Introduction: Nursing is known as one of stressful occupations. Due to the high sensitivity of the nursing, any carelessness and error, has created irreparable damage to the patients, their family and country and economic burden of health care increases. This study investigated the effects of peppermint aroma on the accuracy level of nurses working in intensive care units. Methods: In this semi experimental study, 32 nurses who were employed in critical care units were selected through convenience sampling method .They were randomly subjected to peppermint essence and water (as the placebo) as the aromatherapy process in two different days. Before and after each intervention, participants were asked to take Bonardel Test. data were analyzed by SPSS16 software and paired t-test Results: The mean (± SD) of changes in nurse's accuracy (before and after intervention) the use of peppermint essential oil has been 8/44 ± 4/65 and placebo 1/07 ± 1/80. Changes in accuracy in the use of peppermint oil was significantly greater than placebo (p< 0/001). Conclusion: Regarding the results of nurses subjected to peppermint essence and the increase in their accuracy, it is possible to apply this essence, for improving the accuracy.


An impressive book dedicated to the innovative designs of Sony, a trailblazer in personal electronics and pioneer of the legendary and highly successful WALKMAN(R), Handycam(R), and other portable electronics. Emerging from the ashes of the Second World War, Sony Corporation pioneered the miniaturization of electronics and created some of the most innovative technologies of the post war period. Following the model of one of its founders, Masaru Ibuka established Sony with the goal of doing what had never been done before. Beginning with the TR-63 from 1957, the world's first truly pocket-sized transistor radio, Sony launched the consumer microelectronics industry and gave rise to some of the most memorable products that transformed the way billions of people consume media. Notable for their ease of use, Sony's products embody the utility of good design and have themselves become objects of desire. This book beautifully catalogues their vast achievements in design and impact on global culture for almost seventy years. In-depth case studies from Sony's archives on the development of the WALKMAN, the Handycam, the flat-screen TV, and the PlayStation make this the definitive history of Sony design. Through Sony's relentless pursuit of innovation, this book is a tribute to the passion that continues to live on in their products today. With a stunning cover and interior design inspired by some of the most memorable Sony products, this book is a must-have for design and technology enthusiasts.


The Middle Valley segment at the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge is a deep extensional rift blanketed with 200–500 m of Pleistocene turbiditic sediment. Sites 857 and 858 were drilled during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 139 to determine whether these two sites were hydrologically linked end members of an active hydrothermal circulation system. Site 858 was placed in an area of active hydrothermal discharge with fluids up to 270 °C venting through anhydrite-bearing mounds on top of altered sediment. The shallow basement of fine-grained basalt that underlies the vents at Site 858 is interpreted as a seamount that was subsequently buried by turbidites. Site 857 was placed 1.6 km south of the Site 858 vents in a zone of high heat flow and numerous seismically imaged ridge-parallel faults. Drilling at Site 857 encountered sediments that are increasingly altered with depth and that overlie a series of mafic sills at depths of 460–940 m below sea floor. Sill margins and adjacent baked sediment are highly altered to magnesian chlorite and crosscut with veins filled with quartz, chlorite, sulfides, epidote, and wairakite. The sill interiors vary from slightly altered, with unaltered plagioclase and clinopyroxene in a mesostasis replaced by chlorite, to local zones of intense alteration and brecciation. In these latter zones, the sill interiors are pervasively replaced by chlorite, epidote, quartz, pyrite, titanite, and rare actinolite. The most complete replacement is associated with brecciated horizons with low recovery and slickensides on fracture surfaces, which we interpret as intersections between faults and the sills. Geochemically, the alteration of the sill complex is reflected in significant whole-rock depletions in Ca, Sr, and Na with corresponding enrichments in Mg, Al, and most metals. The latter results from the formation of conspicuous sulfide poikiloblasts. In contrast, metamorphism of the Site 858 seamount includes incomplete albitization of plagioclase phenocrysts and replacement of sparse mafic phenocrysts. Much of the basement alteration at Site 858 is confined to crosscutting veins except for a highly altered and veined horizon at the contact between basaltic basement and the overlying sediment. The sill complex at Site 857 is more highly depleted in 18 O (δ 18 O = 2.4‰ − 4.7‰) and more pervasively replaced by secondary minerals relative to the extrusives at Site 858 (δ 18 O = 4.5‰ – 5.5‰). There is no evidence of significant albitization of the plagioclase at Site 857, suggesting high Ca/Na in the pore fluids. Fluid-inclusion data from hydrothermal minerals in altered mafic rocks and veins at Sites 857 and 858 show a consistency of homogenization temperatures, varying from 245 to 270 °C, which is within the range of temperatures observed for the fluids venting at Site 858. The consistency of the fluid inclusion temperatures, the lack of albitization within the Site 857 sills, and the apparently low water/rock ratio collectively suggest that the sill complex at Site 857 is in thermal equilibrium and being altered by a highly evolved Ca-rich fluid similar to the fluids now venting at Site 858. The alteration evident in these two deep crustal drillsites is a result of the ongoing hydrothermal circulation and is consistent with downhole logging results, instrumented borehole results, and hydrothermal fluid chemistry. The pervasive alteration of the laterally extensive sill-sediment complex at Site 857 determines the chemistry of the fluids that are venting at Site 858. The limited alteration of the Site 858 lavas suggests that this basement edifice acts as a penetrator or ventilator for the regional hydrothermal reservoir with much of the flow focussed at the highly altered and veined sediment-basalt contact.


How should progress be measured? Today, economists and economic historians have available a rich array of data for a large number of countries on which to base their response to this important question. The need for alternative measures of the standard of living is particularly important for economic historians exploring the distant past where conventional estimates cannot be calculated. In this paper John Komlos and Brian Snowdon review several alternative measures of 'progress', both orthodox and unorthodox, including recent findings from 'anthropometric' history. The field of Anthropometrics blends history, economics, biology, medical science and physical anthropology and is now well established having helped to clarify 'several questions important to economic historians' including those related to slavery, mortality, inequality, and living standards during industrialisation. While malnutrition is the scourge of poor countries, obesity has become a major problem in many developed countries, particularly during the last quarter century. Research into the economics of obesity is now a burgeoning research area and the authors briefly review some of the major findings. Finally, Komlos and Snowdon comment on the recent literature on 'happiness'. The achievement of a higher GDP per capita is, after all, not an end in itself, but a means to an end, that is, human happiness.


Biofilms are complex biostructures that appear on all surfaces that are regularly in contact with water. They are structurally complex, dynamic systems with attributes of primordial multicellular organisms and multifaceted ecosystems. The presence of biofilms may have a negative impact on the performance of various systems, but they can also be used beneficially for the treatment of water (defined herein as potable water, municipal and industrial wastewater, fresh/brackish/salt water bodies, groundwater) as well as in water stream-based biological resource recovery systems. This review addresses the following three topics: (1) biofilm ecology, (2) biofilm reactor technology and design, and (3) biofilm modeling. In so doing, it addresses the processes occurring in the biofilm, and how these affect and are affected by the broader biofilm system. The symphonic application of a suite of biological methods has led to significant advances in the understanding of biofilm ecology. New metabolic pathways, such as anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) or complete ammonium oxidation (comammox) were first observed in biofilm reactors. The functions, properties, and constituents of the biofilm extracellular polymeric substance matrix are somewhat known, but their exact composition and role in the microbial conversion kinetics and biochemical transformations are still to be resolved. Biofilm grown microorganisms may contribute to increased metabolism of micro-pollutants. Several types of biofilm reactors have been used for water treatment, with current focus on moving bed biofilm reactors, integrated fixed-film activated sludge, membrane-supported biofilm reactors, and granular sludge processes. The control and/or beneficial use of biofilms in membrane processes is advancing. Biofilm models have become essential tools for fundamental biofilm research and biofilm reactor engineering and design. At the same time, the divergence between biofilm modeling and biofilm reactor modeling approaches is recognized.


Canada's greying workforce will spell big fiscal trouble for future taxpayers, according to a new C.D. Howe Institute report. In "The Fiscal Implications of Canadians' Working Longer," authors William Robson, Colin Busby, and Aaron Jacobs find that demographic change is squeezing the budgets of Canadian governments—increasing the costs of public programs and eroding the tax base as the growth in traditional working-age people flatlines.


Did backlash to judicial decisions play a destructive role in debates over same-sex marriage, as is so often claimed? This article questions assumptions about consensus and constitutionalism that undergird claims about judicial backlash, and explores some constructive functions of conflict in our constitutional order. The debate over same-sex marriage illustrates that conflict, constrained by constitutional culture, can forge meanings and bonds that strengthen the constitutional order. Constitutional culture, on this account, includes the understandings about role that guide interactions among citizens and officials who disagree about the Constitution's meaning. Analyzing the long-running conflict over same-sex marriage with attention to these role-based understandings leads us differently to evaluate the power and limits of judicial review.
In this article I argue that the backlash narrative and the consensus model of constitutionalism on which it rests simultaneously underestimate and overestimate the power of judicial review. The Court's decision in Obergefell was possible not simply because public opinion changed, but also because struggle over the courts helped change public opinion and forge new constitutional understandings. Even so, Obergefell has not ended debate over marriage, but instead has channeled it into new forms. Conflict of this kind is enabled, and constrained, by the role-based understandings of constitutional culture.
A conclusion invokes anxieties attending the election of Donald Trump to illustrate how critical the perpetually contested role constraints of constitutional culture are in sustaining our constitutional order.


