Building economic and social infrastructure is at the heart of the national developmental agenda in South Africa, and plans include those for enhancing the capacity of existing water resource infrastructure to meet competing needs across all sectors. Indeed, water is arguably the most pivotal natural resource for meeting the socio-economic needs of South Africa as a developmental state. It is understandable, therefore, that there is increasing expectation to provide water to support all the development objectives of the state, including poverty alleviation and rural development. In the light of the challenge to drive down unemployment levels, including among the youth as amplified in the New Growth Path underpinning the country's economic development, the rollout of mega-projects such as those for large water infrastructure is required to be innovatively structured to create more jobs and have a real positive impact on the lives of the poor. This paper evaluates the expanding operational model of the TransCaledon Tunnel Authority, a state-owned entity, beyond its primary mandate to finance and implement bulk water infrastructure projects without recourse to the fiscus, into strategically mapping out all project interventions to facilitate social transformation and build sustainable communities. This developmental priority is demonstrated by the manner in which water infrastructure projects are now implemented by the organization and its collaborators. Key elements include the development of economically sustainable funding models; innovative management of debt within a prudent risk framework; and, most importantly, implementation of cost-effective and environmentally sound infrastructure emphasizing socio-economic strategies for transforming project communities and building small, medium and micro enterprises.


In the opening pages of her 1743 conduct manual, A Present for a Servant-Maid, Eliza Haywood warns young female domestics against "Houses which appear well by Day, that it would be little safe for a modest Maid to sleep in at Night" (213). In these places, Haywood asserts, "are too frequently acted such Scenes of Debauchery as would startle even the Owners of some common Brothels" (213-14). The pronouncement misrepresents a work devoted to discussions of buying cheese, dressing fowl, and other matters of an equivalent hostility to prurience. But at the same time it hints at a narrative strategy characteristic of Haywood's career, from the fictions of the 1720s that have been widely reprinted in recent years to the more overtly didactic tracts of the 1740s and 1750s that are just now reappearing in print: the creation of environments radiant with the possibility of transgression and provocatively in counterpoint to the author's explicit moral arguments. The question at hand concerns the force and the allure that Haywood assigns to these environments, or, more specifically, the extent to which she allows them to threaten the conservative, milk-and-water morality she characteristically espouses. In those works that were most popular in her own time (for example, A Present for a Servant-Maid and the amatory fictions for which she is still best known), Haywood creates what I will call "pornographic places" as geophysical counter-narratives to her parables of sexual temptation. The passage reproduced above illustrates the point. Haywood's method in these works is to derive maximum erotic charge from the pornographic place while emphasizing its moral taintedness. Other, lesser-known works, such as The Tea-Table (1725) and its sequel (1726), are pitched a bit differently. Haywood's use of a fragmented narrative structure in this corporate work points up tensions between precept (or moral parable) and example (or, again, environment) prevalent in her oeuvre but more carefully concealed elsewhere in it. (1) In The Tea-Table, Haywood creates a moral exemplar who is critical of a specifically urban strain of sexual transgressivity. But she denies her character, the hostess Amiana, the power to vanquish the transgressive elements that she, Amiana, opposes. An urban environment fosters sexual energies antithetical to the moral and narrative inclinations of a righteous character who shuts herself up with a group of friends and promotes a loftier strain of discourse than that which evidently dominates the extramural world. Embedded erotic narratives nonetheless proliferate in The Tea-Table; and Amiana's attempts to quash them fail utterly and, it seems, thematically. By allowing a series of challenges to Amiana's moral voice, in the form of both extramural and intramural manifestations of the energies that Amiana would exclude, Haywood decenters moral authority and thereby suggests the flexibility of moral categories that she elsewhere presents as rigid. Amiana would like to perform the function that Haywood reserves for herself in A Present for a Servant-Maid: to identify and expunge a great fund of depravity (and erotic promise) resident in the community shared by the author and her readers. Haywood, however, will not let her do it. Several more familiar points of reference come to mind. The Tea-Table renegotiates a moral and narrative problem that troubles amatory fictions like Idalia (1723) and Fantomina (1725), representative works in which Haywood ultimately quashes the eroticized woman on whom her narrative has depended. The punitive tendency of these earlier works constitutes a defining characteristic of pornography, in Haywood's day as in our own. Like many pornographers (and like many other writers of romance), Haywood often ends her erotic fictions by retreating from libertine narration into gender-specific patterns of guilt and absolution. (2) Beauplaisir strolls out of Fantomina blessed by the mother of the young woman whom he has impregnated during a sustained sequence of consensual sexual encounters. …


