The increasing use of software and database aesthetics in film and video production has created hybrid modes of spectatorship by altering the dynamic between media production and reception. Software-generated narratives (preprogrammed databases that create films through random selection and combination of discrete audio, visual, and/or textual tracks) remove the viewer from the actual algorithmic process, drawing his/her attention instead on interactions between hardware and software. Here, the element of unpredictability that is part of cinematic pleasure lies in the recombination of discrete elements (audio, visuals, subtitles, and so on) and the unexpected ways in which the software stitches those elements together. The subsequent reduction in the degree and compass of authorial control invites us to reconsider existing frameworks of spectatorship and narration within new contexts of mobility, performance, and databases. In this article I consider Soft Cinema films (Lev Manovich, Andreas Kratky, et al., 2003) as prototypical software-driven examples of this shift in viewing conditions and reception contexts. I argue that, despite its emerging and changing techniques and aesthetics, software-generated cinema retains one of the primitive socio-pedagogical functions of the cinema: training audiences to receive and buffer contemporarymedial sensations. Just as early cinema prepared audiences and worked as a buffer for shocks of technological and industrial modernity, software cinema trains the viewer in new modes of film spectatorship and new modes of narrative and affective subjectivity that correspond to the hypertextual ways in which we interact with digital technologies. These viewing modes create a new form of procedural spectatorship that has been evident since the first pioneering experiments in generative cinema and a form that is, nonetheless, not entirely detached from existing theoretical paradigms of cinematic spectatorship and the development of the cinematic medium. 21 VOL. 3, NO. 2, 2014


Abstract The results of the 2017 presidential and legislative elections represent an important shift in French politics. For the first time in the history of the 5th French Republic, the candidates of the two traditional governing parties were disqualified during the first round of the presidential elections. The duel between a centrist and a radical-right candidate in the second round of the elections constitutes an unprecedented configuration. Moreover, there was a record parliamentary renewal after the 2017 legislative elections, as well as a feminisation of the National Assembly with 38.8 per cent of women among the deputies. At the same time, abstention for the legislative elections reached a new record high. Overall, the results of the French elections in 2017 could point to major shifts in the party system, as well as to a renewal of the French political elite, and to an enduring malaise between French citizens and their political representatives.


We report the first results of our programme to obtain multi-epoch radial velocity measurements of stars with a strong far-ultraviolet excess to identify post-common-envelope binaries (PCEBs). The targets have been identified using optical photometry from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR4, ultraviolet photometry from Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX )G R2 and proper motion information from SDSS DR5. We have obtained spectra at two or more epochs for 36 targets. Three of our targets show large radial velocity shifts (>50 km s −1 ) on a time-scale of hours or days and are almost certainly PCEBs. For one of these targets (SDSS J104234.77+644205.4) we have obtained further spectroscopy to confirm that this is a PCEB with an orbital period of 4.74 h and semi-amplitude K = 165 km s −1 . Two targets are rapidly rotating K-dwarfs which appear to show small radial velocity shifts and have strong Ca II H&K emission lines. These may be wind-induced rapidly rotating (WIRRing) stars. These results show that we can use GALEX and SDSS photometry to identify PCEBs that cannot be identified using SDSS photometry alone, and to identify new WIRRing stars. A more comprehensive survey of stars identified using the methods developed in this paper will lead to a much improved understanding of common envelope evolution.


ORIGINAL ARTICLE Introduction: The modeling aims to simulate or optimize a process in physical, chemical or biological environments and the derived model will provide a considerable assistance to generate data and predict unknown condition, in case of sufficient suitability. Unsuitable disposal and elimination of waste tires have polluted the environment and human life areas, it also have caused removal of a huge amount of recyclable materials and energy. Besides, attached growth biological processes of wastewater treatment are faced with very high costs of the beds used in such methods. Thus, this study targeted at the following topics: reuse of waste tires, reduction of the costs associated with preparation of biological wastewater treatment system beds, and increased productivity of refineries. Materials and Methods: The current experimental study was conducted in pilot scale, in which ability of Fixed Bed Sequence Batch Reactor (FBSBR) and Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) was evaluated by synthetic wastewater in diverse loadings. Ultimately, the derived data were analyzed using the statistical software packages SPSS and MS Excel. Results: The maximum removal efficiencies of dissolved chemical oxygen demand for FBSBR and SBR reactors were 98.3 % and 97.9 %, respectively. In addition, Stover-Kincannon model provided a very suitable fitness (R 2 > 0.99) for loading the bioreactor FBSBR. Conclusion: According to the results, not only waste tires can be reused, but also these wastes can be employed as a proper biological bed in wastewater refineries to improve their efficiency. Article History: Received: 29 May 2016 Accepted: 1 September 2016


Pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows from three genetic groups differing in the Irish 'Economic Breeding Index' (EBI) value and genetic background, namely North-American (NA) national average EBI genetic merit (LOW-NA, n = 42), North-American high EBI genetic merit (HIGH-NA, n = 42) and New Zealand (NZ) high EBI genetic merit (HIGH-NZ, n = 42), were studied. These genetic groups have been selected in different environments: pasture for NZ and confinement for NA. The objective was to determine the effect of genetic group on haematological and acute phase proteins profiles (white blood cell (WBC) counts, red blood cell (RBC) counts, acute phase proteins: serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin), health (rectal temperature (RT), clinical mastitis (CM) and somatic cell score), calving performance (stillbirth, calving assistance) and post-partum reproductive parameters (endometritis and ovarian cyclicity). Blood sampling and data recording took place 3 weeks pre-calving up to 7 weeks post-calving. Linear mixed models, logistic regression and generalised estimating equations were used for data analysis. HIGH-NZ animals had the highest (P < 0.05) RBC mean corpuscular volume (50.0 fl), exhibited a different WBC distribution pattern (P < 0.05) and had the lowest (P < 0.05) mean RT (38.4°C) for the first 10 days post-calving. These findings suggest enhanced reticulocyte turnover, peripartum response mechanisms and thermoregulation in the HIGH-NZ compared to the other two genetic groups. LOW-NA animals had the highest SAA peak throughout the peripartum period (55.12 mg/l, P < 0.05) and a tendency for higher somatic cell scores (P < 0.10) in early lactation. The HIGH-NA animals had the lowest incidence of udder quarter milk sample bacteria at calving, suggesting better udder health when commencing lactation. No differences were detected between genetic groups in calving performance, post-partum reproductive parameters or CM in the first 42 days post-calving. These results suggest that while inherited peripartum adaptation strategies have been developed by the different genetic groups selected in different environments (pasture = NZ v. confinement = NA), such differences have minimal impact on peripartum clinical health.


Background: Malaria is prevalent in Nigeria, and artemether + lumefantrine (artemisinin-based combination therapy [ACT]) is drug of choice in treatment of uncomplicated cases. ACT is contraindicated in early pregnancy. They release-free radicals that can compromise female fertility. Infertility and its associated complications such as miscarriages, abnormal gestation, and unstable marriages seem to be on the increase. This study aims at evaluating the effect of ACT on female fertility. The significance of this research is to draw the attention of fertility care givers to this possible cause of infertility and fertility challenges. Subjects and Methods: Creighton Model FertilityCare System and NaProTECHNOLOGY are simply technologies that can be used to assess female fertility. They are used in this study to assess the effect of ACT administered at different stages of menstrual cycles of three selected fertile adult females. The results are interpreted on the background of standard Creighton model chart. Results: This study has shown that ACT has a significant fertility deteriorating effect on the women. It caused ovulation defect and diagnosed as partial rupture syndrome in the very cycle of use and in the first cycle after use. It also significantly reduced cervical mucus production and significantly reduced luteal phase progesterone production with an associated significant increase of luteal phase estrogen production. Conclusion: ACT use as antimalarial may be a possible cause of infertility and fertility challenges in women.