ABSTRACT A high frequency of nonhomologous recombination has hampered gene targeting approaches in the model apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. To address whether the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair pathway could be disrupted in this obligate intracellular parasite, putative KU proteins were identified and a predicted KU80 gene was deleted. The efficiency of gene targeting via double-crossover homologous recombination at several genetic loci was found to be greater than 97% of the total transformants in KU80 knockouts. Gene replacement efficiency was markedly increased (300- to 400-fold) in KU80 knockouts compared to wild-type strains. Target DNA flanks of only ∼500 bp were found to be sufficient for efficient gene replacements in KU80 knockouts. KU80 knockouts stably retained a normal growth rate in vitro and the high virulence phenotype of type I strains but exhibited an increased sensitivity to double-strand DNA breaks induced by treatment with phleomycin or γ-irradiation. Collectively, these results revealed that a significant KU-dependent NHEJ DNA repair pathway is present in Toxoplasma gondii. Integration essentially occurs only at the homologous targeted sites in the KU80 knockout background, making this genetic background an efficient host for gene targeting to speed postgenome functional analysis and genetic dissection of parasite biology.


During culturing at 22�C for more than 4 days, human peripheral blood lymphocytes lose their ability to stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The cells retain their ability to respond to allogeneic lymphocytes or phytohemagglutinin for up to 10 days of culturing. The findings are relevant to reports on successful transplantation of cultured skin.


Historically, the Rainwater Basin in south central Nebraska contained approximately 4,000 wetlands. Today, over 90 percent of those wetlands have been lost, primarily due to drainage for agricultural purposes. With an increasing interest in the restoration of wetland habitats, a need has arisen for prioritizing candidate wetland restoration sites, which would ensure expenditure of funds on the best available sites. A hydrologic model has been developed as a tool to assist in screening candidate wetland sites for restoration in the Rainwater Basin. The Wetland Hydrologic Analysis Model (WHAM) was developed to perform daily analysis of the hydrologic budget of individual wetland basins. Inflows to the wetland, which are input data for the WHAM, were derived with the Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) model, which was developed by the North Pacific Division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Statistical analyses were performed on the simulated hydrologic parameters including surface area, water surface elevation, storage volume, and average depth to evaluate the hydrologic effectiveness of the proposed restoration for each site. Priorities for acquisition and restoration can be assigned to the individual wetlands based on the results of these analyses.


Conceptually, minerals represent challenging "substrates" (sources of nutrients and/or energy) for prokaryotes because they can transfer only soluble compounds into or out of their cells. Yet, prokaryotes are able to use a wide array of minerals as sources of energy, trace nutrients, electron acceptors and, remarkably, for positioning themselves using the Earth's magnetic field. Mineral dissolution exposes microorganisms to a wide range of soluble and potentially toxic metals. Conversely, microbial mineralformation processes can entrap cells, producing microfossils. Intuitively, mineral dissolution and mineral precipitation must provide a benefit for the organism, that is, they must supply the cell with the energy and materials needed to maintain cell structure and function.


Rates of labor force participation in the US in the second half of the nineteenth century among free women were exceedingly (and implausibly) low, about 11 percent. This is due, in part, to social perceptions of working women, cultural and societal expectations of female's role, and lack of accurate or thorough enumeration by Census officials. This paper develops an augmented free female labor force participation rate for 1860.It is calculated by identifying free women (age 16 and older) who were likely providing informal and unenumerated labor for market production in support of a family business, that is, unreported family workers. These individuals are identified as not having a reported occupation, but are likely to be working on the basis of the self-employment occupation of other relatives in their households. Family workers are classified into three categories: farm, merchant, and craft. The inclusion of this category of workers more than triples the free female labor force participation rate in the 1860 Census, from 16 percent to 56 percent, which is comparable to today's rate (57 percent in 2018).


Abstract. Directed graph representation of a Markov chain model to study global earthquake sequencing leads to a time series of state-to-state transition probabilities that includes the spatio-temporally linked recurrent events in the record-breaking sense. A state refers to a configuration comprised of zones with either the occurrence or non-occurrence of an earthquake in each zone in a pre-determined time interval. Since the time series is derived from non-linear and non-stationary earthquake sequencing, we use known analysis methods to glean new information. We apply decomposition procedures such as ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) to study the state-to-state fluctuations in each of the intrinsic mode functions. We subject the intrinsic mode functions, derived from the time series using the EEMD, to a detailed analysis to draw information content of the time series. Also, we investigate the influence of random noise on the data-driven state-to-state transition probabilities. We consider a second aspect of earthquake sequencing that is closely tied to its time-correlative behaviour. Here, we extend the Fano factor and Allan factor analysis to the time series of state-to-state transition frequencies of a Markov chain. Our results support not only the usefulness of the intrinsic mode functions in understanding the time series but also the presence of power-law behaviour exemplified by the Fano factor and the Allan factor.


A family of internationally popular microcontrollers, the Atmel AVR microcontroller series is a low-cost hardware development platform suitable for an educational environment. Until now, no text focused on the assembly language programming of these microcontrollers. Through detailed coverage of assembly language programming principles and techniques, Some Assembly Required: Assembly Language Programming with the AVR Microcontroller teaches the basic system capabilities of 8-bit AVR microcontrollers. The text illustrates fundamental computer architecture and programming structures using AVR assembly language. It employs the core AVR 8-bit RISC microcontroller architecture and a limited collection of external devices, such as push buttons, LEDs, and serial communications, to describe control structures, memory use and allocation, stacks, and I/O. Each chapter contains numerous examples and exercises, including programming problems. By studying assembly languages, computer scientists gain an understanding of the functionality of basic processors and how their capabilities support high level languages and applications. Exploring this connection between hardware and software, this book provides a foundation for understanding compilers, linkers, loaders, and operating systems in addition to the processors themselves.


According to his website, Chen Jianmin followed thirty-seven masters before establishing his own school, called "Adi Buddha Mandala". Chen Jianmin's Buddhist life impressed a large range of people, from his co-disciples in the 1930s and 1940s to his today's Taiwanese and American disciples. He first lived among Tibetans in Khams province before spending 25 years in Darjeeling meditating and producing hundreds of Buddhist booklets. He created new Buddhist symbols mixing Tibetan and Chinese traditions, and finally died in the United States. His remains are kept in Taiwan. The aim of this paper is to follow the life of Chen Jianmin and to analyze the way his created Buddhist legacy is practiced and understood among his followers, Taiwanese people mainly, who founded yet another Buddhist identity revealing a mechanism of religion that is "always on the move".


Studies on site specific risks for oral cancers are few. Present investigation explores the possible role of human sociodemographic factors in causing oral cancer. Majority of patients had poor oral hygiene (85.5%) and belonged to 51-60 years age group (35.7%). Most of the subjects were agriculture workers (30.3%). Tongue and floor of mouth included majority of the affected sites (77.2%). Male to female ratio was highest for tonsil (32.3%) but differed marginally for other subsites. Majority of females used tobacco (81%) while males users of tobacco, alcohol and smoking reported in nearly equal proportions. Tobacco and smoking were found as primary risk factors for several intraoral subsites. However, for tongue, palate and lip no risk factor could be identified from given patients' characteristics. In general, tobacco posed high risk for buccal mucosa and alveolus in comparison to other subsites. Smoking affected tonsil and floor of mouth more than other sites. Alcohol posed more risk for buccal mucosa and floor of mouth than tongue.


Crises are inevitable. There is no way to prevent all crises from happening. In fact, in today's business environment crises are an integral part of organizational life. Crisis situations are by nature novel, unstructured, frameworks. Crises are sudden, acute, and demand a timely response. Most man-made crises are in principle
preventable. Crisis management is a new field of research that addresses the problems of dealing with crises, and the stress that accompanies crises. Crisis management involves efforts to prevent crises from occurring; to prepare for a
better protection against the impact of a crisis agent; to make for an effective response to an actual crisis; and to provide plans and resources for recovery and rehabilitation in the aftermath of a crisis. It is no longer enough to
consider "if" a crisis will happen but rather "when" a crisis will occur, "which type", and "how". There is no doubt that the travel and tourism industry is especially susceptible and vulnerable to crises. It is argued that the hotel industry, given its operational characteristics, management practices (which is strongly influenced by long established traditions), and its operating environment, is
even more prone to crises. However, very little has been done to understand crisis (that is, how a crisis evolves, crisis typology, anatomy, and management
of crisis). This study describes and discusses all major relevant elements and issues to the emerging field of crisis management. Within the domain of crisis
management theory, the study describes and elaborates on critical issues such as crisis typology, anatomy of crisis, crisis planning and training, crisis
decision making, crisis communication, and crisis management.

It is argued in this study that organizational culture is the most fundamental
element in crisis preparedness. That is, organizational culture, not

organization structure, size, financial history, etc., is the main determinant of
crisis preparedness. The research also argue that stakeholders are
fundamental in crisis prevention, crisis management and crisis recovery.

2

This study, in a first instance, examines the crisis preparedness of 33 of the 50
top hotel organizations operating in the UK (HCIMA, 1995). Crisis
preparedness is examined in the light of organizational culture. For that, top
executives in those organizations were interviewed and responded to two
questionnaires. A crisis preparedness framework (or continuum) was derived
from the application of factor analysis on the questionnaire data. The results
suggest that the hotel industry is not prepared for crises. Given that a crisis is
a multi-stakeholder phenomenon (it inevitably involves other agents) this
study also explores, building upon the results obtained from the crisis
preparedness continuum, the notion of stakeholders relationships in crisis
situations. More specifically, the research proposition states that organizations
that are crisis "prepared" are more consistent on their opinions about
stakeholders' role and behaviour in crisis situations than those organizations
that are not prepared for crises. The study confirmed both the research
question and proposition.