Background: The modulating effects of the multiple sclerosis (MS) risk-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on MS clinical course are not well established. Objectives: The objective of this paper is to investigate whether known MS risk-associated SNPs were associated with clinical course, and whether these SNPs modified the 25(OH)D-relapse association. Methods: Using a prospective cohort of 141 participants with relapsing–remitting MS and genotype data followed between 2002 and 2005, genotype-vitamin D interactions and the genetic predictors of relapse were assessed using survival analysis, and genetic predictors of 25(OH)D and disability progression were evaluated by multilevel mixed-effects linear regression. Results: While no SNP reached statistical significance after multiple testing, five SNPs were associated with relapse, with significant cumulative genotype risk effects and two demonstrated significant allele dose-response. Two SNPs altered the 25(OH)D-relapse association with significant allele dose-response. Five SNPs modified levels of 25(OH)D, with significant cumulative genotype 'risk' effect, and three demonstrated significant allele dose-response. We found no consistent evidence for an association between any SNPs and disability. Conclusions: Our study provides evidence for an association between known MS risk-associated SNPs and relapse. Our findings indicate gene-environment interactions may be an important mechanism on MS clinical course, and provide support for the role of vitamin D in MS relapse.


Background and Aim: One of the most important factors to present successful managers is general health. If managers have not highly general health, then they will encounter many problems. Therefore, this research is aimed to induce the general health among Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals' administrators. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, deceptive and analytical study was conducted among 25 Tehran University of Medical Sciences hospitals administrators in Tehran, Iran. The research tool was general health questionnaire developed by Goldberg and Hillier to assess the administrators general health and its demographic details. Data was analyzed by SPSS software and using analytic statistical methods. Results: The results of this study showed that the hospitals administrators had normal range of general health. Also, there was significant correlation between anxiety with physical dysfunctions, and depression with physical dysfunctions, and anxiety with social functions. Conclusion: The rate of general health among TUMS hospitals administrators is higher than the other mangers compared with similar studies in Iran and out of Iran. Therefore, we suggest periodic medical examination, general health training, and consultant services to develop or maintain the general health among healthcare managers.


An activity recorder weighing 24 g with on-board data storage, designed to record data relating to seabird activity and behaviour at sea, is described. The principles, the design specification and the circuit description of the device are presented, together with data from field tests on Wandering Albatrosses Diomedea exulans to illustrate performance.


Accessible to both the entrepreneur and the experienced executive, this second edition of The Definitive Business Plan is the fast track to intelligent business planning. This international bestseller is THE ultimate guide to business planning. Whether your goal is to launch a new business or secure corporate support for a new venture, it will help you build a plan capable of driving and directing a robust business.


Purification is critical in any chemical process. The removal of impurities will produce the product in better quality and high standard. In this study, a new type of monomer was prepared by condensation polymerization of alkali lignin (AL) and methacryloyl chloride (MAC). The effect of AL/MAC ratio and the purification of MAC were investigated. The physical and chemical properties of the product obtained which is lignin methacrylate (LMA) were characterized by Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR). The result reveals that the purification was successfully removed the hydroxyl groups from the stabilizer in MAC and it is found that all the hydroxyl groups are coming from AL. The single interaction between AL and MAC has successfully enhanced the product obtain which does show no hydroxyl groups. The 1H-NMR data also showed that the purification of MAC influences the outcome. The noise and impurities were eliminated after the purification of MAC, and more pure products were obtained. This new monomer (LMA) synthesis that can be further utilized for various applications.


