Stephen Gosson, recovering playwright turned antitheatrical pamphleteer, described theatre in his 1582 tract, Playes Confuted in Five Actions, as the 'Chair of Pestilence'. In the Renaissance, London's playhouses were forced to shut down for protracted and potentially ruinous intervals when plague epidemics raged. But writers such as Gosson, William Rankins, John Rainolds, and William Prynne suggested an association between theatre and plague that went beyond the restrictions necessitated by the real physical danger of contagion for the throngs of people who flocked to see plays. They insinuated that theatre itself behaved like a plague and was capable of infecting its audience with a disease-like quality. On recurrent occasions in anti-stage criticism theatre was not only likened to the plague but was frequently figured as a plague. The recurrence and significance of this curious metaphoric transposition of 'theatre as plague' throughout antitheatrical documentation is the subject of this paper. It will argue that the notion of a contagious theatricality emerges in the period as the theatre's opponents repeatedly imagine that actors will become the vectors of a contagion of corruptive roleplaying capable of destroying the natural order of things. The paper will demonstrate that plague and playhouse culture became metaphorically and even pathologically congruent: not only in discourses that can be identified as anti-theatrical, but also in staged dramas like Shakespeare's Troilus and Cressida. In the famous speech on degree and in his satirical upbraiding of Achilles and Patroclus' imitations of the Greek generals, Ulysses self-consciously replicates and appropriates the antitheatrical identification of theatre as plague, performing a metatheatrical re-inscription of oppositional sentiment. In Troilus and Cressida, Shakespeare appears to subtly advocate contagious theatricality even as he admits that the world, in typical theatrum mundi fashion, is utterly consumed by the plague of theatre.


Polycondensation of bis[α-(halomethyl)acrylate] and dithiols, dicarboxylic acids, primary monoamines, and bisphenols via conjugate substitution yielded a series of poly(conjugated ester)s with acryloyl groups in the backbones. In the case of a dithiol monomer, a polar solvent promoted the conjugate addition (Michael addition) of a mercapto chain end into the acryloyl group in the resulting backbone to cause gelation. Therefore, kinetic control of the polymerization by the selection of nonpolar solvents and end capping with the mercapto group in the case of polar dithiols was necessary to prepare linear polymers. The monomer, bis[α-(halomethyl)acrylate], was also effective in achieving chain extension of common polyesters with phenolic hydroxyl end groups. These poly(conjugated ester)s underwent main chain scission when they were treated with benzyl mercaptan in the presence of a basic catalyst through a thiol exchange reaction via conjugate addition and substitution.


Even after the publication of Larry Kramer's The People Themselves, the early history of judicial review suffers from the unfortunate influence of Sylvia Snowiss's Judicial Review and the Law of the Constitution. Snowiss misread, among other things, James Iredell's foundational argument in 1786 for the inevitability and necessity of judicial review. Snowiss claimed that early understandings of judicial review conceptualized it not as a legal doctrine but as a doctrine of political and revolutionary resistance. In fact, however, Iredell argued for judicial review as a straightforward, legalistic consequence of popular sovereignty. In Iredell's influential account, the transition from the British theory of legislative sovereignty to the American theory of popular sovereignty also brought a shift in the relations between legislative and judicial power (the separation of powers). The central implication for the courts was that they could no longer hide behind legislative authority. The judges now had to ensure their own authority to act by reference to the people's constitutions, lest they themselves illegally coerce the citizenry. Moreover, there was nothing in such a theory to suggest deference to the legislature when doing constitutional interpretation (Snowiss's doubtful case rule). When such a rule was embraced by Iredell and others, it seems not to have been a corollary of Snowiss's theory of early judicial review at all. Rather, it appears to have been a pragmatic concession to those who continued to resist Iredell's lawyerly logic.


A journey from the femto-scale world to the nano-scale world is full of mysteries and enlightening phenomena that inspire further scientific and philosophical debates. Among others, nuclear reactions, radioactivity, atomic structure and molecular bonds are the essence of microscopic worlds, for which accurate descriptions can only be through quantum physics. The fundamental aspect of nuclear radiation is its ability, in a single event, to transfer energy to the
nucleus or to orbital electrons. Understanding such interactions and devising techniques that allow them to be manipulated and controlled remains one of the greatest challenges in research that underpins the development of new technologies. This lecture discusses the fundamental and social aspects of nuclear radiation and reviews the author's experiences in nuclear technologies in three disciplines of physics. For research in nuclear
physics, neutron interactions with nuclei were exploited by irradiating marine sediment samples with thermal neutrons in the nuclear reactor. The neutron activation analysis technique was used to determine the concentration of anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic elements to monitor pollution levels. In atomic physics research,
interactions of charged particles with tissue matters were calculated prior to the development of a microdosimeter that is able to measure the quantity and quality of radiation in a simulate tissue volume of nm dimensions. In molecular physics research, the desired chemical changes by gamma rays in molecules were used to synthesize functional materials including ionic exchange membranes by radiation
grafting, conducting polymers and polymer gels by radiation-induced polymerization and metal nanoparticles by radiation reduction process. This journey has provided exciting prospects where ionizing radiation could be exploited in molecular engineering for peaceful use.


Hypoxia inhibits the interaction of Wnt3a with a molecular chaperone, leading to improper processing of Wnt3a and proteosomal degradation. In the so-called canonical Wnt pathway, β-catenin is targeted for proteosomal degradation after phosphorylation by a complex that includes adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and Axin. Wnt ligands bind to Frizzled receptors and abrogate β-catenin phosphorylation and degradation, leading to the initiation of gene transcription by stabilized β-catenin in the nucleus. Because hypoxia and activating mutations of the Wnt signaling pathway are common features of colorectal tumors, Verras et al. set out to determine whether lack of oxygen and other environmental stresses commonly observed in tumors, such as hypoglycemia and acidosis, affected the Wnt signaling pathway. In two different cancer cell lines containing intact Wnt regulatory pathways, they found that the amount of β-catenin protein was reduced by severe hypoxia or a combination of mild hypoxia and acidosis, and they showed that this reduction occurred through proteosomal degradation, although not through a pathway that involved APC or Axin. Intracellular and secreted amounts of Wnt3a (expressed and endogenous) were also lowered by severe hypoxia or mild hypoxia and acidosis, suggesting that, during hypoxia, decreases in Wnt led to decreases in β-catenin. Further investigation revealed that hypoxia inhibited Wnt3a interaction with the molecular chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). Lack of GRP78 interaction impaired disulfide bond formation necessary for the proper processing of Wnt3a in the endoplasmic reticulum, and improperly folded Wnt3a was degraded in a proteosome-dependent manner. Finding that hypoxic regions in tumors were inversely correlated, although not perfectly, with Wnt3a staining, the authors speculated that stabilizing β-catenin mutations are prominent in colorectal tumors because they bypass the normal effects of hypoxia on Wnt regulation. M. Verras, I. Papandreou, A. L. Lim, N. C. Denko, Tumor hypoxia blocks Wnt processing and secretion through the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol. Cell. Biol. 28, 7212–7224 (2008). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Photonic structures can exhibit significant absorption enhancement when an object's length scale is comparable to or smaller than the wavelength of light. This property has enabled photonic structures to be an integral component in many applications such as solar cells, light emitting diodes, and photothermal therapy. To characterize this enhancement at the single particulate level, conventional methods have consisted of indirect or qualitative approaches which are often limited to certain sample types. To overcome these limitations, we used a bilayer cantilever to directly and quantitatively measure the spectral absorption efficiency of a single silicon microwire in the visible wavelength range. We demonstrate an absorption enhancement on a per unit volume basis compared to a thin film, which shows good agreement with Mie theory calculations. This approach offers a quantitative approach for broadband absorption measurements on a wide range of photonic structures of different geometric and material compositions.


OBJECTIVE
To analyze a further version of the Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) with 10 activities of daily living (ADL), which is more easily completed by patients and scored by health professionals than a 14-ADL MDHAQ; and to determine if the 10-ADL MDHAQ would be as informative as the 14-ADL MDHAQ, the 20-ADL HAQ, and the 8-ADL modified HAQ (MHAQ), which is more easily reviewed and scored than the HAQ, but scores are routinely 0.3-0.5 units lower than HAQ scores.

METHODS
In standard care, 144 consecutive patients completed a HAQ, which includes a MHAQ, and 14-ADL MDHAQ, which includes a 10-ADL MDHAQ subscale, all scored 0-3. These scales were analyzed for mean and median scores, Cronbach's alpha to estimate internal consistency, factor analysis to estimate construct validity, and cumulative percentile scores.

RESULTS
Mean (median) scores for the HAQ, MHAQ, 14-ADL MDHAQ, and 10-ADL MDHAQ physical function scales were 0.80 (0.75), 0.48 (0.38), 0.83 (0.79), and 0.73 (0.70), respectively. Internal consistency of each scale was very good. The lowest 25 percentile score was 0.16 on the HAQ, 0.0 on the MHAQ, 0.36 on the 14-ADL MDHAQ, and 0.20 on the 10-ADL MDHAQ.

CONCLUSION
The MDHAQ physical function scale of 10 ADL is more easily completed and scored than the 14-ADL MDHAQ or 20-ADL HAQ, while providing similar information.