The study also presents an operational definition of crisis management and
proposes a model for crisis management.


The pancreas is an extended, accessory digestive gland that is found retroperitoneally, crossing the bodies of the L1 and L2 vertebra on the posterior abdominal wall. The pancreas lies transversely in the upper abdomen between the duodenum on the right and the spleen on the left. It is divided into the head, neck, body and the tail. The head lies on the inferior vena cava and renal vein and is surrounded by the C loop of the duodenum. The tail of the pancreas extends up to splenic hilum. The pancreas produces an exocrine secretion (pancreatic juice from the acinar cells) which then enters the duodenum through the main and accessory pancreatic ducts and endocrine secretions (glucagon and insulin from the pancreatic islets of Langerhans) that enter the blood.


Crowd-mapping is a form of collaborative work that empowers users to gather and share geographic knowledge. OpenStreetMap is one of the most successful examples of such paradigm, where the goal of building a global map of the world is collectively performed by over 2M contributors. Despite geographic information being intrinsically evolving, little research has so far gone into analysing maintenance practices in these domains. In this paper, we perform a preliminary exploration to quantitatively capture maintenance dynamics in geographic crowd-sourced datasets, in terms of: the extent to which different maintenance actions are taking place, the type of spatial information that is being maintained, and who engages in these practices. We apply this method to 117 countries in OSM, over one year of mapping activity. Our findings reveal that, although maintenance practices vary substantially from country to country in terms of how widespread they are, strong commonalities exist in terms of what metadata is being maintained and by whom.


An experimental Du Pont holographic photopolymer material produces an index modulation in excess of 10−2 utilizing a diffusion mechanism. Optimum exposure in air is typically 30 mJ/cm2, in nitrogen 3 mJ/cm2. Composition, beam ratio, and exposure power all affect the index modulation. This, combined with thickness variations, permits diffraction efficiency to be preadjusted for a variety of desired angular responses and spatial frequencies. The material can be easily overmodulated according to Kogelnik's phase grating theory. No wet processing is required. After total polymerization, storage at 100°C, −60°C, and under water does not significantly affect the diffraction efficiency. Image–object superposition is exact for real-time holography. Excellent copies of silver halide holograms with four times the original efficiency have been made. Grating devices with tailored peak or flat wavelength response can be constructed.


Retrieving stories to present to students is a challenging application of case retrieval. This paper describes SPIEL, a system that retrieves tutorial stories, stored on video, for educational purposes. Although CBR methods are employed in SPIEL, its task requires a different emphasis than typically found in problem-solving CBR systems. One of the most significant of these is the centrality of multi-purpose retrieval in educational storytelling. SPIEL has a set of storytelling strategies, corresponding to different educational roles that stories can play, such as providing counter-examples or projecting possible results. To find stories that can fill these roles, the system uses a variety of comparisons including similarity, dissimilarity, and other relations. This paper describes three of these strategies in detail, showing how the strategies function in retrieval, what kinds of knowledge they use, and how they make use of SPIEL's indices.


The 1994 genocide in Rwanda claimed almost a million lives in just 100 days. The world stood by as men, women and children were being hacked to death by machetes. When the international community finally decided it was time to pay attention, it did so through memorable photographs of mutilated bodies and seas of nameless refugees. But many Rwandans remember their loved ones through images of life, not death: a passport or I.D. card photo, an unguarded snap taken in the garden or a group portrait from a wedding or a baptism. The surviving images are precious objects, with so many destroyed and lost forever. A lot of people have only a solitary image of their loved ones. Many have none at all.

The Faces We Lost follows nine Rwandans (survivors, relatives of victims and professional memory-makers), who guide us through their stories and share their experiences, remembrance and images. It is the first documentary to explore the many functions of these priceless photographs, and one of the few films to engage with Rwandans as users of images, rather than simply their subjects.

These deeply personal stories are all marked by the terrible experience the genocide and its legacy have left on their owners. Each is unique to the person who tells it. But The Faces We Lost also explores the professional aspect of memory-making in Rwanda: The Genocide Archive (which holds thousands of original images donated by the victims' relatives) and the Kigali Genocide Memorial (where many of the photographs are on public display). As the private and the public meet and as each person recounts their relationship with the photographs they have or they wish they had, The Faces We Lost moves to paint a complex memorial landscape of contemporary Rwanda.


Abstract. Geography and associated hydrological, hydroclimate and land-use
conditions and their changes determine the states and dynamics of wetlands
and their ecosystem services. The influences of these controls are not
limited to just the local scale of each individual wetland but extend over
larger landscape areas that integrate multiple wetlands and their total
hydrological catchment – the wetlandscape. However, the data and knowledge
of conditions and changes over entire wetlandscapes are still scarce,
limiting the capacity to accurately understand and manage critical wetland
ecosystems and their services under global change. We present a new
Wetlandscape Change Information Database (WetCID), consisting of geographic,
hydrological, hydroclimate and land-use information and data for 27
wetlandscapes around the world. This combines survey-based local information
with geographic shapefiles and gridded datasets of large-scale hydroclimate
and land-use conditions and their changes over whole wetlandscapes.
Temporally, WetCID contains 30-year time series of data for mean monthly
precipitation and temperature and annual land-use conditions. The
survey-based site information includes local knowledge on the wetlands,
hydrology, hydroclimate and land uses within each wetlandscape and on the
availability and accessibility of associated local data. This novel database
(available through PANGAEA https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.907398; Ghajarnia
et al., 2019) can support site assessments; cross-regional comparisons; and
scenario analyses of the roles and impacts of land use, hydroclimatic and
wetland conditions, and changes in whole-wetlandscape functions and ecosystem
services.


FRIEDMAN, ALLEN (1921-13 Oct. 1992), a labor organizer and Vice President of Teamster Local 507, was born in Cleveland, the sons of Louis and Teresa Friedman. The youngest of 5 children, Allen grew up in the Glenville area, attending school through the 7th grade. After his father's death in 1934 and his mother's death in 1935, Allen lived with his sister and his brother-in-law, William and Faye Presser. By 1939 he was acting as an enforcer for WILLIAM PRESSER's union organizing activities. Friedman organized Local 274 Hotel and Restaurant Workers for JACKIE PRESSER in the mid-1950s and developed the persuasive skills needed to recruit union members using violence or the threat of violence to make his point. Beginning in 1966, Friedman recruited warehouse workers for Teamster Local 507 and served as the union's Vice President. After a heart attack in 1969, however, he broke with Local 507 and started his own independent warehouse workers Local 752. With his life threatened by another heart attack in 1976, Friedman turned his union over to Local 507 in return for a monthly salary for which no work was required. A federal investigation of this illegal arrangement led to Friedman's conviction for embezzling $165,000 as a ghost employee of Local 507 in 1983. He spent 11 months in prison. He died in Cleveland at age 71. Friedman was married and divorced several times. His former wife, Nancy Friedman, survived him as did 4 daughters, Toni Friedman and Michalene Martin (Mrs. Edward), both of Denver, and Jacqueline Friedman and Tami Kowit (Mrs. Brad) of Cleveland. Neff, James. Mobbed Up (1989).


The increased use of fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) composites for improved efficiency and reliability in energy related applications e.g. wind and marine turbine blades, nacelles, oil and gas flexible risers, also increases the demand for innovative non-destructive testing technologies. Thus, in order to achieve increased acceptance of suited and optimized non-destructive testing (NDT) methods in industry, the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) project ENG57 Validated Inspection Techniques for Composites in Energy Applications (VITCEA) deals with the development and validation of innovative NDT technologies. In this contribution, results concerning thermographic investigations at test specimens during tensile loading and active thermography testing after tensile loading are presented. Additionally, the determination of the optical properties (relative transmittance and directional spectral emissivity) of CFRP and GFRP test specimens is described.


The functional output of the hippocampus, a brain region subserving memory processes, depends on highly orchestrated cellular and molecular processes that regulate synaptic plasticity throughout life. The structural requirements of such plasticity and molecular processes involved in this regulation are poorly understood. Specific molecules, including tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP2) have been implicated in processes of plasticity in the hippocampus, a role that decreases with brain aging as expression is lost. Here, we report that TIMP2 is highly expressed by neurons within the hippocampus and its loss drives changes in cellular programs related to adult neurogenesis and dendritic spine turnover with corresponding impairments in hippocampus-dependent memory. Consistent with the accumulation of ECM in the hippocampus we observe with aging, we find that TIMP2 acts to reduce accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) around synapses in the hippocampus. Moreover, its removal results in hindrance of newborn neuron migration through a denser ECM network. A novel conditional TIMP2 KO mouse reveals that neuronal TIMP2 regulates adult neurogenesis, accumulation of ECM, and ultimately hippocampus-dependent memory. Our results define a mechanism whereby hippocampus- dependent function is regulated by TIMP2 and its interactions with the ECM to regulate diverse processes associated with synaptic plasticity.


