit within contemporary drawing practice
to transform traditional drawing language into new art forms.


This is the third volume of the new conference series Design Computing and Cognition (DCC) that takes over from and subsumes the successful series Artificial Intelligence in Design (AID) published by Kluwer since 1992. The AID volumes have become standard reference texts for the field. It is expected that the DCC volumes will perform the same role. Design Computing and Cognition04 and Design Computing and Cognition06 both edited by John S. Gero, were published by Springer. This new biennial conference series provides an international forum for the presentation and discussion of state-of-the-art and cutting-edge design research. The conference proceedings will form a continuing archive of design computing and cognition research. Design is a fundamentally important topic in disciplines ranging from the more commonly associated fields of architecture and engineering to emerging areas in the social sciences and life sciences. Design is the key to economic competitiveness and the fundamental precursor to objects - both physical and virtual - and services. The conference theme of design computing and cognition recognizes not only the essential relationship between human cognitive processes as models of computation but also how models of computation inspire conceptual realizations of human cognition.


Abstract High-energy transport codes for the design of accelerator-driven systems such as the Spallation Neutron Source use nuclear reaction models as the incident particle, and the secondary particles are transported through various materials. These reaction models are computationally fast but are unreliable at energies below ~200 MeV. As a partial remedy, an evaluated cross-section library up to 150 MeV known as LA150 was developed by international cooperation and made available for such design work. In the present project we have been developing a model code suitable for improving LA150 and extending it to higher energies. This new model code combines microscopically the semiclassical results of an intranuclear-cascade model with the spin-dependent counterparts of a preequilibrium Hauser-Feshbach model. To achieve this microscopic combination, an approximation, explained in this paper, is needed to add spin distributions to the semiclassical excitation spectra in every residual nuclide. The initial capability of this code is demonstrated by comparisons with experimental production cross sections of the radioisotopes 56Co, 55Co, 54Mn, 52Mn, 52Fe, 51Cr, 48Cr, 48V, 47Sc, and 46Sc induced by proton projectiles on Fe from reaction thresholds to 3 GeV. The overall agreement of our calculated results with experimental data looks very good in view of the 29 contributions in recent model code intercomparisons with measurements.


Porosity and permeability are key petrophysical variables that link the thermal, hydrological, geochemical, and geomechanical properties of subsurface formations. The size, shape, distribution, and connectivity of rock pores dictate how fluids migrate into and through micro- and nano-environments, then wet and react with accessible solids. Three representative samples of cap rock from the Eau Claire Formation, the prospective sealing unit that overlies the Mount Simon Sandstone, a potential CO2 storage formation, were interrogated with an array of complementary methods. neutron scattering, backscattered-electron imaging, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and mercury porosimetry. Results are presented that detail variations between lithologic types in total and connected nano- to microporosity across more than five orders of magnitude. Pore types are identified and then characterized according to presence in each rock type, relative abundance, and surface area of adjacent minerals, pore and pore-throat diameters, and degree of connectivity. We observe a bimodal distribution of porosity as a function of both pore diameter and pore-throat diameter. The contribution of pores at the nano- and microscales to the total and the connected porosity is a distinguishing feature of each lithology observed. Pore:pore-throat ratios at each of these two scales diverge markedly, being almost unity at the nanoscale regime (dominated by illitic clay and micas), and varying by one and a half orders of magnitude at the microscale within a clastic mudstone. Individual minerals, primarily illite and glauconite, have unmistakable pore and pore-throat signatures and contribute disproportionately to connected reactive surface area. The pore types created or evolved during diagenesis mediate profound differences between bulk and pore-network-accessible mineral associations in the mudstones. Results of this study can ultimately be used to inform reactive-transport simulations of effective reactive surface area.


Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral neuropsychiatric disorder affecting an estimated 5% of school-age children worldwide with symptoms persisting into adulthood in 80% of cases. Presently clinical diagnosis and treatment of ADHD relies on behavioral disturbances than on detecting underlying defective brain regions. Therapeutic outcome in treatment of ADHD may be more positive if defective brain region in clinically diagnosed ADHD is detected by voxel based morphometric (VBM) analysis that measures voxel-wise global and regional focal volume differences in structural magnetic resonance images (sMRI) of brain. This study was designed to detect any region-specific gray matter (GM) volume defects in sMRI of ADHD adolescents by VBM analysis. Thirty sMRI datasets matched for sex, handedness of adolescents aged between 11.66 and 20.47 years (mean age 16.27±2.48 years) obtained from NeuroImage webpage, were selected (Control n=15; ADHD combined type n=15). These sMRI were analyzed by VBM technique and compared using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Significant regional GM volume deficits (P<0.05) was specifically identified in left cuneus and middle occipital gyrus in ADHD, after voxel-wise false discovery rate correction over the whole brain compared to matched controls. Deficit of GM volume in occipital cortex detected by VBM analysis in ADHD children, suggests defects of visual processing affecting attention mechanisms.


