Power converters in grid connection applications commonly employ Sinusoidal Pulse-Width Modulation (SPWM) technique. Passive filters are employed in order to attenuate the generated switching current ripples and reduces resonances between the grid and the inverter. The first-order (L), the second-order (LC), and the third-order (LCL) filters topologies are typical filters for grid connected Voltage Source Inverters (VSI). Practically, due to the system size, weight, and cost requirements, the LCL filter is the most commonly used among others for the integration of the three phase VSI into the grid. However, the control system stability is affected by the underdamping characteristic of the LCL filter therefore, it introduces to challenges to the control problem. Numerous control strategies such as repetitive, predictive, multiloop control, and hysteresis regulation have been proposed in order to improve the stability of the grid-connected VSIs. In this paper, the performance of the third order LCL filter-based grid-connected three-phase VSI is evaluated and the system stability is investigated using a two-loop control approach with both passive and active damping. The two-loop control considers the grid current as the outer loop while for the inner loop, different variables are considered such as capacitor voltage, capacitor current, and inductor current.


ABSTRACT The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western United States preserves one of the best-known Mesozoic paleoecosystems worldwide. The formation crops out over an area from New Mexico and Oklahoma to Montana and Utah and encompasses a time span of approximately eight million years. Recent studies indicate a high diversity of gigantic, herbivorous sauropod dinosaurs, but the geographic and temporal distributions of species or even genera of these animals remain poorly understood. In particular, sauropod specimens from northern outcrops of the formation have rarely been studied in detail, and temporal relationships among sites are imprecise. Here, we reassess the taxonomic diversity of the sauropods from a historic Carnegie Museum locality in northern Wyoming. Previous referrals of material to the well-known diplodocid genera Apatosaurus and Diplodocus cannot be confidently confirmed; instead, all these specimens more likely represent elements from the recently recognized Galeamopus. Specimens previously assigned to Camarasaurus and Haplocanthosaurus could not be referred to these genera based on apomorphies, due to a lack of detailed knowledge concerning the genus- and species-level taxonomy of these sauropods. Our findings imply that many referrals of incomplete diplodocid skeletons to Apatosaurus and Diplodocus must be reassessed. These reassessments are particularly important with regard to specimens from northern localities of the Morrison Formation, as it is becoming increasingly evident that diplodocids from this area were distinct from better-known, more southerly taxa. This geographic segregation does not seem to apply to nondiplodocid sauropods; however, these taxa are also in need of systematic revision, which may reveal species-level patterns similar to those observed in Diplodocidae.


Academic demands in kindergarten and first grade are considerably higher today than 20 years ago and continue to escalate. Downward shifts of what were next-grade expectations into the earliest grades are the result of large-scale social trends, for example, the universality of kindergartens, as well as day-to-day pressures felt by teachers, from accountability gates and demands for acceleration from middle-class parents. Narrow emphasis on isolated reading and numeracy skills is detrimental even to the children who succeed and is especially harmful to children labeled as failures. Policies such as raising the entrance age, readiness screening; and kindergarten retention are intended to solve the problem of inappropriate academic demand by removing younger or unready children. Research evidence does not support the efficacy of these policies. Rather, these practices contribute to the continued escalation of curriculum as teachers adjust their teaching to an older and more able group.


This article is a contribution to the development of the theory of morphology of Role and Reference Grammar in line with the more central role that constructions play in the latest version of this linguistic theory. In order to propose a principled definition of morphological processes that is not dependent on fuzzy notions like class membership, this article applies the distinction between constructions and constructional schemas to morphology in the following way. As regards morphological constructions, which are typologically relevant, the defining criterion is the distribution of markedness, that is, whether the morphologically relevant features are in the Nucleus or not. Two possibilities arise in this respect: the nuclear element or one or more non-nuclear elements are marked. If the nuclear element is marked, there is projection of morphological features. If the non-nuclear elements are marked, there is percolation as well as projection of features. Regarding constructional schemas, which are language-specific instantiations of constructions and can combine with one another, they fall into the following types: recursive/non-recursive, analytic/synthetic and continuous/discontinuous. After an application to the language of analysis, Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara, the conclusion is drawn that derivation (including compounding and affixation) can be endocentric or exocentric, whereas inflection is endocentric. Inflection and derivation can be analytic and synthetic as well as continuous and discontinuous. Unlike derivation, inflection is typically non-recursive, but the evidence provided by double case in Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara is relevant for this question.


This article uses one incident, the Athenian efforts to acquire Salamis from Megara during the sixth century B.C.E., to study what Greeks themselves believed about their own past and why the past was so powerful an argument for them. The nature of the evidence is an important part of the discussion, since the written sources (primarily Aristotle, Strabo, Plutarch, and Diogenes Laertius) date from long after the events and Greek authors' approaches to the past differ from our own. Although only brief fragments of any Megarian historians survive, they are useful in providing a counterbalance to Athenian sources, since their versions of mythological events and portraits of mythological heroes are very different. The archaeological evidence includes inscriptions, vases, and graves; with one possible exception, this material was not exploited either by Solon and the Athenians or by the ancient authors. Sources credited both Solon and Athens with having used five different kinds of arguments to make the Athenian case for Salamis, and this variety indicates that Greeks of later centuries did not really know what happened in the struggle over the island. Hampered by problems of chronography and influenced by cultural attitudes such as a belief in a culture hero, historians, biographers, and travelers wrote accounts which reveal the importance of the past, especially the Trojan War past, to Greeks.


The period from 1910 to 1939 was one of the most explosive in
British working class history.
Them and Us looks at how the class struggle—embracing
the struggles of women workers, immigrant workers, the
unemployed and the fight against fascism—was fought in
these years.
The Labour Party and trade union leaderships were key
players in the conflict, but their actions were often intended to
undermine working class struggle. The ruling class had much to
thank them for.
Today when the working class is under a sustained and
unprecedented attack from the Tories, Them and Us is an
essential reminder of how past struggles were fought, of
the unscrupulous nature of our enemy and of the need for
militancy and solidarity to defeat them.
John Newsinger draws on the words and actions of working
class activists—and of their enemies—to bring to life key
episodes in the struggle.
Defeating the attempt to solve the current crisis at the expense
of the working class requires a level of struggle that has not
been seen in this country for many years. This is what we
have to work towards and build for. Them and Us is a vital
contribution to this fight.


In recent years, lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) has emerged as a major threat to cattle outside Africa, where it is endemic. Although evidence suggests that LSDV is transmitted by the bites of blood sucking arthropods, few studies have assessed the risk of transmission posed by particular vector species. Here this risk is assessed by calculating the basic reproduction number (R0) for transmission of LSDV by five species of biting insect: the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, the biting midge, Culicoides nubeculosus, and three mosquito species, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Parameters relating to mechanical transmission of LSDV were estimated using new analyses of previously-published data from transmission experiments, while vector life history parameters were derived from the published literature. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses were used to compute R0 for each species and to identify those parameters which influence its magnitude. Results suggest that S. calcitrans is likely to be the most efficient at transmitting LSDV, with Ae. aegypti also an efficient vector. By contrast, C. nubeculosus, An. stephensi, and Cx. quinquefasciatus are likely to be inefficient vectors of LSDV. However, there is considerable uncertainty associated with the estimates of R0, reflecting uncertainty in most of the constituent parameters. Sensitivity analysis suggests that future experimental work should focus on estimating the probability of transmission from insect to bovine and on the virus inactivation rate in insects.


The market share of foreign-owned banks (subsidiaries, branches, and agencies) in the United States grew dramatically during the 1980s and early 1990s, amid fears that foreign banks were out-competing U.S.-owned banks in their home market. However, more recent data show that growth of the market share of foreign-owned banks has slowed substantially. Furthermore, the data shows that foreign-owned banks in the U.S. have persistently exhibited lower profit rates than counterpart U.S.-owned banks, subsidiaries of foreign banks have operated less efficiently than U.S.-owned banks, and in the last few years the credit quality of foreign banks plunged below that of U .S.-owned banks. These findings call into question fears about foreign banks out-competing U.S. banks in the U.S. market and suggest that despite having captured a substantial share of U.S. banking business, further penetration of the U.S. banking market by foreign-owned banks is far from certain.


Whereas most previous irradiation studies conducted at lower neutron exposures in the range 100–400°C have consistently produced strengthening and strongly reduced ductility in stainless steels, it now appears possible that higher exposures may lead to a reversal in ductility loss for some steels. A new radiation-induced phenomenon has been observed in 12Cr18Ni10Ti stainless steel irradiated to 26 and 55 dpa. It involves "a moving wave of plastic deformation" at 20 and 60°C that produces "anomalously" high values of engineering ductility, especially when compared to deformation occurring at lower neutron exposures. Due to the concentrated deformation occurring at the wave front, the wave moves much faster than the mechanically applied strain rate. However, when strained at 120°C the moving wave is not observed, indicating that the phenomenon operates at lower test temperatures. Using the technique of digital optical extensometry, the "true stress–true strain" curves were obtained. It appears that the moving wave of plastic deformation occurs as a result of an increase in the strain hardening rate, dσ/de(e). The increase in strain hardening is thought to arise from an irradiation-induced increase in the propensity of the γ→α martensitic transformation.