Near-lattice-matched GaN/AlInN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) are investigated by means of the diamond anvil cell high-pressure technique. The hydrostatic pressure dependence of the photoluminescence dE(PL)/dp and the variation in the PL peak energy with the QW width for different pressures were measured. Taking into account the influence of a large Stokes shift on the correct determination of the built-in electric field value, we find that the electric field, equal to 4.2 +/- 1.1 MV/cm at ambient pressure, increases with pressure at a rate of 0.29 MV/(cm GPa). This value is in reasonable agreement with the theoretically predicted value, based on nonlinear elasticity, of 0.17 MV/(cm GPa). Interestingly, the observed behavior is very similar to strongly mismatched GaN/AlGaN QWs with a similar band offset, indicating that in GaN/AlInN QWs there is still a pressure dependence of piezoelectric effects, in spite of ambient-pressure lattice matching. (C) 2008 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2977608]


The topic discussed is relatively new in Lithuanian academia. More attention to this topic is devoted in Western academic writings. The knowledge obtained during the research is valuable because it allows us to understand the problems of the society which tends to be more and more individualistic, as well as to notice the motives that encourage subcultural youth to quote the entrenched traditions, to declare social and ethical ideas and to create new models of behaviour. Ethnographic and qualitative research methods were applied to obtain empirical data: interviews, questionnaires, analysis of group documents, etc. The respondents were chosen using the "snow ball" sampling method. Research data were collected in 2005-2008. During the research, thirty semi-structured (in-depth) interviews were conducted involving the most active representatives of the subculture in Lithuania. Results. In relation to the cultural context, the deep influence of Western culture on the formation of Lithuanian punk subculture (its ideas, values and identity formation) was traced. At first, Western culture influenced the form and the contents of the subculture. The research results show that subculture members' approach to their subcultural identity has changed significantly: some of the respondents define themselves as punks, but more interviewees define themselves as a part of the punk subculture. In addition some of them state that "they are close ideologically" to punk ideas; they emphasize that the subculture is rather a "field of various individual initiatives'". Therefore, it could be stated that the identity in punk subculture is individualised. Similar tendencies were traced in the Western punk subculture. The global identity connections are emphasized by the fact that quite many ideas have been adopted from Western European countries; for example, the practices of vegetarianism, veganism, promulgation of animal and human rights (feminism, anti-racism, anti-fascism, etc.), creation and dispersal of stencils, infoshops, discussions and actions. The research revealed that the punk subculture is a global phenomenon in economically well-developed countries. The local representation of global phenomenon in the Lithuanian subculture is a topical issue because it shows fluidity, continuity and adaptation of ideas to the youth culture. Keywords: subculture, identity, social ideas and practices, global, local


In this paper, we address the online multicast traffic grooming problem in wavelength-routed wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) mesh networks with sparse grooming capability. We develop a multicast dynamic light-tree grooming algorithm (MDTGA) that can support multihop traffic grooming by taking advantage of light-trees. In this algorithm, a light-tree can be dropped, branched, and extended when a route is to be established for a new request; a light-tree can also be contracted when some branches carry no effective traffic after requests depart from the network. The difficulty of the algorithm lies in the dynamic characteristic of light-trees. We implement MDTGA on a new auxiliary-graph model. For the purpose of comparison, we also implement a lightpath-based grooming algorithm by putting a constraint on the optical-splitting capability of the nodes. Through extensive simulations, we find that MDTGA has much better performance than the lightpath-based algorithm.


We present a framework for building unsupervised representations of entities and their compositions, where each entity is viewed as a probability distribution rather than a vector embedding. In particular, this distribution is supported over the contexts which co-occur with the entity and are embedded in a suitable low-dimensional space. This enables us to consider representation learning from the perspective of Optimal Transport and take advantage of its tools such as Wasserstein distance and barycenters. We elaborate how the method can be applied for obtaining unsupervised representations of text and illustrate the performance (quantitatively as well as qualitatively) on tasks such as measuring sentence similarity, word entailment and similarity, where we empirically observe significant gains (e.g., 4.1% relative improvement over Sent2vec, GenSen).
The key benefits of the proposed approach include: (a) capturing uncertainty and polysemy via modeling the entities as distributions, (b) utilizing the underlying geometry of the particular task (with the ground cost), (c) simultaneously providing interpretability with the notion of optimal transport between contexts and (d) easy applicability on top of existing point embedding methods. The code, as well as prebuilt histograms, are available under this https URL.


Background: Floating-Harbor syndrome (FHS) is a rare condition characterized by short stature, delays in expressive language, and a distinctive facial appearance. Recently, heterozygous truncating mutations in SRCAP were determined to be disease-causing. With the availability of a DNA based confirmatory test, we set forth to define the clinical features of this syndrome. Methods and results: Clinical information on fifty-two individuals with SRCAP mutations was collected using standardized questionnaires. Twenty-four males and twenty-eight females were studied with ages ranging from 2 to 52 years. The facial phenotype and expressive language impairments were defining features within the group. Height measurements were typically between minus two and minus four standard deviations, with occipitofrontal circumferences usually within the average range. Thirty-three of the subjects (63%) had at least one major anomaly requiring medical intervention. We did not observe any specific phenotype-genotype correlations. Conclusions: This large cohort of individuals with molecularly confirmed FHS has allowed us to better delineate the clinical features of this rare but classic genetic syndrome, thereby facilitating the development of management protocols.


This thesis takes as its point of departure Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's conceptualization of art. Art for them is the expression of A Life in the living. A Life is the ontological and genetic condition of that which we are and ordinarily experience, it is the vital and material transcendental plane of immanence which characterizes Deleuze and Guattari's ontology. Their conceptualization of art, however, sits uncomfortably with contemporary art in rejecting conceptual and photographic practices, and in its radical rejection of human experience. The aim of this thesis is to expand their conceptualization of art whilst remaining close to what is argued to be its core or essence: a commitment to A Life. This thesis explores three paradigms of commitment to A Life that move beyond the paradigm of A Life in the living. These paradigms are developed through the application of concepts developed by Deleuze and Guattari to contemporary mediums and artworks, with the aim of broadening the relevance of their philosophy for contemporary artistic practices. Deleuze and Guattari's aesthetics is analyzed and expanded through an engagement with works by Francis Bacon, Thomas Struth, Pierre Huyghe, Francis Alys and Peter Doig. By finding a commonality between these artists in their commitment to A Life, this thesis hopes to develop a conceptualization of art which allows us to understand how contemporary art practices engage with A Life, the infinite inside which we live and which lives inside us.


Abstract A great need exists for ongoing breastfeeding training. Students of today relate well to computers in the learning environment. In this study, computer-based learning (CBL) was explored in the context of breastfeeding training for undergraduate Dietetic students. Aim: To adapt and validate an Indian computer-based undergraduate breastfeeding training module for use by South African undergraduate Dietetic students. Methods and materials: The Indian module was adapted to suit the South African scenario and converted into low-bandwidth, interactive computer-based material. It was assessed for face and content validity by 19 peer reviewers and 17 third-year Stellenbosch University (SU) Dietetic student reviewers by means of self-administered questionnaires. Impact of the adapted module on knowledge was evaluated on second-year SU (n = 14) and University of the Western Cape (UWC) (n = 15) Dietetic students by means of pre- and post-knowledge tests. Results: All reviewers rated their information technology (IT) skills as sufficient and enjoyed the presentation mode of the adapted module. Student reviewers indicated that CBL was a "nice way of learning", but requested that it should not be used as the sole source of instruction. Fifty three per cent (n = 19) of the reviewers rated CBL to be equally effective compared to conventional lectures, 36% (n = 13) rated it as being more effective and 11% (n = 4) as less effective. Pre- and post-knowledge test scores showed a significant increase (SU p < 0.0001 and UWC p < 0.00115). Conclusion: It is recommended that validated computer-based breastfeeding training modules be integrated as part of multi-media methods to increase coverage and enhance breastfeeding learning for undergraduate Dietetic students. Other students of health care professions and health care workers may also benefit from such modules.


Amphibian populations continue to be imperiled by the chytrid fungus ( Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ). Understanding where B. dendrobatidis ( Bd ) occurs and how it may be limited by environmental factors is critical to our ability to effectively conserve the amphibians affected by Bd . We sampled 1247 amphibians (boreal toads and surrogates) at 261 boreal toad ( Bufo boreas ) breeding sites (97 clusters) along an 11 (cid:2) latitudinal gradient in the Rocky Mountains to determine the distribution of B. dendrobatidis and examine environmental factors, such as temperature and elevation, that might affect its distribution. The fungus was detected at 64% of all clusters and occurred across a range of elevations (1030– 3550 m) and latitudes (37.6–48.6 (cid:2) ) but we detected it in only 42% of clusters in the south (site elevations higher), compared to 84% of clusters in the north (site elevations lower). Maximum ambient temperature (daily high) explained much of the variation in Bd occurrence in boreal toad populations and thus perhaps limits the occurrence of the pathogen in the Rocky Mountains to areas where climatic conditions facilitate optimal growth of the fungus. This information has implications in global climate change scenarios where warming temperatures may facilitate the spread of disease into previously un- or little-affected areas (i.e., higher elevations). This study provides the first regional-level, field-based effort to examine the relationship of environmental and geographic factors to the distribution of B. dendrobatidis in North America and will assist managers to focus on at-risk populations as determined by the local temperature regimes, latitude and elevation. Published by Elsevier Ltd.


There is inherent uncertainty about how the climate will change into the future, yet projections from climate models, as well as trends and analyses from historical climate data, can provide informative and actionable information relevant to diverse decision-making contexts. At present decision-makers are often wary of climate information as it is perceived to be uncertain. In order to support the development of context relevant and easy to use climate information, AMMA-2050 and FRACTAL integrate a range of stakeholder engagement activities and communication formats into their research programmes. These include multi-stakeholder meetings and workshops of various formats, and printed and digital media including publications, slide decks, videos, infographics, and webinars. This guide focuses on two specific types of communication formats: presentation of traditional scientific data visuals using slide-sets (drawing on AMMA-2050's work), and climate risk narratives or stories about possible futures, co-produced between stakeholders and researchers (drawing on FRACTAL's work).