This paper discusses how design can enhance the wellbeing of people living with dementia, their carers and caregivers. It refers to two examples of recent design research that focus on supporting the provision and facilitation of appropriate activities and environments for individuals with advanced dementia in residential care.The projects use interdisciplinary co-‐design approaches and ethnographic methods to establish new knowledge and develop user-centred design solutions to improve care. Questioning how design research can create sustainable impact on the lives of those affected by dementia, the paper concludes that active involvement and continued participation of users, carers and care practitioners in the design process is essential. Training on design skills and making will enable carers to adapt a designing attitude. Exploring how such training can be delivered is a chance for the design community, in collaboration with experts from health care, to take the lead in solving this problem.Jakob, A., Treadaway, C., Collier, L., Fowler, F. (2017) 'Introducing a designing attitude in dementia care', REDO Cumulus Conference, 30 May - 2nd June 2017, Kolding - Denmark.


This paper describes a new mechanical application of the Watt-linkage for the development and implementation of mono-axial sensors aimed to low frequency motion measurement and control of spacecrafts and satellites. The basic component of these sensors is the one dimensional UNISA Folded Pendulum mechanical sensor, developed for ground-based applications, whose unique features are due to a very effective optimization of the effects of gravitational force on the folded pendulum mechanical components, that allowed the design and implementation of FP sensors compact (< 10 cm), light (< 200 g), scalable, tunable resonance frequency < 100mHz), with large band (10−7 Hz − 10Hz), high quality factor (Q > 15000 in vacuum at 1Hz), with good immunity to environmental noises and sensitivity, guaranteed by an integrated laser optical readout, and fully adaptable to the specific requirements of the application. In this paper we show how to extend the application of ground-based FP also to space, in absence of gravity, still keeping all the above interesting features and characteristics that make this class of sensors very effective in terms of large band, especially in the low frequency, sensitivity and long term reliability. Preliminary measurements on a prototype confirm the feasibility, showing also that very good performances can be relatively easily obtained.


Covariance between cloud and precipitation water in shallow marine boundary layer clouds is assessed using collocated satellite observations from CloudSat and the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) at spatial scales typical of global models. An analytic construct is presented, which suggests that global models that do not take subgrid scale cloud‐precipitation covariance into account in their microphysical parameterizations may significantly underestimate grid mean microphysical process rates in warm clouds. The proposed framework indicates a mean bias in autoconversion rates of 129% when subgrid scale cloud water variability is neglected and bias in accretion rates of 60% when subgrid cloud‐precipitation covariability is neglected at a model grid resolution of 141 km. The bias in accretion rate is dependent on the significant correlation (ρ) found between cloud and precipitation, which in the global mean is found to be ρ = 0.44. The regional distribution of the process rate biases is largely governed by the spatial pattern of cloud water variance. Specific areas of low cloud water variance are found in the subtropical eastern ocean basins and the high latitudes, whereas much of the tropics display relatively larger cloud water variance. These regional distinctions in cloud water variance are associated with commensurate regionality in the process rate biases. The magnitude of the bias has a scale dependence that is governed by the spatial scaling behavior of the cloud and precipitation variances, which follow a power law scaling with exponent of 2/3 at scales below about 10 km and decreasing exponent above this length scale. While the parametric framework reduces biases in the accretion rate estimated from the grid‐mean values of cloud and precipitation water, it is shown that it still undercorrects the accretion rate because it neglects the fact that the precipitation fractional area is less than the cloud fractional area and is preferentially colocated with the highest cloud water concentrations. These results imply that (1) predicting the appropriate balance of autoconversion to accretion in global models requires not only the subgrid scale cloud water variability but also the subgrid scale covariability of cloud and precipitation water and (2) the ability of a global model to calculate the correct regional variation in process rates depends crucially on the fidelity of that model to predict or diagnose the spatial distribution of the variance in cloud water.