Abstract Among everything else post-apocalyptic video games have come to stand for, notions of in-group versus out-group communication are paramount. The Last of Us (2014, Naughty Dog/Sony Computer Entertainment) is a case in point. I look into the game's use of subtitles and didactic texts in order to find out to the extent speech acts shape the player's understanding of what the video game is. As an understudied aspect of video games, HUD or menu elements, as well as characters' exchanges and voice-over narration, disclose what it is like to be alive, dead or in-between. Essentially, they show the tensions between the avatar and the gamer: the hero makes all of the decisions by himself and the player has to abide or stop playing all together. The avatar's identity comes alive through speech acts, while the player is left outside decision-making processes. Survival horror gaming, with a religious twist, gives insight into the in-game discussion on the representation of the zombie rather than on the zombie experience as such. On screen, the interplay between speech acts and written language amounts to a procedural language, which suggests that variability in language creates an environment conducive to learning. Particularly, language use is all about group values and communication styles that should help gamers tell apart friends from enemies, good from evil and, finally, people from zombies.


This article introduces 1) an extensive analysis of the messy, entangled web of the politics of math education and 2) a novel method for policy analysis. I have identified a policy network surrounding math education for America that presents the following interrelated interests: a national math education that develops human capital (the characteristics of productive workers), debates over traditional and reform pedagogy, agreement on a content knowledge deficit of math teachers, and a math education that fuels an education services sector. This article primarily describes the first of these trends, the notion that math education for America produces in people those intangible qualities usable by businesses.


In classical revealed preference analysis we are given a sequence of linear prices (i.e., additive over goods) and an agent's demand at each of the prices. The problem is to determine whether the observed demands are consistent with utility-maximizing behavior, and if so, recover a representation of the agent's utility function. In this work, we consider a setting where an agent responds to non-linear prices and also allow for incomplete price information over the consumption set. We develop two different kernel methods to fit linear and concave utilities to such observations. The methods allow one to incorporate prior information about the utility function into the estimation procedure, and represent semi-parametric alternatives to the classical non-parametric approach. An empirical evaluation exhibits the relative merits of the two methods in terms of generalization ability, solution sparsity, and runtime performance.


This article explores the possibility that the distinction between interpretable (valued) and uninterpretable (unvalued) features has grammatical manifestations beyond its role in feature checking. I argue that both selection and lexical insertion are sensitive to this distinction; thus, a head may determine not only which features its complement must bear but also whether they should be interpretableor not. Empirical consequences are explored in Hebrew, where infinitival complements to negative verbs (refrain, prevent) display a number of surprising syntax-semanticscorrelations.Those are tracedto the operation of negative features in the Comp position. The analysis also provides insight into the recalcitrant prevent DP from V-ing construction in English.


Previous research on creativity has focussed on what Balkin (1990) called ʻthe three 'P's of the creative equation'. Interviews were carried out with 12 music teachers. The two countries were selected as being appropriate representations of an 'individualist' and a 'collectivist' culture (Triandis, 1995). The study aimed to explore the extent to which the cultural ideology existing on a macro level, can impact on the beliefs and practices of teachers on a 'micro' level, in this instance the music classroom. The data suggested that teachers' basic beliefs about creativity often seemed to reflect their cultural contexts, namely individualism and collectivism. The study also explored the extent to which teachers in both countries worked towards adaptive or innovative forms of creativity and what impact this appeared to have on the resulting creative musical products.


Rise in the performance and therefore profit of airliners is a major challenge for aircraft designers. Here, the design of a Hybrid Laminar Flow Control system is considered and a computational verification has been done to show the performance of the system and by employing the fundamental equations, it showed that the required level of suction across a wing to efficiently suppress flow is achievable. A novel system was designed that could be incorporated into the leading edge of large civil aircraft or adapted to suit alternative aircraft using a combination of active and passive suction methods. A turbo compressor has been employed to provide the certain level of suction, whereas the passive system automatically produces suction by introducing ducting from the high pressure region at the leading edge to the low pressure region at the underside of the wing. By this method the fuel saving of 5% is achievable. The outcome of the investigation shows a good meeting with computational analysis and the available source of validation. This method is recommended to be experimentally investigated.


This paper examines the law and economics of loyalty discounts. While there have been recent advances in the economic analysis of loyalty discounts, this literature is still relatively recent and sparse. Though some of these papers provide tests that would serve to identify either deviations from short run profit maximization or, in the case of bundled discounts, a reduction in consumer welfare or the exclusion of a hypothetically equally efficient competitor, these tests have several shortcomings. As a result, the economic literature currently does not provide a reliable way to gauge whether the potential harm from the use of loyalty discounts would outweigh any demonstrable benefits from their use. A review of the major cases involving loyalty and other volume discounts suggests the following general observations. In the single product case, courts have consistently applied the "not easy to establish" two-part test for predatory pricing set out by the Supreme Court in its Brooke Group decision. As a result, the courts have generally ruled that above-cost volume discounts, including those that use market share discounts and near exclusive thresholds, are lawful and do not violate the antitrust laws. In cases involving multimarket or bundled rebates, however, courts have not generally followed the Brooke Group Court's presumption that above cost bundled discounts are presumptively legal. However, they have generally followed the Brooke Group Court's focus on the actual facts or realities of the marketplace rather than on hypotheticals. Thus, while the lower courts have considered the theories and tests contained in the recent theoretical literature on loyalty discounts, they have generally refused to find liability absent sufficient proof that the conditions required by these tests apply, and that the underlying tests reflect market realities. This approach is consistent with the federal courts' generally cautious approach to expanding Section 2 liability, and the recognition of the underdeveloped and untested state of the academic literature. Moreover, there are significant flaws in the two cases where courts have found use of bundled loyalty rebates to be unlawful. In SmithKline, the court did focus on data and concluded that an equally efficient competitor would have been excluded by the bundled discounts evaluated in the case. However, economic theory suggests that the court may have used a flawed standard, and should have instead focused on the fact that changes to the bundled rebate programs served to increase rather than decrease prices. And the court's decision in LePage's not only suggested use of the same flawed standard, it found liability without requiring sufficient proof that the standard even applied to the facts of the case.


Many countries were not prepared for a pandemic on June 11, 2009, when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared an Influenza Pandemic. Although Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning activity for 2011 has declined compared to 2009, we cannot take preparedness planning off the radar due to future potential pandemics. Unless countries develop model Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plans, the consequences of being unprepared could be devastating to all of humankind. This study identified Critical Success Factors (CSFs) necessary at all levels (local, state, and national) to achieve model Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Planning involves developing a plan in the event of the emergence of an influenza virus that causes serious illness and is spread easily and is sustainable among humans. Once the WHO issues a pandemic influenza alert, all countries should be prepared. Data was collected through surveys, interviews, and benchmarking methods. The goal of identifying CSFs is to provide those factors to countries as well as authorities on a local, state, and national level in order to develop model Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plans. Several CSFs were identified, they included the following: strong leadership support, plan development, having logical response plans, exercising plans, clear operations and implementation policies, adequate budget/resources, effective


Located at the juncture of literature, history, and anthropology, Writing the Past, Inscribing the Future charts a strategy of how one might read a traditional text of non-Western historical literature in order to generate, with it, an opening for the future. This book does so by taking seriously a haunting work of historical prophecy inscribed in the nineteenth century by a royal Javanese exile—working through this writing of a colonized past to suggest the reconfiguration of the postcolonial future that this history itself apparently intends. After introducing the colonial and postcolonial orientalist projects that would fix the meaning of traditional writing in Java, Nancy K. Florida provides a nuanced translation of this particular traditional history, a history composed in poetry as the dream of a mysterious exile. She then undertakes a richly textured reading of the poem that discloses how it manages to escape the fixing of "tradition." Adopting a dialogic strategy of reading, Florida writes to extend—as the work's Javanese author demands—this history's prophetic potential into a more global register.

Babad Jaka Tingkir , the historical prophecy that Writing the Past, Inscribing the Future translates and reads, is uniquely suited for such a study. Composing an engaging history of the emergence of Islamic power in central Java around the turn of the sixteenth century, Babad Jaka Tingkir was written from the vantage of colonial exile to contest the more dominant dynastic historical traditions of nineteenth-century court literature. Florida reveals how this history's episodic form and focus on characters at the margins of the social order work to disrupt the genealogical claims of conventional royal historiography—thus prophetically to open the possibility of an alternative future.


The effect of acceptor strength variation on ultrafast twisting relaxation dynamics was investigated by comparing the ultrafast relaxation dynamics in a series of dimethylaminochalcone (DMAC) derivatives. Employing femtosecond resolved transient absorption and fluorescence experiments, the twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) relaxation rate is shown to vary from 2.0 picoseconds in a weak electron accepting system to 420 femtoseconds in a strong electron accepting system. The strength of the acceptor, empirically expressed as Hammett's constant, is shown to exhibit a linear free energy relationship (LFER) with the twisting rate. It is proposed that variation in the charge pulling capacity of the acceptor modifies the torsional barrier along the TICT coordinate in the S1 state, resulting in a tunable TICT relaxation rate, depending on the acceptor strength.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


We show how to use multiple tracers of large-scale density with different biases to measure the redshift-space distortion parameter β ≡ b−1f ≡ b−1d ln D/d ln a (where D is the growth factor and a the expansion factor), to, as the signal-to-noise (S/N) of a survey increases, much better precision than one could achieve with a single tracer (to arbitrary precision in the low noise limit). In combination with the power spectrum of the tracers this would allow a more precise measurement of the bias-free velocity divergence power spectrum, f2Pm, with the ultimate, zero noise limit, being that f2Pm can be measured as well as would be possible if velocity divergence was observed directly, with maximum rms improvement factor ∼ [5.2(β2+2β+2)/β2]1/2 (e.g., ≃ 10 times better than a single tracer with β = 0.4). This would allow a determination of fD as a function of redshift with an error as low as ∼ 0.1% (again, in the idealized case of the zero noise limit). The ratio b2/b1 can be determined with an even greater precision than β, potentially producing, when measured as a function of scale, an exquisitely sensitive probe of the onset of non-linear bias. We also extend in more detail previous work on the use of the same technique to measure non-Gaussianity. Currently planned redshift surveys are typically designed with S/N ∼ 1 on scales of interest, which severely limits the usefulness of our method. Our results suggest that there are potentially large gains to be achieved from technological or theoretical developments that allow higher S/N, or, in the long term, surveys that simply observe a higher number density of galaxies.