Management decisions aimed at protecting aquatic resources following accidental chemical spills into rivers and coastal estuaries require estimates of toxic thresholds derived from realistic spill conditions: acute pulse exposures of short duration (h), information which often is unavailable. Most existing toxicity data (median lethal concentration or median effective concentration) come from tests performed under constant exposure concentrations and exposure durations in the 24‐h to 96‐h range, conditions not typical of most chemical spills. Short‐exposure hazard concentration estimates were derived for selected chemicals using empirical toxicity data. Chemical‐specific 5th percentile hazard concentrations (HC5) of species sensitivity distributions (SSD) from individual exposure durations (6–96 h) were derived via bootstrap resampling and were plotted against their original exposure durations to estimate HC5s and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) at shorter exposures (1, 2, and 4 h). This approach allowed the development of short‐exposure HC5s for 12 chemicals. Model verification showed agreement between observed and estimated short‐exposure HC5s (r2 adjusted = 0.95, p < 0.0001), and comparison of estimated short‐exposure HC5s with empirical toxicity data indicated generally conservative hazard estimates. This approach, applied to 2 real spill incidents, indicated hazard estimates above expected environmental concentrations (acrylonitrile), and suggested that environmental concentrations likely exceeded short‐exposure hazard estimates (furfural). Although estimates generated through this approach were likely overprotective, these were derived from environmentally realistic exposure durations, providing risk‐assessors with a tool to manage field decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1918–1927. © 2013 SETAC


We have recently shown that solid C70 efficiently converts into a cap-to-cap dimer C2hC140 at pressure of ∼1 GPa and temperature of ∼200 °C [1]. Here we report on measurements of the thermal dissociation of C140 (purified by chromatography) at ambient pressure and its photophysical properties, in particular photogeneration of singlet oxygen (1O2). The kinetics of dissociation of C140 in the solid state between 130 and 200 °C is well described by a simple first-order process, with an activation energy of 1.6±0.03 eV (compare to 1.75±0.05 eV for the C60 dimer C120 [2]). In contrast, the thermal dissociation of C140 dissolved in o-dichlorobenzene shows different, non-Arrhenius behavior, suggesting a strong influence of the molecular surroundings. The quantum efficiency of 1O2 generation in solutions of C140 and C120 is close to unity, i.e. similar to that of C70 and C60.


Summary 1. We evaluated one of the most extensive efforts to date to re-introduce an endangered species: attempts to establish an actively managed meta-population of African wild dogs Lycaon pictus in South Africa. 2. Using an information-theoretic approach, known-fate modelling in program mark was employed to estimate the survival of re-introduced wild dogs and their offspring, and to model covariate effects relative to survival. Multiple a priori hypotheses on correlates of re-introduction success were tested (collated from extensive individual experiences) using different re-introduction attempts as natural quasi experiments. 3. Survival analyses revealed that the determinants of re-introduction success can be reduced to two factors relevant for management, suggesting that wild dog re-introductions should be attempted with socially integrated animals that are released into securely fenced areas, unless measures are implemented to mitigate human-related mortalities outside protected areas. 4. Synthesis and application. This study illustrates that monitoring and evaluation of conservation efforts, complimented with expert knowledge, forms the foundation of informed decision-making to underpin management recommendations with scientific evidence, particularly if the proposed actions are controversial.


Leading economists analyze the new directions that subdisciplines of economics have taken in the face of modern economic challenges. These essays represent invention and discovery in the areas of information, macroeconomics and public policies, international trade and development, finance, business, contracts, law, gaming, and government, as these areas of study evolve through the different phases of the scientific process. They offer a wealth of factual information on the current state of the economy. Theoretical and empirical innovations conceptualize reality and values in different ways from their predecessors. Together the essays offer the reader a balanced look at the various fields, approaches, and dimensions that comprise future directions in economic theory, research, and practice. The extensive introduction by the editors not only summarizes and reviews the implications of the contributions presented in the volume, but also examines how scientific progress takes place, with special reference to economics and finance.


Abstract As osteopathic physicians care for patients with complaints of pain, they commonly prescribe controlled substances. The use of these agents presents special challenges for providers, patients, and communities. The US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has provided testimony to the US Congress in regard to the growing problem of diversion and misuse of such medications. Joseph T. Rannazzisi, the deputy assistant administrator in the Office of Diversion Control, appeared before the House Government Reform Committee's Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources on July 26, 2006. This review summarizes the important points that Mr Rannazzisi raised in the DEA's testimony, "Prescription Drug Abuse: What Is Being Done to Address This New Drug Epidemic?" (http://www.dea.gov/pubs/cngrtest/ct072606.html). Excerpts have been edited to conform with the JAOA's house style. In addition, the author has added some details to the excerpts for clarification. One relevant addition notes the law that now requires physicians to use tamper-proof prescription pads to reduce counterfeiting and forging prescriptions, thus helping to reduce diversion of prescription drugs. The author has also added a bar chart to illustrate abuse of two leading painkillers by teenagers and anecdotal case scenarios illustrating abuse and diversion of controlled prescription drugs.


For quite a long time it has been claimed that cultural production in Tasmania has an inimitable and idiosyncratic place within the scheme of things. Sally Brown, a young Tasmanian designer, maker, artist, is unlikely to make this kind of claim for her work. Nonetheless, there is a particular sensibility evident in her work that it is doubtful that one might find anywhere other than in Tasmania – or made by someone of an older generation. This paper attempts to unpick, through four reflections upon Sally's work, some of the thinking to do with the placedness, the vernacular social paradigm, the subliminal politics, the 'crafting' and the cultural savvy that gives Sally Brown's work its presence. The questions that hang in the air around a collection of Sally Brown's work are those to do with the ways local cultural imperatives might shape and make places they are found in, and in what ways might places shape the cultural realities that inhabit them. The following reflections on Sally's work are distilled from email and blog conversations.


The aim of this study was to establish reliability and validity of the Gambling Urge Scale (GUS) in a clinical population of problem gamblers. This cohort study was conducted in South Australia between March 2008 and March 2009. Participants were problem gamblers aged ≥18 years (n = 158) who were seeking treatment from a range of gambling help services. Measures included gambling urge, problem gambling screening, gambling behaviour and problems caused by gambling, such as personal health and relationships. The psychometric properties investigated were internal reliability, criterion-related validity, concurrent validity and construct validity. Results showed high internal consistency for GUS (α = 0.93) and significant item-rest correlations ranging from 0.72 to 0.86. For criterion-related validity, a GUS cut score of three correctly classified 81.13% of participants as problem gambling with sensitivity 84.75% and specificity 76.6%. Concurrent validity was significant with a number of gambling-related symptoms and problems including psychological disturbance, work and social functioning and gambling-related cognitions (p < 0.001). An insignificant correlation was found between gambling urge and sensation seeking traits (p = 0.663). When controlling for gender and age the instrument was shown to have significant predictive properties for different levels of gambling severity (p < 0.001). A principal component analysis for the one component showed an overall explained variance of 75.54%. These findings indicate that GUS is a valid and reliable instrument for problem gambling screening, to measure treatment outcomes and may predict relapse in problem gambling.


Machine learning techniques are perceived to have a great potential as means for the acquisition of knowledge; nevertheless, their use in complex engineering domains is still rare. Most machine learning techniques have been studied in the context of knowledge acquisition for well deened tasks, such as classiication. Learning for these tasks can be handled by relatively simple algorithms. Complex domains present diiculties that can be approached by combining the strengths of several complementing learning techniques, and overcoming their weaknesses by providing alternative learning strategies. This study presents two perspectives, the macro and the micro, for viewing the issue of multistrategy learning. The macro perspective deals with the decomposition of an overall complex learning task into relatively well-deened learning tasks, and the micro perspective deals with designing multistrategy learning techniques for supporting the acquisition of knowledge for each task. The two perspectives are discussed in the context of Bridger a system that learns to design bridges.


PURPOSE
RapidArc is a more complicated technique than fixed field IMRT both in terms of treatment planning and delivery. Due to its speedy delivery, RapidArc (RA) is becoming popular in the clinics. Previous work has shown that the detectors used to perform patient specific IMRT QA cannot detect MLC leaf position error induced dosimetric differences even large as 5.6%. We present a patient specific QA technique with the ability to detect MLC leaf error induced dosimetric errors as small as 0.5%.

METHODS
Dual arc RA plans were made for treatment of head and neck, gastrointestinal and spine cancers of 10 patients on a Trilogy unit. For each patient, four plans were created: i) clinically acceptable RA plan ii) RA plan with a single MLC leaf shifted for only three consecutive control points iii) delivered original plan recreated using linac log file measurements iv) delivered shifted plan recreated using linac log file measurements. Delivered plans were recreated using only MLC positional errors from linac log file measurements. The results were analyzed by comparing voxel by voxel 3D dose differences. To quantify the actual dose difference errors due to intentional MLC shifts, a comparison was performed between the shifted dose map and the original dose map.

RESULTS
Simulated MLC shifts gave rise to a trajectory of dose differences with maximum percentage dose differences mean (range) of 0.52 (0.31 - 0.80)%, while measurements from linac log files show a maximum percentage dose differences mean (range) of 0.56 (0.31 - 0.81)%. Maximum background percentage dose differences mean (range) were 0.19 (0.05 - 0.35)%. Measurement related 3D dose map had an average signal to noise ratio of 3.89 for the set of patients analyzed.