The problem of the study is to determine whether a planned listening program in grade three would improve the scores obtained on the Otis Mental Ability Tests. The basic assumption is that giving the subjects to be tested the opportunity to develop more adequate listening skills would increase the accuracy with which they follow directions on the verbal section of the Otis test. If the scores on that section were improved sufficiently the overall scores (I.Q. scores) would be improved. The purposes of the study are (1) to reveal, through survey of the literature, the need for development of listening skills; (2) to survey the literature pertinent to listening; (3) to survey the literature pertinent to listening as it relates to intelligence; and (4) to provide a classroom program for the purpose of measuring listening skills as they relate to intelligence. The terms hearing, auding and listening are defined. A classification of the various types of listening is also given. Use in the classroom program was made of the Otis Quick Scoring Mental Ability Tests: Alpha Short Form, an audiometer test of the aural sense of the seven teen participants, the Listening Skill Builder Program from the Science Research Association Laboratory Ic. A survey of the classroom conditions which may influence listening was made in order that the proper consideration and attention could be given the conditions. Listening skill development activities were coordinated with the regularly scheduled class experiences in reading, mathematics, language and spelling. Games to aid in the development of listening skill s were played. Two major limitations of the study are the small number of participants, seventeen third grade students, and the test-retest method of measurement. The following generalizations are drawn from Chapter II. (1) The field of listening has so recently been explored that, as yet, the material available on the subject is limited. (2) While listening is an essential component of oral communication and is important in the acquisition of ideas, it is often poorly done. (3) Listening is complex, subtle, difficult to measure, and is easily influenced by physical and emotional factors. (4) Although different testing measures were used, different correlations made and the resultant coefficients differed; the majority of writers cited agreed that there appears to be a correlation between listening and intelligence. Chapter III is the source of the following generalizations. (1) The subjects appeared, to the writer, to exhibit mental, physical and emotional maturity commensurate with other students in Concordia of the same age. (2) The progress charted by student s during the Listening Skill Builder exercises did not show consistent increases in the number of correct responses throughout the program. (3) After the program of nine weeks duration, some individuals increased their scores on the second administration of the Otis tests, There was, however, no significant change in the total scores. The class mean was the same score, Ill, on both testing dates, (4) As no significant change was made in the scores obtained on the tests, it can be assumed that the hypothesis as set forth in this study, that a planned listening program in grade three would improve the scores obtained on the Otis Mental Ability Tests, is null. However, the sample of seventeen scores was a very limiting factor. A broader range of scores would have provided a more adequate sample. From the study the following recommendations are offered: When conducting a study of this nature, use of an achievement test is recommended in lieu of an intelligence test. Further and more intensive study should be undertaken in the area of listening. Listening is essential for intelligent communication and is an effective tool for learning. Yet, as pointed out by Wilt, Rankin, and others, it has been neglected in the class room. Therefore, this writer recommends that the listening element of the language arts program be given more careful consideration and attention in the elementary school particularly in the primary grades.


Named data networking (NDN) has emerged as a future networking architecture having the potential to replace the Internet. In order to do so, the NDN needs to cope with inherent problems of the Internet, such as attacks that cause information leakage from an enterprise. Since NDN has not yet been deployed on a large scale, it is currently unknown how such attacks can occur, let alone what countermeasures can be taken against them. In this paper, we first show that information leakage in NDN can be caused by malware inside an enterprise, which uses steganography to produce malicious interest names encoding confidential information. We investigate such attacks by utilizing a content name dataset based on uniform resource locators (URLs) collected by a Web crawler. Our main contribution is a name filter based on anomaly detection that takes the dataset as input and classifies a name in the Interest as legitimate or not. Our evaluation shows that the malware can exploit the path part in the URL-based NDN name to create malicious names, thus, information leakage in the NDN cannot be prevented completely. However, we show for the first time that our filter can dramatically choke the leakage throughput causing the malware to be 137 times less efficient at leaking information. This finding opens up an interesting avenue of research that could result in a safer future networking architecture.


This article develops a theoretical model consisting of three mechanisms that link metacoverage, a type of election campaign news, to mediatization, a meta-process in which media organizations influence politics. The mechanisms hinge on the point that metacoverage—consisting of both topics and frames—constitutes a rich set of process-oriented cues that influence how campaign organizations adjust to the media logic in the course of performing functions associated with the office-seeking political campaign logic. A case study of 2012 US presidential election news was conducted to illustrate how metacoverage influences campaign strategies.


The objectives of the study were to obtain a better understanding of households' pathways into, and out of, poverty, with poverty defined from the communities' own perspective. The authors used a community-based methodology called the 'stages of progress' approach to assess household poverty dynamics in 20 communities and for over 1,700 households representing two different ethnic groups in Western Kenya. The proportion of households that had managed to escape poverty over the last 25 years was ascertained, as well as the proportion of households that had fallen into poverty during the same period. The major reasons for movements into or out of poverty were elicited at both the community and household-level, and in particular, the role that livestock play in the different pathways was examined. The results show considerable movement over the last 2½ decades by households in the study region both into and out of poverty, and the main reasons behind households' escape from poverty are completely different (i.e. not merely the opposite) from the reasons for descent into poverty, and hence have different policy implications in terms of what has been referred to as 'cargo net' versus 'safety net' interventions. Cargo nets help poor people climb out of poverty; safety nets stop people from falling into poverty. Redistributive programs to build up the assets of poor people (such as giving heifers to poor households) may be effective in achieving long-term reductions in chronic poverty, but will have to be complemented by safety net policies.