Remote person identification by gait is one of the most important topics in the field of computer vision and pattern recognition. However, gait recognition suffers severely from the appearance variance caused by the view change. It is very common that gait recognition has a high performance when the view is fixed but the performance will have a sharp decrease when the view variance becomes significant. Existing approaches have tried all kinds of strategies like tensor analysis or view transform models to slow down the trend of performance decrease but still have potential for further improvement. In this paper, a discriminative projection with list-wise constraints (DPLC) is proposed to deal with view variance in cross-view gait recognition, which has been further refined by introducing a rectification term to automatically capture the principal discriminative information. The DPLC with rectification (DPLCR) embeds list-wise relative similarity measurement among intraclass and inner-class individuals, which can learn a more discriminative and robust projection. Based on the original DPLCR, we have introduced the kernel trick to exploit nonlinear cross-view correlations and extended DPLCR to deal with the problem of multiview gait recognition. Moreover, a simple yet efficient gait representation, namely gait individuality image (GII), based on gait energy image is proposed, which could better capture the discriminative information for cross view gait recognition. Experiments have been conducted in the CASIA-B database and the experimental results demonstrate the outstanding performance of both the DPLCR framework and the new GII representation. It is shown that the DPLCR-based cross-view gait recognition has outperformed the-state-of-the-art approaches in almost all cases under large view variance. The combination of the GII representation and the DPLCR has further enhanced the performance to be a new benchmark for cross-view gait recognition.


This paper reports on the re-analysis of solar flares in which the hard X-rays (HXRs) come predominantly from the corona rather than from the more usual chromospheric footpoints. All of the 26 previously analyzed event time intervals, over 13 flares, are re-examined for consistency with a flare model in which electrons are accelerated near the top of a magnetic loop which has a sufficiently high density to stop most of the electrons by Coulomb collisions before they can reach the footpoints. Of particular importance in the previous analysis was the finding that the length of the coronal HXR source increased with energy in the 20–30 keV range. However, after allowing for the possibility that footpoint emission at the higher energies affects the inferred length of the coronal HXR source, and using analysis techniques that suppress the possible influence of such footpoint emission, we conclude that there is no longer evidence that the length of the HXR coronal sources increase with increasing energy. In fact, for the six flares and 12 time intervals that satisfied our selection criteria, the loop lengths decreased on average by 1.0 ± 0.2 arcsec between 20 and 30 keV, with a standard deviation of 3.5 arcsec. We find strong evidence that the peak of the coronal HXR source increases in altitude with increasing energy. For the thermal component of the emission, this is consistent with the standard CHSKP flare model in which magnetic reconnection in a coronal current sheet results in new hot loops being formed at progressively higher altitudes. The explanation for the nonthermal emission is not so clear.


Efficient exfoliation of graphene and related materials (GRM) and fast and inexpensive integration/assembly are crucial to fulfil their full potential. A high degree of exfoliation in organic media can be achieved with high boiling point liquids that usually leave residues after drying, which is a handicap for many applications. Here, the effective exfoliation and dispersion of GRM in a vinyl monomer, which is subsequently converted to a functional polymer by photopolymerization, is reported. Nanocomposite membranes and three-dimensional objects are produced by the photo-curing process and stereolithography 3D printing, respectively.


From the earliest told tales to the modern picture book, through fact and fiction, storytellers have searched for meaning in the hardships and calamities that befall children: children disappear; they die; they are kidnapped, victimized by war, family strife, economic hardships, political turmoil and by natural disasters. Until illustration was added to the printed story images of displaced children remained in the filtered imaginations of listeners and readers. Printed illustration particularizes images related to a text, infusing a story with yet another specific point of view. This point of view is related to, though different from, the writer's and the viewer/reader's perspective. This article discusses some visual strategies of viewer distance used in picturing fiction and nonfiction stories about displaced children.


Mode coupling and the control of mode Q factor and threshold gain are analyzed for nanocircular resonators confined by isolation and metallic layers based on solving eigenvalue equation for multiple-layer structure circular resonators. For nanocircular resonators only confined by a metallic layer, the metallic layer can enhance the mode confinement for transverse magnetic (TM) whispering-gallery modes (WGMs) and result in high Q TM WGMs. But transverse electric (TE) WGMs can form hybrid modes of surface plasmon polaritons and dielectric modes, with the mode Q factors limited by the metallic layer absorption. By introducing a low index isolation layer between the resonator and the metallic layer, we can greatly enhance the mode Q factors for TE WGMs. However, the mode coupling between different radial modes and the variation of the optical confinement factor in the active layer can result in the oscillation of the mode Q factor and threshold gain versus the isolation layer thickness. The optimization of the isolation layer thickness is important to enhance the mode Q factor and the optical confinement factor for realizing low threshold gain.


Various Er/Ce co-doped SiO2-Al2O3-CaO glasses are prepared by the melt-quenching method. The radiation resistance of Er/Ce co-doped glasses is investigated under 5 kGy gamma-ray irradiation. The absorption spectra, up-conversion spectra, fluorescence intensity and lifetime of Er/Ce co-doped glasses before and after irradiation are measured and analyzed in details. The radiation induced absorption (RIA) of the Er/Ce co-doped silicate glasses can be suppressed due to Ce ions co-doping. The fluorescence intensity and lifetime of Er/Ce co-doped glasses have no apparent change after irradiation. Furthermore, the possible mechanism of Ce effect on the radiation resistance improvement is discussed. The result indicates that Er doped glasses with an optimal Ce concentration introduction can be used as active medias for radiation-resistant materials in harsh radiation environments.


The purpose of this paper is to provide an insight into the development of legal
education in Georgia in its transition to becoming a democratic country. It is
important to clarify at the outset that the emphasis here is on developing a viable
structure and system for legal education as opposed to a theoretical basis for the
development of a new legal order. Such a fundamental doctrinal exercise would form
the academic and intellectual basis of an entirely different paper. In establishing a
viable system of legal education, a significant challenge is to reconcile the education
of professionals with the underlying difficulty arising where governments have sought
to determine professional education from ideological positions. The Georgian
government is producing reform proposals which have to be considered in terms of
the most expedient processes for implementation. It is therefore necessary to develop
reforms which construct a new framework to facilitate and promote the incorporation
of aspects of legal education which hitherto have been unknown. Fundamental
principles have to be determined such as recognition of the rule of law, as well as the
knowledge and training best suited to developing a coherent and properly established
legal profession. The whole reform process can be hindered without the presence of well-qualified professionals. It is therefore crucial to ensure the integrity of
establishing this body of professionals who are well-placed to take reforms forward.
There is of course the obvious paradox in terms of the country needing the best
professionals whilst at the same time putting reforms in place to achieve that. There
are great possibilities and Georgia is in the position of considering systems and
structures which best suit its needs in establishing reform of the educational
infrastructure in which professionals can develop. The paper identifies some key
issues and themes which provide an insight into the possibilities. It focuses on three
main areas: the changing nature of the constitution and the need for reform, the
United Kingdom framework as a possible model for consideration in establishing a
process of implementation, and aspirations for the future. It is self evident that
Georgia is experiencing a period of significant development and change in terms of
shaping a system for legal education which is significantly more advanced even now
than when this work began. It continues to be in the process of being formed and there
are many influences on its shape. The authors, having worked together, acknowledge
there are limitations in terms of producing a fully comprehensive joint paper based on
a period of such complex transition and change.


In this paper, we propose an adaptation mechanism for robot behaviors to make robot-human interactions run more smoothly. We propose such a mechanism based on reinforcement learning, which reads minute body signals from a human partner, and uses this information to adjust interaction distances, gaze meeting, and motion speed and timing in human-robot interaction. We show that this enables autonomous adaptation to individual preferences by an experiment with twelve subjects.


In clastic depositional systems such as those encountered in the Nile Delta Basin, simultaneous prestack seismic-amplitude inversion is an effective method for detecting and appraising gas-bearing sandstone reservoirs. However, the method has limitations concerning the requirement of a reliable set of wavelets, suitable wireline logs, and a sufficiently dense initial model. The neural-network analysis method is an alternative technique which sometimes can provide similar or better results and does not require significant volumes of data. Simultaneous prestack inversion was applied over the Scarab field, West Delta Deep Marine concession, offshore Egypt. The field comprises submarine channel-based gas reservoirs that extend laterally over 20 km². Six wells were analyzed in a rock-physics study prior to performing inversion. Three angle gathers (near: 0–15°; mid: 15–30°; far: 30–45°) were inverted for P-wave impedance (Z P ), S-wave impedance (Z S ), P-wave velocity (V P ), Swave velocity (V S ), V P /V S , and density (λ) using the prestack inversion method. Neural-network analysis was performed using full-stack seismic data along with well logs in the training stage, followed by cross-validation of results and rendering of V P , V S , V P /V S , and density volumes. The V P /V S volumes produced from the two methods were used to infer water saturation (S w ). Direct comparisons were made between neural-network and prestack inversion results at a blind-well location to assess the relative quality of each method. Results suggest that application of the proposed neural-network method leads to reliable inferences. Hence, using the neural-network method alone or along with the prestack inversion method has a positive impact on reserves growth and increased production.