CONCLUSION
Linac log file measurements provide the means to detect MLC shift induced dosimetric deviations as small as 0.5% from the prescription dose. UVA Radiation Oncology George Amarino Grants - 2011.


Large slow slip events (SSEs) occur in the so-called Guerrero Gap, a segment of the Mexican subduction zone where no large earthquake occurred for more than one century. Analyzing the relations between slow slip and earthquakes in this region is a key question to assess the seismic potential of this gap. Permanent GPS networks (IG-UNAM, SSN, GGAP) supplied continuous recordings of three large SSEs in 2001-2002, 2006 and 2009-2010. Each event lasted about one year. Spaceborne radar interferometry (InSAR) is also used for the 2006 event, increasing the spatial constraint on the slip distribution. We perform kinematic inversions of GPS time series for the three slow slip events, including InSAR data for the 2006 SSE. We are using a linearized least-squares inversion procedure assuming a functional form for the slip function. We can thus retrieve the time evolution of slip on the subduction interface. We compare the location and time evolution of the recurrent slow slip events in the Guerrero Gap. We also assess the inter-SSE coupling of this region, inverting the linear inter-SSE GPS displacements. Resolution analyses are performed to assess the reliability of our inversion results. The three analyzed slow slip events have equivalent moment magnitude around 7.5, and stress drops of 0.1-0.2 MPa. The slip propagates with a velocity around 1km/day (2006 SSE). The slip also appears to be shallower than what is observed in most slow slip regions (Cascadia, Nankai…), propagating in the highly coupled part of the subduction zone.


The career and legacy of an extraordinary African American crusader; Pioneering African American journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862-1931) is widely remembered for her courageous antilynching crusade in the 1890s; the full range of her struggles against injustice is not as well known. With this book, Patricia Schechter restores Wells-Barnett to her central, if embattled, place in the early reform movements for civil rights, women's suffrage, and Progressivism in the United States and abroad. Schechter's comprehensive treatment makes vivid the scope of Wells-Barnett's contributions and examines why the political philosophy and leadership of this extraordinary activist eventually became marginalized. Though forced into the shadow of black male leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington, and misunderstood and then ignored by white women reformers such as Frances E. Willard and Jane Addams, Wells-Barnett nevertheless successfully enacted a religiously inspired, female-centered, and intensely political vision of social betterment and empowerment for African American communities throughout her adult years. By analyzing her ideas and activism in fresh sharpness and detail, Schechter exposes the promise and limits of social change by and for black women during an especially violent yet hopeful era in U.S. history.


Teleseismic P wave arrivals were recorded by a dense array of seismograph stations located in the Coso geothermal area, California. The resulting pattern of relative residuals reveals an area showing approximately 0.2-s excess travel time that migrates with changing source azimuth, suggesting that the area is the 'delay shadow' produced by a deep, low-velocity body. Inversion of the relative residual data for three-dimensional velocity structure determines the lateral variations in velocity to a depth of 22.5 km beneath the array. An intense low-velocity body, which coincides with the surface expressions of late Pleistocene rhyolitic volcanism, high heat flow, and hydrothermal activity, is resolved between 5- and 20km depth. It has maximum velocity contrast of over 8% between 10 and 17.5 km. The shallowest part of this body is centered below the region of highest heat flow; at depth it is elongate in approximately the NS direction. The hypothesis that this low-velocity body is caused by the presence of partial melt in the middle crust is consistent with the local seismic, geologic, and thermal data.


Prepared as a brief to the House of Commons Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security, this paper endorses the proposed Canadian National Security and Intelligence Committee of Parliamentarians, but does so with an important caveat. In this last respect, it focuses on constraints imposed by bill C-22 on access by the committee to certain sorts of classified information. It raises concerns that these constraints may limit the effectiveness of the committee. Also contained in this document is annex comparing the proposed bill C-22 committee with analogues in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. The table in the annex includes details on: general features (such as membership and appointment); mandate and jurisdiction; reporting; access to information; and interface with expert review bodies.


Objectives:This study evaluates the efficacy and toxicity of single-agent irinotecan following hepatectomy for metachronous colorectal metastases, and examines the predictive value of p27 and p53 expression and of microsatellite instability (MSI) status. Methods:Twenty-nine patients, previously treated with 5-fluorouracil, with operable hepatic colorectal metastases underwent hepatectomy and received adjuvant irinotecan (thrice weekly) for 6 planned cycles. Metastases were examined for p53 and p27 expression by immunohistochemistry and for MSI using mono- and dinucleotide markers. Results:The starting dose of irinotecan was 350 mg/m2 (in 3 patients), 300 mg/m2 (n = 14), and 250 mg/m2 (n = 12). Four patients failed to complete 6 cycles (2 progressive disease and 2 toxicity). Grade ≥3 toxicity was experienced in 8% of cycles (13 of 165). The estimated median relapse-free survival (RFS) was 45.2 months. RFS at 18 months was estimated to be 59% (95% confidence interval [CI], 43–80), 2-year overall survival (OS) was 85% (95% CI, 72–99.8), and the median follow-up was 27.9 months. Six patients (21%) have died; median OS has not been reached. In univariate analyses, p27 and MSI status were not predictive for RFS while p53 approached statistical significance (P = 0.051). Duration of chemotherapy was the only significant predictive factor (P = 0.006). Conclusion:The tolerability of this regimen after major liver resection supports further evaluation of irinotecan-based adjuvant chemotherapy in this group of patients.


Introduction: Citation/Bibliographic management tools are used to facilitate research; management of information resources; citations to books, articles, and dissertations. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine ebook databases status in terms of citation management tools application. Methods: This study is an applied one performed in 2013, and carried out through survey methods. .Nine scientific databases have been selected using the targeted/intentional sampling method. Data was collected from the relevant websites using Academic Database Assessment Tool (ADAT) (http://adat.crl.edu) and through direct observation. The obtained data was analyzed using 'Excel' software. Results: Results revealed that Email, RefWorks, and Endnote are the most widely used tools in scientific databases with 78 per cent each. This is followed by Reference Manager, and ProCite, representing 34 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively. Conclusion: In order to enhance researchers' satisfaction with scientific databases in performing research, the application of citation managers, such as Reference Manager, ProCite, EndNote, RefWorks, BiblioExpress, and BiblioScape, should be seriously considered when designing scientific databases, specifically Persian ones.


We report the morphologic description of the bile acid sequestrants (BAS) colesevelam and colestipol, as well as the largest series of cholestyramine. Histologically similar medication resins from 4 institutions were prospectively collected over 1 year (26 specimens, 15 patients). Comorbidities included hyperlipidemia (4/15), hypertension (4/15), inflammatory bowel disease (4/15), coronary artery disease (3/15), diarrhea (7/15), hypothyroidism (2/15), and ischemic bowel (1/15). Sites of involvement included the esophagus (1/26), stomach (1/26), small intestine (1/26), ileocecal valve (1/26), and colorectum (22/26). Associated histologic diagnoses included normal (8/26), chronic mucosal injury (11/26), acute inflammation (9/26), erosion/ulceration (6/26), and cytomegalovirus (2/26). The BAS resins were histologically indistinguishable from each other; they were all eosinophilic on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and lacked internal "fish-scales." To validate these observations, respective medications were submitted for histologic processing; the processed medications were identical to those in the patient specimens. Rare, irregular "fracture" lines presented diagnostic pitfalls by mimicking the true "fish-scales" of Kayexalate and sevelamer. Clues to the correct identification of BAS include recognition that the "fracture" lines were subtle, irregular, and restricted to large fragments or thick sections, likely representing a processing artifact. Moreover, Kayexalate is violet on H&E and black on acid fast bacillus, and sevelamer characteristically displays a 2-tone color on H&E and is magenta on acid fast bacillus. An association with inflammatory injury was seen (15/26). We believe that the BAS are innocent bystanders in complicated patients, although we cannot exclude their ability to cause mucosal injury in specific settings.


Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are among the most attractive porous materials currently available. However, one of the challenges precluding their industrial exploitation is the lack of methods for their continuous production. In this context, great advances have been enabled by recently discovered, novel continuous-fabrication methods such as mechanosynthesis, electrochemistry, continuous-flow synthesis and spray-drying. Herein we report the benefits of coupling two of these processes—spray-drying and continuous flow—for continuous synthesis of MOFs assembled from high-nuclearity secondary building units (SBUs). Using the resulting spray-drying continuous flow-assisted synthesis, we have prepared numerous members of diverse MOF families, including the UiO-66, Fe–BTC/MIL-100 and [Ni8(OH)4(H2O)2(L)6]n (where L = 1H-pyrazole-4-carboxylic acid) series. Interestingly, all of these MOFs were automatically obtained as compact microspherical superstructures (beads). We anticipate that our strategy could be easily employed for synthesizing and shaping multivariate (MTV) MOFs.