In this paper, we present an end-to-end solution to the development of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system in typical under-resourced languages, where the target language is likely to be influenced by one more embedded foreign languages. We first describe the collection and processing of the text corpus crawled from the World Wide Web using the Rapid Language Adaptation Toolkit. In particular, we highlight the challenges faced when foreign languages are embedded within the matrix language. Thereafter, we discuss our speech data collection efforts in under-resourced environments. We finally report on a strategy called transliteration that aids to improve recognition results of our grapheme-based automatic speech recognition system in the presence of embeddedlanguage words.


Abstract. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from a cyclohexene ∕ NOx system with various SO2 concentrations under UV light was investigated to study the effects of cyclic alkenes on the atmospheric environment in polluted urban areas. A clear decrease at first and then an increase in the SOA yield was found with increasing SO2 concentrations. The lowest SOA yield was obtained when the initial SO2 concentration was in the range of 30–40 ppb, while higher SOA yield compared to that without SO2 could not be obtained until the initial SO2 concentration was higher than 85 ppb. The decreasing SOA yield might be due to the fact that the promoting effect of acid-catalysed reactions on SOA formation was less important than the inhibiting effect of decreasing OH concentration at low initial SO2 concentrations, caused by the competition reactions of OH with SO2 and cyclohexene. The competitive reaction was an important factor for SOA yield and it should not be neglected in photooxidation reactions. The composition of organic compounds in SOA was measured using several complementary techniques including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ion chromatography (IC), and Exactive Plus Orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray interface (ESI). We present new evidence that organosulfates were produced from the photooxidation of cyclohexene in the presence of SO2.


Naked mole rats (NMRs) are among the most hypoxia-tolerant mammals. Other species respond to hypoxia by either escaping the hypoxic environment or drastically decreasing behavioural activity and body temperature ( T b ) to conserve energy. However, NMRs rarely leave their underground burrows, which are putatively hypoxic and thermally stable near the NMRs' preferred T b . Therefore, we asked whether NMRs are able to employ behavioural and thermoregulatory strategies in response to hypoxia despite their need to remain active and the minimal thermal scope in their burrows. We exposed NMRs to progressively deeper levels of hypoxia (from 21 to 0% O 2 ) while measuring their behaviour and T b . Behavioural activity decreased 40–60% in hypoxia and T b decreased slightly in moderate hypoxia (5–9%) and then further with deeper hypoxia (3% O 2 ). However, even at 3% O 2 NMRs remained somewhat active and warm, and continued to explore their environment. Remarkably, NMRs were active for greater than 90 s in acute anoxia and T b and metabolic rate decreased rapidly. We conclude that NMRs are adapted to remain awake and functional even at the extremes of their hypoxia-tolerance. This adaptation likely reflects variable and challenging levels of environmental hypoxia in the natural habitat of this species.


Abstract

In this chapter, I will discuss the representation of mental illness in Stephen Daldry's film The Hours (2002). Particularly, I will consider the various ways that the images of depression and melancholy used to construct these representations are inflected by issues of gender and sexuality. Initially considering the prevalent narrative themes of popular mental illness narratives, I will identify and explain that there is a clear divide in the way that triumph and suffering become dichotomous attributes of gender and mental illness in cinema. The two crucial aspects of this chapter are the prevalence of biopic films in constructing this gender divide and the longstanding cultural relevance of the 19th Century 'Fallen Woman' archetype. Initially I will explain how biographical films concentrating on male protagonists battling with mental illness frequently construct narratives of 'heroic suffering', 'enlightenment' and 'triumph'. In response to this I will then, using The Hours as my case study, develop my argument of gendered division by considering the very different themes of melancholy and suffering that populate common narratives centred on women. Taking into account the historical lineage of 'Fallen Women' in the arts, and in particular the heavy association between melancholic women and drowning (dating back to Shakespeare's Ophelia in Hamlet and extending into 19th Century arts) this chapter will illustrate the way that The Hours' continuation of these themes constructs representations of mental anguish and suffering using longstanding cultural attitudes towards women and 'madness'. Ultimately, my chapter will illustrate how film narratives of women and their affliction with mental illness can be tied to wider discourses and imagery of depression and female melancholy. Illustrating how these films belabour characters' suffering, especially in comparison to male characters, I will highlight the significant role that gender and sexuality play in our perceptions of mental illness in film.