Fish have evolved biogenic multilayer reflectors composed of stacks of intracellular anhydrous guanine crystals separated by cytoplasm, to produce the silvery luster of their skin and scales. Here we compare two different variants of the Japanese Koi fish; one of them with enhanced reflectivity. Our aim is to determine how biology modulates reflectivity, and from this to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the structure and properties governing the intensity of silver reflectance. We measured the reflectance of individual scales with a custom-made microscope, and then for each individual scale we characterized the structure of the guanine crystal/cytoplasm layers using high-resolution cryo-SEM. The measured reflectance and the structural-geometrical parameters were used to calculate the reflectance of each scale, and the results were compared to the experimental measurements. We show that enhanced reflectivity is obtained with the same basic guanine crystal/cytoplasm stacks, but the structural arrangement between the stack, inside the stacks, and relative to the scale surface is varied when reflectivity is enhanced. Finally, we propose a model that incorporates the basic building block parameters, the crystal orientation inside the tissue, and the resulting reflectance and explains the mechanistic basis for reflectance enhancement.


We measure the weak lensing shear around galaxy troughs, i.e. the radial alignment of background galaxies relative to underdensities in projections of the foreground galaxy field over a wide range of redshift in Science Verification data from the Dark Energy Survey. Our detection of the shear signal is highly significant (10σ–15σ for the smallest angular scales) for troughs with the redshift range z ∈ [0.2, 0.5] of the projected galaxy field and angular diameters of 10 arcmin…1°. These measurements probe the connection between the galaxy, matter density, and convergence fields. By assuming galaxies are biased tracers of the matter density with Poissonian noise, we find agreement of our measurements with predictions in a fiducial Λ cold dark matter model. The prediction for the lensing signal on large trough scales is virtually independent of the details of the underlying model for the connection of galaxies and matter. Our comparison of the shear around troughs with that around cylinders with large galaxy counts is consistent with a symmetry between galaxy and matter over- and underdensities. In addition, we measure the two-point angular correlation of troughs with galaxies which, in contrast to the lensing signal, is sensitive to galaxy bias on all scales. The lensing signal of troughs and their clustering with galaxies is therefore a promising probe of the statistical properties of matter underdensities and their connection to the galaxy field.


This study assessed the role of the Pondoland Marine Protected Area (MPA) in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa by evaluating retention versus 'spillover' of exploited fishery species that were tagged in a 400 km2 no-take zone of the MPA. From April 2006 to July 2010, 2 124 fish comprising 36 species were tagged in the MPA, with an overall recapture rate of 23%. Findings for four important species (Polysteganus praeorbitalis, Chrysoblephus puniceus, Epinephelus andersoni and Epinephelus marginatus) are presented. Recapture rates ranged from 8% to 60% and time-at-liberty from 0 to 1 390 d. Individuals of all four species displayed highly localised station-keeping behaviour. For all four species, the 95th percentile of intra-study site movements was <750 m (linear distance) and many recaptures were within 250 m of the release site, showing that some fish spend most of their time in the MPA's no-take zone. However, some fish moved beyond the boundary of this zone in a north-easterly direction (range 3–1 059 km), where they would be available to the boat-based fishery in KwaZulu-Natal. The combination of resident individuals with some with ranging behaviour suggests that the MPA can provide a conservation role for these species, while exporting some individuals into nearby fisheries.


In this paper we present an analysis of separable prefixes in German within the Microsoft Natural Language Processing System. We illustrate a simple solution to the problem of separated prefixes in our augmented phrase structure grammar which uses binary syntactic rules. The solution is based on the treatment of separated prefixes as verbs. We discuss the semi-automatic generation of the necessary lexical entries and the syntactic analysis based on these entries. We show that under our approach only one new rule needs to be added to our grammar to accommodate the facts, and that only small modifications to existing rules are necessary.


Objective To examine the cross-sectional association between illicit sales of tobacco to minors, Washington DC tobacco outlet advertising practices, retail store type, the demographic make-up of the area surrounding each outlet, and the proximity of each outlet to high schools, recreational parks and public housing. Participants Seven hundred and fifty tobacco outlets in the DC area, n=347 of which were randomly selected for inspection by the Synar Inspection Program in 2009–2010. Main outcome measures The presence of tobacco advertisements on the interior and exterior of each outlet, and illicit tobacco sales to Synar Inspection Program youth volunteers. Results The presence of tobacco advertisements on the exterior of gas stations was much greater than on other retail store types (OR=6.68; 95% CI 4.05 to 11.01), as was the absence of any advertisements at bars or restaurants that sold tobacco (OR=0.33; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.52). Exterior tobacco advertisements were also more likely in predominantly African–American areas of the city (OR=3.11; 95% CI 2.28 to 4.25), and particularly likely on storefronts located closer to parks (OR=1.87; 95% CI 1.06 to 3.28). Illicit sales to minors were more common at gas stations (OR=3.01; 95% CI 1.5 to 6.3), outlets that displayed exterior tobacco advertisements closer to parks (OR=3.36; 95% CI 1.38 to 8.21), and outlets located closer to high schools in majority African–American block groups (OR=1.29; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.58). Conclusions Findings demonstrate that while illicit tobacco sales to minors are occurring at acceptably low rates by Synar standards, illicit sales vary considerably by retail store type, advertising approach and proximity to high schools, parks and African–American residential areas. Future work may help inform regulatory efforts to reduce youth access at the neighbourhood, city, state and national levels.


Present paper deals with the identification of the cause of an explosion in a hollow space positioned below a residential building as the result of welding operations. On field investigation clearly demonstrated that the explosion was due to the ignition of a flammable atmosphere in the basement of the building. Along the trial two hypotheses were brought to the judge: (a) explosion of an air–petrol mixture (b) explosion of an air–LPG mixture. Forensic engineering techniques have been applied in order to assess which hypothesis was the correct one, on the basis of the observed post–accident scene. Modelling of the vapour diffusion, the natural ventilation and the permeation of LPG through the soil showed that possibility (b) was by far the most likely.


Background: Aspergillus is a fungus which may present an array of pulmonary manifestations, depending on the patient's immunological and physiological state. Although the incidence of pulmonary aspergillosis occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients but the incidence is also rising in immunocompetent individuals, especially in developing countries. Aim: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and predisposing factors of pulmonary aspergillosis along with species identification. Materials and Methods: One hundred and three patients admitted to the Department of Chest and Tuberculosis and in the Department of Medicine from Jan 2012 to Jan 2013 were included in this study. The patients were epitomized on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms, physical examination, chest radiography, CT scans, histopathological examination, bronchoscopy and fungal examination including potassium hydroxide mount, fungal culture of sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage. Species identification was done by colony characteristics, slide culture and Lactophenol Cotton blue mount. Results: Out of the 103 patients, (63 males and 40 females) Aspergillus species has been isolated from 17 (16.5%) males and 07 (6.79%) females. Various predisposing factors of pulmonary aspergillosis have been identified in which pulmonary tuberculosis, chronic smoking and environmental exposure to asbestos, cement its tops the list. Many of the patients had multiple predisposing factors. Aspergillus species were isolated in 24 (23.3%) cases. Aspergillus fumigatus was the predominant species isolated in 13 (54.16%) cases followed by Aspergillus flavus in 07 (29.16%) cases, Aspergillus niger in 03 (12.5 %) and Aspergillus terrus in 1 (4.16%) cases. Conclusion: It is concluded that the prevalence of pulmonary Aspergillosis is quite high in immunocompromised individuals and low in immunocompetent individuals. An adequate and efficient evaluation of the etiological agents has a crucial role in the management of such patients.


Book synopsis: Edward Casey, an underfed, under-sized and semi-literate Irish Cockney from Canning Town, was no war hero. Even so, his account of four years of war service with the Royal Dublin Fusiliers is a remarkable chronicle, revealing his personal and sexual insecurities, his remarkable experience of Irish unrest during periods of training and leave and his excitement as a military tourist in France, Salonica and Malta. The memoir was written in 1980, six decades after his departure for New Zealand, yet retains a strong Cockney flavour. The editor has selected the chapters with the greatest interest for Irish readers, placing Casey's story in the broader context of the Great War and its sometimes devastating psychological consequences.
Joanna Bourke teaches history at Birkbeck College, London. Her books include Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain and the Great War (1996)


INTRODUCTION 2011 was a period fraught with turbulence in financial markets. Managed Futures strategies, despite their common association with long volatility, did not fare as well as some might have expected amidst this turbulence. A closer look at volatility, what it means to be long or short volatility, and Managed Futures performance across different regimes in volatility can provide insights into the strategy's complex or "convex" relationship with volatility. A closer look at the cycles of volatility demonstrates that Managed Futures is able to capture "crisis alpha" for investors over negative volatility cycles, while in certain turbulent periods they also face some of the same "short volatility" risks that plague many hedge fund strategies.