Abstract The crystal chemistry of wavellite from Zbirov (Czech Republic), ideally Al3(PO4)2(OH,F)3·5H2O, was addressed by means of a multi-methodological approach based on electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) using wave-dispersive spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder and singlecrystal infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The EMPA data showed the presence of significant F replacing OH in the sample studied. The structure was solved in the Pcmn orthorhombic space group, with the following unit-cell constants: a = 9.6422(7), b = 17.4146(15), c = 7.0094(2) Å, V = 1176.98(10) Å3. Phosphorus atoms display tetrahedral (PO4) coordination, while Al cations display octahedral coordination. The mineral framework can be viewed as the repetition of cationic arrays made up of AlO6 polyhedra, bridged by PO4 groups and further joined by O-H…O hydrogen bonds. The single-crystal unpolarized Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum shows combination bands indicating the presence of both OH and H2O in the structure. Both FTIR and Raman spectra show a broad absorption extending from 3600 to 2800 cm-1 resulting from the overlapping of several components due to the water molecules and the OH group. The frequencies observed are comparable to those expected on the basis of the Libowitzky relationship for the range of D-H …A bond systems in the structure.


E-petitioning platforms are increasingly popular in Western democracies and considered by some lawmakers and scholars to enhance citizen participation in political decision-making. In addition to social media and other channels for informal political communication, online petitioning is regarded as both an instrument to afford citizens a more important role in the political process and allow them to express support for issues which they find relevant. Building on existing pre-internet systems, e-petitioning websites are increasingly implemented to make it easier and faster to set up and sign petitions. However, little attention has so far been given to the relationship between different styles of usage and the causes supported by different groups of users. The functional difference between signing paper-based petitions versus doing so online is especially notable with regard to users who sign large numbers of petitions. To characterize this relationship, we examine the intensity of user participation in the German Bundestag's online petitioning platform through the lens of platform data collected over a period of five years, and conduct an analysis of highly active users and their political preferences. We find that users who sign just a single petition favor different policy areas than those who sign many petitions on a variety of issues. We conclude our analysis with observations on the potential of behavioral data for assessing the dynamics of online participation, and suggest that quantity (the number of signed petitions) and quality (favored policy areas) need more systematic joint assessment.


This practice-based research into the quality of presence in performance explores a compositional approach that originates from the question of what might lead a person to seek musical or sounding utterance. lt aims at opening the awareness-space towards a listening not only to the musical-acoustic event, but to the performer as a whole. Consequently different forms of notation and processes of rehearsing that address the psycho-physical constitution of a performer are investigated; a strong focus lies on the sensorimotor aspect of playing an instrument. The portfolio comprises fourteen pieces (for soloists, chamber ensembles and orchestra) as well as four collaborative projects with performance artists. Most of the pieces have been performed live: documentation on CD and DVD is included. The written part of the thesis provides a commentary on the process of bringing these pieces into being. In particular, issues of notation and rehearsal are addressed here, which are of special concern as to the transmission of conceptions regarding presence, embodiment and kinaesthetic sensitivities. I explain how the body of compositions deals with various notions of listening: receptive listening and in the chapter on the orchestral piece spun yam listening as a sense of touch as well as listening in wonder. Illustrated by several performance projects I outline the concept of the audience as witness rather than as observer. Additionally, I describe how I use imagery to inscribe possible stimuli for musical or sounding utterance into my compositions. To demonstrate how this research contributes to new knowledge in the field of musical composition, I compare it with similar yet different positions exemplified by Mauricio Kagel's "instrumental theatre" as well as Helmut Lachenmann's "musique concrete instrumentale" and place it against more recent trends and developments. These evaluations will show that there is no other approach to the quality of presence within musical composition coinciding exactly with mine. VOLUME I (written component) List of Illustrations List of


This study, using original survey data of 10,000 individuals, analyzes the possible impacts of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics on employment. The first interest of this study is to ascertain, from the viewpoint of workers, what types of worker characteristics are associated with the perception of risk of jobs being replaced by the development of AI and robotics. The second interest is to identify, from the viewpoint of consumers, what types of services are likely to be replaced by AI and robotics. The results suggest that malleable/adaptable high skills acquired through higher education, particularly in science and engineering, are complementary with new technologies such as AI and robotics. At the same time, occupation-specific skills acquired by attending professional schools or holding occupational licenses, particularly those related to human-intensive services, are less likely to be replaced by AI and robotics.


Surface energy plays a major role in many phenomena that are important in technological and industrial processes, for example in wetting, grain growth and sintering. In this thesis, such surface-energy driven processes are studied by means of the phase-field method. The phase-field method is often used to model mesoscale microstructural evolution in materials. It is a diffuse interface method, i.e., it considers the surface or phase boundary between two bulk phases to have a non-zero width with a gradual variation in physical properties such as energy density, composition and crystalline structure. Neck formation and coarsening are two important diffusion-controlled features in solid-state sintering and are studied using our multiphase phase-field method. Inclusion of Navier-Stokes equation with surface-tension forces and convective phase-field equations into the model, enables simulation of reactive wetting and liquid-phase sintering. Analysis of a spreading liquid on a surface is investigated and is shown to follow the dynamics of a known hydrodynamic theory. Analysis of important capillary phenomena with wetting and motion of two particles connected by a liquid bridge are studied in view of important parameters such as contact angles and volume ratios between the liquid and solid particles. The interaction between solute atoms and migrating grain boundaries affects the rate of recrystallization and grain growth. The phenomena is studied using a phase-field method with a concentration dependent double-well potential over the phase boundary. We will show that with a simple phase-field model it is possible to model the dynamics of grain-boundary segregation to a stationary boundary as well as solute drag on a moving boundary. Another important issue in phase-field modeling has been to develop an effective coupling of the phase-field and CALPHAD methods. Such coulping makes use of CALPHAD's thermodynamic information with Gibbs energy function in the phase-field method. With the appropriate thermodynamic and kinetic information from CALPHAD databases, the phase-field method can predict mictrostructural evolution in multicomponent multiphase alloys. A phase-field model coupled with a TQ-interface available from Thermo-Calc is developed to study spinodal decomposition in FeCr, FeCrNi and TiC-ZrC alloys.


In the second half of the twentieth century, the failure of Enlightenment rationalism and the spiritual bankruptcy of Western materialism have opened the door for Eastern religions, especially the nontheistic religions that promise enlightenment and peace of mind. Any major bookstore today has copies of the I Ching, the Tao Te Ching, and books on Taoism, Zen, and other forms of Buddhism. This volume and the volume on Hinduism in this series together present a comprehensive overview of Eastern religions, their views, and their impact on contemporary North America. This book includes - A concise introduction to Eastern religions - An overview of the movement's theology -- in their own words - A biblical response - Tips for witnessing effectively - A bibliography with sources for further study - A chart comparing the groups' beliefs with biblical Christianity - A glossary


The concrete safety barrier known as the Safety Shape is proving to be a major factor in preventing the highly dangerous, often fatal cross-median type highway accident. The design is also proving effective in reducing damage to both vehicle and barrier in the more numerous lesser-angle impact. More than 1,400 miles (2,254 km) of the Safety Shape barrier are now built or planned for the nation's highways. Most of these installations have been made within the past 5 yr. The large number of tire scrub marks on barrier sections in use, without accompanying paint marks or accident reports to authorities, indicates that these involvements are being experienced without major damage to the vehicle, to its passengers, or to the barrier itself. Basic design features are described, including jointing requirements, reinforcement, and base restraints. The paper illustrates the excellent practical applications that are being made by construction agencies in adapting the shape to secondary uses in conjunction with other structures in the highway system.


The use of olfactory cues for nest recognition by the solitary bee Osmia lignaria is studied in a greenhouse environment. Glass tubes are provided as nesting cavities to allow the in-nest behaviour of bees to be observed. In addition, each glass tube is cut into three sections for experimental manipulation and for subsequent chemical analysis. Nesting females drag their abdomen along the tube before exiting, spiral inside the tube, and sometimes deposit fluid droplets from the tip of the abdomen. For the manipulation, the outer section, the middle section, or both sections are removed and replaced with similar clean glass tube sections, and the behaviour exhibited by test females is recorded upon arrival in front of the nesting site and inside the nesting tubes. The resulting hesitation behaviour displayed by females after treatments appears to indicate the loss of some olfactory cues used for nest recognition inside the entire nest. Chemical analysis of the depositions inside the nesting tube, as well as analysis of the cuticular lipids of the nesting bees, reveals the presence of free fatty acids, hydrocarbons and wax esters.


Diabetes mellitus is a common and very prevalent disease affecting about 25 % of world population. India has the largest Diabetes population in the world with an estimated 41 million people, amounting to 6% of the adult population. Diabetes mellitus is a clinical syndrome characterized mainly by hyperglycaemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Lack of insulin affects the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat and causes significance disturbance of water and electrolyte homeostasis. Increased demand of Ayurvedic medicine due to high cost and innumerable side effects of allopathic medications is of vital importance. Panchakarma also have a major part to do with prevention and management of Diabetes as these are purificatory procedures which removes the stagnated, vitiated Doshas out of body in a natural way. Now a day many Ayurvedic herbal or herbo-mineral formulations have been used in the treatment of Diabetes mellitus throughout the world. As prevention is better than cure hence prevention of disease with Pathyakara Aahara and Vihara accomplished with Yoga and Naturopathic procedures has major role in preventing the type II Diabetes, hence this is an attempt to explain the prevention and management of Diabetes in Ayurved. Details will be discussed at the time of paper presentation. KEYWORDS: Herbo-mineral, Panchakarma, Pathyakara Aahara, Vihara


The eigenmode spectrum is a fundamental starting point for the analysis of plasma stability and the onset of turbulence, but the characterization of the spectrum even for the simplest plasma model, ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), is not fully understood. This is especially true in configurations with no continuous geometric symmetry, such as in a real tokamak when the discrete nature of the external magnetic field coils is taken into account, or the alternative fusion concept, the stellarator, where axisymmetry is deliberately broken to provide a nonzero winding number (rotational transform) on each invariant torus of the magnetic field:line dynamics (assumed for present purposes to be an integrable Hamiltonian system). Quantum (wave) chaos theory provides tools for characterizing the spectrum statistically, from the regular spectrum of the separable case (integrable semiclassical dynamics) to that where the semiclassical ray dynamics is so chaotic that no simple classification of the individual eigenvalues is possible (quantum chaos). The MHD spectrum exhibits certain nongeneric properties, which we show, using a toy model, to be understable from the numb er-theoretic properties of the asymptotic spectrum in the limit of large toroidal and poloidal mode (quantum) numbers when only a single radial mode number is retained. Much more realistically, using the ideal MHD code CAS3D, we have constructed a data set of several hundred growth-rate eigenvalues for an interchange-unstable three-dimensional stellarator equilibrium with a rather flat, nonmonotonic rotational transform profile. A statistical analysis of eigenvalue spacings shows evidence of generic quantum chaos, which we attribute to the mixing effect of having a large number of radial mode numbers.