Key Words: Gender, melancholia, fallen women, The Hours, depression, mental illness.


We study the scalability of several recent graph kernel-based collaborative recommendation algorithms. We compare the performance of several graph kernel-based recommendation algorithms, focussing on runtime and recommendation accuracy with respect to the reduced rank of the subspace. We inspect the exponential and Laplacian exponential kernels, the resistance distance kernel, the regularized Laplacian kernel, and the stochastic diffusion kernel. Furthermore, we introduce new variants of kernels based on the graph Laplacian which, in contrast to existing kernels, also allow negative edge weights and thus negative ratings. We perform an evaluation on the Netflix Prize rating corpus on prediction and recommendation tasks, showing that dimensionality reduction not only makes prediction faster, but sometimes also more accurate.


The core city in Pune is highly congested, and the number of motorised vehicles on the street is increasing rapidly in the whole city. This creates problems like air pollution, high noise levels, long travelling times and an unpleasant urban environment etc. The thesis presents some solutions for these problems, based on sustainable transport principles, methods for creating a pleasant walking environment and best practice examples. The planning proposal is divided into a concept plan for the whole core city, as well as a detailed planning proposal for a pedestrian street on a part of Laxmi Road - one of Pune's most well-known streets. Different aspects of the core city area and Laxmi Road have been mapped thoroughly and a traffic count, function analysis, a target point analysis and a Lynch analysis have been performed. Focus is to improve conditions for pedestrians. To achieve this it is important to limit the motorised traffic. An origin- destination survey performed on Laxmi Road displayed that over 40% of the traffic on the street in peak-hour is through traffic. The proposal is therefore to limit through traffic and improve the pedestrian environment. This thesis evaluates and discusses this proposal; including an analysis of the improvements to the air quality, the effect on different groups of people, and the necessary elements for the project to succeed.


The aim of this paper is to reassess the history of the Sanseverino family, princes of Bisignano in Calabria in the Late Middle Ages; by focusing on a specific and unpublished source: the so-called "reintegre or platee" as written in the first half of the 16th century. These are public sources mostly enlisting properties and benefits; they serve the purpose of re-possessing the privileges taken from the princes themselves over the previous century. The paper will therefore focus not only on the management and character of the seigneurial landholdings but also on the reconstruction of both the local networks of power exerted on the population and the local political system. It will shed new light on the still debated historiographical issue centered on the seigneurial authority in southern Italy by assessing its local rooting and pervasiveness since the 14th century.


The behaviour of two-phase air-water mixture flowing from the horizontal to the vertical through a 90° bend has been investigated experimentally. Cross sectional void fraction at nine positions, three upstream and six downstream of the bend have been measured using a conductance probe technique. The bend, manufactured from transparent acrylic resin has a diameter of 34 mm and a curvature (R/D) equal to 5. The superficial velocity of the air was varied between 0.3 and 4 m/s and that for the water between 0.21 and 0.91 m/s. The characteristics signatures of Probability Density Function (PDF), the Power Spectral Density (PSD) of the time series of cross sectionally average void fraction and visual observations have been used to characterise the flow behaviour. For the experimental conditions, plug, slug and stratified wavy flow pattern occurred in the horizontal pipe while slug and churn flow patterns were present in the vertical pipe. The void fraction increased with the gas superficial velocity. The correlation of Nicklin et al. predicted the structure velocity for the slug flow in both horizontal and vertical pipes reasonably accurately. With regards to the frequency of the periodic structures present, some conditions showed little change from upstream to downstream the bend whilst others showed an increasing in the structure frequency from horizontal to vertical pipe. The slug length increased by passing through the vertical bend.