Projected paper:
UN AXIOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF ORGANIZATIONAL EFFICIENCY: A MEASURE
By Francisco Parra-Luna
Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain)
firstname.lastname@example.com

ABSTRACT
 The concept of "efficiency" presented in this special issue should, therefore, entail a series of theoretical dimensions of overall importance, whose operational definition should be highly demanding in terms of competence-related content. What this means is that companies labelled as "efficient" under this approach (i.e., those with an overall index greater than one, as discussed below) will be able to ascertain that they in fact are presently and will continue to be efficient in the future, and that such efficiency is measured with respect to relevant competitors. In the end, then, given the predominant role of private enterprise in modern society, the concept of Social Welfare is gong to hinge almost exclusively on Business Efficiency, the backbone of any national economy.
 On these assumptions, the relevant question is: when can a company be said to be efficient?
 Providing an appropriate or scientifically valid answer to this question involves solving certain basic theoretical problems. The first necessitates practically denying a more or less accepted hypothesis according to which the concept cannot be measured. Such a hypothesis, as formulated below, can be found throughout the scientific literature on organizations:
"Efficiency in organizations cannot be measured or calibrated for want of a general comparative model."
 And it has been sustained by most scholars addressing the subject (Edwards et al., 1986).
 Nonetheless, many authors have attempted to measure organizational efficiency empirically. Miles (1980), for instance, used 29 measurements; Campbell (1977) 30 criteria; Mahoney (1977) 114 variables; and Seashore & Yutchman (1967) 76 different indicators. Some authors (Dalton and Kesner, 1985) even claim that the number of possible measurements is nearly infinite, while all stress the difficulty involved in standardizing measures for comparison. Generally speaking, positions range from those (such as Goodman, Atkin and Schoormann, 1983) who propose a moratorium in the analysis of organizational efficiency until better inter-subjective conditions are in place, to those who propose definitively abandoning the idea in light of the utter impossibility of every reaching agreement (such as Hannan & Freemann, 1977).
 There are, naturally, authors (such as Morgan, 1980) who believe that such an agreement is not impossible or who argue that the decisive importance of the concept precludes abandonment if the aim pursued is to understand and improve business organizations (such as Peters & Waterman, 1982; Handy 1993 and in general the Total Quality Control movement. More recent but likewise theoretically disoriented approaches can be found in Mullins, 1996). In short, from the earliest attempts quoted above to the most recent papers of which this author is aware such as Puig-Junoy (2000), Surruca (2003) or Verges (2004), which have signified important advances in the definition of the concept, the hypothetical impossibility of the endeavour may still be said to be accepted. The explicit rationale for this hypothesis is based on the lack of a general comparative model able to generate the necessary agreement among experts.
 The present issue has, however, attempted to show that such a model exists, subject only to deployment of the respective effort to attain theoretical integration, thereby eroding the scientific grounds for the above hypothesis (see item 1.3 on the Reference Pattern of Values).
 Taking these conceptual grounds as a point of departure, the initial question would have to be re-formulated in a more general and concrete manner: When is a company efficient? Initially, as argued above, when it is simultaneously "Ecological", "Efficacious", "Effective" and "Incremental". And it must be all these things with respect to relevant competitors, for nothing can be said to be good/bad, tall/short, ugly/beautiful and so on unless in comparison to some reference. A company may be highly ecological, efficacious, effective and incremental, but the least ecological, efficacious, effective and incremental of all companies in the same industry and of comparable size. The definition of the new concept calls, then, for the introduction of at least one more dimension: INTERNAL/EXTERNAL that compares company results to those of its (relevant) competitors. Although this information cannot always be readily gathered, it is becoming increasingly more accessible on the Internet where many or most of the data needed for such assessments can be obtained.
 The conceptual model for Business Efficiency (BE) would, therefore, be defined by the six following propositions:

1. A company is efficient if and only if it is ECOLOGICAL (attains a desirable Input/Output ratio).
2. A company is efficient if and only if it is EFFICACIOUS (obtains what it plans to obtain).
3. A company is efficient if and only if it is EFFECTIVE (its results are accepted by its stakeholders).
4. A company is efficient if and only if it is INCREMENTAL (its results are an improvement over the preceding period, i.e., the positive factors grow and the negative factors decline).
5. A company is efficient if and only if it is PROFITABLE (earns suitable financial profits).
6. A company is efficient if and only if it is ADAPTED (it is at least as ecological in its basic ratio between "Outputs" and "Inputs" as its relevant competitors, on average).

 All of the foregoing is based on the assumption that the set of indicators used validly operationalizes the theoretical Reference Pattern of Values and Company Stakeholder models. Otherwise, the utility of the approach would have to be challenged or the approach redefined.


Two domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) participated in a series of studies in which they communicated with a human about the location of hidden food. In the first study both dogs were able to follow human pointing reliably to one of several locations where food was hidden, both in front of them and behind them. They also showed some skills at following human gaze direction in this same task, when both head and eyes indicated the same location. They did not follow eye direction when it conflicted with head direction. A second study clearly ruled out a low-level visual tracking explanation for at least one of the subjects. In a third study one of the two dogs was able to lead a naive human to one of three locations containing food consistently, mainly by barking and orienting its body to the food. The subject did not behave differently, however, when the human turned his back or covered his eyes; he continued to orient to the food and bark under all conditions. In a fourth study in which more clearly visual signals were involved, both subjects strongly preferred to drop a retrieved object at the front of, rather than at the back of, the human — even when the human turned his back so that subjects had to bring the object around his body upon return. The knowledge of human pointing and gaze direction displayed by these two domestic dogs is in many ways comparable to that displayed in experimental studies by nonhuman primates.


Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesfrom eighteen Malaysian hosts, namely mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata),
cacao (Theobroma cacao), an orchid (Cattleya sp.), pepper (Piper nigrum), chilli (Capsicum annum),
grass (Imperata cylindrica), mango (Mangifera indica) and legume cover crops (Pueraria phaeseoloides,
Centrosema pubescens, and Calopogonium mucunoides) and a weed (Mimosa pudica), vegetables
(Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna radiata, Vigna sesquipedalis and Arachis
hypogaea), a shrub (Leucaena leucocephala) and a herbaceous vine (Clitoria ternatea) were examined for
colony growth characteristics, morphology of conidia, growth on various media and temperatures and pathogenicity on
Phaeseolus bean hypocotyls. Conidium size ofColletotrichum gloeosporioides was 14.25-19.0 x 2.7-5.03 llm.
The appressorium size was 6.34-10.08 x 5.28-7.31 llm and the shape was globose/sub-globose/lobed. No
correlation between the appressorium size and shape was noticed. The optimum temperature for growth was 28 and
30°C. None of the isolates caused infection symptoms on Phaseolus bean hypocotyls.


Objective: To investigate the effect of the Zhikang capsule on the growth and apoptosis of breast cancer cell line MCF-7.
Method: MTT method was used to detect the growth situation of normal breast cancer MCF-7 cells at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after treatment by Zhikang capsule and the effects of Zhikang capsule on cell cycle of MCF-7 cells were detected by flow cytometry using flow cytometer. The effects of 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after treatment by Zhikang capsule on the growth of normal breast cancer MCF-7 cells were measured by flow cytometry; the effect of Zhikang capsule on apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was detected by PI single staining flow cytometry.
Result: Different concentrations of Zhikang capsule could effectively inhibit the growth of MCF-7 cells, and with the increase of concentration and extension of action time, the cell growth inhibition rate increased. The MCF-7 cells were effect for 72 h by the 0.5, 1, 2.0 mg/ml of the Zhikang capsule, and the proportion of G0/G1 phase cells in cell cycle was 19.33 ± 10.38%, 14.12 ± 5.37% and 26.84 ± 2.13%; While the control group G0/G1 phase ratio was 51.83 ± 1.90%. The apoptosis rate of the cells were 2.09 ± 0.74%, 3.84 ± 0.78% and 5.35 ± 0.83% respectively treated by the 0.5, 1, 2.0 mg/ml of the Zhikang capsule.
Conclusion: The Zhikang capsule could inhibit the growth of MCF-7 cells in vitro, and the inhibitory effect showed the time effect and dose effect relationship; and it could promote the apoptosis of breast cancer cells by blocking the cell cycle in the G2/M phase.


That, speaking of pormang Pinoy (Filipino style), whether we like it or not, form and context in our culture need not match, need not be harmonious and need not be one; at least, not in the western concept of harmony and oneness. Maybe our culture just has so much diversity that we have learned to live with the presence of so many forms that need not come in "sets" as in a western style dinner set where each piece must match the other pieces. The gap between form and context or content is more prevalent for the well-off and the schooled than those who are not; and this is because the former can afford to indulge in their whims. They are also better exposed to what the powerful and the mighty (the "class") indulge in. Ans since "mass follows class" the syndrome filters down to the masses in diminishing degree as one moves down the economic ladder or as one physically moves away from the growth center which serve as the bastions of the political, social, and economic elites. These growth centers and the elites are the most effective conduits of imported goods and imported ideas--unadulterated, in their original forms, initially, but adapted by necessity and more and more within local contexts as they filter down the masses.