Although little evidence exists for the long term effectiveness of physical therapy applications, its use in the management of musculoskeletal disorders is widespread.
Local heat applications such as paraphango are used in the treatment of ischaemic muscle pain. The vasodilation induced by local heat increases the blood flow in the muscle tissue, reducing the ischaemia and pain sensation. As the redistribution of blood towards the heated area could have an impact on the patients cardiovascular system, cardiovascular problems are often considered as a contraindication for local heat application. Although it is claimed that local heat application influences the perfusion in the underlying soft tissue, the physiological mechanisms controlling vasomotion and thermoregulation are not well understood and information on heat induced changes in skin parameters is limited. Evaluation and quantification of the changes in ST and the local effects on the arterial and venous microcirculation of the skin could provide important insights and define contraindications for paraphango therapy. Cardiovascular adaptations such as heart rate, DBP and SBP in reaction to paraphango could also provide insights in the impact of blood redistribution on the cardiovascular system and to define possible contraindications.
Topical transdermal applications are commonly used in the treatment of various (rheumatic) inflammatory dysfunctions and acute soft tissue injuries.
In physiotherapy various transdermal enhancements techniques, such as
sonophoresis, iontophoresis and occlusion are used in order to decrease the skin barrier and to achieve a clinical effective drug concentration in the target tissues. Although several clinical studies claim an advanced healing process after the use of transdermal techniques, the evidence related to the effectiveness is controversially discussed in the literature and basic principles of transdermal penetration are not always taken into account.
Screening the literature on iontophoretic delivery as used in the physiotherapy revealed that most human in- vivo studies take no account of the basic principles of percutaneous penetration. The effectiveness of iontophoretic delivery of an active substance is usually only compared with placebo iontophoresis without an active substance, which provides no proof for the penetration enhancement effect of a current.
Studies investigating clinical outcome of iontophoretic drug delivery did not compare the effect of iontophoresis with the effect of passive penetration. To obtain valid results on the enhancement factor of a current, data of iontophoretic delivery should be compared with data of passive drug penetration, as iontophoretic delivery can be substantially influenced by passive penetration.
Beside its function as a barrier, the human stratum corneum has the property to store previously topically applied substances during a prolonged time. A stratum corneum reservoir is an accumulation of a topically applied compound within the skin or within a skin layer for a longer period of time. The building up of a SC reservoir is an important component of the pharmacodynamics of topically applied substances. Rougier et al. (1985) used the reservoir effect of the stratum corneum after 30 minutes of application to predict the total amount absorbe. Up to now there is little information concerning the reservoir properties of DF on different application modalities as used in physiotherapy.
In the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, ultrasound is one of the most frequently used physical treatment modalities in physiotherapy. When ultrasound is used in combination with topical treatment of NSAIDs or corticosteroids a sonophoretic drug enhancement is aimed. In physiotherapy, sonophoresis is applied to the skin in a pre-treatment modus and a simultaneous treatment. Although low frequency sonophoresis (frequencies 20-100 KHz) is up to three order of magnitude more effective in enhancing skin permeability compared to the 1MHz ultrasound, the most common sonophoretic application in physiotherapy involves the use of high frequency or therapeutic sonophoresis (frequencies ≥ 0.7 MHz). In recent years, several in vivo studies revealed the clinical effectiveness of high frequency sonophoresis with NSAID's and corticosteroids in the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. As hypothesized in the review of Polat et al. (2011), the pre-treatment method causes enhancement of the drug transport mainly due to structural changes in the skin (cavitation) whereas the simultaneous technique enhances the skin permeability by structural changes and through convention-related mechanisms (thermal radiation, pressure effects, etc.).
Evidenced based practice in physiotherapy is relatively new, the positive impacts of which are just becoming to be validated. Within the context of evidence based practice, continued research in physiotherapy is essential to improve the effectiveness of treatment strategies. In this doctoral thesis we investigated aspects of physiological processes related to physical applications in physiotherapy from the point of view of the skin as a limiting barrier. Within the paradigm of evidence based practice, the results of this research support the competence of the physiotherapist as a clinical practitioner to optimize the efficacy of his/her treatment strategies.


This article reports a multiple case study to explore the lived academic acculturation experiences of four Chinese international students with limited oral English capacity and how they describe the relationship between low oral English proficiency and academic acculturation. Self-Determination Theory was utilized as the theoretical framework to inform data collection and analysis. Findings indicated all four Chinese students experienced significant psychological stress during their academic acculturation as a direct result of their limited spoken English capacity, which negatively impacted their sense of competence, autonomy and particularly relatedness. Emotional pain, involuntary isolation, helplessness, and regret emerged as the salient themes from the cross-case analysis. Implications for various stakeholders are discussed.


Van Allen Probes observations are used to statistically investigate plasmaspheric hiss wave properties. This analysis shows that the wave normal direction of plasmaspheric hiss is predominantly field aligned at larger L shells, with a bimodal distribution, consisting of a near‐field aligned and a highly oblique component, becoming apparent at lower L shells. Investigation of this oblique population reveals that it is most prevalent at L < 3, frequencies with f/fce>0.01 (or f > 700 Hz), low geomagnetic activity levels, and between 1900 and 0900 magnetic local time. This structure is similar to that reported for oblique chorus waves in the equatorial region, perhaps suggesting a causal link between the two wave modes. Ray tracing results from HOTRAY confirm that it is feasible for these oblique chorus waves to be a source of the observed oblique plasmaspheric hiss population. The decrease in oblique plasmaspheric hiss occurrence rates during more elevated geomagnetic activity levels may be attributed to the increase in Landau resonant electrons causing oblique chorus waves to be more substantially damped outside of the plasmasphere. In turn, this restricts the amount of wave power that can access the plasmasphere and evolve into oblique plasmaspheric hiss. These results confirm that, despite the difference in location of this bimodal distribution compared to previous studies, a direct link between oblique equatorial chorus outside of the plasmasphere and oblique hiss at low L shells is plausible. As such, these results are in keeping with the existing theory of chorus as the source of plasmaspheric hiss.


Type I interferons (IFN) have long been recognised as mediators of innate immune defense mechanisms against viral threats. Robust evidence over the last 15 years revealed their significant role in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Despite the progress, methods of detection, initial triggers, biological functions and clinical associations in the setting of autoimmunity remain to be fully clarified. As therapeutic options for SS are currently limited, neutralising specific targets of the type I IFN pathway seems a promising option. In this review we summarise the current evidence regarding the role of type I IFN in SS.


We propose a method to make silicon optical finite impulse response filters tolerant to fabrication (waveguide geometry) and ambient thermal variations. We experimentally demonstrate a Mach-Zehnder interferometer filter with fabrication and thermal tolerance, both separately and together. The fabrication-tolerant device measurements show a 20-fold improved tolerance to systematic waveguide linewidth variations with a wavelength shift of <;60 pm/nm linewidth change. The fabrication- and thermal-tolerant device is possible using orthogonal polarizations in the two arms. The fabricated device shows a shift of less than ±65 pm/nm and a thermal drift smaller than ±15 pm/K over a wavelength range of 40 nm. Simulations show that this concept can be extended to multichannel filters.


As an Islamo-Arabic utterance,throughout the history of Islam, "Allahu Akbar" has been widely used as one of the most influential religious slogans since the advent of Islam in the 7th century CE. However, during the last four decades, it has gained a fairly global reputation thanks to various functions it has pragmatically come to serve in different social settings. Recently, it has been particularly assigned a world-wide notoriety due to the terrorist acts by extremist Islamist factions. This study aimed at identifying the social, political, and religious contexts in which contemporary Muslims recite "Allahu Akbar" with various pragmatic meanings in mind, making a special distinction between ordinary, peaceful contexts of use and violent contexts, where, in the latter, it is mostly heard from the mouths of extremist factions like ISIS, who, as well, associate themselves with Islam. We have, finally, identified eleven pragmatic functions the utterance serves in today's Islamic societies, with a special focus on the Iranian context.


Empirical data can be characterized by a precise location in space and time. An estimated 80% of all data holds such a spatio-temporal reference and is termed geodata. This paper starts with the question: What is the additional benefit for socio-economic sciences using geodata and the spatial dimension respectively? In the following a multidimensional approach is chosen to outline the Status Quo of geodata and spatial techniques in Germany. It is particularly the continuously growing amount and the variety of available geodata which is stated. Data security is an issue of high importance when using geodata. Furthermore, the present developments in price and user concepts, accessibility, technical standards and institutionalisation are addressed. A number of challenges concerning the field of geodata are identified including the open access to geodata, data security issues and standardization. The main challenge however seems to be the exchange between the rather segregated fields of geoinformation and the information infrastructure. Furthermore, the census 2011 is identified as a major challenge for the acquisition and management of geodata. Geodata and spatial techniques are a rapidly developing field due to technology developments of data and methods as well as due to recently growing public interest. Their additional benefit for socioeconomic research should be exploited in the future.


We study induction on the program structure as a proof method for bisimulation-based compiler correctness. We consider a first-order language with mutually recursive function definitions, system calls, and an environment semantics. The proof method relies on a generalization of compatibility of function definition with the bisimulation. We use the inductive method to show correctness of a form of dead code elimination. This is an interesting case study because the transformation removes function, variable, and parameter definitions from the program. While such transformations require modification of the simulation in a coinductive proof, the inductive method deals with them naturally. All our results are formalized in Coq.


Context: Antimicrobial efficacy of subgingival chlorhexidine (CHX) application using two different vehicles of delivery. Aims: The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of CHX varnish and gel as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in reducing microbial count within moderate to deep periodontal pockets. Settings and Design: Experimental parallel mouth study. Subjects and Methods: A total of 30 subjects between the age groups 25 and 55 years having moderate to severe periodontitis, with pocket depth ≥ 5 mm were selected for the study. The selected patients were randomized into three groups of 10 each. Subjects in Group 1 received SRP followed by subgingival application of CHX varnish, subjects in Group 2 received SRP followed by subgingival application of CHX gel, subjects in Group 3 received SRP alone. Subgingival plaque samples were collected to estimate mean motile and nonmotile microbial counts using dark field microscopy at baseline, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months. Results: After 3 months, there was statistically significant reduction in nonmotile microbial count in all the three groups. Motile microbial count was significantly reduced in all the three groups till 1 month from baseline. Only subjects in Group 1 who received subgingival CHXvarnish after SRP showed a significant reduction in motile microbial count till 3 months from baseline. Conclusions: Subgingival application of highly concentrated CHX varnish following SRP is beneficial in reducing microbial count in moderate to deep periodontal pockets.


Peter Drucker's article, "Work and Tools," provides some insight into the author's perception of how the history of technology should be studied. Occasionally the Annals will print historiographic essays such as this one, relating specifically to the principles of historical research and how they apply to the study of technology.