Title: " Analyse Applying Conception Balanced Scorecard ( BSC) As A Means Of Measure Management Performance PT. Pesona Remaja Malang. The aim of this research is to descript the company work system reviewed from the perspective of finance, customer, internal business process and the perspective of learning and growth. The perspective of finance used the Return On Equity, Return On Assets , Profit Margin on Sales and Sales growth. The perspective of customer used the Customer Retention, the Number of New Customer, the On Time Delivery and Cutomer Acquisition. The perspective of internal business process used the Troughput time, Manufacturing cycle Efectifity dan error rate. And the perspective of learning and growth used the Employee Productivity, the Employee Turn Over, Employee trainning and the Absenteeism indicators. To describe the judgment result of the company work system, it was done the measurement with Time Series Analysis, by comparing the analysis result between the indicators used from one period to another period during the research, namely in 2007-2008 period. Based on the counting result of the four perspectives available on the Balanced Scorecard, showed that the company work system was quite good. This was showed by the result of the three perspectives that good; it was the perspective of customer, internal business process and the perspective of learning and growth. While the perspective of finance showed the worse work system, where from some indicators used always decrease from year to year during the research. Based on the conclusion above, the writer can give an implication to the company in order to improve the efficiency of company operational, so that ROA, net present value and Profit Margin on Sales can improve. The company should always try to improve the service to the customer by sending on time and improve the quality of its product to make the customer satisfy. The effectiveness of time utilization for the production process. Beside, the employee wealth must be more paid attention, so the workers are motivated to work better and the employee productivity can improve. The company should use the Balanced Scorecard method, because with that method, the company can measure the company work system from the aspect of finance and non-finance and make sure that the company goals are achieved.


Current screening instruments for eating disorders are cumbersome to administer and have not been validated in primary care populations. We compared the performance characteristics of 2 screening tools, the SCOFF clinical prediction guide, and a new set of questions, the Eating disorder Screen for Primary care (ESP), using the Questionnaire for Eating Disorders Diagnosis as the independent standard, in 104 consecutive patients from a primary care practice and 129 university students. Twelve percent of the combined population had an eating disorder. One or no abnormal responses to the ESP ruled out an eating disorder (likelihood ratio [LR] 0.0), whereas 3 or more abnormal responses ruled one in (LR 11). The SCOFF questions were less sensitive than predicted (1 or no abnormal responses, LR 0.25), but were as effective at ruling in an eating disorder (3 or more abnormal responses, LR 11).


Size matters. In fact, when it comes to privacy statements, there is an obsession with size. Much scholarship and commentary on privacy statements bemoans the fact that consumers rarely read them and places the blame on the length of those statements. The solution? Shorten and simplify!
Proposals for standardized short-form notices, "nutrition label" notices, icons, and other attempts to replace long privacy statements abound. But none have proven to be a satisfactory substitute for a full, detailed description of what data an organization collects and how it is used, shared, retained, and protected. These short-form approaches inevitably leave out important details, gloss over critical nuances, and simplify technical information in a way that dramatically reduces transparency and accountability.
This article discusses the multiple purposes of privacy statements, including the legal obligations they are designed to fulfil. It recognizes that there are many audiences for privacy statements, including consumers, regulators, policy makers, academics, researchers, investors, advocates, and journalists. And it argues that efforts to make privacy statements significantly shorter and simpler are optimizing for the one audience least likely to read them – consumers – rather than the audiences in the best position to police privacy statements and the practices they describe.
Whatever the audience, having a detailed (long) privacy statement provides a single place where an interested reader can find the "full story" of the organization's privacy practices. Unlike many alternate methods of providing notice, the detailed privacy statement makes the full range of privacy information available at any time, and to any person Privacy, Notice, Policy, Disclosurebefore, during or after the time an individual may be using the organization's products or services.
Long privacy statements also create organizational accountability. The exercise of drafting them requires organizations to do the detailed investigation to understand and document what data is being collected and how it is processed. And although few consumers other than a small number of highly-motivated individuals will read the statements, those who act on behalf of consumers do – including advocates, regulators, and journalists. It is mainly those individuals who ask the hard questions and are in a position to raise public awareness and create consequences for inadequate or problematic practices. And it is that kind of accountability that leads to positive change.
To be clear, this article is not defending poorly-drafted privacy statements. Writing that is unclear, poorly organized, or needlessly complex or legalistic has no place in a privacy statement. Nor is this article suggesting that a privacy statement should be long simply for the sake of being long. A statement for a simple app that collects one type of information and uses it for one purpose can be quite short. But a privacy statement for an organization that offers a range of more complex, interrelated, and data-intensive services often must be quite long in order to provide all the relevant details. How long should a privacy statement be? A privacy statement should be as long as it needs to be in order to meet legal requirements and provide full descriptions of the pertinent data practices.
Long privacy statements are often essential to achieving true transparency. But given that most consumers will not read them (regardless of the length), if we want to achieve transparency for all audiences, long privacy statements alone are not sufficient. This article should not be taken to suggest detailed privacy statements are the only way of creating transparency. And we should not write off consumers because they rarely read these privacy statements. Efforts should still be made to help consumers understand what is being done with their data and to give them meaningful control. Doing that well often involves measures in addition to a privacy statement, such as contextual privacy disclosures. But those measures almost always will be inadequate and incomplete unless provided in conjunction with a full, detailed privacy statement.