The detection of hydrogen peroxide has been shown to be very important in recent years due to its relevant role in many industrial applications as well as biological reactions. We are interested in it as a quantitative marker for oxidase-based biosensor applications where it is produced when substrate (e.g., glucose, cholesterol) is catalysed by its respective oxidase enzyme.
Previously, a commercial silver flake-based screen-printing ink (PF-410, Acheson®), when coated with surfactant and salt
(dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and KCl) has shown to significantly enhance the electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide - up to 80-fold over non-treated inks. In this study, the silver morphology, presence of dispersant and silver supplier is investigated for their effects on
the electrocatalysis of hydrogen peroxide. In order to do this, inks loaded with silver micron-sized flakes and silver nanopowders, from various suppliers, are prepared using the binder material extracted from the Acheson® PF-410 to formulate inks.


In this work, we describe novel halogen bonded o-vanillin imine cocrystals. As cocrystal coformers, we selected perfluorinated diiodobenzenes, 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene, as halogen bond donors. To explore the halogen bonding proclivity of the o-vanillin ortho-methoxy–hydroxy group, two imines were produced by condensation of o-vanillin with amines containing hydrophobic residues that have no additional potential halogen bond acceptor sites other than the o-vanillin oxygen atoms. We have prepared four cocrystals by both one-pot three-component solvent-free synthesis and the conventional solution-based method. The results of our work show that the ortho-methoxy–hydroxy group of the o-vanillin moiety is a good halogen bond acceptor and is capable of forming predictable halogen-bonded synthons. In the studied cocrystal structures, a wide range of varieties of this synthon were observed, including bonds with a single acceptor (either the methoxy O atom – in two structures, or the hydroxy O atom – in one), 'slightly bifurcated' bonds with a dominant (hydroxy) and ancillary (methoxy) acceptor, and a geometrically unusual asymmetrical bifurcated bond.


Organochlorine pesticides belong to the class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They are deeply involved in environmental issues and represent a real threat for human health. The aim of this study was to assess the level of organochlorine pesticides contamination in human milk through two studies of POPs biomonitoring performed in 2010 and 2015 in Cote d'Ivoire. Primiparous breastfeeding mothers were selected from maternal and child healthcare centers in the district of Abidjan. A grouped human milk sample was prepared from individual sample collected from each mother. The grouped sample was frozen at -20°C, packaged and shipped to a World Health Organization (WHO) reference laboratory in Germany for the determination of persistent organic pollutants. Analysis of samples from both studies revealed the presence of several organochlorine pesticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor and heptachlorobenzene. Some organochlorine pesticides such as DDT (1073 to 491 ng/g) (54.24%), chlordane (5.7 to 3.6 ng/g) (36.84%), heptachlor (4 to 2 ng/g) (50%) and dieldrin (4.6 to 3.3 ng/g) showed an outstanding decrease. However, HCH and heptachlorobenzene increased in human milk from 2010 to 2015. Values increased from 13.8 to 18.2 ng/g for HCH and from 2.6 to 3.4 ng/g for heptachlorobenzene. Despite their ban, humans are still subject to a long term exposure to organochlorine pesticides.

 Key words:Organochlorine pesticides, human milk, biomonitoring.