Governance is a key issue in the struggle of Aboriginal people in Canada to survive historical and ongoing colonization. Yet, little attention has focussed on the influence of governance on the quality and relevance of health care for Aboriginal people. The purpose of this study was to describe the influence of contextual factors on Aboriginal health care organizations' experiences improving care for pregnant and parenting Aboriginal people. Participatory research principles were used in a comparative case study design with two Aboriginal health care organizations in British Columbia, Canada. Data were collected through exploratory interviews and small group discussions with purposefully selected leaders, providers, and community members; document review; and researcher field notes. Interpretive descriptive analysis was used to develop themes related to dimensions of governance that highlighted important similarities and differences between the two organizations' experiences. Dimensions of governance identified included: the importance of a historically grounded vision; the extent to which Aboriginal community members had a voice in decision making; the autonomy of their organizations; their views of organizational accountability; and approaches to decision making. Findings suggest that greater attention to governance and use of models of governance that facilitate rather than thwart efforts to decolonize health care for Aboriginal people are needed.


From King Kong to Candyman, the boundary-pushing genre of the horror film has always been a site for provocative explorations of race in American popular culture. In Horror Noire: Blacks in American Horror Films from 1890's to Present, Robin R. Means Coleman traces the history of notable characterizations of blackness in horror cinema, and examines key levels of black participation on screen and behind the camera. She argues that horror offers a representational space for black people to challenge the more negative, or racist, images seen in other media outlets, and to portray greater diversity within the concept of blackness itself. Horror Noire presents a unique social history of blacks in America through changing images in horror films. Throughout the text, the reader is encouraged to unpack the genre's racialized imagery, as well as the narratives that make up popular culture's commentary on race. Offering a comprehensive chronological survey of the genre, this book addresses a full range of black horror films, including mainstream Hollywood fare, as well as art-house films, Blaxploitation films, direct-to-DVD films, and the emerging U.S./hip-hop culture-inspired Nigerian "Nollywood" Black horror films. Horror Noire is, thus, essential reading for anyone seeking to understand how fears and anxieties about race and race relations are made manifest, and often challenged, on the silver screen.


Two HIF-1α–stabilizing drugs protect against retinopathy of prematurity by exerting tissue-specific effects. Premature infants require oxygen to survive, but this treatment also causes damage to developing tissues, such as the retina and the lung. In the retina, hyperoxia causes loss of the vasculature and pathologic neovascularization, resulting in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Drugs that prevent the down-regulation of the hypoxia-stimulated transcription factor HIF-1α are being investigated to prevent the toxic effects of oxygen supplementation in premature infants. Hoppe et al. compared dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), which stabilizes HIF-1α primarily in the liver to stimulate the secretion of growth factors that promote angiogenesis and red blood cell development, and Roxadustat in mice. Both drugs protected mouse retinas from oxygen-induced retinopathy when administered systemically. The transcriptional signatures produced by each drug in the liver exhibited a ~50% (127/250) overlap, with a large group of genes (98/250) only responding to DMOG. Analysis of the transcripts encoding secreted products showed a high amount of similarity and included several hepatokines that could promote retinal protection. Compared with the transcriptional changes induced by DMOG in the retina (only five transcripts affected), Roxadustat triggered more transcriptional changes of which 2/32 were in common with DMOG and 27/32 were unique to Roxadustat. Experiments with mice lacking hepatic Hif1a demonstrated that systemic administration of DMOG primarily targeted the liver to provide protection from oxygen-induced retinopathy; whereas Roxadustat protected the liver-specific Hif1a-knockout mice from oxygen-induced retinopathy, indicating that Roxadustat directly targeted the retina. Roxadustat also protected the lung from oxygen-induced damage. Pharmacokinetic and dose-response analysis indicated that Roxadustat was more potent than DMOG, likely because Roxadustat exhibited both liver-dependent effects and direct effects on other tissues. Thus, premature infants requiring oxygen supplementation may benefit from intermittent (for example, weekly injections) Roxadustat therapy. G. Hoppe, S. Yoon, B. Gopalan, A. R. Savage, R. Brown, K. Case, A. Vasanji, E. R. Chan, R. B. Silver, J. E. Sears, Comparative systems pharmacology of HIF stabilization in the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 113 E2516–E2525(2016). [PubMed]


The anti-proliferative effects of diatoms, described for the first time in copepods, have also been demonstrated in benthic invertebrates such as polychaetes, sea urchins and tunicates. In these organisms PUAs (polyunsaturated aldehydes) induce the disruption of gametogenesis, gamete functionality, fertilization, embryonic mitosis, and larval fitness and competence. These inhibitory effects are due to the PUAs, produced by diatoms in response to physical damage as occurs during copepod grazing. The cell targets of these compounds remain largely unknown. Here we identify some of the genes targeted by the diatom PUA 2-trans-4-trans-decadienal (DD) using the tunicate Ciona intestinalis. The tools, techniques and genomic resources available for Ciona, as well as the suitability of Ciona embryos for medium-to high-throughput strategies, are key to their employment as model organisms in different fields, including the investigation of toxic agents that could interfere with developmental processes. We demonstrate that DD can induce developmental aberrations in Ciona larvae in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, through a preliminary analysis, DD is shown to affect the expression level of genes involved in stress response and developmental processes.


This article investigates the relationship among major life events, household characteristics, and migration among adolescents and young adults in contemporary Malawi. Two main questions are investigated: What are the socioeconomic and demographic determinants of migration? and How do schooling, first marriage, and work relate to migration patterns? The study uses panel data collected from a survey designed specifically to explore socioeconomic and demographic aspects of youths' transitions to adulthood. Respondents were tracked when they moved. Moves are not uncommon, and the predominant reasons for moves are noneconomic. Although historically ethnic traditions in this area have held that girls and women usually do not move upon marrying, young women are now more likely to move than young men, with marriage being a main reason for doing so. Closer ties to the head of the household are associated with less movement for both women and men.


The aim of the study was to determine the presence of Trypanosoma spp in Rattus spp from food markets and pig farms in Lima, Peru, to identify the species of Trypanosoma spp by morphological and biometric characterization, and to correlate the presence of the parasite with the variables sex, age (juvenile and adult), origin and species. The study was conducted in eight food markets of six districts (n = 62 rats) and three pig farms (n = 99) from three districts of Lima. Blood samples were collected and analysed using the thin blood smear technique and stained with «Hemacolor» to determine the presence of the parasite. The identification of the Trypanosome species was based on international keys based on the morphological and biometric characteristics of the trypomastigotes present in blood smears stained with Giemsa. T. lewisi was the only species found in a frequency of 22.5 and 21.2% in rats from the food markets and pig farms, respectively. The frequency of T. lewisi in R. norvegicus and R. rattus was 10.2 and 26.7%, in male and female rats was 21.1 and 22.0%, and in adults and juveniles was 17.0 and 26.5%, respectively. There was no significant association with the variables of origin, sex, and age. R. rattus showed a significant risk factor (OR: 3.77) against R. norvegicus for the presentation of T. lewisi.


Abstract. Filtering is a key step for most applications of airborne LiDAR point clouds. Although lots of filtering algorithms have been put forward in recent years, most of them suffer from parameters setting or thresholds adjusting, which will be time-consuming and reduce the degree of automation of the algorithm. To overcome this problem, this paper proposed a threshold-free filtering algorithm based on expectation-maximization. The proposed algorithm is developed based on an assumption that point clouds are seen as a mixture of Gaussian models. The separation of ground points and non-ground points from point clouds can be replaced as a separation of a mixed Gaussian model. Expectation-maximization (EM) is applied for realizing the separation. EM is used to calculate maximum likelihood estimates of the mixture parameters. Using the estimated parameters, the likelihoods of each point belonging to ground or object can be computed. After several iterations, point clouds can be labelled as the component with a larger likelihood. Furthermore, intensity information was also utilized to optimize the filtering results acquired using the EM method. The proposed algorithm was tested using two different datasets used in practice. Experimental results showed that the proposed method can filter non-ground points effectively. To quantitatively evaluate the proposed method, this paper adopted the dataset provided by the ISPRS for the test. The proposed algorithm can obtain a 4.48 % total error which is much lower than most of the eight classical filtering algorithms reported by the ISPRS.


By reconsidering the complex, dialectical relationship that existed between novels and their detractors in the antebellum United States, Brady's essay argues that antinovel commentators aimed not simply to limit the activity of novel reading but to redefine what it is and, more importantly, what it does. In conduct books, public lectures, and other printed materials, commentators argued that novel reading did not empower individual readers but made them all alike, rendering them passive by invoking passionate and often overwhelming emotions. In short, they posited novel reading as a collectivizing rather than individualizing agent. We can therefore use this viewpoint to discern how commentators performed a task that seems on its surface to be contradictory: they used their antinovel advice to define and construct a reading public in the antebellum United States-a public that did read novels over critics' heated objections. That imagination of a coherent, cohesive reading public crucially required a turn to sentiment. Indeed, as antinovel commentators labored to think the private and the public together, they used the irresistible passions of novel reading to position the individual reading, feeling subject amid a coherent public. In doing so, antebellum arguments against novel reading articulated complicated ideas about how sentiment moved through the private and public arenas-ideas that allowed them to impart a political valence to the very experience of novel reading.


Patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) mouse models are a versatile oncology research platform for studying tumor biology and for testing chemotherapeutic approaches tailored to genomic characteristics of individual patient's tumors. PDX models are generated and distributed by a diverse group of academic labs, research organizations, multi-institution consortia, and contract research organizations. The distributed nature of PDX repositories and the use of different standards in the associated metadata presents a significant challenge to finding PDX models relevant to specific cancer research questions. The Jackson Laboratory and EMBL-EBI are addressing these challenges by co-developing PDX Finder, a comprehensive open global catalog of PDX models and their associated datasets. Within PDX Finder, model attributes are harmonized and integrated using a previously developed community minimal information standard to support consistent searching across the originating resources. Links to repositories are provided from the PDX Finder search results to facilitate model acquisition and/or collaboration. The PDX Finder resource currently contains information for more than 1900 PDX models of diverse cancers including those from large resources such as the Patient-Derived Models Repository, PDXNet, and EurOPDX. Individuals or organizations that generate and distribute PDXs are invited to increase the "findability" of their models by participating in the PDX Finder initiative at www.pdxfinder.org.


We introduce the orbital Stokes parameters as a linear combination of a beam's second-order moments. Similar to the ones describing the field polarization and associated with beam energy and its spin angular momentum, the orbital Stokes parameters are related to the total beam width and its orbital angular momentum. We derive the transformation laws for these parameters during beam propagation through first-order optical systems associated with phase-space rotations. The values of the orbital Stokes parameters for Gaussian modes and arbitrary fields expressed as their linear superposition are obtained.


© Sean Nixon 2003. 'Nixon's study is a major contribution to the cultural sociology of the new service sector professionals and their gendered identities.It's importance lies in it's skilful synthesis of detailed ethnographic research and social theory. This is a genuinely innovative book which reopens cultural debate about advertising and society' - Frank Mort, Professor of Cultural History, University of East London 'Advertising Cultures is a lucid, thorough and highly engaging account of advertising creatives that unlocks two crucial issues for understanding the culture industries: creativity and gender. It marks a major new contribution to the cultural study of economic life' - Don Slater, London School of Economics The economic and cultural role of the 'creative industries' has gained a new prominence and centrality in recent years. This new salience is explored here through the most emblematic creative industry: advertising. Advertising Cultures also marks a significant contribution to the study of gender and of commercial cultures through its detailing of the way gender is written into the creative cultures of advertising and into the subjective identities of its key practitioners.


The purpose of the research is to determine the effect of the concentration of filler material and concentration sodium tripolyphosphate to the characteristics of white oyster mushrooms sausage. The research method consists of preliminary research and primary research. The preliminary research conducted to determine the type of filler material to be used in the main research. The primary research is to determine of the varying concentration of filler material and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration. The Experimental design that used in this research is a Randomized Block Design with factorial pattern of 3x3 in followed by Duncan test. . The first factor of the primary research is the concentration of filler material (a) that is 8.00% (a1), 8.25% (a2), 8.50% (a3) and 8.75% (a4). The second factor of the primary research is the concentration of sodium tripolyphosphate (b) that is 12% (b1), 13% (b2), 14% (b3), and 15% (b4). Observation parameter conducted to physical analysis covering hardness level by using penetrometer appliance. Organoleptic test that covering color, flavor, texture, and taste. and also chemical analysis of selected samples covering protein rate, fiber rate, and ash content rate. The results of research showed that the chosen sample a3b1 treatment with (filler material concentration (a) 15%, and sodium tripolyphosphate (b) 0.24%). has a hardness level of 7.80 mm / sec, protein content of 4.9%, ash content of 0, 95% and fiber content of 6.86%. based on organoleptics test show that the value of a favorite on the attributes of color, flavor, taste and texture are 4.62, 2.30, 4.65, 4.44 respectively


Excessive sediment is one of the most common surface water pollutants. It diminishes water quality and destroys aquatic habitat. Streambank erosion is known to be a major source of sediment in streams and rivers, contributing as much as 80% of the total sediment load in some watersheds. Little work has been done to study the effects of seepage on streambank erosion and failure. Prior research, primarily in the laboratory under well-defined and controlled conditions, has examined seepage as a mechanism for bank erosion, but more needs to be done to validate conclusions derived from the laboratory with field data. This project studied a streambank on Dry Creek (a tributary to Little Topashaw Creek) located in Chickasaw County, Mississippi. The bank was previously observed to produce seepage even during dry summer months. This creek is a deeply incised stream in the Yalobusha Watershed with near 90 degree banks. The creek flows through alluvial plains under cultivation and surrounded by forested areas. Excess sediment has been identified as the main water quality issue in the watershed with gullies and banks being the main sources. Watershed geology is characterized by silt loam and clay loam with a more conductive loamy sand between the loam and an underlying cohesive layer. The site was initially instrumented with a network of tensiometers and observation wells. Groundwater conditions and bank erosion were monitored for several weeks, followed by an induced seepage experiment. A trench installed 2.8 m from the edge of the bank and approximately 2 m below ground surface was used to provide a constant head for groundwater flow in the near-bank area. The bank face was outfitted with a seepage collection device that measured seepage flow rate and sediment transport. Groundwater conditions were again monitored by the tensiometer and observation well network. Experiments consisted of a trench injection at a constant head and observations of flow rates, erosion rates, soil-water pressures, and water table elevations. Flow rates varied from 0.004 L/min to 1.16 L/min at different locations on the bank. It was observed that the seeps experienced 'self-healing' erosion in which upper layer cohesive soil failures blocked further particle mobilization. One experiment simulated fluvial erosion removing the failed material, thereby, resulting in combined erosion rates of over 6000 g/min. Seepage erosion could be a dominate mechanism of streambank failure where the self-healing process is not occurring.


OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of folate treatment on homocysteine (HCY) levels in patients with Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). We also made an attempt to analyze HCY levels in relation to other risk factors present in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a randomised, non-blind clinical trial carried out in 84 angiographically documented CAD patients and 40 controls (angiographically proved normal or treadmill test negative). Biochemical analyses of glucose, insulin, HCY, lipid profile and C-Reactive Proteins (CRP) were conducted in serum samples collected from these patients. Treatment with folic acid (5 mg/day) for 3 months was given to patients with hyperhomocysteinemia and the post-treatment HCY levels were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean plasma HCY level in control volunteers was found to be 17.85±1.4 µmol/L, which was significantly lower than those in CAD patients (24.69±2.8 µmol/L). The levels were higher in non-diabetic patients (30.33±3.9 µmol/L) as compared to non-diabetic controls (18.18±1.6 µmol/L) as well as diabetic patients (14.53±1.43 µmol/L), irrespective of the presence of hypertension. No correlation was found between total HCY (t-HCY) levels and serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, VLDL, LDL, HDL, cholesterol or CRP levels. A negative correlation was found between t-HCY levels and the age of the patients. The HCY levels were highest in the younger age group of patients (30-40 years) (49±7.8 µmol/L). There was a significant reduction in t-HCY levels after the folate treatment in mild and moderate hyperhomocystienemic patients but the reduction in patients with severe hyperhomocysteinemia was not significant. CONCLUSION: CAD patients have higher HCY levels than subjects without CAD. Indian diabetic patients have lower levels of t-HCY irrespective of the presence of cardiac disease. Folate treatment decreases the t-HCY levels in homocysteinemia and thus can be used in treatment of homocysteinemia.


A cardiac hydatid cyst is a rare complication of the Echinococcus infection, and it is seen in just 0.5% to 2% of all cases. Because it can cause sudden death, removing the cyst is recommended. It is important to determinate the relationship between the cyst and the intra/extracardiac structures before the operation because it is of vital importance during the operation. In our case, we showed that rest myocardial perfusion scintigraphy provided an additional contribution to anatomic imaging in that it showed the invasion of the cyst in the myocardium, which was effectively directing the course of the operation.


Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is one of the world's oldest medical systems, having a history of several thousands of years. It is a system of healing based upon the Chinese philosophy of the correspondence between nature and human beings. Its theories refer to yin and yang, the Five Elements, zang-fu, channels-collaterals, qi, blood, body fluid, methods of diagnosis, the differentiation of symptom-complexes, etc. TCM has two main features: a holistic point of view and treatment according to a differentiation of syndromes. The therapeutic methods of TCM involve different approaches, such as acupuncture, moxibustion, tuina bodywork, herbal medicine and qi gong, in order to allow the body to heal itself in a natural way. Western medicine was first introduced into China from the middle of the 17th century. During the first two centuries several different views, related to the future of TCM and the relation between TCM and Western medicine, emerged. Some advocated 'complete westernization' of Chinese medicine, others were in favour of keeping it intact, whereas again others recommended the 'digestion and assimilation of TCM and Western medicine'. Nowadays, more and more people realize that each of the two medical traditions has its own merits and advise that the two systems should benefit from each other's strong points. We offer an argument for integrating Western medicine with TCM. In the 20th century China has maintained and developed three kinds of medical science, that is, TCM, Western medicine, and 'integrated medicine'. Much has been achieved in clinical, experimental and theoretical research. The development of any science can be furthered by cross-fertilization based on absorption and fusion of whatever useful theory and experience. It is our dream that, in the future, diverse modalities – including TCM, Western medicine and possibly other variants – can work in conjunction with each other as part of a unified team rather than in competition. This integrated approach will ultimately lead to safer, faster and more effective health care.