In this paper we show that inter-technology interference can be recognized by commodity WiFi devices by monitoring the statistics of receiver errors. Indeed, while for WiFi standard frames the error probability varies during the frame reception in different frame fields (PHY, MAC headers, payloads) protected with heterogeneous coding, errors may appear randomly at any point during the time the demodulator is trying to receive an exogenous interfering signal. We thus detect and identify cross-technology interference on off-the-shelf WiFi cards by monitoring the sequence of receiver errors (bad PLCP, bad PCS, invalid headers, etc.) and develop an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to recognize the source of interference. The result is quite impressive, reaching an average accuracy of almost 99% in recognizing ZigBee, Microwave and LTE (in unlicensed spectrum) interference.


The problem of automatically generating a computer program from some specification has been studied since the early days of AI. Recently, two competing approaches for automatic program learning have received significant attention: (1) neural program synthesis, where a neural network is conditioned on input/output (I/O) examples and learns to generate a program, and (2) neural program induction, where a neural network generates new outputs directly using a latent program representation. Here, for the first time, we directly compare both approaches on a large-scale, real-world learning task and we additionally contrast to rule-based program synthesis, which uses hand-crafted semantics to guide the program generation. Our neural models use a modified attention RNN to allow encoding of variable-sized sets of I/O pairs, which achieve 92% accuracy on a real-world test set, compared to the 34% accuracy of the previous best neural synthesis approach. The synthesis model also outperforms a comparable induction model on this task, but we more importantly demonstrate that the strength of each approach is highly dependent on the evaluation metric and end-user application. Finally, we show that we can train our neural models to remain very robust to the type of noise expected in real-world data (e.g., typos), while a highly-engineered rule-based system fails entirely.


Microarrays are one of the latest breakthroughs in experimental molecular biology, which provide a powerful tool by which the expression patterns of thousands of genes can be monitored simultaneously and are already producing huge amount of valuable data. The concept of bicluster was introduced by Cheng and Church1 to capture the coherence of a subset of genes and a subset of conditions. A set of heuristic algorithms were also designed to either find one bicluster or a set of biclusters, which consist of iterations of masking null values and discovered biclusters, coarse and fine node deletion, node addition, and the inclusion of inverted data. These heuristics inevitably suffer from some serious drawback. The masking of null values and discovered biclusters with random numbers may result in the phenomenon of random interference which in turn impacts the discovery of high quality biclusters. To address this issue and to further accelerate the biclustering process, we generalize the model of bicluster to incorporate null values and propose a probabilistic algorithm (FLOC) that can discover a set of k possibly overlapping biclusters simultaneously. Furthermore, this algorithm can easily be extended to support additional features that suit different requirements at virtually little cost. Experimental study on the yeast gene expression data2 shows that the FLOC algorithm can offer substantial improvements over the previously proposed algorithm.


Three experiments modeled after infant studies were run on four great ape species (Gorilla gorilla, Pongo pygmaeus, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus) to investigate their reasoning about solidity and gravity constraints. The aims were: (a) to find out if great apes are subject to gravity biased search or display sensitivity for object solidity, (b) to check for species differences, and (c) to assess if a gravity hypothesis or more parsimonious explanations best account for failures observed. Results indicate that great apes, unlike monkeys, show no reliable gravity bias, that ape species slightly differ in terms of their performance, and that the errors made are best explained by a gravity account.


Many aspects of TC-NER have been described since the discovery of this
versatile DNA damage repair pathway three decades ago [123]. However,
many crucial questions regarding its exact molecular mechanism and the
manner in which it deals with different types of lesions remain
unanswered [31].
To further unravel the TC-NER mechanism, sensitive techniques that can
specifically measure TC-NER activity would be of great value. In Chapter 2
the development of a new, single-cell assay that can quantify TC-NER
activity is described. This immunofluorescence-based method allows the
direct measurement of TC-NER activity in an user-friendly manner.
Furthermore, this sensitive assay not only enables the measurements of
TC-NER and GG-NER activity on low, physiological relevant, UV-C doses (2
J/m2), but also allows detection and quantification of the activity of other
excision repair pathways.
Thus far, the exact mechanism how UVSSA is recruited to the TC-NER
complex remains elusive. Therefore, we studied the accumulation of
UVSSA on UV-C induced DNA damage in Chapter 3. Using live cell
microscopy, we showed that UVSSA is recruited to DNA damage in a CSA
and CSB independent manner. We further showed, using specific UVSSA
deletion mutants that the DUF2043 domain is important for its
recruitment to UV-induced DNA damage. To identify factors involved in
the recruitment of UVSSA to DNA damage, a quantitative mass
spectrometry approach was used to reveal proteins that specifically
interact with the DUF2043 domain. With this approach we identified the
FACT subunit Spt16 as a novel UVSSA interactor and follow-up studies
indicated that Spt16 is involved in the recruitment of UVSSA to sites of
DNA damage.
As UVSSA is hypothesised to be involved in the response to both UV and
oxidative induced DNA damage, in Chapter 4 we used quantitative
interaction proteomics to identify UVSSA interactions that were
specifically induced following UV-C or H2O2 induced DNA damage. In this
chapter we describe the damage-specific UVSSA interaction partners,
discuss their potential roles and propose that UVSSA might have different
functions following UV or oxidative DNA damage.
In Chapter 5, the function of the TC-NER factor CSB during the repair of
oxidative damage was analysed. Live cell imaging studies indicated that
the recruitment of XRCC1 to oxidative lesions is dependent on functional
CSB and active transcription, whereas recruitment of the BER-initiating
glycosylase OGG1 does not require transcription or CSB. Based on our data
we propose a model in which CSB facilitates XRCC1 recruitment to RNA
polymerase II complexes stalled at BER-intermediates. These results
further establish the importance of CSB in BER.
In Chapter 6 we discuss the main findings of the experimental work
described in this thesis and provide future directions to study the role and
molecular function of TC-NER factors in the repair of different types of
DNA damage.