Newborn ovary homeobox (NOBOX) is a homeobox gene that is preferentially expressed in the oocytes and is essential for folliculogenesis in mice. NOBOX knockout mice are infertile, and lack of NOBOX perturbs the expression of many germ-cell-specific genes and microRNAs. Furthermore, mutations in the NOBOX gene associated with premature ovarian failure have been described in humans. However, the temporal and cell-specific expression of NOBOX in bovine oocytes and the potential function of NOBOX in early embryogenesis have not been described previously. The objectives of this study were to clone the complementary (c)DNA encoding for bovine NOBOX, analyze the expression of NOBOX mRNA in bovine tissues including fetal ovaries of different developmental stages, and characterize the temporal expression patterns of NOBOX mRNA during oocyte maturation and early embryogenesis. Based on the sequence of a predicted cDNA for bovine NOBOX, we successfully amplified, using RT-PCR, a cDNA fragment representing the coding region of bovine NOBOX from bovine fetal ovary cDNA. Additional 5′ and 3′ sequences were obtained using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) procedures. The assembled full-length NOBOX cDNA is 2275 bp with an open reading frame encoding a protein of 500 amino acids with a conserved homeodomain and typical nuclear localization signal. The predicted NOBOX protein shares 61% and 49% amino acid sequence identity with its human and mouse counterparts, respectively. A BLAST search of the bovine genome database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) revealed that the bovine NOBOX gene is located on chromosome 4, spans approximately 5.5 kb, and is encoded by 7 exons. Northern blot analysis revealed an approximately 2.3-kb bovine NOBOX RNA transcript. RT-PCR analysis of RNA samples from a panel of 14 different bovine tissues revealed that expression of NOBOX mRNA is restricted to ovarian samples and can be detected in fetal ovaries harvested as early as 105 days of gestation, when primary follicles start to form. Further RT-PCR analysis using RNA isolated from oocytes and granulosa and cumulus cells of antral follicles indicates that bovine NOBOX is expressed in oocytes but not in other follicular cells. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that NOBOX mRNA is abundant in germinal vesicle and metaphase II stage oocytes, as well as from pronuclear to 8-cell stage embryos, but barely detectable in embryos collected at the morula and blastocyst stages, suggesting that NOBOX might be a maternal effect gene. Collectively, our results demonstrate that bovine NOBOX is specifically expressed in oocytes and may play a role in early embryonic development in addition to its known function in folliculogenesis.


ABSTRACT The article illuminates and discusses the realism of policy-makers' goals to increase involvement of volunteers and informal caregivers in long-term care services in Norway. Drawing on multiple data sources, the article investigates how commonplace volunteering and informal care are in long-term care, and it explores challenges experienced in collaboration between formal caregivers and volunteers and informal caregivers. The results show that only 4.4 percent of the Norwegian population carry out unpaid, voluntary work in long-term care. Twenty percent regularly provide informal care to someone with special care needs. Knowledge/information gaps and lacking coordination are common collaboration challenges between formal caregivers and volunteers/informal caregivers. The limitations identified in the current collaboration environment should be used actively by both policy makers and the practice field to critically assess goals and strategies for involvement and improving collaboration practices.


The spectral-transmission curve of a film of dielectric powder having uniform particle size shows a very pronounced minimum corresponding to the Mie scattering maximum. The wavelength of this "Mie minimum" changes as the refractive index of the medium surrounding the particles is changed. If a film of dielectric powder is prepared and the wave-lengths of the Mie minima are determined when liquids of different refractive index are flowed around the particles then, if the wave-length values are plotted against the refractive indices of the surrounding media, the points fall on a straight line that intersects the axis at the refractive index of the powder, thereby providing a method for measuring the refractive index of powders above the range of immersion liquids. A method, using the data for the Mie minima, is described for determining the optimum particle size for white paint pigments. This method is illustrated with data on zinc sulfide and titanium dioxide.


Examining two Israeli cases, this article addresses the highly controversial question about the privatization of state authority. The first concerns the Supreme Court decision that prohibits private prisons, a ruling that reflects the deep-rooted assumption that criminal punishment is a matter of state authority. The second case refers to the Israeli religious organization Takana Forum, which seeks to handle sexual offenses committed by authoritative figures within its community. The relation between privatization, privacy, and multiculturalism is presented as potentially perpetuating patriarchal authority in family life, education, and punishment. Following this discussion, different models of privatization based on the nature of the respective privatized authority are presented. The article concludes with an analysis of the conflict between communal and state law and its potential effect on Israel's collective co-existence.


Natural language processing (NLP) is a very hot research domain. One important branch of it is sentence analysis, including Chinese sentence analysis. However, currently, no mature deep analysis theories and techniques are available. An alternative way is to perform shallow parsing on sentences which is very popular in the domain. The chunk identification is a fundamental task for shallow parsing. The purpose of this paper is to characterize a chunk boundary parsing algorithm, using a statistical method combining adjustment rules, which serves as a supplement to traditional statistics-based parsing methods. The experimental results show that the model works well on the small dataset. It will contribute to the sequent processes like chunk tagging and chunk collocation extraction under other topics etc.


Building on recent texts, I give a characterization of Richard Shusterman's specific variant of pragmatism, understood as a melioristic or perfectionist pragmatism, where ethical and political dimensions are deeply intertwined with the epistemological one. To do so, I focus on what seems to be Shusterman's latest contribution to his interrupted dialogue with Richard Rorty in Thinking through the Body.


This paper investigates a novel approach for maintenance scheduling of volt-VAR control components (VVCCs) of distribution networks with the aid of new generation of volt-VAR optimization (VVO) solutions called quasi-real-time VVO. The new quasi-real-time VVO technique optimizes distribution network using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) data of each quasi-real-time stage. As this VVO performs automatically and online, it is necessary for VVCCs to undergo maintenance without disturbing VVO performance. Moreover, the lost benefits that could be gained by online VVO have to be minimized. Hence, this paper proposes an AMI-based VVO consisting of a VVO engine and a maintenance scheduling engine (MSE) that operate in tandem to optimize distribution network and find the optimal maintenance scheduling of different VVCCs. To test the accuracy and the applicability of the proposed solution, a 33-node distribution feeder is employed. Furthermore, five different maintenance scenarios are investigated to check the proposed VVO performance. The results prove that the integration of VVO with MSE could be a reliable approach that can solve maintenance scheduling of VVCCs without interrupting and/or resetting VVO.


The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in Northern Ireland has undergone a remarkable transformation. Having been a party of opposition and protest for decades following its foundation in 1971, the DUP is now the leading party of government in the region, one which dominates unionist politics. The party moved from a religiously influenced determination to face down the 'enemies of Ulster' to acceptance of the need to share power with those 'enemies' in the form of Sinn Fein. In so agreeing, via the 2006 St Andrews Agreement, the DUP secured the sharing of power first attempted in the 1998 Belfast Agreement. It was a deal which startled many of even the most loyal followers of the DUP's leader for decades, the Reverend Ian Paisley, but one which has stuck under his successor, Peter Robinson Yet, despite its colourful past and contemporary prominence, the DUP has rarely been the subject of detailed academic analysis. This unique book is the first to examine who are the DUP's members and explore what they believe. Drawing upon unprecedented access given by the party, including a Leverhulme Trust-funded survey of the membership and over one hundred detailed interviews, this book analyses what makes individuals join the DUP; who those members are in terms of age, gender, and religion; what they think of the political institutions and power-sharing; attitudes to policing changes and dissident threats and what issues, constitutional or otherwise, concern them most.


Abstract Aims A large number of people present each day at hospitals for non-fatal deliberate self-harm (DSH). Examination of the short-term risk of non-fatal recurrence and mortality at the national level is of major importance for both individual medical decision-making and global organisation of care. Methods Following the almost exhaustive linkage (96%) of two national registries in France covering 45 million inhabitants (i.e. 70% of the whole population), information about hospitalisation for DSH in 2008–2009 and vital status at 1 year was obtained. Individuals who died during the index hospital stay were excluded from analyses. Results Over 2 years, 136,451 individuals were hospitalised in medicine or surgery for DSH. The sample comprised 62.8% women, median age 38 in both genders, with two peaks at 16 and 44 years in women, and one peak at 37 years in men. The method used for DSH was drug overdose in 82.1% of cases. Admission to an intensive care unit occurred in 12.9%. Following index hospitalisation, 71.3% returned home and 23.7% were transferred to a psychiatric inpatient care unit. DSH recurrence during the following year occurred in 12.4% of the sample, within the first 6 months in 75.2%, and only once in 74.6%. At 1 year, 2.6% of the sample had died. The overall standardised mortality ratio was 7.5 but reached more than 20 in young adults. The causes were natural causes (35.7%), suicide (34.4%), unspecified cause (17.5%) and accident (12.4%). Most (62.9%) deaths by suicide occurred within the first 6 months following index DSH. Violent means (i.e. not drug overdose) were used in 70% of suicide cases. Concordance between means used for index DSH and for suicide was low (30% overall), except for drug overdose. Main suicide risk factors were older age, being male, use of a violent means at index DSH, index admission to an intensive care unit, a transfer to another medical department or to a psychiatric inpatient unit, and recurrence of DSH. However, these factors had low positive predictive values individually (below 2%). Conclusions Non-fatal DSH represent frequent events with a significant risk of short-term recurrence and death from various causes. The first 6 months following hospital discharge appear to be a critical period. Specific short-term aftercare programs targeting all people with a DSH episode have to be developed, along other suicide prevention strategies.