This work deals with the dating of Mount Etna lava flows and eruptive fissure deposits to the last four millennia following field investigations and stratigraphic data (BRANCA et alii, 2011a). We have studied 24 of these volcanic products, including 301 large samples, through high precision archeomagnetic dating checked by 226Ra-230Th radiochronology, thus providing additional material to the previous paper by TANGUY et alii (2007). In most cases our results allow attributing ages to the historical period, although two flows are shown to be prehistoric. For the historic lavas, archeoma - gnetic ages can be defined within decades, except for three of them that erupted during a time span (Greco-Roman epoch) when the geomagnetic field underwent little variation. Although 60% of these volcanics exhibit ages comprised between 700 AD and 1850, only one (1285) is mentioned by contemporary written accounts. We conclude that i) historical documents alone are insufficient to reconstruct a coherent sequence of eruptions, and ii) a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to obtain a comprehensive eruptive history of such a very active volcano, useful for both scientific and civil protection purposes, even for such a geologically recent period as that of the last 10 or 20 centuries. Thanks to these new archeomagnetic and 226Ra-230Th data coupled with stratigraphic data, a comprehensive volcanic history of the still-outcropping Mount Etna volcanics is now available for the last 2,400 years. KEY WORDS: Etna volcano, archeomagnetic dating, 226Ra- 230Th dating, stratigraphy, historical account.


We screened for mutations deleterious to the freezing tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. ecotype Columbia. Tolerance was assayed by the vigor and regrowth of intact plants after cold acclimation and freezing. From a chemically mutagenized population, we obtained 13 lines of mutants with highly penetrant phenotypes. In 5 of these, freezing sensitivity was attributable to chilling injury sustained during cold acclimation, but in the remaining 8 lines, the absence of injury prior to freezing suggested that they were affected specifically in the development of freezing tolerance. In backcrosses, freezing sensitivity from each line segregated as a single nuclear mutation. Complementation tests indicated that the 8 lines contained mutations in 7 different genes. The mutants' freezing sensitivity was also detectable in the leakage of electrolytes from frozen leaves. However, 1 mutant line that displayed a strong phenotype at the whole-plant level showed a relatively weak phenotype by the electrolyte leakage assay.


In nowadays commercial and information reach society, filtering strategies have to be combined respecting the availabilities of resources, and additionally the guaranties regarding the response time should be given. The essence of the presented solution is both in the encapsulation of many known searching algorithms inside separate filtering agents, and in the integration of response time aware coordination mechanisms into one manager agent. Experimental results show that the guaranty of always proving results within 100 seconds can be given without sacrificing a user satisfaction.


The evidence is irrefutable: global warming is real. While the debate continues about just how much damage spiking temperatures will wreak, we know the threat to our homes, health, and even way of life is dire. So why isn't America doing anything? Where is the national campaign to stop this catastrophe? It may lie between the covers of this book. "Ignition" brings together some of the world's finest thinkers and advocates to jump start the ultimate green revolution. Including celebrated writers like Bill McKibben and renowned scholars like Gus Speth, as well as young activists, the authors draw on direct experience in grass-roots organization, education, law, and social leadership. Their approaches are various, from building coalitions to win political battles to rallying shareholders to change corporate behavior. But they share a belief that private fears about deadly heat waves and disastrous hurricanes can translate into powerful public action. For anyone who feels compelled to do more than change their light bulbs or occasionally carpool, "Ignition" is an essential guide. Combining incisive essays with success stories and web resources, the book helps readers answer the most important question we all face: "What can I do?"


Nominal forward rates are sensitive at surprisingly long horizons to macroeconomic news and monetary-policy surprises. This paper takes advantage of affine term-structure modelling to demonstrate that movements in term premia, not expected future short rates, account for most of the reaction of forward rates at long horizons. Specifically, term premia account for about three quarters of the reaction of nominal forward rates 10 to 15 years hence to the surprise component of numerous macroeconomic news announcements. This has strong implications for the interpretation of interest-rate sensitivity. Contrary to some recent conjectures, long-horizon expectations of the level of inflation and real rates appear reasonably well anchored in the United States, but the associated term premia are quite variable.


In this article, we consider each of these five recent statements on the topic of judicial decisionmaking, placing the books into a broader context of theories on judicial review. As noted in this review, there are four basic styles of judicial decisionmaking: formalism (where literal text is given great weight), Holmesian (often characterized by deference to government action and concern for underlying purposes of the law), natural law (emphasis on judicial precedent and general principles underlying the law); and instrumentalism (great attention paid to alternative social policy consequences of a decision). With regard to constitutional interpretation, formalist judges focus on sources of meaning existing at the time of ratification – text, context, and history – with particular focus on literal text. This leads to a static, or fixed, view of the Constitution based on the textual meaning at the time of ratification. Holmesian judges add to these sources a judicial deference to legislative, executive, and, to some extent, social practice under the Constitution. Natural law judges add to these sources great respect for precedent and reasoned elaboration of the law. Instrumentalist judges add a focus on prudential principles. For conservative instrumentalists, this typically involves greater weight paid to prudential principles of judicial restraint; for liberal instrumentalists, this typically involves greater weight paid to principles of justice or social policy embedded in the law. Comparing the five books discussed in this article, it is clear that descriptions and evaluations of what happens in judicial decisionmaking are influenced by the observer's perspective on what style of deciding is preferred. Placed in this perspective, each of these five books makes a good contribution to legal scholarship, once the predisposition of the author is understood: Judge Posner (conservative instrumentalist); Justice Scalia (formalist); Professor Quirk (Holmesian); Professor Farber (natural law, with a hint of liberal instrumentalism), and Professor Purcell (liberal instrumentalist).


PURPOSE
To assess whether architectural alterations exist in the white matter of patients with syndromic and complex craniosynostosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The medical ethics committee approved this study. Written informed consent was obtained from parents or guardians before imaging. A prospective study was performed in children with syndromic and complex craniosynostosis aged 6-14 years. Forty-five patients were included: four had Apert syndrome, 14 had Crouzon-Pfeiffer syndrome, eight had Muenke syndrome, 11 had Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, and eight had complex craniosynostosis. In addition, seven control subjects were evaluated. For diffusion-tensor imaging, an echo-planar sequence was used with a diffusion gradient (b = 1000 sec/mm(2)) applied in 25 noncollinear directions. Regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in the following white matter structures: pontine crossing tract, corticospinal tracts, medial cerebral peduncles, uncinate fasciculus (measured bilaterally), anterior commissure, frontal and occipital white matter (measured bilaterally), fornix, corpus callosum (measured in the genu and splenium), and corpus cingulum (measured bilaterally). Eigenvalues were measured in all ROIs and fractional anisotropy (FA) was calculated.

RESULTS
Across all measured ROIs, FA values were generally lower in all patients combined than in the control subjects (P < .001). There were no significant differences among subgroups of patients.

CONCLUSION
Diffusion-tensor imaging measurements of white matter tracts reveal significant white matter integrity differences between children with craniosynostosis and healthy control subjects. This could imply that the developmental delays seen in these patients could be caused by the presence of a primary disorder of the white matter microarchitecture.


Disconnected is a path-breaking analysis of the relationship between schooling and employers in Latin America. It is sophisticated in its design, using multiple surveys and multiple methods. It distinguishes carefully among different types of skills and the relationship of each type to employment outcomes and employer needs. It examines both the demand and the supply side of the labor market. And it provides guidance for further work. We commend this book to all readers, scholars, and practitioners concerned with schooling and job markets in Latin America.


We use comparable data from the US and England to examine similarities and differences in the level and trajectories of assets among households aged 70 and over. We find that in the US assets on average decline gradually with age, while in England older households actually accumulate wealth. These differences appear to be driven largely, though not entirely, by housing wealth: over the period we consider house price growth drove increases in housing wealth in England that more than offset the slow draw down of non-housing wealth. This suggests the illiquid nature of housing is likely to be an important factor in explaining wealth drawdown at older ages. We also consider the potential importance of bequest motives and savings to insure against the risk of medical and long-term care expenses.


Sponges are known to be a rich source of structurally diverse bioactive natural products, accounting for approximately one third of the 25,000 novel marine natural products discovered to date. The advancement of molecular techniques, especially next generation sequencing, has revealed a highly diverse and complex microbial consortia associated with sponges. Currently, research is on-going to investigate the role of these microorganisms in symbiosis and in the production of these sponge-associated secondary metabolites. It is hypothesised that adaptations to extreme temperatures and oxygen levels in the Antarctic may result in novel microbial strains with unprecedented bioactive metabolites. Although ecological and environmental factors are believed to play a crucial role in the expression of microbial bioactive secondary metabolites, underpinning the ecological function of microorganism-sponge interactions within Antarctica is poorly understood, despite mounting evidence that these metabolites play an important role in chemical defence and microbial community structure. The importance of the Antarctic ecosystem as a research resource will be underpinned by future global change; therefore it will be vital for ecological approaches to be addressed in addition to these biomedical functions. This review collates studies that assess the biomedical activity of secondary metabolites produced by Antarctic sponge associated microorganisms, which may stimulate the ecological function to be addressed by the community.


This paper presents new results for the (partial) maximum a posteriori (MAP) problem in Bayesian networks, which is the problem of querying the most probable state configuration of some of the network variables given evidence. It is demonstrated that the problem remains hard even in networks with very simple topology, such as binary polytrees and simple trees (including the Naive Bayes structure), which extends previous complexity results. Furthermore, a Fully Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme for MAP in networks with bounded treewidth and bounded number of states per variable is developed. Approximation schemes were thought to be impossible, but here it is shown otherwise under the assumptions just mentioned, which are adopted in most applications.