There are insufficient data for the development of process design criteria for constructed wetlands systems based on submerged plants as a major treatment agent. The aim of the study was to evaluate the oxygen transfer capacity (OTC) of E. densa, in relation to wet plants' mass (w.m.), and the influence of E. densa on the oxygen concentration and contaminants' removal efficiency from municipal wastewater. The obtained oxygen concentration and temperature data allowed to calculate the OTC values (mg O2·L−1·h−1), which had been related to wet plants' mass unit (mg O2·L−1·h−1·g w.m.−1). The efficiency of wastewater treatment was determined in relation to initial wastewater content in the mixture of wastewater and tap water (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) during 3 days of the experiment duration. The simulation of day and night conditions was done by artificial lighting. Before and after finishing the second experiment, the COD, Ntotal, and P-PO4 concentration were analyzed in wastewater solutions. The OTC ranged from 3.19 to 8.34 (mgO2·L−1·h−1·g w.m.−1), and the increase of OTC value was related to the increase of wet plant's mass. The research showed that E. densa affected positively on the wastewater treatment efficiency, and the highest efficiency was achieved in 25% wastewater solution: 43.6% for COD, 52.9% for Ntotal, 14.9% for P-PO4.


Vision-based action recognition of construction workers has attracted increasing attention for its diverse applications. Though state-of-the-art performances have been achieved using spatial-temporal features in previous studies, considerable challenges remain in the context of cluttered and dynamic construction sites. Considering that workers actions are closely related to various construction entities, this paper proposes a novel system on enhancing action recognition using semantic information. A data-driven scene parsing method, named label transfer, is adopted to recognize construction entities in the entire scene. A probabilistic model of actions with context is established. Worker actions are first classified using dense trajectories, and then improved by construction object recognition. The experimental results on a comprehensive dataset show that the proposed system outperforms the baseline algorithm by 10.5%. The paper provides a new solution to integrate semantic information globally, other than conventional object detection, which can only depict local context. The proposed system is especially suitable for construction sites, where semantic information is rich from local objects to global surroundings. As compared to other methods using object detection to integrate context information, it is easy to implement, requiring no tedious training or parameter tuning, and is scalable to the number of recognizable objects.


The Top 10% Plan admissions policy has now been in place in Texas for over two decades. We analyze 18 years of post-Top 10% Plan data to look for evidence of increased access to the selective Texas flagship campuses among all Texas high schools. We provide a detailed description of changes in enrollment patterns at the flagship campuses from Texas high schools after the implementation of the Top 10% Plan, focusing on whether the policy resulted in new sending patterns from high schools that did not have a history of sending students to the flagship campuses. Our analysis reveals an increase in the likelihood that high schools in non-suburban areas sent students to the flagship campuses, but ultimately little to no equity-producing effects of the Top 10% Plan over this 18-year period. In fact, the representation of traditional, always-sending, feeder high schools on the flagship campuses continued to dwarf the population of students from other high schools. Thus, the purported high school representation benefits of the policy appear to be overstated and may not go as far as advocates might have hoped in terms of generating equity of access to the flagship campuses in the state.


In this paper, energy dissipation rate D vs. Δa curves in ductile fracture are predicted using a 'conversion' between loads, load-point displacements and crack lengths predicted by NLEFM and those found in real ELPL propagation. The NLEFM/ELPL link was recently discovered for the DCB testpiece, and we believe it applies to other cracked geometries. The predictions for D agree with experimental results. The model permits a crack tip toughness R(Δa) which rises from Jc and saturates out when (if) steady state propagation is reached after a transient stage in which all tunnelling, crack tip necking and shear lip formation is established. JR is always greater than the crack tip R(Δa) and continues to rise even after R(Δa) levels off.

The analysis is capable of predicting the usual D vs. Δa curves in the literature which have high initial values and fall monotonically to a plateau at large Δa. It also predicts that D curves for CCT testpieces should be higher than those for SENB/CT, as found in practice. The possibility that D curves at some intermediate Δa may dip to a minimum below the levelled-off value at large Δa is predicted and confirmed by experiment. Recently reported D curves that have smaller initial D than the D-values after extensive propagation can also be predicted. The testpiece geometry and crack tip R(Δa) conditions required to produce these different-shaped D vs. Δa curves are established and confirmed by comparison with experiment.