This book contains selected peer-reviewed papers of the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) symposium "Mycotoxins and phycotoxins". These symposia are the principal international interdisciplinary conventions focusing on occurrence, advances in determination, toxicology and exposure management of these bio-contaminants. The chapters are organized in sections that include up to date overviews of current mycotoxin and phycotoxin issues. Advances in analytical techniques using rapid screening tools, high-sensitivity instrumental methods and their combinations, applied for single and multi-toxin determinations, are highlighted in a specific section of the book. Identification of requisite agronomic factors and pre-harvest forecasting for strategic intervention are part of a treatise on exposure management. Since the inception more than 30 years ago, this IUPAC symposia series has grown in scope, scientific novelty and value.


Peer-to-peer systems provide scalable content distribution for cheap and resist to censorship attempts. However, P2P networks mainly distribute immutable content and provide poor support for highly dynamic content such as produced by collaborative systems. A new class of algorithms called CRDT (Commutative Replicated Data Type), which ensures consistency of highly dynamic content on P2P networks, is emerging. However, if existing CRDT algorithms support the "edit anywhere, anytime" feature, they do not support the "undo anywhere, anytime" feature. In this paper, we present the Logoot-Undo CRDT algorithm, which integrates the "undo anywhere, anytime" feature. We compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with related algorithms and measure the impact of the undo feature on the global performance of the algorithm. We prove that the cost of the undo feature remains low on a corpus of data extracted from Wikipedia.


We study the problem of absolute approximability of MAX-CSP problems with the global constraints. We prove existence of an efficient sampling method for the MAX-CSP class of problems with linear global constraints and bounded feasibility gap. It gives for the first time a polynomial in � 1 sample complexity bound for that class of problems. The method yields also the best up to date sample complexity bound for the balanced MAX-CSP problems such as the graph and hypergraph BISECTION problems.


A growing body of scholarship explores processes of gradual but transformative institutional change, classifying patterns of change into several categories. I argue that policymakers themselves actively contest the appropriate institutional frames for understanding changes as they seek to guide institutional change, and show that judicial determinations of statutory meaning are sensitive to judgments about which institutional perspective is most compelling. A process-tracing examination of institutional changes in the Glass–Steagall Act over the law's whole life span, from 1933 to 1999, provides a concrete example of how the dynamics of contestation can play out. Those who conceived of Glass–Steagall as the institutional embodiment of the separation between commercial and investment banking argued that expansion of commercial bank powers represented institutional drift. Alternatively, those who came to see Glass–Steagall as just one set of statutory imperatives to be handled within the larger institutional context of American banking law, including banking regulators, interpreted regulatory changes as constructive acts of conversion adapting to novel economic challenges. I document the slow process through which courts came to accept the second framing while noting how the fixity of statutory text nevertheless continued to limit available adaptations.


The usage of visual communication is broadly extended nowadays; with the intensive usage of social networks based (partially or totally) in sharing images and visual representations, people has adopted this kind of communication as normal and develops new dimensions in the knowledge, understanding and communicating processes even without knowing clearly about this kind of communication. The usage of this visual signs and messages require in some way learning from the stakeholders involved in the communication or other information sources, and it has observed that visual communication users learn usually in a informal way and mostly by imitating the communication patterns used by influential people. This paper explains the relationships between the current usage of visual communication (and its learning) and the informal learning, explaining some examples about the relationship and main issues, and how this learning takes places in non formal and informal contexts.


For almost two decades, experts and defense establishments the world over have been predicting that cyber war is coming. But is it? This article argues in three steps that cyber war has never happened in the past, that cyber war does not take place in the present, and that it is unlikely that cyber war will occur in the future. It first outlines what would constitute cyber war: a potentially lethal, instrumental, and political act of force conducted through malicious code. The second part shows what cyber war is not, case-by-case. Not one single cyber offense on record constitutes an act of war on its own. The final part offers a more nuanced terminology to come to terms with cyber attacks. All politically motivated cyber attacks are merely sophisticated versions of three activities that are as old as warfare itself: sabotage, espionage, and subversion.


The coupled numerical weather model WRF-SPA (Weather Research and Forecasting model and Soil-Plant-Atmosphere model) has been used to investigate a 3 yr time series of observed atmospheric CO 2 concentrations from a tall tower in Scotland, UK. Ecosystem-specific tracers of net CO 2 uptake and net CO 2 release were used to investigate the contributions to the tower signal of key land covers within its footprint, and how contributions varied at seasonal and interannual timescales. In addition, WRF-SPA simulated atmospheric CO 2 concentrations were compared with two coarse global inversion models, CarbonTrackerEurope and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's CarbonTracker (CTE-CT). WRF-SPA realistically modelled both seasonal (except post harvest) and daily cycles seen in observed atmospheric CO 2 at the tall tower ( R 2 = 0.67, rmse = 3.5 ppm, bias = 0.58 ppm). Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations from the tall tower were well simulated by CTE-CT, but the inverse model showed a poorer representation of diurnal variation and simulated a larger bias from observations (up to 1.9 ppm) at seasonal timescales, compared to the forward modelling of WRF-SPA. However, we have highlighted a consistent post-harvest increase in the seasonal bias between WRF-SPA and observations. Ecosystem-specific tracers of CO 2 exchange indicate that the increased bias is potentially due to the representation of agricultural processes within SPA and/or biases in land cover maps. The ecosystem-specific tracers also indicate that the majority of seasonal variation in CO 2 uptake for Scotland's dominant ecosystems (forests, cropland and managed grassland) is detectable in observations within the footprint of the tall tower; however, the amount of variation explained varies between years. The between years variation in detectability of Scotland's ecosystems is potentially due to seasonal and interannual variation in the simulated prevailing wind direction. This result highlights the importance of accurately representing atmospheric transport used within atmospheric inversion models used to estimate terrestrial source/sink distribution and magnitude.


Epistemology of organic agriculture is logically and practically associated with the conventional farming practices. Organic agriculture can contribute in the social life of people by improving health and ecology. It is even more important for the preservation of natural resources. In relation to the importance of organic agriculture, the main objective of this study was to develop the sustainable model of organic agriculture. The study was based on the inductive approach; qualitative design. Study was conducted in 4 districts of Nepal among the 614 respondents. The result found that there was significant contribution made by the organic agriculture to improve the socio-economic status of farmers as well as to care the relationship between the human being and their environment. Family farming system is the fundamental base for changing trend of agriculture in worldwide practices. There is need to protect and enhance family farming through farmers' cooperative for the sustainability of organic agriculture. The study developed the sustainable model covering the need of infrastructure development, policy improvement, and motivational factors for farmers and changing process of modern agriculture to organic agriculture. The roles of government, non-government, private sectors, individual farmers and consumers are equally important for the sustainability of organic agriculture. The model focuses on the collective effort of all responsible stakeholders. There is need to test the effectiveness of this model.


We report from a large-scale randomized field experiment conducted on a unique sample of more than 15 000 taxpayers in Norway, who were likely to have misreported their foreign income. We find that the inclusion of a moral appeal or a sentence that increases the perceived probability of detection in a letter from the tax authorities almost doubled the average self-reported Foreign income. The moral letter mainly works on the intensive margin, while the detection letter mainly works on the extensive margin. We also show that the detection letter has large long-term effects on tax compliance.


Nationally representative panel survey data for Germany and Australia are used to investigate the impact of working-time mismatches (i.e., differences between actual and desired work hours) on mental health, as measured by the Mental Component Summary Score from the SF-12. Fixed effects and dynamic linear models are estimated, which, together with the longitudinal nature of the data, enable person-specific traits that are time invariant to be controlled for. The incorporation of dynamics also reduces concerns about the potential effects of reverse causation. The results suggest that overemployment (working more hours than desired) has adverse consequences for the mental health of workers in both countries. Underemployment (working fewer hours than desired), however, seems to only be of significance in Australia.


This book addresses the condition of the university today. There has been a fundamental betrayal of the institution by the political class, perverting it from its proper social and cultural functions. The betrayal has narrowed the scope of the university, through the commercial financialisation of knowledge as such. In short, the sector has been politicized, and now works explicitly to advance and serve a market-fundamentalist ideology. When all human values are measured by money, then wealth is mistaken for 'the good'. Social, cultural and political corruption follow.
The University's leadership has become complicit in a yet more fundamental betrayal of society, as an ever-widening wedge is driven between the lives of ordinary citizens and the self-interest of the privileged and wealthy. It is no wonder that 'experts' are in the dock today.
In 1927, the philosopher Julien Benda accused intellectuals of treason. His argument was that their thinking had been politicized, polluted by a nationalism that could only culminate in war. In 1939, Nazism explicitly corrupted the University and the intellectuals, demanding ideological allegiance instead of thought. We continue to live through the aftermath of this, only worse: by endorsing an entire ideology of 'competition', intellectuals have established a neo-Hobbesian war of all against all as the new cornerstone of societies. This now threatens human ecological survival.
In light of this, the intellectual and the University have a duty to extend democracy and social justice. This book calls upon the intellectual to assist in the survival of the species.