Through integration of multiple data streams to monitor volcanic unrest scientists are able to make more robust eruption forecast and to obtain a more holistic interpretation of volcanic systems. We examined gas emission and gas geochemistry and seismic and petrologic data recorded during the 2015 unrest of Cotopaxi (Ecuador) in order to decipher the origin and temporal evolution of this eruption. Identification of families of similar seismic events and the use of seismic amplitude ratios reveals temporal changes in volcanic processes. SO2 (300 to 24,000 t/d), BrO/SO2 (5–10 × 10−5), SO2/HCl (5.8 ± 4.8 and 6.6 ± 3.0), and CO2/SO2 (0.6 to 2.1) measured throughout the eruption indicate a shallow magmatic source. Bulk ash and glass chemistry indicate a homogenous andesitic (SiO2 wt % = 56.94 ± 0.25) magma having undergone extensive S‐exsolution and degassing during ascent. These data lead us to interpret this eruption as a magma intrusion and ascend to shallow levels. The intrusion progressively interacted with the hydrothermal system, boiled off water, and produced hydromagmatic explosions. A small volume of this intrusion continued to fragment and produced episodic ash emissions until it was sufficiently degassed and rheologically stiff. Based on the 470 kt of measured SO2 we estimate that ~65.3 × 106 m3 of magma were required to supply the emitted gases. This volume exceeds the volume of erupted juvenile material by a factor of 50. This result emphasizes the importance of careful monitoring of Cotopaxi to identify the intrusion of a new batch of magma, which could rejuvenate the nonerupted material.


Building on the work of Adam Herbert, this research examines how minority managers navigate the pressures of their organization versus the pressures of their community. Organizational socialization suggests that the socialization process will introduce employees to the goals and priorities of the organization and result in similar behaviors among managers. However, social identities (i.e., race, gender) also significantly influence the values, attitudes, and behaviors of a public servant. Navigating these two competing pressures, minority managers often experience role conflict in their work. We theoretically explore and empirically examine how race affects minority managers' perceptions, networking behaviors, and hiring outcomes. We test our hypotheses using 6 years of school superintendent survey data. We find that racial minority managers behave in similar ways to their White peers as they have similar perceptions of their role in the organization and engage in professional networking behavior at similar rates. However, minority managers separately address the interests of their same-race minority community by hiring same-race street-level bureaucrats. As public organizations have grown increasingly diverse, this research revisits the experiences of minority public administrators and contributes to our understanding of how race and social identities contemporarily influence public managerial behaviors.


The precipitation hardened CuCrZr alloy is used in fusion machines for the heat sink of intensely cooled plasma facing components (PFC) due to its good thermal and mechanical properties. Albeit, the feedback from its application in Tore Supra (French tokamak) showed that this alloy is very sensitive to hot tearing during electron beam welding. Hot tears also known as solidification cracks occur in solidifying parts undergoing tensile stresses that are transmitted to the mushy zone by the coherent solid underneath. In order to characterize the hot tearing susceptibility of the CuCrZr alloy, welding tests based on the investigations of the Joining and Welding Research Institute (JWRI) have been performed. Electron beam fusion lines are performed on a thin rectangular plate equipped with thermocouples and firmly clamped at its extremity in the vacuum chamber. As the width of the plate decreases, conditions leading to the formation of hot tears appear in the run-in, thus defining a critical width hot tearing wise. The JWRI welding tests are then analysed by means of numerical modelling and available hot tearing criteria. To do so, missing thermophysical and thermomechanical properties are determined by associating laboratory tests and numerical analysis. The viscoplastic strain and viscoplastic strain rate undergone by the solidifying alloy are considered as hot tearing (HT) indicators. Critical values at the onset of hot tearing are determined for this particular alloy. In addition, HT initiation conditions are compared with propagation conditions using a simple numerical approach.


Abstract Official accounts of learning in vocational education and training emphasise the acquisition of technical skills and knowledge to foster behavioural competence in the workplace. However, such accounts fail to acknowledge the relationship between learning and identity. Drawing on detailed case studies of three vocational courses – in childcare, healthcare and engineering – in English further education colleges, within the project Transforming Learning Cultures in Further Education, it is argued that learning is a process of becoming. Learning cultures and the vocational cultures in which they are steeped transform those who enter them. The authors develop the concept of 'vocational habitus' to explain a central aspect of students' experience, as they have to orient to a particular set of dispositions – both idealised and realised. Predispositions related to gender, family background and specific locations within the working class are necessary, but not sufficient for effective learning. Vocational habitus reinforces and develops these in line with demands of the workplace, although it may reproduce social inequalities at the same time. Vocational habitus involves developing not only a 'sense' of how to be, but also 'sensibility': requisite feelings and morals, and the capacity for emotional labour.


Intelligent design advocates argue that excluding intelligent design from educational and scientific environments discriminates in favor of methodological naturalism and against other approaches for understanding natural phenomena. These arguments are flawed both legally and philosophically. In order to succeed ID advocates need to demonstrate that ID is science and that public school classes and scientific institutions are public fora for speech. Legal scholarship has generally ignored the most relevant arguments from philosophy of science and the relationship of those arguments to constitutional concepts. This article demonstrates that even when ID is given the benefit of the best scientific, philosophical, and legal arguments it is unequipped to take advantage. This is because, in part, ID is a response to several important cases decided under the Establishment Clause, and the form the ID movement has taken reflects a plan to avoid the legal defeats that creationism and "creation science "faced. Intelligent design is essentially a marketing plan to claim credibility in public discourse and to avoid conflict with inconvenient court decisions. At least as to the latter goal ID advocates are likely to fail.


How have American women voted in the first 100 years since the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment? How have popular understandings of women as voters both persisted and changed over time? In A Century of Votes for Women, Christina Wolbrecht and J. Kevin Corder offer an unprecedented account of women voters in American politics over the last ten decades. Bringing together new and existing data, the book provides unique insight into women's (and men's) voting behavior, and traces how women's turnout and vote choice evolved across a century of enormous transformation overall and for women in particular. Wolbrecht and Corder show that there is no such thing as 'the woman voter'; instead they reveal considerable variation in how different groups of women voted in response to changing political, social, and economic realities. The book also demonstrates how assumptions about women as voters influenced politicians, the press, and scholars.


OBJECTIVE
To critically review all literature related to pacifier use for full-term healthy infants and young children.The specific review questions addressed are:What is the evidence of adverse and/or positive outcomes of pacifier use in infancy and childhood in relation to each of the following subtopics: INCLUSION CRITERIA: Specific criteria were used to determine which studies would be included in the review: (i) the types of participants; (ii) the types of research design; and (iii) the types of outcome measures. To be included a study has to meet all criteria.The participants included in the review were healthy term infants and healthy children up to the age of 16 years. Studies that focused on preterm infants, and infants and young children with serious illness or congenital malformations were excluded. However, some total population studies did include these children.It became evident early in the review process that very few randomised controlled trials had been conducted. A decision was made to include observational epidemiological designs, specifically prospective cohort studies and, in the case of sudden infant death syndrome research, case-control studies. Purely descriptive and cross-sectional studies were excluded, as were qualitative studies and all other forms of evidence.A number of criteria have been proposed to establish causation in the scientific and medical literature. These key criteria were applied in the review process and are described as follows: (i) consistency and unbiasedness of findings; (ii) strength of association; (iii) temporal sequence; (iv) dose-response relationship; (v) specificity; (vi) coherence with biological background and previous knowledge; (vii) biological plausibility; and (viii) experimental evidence.Studies that did not meet the requirement of appropriate temporal sequencing of events and studies that did not present an estimate of the strength of association were not included in the final review.Our specific interest was pacifier use related to:Studies that examined pacifier use related to procedural pain relief were excluded. Studies that examined the relationship between pacifier use and gastro-oesophageal reflux were also excluded as this information has been recently presented as a systematic review.

SEARCH STRATEGY
The review comprised published and unpublished research literature. The search was restricted to reports published in English, Spanish and German. The time period covered research published from January 1960 to October 2003. A protocol developed by New Zealand Health Technology Assessment was used to guide the search process. The search comprised bibliographic databases, citation searching, other evidence-based and guidelines sites, government documents, books and reports, professional websites, national associations, hand search, contacting national/international experts and general internet searching.

ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY
All studies identified during the database search were assessed for relevance to the review based on the information provided in the title, abstract and descriptor/MeSH terms, and a full report was retrieved for all studies that met the inclusion criteria. Studies identified from reference list searches were assessed for relevance based on the study title. Keywords included: dummy, dummies, pacifier(s), soother(s), comforter(s), non-nutritive sucking, infant, child, infant care.Initially, studies were reviewed for inclusion by pairs of principal investigators. Authorship of articles was not concealed from the reviewers. Next, the methodological quality of included articles was assessed independently by groups of three or more principal investigators and clinicians using a checklist. All 20 studies that were accepted met minimum set criteria, but few passed without some methodological concern.