The energy dissipation rate D vs. Δa is not a transferable property as it depends on geometry. The material characteristic R(Δa) may be the 'transferable property' for scaling problems in ELPL fracture. How it can be deduced from D vs. Δa curves (and by implication, JR vs. Δa curves) is established.


Research programmes have been shown to exert a positive impact on faunal communities, but few studies provide empirical evidence. In this study, we surveyed three neighbouring sites, differing in terms of official protection status and level of active management, in the Dja Conservation Complex, southeast Cameroon. We recorded signs of human activity and anthropogenic pressures and found that they significantly differed by site. We assessed chimpanzee and gorilla relative abundance using nest count surveys. We found that chimpanzee nest abundance was related to the presence of active management, but both active management and availability of suitable habitat affected gorilla nest abundance. Our results suggest that gorillas are more tolerant of human activity. We also provide evidence that the presence and activities of the conservation research project Projet Grands Singes served to actively deter poachers and limit hunting of great apes as a result of researcher presence, community sensitization and of valuing living apes and intact forests by local people. Such empirical evidence for the positive effect of research activity on biodiversity preservation should encourage continued investment in such programmes as part of a landscape‐wide, multi‐stakeholder conservation management of great ape habitats.


A blue‐green bioeconomy revolution is underway in Europe, with particular attention being paid to the development of new or underutilized marine biomass resources. The wild harvest and mariculture of low‐trophic non‐fed species of marine biomass may be contributing to circular economies, the mitigation of environmental problems such as eutrophication and climate change through the uptake of nutrients and carbon, while also recovering finite phosphorus from marine coastal environments, thus contributing to food security. The present study provides a cradle‐to‐gate life cycle perspective on seven established or innovative/emerging marine biomass utilization cases in Sweden: mariculture of sugar kelp, blue mussels, and ascidians and the harvest of invasive Pacific oysters along the Skagerrak coast, the mariculture of blue mussels in the Baltic sea, the harvest of common reed in the Stockholm archipelago, and the harvest of beach‐cast seaweed in Gotland. Results showed that the mariculture cases were found to contribute to eutrophication and climate impact mitigation (at gate). All cases were found to contribute to closing the loop on phosphorus by enabling recovery from marine or coastal environments, bridging marine–land flows, all while performing well from an environmental perspective with a relatively low cumulative energy demand and low carbon and nutrient footprints. This highlights the potential of low‐trophic biomass to contribute to phosphorus security in the future, and demonstrates the value of industrial ecology tools such as LCA in support of this imminent Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.


The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPPA) is an economic partnership pact negotiated by 12 countries in three continents, namely Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, United States and Vietnam. The TPPA has evolved into the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), when the United States pulled out from the multilateral free trade deal in 2018. Malaysia began negotiations on the TPPA in August 2010, and participated as a full negotiating member from October 2010 onwards.The TPPA itself was based on the United States-Korea Free Trade Agreement (KORUS), which was completed in 2011. This agreement provided a benchmark to decide and evaluate on several issues in the CPTPP. The overall intent of the CPTPP is a simple one: it is to extend non-discriminatory practices to all CPTPP members. This does not mean that regulations and restrictions will not exist that such regulations will apply equally to Malaysian and non-Malaysian CPTPP members. Contentious issues in the CPTPP will be analyse and discuss in this book. Is the Malaysian economy ready for the CPTPP rules especially in the financial and capital markets? To what extent that Bank Negaras ability to retain their power to intervene when either the balance of payments or the currency is felt to be under threat with CPTPP? What are the impacts of CPTPP to the real economic side of the Malaysian economy? Will national rights are being relinquished under CPTPP? How about the concern over investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS)? This book will address these issues in an objective and rational manner.


This thesis presents research into spin-transport in Carbon nanotube quantum dots. Sputtered Permalloy electrodes designed with shape anisotropy were used to contact Carbon nanotubes grown by chemicalvapour deposition in lateral spin-valve structures. The magnetoresistance of these spin-valves were measured at low-temperatures and as a function of the charge state of the quantum dots.

Two conductance regimes were measured in a Carbon nanotube spinvalve with Permalloy nucleation pads. At high bias outside of the coulomb blockade regime a ~ 10% magnetoresistance was measured that is analogous to giant-magnetoresistance, in that it is due to spindependent
scattering at the ferromagnet-Carbon nanotube interfaces.
At lower bias the device enters the coulomb blockade regime and the magnetoresistance observed develops a different structure, over a larger field range, together with the development of an offset in conductance between saturations. The maximum value of this MR was MR ~ 245% and it was attributed to changes in the induced charge on the quantum dot.

By modifying the design of the Permalloy electrodes, a single domain state at the point of contact of the Carbon nanotube was achieved. A well defined anti-parallel state of the Permalloy electrodes, with associated changes in the conduction of the devices was observed, yet the conductance offset remained, with a maximum MR of ~ 60%.
The positions of the coulomb peaks were measured during magnetic reversal of the electrodes, showing the change in induced charge on the quantum dot, with a maximum MR ~ 350%. Predictions of device transport based on the magneto-coulomb effect and spin-dependent interfacial phase shifts were compared to experimental results and found to not fit the observed behaviour. This led to the conclusion
that changes in the charge state of the quantum dots must be due to a fixed spin-quantisation axis intrinsic to the Carbon nanotube.