Introduction Competitive advantage is obtained when an organisation develops or acquires a set of attributes (or executes actions) that allow it to outperform its competitors. The development of theories that help explain competitive advantage has occupied the attention of the management community for the better part of half a century. This chapter aims to provide an overview of the key theories in this space. The overview will span a long timeline, starting from the 1960s to formulations that were introduced in mid-2013. In the early period, there were two dominant theories of competitive advantage: the Market-Based View (MBV) and the Resource-Based View (RBV). The notion of core competencies is closely related to the resource-based view of strategy. The knowledge-based view and capability-based view of strategy have also been derived from the resource-based view. A more recent formulation, the relational view of strategy has received considerable attention. An even more recent proposal proposes a notion of transient advantage that effectively overturns much of the existing wisdom.


The Lucknow-Muzaffarpur National Highway Project aims to reduce transport constraints on national economic activity, and improve institutional capabilities to manage road programs, assets, and services on a more commercial basis. Inherent negative social impacts will nonetheless occur, such as loss of properties, including agricultural land, housing, and crops, as well as income losses. This resettlement action plan (RAP) comprises seven volumes, concerning the different road sections between Lucknow - Ayodhya - Gorakhpur - Gopalganj - Muzaffarpur , and their impact, based on consultations with the communities, the country's legal framework, and the Bank's operational directive on involuntary resettlement. This RAP seeks to minimize negative impacts on the affected communities and people as a result of project implementation, and improve, or at least restore their living conditions. The project design will take into consideration measures to reduce impacts, such as the realignment and necessary bypass to preserve the right of way, and cultural heritage sites existing around the project area. Project affected people (PAP) will be informed and consulted, on relocation issues, and assisted during the transition period. The preferred option by PAPs is fo cash compensations at replacement values, viewed as a better option to construct new housing, and, cash grants was the most preferred option for business losses, followed by demand for petty shops. However, the majority of commercial property owners preferred their shops along the highway, so as to maintain customer base, and profit from the increased traffic. Furthermore, vulnerable groups and squatters, and in particular the impact on women due to displacement, is addressed, who will be assisted and provided relocation, including involvement in the development process through employment, in construction activities, and through training assistance and capacity building.


We present a catalog of gamma-ray sources at energies above 10 GeV based on data from the Large Area Telescope (LAT) accumulated during the first 3 years of the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope mission. This catalog complements the Second Fermi-LAT Catalog, which was based on 2 years of data extending down to 100 MeV and so included many sources with softer spectra below 10 GeV. The First Fermi-LAT Catalog of>10 GeV sources (1FHL) has 514 sources, and includes their locations, spectra, a measure of their variability, and associations with cataloged sources at other wavelengths. We found that 449 (87%) could be associated with known sources, of which 393 (76% of the 1FHL sources) are active galactic nuclei. We also highlight the subset of the 1FHL sources that are the best candidates for detection at energies above 50 GeV with ground-based gamma-ray observatories.


Several types of queries are widely used on the World Wide Web and the expected retrieval method can vary depending on the query type. We propose a method for classifying queries into informational and navigational types. Because terms in navigational queries often appear in anchor text for links to other pages, we analyze the distribution of query terms in anchor texts on the Web for query classification purposes. While content-based retrieval is effective for informational queries, anchor-based retrieval is effective for navigational queries. Our retrieval system combines the results obtained with the content-based and anchor-based retrieval methods, in which the weight for each retrieval result is determined automatically depending on the result of the query classification. We also propose a method for improving anchor-based retrieval. Our retrieval method, which computes the probability that a document is retrieved in response to the given query, identifies synonyms of query terms in the anchor texts on the Web and uses these synonyms for smoothing purposes in the probability estimation. We use the NTCIR test collections and show the effectiveness of individual methods and the entire Web retrieval system experimentally.


The fundamentals of nonlinear acoustics are presented in form of problems followed by solutions, explanations and answers. As distinct from existing textbooks, this book of problems not only helps the reader to become familiar with nonlinear wave processes and the methods of their description, but contributes to mastering calculation procedures and obtaining numerical estimates of the most significant parameters. Thereby, skills are acquired which are indispensable for carrying out original scientific research. This book can be useful to undergraduate and postgraduate students and researchers working in the field of nonlinear wave physics and acoustics.


Aims: To evaluate the efficacy of a newly prepared endodontic irrigant solution, against E. faecalis. Materials and Methods: Sixty human extracted single rooted teeth samples were prepared by using protaper NiTi rotary system. The apical foramen of each sample was sealed by acrylic resin on the apical 3mm. Each root was embedded in silicon impression material block and autoclaved. A ten μl (4X10 PP) of inoculated broth media (nutrient broth) with E. faecalis was injected gently inside the canals of group A,B&C was incubated for 24hours at 37CPP. Group D was left without inoculation to serve as a control negative. The samples of group A,B and C were disinfected as fallow: Group A was disinfected with MCP solution(mixture of 20% castor detergent and 4% papain). Group B was disinfected with freshly diluted 2.5% NaOCl solution. Group C not treated with any solution control positive. The disinfected solutions were left inside the canal for 5 min then each canal was dried with sterilized paper point, then bacterial samples were taken from the samples of 4 groups using size 40 sterilized file which was inserted to full canal length and rotated 360 degrees in clock wise direction for dentin engagement. The file was put inside the sterilized plastic tube containing 1ml of normal saline then 200 μl was inoculated and spread on Enterococcus agar media and incubated at 37CPP for 18hours, the numbers of bacterial colonies were counted. Results: Both solutions (MCP and NaOCl) produce complete eradication of E Faecalis within 5 minutes. Conclusion: Castor detergent 20% and papain enzyme 4% (MCP) has ability to completely eradicate Enterococcus Faecalis bacteria from the infected root canal in vitro in 5 min. It's antibacterial action is similar to the action of 2.5 % NaOCl .


A rice bran oil (RBO) diet can reduce plasma lipids; this was attributed to the specific components, gamma-oryzanol and gamma-tocotrienol, which individually were shown to be hypocholesterolemic; however, the mechanism of their effects on diabetic hyperlipidemia and the development of diabetes is not known. Rats with streptozotocin/nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetes were divided into control, RO10, and RO15 groups, and fed cholesterol-free diets containing 0, 10, and 15 g RBO with 0, 352, and 528 g gamma-oryzanol and 0, 6.0 and 9.0 mg gamma-tocotrienol/100 g diet for 4 wk. Diabetic rats fed the RBO diet had greater insulin sensitivity (P = 0.02) than rats fed the control diet. Diabetic rats fed the RBO diet also had lower plasma triglyceride (P = 0.003), LDL cholesterol (P = 0.028), and hepatic triglyceride concentrations (P = 0.04), as well as greater fecal neutral sterol and bile acid excretion than those fed the control diet. After 4 wk, there was an approximately 100% (P < 0.001) increase in the abundance of hepatic cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, an 89% (P < 0.001) increase in the hepatic LDL-receptor, and a 50% (P < 0.001) increase in hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase mRNA in rats fed the RBO diet compared with those fed the control diet. These findings support the conclusion that a rice bran oil-containing diet can significantly suppress hyperlipidemic and hyperinsulinemic responses in diabetic rats. The high contents of gamma-oryzanol and gamma-tocotrienol in RBO can lead to increased fecal neutral sterol and bile acid excretion, via upregulation of cholesterol synthesis and catabolism.


U.S. involvement in the Middle East has brought the region into the media spotlight and made it a hot topic in American college classrooms. At the same time, anthropology-a discipline committed to on-the-ground research about everyday lives and social worlds-has increasingly been criticized as "useless" or "biased" by right-wing forces. What happens when the two concerns meet, when such accusations target the researchers and research of a region so central to U.S. military interests?This book is the first academic study to shed critical light on the political and economic pressures that shape how U.S. scholars research and teach about the Middle East. Lara Deeb and Jessica Winegar show how Middle East politics and U.S. gender and race hierarchies affect scholars across their careers-from the first decisions to conduct research in the tumultuous region, to ongoing politicized pressures from colleagues, students, and outside groups, to hurdles in sharing expertise with the public. They detail how academia, even within anthropology, an assumed "liberal" discipline, is infused with sexism, racism, Islamophobia, and Zionist obstruction of any criticism of the Israeli state. Anthropology's Politics offers a complex portrait of how academic politics ultimately hinders the education of U.S. students and potentially limits the public's access to critical knowledge about the Middle East.


Six different types of Egyptian honeys (Citrus, Clover, and Cotton) and Libyan honeys (Rabeay, Sidir and Thymus) were collected from different regions and studied. The aim of the present work was to describe honeys, in order to contribute to their characterization for commercial purposes. Samples were physicochemical and sensory examined using a quantitative descriptive analysis method. It could be concluded that Libyan honeys had the highest viscosity values than the Egyptian honeys. It is not surprising that potassium (K + ) was quantitavely the most important mineral present higher values of 1934.7 ppm. Meanwhile, manganese was the inferior of all honey types ranged from (1-1.5 ppm) in citrus and thymus honeys, respectively. Sidir honey from Wady El Hay was outstanding superior for the contents of Mn (5 ppm) than all the other tested honeys. Citrus honey was the inferior from all of the others honeys for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Mn. Proline the most important from a quantitative point of view was followed by Aspartic amino acids. Sidir honey has the highest values of NH4. Thymus honey has the highest number of total amino acids of all samples followed by Cotton honey represented by 6.080 and 4.920 mg/g., respectively. Whereas, Rabeay honey was the least in total amino acids, represented by 0.488 mg/g. Thymus and Citrus honeys contain the largest number of amino acids of all honeys but thymus was superior to citrus honey in quantities of amino acids existing. Honeys were correctly classified according to its floral origin. Further studies are needed in order to investigate other floral origins to provide a robust model to classify honey samples from this region.