The concept of the natural rate of interest (NRI) dates back to Wicksell (1898) and has since then been highly debated in the economic literature. In practice, estimates of the NRI can be employed as a versatile tool for macroeconomic analysis and are a core element within the popular neo-Wicksellian (or New-Keynesian) framework. The real rate gap, i.e. the difference between the actual interest rate and the NRI, provides valuable information about the state of the economy and can help policy makers to adjust the monetary policy stance. However, the NRI cannot be directly observed and has to be calculated from other economic data. While the empirical literature provides various estimation approaches, all of them are subject to serious measurement problems and yield fairly uncertain estimates. This Roundup reviews the advantages and shortcomings of the most popular measurement methods and presents an estimation of the NRI and the real rate gap based on the Laubach and Williams (2003) model.


Neurological deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) and in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) show demyelination of the nerve fibers, which are responsible for transmission of signals. The myelin appears to be attacked by the cells of the immune system. A viral etiology has been implicated in patients with MS. Oxidized toxins (MN) have been shown over the past 50 years to act as antiviral agents that are capable of inhibiting viral replication, and have shown promise in alleviating symptoms in EAE models of MS. The safety of these compounds has been a factor in their limited use. Development of a modified cobra toxin (MCTX) may prove more beneficial in inhibiting symptoms of EAE. In this study a modified cobra toxin (MCTX) was compared with the older oxidized toxin (MN) in an established EAE animal model. The results show that MCTX is capable of inhibiting the development as well as the relapsing phase of EAE in Lewis rats more efficiently than MN. It is possible that a safe cobra toxin can be developed with therapeutic efficacy for treatment of MS or vaccine development.


Due to the rapid surge in operating frequencies and complexity of modern electronic designs, accurate/fast electromagnetic compatibility/interference analysis is becoming mandatory. This paper presents a closed-form SPICE macromodel for fast transient analysis of lossy multiconductor transmission lines in the presence of incident electromagnetic fields. In the proposed algorithm, the equivalent sources due to incident field coupling have been formulated so as to take an advantage of the recently developed delay extraction based passive transmission line macromodels. Also, a method to incorporate frequency-dependent per-unit-length parameters is presented. The time-domain macromodel is in the form of ordinary differential equations and can be easily included in SPICE like simulators for transient analysis. The proposed algorithm while guaranteeing the stability of the simulation by employing passive transmission line macromodel, provides significant speed-up for the incident field coupling analysis of multiconductor transmission line networks, especially with large delay and low losses


Framed in the current geodynamics of the central Mediterranean, the Aeolian-Tindari-Letojanni fault system is part of a wider NW-SE oriented right-lateral wrench zone which accommodates diverging motion between regional-scale blocks located at the southern edge of the Calabrian Arc. In order to investigate the structural architecture and the active deformation pattern of the northern sector of this tectonic feature, structural observations on-land, high and very-high resolution seismic reflection profiles, swath bathymetry and seismological and geodetic data were merged from the Lipari-Vulcano volcanic complex (central sector of the Aeolian Islands) to the Peloritani Mountains across the Gulf of Patti. Our interpretation shows that the active deformation pattern of the study area is currently expressed by NW-SE trending, right-transtensional en-echelon fault segments whose overlapping gives rise to releasing stepover and pull-apart structures. This structural architecture has favored magma and fluid ascent and the shaping of the Lipari-Vulcano volcanic complex. Similarly, the Gulf of Patti is interpreted as an extensional relay zone between two overlapping, right-lateral NW-SE trending master faults. The structural configuration we reconstruct is also supported by seismological and geodetic data which are consistent with kinematics of the mapped faults. Notably, most of the low-magnitude instrumental seismicity occurs within the relay zones, whilst the largest historical earthquakes (1786, Mw=6.2; 1978, Mw=6.1) are located along the major fault segments.


Despite the popular belief that all U.S. citizens should have a voice in government, many states continue to have felony disenfranchisement. laws depriving felons of their voting rights in some fashion. There is, furthermore, sufficient evidence that such felony disenfranchisement laws have a greater effect on minorities than on others. As such, some litigants have turned to the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which is aimed at eliminating racially discriminatory voting regulations and practices, as a means of overturning felony disenfranchisement taws. This Note examines the current caselaw surrounding the application of the Voting Rights Act to state felony disenfranchisement statutes. In analyzing the caselaw, this Note attempts to explain the shortcomings of this strategy. Lastly, this Note suggests that future litigants should undertake an approach based on the Fourteenth Amendment's constitutional guarantee of an individual's right to vote.


The paper brings existential temporality, as developed in the work of phenomenologists Merleau-Ponty, Heidegger, and Husserl, into dialogue with historical materialism. What results is the development of a theoretical background for what the author terms futural materialism, which is taken to be a complimentary logical extension of historical materialist projects. To this end, it is suggested that the past and the future are best understood as materially existing in the present in an immanent way, mediated by conscious beings in the form of memory, projection, residual effect, and affect. Put differently, the present's presence in the past and future play a determining roll in those temporal dimensions, which subsequently fold back into the configuration of the present. Following Nietzsche and drawing influence from Guattari and Deleuze, it is argued that past and future are relatively fluid tools to be purposively deployed in the present for particular purposes rather than being transcendent facts which subjectivity must merely contend with. It is further asserted that as part of a broader non-reductive material monist project of social transformation, both futural and historical materialism are necessary considerations.


A prognostic factor is a marker or a feature that can be used to estimate the risk of recurrence of disease, metastatic spread and clinical outcome. Despite intensive search for more sophisticated markers in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), few have added prognostic information to earlier described factors like stage of disease, nuclear grade, tumour type, and in metastatic disease; performance status, anaemia, hypercalcaemia and increased erythrocyte sedimentation. In the dominating tumour type, clear cell renal RCC (cRCC), hypoxia is common, leading to an up-regulation of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF). The majority of cRCC have a mutation in the von Hippel Lindau gene (VHL-gene), which regulates HIF and in turn leads to up-regulation of a number of target genes for potential growth factors. The aim of the study was to evaluate the possible prognostic information of a few factors associated to pVHL/HIF, anemia and/or hypercalcaemia in RCC; erythropoietin (EPO) and it´s receptor (EPO-R), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and osteopontin (OPN). Patients diagnosed with RCC between 1982-2007 were included in the studies. The tumour tissue expressions of EPO, EPO-R and PTHrP were assessed using immunohistochemistry. Serum/plasma levels of EPO, CA IX, PTHrP and OPN were also analyzed using immunometric methods. Our study demonstrated that the expression of EPO and EPO-R were related, and the expressions differed significantly between RCC types. The serum EPO levels did not associate to the tumour expression of EPO or EPO-R, indicating that circulating EPO derives from other sources than tumour cells. Erythropietin receptor expression was more frequent in advanced stages of disease, but neither EPO, nor EPO-R, were independent prognostic factors for survival. Serum CA IX levels were higher in cRCC compared to papillary RCC (pRCC). In cRCC, the CA IX serum levels correlated positively to TNM stage, but serum CA IX did not add independent prognostic information. Parathyroid hormone-related protein is a cause of hypercalcaemia in malignancy, and we observed that circulating PTHrP related to hypercalcaemia in RCC. The tumour expression of PTHrP associated positively to serum PTHrP, but not to serum calcium. We found an association between PTHrP and OPN in plasma, and both plasma PTHrP and OPN were positively associated to TNM stage. Neither serum/plasma PTHrP nor tumour expression of PTHrP were independent prognostic factors for survival. The serum OPN levels were higher in pRCC but no impact on survival was observed in this RCC type. In contrast, plasma/serum OPN was an independent prognostic factor for disease-specific survival in cRCC. Our results support a role for these factors in RCC. The expressions vary between tumour types, which can be explained by different gene aberrations. Some of the factors have a close relation to para-malignant symptoms like hypercalcaemia. Most of the factors correlate positively to TNM-stage, reflecting a relation to advanced disease. Although expression of EPO, EPO-R, PTHrP and CA IX did not add independent prognostic information, the results might contribute to greater understanding of important mechanisms and associations in RCC. Osteopontin is a strong independent prognostic factor in cRCC, and should be further evaluated as a tool in the clinic when treating RCC patients.


Questions concerning the relationship between emotional and moral response, and between emotional reaction and effective political reaction have been a matter of discussion for Seneca, Judith Butler and Susan Sontag. This paper aims to compare their attempts at laying the foundations of our moral assessment of notions of shared human vulnerability as a way of rethinking the cycles of retributive violence. Susan Sontag has focused her attention on how photographs can convey the sufferings of those depicted so that they may influence our evaluation of war and, most importantly, our capacity to react in accordance with that evaluation. Judith Butler, in turn, has drawn our attention to the question of our ethical duties towards those who remain anonymous or who are regarded as distant, and the problem imposed by the controversial reliability of mainstream media on registering and reporting the sufferings of war, imprisonment and immigration. In light of these questions, Seneca's programmatic attempt at establishing a way of actively responding to others' sufferings based on the recognition of our own enormous capacity to fail, as opposed to the pity and sorrow that they may (or may not) cause us, is a valuable approach to consider. Awareness of human failure is regarded by Seneca as the foundation for stopping retributive violence and a call for humanitarianism, as it appeals to a common standpoint from which one may understand – and condemn – the other's point of view. Here I would like to emphasise how certain aspects of Seneca's attempt at establishing mindfulness of our own capacity to err and to suffer from other's errors as the starting point for his claim for humanitarian reaction to the moral mistakes of others, bares some resemblance to Butler's attempt at making the notion of 'vulnerability' the basis of claims for non-military political solutions to violence.