DATA EXTRACTION
To meet the requirements of the Joanna Briggs Institute, reasons for acceptance and non-acceptance at each phase were clearly documented. An assessment protocol and report form was developed for each of the three phases of review. The first form was created to record investigators' evaluations of studies included in the initial review. Those studies that failed to meet strict inclusion criteria were excluded at this point. A second form was designed to facilitate an in-depth critique of epidemiological study methodology. The checklist was pilot tested and adjustments were made before reviewers were trained in its use. When reviewers could not agree on an assessment, it was passed to additional reviewers and discussed until a consensus was reached. At this stage, studies other than cohort, case-control and randomised controlled trials were excluded. Issues of clarification were also addressed at this point. The final phase was that of integration. This phase, undertaken by the principal investigators, was assisted by the production of data extraction tables. Through a process of trial and error, a framework was formulated that adequately summarised the key elements of the studies. This information was tabulated under the following headings: authors/setting, design, exposure/outcome, confounders controlled, analysis and main findings.

RESULTS
With regard to the breast-feeding outcome, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising two randomised controlled trials and eight cohort studies. The research was conducted between 1995 and 2003 in a wide variety of settings involving research participants from diverse socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds. Information regarding exposure and outcome status, and potential confounding factors was obtained from: antenatal and postnatal records; interviews before discharge from obstetric/midwifery care; post-discharge interviews; and post-discharge postal and telephone surveys. Both the level of contact and the frequency of contact with the informant, the child's mother, differed widely. Pacifier use was defined and measured inconsistently, possibly because few studies were initiated expressly to investigate its relationship with breast-feeding. Completeness of follow-up was addressed, but missing data were not uniformly identified and explained. When comparisons were made between participants and non-participants there was some evidence of differential loss and a bias towards families in higher socioeconomic groups. Multivariate analysis was undertaken in the majority of studies, with some including a large number of sociodemographic, obstetric and infant covariates and others including just maternal age and education.As might be expected given the inconsistency of definition and measurement, the relationship between pacifier use and breast-feeding was expressed in many different ways and a meta-analysis was not appropriate. In summary, only one study did not report a negative association between pacifier use and breast-feeding duration or exclusivity. Results indicate an increase in risk for a reduced overall duration of breast-feeding from 20% to almost threefold. The data suggest that very infrequent use may not have any overall negative impact on breast-feeding outcomes.Six sudden infant death syndrome case-control studies met the criteria for inclusion. The research was conducted with information gathered between 1984 and 1999 in Norway, UK, New Zealand, the Netherlands and USA. Exposure information was obtained from a variety of sources including: hospital and antenatal records, death scene investigation, and interview and questionnaire. Information for cases was sought within 2 days after death, within 2-4 weeks after death and in one study between 3 and 11 years after death. Information for controls was sought from as early as 4 days of a nominated sudden infant death syndrome case, to between 1 and 7 weeks from the case date, and again in one study some 3-11 years later. In the majority of the studies case ascertainment was determined by post-mortem. Pacifier use was again defined and measured somewhat inconsistently. All studies controlled for confounding factors by matching and/or using multivariate analysis. Generally, antenatal and postnatal factors, as well as infant care practices, and maternal, family and socioeconomic issues were considered.All five studies reporting multivariate results found significantly fewer sudden infant death syndrome cases used a pacifier compared with controls. That is, pacifier use was associated with a reduced incidence of sudden infant death syndrome. These results indicate that the risk of sudden infant death syndrome for infants who did not use a pacifier in the last or reference sleep was at least twice, and possibly five times, that of infants who did use a pacifier.Three studies reported a moderately sized positive association between pacifier use and a variety of infections. Conversely, one study found no positive association between pacifier use at 15 months of age and a range of infections experienced between the ages of 6 and 18 months. Given the limited number of studies available and the variability of results, no meaningful conclusions could be drawn.Five cohort studies and one case-control study focused on the relationship between pacifier use and dental malocclusion. Not one of these studies reported a measure of association, such as an estimate of relative risk. It was therefore not possible to include these studies in the final review.Implications for practice It is intended that this review be used as the basis of a 'best practice guideline', to make health professionals aware of the research evidence concerning these health and developmental consequences of pacifier use, because parents need clear information on which they can base child care decisions. With regard to the association between pacifier use and infection and dental malocclusion it was found that, due to the paucity of epidemiological studies, no meaningful conclusion can be drawn. There is clearly a need for more epidemiological research with


In this article, lessons learned from the design of a Java interface to digital cameras are described. The interface allows programmers to interact with a FireWire digital camera directly from within their Java programs. Two types of applications were developed. The first uses the Java 2D API directly to display the information on screen. Java networking is used to transmit the images over a network. The second application implements a datasource for the Java Media Framework. Being integrated in the JMF, a wide range of features can be used, including sending images over the network with a real-time transfer protocol. Both types of applications are compared, and their performance is evaluated. The usability of Java and the Java Media Framework to control digital cameras, and the possibilities of integrating the results from this paper in an embedded system are discussed.


Art is a great human endeavor and artists, since time immemorial, have tried to capture the beauty of what lies around us in their canvases. But does art accurately depict real-world objects in terms of their sizes and proportions? A particular area where artists have been challenged is in the depiction of the three-dimensional world on a two-dimensional canvas. This is known as perspective. Mathematicians have done a lot of work to understand perspective and this field of mathematics is known as projective geometry.
 Our hypothesis was that there are mathematical inaccuracies of perspective in artists' paintings that we are unable to detect with our naked eyes. Errors of perspective may be more tolerated as the distance from the eye to the object in the painting increases. We wanted to understand the degree of mathematical inaccuracy in several famous paintings and then draw conclusions about the limits of our perception of depth.
 We have used a mathematical method from the world of projective geometry, which is called cross-ratio, to analyze paintings for accuracy of perspective. Cross-ratio is measured by using four fixed points on a straight line as reference; this value is always the same irrespective of the viewing angle or the viewing distance. We took structures/buildings in paintings as our four points and compared the painting's cross-ratio to that of a photograph of the same building. For our research we have taken three famous paintings made by different artists and measured their accuracies. From our analysis we concluded that there are significant errors in perspective in these paintings and the errors increase as the structures in the paintings recede from the viewer.


&NA; Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) in north‐central Colorado exhibits a number of spectacular geologic features that exemplify geologic timescales and the breadth and power of geologic processes. Combined with the extensive system of trails, these features allow excellent access to effective Earth‐science educational opportunities. In July 2015, to help celebrate the centennial of RMNP, the author guided a geology‐based educational hike for the public on two occasions. The hiking route is approximately 15 km (˜9.3 mi) round‐trip and traverses through primarily Proterozoic metamorphic and igneous rocks that comprise the majority of bedrock in RMNP. In addition to crystalline bedrock, the route also incorporated observation of numerous glacial features and discussion of area hydrology and anthropogenic impacts. A post‐instructional survey indicates that the route and features observed helped to increase public awareness of geologic processes and sense of connection with the landscape. The route, although considered strenuous by the National Park Service, could be utilized for public outreach and geologic education for a wide variety of user groups.


Knowledge about development effectiveness is constrained by two factors. First, the project staff in governments and international agencies who decide how much to invest in research on specific interventions are often not well informed about the returns to rigorous evaluation and (even when they are) cannot be expected to take full account of the external benefits to others from new knowledge. This leads to under-investment in evaluative research. Second, while standard methods of impact evaluation are useful, they often leave many questions about development effectiveness unanswered. The paper proposes ten steps for making evaluations more relevant to the needs of practitioners. It is argued that more attention needs to be given to identifying policy-relevant questions (including the case for intervention); that a broader approach should be taken to the problems of internal validity; and that the problems of external validity (including scaling up) merit more attention.


Computational classification of gene expression profiles into distinct disease phenotypes has been highly successful to date. Still, robustness, accuracy, and biological interpretation of the results have been limited, and it was suggested that use of protein interaction information jointly with the expression profiles can improve the results. Here, we study three aspects of this problem. First, we show that interactions are indeed relevant by showing that co-expressed genes tend to be closer in the network of interactions. Second, we show that the improved performance of one extant method utilizing expression and interactions is not really due to the biological information in the network, while in another method this is not the case. Finally, we develop a new kernel method--called NICK--that integrates network and expression data for SVM classification, and demonstrate that overall it achieves better results than extant methods while running two orders of magnitude faster.


This article sets out three ambitions: First, it argues in favor of adopting "turbulence" as a conceptual device for understanding governance in times of dynamic interactive change. Second, the article distinguishes three types of turbulence: turbulent environments, turbulent organizations and turbulence of scale. These three types highlight different sources and dynamics of turbulence. Third, the article outlines an organizational-institutional approach to the governance of turbulence highlighting four key dilemmas public organizations must confront in stabilizing and adapting to turbulence: stability versus adaptation; anticipation versus resilience; tight(er) coupling versus decoupling; and integration versus differentiation. The article then synthesizes findings and argu-ments about how public organizations can manage these dilemmas.