In this comprehensive, practical, and unsettling look at computers in children's lives, Jane M. Healy, Ph.D., questions whether computers are really helping or harming children's development. Once a bedazzled enthusiast of educational computing but now a troubled skeptic, Dr. Healy examines the advantages and drawbacks of computer use for kids at home and school, exploring its effects on children's health, creativity, brain development, and social and emotional growth. Today, the Federal Government allocates scarce educational funding to wire every classroom to the Internet, software companies churn out "educational" computer programs even for preschoolers, and school administrators cut funding and space for books, the arts, and physical education to make room for new computer hardware. It is past the time to address these issues. Many parents and even some educators have been sold on the idea that computer literacy is as important as reading and math. Those who haven't hopped on the techno bandwagon are left wondering whether they are shortchanging their children's education or their students' futures. Few people stop to consider that computers, used incorrectly, may do far more harm than good. New technologies can be valuable educational tools when used in age-appropriate ways by properly trained teachers. But too often schools budget insufficiently for teacher training and technical support. Likewise, studies suggest that few parents know how to properly assist children's computer learning; much computer time at home may be wasted time, drawing children away from other developmentally important activities such as reading, hobbies, or creative play. Moreover, Dr. Healy finds that much so-called learning software is more "edutainment" than educational, teaching students more about impulsively pointing and clicking for some trivial goal than about how to think, to communicate, to imagine, or to solve problems. Some software, used without careful supervision, may also have the potential to interrupt a child's internal motivation to learn. "Failure to Connect" is the first book to link children's technology use to important new findings about stages of child development and brain maturation, which are clearly explained throughout. It illustrates, through dozens of concrete examples and guidelines, how computers can be used successfully with children of different age groups as supplements to classroom curricula, as research tools, or in family projects. Dr. Healy issues strong warnings, however, against too early computer use, recommending little or no exposure before age seven, when the brain is primed to take on more abstract challenges. She also lists resources for reliable reviews of child-oriented software, suggests questions parents should ask when their children are using computers in school, and discusses when and how to manage computer use at home. Finally, she offers a thoughtful look at the question of which skills today's children will really need for success in a technological future-- and how they may best acquire them. Based on years of research into learning and hundreds of hours of interviews and observations with school administrators, teachers, parents, and students, "Failure to Connect" is a timely and eye-opening examination of the central questions we must confront as technology increasingly influences the way we educate our children.


Healthcare providers are moving more freely across borders than at any time in our history, and healthcare and academic institutions are establishing clinical facilities around the world. A new kind of migration is emerging, due to rising cost and other factors, in which students from developed countries are seeking education and training opportunities abroad. Medical education is undergoing rapid globalization, with several well-known United States institutions establishing programs and facilities around the world. A generation of 20 to 30 year-olds in the United States, referred to as the "First Globals," see themselves as citizens of the world and seek to train anywhere and live anywhere. Consequently, there are methods under development to benchmark physician competence at a much more granular level, regardless of where the student is trained and practices.


This article examines Afro-Cuban painter Wifredo Lam and his iconic construction of Afro-Cuban identity. From the vantage point of a literary scholar rather than art historian, and in keeping with Lam's description of his paintings as "poetry," I read his artwork as terse lines of verse, rich in metaphors. Although Lam is regarded as the painter of Negritude, commonly understood as a male-centered movement, he distinguishes himself from his contemporaries by incorporating in his brand of Negritude two female figures as metaphors of the power to decolonize the mind. One of those figures is his Afro-Cuban godmother, Mantonica Wilson. Healer, diviner, and priestess of Shango, she is memorialized by a description of her attributed to Lam and by the poem titled "Mantonica Wilson" that appear in Aimé Césaire's poetry collection moi, laminaire . . . . She is also memorialized in Lam's 1941 and later paintings, whose metaphoric references to an Afro-Cuban spirituality attest to her enduring influence on the visionary world that the artist created. Her presence is most notably sensed in the figure of the femme cheval or horse-headed woman that appears repeatedly in Lam's paintings. Valerie Fletcher notes that "in Santeria symbology a horse signifies the possession or empowerment of a devotee by an orisha; when a practitioner becomes possessed, that person is described as being 'ridden' by that spirit" (my emphasis). The expression of an anti-colonial spiritual force, largely associated with his godmother and the femme cheval, is one of the defining features of Lam's Negritude.