High-end supercomputers are increasingly built out of commodity components, and lack tight integration between the processor and network. This often results in inefficiencies in the communication subsystem, such as high software overheads and/or message latencies. In this paper we use a set of microbenchmarks to quantify the cost of this commoditization, measuring software overhead, latency, and bandwidth on five contemporary supercomputing networks. We compare the performance of the ubiquitous MPI layer to that of lower-level communication layers, and quantify the advantages of the latter for small message performance. We also provide data on the potential for various communication-related optimizations, such as overlapping communication with computation or other communication. Finally, we determine the minimum size needed for a message to be considered 'large' (i.e., bandwidth-bound) on these platforms, and provide historical data on the software overheads of a number of supercomputers over the past decade.


Abstract At the heart of the constitutional theory of money is the argument that money is central to governance. This article explores the ways in which the core mechanism of the publicly undergirded monetary system, involving the incentivization and disciplining of private investors in the money creation process, creates its 'fiscal value' and generates both power struggles and possible instability in the unit of account. This twin dynamic of power and instability is intrinsic to a longue durée analysis of money. It is argued that since the current jural relations allocate money and power in particular ways, the basis is created for potential future political challenges to the status quo ante, thereby creating instability. Further, the article emphasizes the centrality of the indeterminacy criterion which is at the core of the critical legal studies (CLS) framework, and its intimate connection to Keynes's notion of uncertainty. The indeterminacy/uncertainty nexus is used to explore how currency stability is determined or undermined by expectations, power struggles, tax contestations, and broader policy frameworks. Finally, the article relates this monetary theory to the literature on state-led industrialization and shows how such a constitutional money theory of industrialization is an alternative to the New Institutionalist perspective which emphasizes the centrality of 'clear and well-defined' property and contracts in order to create an 'efficient' economy.


Natural biopolymers, such as DNA and proteins, have uniform microstructures with defined molecular weight, precise monomer sequence, and stereoregularity along the polymer main chain that affords them unique biological functions. To reproduce such structurally perfect polymers and understand the mechanism of specific functions through chemical approaches, researchers have proposed using synthetic polymers as an alternative due to their broad chemical diversity and relatively simple manipulation. Herein, we report a new methodology to prepare sequence-controlled and stereospecific oligomers using alternating radical chain growth and sequential photoinduced RAFT single unit monomer insertion (photo-RAFT SUMI). Two families of cyclic monomers, the indenes and the N-substituted maleimides, can be alternatively inserted into RAFT agents, one unit at a time, allowing the monomer sequence to be controlled through sequential and alternating monomer addition. Importantly, the stereochemistry of cyclic monomer insertion into the RAFT agents is found to be trans-selective along the main chains due to steric hindrance from the repeating monomer units. All investigated cyclic monomers provide such trans-selectivity, but analogous acyclic monomers give a mixed cis- and trans-insertion.


AIDS dementia complex is a common neurological syndrome thought to result from the invasion of the CNS by HIV. Phosphonoformate has anti-HIV activity but due to its charged nature is excluded from the CNS by the blood-brain barrier. Lipophilic triesters of phosphonoformate designed to improve transport properties are unsuitable prodrugs due to their rapid and complicated hydrolysis, involving competitive P-O and P-C bond cleavage. Diesters, though hydrolytically stable, are considered too polar to passively diffuse into the CNS. Hydrophilic drugs mimicking endogenous nutrients are known to be actively transported across the blood-brain barrier. In this thesis the possibility that diesters of phosphonoformate may be actively transported is investigated. Triesters of phosphonoformate with labile aryl carboxyl esterrs were synthesised and their hydrolysis followed by 31P NMR spectroscopy. The triesters were found to undergo rapid hydrolysis via P-C bond cleavage to the phosphite. Phosphonoformate diesters designed to be analogues of actively transported -keto acids have been synthesised and fully characterised. Tyrosine-phosphonoformate and lipid-phosphonoformate conjugates have also been synthesised and characterised. An in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier utilising confluent monolayers of porcine brain microvessel endothelial cells grown on a permeable support has been established. The presence of enzyme and antigen markers specific to the blood-brain barrier has been demonstrated for the endothelial cells and the diffusional properties of the model investigated with hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. Active transport systems for -keto acids and large amino acids have been identified in the endothelial cell monolayers using 14C-pyruvate and 3H-L-tyrosine respectively. Temperature and concentration dependence of the two systems have been demonstrated and transport constants calculated. Competition with 14C-pyruvate transport was shown with other monocarboxylic acids including the anti-epileptic drug valproate. Stereospecificity was shown in that L-lactate inhibited pyruvate transport while D-lactate did not. Sodium methyl methoxycarbonylphosphonate, a phosphonoformate diester was shown not to compete for 14C-pyruvate transport indicating that this compound has no affinity for the carrier. Competition with 3H-L-tyrosine transport was shown with other large amino acids, including the anti-Parkinsonian agent L-dopa. Stereospecificity was shown using L- and D-tyrosine and L- and D-dopa. The tyrosine-phosphonoformate conjugate, which was stable under the experimental conditions, was shown to compete with 3H-Ltyrosine transport indicating that it may be actively transported at the blood-brain barrier. Thirty two triesters, diesters and monoesters of phosphonoformate, showed no activity in an anti-HIV screen above that attributable to hydrolysis to the parent compound.


Incidents cause a large part of the delays in road networks. This is caused by a decrease of the capacity at the incident site. A detailed knowledge of the queue discharge rate can improve for instance the traffic prediction and thereby improve delay information or routing advice. Therefore, this study determines the queue discharge rate for many incident locations during an incident situation and these are compared with the queue discharge rate at the same location in normal conditions. Ninety incidents meet the requirements to apply the proposed methodology. It is found in case a driving lane is blocked, the queue discharge rate for each available lane is reduced by 50%. In case the driving lanes are open but there is a distraction of an incident at the emergency lane or on the roadway for the opposite direction, the queue discharge rate is reduced by 30%.


In C. S. Lewis and Christian Postmodernism, Kyoko Yuasa has managed to advance the cause of careful reading and discussion of Lewis's novels as contemporary cultural artifacts, rather than mere ciphers for apologetics or mere fluff for children, for both Japanese and American audiences. This is no mean feat, not only in terms of translation but also in terms of trans-Pacific discourse, and Yuasa deserves great credit for the accomplishment. Her close reading of several of Lewis's major fiction works in a comparative frame she derives from works by Iris Murdoch, Muriel Spark, Doris Lessing, and John Fowles yields insights into the experimental character of much of Lewis's fiction. Yuasa convincingly suggests that Lewis not only creatively employed a wide variety of very modern forms to resist both literary and theological Modernism but also wrestled with and strove to include in his fiction the voices of the powerful women who are so present in his biography and so conspicuously absent from many discussions of his apologetics. If her claim that the texts Lewis left us evince a "Christian postmodernism" of which he is a major philosopher ultimately falls flat, it does so in the grand tradition of English letters, leaving behind like so many arched windows and pavingstones a set of claims that future readers of Lewis will want to contemplate. Additional


Previously unreported effects of tissue storage were recently observed in the authors' experimental magnetic resonance (MR) studies. To evaluate the effect of elapsed time after excision and storage temperature on tissue relaxation time measurements, tissue samples from the liver, pancreas, kidney, testis, spleen, and brain were obtained in rats. T1 and T2 were first measured within 5 minutes of excision, and between subsequent measurements, tubes were kept in a water bath at 40°C, at room temperature (28°C), or in an ice bath (4°C). Cellular and organellar integrity was assessed with electron microscopy and correlated with the MR findings. At 40°C (20‐MHz spectrometer), the T1 of liver decreased from 280 msec ± 8 to 212 msec ± 10 during the first 60 minutes; the T1 of pancreas decreased from 276 msec ± 3 to 208 msec ± 2. Other tissues showed less than a 5% decrease in T1. T2 changes were smaller than T1 changes in all tissues. Electron microscopy of pancreatic acinar cells showed postmortem changes in mitochondria evolving over the first 60 minutes after death. Manganese loading experiments implicated mitochondrial manganese stores in the observed enhanced postmortem decrease in T1. This study calls into question reported relaxation time data for liver and pancreas. MR studies of excised tissues must account for time and temperature to prevent systematic experimental errors.


Brisbane began as a disreputable convict establishment. All the same it was named after the governor of New South Wales, General Sir Thomas Brisbane. Real development of the Moreton Bay district and Brisbane its maritime, administrative and commercial centre occurred quite rapidly after free settlement in 1842. When Queensland was separated from NSW and Brisbane was incorporated as a municipality in 1859, its attributes ensured that it would become capital of the new colony. Its pre-eminence was subsequently reflected in the political, social and cultural development of the city community. Despite the ravages of depressions in the mid-1860s and early-1890s, a high birth-rate and a vigorous immigration policy produced a rapidly increasing population. At the same time the central city administration became increasingly complex and more specialised and new suburban local authorities were created. Manufacturing also expanded as the needs and demands of the populace increased. Social groups and institutions emerged to provide much needed services for the populace, and cultural facilities followed as the community became more sophisticated. Brisbane had reached metropolitan status by 1925.