In this paper we describe the recent advancements made in the IBM i-vector speaker recognition system for conversational speech. In particular, we identify key techniques that contribute to significant improvements in performance of our system, and quantify their contributions. The techniques include: 1) a nearest-neighbor discriminant analysis (NDA) approach that is formulated to alleviate some of the limitations associated with the conventional linear discriminant analysis (LDA) that assumes Gaussian class-conditional distributions, 2) the application of speaker- and channel-adapted features, which are derived from an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system, for speaker recognition, and 3) the use of a deep neural network (DNN) acoustic model with a large number of output units (~10k senones) to compute the frame-level soft alignments required in the i-vector estimation process. We evaluate these techniques on the NIST 2010 speaker recognition evaluation (SRE) extended core conditions involving telephone and microphone trials. Experimental results indicate that: 1) the NDA is more effective (up to 35% relative improvement in terms of EER) than the traditional parametric LDA for speaker recognition, 2) when compared to raw acoustic features (e.g., MFCCs), the ASR speaker-adapted features provide gains in speaker recognition performance, and 3) increasing the number of output units in the DNN acoustic model (i.e., increasing the senone set size from 2k to 10k) provides consistent improvements in performance (for example from 37% to 57% relative EER gains over our baseline GMM i-vector system). To our knowledge, results reported in this paper represent the best performances published to date on the NIST SRE 2010 extended core tasks.


Abstract In the design of UV-PCO-based air cleaners for improving IAQ, multiple compounds interference effects need to be quantified because indoor environment has multiple VOCs under low concentrations (typically at ppb and sub-ppb levels). This paper presents a systematic experimental investigation using a labscale UV-PCO reactor under individual vs. multiple VOC challenges. Tests were conducted for two aromatics (toluene and ethylbenzene) and two aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) as individual compound and binary mixture, and three alkanes (octane, decane and dodecane) as individual compound, binary and ternary mixtures. An annular tube reactor coated with Degussa TiO2/3% WO3 (by weight) was placed in a small-scale (50 L) stainless steel chamber. The test chamber had a continuous feed flow and the system operated as a continuous stirred tank reactor. The concentration of test VOCs at chamber inlet ranged from 0.5 to 35 mg/m3. The overall reaction rates were measured. The mass transfer effects were quantified. The average reaction rate constants were then determined. Reversible deactivations were observed for toluene and ethylbenzene as individual VOCs and as mixture. For the individual compound tests, the bimolecular L-H rate form fit experimental data best. For the binary mixture tests, the bimolecular L-H rate model with the binary component competitive adsorption considered described the trend of experimental data well, and the rate coefficients from the PCO reaction of individual compound could apply. As for alkanes and aldehydes, the reaction rate was linearly dependent on the reactant concentration within the tested concentration range. The competition/interference effects between different compounds (except octane in one ternary mixture test) were insignificant under test conditions. Results also indicate that mass transfer resistance needs to be considered under low VOC concentration levels and high UV intensities (typical for an annular tube reactor as UV lamp is in the middle of the tube) because it is likely in the same order of magnitude as the reaction resistance.


This paper offers an overview of the strengths and limitations in current empirical research on the measurement of state capacity. The paper also surveys the fast emerging literature on the determinants and effects of state capacity. We argue that existing measures on governance quality used in cross-national research can be usefully exploited to capture different aspects of state capacity. We utilise them to provide stylised facts on its evolution, and that post the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s, developing economies have experienced improvements in legal, administrative and bureaucratic capacity, but the gap with advanced economies is still wide. We note that empirical analysis is constrained by the short temporal coverage of available measures. Future research should also address this, as well as providing a systematic econometric assessment of the determinants of capacity and of its effects on development outcomes, such as health and education, which have not received sufficient scrutiny.


In 2009, Avatar, a 3-D movie directed by James Cameron, became the most successful motion picture of all time, a technological breakthrough that has grossed more than $2.5 billion worldwide. Its seamless computer-generated imagery and live action stereo photography effectively defined the importance of 3-D to the future of cinema, as well as all other currently evolving digital displays. Though stereoscopic cinema began in the early nineteenth century and exploded in the 1950s in Hollywood, its present status as an enduring genre was confirmed by Avatar's success. 3-D Revolution: The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema traces the rise of modern 3-D technology from Arch Oboler's Bwana Devil (1952), which launched the 50s 3-D boom in Hollywood, to the rapidly-modernizing 3-D industry today. Ray Zone takes a comprehensive approach that not only examines the technology of the films, but also investigates the business, culture, and art of their production. Influencing new generations of filmmakers for decades, the evolution of 3-D cinema technology continues to fill our theaters with summer blockbusters and holiday megahits.


Solar-driven thermochemical cycles (STCs) are one of the direct pathways to store solar energy in the chemical bonds of energy-rich molecules. By utilizing a redox material like ceria (CeO2) as reactive medium, STCs can produce the chemical fuels hydrogen and carbon monoxide from water and carbon dioxide. The produced syngas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, can be upgraded to hydrocarbon fuels by the Fischer–Tropsch process. Here, we explore a new concept of producing hydrocarbon fuels directly from water and carbon dioxide by incorporating a catalytic process into STCs. To achieve this, a starting material of ceria doped with a catalyst is used as reactive medium. The primary role of the catalyst is to catalyze the formation of hydrocarbon molecules during the reoxidation of ceria by water and carbon dioxide. In this study, nickel-doped ceria and rhodium-doped ceria were investigated for their methane formation activity after being activated by chemical or thermal reduction. Both materials, after being reduced by hydrogen at 600 °C, are active in producing methane during their reoxidation by water and carbon dioxide at 500 °C. After being thermally reduced at extreme temperatures of 1400 °C and 1500 °C, metallic rhodium is formed in rhodium-doped ceria. The activated rhodium–ceria produces methane directly from water and carbon dioxide during reoxidation. The long-term methane formation activity of rhodium–ceria for 59 cycles with thermal reduction is reported. With rhodium–ceria, this study demonstrates for the first time the concept of producing hydrocarbon fuels, i.e. methane, directly from water and carbon dioxide by realistic STCs. In contrast, nickel-doped ceria is not active in producing methane after thermal activation, owing to rapid sintering and loss of nickel at high temperatures. This underlines the importance of evaluating the effect of thermal reduction on the redox material used. The material's physicochemical properties could be rapidly and significantly altered at the extreme temperatures required for the thermal reduction of ceria. Such changes may render a material that is active and stable at low temperatures inactive when used under realistic conditions of STCs.


Aim: Detection of Anti-CCP antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis patients using Automated Microreader and Gen5 Software for analysis and data processing. Material and method: Total of 776 blood samples from inflammatory arthritis patients were obtained. Statistical analysis for positive and negative results was calculated and test values were compared. Results: Anti-CCP test was found positive (>25U/ml) in 32,8% of blood samples. The all positive test results were in rheumatoid arthritis patients with 95% specificity. Negative test results was found in 67,2% of blood samples that were drawn from all IgM RF negative individuals, reactive arthritis and osteoarthritis patients as well as in some end-stage rheumatoid arthritis disease. Mean value of positive results was very high: 599,62 U/ml. Conclusion: The anti-CCP test is highly specific test in Rheumatoid arthritis. The positive test in early undifferentiated inflammatory polyarthritis provides new laboratory diagnostic inflammatory marker and helps practitioners to confirm diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis. Microplate reader and Genf4 Software using ELISA method is essential automotive tool for extensive on-board data obtained analysis.


The prevalence of hypertension has increased in China, and prehypertension frequently progress to hypertension over a couple of years, both has been public health problems. Therefore a cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted in order to determine the prevalence of pre-hypertension and associated risk factors in Zhengzhou, middle of China. A total of 4800 community residents aged 18 year and older from 6 communities were screened by a stratified random cluster sampling method. Baseline characteristics of residents were acquired by questionnaire, physical examination, blood and urine biochemical measurement. Prehypertension was defined according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee (JNC 7) on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure guidelines. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to analyse the risk factors of prehypertension. Prevalence of prehypertension was 30.3% in Zhengzhou adult population, and 36.1% in men and 26.0% in women separately. Prevalence of prehypertension was 27.4% in overweight residents, 32.5% in insulin resistance residents, 36.1% in current smoking residents, and increased dramatically with age. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that age, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) smoking, and brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity (baPWV), were independent risk factors of prehypertension. Prehypertension has been a major public health problem in Zhengzhou, middle China; obesity and insulin resistance have been important risk factors.


[Contributors and querists of this department are requested to send their correct names and addresses with contributions, not necessarily for use, but that we may know to whom to direct any personal correspondence.]


Wesley Hohfeld was an important legal theorist from the early 20th century. His article, "Some Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning," which appeared in the Yale Law Journal in 1913, is one of the most-cited law articles of all time. It has had a profound impact not only in the field of jurisprudence but also on numerous scholars, lawyers, and jurists more broadly, notably including the drafters of the Restatement (First) of Property and judges of the U.S. Supreme Court and many lower courts. Although the article was intended for students, in actuality, it has been quite difficult to parse for students and professors alike. This chapter offers an annotated and slightly condensed version of the article. Textual annotations aim to explain key paragraphs and sentences in fairly basic terms, while footnote annotations are intended for scholars wishing to take a "deep dive" into the Hohfeldian typology. Although the chapter's analysis generally endorses Hohfeld's assertions, in part, it also provides friendly critique. This critique, along with careful interpretation of the original text, aligns Hohfeld's typology more closely—though not completely—with a formalist approach than previous characterizations in the legal literature, which have largely viewed the typology and Hohfeld's work as an early foray into legal realism.