Back to the Future is the eighth report in the Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre's Focus on Western Australia series. Using the latest data available, this report examines recent changes in the state's economic trends following the tailing off of the resources boom. It identifies the implications of these trends for the wellbeing of West Australian households, and sheds light on the challenges and opportunities that have arisen along with changes in the state's economic position. It represents a timely follow up to the Centre's first Focus on Western Australia report in 2014 – Sharing the Boom – which explored the distribution of income and wealth over the course of the latest resources boom, and examined the extent to which the wealth of WA was shared among those who live here. This new report examines the extent to which WA has been undergoing an economic downturn in recent years. How has income and wealth inequality changed since the peak of the mining boom? Have prices and cost of living in WA fallen in line with incomes and wealth? How does WA compare with the rest of the states and territories? Have the recent changes in economic conditions negatively affected opportunities in the labour markets for West Australians? On the other hand, are we starting to see more industry diversification outside the resources sector? This report shows that after a prolonged period of economic bonanza driven by the resources boom, WA's economic trajectory has returned to a 'new normal' more consistent with national economic growth rates. However, the reversion in the state's economic fortunes has undoubtedly had significant impacts on the economic and social wellbeing of West Australians. There has been a shift away from full-time towards part-time employment, underemployment is on the rise, and feelings of job insecurity are more prevalent than before. The state has also experienced a net population outflow as its economic performance declined. However, the recent economic slowdown has also resulted in some positive outcomes, including a narrowing of the gap between the rich and poor in WA and a general easing of cost of living pressures in resource-rich regions. While the mining sector has no doubt slowed in recent years, it remains the dominant industry in WA, both in terms of its contribution to production and employment in the state. Signs of industry diversification following the economic slowdown are scarce.


How does the United States use its enormous power in the world? In The Case for Goliath, Michael Mandelbaum offers a surprising answer: The United States furnishes to other countries the services that governments provide within the countries they govern. Mandelbaum explains how this role came about despite the fact that neither the United States nor any other country sought to establish it. He describes the contributions that American power makes to global security and prosperity, the shortcomings of American foreign policy, and how other countries have come to accept, resent, and exert influence on America's global role. And he assesses the prospects for the continuation of this role, which depends most importantly on whether the American public is willing to pay for it. Written with Mandelbaum's characteristic blend of clarity, wit, and profound understanding of America and the world, The Case for Goliath offers a fresh and surprising approach to an issue that obsesses citizens and policymakers the world over, as well as a major statement on the foreign policy issues confronting the American people today.


The high price of housing on the coasts, population growth in the large metropolitan areas of the south, southwest, and west, and the issue of affordability for lowand moderate-income households across the country fueled the view that housing production was insufficient and that the shortfall was contributing to rising prices and limited housing choice. Indeed, underlying all of the housing-related changes and issues of the 1990s were the factors of supply and demand. The nation grew by 13.5 million households while 13.2 million building permits were filed. Nationally, housing supply was just about in balance with population growth. But substantial variation exists across the country. While people flocked to Phoenix and the housing industry boomed, few went to Syracuse and builders there felt it. The question of supply vs. demand can only be answered locally. This paper examines the extent to which new housing construction kept pace with household growth in 74 metropolitan areas between 1980 and 2000 (with particular focus on the 1990s). The paper assesses the impact of the balance or lack of it on each area and considers consequent policy issues. This paper is based on the proposition that the relationship is a fundamental and potent factor in the dynamics of urban change. Cities whose metropolitan areas consistently produce more housing than growth (and some do) face continuing, inescapable population loss and real estate abandonment. Cities whose areas consistently produce less housing than growth face a tight housing market and escalating prices. Sound policy will recognize the difference.


There can surely be no doubt that the global-mean surface air temperature and the concentrations of greenhouse gases (especially CO2) in the Earth's atmosphere are increasing quite rapidly. Whether the increase in anthropogenic CO2 is primarily responsible for an increase of our planet's global temperature is, in spite of considerable evidence, a point of constant and often virulent contention. Those who do not acquiesce to the theory that it is anthropogenic CO2 that is the culprit behind this temperature increase, we will call the non-anthropogenists (or NAs for brevity).


OBJECT
The primary objective of this study was to measure the incidence of concussion according to a relative number of athlete exposures among 25 male and 20 female varsity ice hockey players. The secondary objective was to present neuropsychological test results between preseason and postseason play and at 72 hours, 2 weeks, and 2 months after concussion.

METHODS
Every player underwent baseline assessments using the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool-2 (SCAT2), Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), and MRI. Each regular season and postseason game was observed by 2 independent observers (a physician and a nonphysician observer). Players with a diagnosed concussion were removed from the game, examined in the team physician's office using the SCAT2 and ImPACT, and sent to undergo MRI.