As the amount of textual data has been rapidly increasing over the past decade, efficient similarity search methods have become a crucial component of large-scale information retrieval systems. A popular strategy is to represent original data samples by compact binary codes through hashing. A spectrum of machine learning methods have been utilized, but they often lack expressiveness and flexibility in modeling to learn effective representations. The recent advances of deep learning in a wide range of applications has demonstrated its capability to learn robust and powerful feature representations for complex data. Especially, deep generative models naturally combine the expressiveness of probabilistic generative models with the high capacity of deep neural networks, which is very suitable for text modeling. However, little work has leveraged the recent progress in deep learning for text hashing. In this paper, we propose a series of novel deep document generative models for text hashing. The first proposed model is unsupervised while the second one is supervised by utilizing document labels/tags for hashing. The third model further considers document-specific factors that affect the generation of words. The probabilistic generative formulation of the proposed models provides a principled framework for model extension, uncertainty estimation, simulation, and interpretability. Based on variational inference and reparameterization, the proposed models can be interpreted as encoder-decoder deep neural networks and thus they are capable of learning complex nonlinear distributed representations of the original documents. We conduct a comprehensive set of experiments on four public testbeds. The experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed supervised learning models for text hashing.


My fortuitous journey to Argentina began 22 years ago in 1987 when I was invited by Dr Alejandro Schudel, then Director of Virology at INTA, Castelar, to visit Argentina to initiate a joint collaboration. The topic was «Rotavirus infections in calves: development and evaluation of maternal vaccines for passive immunity in calves». Passive immunity and enteric viral infections in swine and cattle were two of my major research interests at the Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), The Ohio State University (OSU) in the USA. At the time, calf diarrhea was a critical problem in both beef and dairy calves, but the major causes were undefined. Our goals were first to identify the dominant pathogens in the field associated with calf diarrhea and deaths and second to develop methods for their prevention and control. To accomplish these goals, we addressed each of the following key questions in collaborative studies conducted in Argentina (INTA) and the USA (OARDC/The Ohio State University).


Abstract. Laboratory experiments with food-deprived larvae of odonates suggested that these predators may have the potential to control mosquito populations. However, it remains unclear whether larvae of odonates co-occur with mosquito larvae in the field and whether larvae of odonates reduce the density of mosquito larvae in the field. We exposed 35 water-filled concrete containers in the field in shady and sunny conditions. Some of these containers were partially covered (for simplicity called closed containers, allowing only mosquitoes to lay eggs), whereas others remained open. The density of mosquito larvae was higher in shaded containers and in closed containers. The multivoltine odonate Bradinopyga strachani colonized open containers and the occurrence of these predators resulted in a clear reduction of the mosquito population. Our results indicate that increasing the colonization of water bodies by Bradinopyga strachani is a promising strategy for controlling populations of mosquitoes.


Background In 2012, approximately 3.6 million Australian workers (40% of the Australian workforce) were estimated to be exposed to occupational carcinogens in their current job. Estimating the burden of cancer resulting from these occupational exposures is a useful tool for policy planning around preventing or reducing exposure in the workplace. This study aims to estimate the future excess fraction of cancer resulting from current occupational exposures among Australian workers. Methods The future excess fraction method estimates the proportion of exposure-related cancers occurring over a number of years in the future in those people who were exposed in a specific year. We used this method to estimate the future lifetime risk of occupational cancer (2012–2094) among Australian workers estimated to have been exposed to any of 38 carcinogens at work in 2012. Calculations were conducted for 19 different cancer types and a total of 53 cancer-exposure pairings. Results Our cohort of 14.5 million Australians who were of working age in 2012 will develop an estimated 4.8 million cancers during their lifetime, of which 1.4% (approximately 68,500 cancers) are attributable to occupational exposure for those exposed in 2012. The cancer sites with the highest number of predicted exposure-related cases are lung (n = 26,000), leukaemia (n = 8,000), and mesothelioma (n = 7,500). The carcinogens which are estimated to contribute most are asbestos (n = 13,500), solar ultraviolet radiation (n = 10,000), and benzene (n = 8,000). Conclusions A significant proportion of future cancers in the Australian population will result from occupational exposures. The estimate presented here is lower than previous estimates in the literature; however, our estimate is not directly comparable to previous estimates as a result of different methodologies. The results of this study allow us to determine which current occupational exposures are most important, and where exposure prevention might best be targeted.


Pollution sources in Indonesia have been classified into those from movable and unmovable sources. Transportation of goods and people through water, air and land are the movable sources of pollution, these sources of pollution originate mainly from gasoline and diesel combustion. This paper will discuss the movable pollution, which will be referred to as the embedded emissions from the transportation sector in buildings. The embedded emissions refer to the emissions, which occur indirectly throughout a building's lifetime (for instance, during manufacturing, transportation etc). This is in contrast to the emissions normally considered for buildings, which usually only include those originating from its usage during a certain life span. By using life cycle analysis tools the value of the impacts of the transportation sector on buildings can be quantified. GEMIS 4.4 was used to simulate the emissions during the process of transporting materials as well as any other goods related to the construction of the building. The research however did not include the transportation of materials after the demolition of the building to the landfill. The results show that the transportation emissions from glass, sand, gypsum and concrete roof production have the highest emissions per kilogram of product. Concrete roofs emit 1.82 × 10 –4 kg CO2/kg, transporting raw material and glass products to customers emits 1.05 × 10 –3 kg NOx/kg, and transporting wood material 1.33 × 10 –5 kg of particulates/kg. Furthermore, the future emissions caused by this sector are also analysed in the present paper by comparing four potential scenarios regarding different types of future fuels that could be used by vehicles, including a (JCL) Jatropha Curcas L. based biodiesel scenario that uses a perennial harvesting system, a (PME) Palm Methyl Ester based biodiesel both scenarios, Natural Gas Vehicles (NGV) that could replace the current petroleum diesel engines and the business as usual (BaU) scenario.


The dark side of the arts is explored in this timely volume, sure to spark discussion and debate. Nineteen diverse essays by such distinguished authors as Eric Fischl, Suzaan Boettger, Stephen Weil, Richard Serra, and more cover a broad range of topics facing today's artists, policy makers, art lawyers, galleries, museum professionals, and many others. Readers will find expert insights on such up-to-the-minute issues as preserving Iraqi heritage after the U.S. invasion; the role of new media; art and censorship; the impact of 9/11 on artists; authenticity and forgeries; cultural globalization; fair use; how tax laws encourage donations of art to museums; where people buy art; the ethical codes of working art critics; and much more. With its clear-sighted commentary on today's hottest arts issues, Ethics in the Visual Arts is essential reading for anyone interested in the humanities and in current events.  Eric Fischl, Suzaan Boettger, Stephen Weil, other top names  Valuable to policy makers, attorneys, art critics, museum professionals, anyone involved in artAllworth Press, an imprint of Skyhorse Publishing, publishes a broad range of books on the visual and performing arts, with emphasis on the business of art. Our titles cover subjects such as graphic design, theater, branding, fine art, photography, interior design, writing, acting, film, how to start careers, business and legal forms, business practices, and more. While we don't aspire to publish a New York Times bestseller or a national bestseller, we are deeply committed to quality books that help creative professionals succeed and thrive. We often publish in areas overlooked by other publishers and welcome the author whose expertise can help our audience of readers.


The work reported in this thesis is concerned with understanding aspects of temporal behaviour. A large part of the thesis is based on analytical studies of temporal properties and interface and architectural concerns. The main areas covered include: i. analysing long-term human processes and the impact of interruptions and delays ii. investigating how infrastructures can be designed to support synchronous fast pace activity iii.design of the Getting-to-Know (GtK) experimental notification server The work is motivated by the failure of many collaborative systems to effectively manage the temporal behaviour at the interface level, as they often assume that the interaction is taking place over fast, reliable local area networks. However, the Web has challenged this assumption and users are faced with frequent network-related delays. The nature of cooperative work increases the importance of timing issues. Collaborative users require both rapid feedback of their own actions and timely feedthrough of other actions. Although it may appear that software architectures are about the internals of system design and not a necessary concern for the user interface, internal details do show up at the surface in non-functional aspects, such as timing. The focus of this work is on understanding the behavioural aspects and how they are influenced by the infrastructure. The thesis has contributed to several areas of research: (a)the study of long-term work processes generated a trigger analysis technique for task decomposition in HCI (b)the analysis of architectures was later applied to investigate architectural options for mobile interfaces (c)the framework for notification servers commenced a design vocabulary in CSCW for the implementation of notification services, with the aim of improving design (d)the impedance matching framework facilitate both goal-directed feedthrough and awareness In particular, (c) and (d) have been exercised in the development of the GtK separable notification server.