Diverging populations often shift patterns of signal use – a process that can contribute to reproductive isolation and speciation. Yet it is not clear why most traits gain or lose signal value during divergence. One reason this could occur is because changes in the relationship between signals and relevant physiological parameters degrade the reliability of a signal, or even change its underlying information content. Here we test the hypothesis that the relationship between signal trait elaboration and a central component of organismal health – oxidative stress – differs across closely related populations that have diverged in signal use and preferences. In the recently diverged barn swallow subspecies complex (Hirundo rustica, Family: Hirundinidae), different populations use different traits as sexual signals. Two of these traits, ventral breast plumage color and tail streamer length, differ markedly between North American H. r. erythrogaster and European H. r. rustica. Despite this divergence, variation in ventral plumage color was similarly associated with measures of oxidative damage across both populations. However, the directionality of these relationships differed between the sexes: darker male barn swallows had higher levels of plasma oxidative damage than their lighter counterparts, while the opposite relationship was seen in females. In contrast, relationships between tail streamer length and measures of oxidative stress were not consistent across populations. Some analyses indicated that in European H. r. rustica, where males bearing elongated streamers are preferred as mates, longer-streamered males were more oxidatively stressed; however, the opposite pattern was suggested in North American H. r. erythrogaster. Tail streamer length was not associated with measures of oxidative stress in females of either population. Differences in the physiological state of stronger signalers across populations and between the sexes may be related to costs or constraints on signal elaboration (e.g., biochemical pathways associated with melanogenesis), or reflect differences in how signal-mediated social interactions influence oxidative stress. Overall, our results suggest that while some phenotypic traits appear to be capable of conveying similar physiological information regardless of their use as signals, divergence in other phenotypic traits may be associated with shifts in their information content.


The importance of Big Data and Big Data Mining is growing significantly in recent years. Different kind of e-sources as social networks, e-commerce sites, e-mails, sensors, etc. are generating large amount of structured and unstructured numerical and text data. This data provides valuable information about costumer's preferences or ratings of products or commodities. This information is essential for making predictions on the base of the sentiment analysis of this data. The sentiment analysis of large amount of text data requires specific big data and machine learning /ML/ libraries. In this paper the implementation of a system for big data sentiment analysis using ML algorithms is proposed. It is based on Naive Bayes and Support Vector Machines /SVM/ classification ML algorithms for text analysis. The system is implemented in Java and uses Apache Spark ML libraries which are very flexible, fast and scalable. The system is tested with well known Amazon dataset and its performance is measured in form of accuracy. The obtained results approve the effectiveness of big data sentiment analysis algorithms. The System can be applied for recommendation of products and services or predictions of customers' needs.


Our study is intended to analyze: a) the issue of higher education under funding; b) the "disguised subsidizing" of higher education based on tuition fees; c) the supplementary revenues sources for universities; d) the funding mechanisms of higher education. We aim to incite debate on the relation between the educational policy and the funding strategy of higher education at both national and operational levels, instancing the case of the Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca. The fundamental guide marks of this analysis are: the average cost per student, the budgetary allowance and the tuition fee. What sources of supplementary revenues for universities are there? What kind of scientific research provides incomes? Which university services generate supplementary resources? How can the university infrastructure be "exploited"? In what measure the cooperation and partnership opportunities with the economic and social environment are being identified? Which are the facilities, the steering directions, the conditions and the benefits of accessing European Structural Funds? With the purpose of answering these questions we have conceived a funding strategy model, entailing: regulations, institutional infrastructure, working instruments, budgetary allowance distribution models, educational costs estimation methods, funding mechanisms, all these operating in a gearing meant to attain, by solving the problems, the objectives of higher education policy.


The propagation of electromagnetic beams through uniaxial anisotropic media is investigated. The Maxwell equations are solved in the paraxial limit in terms of the plane-wave spectrum associated with each Cartesian field component. Attention is focused on the global changes in the spatial structure of the beam, which are described by means of the second-order intensity moment formalism. In particular, the propagation law for the intensity moments through this kind of media is obtained. As a consequence it is inferred that it is possible to improve the beam-quality parameter by using these media.


Language Standardization and Language Change describes the formation of an early standard norm at the Cape around 1900. The processes of variant reduction and sociolinguistic focusing which accompanied the early standardization history of Afrikaans (or 'Cape Dutch' as it was then called) are analysed within the broad methodological framework of corpus linguistics and variation analysis. Multivariate statistical techniques (cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling and PCA) are used to model the emergence of linguistic uniformity in the Cape Dutch speech community. The book also examines language contact and creolization in the early settlement, the role of Afrikaner nationalism in shaping language attitudes and linguistic practices, and the influence of English. As a case study in historical sociolinguistics the book calls into question the traditional view of the emergence of an Afrikaans standard norm, and advocates a strongly sociolinguistic, speaker-orientated approach to language history in general, and standardization studies in particular.


Personalization is ubiquitous in modern online applications as it provides significant improvements in user experience by adapting it to inferred user preferences. However, there are increasing concerns related to issues of privacy and control of the user data that is aggregated by online systems to power personalized experiences. These concerns are particularly significant for user profile aggregation in online advertising. This paper describes a practical, learning-driven client-side personalization approach for keyword advertising platforms, an emerging application previously not addressed in literature. Our approach relies on storing user-specific information entirely within the user's control (in a browser cookie or browser local storage), thus allowing the user to view, edit or purge it at any time (e.g., via a dedicated webpage). We develop a principled, utility-based formulation for the problem of iteratively updating user profiles stored client-side, which relies on calibrated prediction of future user activity. While optimal profile construction is NP-hard for pay-per-click advertising with bid increments, it can be efficiently solved via a greedy approximation algorithm guaranteed to provide a near-optimal solution due to the fact that keyword profile utility is submodular: it exhibits the property of diminishing returns with increasing profile size.
 We empirically evaluate client-side keyword profiles for keyword advertising on a large-scale dataset from a major search engine. Experiments demonstrate that predictive client-side personalization allows ad platforms to retain almost all of the revenue gains from personalization even if they give users the freedom to opt out of behavior tracking backed by server-side storage. Additionally, we show that advertisers can potentially increase their return on investment significantly by utilizing bid increments for keyword profiles in their ad campaigns.


Gay, straight, bisexual: how much does sexual orientation matter to a teenager's mental health or sense of identity? In this down-to-earth book, filled with the voices of young people speaking for themselves, Ritch Savin-Williams argues that the standard image of gay youth presented by mental health researchers - as depressed, isolated, drug-dependent, even suicidal - may have been exaggerated even twenty years ago, and is far from accurate today. The New Gay Teenager gives us a refreshing and frequently controversial introduction to confident, competent, upbeat teenagers with same-sex desires, who worry more about the chemistry test or their curfew than they do about their sexuality. What does "gay" mean, when some adolescents who have had sexual encounters with those of their own sex don't consider themselves gay, when some who consider themselves gay have had sex with the opposite sex, and when many have never had sex at all? What counts as "having sex," anyway? Teenagers (unlike social science researchers) are not especially interested in neatly categorizing their sexual orientation. In fact, Savin-Williams learns, teenagers may think a lot about sex, but they don't think that sexuality is the most important thing about them. And adults, he advises, shouldn't think so either.


The Australian Productivity Commission (Commission) in its recent final report on its "Inquiry into Australia's Intellectual Property Arrangements" ("Inquiry Report") claims that "Copyright is broader in scope and longer in duration than needed," commenting that "The scope and term of copyright protection in Australia ... is now skewed too far in favour of copyright holders." On this basis the Commission recommends a number of reforms to weaken copyright law. The Commission explicitly admits it adopts a bias in support of weaker copyright law commenting: "the Commission considers it is appropriate to 'err on the side of caution' ... and consciously set weaker parameters in the way that rights are assigned, used or enforced."
In this report, we show that the Commission's analysis is not only biased, but also fundamentally flawed. To illustrate the biased and flawed analysis the Commission relies on, we review a key hypothesis advanced by the Commission to support the case for weaker copyright law: that digital technologies have had significant positive effects on copyright industries, enhancing the incentive to invest in creativity, and implying that copyright protection can be weakened commensurately, without harm to the Australian community in the future. This hypothesis can be described as a "peak" hypothesis that assumes developments in digital technologies since the beginning of the new millennium have enabled a new "peak" in creative industries reliant on copyright.
In this paper, we seek to test the Productivity Commission's peak hypothesis by analysing data on trends in economic contribution (value add), employment, and investment in the creative sector reliant on copyright, using reliable data collected for this purpose by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), including Australian National Accounts statistics. The evidence refutes the Commission's hypothesis that digital technologies have facilitated a dramatic increase in fortunes for the creative sector reliant on copyright. To the contrary, analysis of this data shows that:
• Copyright industries' value add growth in Australia failed to keep up with economy-wide growth, amounting to a nearly $170 billion cumulative shortfall in value add for core copyright industries between 2000 and 2014; the estimated shortfall is even higher, $332 billion, when compared against earlier copyright industry value add growth rates;
• Copyright industries' employment growth in Australia also failed to maintain pre-2000 levels, resulting in a shortfall of around 260,000 industry jobs by 2011;
The estimated shortfall in Film and Video Production and Post Production value add compared to GDP growth was $1.5 billion as of 2011-2012, the latest year available, with employment similarly failing to keep pace; and
• Gross fixed capital formation in artistic originals as a percentage of GDP would have been 36% higher had it maintained its 1992-2001 growth rate.
A more balanced analysis of objective data points readily available should thus have yielded more balanced recommendations by the Commission. The data suggests that any weakening of copyright protection as proposed by the Commission risks further reducing incentives to create, and further harming the Australian community over time.