An exciting reference work which captures current thinking about the workings of the mind and brain, focusing on problems that are as old as recorded history, but reflecting new approaches and techniques that have emerged since the 1980's. The Encyclopedia contains 696 articles covering in depth the entire spectrum of the cognitive sciences. Reviewing the common themes of information and information processing, representation and computation, it also covers in depth the core areas of psychology, philosophy, linguistics, computer science, and neuroscience. Ancillary topics such as education, economics, evolutionary biology and anthropology are also covered. The articles have been written to provide multiple levels of information so that readers from various levels can benefit from this set - from undergraduate and postgraduate students to university lecturers. With extensive cross-referencing, a glossary and subject index to further aid the reader through the book, the Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science is an essential addition to any library or office shelf. The Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science (ECS) includes:*4 Volumes*4000 pages*696 articles* Contributions from the world's leading experts*1,500 illustrations* Detailed indexes and appendices* Extensive cross-referencing


Women's inaccuracy in recalling their breast cancer risk, even immediately after genetic counseling, has received much attention. However, scarce data are available about how women describe their risk in their own words and about what the risk information actually means to them. The present study aims to address interpretations questions and to assess whether these are congruent with the objective risk. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with 123 women immediately after their (initial) counseling session. N‐Vivo software was used to describe the data. The level of accuracy of recall depended strongly on the leniency of the criterion applied. For example, the level of verbal accuracy ranged from 25.8% (an exact match with the verbal label) to 98.4% (a more global awareness of having a high versus a low risk). In assessing the significance of personal risk information, we identified a wide variety of risk beliefs, and stress and coping responses. In general, women associated their risk with the medical options, for example, breast screening, that were available for them given their risk status. The results indicate that the accuracy of recall might be a limited outcome measure for the effectiveness of genetic counseling. First, this is because the level of accuracy of recall depends on how rigorously accuracy is defined. Secondly, because the probability of occurrence is just one of the elements comprising perceived risk, accuracy might rather apply to the distress, and to risk management behaviors that are elicited by the risk information. These beliefs that women hold about their risk status, and concomitant levels of stress should play a prominent role in genetic counseling. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


This study was undertaken to help resolve current debate in the field as to whether or not the traumatic effects of the Holocaust are transmitted intergenerationally. What was preventing or, conversely, enabling the passage of symptomatology from one generation to the next, thereby accounting for the contradiction in research, and clinicians' observations during their work with Holocaust families? Over 200 people received the study through social media and snowball sampling requesting participation in a Qualtrics survey consisting of 3 screening questions, 5 demographic questions, 4 sections of multiple-choice questions, and 2 open-ended questions. The four sections assessed parental PTSD symptomatology, attachment, psychological and social impacts on the children of Holocaust survivors, and community support. The findings of this research confirmed previous studies that parental Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptomatology is more than likely related to offspring adverse psychological and social impacts. Results also support that those children whose parents show high levels of PTSD, and who experience certain psychological and social troubles tend to have an anxious attachment style with their parent. Finally, findings show children of Holocaust survivors characteristically feel driven to undo and heal their caregiver's trauma by defending their caregivers from emotional and social injury. Results that were not significant are discussed along with limitations to this investigation, and suggestions for further research are outlined. EXPLORATION OF INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION OF TRAUMA IN HOLOCAUST SURVIVORS. Lisa S. Guthery Smith College School for Social Work A project based on an independent investigation, submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Social Work


Leon Festinger originally introduced the concept of "cognitive dissonance" in 1957. Basically, this term refers to when individuals take a position on some issue, be it through what they say or what they do. Either way, a personal commitment is made, and that commitment is thought to shape these individuals' future attitudes and/or actions regarding the issue or thing in question. Well, where computers are concerned, what actions can occur that can demonstrate individuals' endorsement of them and/or favorable position toward them? Some things that seem to fit into this domain are (1) voluntary choice to use them, and/or (2) ownership of them. With these potential indicants of cognitive dissonance in mind, the present study will seek to determine if those individuals who voluntarily use computers demonstrate more favorable attitudes toward computers than their nonvoluntary counterparts, and/or if those individuals who own or have owned a computer demonstrate more favorable attitudes than their non-owner counterparts. Besides these cognitive dissonance-related factors, students' attitudes toward computers will also be examined as a function of their gender and/or age. Method A total of 164 undergraduate students (i.e., 71 females and 93 males), enrolled in a computer literacy class at a large Midwestern university, voluntarily participated in the present study. These students completed the Computer Attitude Scale (CAS; developed by Loyd and Gessard, 1984). This scale consists of 30 items that are intended to assess the respondents' attitudes toward computers and computer usage. The CAS contains three subscales (i.e., the "anxiety," "confidence," and "liking" subscales). The Likert-type alternatives for each item ranged from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree." In addition to these subscale scores, students were also surveyed regarding the number of hours per week that they voluntarily use a computer, whether or not they own or have owned a computer, their gender, and their age. Results A series of analyses of covariance were used to examine the data. Each analysis considered a different subscale as the dependent variable, while all of the analyses considered all the independent variables, i.e., hours per week of voluntary use, whether or not they own or have owned a computer, their gender, and their age. Computer Anxiety While age (F[1/127] = 0.04, p [greater than] 0.05) and gender (F[1/127] = 3.64, p [greater than] 0.05) were not found to have any significant effect, the main effects of voluntary use (F[1/127] = 8.52, p [less than] 0.005) and ownership (F[1/127] = 9.48, p [less than] 0.005) were highly significant. Thus, those who had voluntarily used a computer were significantly less likely to experience computer anxiety than those who had not voluntarily used a computer, and those who owned or had owned a computer were also less likely to experience anxiety than those who had not owned a computer. …


The American Astronomical Society's WorldWide Telescope (WWT) is a visualization program that enables a computer to function as a virtual telescope—bringing together archival imagery from the world's best groundand space-based telescopes for the exploration of the universe. It is a powerful resource for astronomy education. In this chapter, we describe curricula developed by the authors that use WWT in teaching key topics in Astro 101 and K–12 science, including parallax, Hubble's Law and large-scale structure in the universe, seasons, Moon phases and eclipses, and life in the universe. We also demonstrate how WWT can be used in open-ended student research projects. Where available, we share education research results showing student-learning outcomes from these WWT-based resources.


Background There are few high-quality studies describing the appearance and location of retinal haemorrhages in critically ill children not due to birth or abusive head trauma. Methods Prospective study from February 2008 to December 2009 of emergency admissions to a paediatric intensive care unit aged over 6 weeks. Children with a penetrating eye injury or suspected or proven abusive head injury were excluded. The children underwent either dilated funduscopy performed by a paediatric ophthalmologist or RetCam imaging. Results Retinal haemorrhages were identified in 24/159 (15%) patients. 50% of the haemorrhages were bilateral. The severity was mild (<5 retinal haemorrhages) or moderate (5–20 retinal haemorrhages) in 75%. The location was in zone 1 in 45.8%, zones 1 and 2 in 33.3%, zone 2 alone in 8.3% and not described in 8.3%. Schisis cavities and perimacular folds were identified in two patients with one having a pseudohypopyon appearance; a further one patient had bilateral haemorrhagic retinal detachments. Three patients had exudates or scarring consistent with cytomegalovirus infection. Conclusions Retinal haemorrhages are seen in a proportion of critically ill children, however most retinal bleeding is not extensive as indicated by location within the retina or layer of bleeding. Higher numbers and extent of retinal haemorrhages were only observed in the presence of severe coagulopathy, leukaemia, one victim of a road traffic accident, and one child who sustained a fatal witnessed fall down the stairs; all circumstances that would be readily distinguished by history and laboratory testing from abusive head injury.


We designed a new cyclopalladated porous polymer (cyclo-Pd(II)/PP-2) with up to 20.7 wt% of Pd and investigated it as a heterogeneous catalyst for C–C bond-forming transformations. It was also shown to be an effective scavenger for Pd2+ in solution. The palladacycles formed along the backbone of the azo-linked porous polymer (PP-2) with (Pd–N) and (Pd–C) bonds as were confirmed by a combination of spectroscopies. The cyclo-Pd(II)/PP-2 decomposed when used for Suzuki and Heck cross-coupling reactions, and acyclic-Pd/PP-2 formed with Pd nanoparticles (NPs) bound to the PP-2. The Suzuki couplings were highly efficient in water and exhibited excellent recyclability. The cyclo-Pd(II)/PP-2 was also an effective heterogeneous Lewis-acid catalyst for stereoselective carbocyclization reactions.