A study of fungi responsible for severe leaf spots of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.) in the Hajdúság region (East Hungary), Fusarium sporotrichioides and Alternaria alternata were isolated from infested leaf tissues. F. sporotrichioides was the most virulent fungus in pathogenicity tests conducted on healthy leaves of common milkweed plants. Inoculation of common milkweed (A. syriaca) in different growth stages with F. sporotrichioides yielded similar symptoms as the original ones. Spray mixtures containing 1.0×106 conidia/ml gave effective control when common milkweed plants were sprayed until runoff occurred. Laboratory (wet chamber) and field experiments showed that asexual spores of the fungal pathogen, F. sporotrichioides, exhibited bioherbicidal activity against common milkweed (A. syriaca).
More efficient control efficacy was observable on elder plants (at flowering stage) than younger ones. These results initiate that this fungus may be a biocontrol agent for controlling this invasive weed but should clarify its hosts because it could infect cultivated plants as well.


We consider complex scheduling problems that can be captured as optimization under hard and soft constraints. The objective of such an optimization problem is to satisfy as many hard constraints as possible and meanwhile to minimize a penalty function determined by the unsatisfied soft constraints. We present an efficient local search algorithm for these problems which improves upon Wsat(oip), a Walksat-based local search algorithm for overconstrained problems represented in integer programs. We introduce three techniques to the Wsat(oip) algorithm to extend its capability and improve its performance: backbone guided biased moves to drive the search to the regions in search space where high-quality and optimal solutions reside; sampling-based aspiration search to reduce search cost and make anytime solutions available over the course of the search; and dynamic parameter tuning to dynamically adjust the key parameters of the algorithm to make it robust and flexible for various applications. Our experimental results on large-scale crew scheduling, basketball tournament scheduling and progressive party scheduling show that the new improved algorithm can find better solutions with less computation than Wsat(oip).


In the corporate world, design has received increasing attention over the last 50 years and is now firmly embedded within almost all aspects of corporate activity. This article explores the role of design in development. Design is widely used and understood within capitalist economies to denote a diverse set of tools, used to maximise market share, sales, and profits, and support market differentiation and brand identity of products. The progress of two convergent design-related threads is charted briefly: the growth, since 1950, of a view that design has a real contribution to make to social responsibility and sustainability; and the increasing evidence of design-like skills being used in development contexts. The article reviews several alternative models that are being developed and concludes with a number of short case studies, which illustrate these models and highlight the potential of their largely process-based methodologies for private-sector activity in a development context.


Food and Drug Administration delivers the black box warnings (BBW) which should appear on the leaflets of medicines for patient awareness and the prescription of drugs indicating its highly fatal adverse effects to human body. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of Pakistani pharmacy and medical students about BBW. A questionnaire containing contents about BBW was given to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd professional year pharmacy and medical students from different pharmacy and medical institutes. A 76% survey response rate was observed. It was observed that student's knowledge about BBW
improves in association with the promotion in professional years of pharmacy and medical education. The results indicate that student's knowledge about black box increases with the study level. Training in black box warnings should be implemented in pharmacy and medical institutions influencing the meaningful ways to educate and train pharmacy and medical students, and help these students to get recent knowledge about black box warnings so that, in future, they may perform an ethical practice in their respective fields.


Frequency analysis of the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 2004, one of the most significant and best-recorded earthquakes, is based on spectral seismograms obtained from their broadband seismograms. The Sumatra-Andaman earthquake is found to have a wide-range frequency content of P-wave radiation during the rupturing process. On the basis of stacking spectral seismograms we distinguished four time events of the rupturing process of a total length of about 540 s. The frequency, fmax, is the highest for the first event (0.163 Hz in time interval 0–88 s), lowest for the second — which is the strongest (0.075 Hz in time interval 88–204 s). For third and fourth events frequencies are similar (0.089 and 0.082 Hz in time intervals 204–452 and 452–537 s, respectively). The frequency also shows an azimuthal dependence (±0.02 Hz). Azimuths for which the frequency, fmax, has maximum and minimum values are 203–222° and 23–42°, respectively. These observations are discussed in relation to previously published papers on this topic.


We have examined the activity of three lipogenic enzymes [malic enzyme (ME), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase], the activity of the mitochondrial FAD-dependent alpha-glycerolphosphate dehydrogenase (alpha-GPD), and the mitochondrial concentration of uncoupling protein (UCP) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) of euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, both at room temperature and in response to acute cold stress. These enzymes and UCP are important for the thermogenic response of BAT in adaptation to cold. The basal level of the lipogenic enzymes was normal or slightly elevated in hypothyroid rats maintained at 23 degrees C, but the levels of alpha-GPD and UCP were markedly reduced. Forty-eight hours at 4 degrees C resulted in an increase in the activity of G-6-PD, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and alpha-GPD and in the concentration of UCP both in euthyroid and hypothyroid animals, but the levels reached were invariably less in hypothyroid animals, indicating that thyroid hormone is necessary for a full metabolic response of BAT under maximal demands. Of all variables measured, the most affected was UCP (only one-fifth of the response of euthyroid rats to cold) followed by alpha-GPD (approximately 50% the euthyroid response). The administration of replacement doses of triiodothyronine (T3) to hypothyroid rats for 5-7 days did not normalize any of the BAT responses, whereas the replacement of thyroxine (T4) for only 2 days sufficed to normalize them all. This effect of T4 was abolished by preventing its conversion to T3 with iopanoic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


From 2010 to 2015, the UK coalition government sought to reduce the influence of central government and follow a strategy of localism. Devolution, bringing people closer to democratic process and strengthening communities, became a key point of emphasis. The belief was that localism and devolution would empower socially, help instigate economic innovation and lead to the establishment of greener, more environmentally conscious behaviour. The findings of this paper challenge this rationale. Through an analysis of community energy policy, this paper highlights how the strategy of localism that emerged during the coalition government's tenure, did not allow pro-environmental schemes, such as community energy, to flourish. The significant scaling back of state funding and structure, which became a feature of the coalition government's approach to localism, restricts the ability and desire for communities to positively affect their surroundings. It is the recommendation of this paper that future governments should look to emerging 'eco-localism' literature, and establish a model of localism that moves away from existing neoliberal perspectives of governance.


The aim of this work is to examine the role of communication and social presence in distance learning environments and their impact on the emotions of adult learners. A study was conducted at the Hellenic Open University (HOU), using a questionnaire that was completed by 94 undergraduate and postgraduate students. More than 94 % of the students felt the need to communicate with their instructor and fellow students, but less actually did. More than 50 % of the students experienced both positive and negative emotions, while women were more prone to negative feelings. Negative emotions motivated students mainly to contact the tutor, while both negative and positive emotions motivated them to contact their fellow students. After communication, the majority of students felt positive emotions more intensely and negative ones less intensely, due to support and encouragement that they received from their tutor and fellow students. More than 80 % of the participants considered social presence as an important element of communication during their course, related to positive emotions. Regardless of the level of the course, age and marital status, quality student–tutor and student-student communication in the Hellenic Open University has an important effect on students' emotional well being.


Defense counsel have employed a version of the SODDI defense for decades. The late Johnny Cochran successfully employed the defense in the O.J. Simpson prosecution, and the legendary fictional defense attorney Perry Mason used the defense in all his cases.However, in most jurisdictions there are significant limitations on the availability of the defense. In an 1891 decision, the United States Supreme Court announced that evidence of a third party's misconduct is admissible only if it has a "legitimate tendency" to establish the accused's innocence. Today most jurisdictions follow a version of the "direct link" test. Under this test, standing alone evidence of a third party's motive or opportunity to commit the charged offense is inadmissible unless it is accompanied by substantial evidence tying the third party to the commission of the charged crime. Moreover, the evidence that the accused proffers to support the defense must satisfy both the hearsay and character evidence rules. If the defense offers out-of-court statements describing the third party's conduct, the statements must fall within an exemption from or exception to the hearsay rule. If the defense attempts to introduce evidence of the third party's perpetration of offenses similar to the charged crime, the defense must demonstrate that the evidence is admissible on a noncharacter theory under Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b)(2).However, a new version of the SODDI defense has emerged – SODDI 2.0. When the defense relies on this theory, the accused makes a more limited contention. The defense does not contend that reasonable doubt exists because there is admissible evidence of the third party's guilt. Rather, the defense argues that there is reasonable doubt because the police neglected to investigate the potential guilt of a third party who was a plausible person of interest in the case. Two 2014 decisions, one from the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit and another from an intermediate Utah court, approved this version of the defense. Even more importantly, both courts ruled that the trial judge violated the accused's constitutional right to present a defense by curtailing the accused's efforts to develop the defense at trial. The advent of this new version of the defense is both significant and controversial. The development is significant because the defense can often invoke this version of the defense when the restrictions on the traditional SODDI defense preclude the accused from relying on the traditional defense. As the two 2014 decisions point out, when the defense invokes the 2.0 version of the defense, the hearsay rule does not bar testimony about reports to the police about the third party's misconduct. Under the 2.0 version of the defense, those reports are admissible as nonhearsay to show the reports' effect on the state of mind of the police officers: putting them on notice of facts that should have motivated them to investigate the third party. Similarly, when the defense relies on the 2.0 version of the defense, the prosecution cannot invoke the character evidence prohibition to bar testimony that the third party has committed offenses similar to the charged crime. The prohibition applies only when the ultimate inference of the proponent's chain of reasoning is that the person engaged in conduct consistent with his or her character trait. In this setting, the prohibition is inapplicable because the ultimate inference is the state of mind of the investigating officers.Since the restrictions on the new version of the SODDI defense are much laxer than those on the traditional defense, the advent of this defense is also controversial. Are the inferences from the 2.0 version of the defense so speculative that as a matter of law, the defense is incapable of generating reasonable doubt? Moreover, is it wrong-minded to recognize a version of the defense with such minimal requirements when the prevailing view is that traditional version is subject to much more rigorous requirements?This article addresses those questions and concludes that it is legitimate to recognize the SODDI defense 2.0. In the past few decades, there has been a growing realization of the incidence of wrongful convictions. In the late Johnny Cochran's words, some of those convictions were a product of a "rush to judgment" by the police. The recognition of the SODDI defense 2.0 will provide a significant disincentive to such premature judgments by police investigators.