New fiber-optic instrumentation for phosphorescence-lifetime determinations and for steady-state phosphorescence measurements is shown to perform comparably to conventional instrumentation. The importance of optimal glass formation in the fiber-optic sample cell is considered in some detail. Detection limits for acetophenone, benzophenone, and p-nitrophenol are reported, and phosphorescence lifetimes are measured for several compounds, with values ranging from 2.5 ms to 4.7 s.


A brief review of recent literature on corporate governance is provided, which is then concluded with a proposed corporate governance framework as a starting point for further development. We propose that it is stakeholder concentration that determines the quality of corporate governance. Next objective of this paper is the more ambitious one of addressing the role of accounting and finance disciplines to serve corporate governance. We test empirically if the use of some accounting and finance tools would have alerted management, auditors and regulators as well as investors to the impending collapse of failed firms ahead of time. If performance deterioration is not verifiable by using such acclaimed tools of these disciplines, then the advocacy of these disciplines is untenable and their contribution is overstated. Careful application of accounting-cum-finance tools, it appears, would have pre-identified the financial weakening of troubled firms, well ahead of time to catastrophic failures.


The authors study a few characteristics of French acupuncture vocabulary. Their observations are based on a corpus of texts gathered from approximately twenty works. The contacts between two languages with extremely divergent systems give rise to many borrowings, thereby increasing the number of synonyms in the receptor language, in particular given the necessity to Romanize the writing system of the borrower language. Transcribing Chinese ideograms into French causes virtually insurmountable phonological, spelling, grammatical, morphological, syntactic and other difficulties. Synonymy and borrowing are described critically by use of a Romanization protocol. They are examined from the standpoint of language planning and the internal functioning of an emerging terminology, partially based on foreign lexical units. A few directions are proposed to facilitate the standardization of this LSP vocabulary.


We present evidence of a positive relationship between school starting age and children's cognitive development from age 6 to 15 using a regression discontinuity design and large-scale population-level birth and school data from the state of Florida. We estimate effects of being relatively old for grade (being born in September versus August) that are remarkably stable – always just around 0.2 SD difference in test scores – across a wide range of heterogeneous groups, based on maternal education, poverty at birth, race/ethnicity, birth weight, gestational age, and school quality. While the September-August difference in kindergarten readiness is dramatically different by subgroup, by the time students take their first exams, the heterogeneity in estimated effects effectively disappears. We document substantial variation in compensatory behaviors targeted towards young for grade children. While the more affluent families tend to redshirt their children, young for grade children from less affluent families are more likely to be retained in grades prior to testing. School district practices regarding retention and redshirting are correlated with improved outcomes for the groups less likely to use those remediation approaches (i.e., retention in the case of more-affluent families and redshirting in the case of less-affluent families.) We also study college and juvenile detention outcomes using administrative data from a large Florida school district, and show that being an older age at school entry increases children's college attainment and reduces the likelihood of being incarcerated for juvenile crime.


Pneumococcal disease is frequent at the extremes of age. While several studies have looked at colonization among young children, much less is known among the elderly. We aimed to evaluate pneumococcal carriage among elderly adults living in Portugal. Between April 2010 and December 2012, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs of adults over 60 years of age, living in an urban area (n = 1,945) or in a rural area (n = 1,416), were obtained. Pneumococci were isolated by culture-based standard procedures, identified by optochin susceptibility, bile solubility and PCR screening for lytA and cpsA, and characterized by antibiotype, serotype, and MLST. Associations between pneumococcal carriage, socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were evaluated by univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression. The global prevalence of carriage was 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8–2.8). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, smoking, being at a retirement home, and living in a rural area increased the odds of being a pneumococcal carrier by 4.4-fold (95% CI: 1.9–9.2), 2.0-fold (95% CI: 1.1–3.6) and 2.0-fold (95% CI: 1.2–3.5), respectively. Among the 77 pneumococcal isolates, 26 serotypes and 40 STs were identified. The most prevalent serotypes were (in decreasing order) 19A, 6C, 22F, 23A, 35F, 11A, and 23B, which accounted, in total, for 60.0% of the isolates. Most isolates (93.5%) had STs previously described in the MLST database. Resistance to macrolides, non-susceptibility to penicillin and multidrug resistance were found in 19.5%, 11.7%, and 15.6% of the isolates, respectively. We conclude that the prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in the elderly, in Portugal, as determined by culture-based methods, is low. Serotype and genotype diversity is high. Living in a rural area, in a retirement home, and being a smoker increased the risk of pneumococcal carriage. This study contributes to the establishment of a baseline that may be used to monitor how novel pneumococcal vaccines impact on colonization among the elderly.