Defence counsel are ethically bound to zealously represent their clients. So what exactly does it mean to 'zealously represent' a client before any of the international criminal courts or tribunals? How unproblematic is it for defence counsel to meet their ethical duties? Would an International Criminal Court ( ICC ) Bar or professional association for ICC List Counsel and their assistants be of any significance to that end? This contribution concludes that the only way forward out of the prevailing and persistent morass List Counsel currently find themselves in at the ICC , is through the establishment of a Bar Association for List Counsel and their assistants.


Abstract. This study aims to assess the impact of the land-use changes between the periods 1967−1974 and 1997−2008 on the streamflow of Tapacura catchment (northeastern Brazil) using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The results show that the most sensitive parameters were the baseflow, Manning factor, time of concentration and soil evaporation compensation factor, which affect the catchment hydrology. The model calibration and validation were performed on a monthly basis, and the streamflow simulation showed a good level of accuracy for both periods. The obtained R2 and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency values for each period were respectively 0.82 and 0.81 for 1967−1974, and 0.93 and 0.92 for the period 1997−2008. The evaluation of the SWAT model response to the land cover has shown that the mean monthly flow, during the rainy seasons for 1967−1974, decreased when compared to 1997−2008.


In 1998 the child labor legislation was amended restricting the employment to minors under sixteen instead of fourteen. Using data from household surveys (PNAD) it is possible to observe a decline in the percentage of 14 and 15 year-old children working in the decades. This paper examines whether a federal law restricting the employment of child labor contributed to this decline. Using a probit model and pooling the cross-sectional data from 1995 to 2003, we observe statistically significant coefficients for the variable representing the change in the legislation for boys and girls in the urban and rural areas. Therefore, it can be inferred that the legislation contributed to a decrease in the percentage of teenagers working in the labor market, although it did not eliminate child labor.


A new floating fender devise designed to absorb berthing energies of ships against piers or harbor structures is described The principles governing the design and operation of the Hi-Dro Cushion Camel are reviewed The materials used in construction and the results of testing on the prototype are also explained and illustrated. Cost data and other information are given to permit evaluation and economic comparison with other systems. The Hi-Dro Cushion Camel consists of rectangularly arranged thin-walled plastic cylinders grouped in clusters in a sandwich between two structural diaphragms The cylinders are submerged in water and are completely enclosed except for an air vent hole and pressure regulating orifice The orifice controls the pressure build up and water release as the tube walls are pushed together at varying velocities. The ability of the device to adapt to variations in vessel displacement, pier flexibility and berthing velocities, is also discussed.


The sectarian tactics of the Comintern's Third Period
prevented the Communist Party of Great Britain from
articulating an effective response to the rise of fascism
during 1933. The CPGB leadership saw the main threat of
fascism in Britain coming from the National Government,
whose measures were portrayed as leading to the gradual
'fascisation' of British society. This led to the Party
leadership ignoring the BUF as politically irrelevant.
However, sections of the CPGB rank and file felt
differently, linking up with their Labour movement
counterparts; organising activity on a mass scale to
prevent BUF activity on the streets of Britain.

In mid 1934, reflecting pressure from below and the
change in Comintern anti-fascist strategy as advocated by
Dimitrov, the CPGB leadership changed tack and sanctioned
counter-demonstrations to BUF meetings. In October 1934 it
offered a united front electoral pact to the Labour Party.

In 1935 the CPGB embraced the popular front policy
adopted by the Comintern at its Seventh World Congress. The
popular front movement was designed to change the 'profascist'
foreign policy of the National Government and
replace it with a people's government favourable to a
military pact with the USSR. This guiding principle lay
behind the popular front activity of the CPGB during 1935-
39.

By 1939 after six years of hard work the CPGB had little
to show for its struggle against fascism. Despite a small
increase in membership, and a slight growth in influence
amongst the trade unions and intelligentsia, it had failed
to bring about a change in British foreign policy favourable
to an alliance with the Soviet Union or to emerge as a
significant force within the British Labour movement. This
failure can be largely ascribed to its pursuit of an antifascist
strategy determined mainly by the requirements of
Soviet foreign policy and not by the concerns of British
workers.


We consider multi-rate peer-to-peer multiparty video conferencing applications, where different receivers in the same group can receive videos at different rates using, for example, scalable layered coding. The quality of video received by each receiver can be modeled as a concave utility function of the video bitrate. We study and address the unique challenges introduced by maximizing utility in the multi-rate setting as compared to the single-rate case. We first determine an optimal set of tree structures for routing multi-rate content using scalable layered coding. We then develop Primal and Primal-dual based distributed algorithms to maximize aggregate utility of all receivers in all groups by multi-tree routing and show their convergence. These algorithms can be easily implemented and deployed on today's Internet. We have built a prototype video conferencing system to show that this approach converges to optimal bitrates to improve user experience and offers automatic adaptation to network conditions and user preferences.


Background: Elastomeric chains are of clinical importance to orthodontics. Therefore, their behavior should be assessed under different conditions. Some of their critical aspects remain unstudied (including effects of different elongations and chain forms on their force properties). Therefore, we aimed to assess these factors. Materials and Methods: This in vitro study was performed on 540 observations: first, 90 chains (10 specimens per subgroup of three brands [American Orthodontics, Ortho Technology (OT), and G&H], each from three chain types [closed, short, and long]) were stretched for three extents (40%, 60%, and 100%) and their forces were measured using a universal testing machine. Afterward, 270 new chains of the same brands/types were stretched for the same extents by installing them onto pairs of pins with different interpin distances. Plates holding pins/chains were incubated in artificial saliva at 37°C for 4 weeks. Afterward, their forces were measured and analyzed using partial correlation coefficient, three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey, Student's t, and Mann–Whitney tests (α = 0.001). Results: Forces degraded significantly from an overall mean of 3.97 ± 0.97 N to 1.29 ± 0.39 N after 4 weeks (all P = 0.000, t-test/Mann–Whitney). ANOVA showed highly significant differences among brands, types, and elongations, in terms of "initial force, force decay, and residual force" (all P = 0.000). Almost all post hoc pairwise comparisons were significant (Tukey P = 0.000). There was a strong positive correlation between elongation extent and force loss (r = 0.846, P = 0.000). Conclusion: OT might be the most preferable brand. Closed chains might usually show better results, especially in OT chains. Instead of using chains half of the size of the space (to elongate for 100%), longer chains should be used to stretch for lesser extents.


This memo presents an application protocol for managing network
entities such as hosts, gateways, and front end machines. This
protocol is a component of the High-level Entity Management System
HEMS), described is RFC-1021. This memo also assumes a knowledge of
the ISO data encoding standard, ASN.1.


Title of dissertation: ADAPTING SWARM INTELLIGENCE FOR THE SELF-ASSEMBLY AND OPTIMIZATION OF NETWORKS Charles Eugene Martin, Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Dissertation directed by: Professor James A. Reggia Department of Computer Science While self-assembly is a fairly active area of research in swarm intelligence and robotics, relatively little attention has been paid to the issues surrounding the construction of network structures. Here, methods developed previously for modeling and controlling the collective movements of groups of agents are extended to serve as the basis for self-assembly or "growth" of networks, using neural networks as a concrete application to evaluate this novel approach. One of the central innovations incorporated into the model presented here is having network connections arise as persistent "trails" left behind moving agents, trails that are reminiscent of pheromone deposits made by agents in ant colony optimization models. The resulting network connections are thus essentially a record of agent movements. The model's effectiveness is demonstrated by using it to produce two large networks that support subsequent learning of topographic and feature maps. Improvements produced by the incorporation of collective movements are also examined through computational experiments. These results indicate that methods for directing collective movements can be extended to support and facilitate network self-assembly. Additionally, the traditional self-assembly problem is extended to include the generation of network structures based on optimality criteria, rather than on target structures that are specified a priori. It is demonstrated that endowing the network components involved in the self-assembly process with the ability to engage in collective movements can be an effective means of generating computationally optimal network structures. This is confirmed on a number of challenging test problems from the domains of trajectory generation, time-series forecasting, and control. Further, this extension of the model is used to illuminate an important relationship between particle swarm optimization, which usually occurs in high dimensional abstract spaces, and self-assembly, which is normally grounded in real and simulated 2D and 3D physical spaces. ADAPTING SWARM INTELLIGENCE FOR THE SELF-ASSEMBLY AND OPTIMIZATION OF NETWORKS


Raising the opportunity cost of people's time may reduce their commitment to social obligations such as voting. Notably, entertaining sporting events can be strong civic distractions, as commentators throughout history have lamented. To consider sporting events' influence on political behavior, this paper examines the effect of Monday Night Football games the day before US general elections from 1970 to 2014. More attractive games, such as those that feature more prominent and competitive match-ups or that feature local or high-scoring teams, may entice people to consume more entertainment and thus have less time to devote to civic affairs. When preelection football game quality increases from its 25th to 75th percentile, voter turnout falls by between 2 and 8 percentage points. These effects are somewhat weaker among those more interested in politics and do not appear in placebo tests on other political behaviors occurring before the preelection game.