OBJECTIVE
To describe different types of motor activity which occur during sleep in relation to episodes of arousal and sleep disorder.

DEVELOPMENT
During sleep, normal motor activity should be distinguished from paroxystic episodes: parasomnias; abnormal movements such as nocturnal paroxystic dystonia, which is very similar to epilepsy of frontal origin; nocturnal epileptic crises and especially periodic movements of the limbs and the restless legs syndrome, which is related to it. Physiological cyclical fluctuations of sleep are common to all these conditions and due to cortico-subcortical changes in excitability.

CONCLUSION
We review diagnostic, clinical and neurophysiological criteria and aspects of physiopathology and treatment.


IZA DP No. 14513 JUNE 2021 Keeping Refugee Children in School and Out of Work: Evidence from the World's Largest Humanitarian Cash Transfer Program* This paper investigates whether unconditional cash transfers can keep refugee children in school and out of work. We raise this question in the unique context of Turkey, which hosts the world's largest refugee population (including 3.6 million Syrians). Refugees in Turkey are supported by the world's largest cash transfer program for refugees, the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN). We exploit a program eligibility criterion to identify the causal impacts of the ESSN program using a regression discontinuity design. The results show a large effect on child labor and school enrollment among both male and female refugee children. Being a beneficiary household reduces the fraction of children working from 14.0 percent to 1.6 percent (a decrease of 88 percent) and the fraction of children aged 6–17 not in school from 36.2 to 13.7 percent (a reduction of 62 percent). By unpacking the mechanisms at play, we show that ESSN cash transfers become a significant part of a household's income, substantially alleviate extreme poverty, and reduce a family's need to resort to harmful coping strategies. Investigating the reasons for children not attending school, we find that the beneficiary households become more likely to send children to school because the cash transfer addresses both the opportunity cost and direct cost of schooling— although the former is more important. The findings have important implications for the design of policies aimed at supporting refugee children at scale. JEL Classification: F22, I21, I28, I38, J21, O15, O22


Dur':lg 1988 the Temporary Teacher Performance Management Programme was introduced in Western Australian State high schools by the Ministry of Education. The purpose of the programme was to provide all temporary teachers with access to a full performance management process, Including an Induction and appraisal suitable to their bacKground and the amount of time they have spent at the school. This case study Involved eight temporary teachers !rom a metropolitan high school. It examined their perceptions of the nature, function, determining factors and need for modification of the Temporary Teacher Performance Management Programme. The major question underlying the research was this: From the metropolitan temporary teacher's point of view, what effect did the programme have on their professional knowledge, attitude and behaviour, and what were their perceptions for its future? To answer the major research question several subsidiary questions were pursued. These Included questions about the variation in what should have taken place during the programme according to Ministry guidelines and what actually did happen; what professional development occurred as a result of the programme; and what factors determined whether the programme had a positive or negative effect. A qualitative study, using naturalistic data collection methods was undertaken to allow participants freedom of response and to permit insight into reasons for those responses. The main emphasis of the study was on discovery rather than the testing of theory. As a study of eight temporary teachers was not Intended to produce generalizations that cover all temporary teachers' thoughts on the programme. Analysis of the data was based on participants' responses rather than a predetermined framework. Information and feedback from the temporary teachers' point of view has already assisted in further development of the programme both at the school and Central Office level. It will also contribute tO theory building In the area of teacher performance management. The exploration of the complexity of the participants' feelings and perceptions of the programme will provide a basis for developing hypotheses about the Temporary Teacher Performance Management Programme. The inquiry also may be considered a pilot study for future research.


The objective of this research is to develop a model for the electrical components that are involved in charging and discharging of an electric vehicle (EV). This will enable testing different energy management strategies that improve energy efficiency, battery lifetime, and energy availability. Furthermore, the model will enable the investigation of vehicle to grid (V2G), thermal preconditioning of vehicles, and an economic analysis and optimization. In order to achieve the above goals, the effects that determine the performance of the infrastructure, rectifier, and battery are investigated and included as a second step in a parameterized model. Implementing an open loop control enables sample times of one minute and, by simplifying the process for a low runtime, multiple EVs can be included in the simulation of a smart grid. The structure is designed in a way as to support both uncontrolled and controlled charging with variable charging power and variable charging current. For the battery, a simple model approach was developed that limits the computational complexity and the effort for parameterization. It was found that the energy management of an electric vehicle is a complex process with battery handling being a key issue. The performance is dependent on various parameters that involve battery temperature, depth of discharge, and charge and discharge rates.


Karst landscapes and karst aquifers are composed of a variety of soluble rocks, such as salt, gypsum, anhydrite, limestone, dolomite and quartzite. They are fascinating areas of exploration, study and research. As karst rocks are abundant on the Earth's surface, the fast evolution of karst landscapes and the rapid flow of water through karst aquifers present many challenges from a number of different perspectives. This collection of 25 papers deals with different aspects of these challenges, including karst geology, geomorphology and speleogenesis, karst hydrogeology, karst modelling, and karst hazards and management. Together these papers provide a state-of-the-art review of the current challenges and solutions we face in describing karst from a scientific perspective, while at the same time providing useful data and information for managing karst territories to land planners, developers, and managers of show caves, natural parks and reserves in karst terrains.


During collaborative learning, computer-supported or otherwise, students balance taskoriented goals with the interpersonal goals of relationship-building; these goals may conflict, negatively impacting learning. In peer tutoring, for instance, tutors may avoid providing feedback to their partners to avoid the face-threat to their tutee. In this paper, we explore how the interpersonal closeness between tutor and tutee impacts tutors' use of indirectness with feedback and instructions, and the impact those moves have on tutees' problem-solving. We found that stranger tutors use more indirect instructions and provide more positive feedback to their tutee than friend tutors, and that stranger tutees attempted and solved more problems when their tutors used indirect instructions. We found no effect for dyads of friends, suggesting that interpersonal closeness reduces the face-threat of direct instructions. These results demonstrate that designers of CSCL tools should incorporate awareness of students' relationships into their systems, as that relationship impacts students' collaborative learning behaviors.


As part of a series of experiments in our laboratory, we studied the effect of fluoride (F) alone or with buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) pineal proteins (BPP) and melatonin (MEL) on certain plasma biochemical parameters in rats. Six groups of six adult female Wistar rats weighing 123-142 g with an untreated group as Control were administered BPP (100 μg/kg BW, i.p.), MEL (10 mg/kg bw, i.p.), F (from NaF at 150 ppm F ion in their drinking water), F+BPP, and F+MEL daily for 28 days. Blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment to estimate plasma glucose, proteins, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), urea, creatinine, cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. There was no significant variation in glucose, protein, and K+ level among the Control, BPP, and MEL groups. However, significantly (p<0.05) higher levels of plasma glucose were observed in the F+BPP and F+MEL-treated rats. Plasma creatinine, urea, BUN, cholesterol, K+, and Na+ concentrations and also SGPT, SGOT, and ALP activities were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the F-treated animals as compared to the Control group. Administration of BPP and MEL in F-treated rats caused significant (p<0.05) reduction of these adverse changes. BPP and MEL alone resulted in significant (p<0.05) increase in plasma Na+, ALP, and cholesterol. These findings clearly indicated that BPP and MEL had significant ameliorative effects on adverse Finduced changes in certain biochemical parameters in rats. Since they also exhibited no evidence of deleterious alterations in biochemical profiles, BPP and MEL can be considered suitable for testing their beneficial effects on F toxicity in humans.


In this essay, we argue that race has yet to be integrated as an analytical category shaping the study and teaching of international relations. We suggest that although the issues of race and gender are systematically coded into central concepts in the discipline, they are made invisible through a "series of ontological and epistemological maneuvers." Focusing on two concepts central to the discipline sovereignty and the nation-state-we suggest that race can be better integrated into the teaching of international relations by focusing on the ways in which these maneuvers structure the geographies and politics of exclusion and inclusion in international relations. We conclude that raising questions about the ways in which race is taught in the academy is in itself critical-what we teach, how we teach, and who teaches are all questions that need repeated airing for achieving interpretative autonomy as well as a transformative politics.


Transcription factor binding and high resolution crystallographic studies (1.3 Å) of Dickerson-Drew duplexes with cytosine, methylcytosine and hydroxymethylcytosine bases provide evidence that C-5 cytosine modifications could regulate transcription by context dependent effects on DNA transcription factor interactions.