RESULTS
Eleven concussions occurred during the 55 physician-observed games (20%). The incidence of concussion, expressed as number of concussions per 1000 athlete exposures, was 10.70 for men and women combined in regular season play, 11.76 for men and women combined across both the regular season and playoff season, 7.50 for men and 14.93 for women in regular season play, and 8.47 for men across both the regular season and playoff season. One male player experienced repeat concussions. No concussions were reported during practice sessions, and 1 concussion was observed and diagnosed in an exhibition game. Neuropsychological testing suggested no statistically significant preseason/postseason differences between athletes who sustained a physician-diagnosed concussion and athletes who did not sustain a physician-diagnosed concussion on either the ImPACT or SCAT2. The athletes who sustained a physician-diagnosed concussion demonstrated few reliable changes postinjury.

CONCLUSIONS
Although the incidence of game-related concussions per 1000 athlete exposures in this study was half the highest rate reported in the authors' previous research, it was 3 times higher than the incidence reported by other authors within the literature concerning men's collegiate ice hockey and 5 times higher than the highest rate previously reported for woman's collegiate ice hockey. Interestingly, the present results suggest a substantively higher incidence of concussion among women (14.93) than men (7.50). The reproducible and significantly higher incidence of concussion among both men and woman ice hockey players, when compared with nonphysician-observed games, suggests a significant underestimation of sports concussion in the scientific literature.


In studying the postharvest water relations of cut flowers, researchers aim to determine rates of water uptake and water loss along with changes in fresh weight. An automatic apparatus was devised for continuous monitoring of these indices. The novel apparatus consists of two balances automatically recording mass at a relatively high data acquisition rate (min -1 ), a personal computer, two containers, and plastic tubing. The apparatus is accurate, labor-saving, and real-time. It enabled dynamic synchronous recording of water uptake as well as fresh weight of the cut flower stem, from which precise water uptake loss rates during vase life can be accurately determined. Rates of water uptake and water loss of individual cut rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Movie Star) stems were measured using the apparatus under alternating 12-h light and dark periods. Both water uptake and water loss rates fluctuated with the light to dark shift over 120 h of observation. Stem fresh weight increased rapidly over the first 40 h of vase period and decreased gradually thereafter. Cut lily (Lilium hybrida cv. Yellow Overlord) stems showed similar trends in water uptake and water loss rate to cut rose stems. The accuracy and sensitivity of the new apparatus was validated by comparison with manual weighing using a balance at 2-h intervals under alternating 12-h light and dark periods over 108 h. The apparatus described here constitutes a suitable method for direct measurement of water uptake and fresh weight, including capturing relatively rapid water balance responses to changes in the postharvest environment.


We prove a regularity property of finite difference schemes for the heat or diffusion equation $u_t = \Delta u$ in maximum norm with large time steps. For a class of time discretizations including $L$-stable single-step methods and the second-order backward difference formula, with the usual second-order Laplacian, we show that solutions of the scheme gain first spatial differences boundedly, and also second differences except for logarithmic factors, with respect to nonhomogeneous terms. A weaker property is shown for the Crank-Nicolson method. As a consequence we show that the numerical solution of a convection-diffusion equation with an interface can allow $O(h)$ truncation error near the interface and still have a solution with uniform $O(h^2)$ accuracy and first differences of uniform accuracy almost $O(h^2)$.


A field trial was performed to compare trimethoprim-sulfadoxine to ceftiofur sodium in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot calves. Five-hundred-and-fifty-five recently weaned, crossbred beef calves, with naturally occurring cases of BRD, were randomly assigned to either trimethoprim-sulfadoxine or ceftiofur sodium treatment groups. The effectiveness of the antibiotics was assessed by comparing relapse rates, three day treatment response rates, mortality rates, chronicity rates, and wastage rates. There was no statistical difference in the first or second relapse rates between the two groups. For the initial therapy, first relapses, and overall treatment episodes, a significantly greater proportion of the calves treated with ceftiofur sodium responded to three days of therapy than those treated with trimethoprim-sulfadoxine (p < 0.05). This resulted in a 10% reduction in treatment costs for calves in the ceftiofur group. There were significantly lower mortality and wastage rates attributable to BRD in the ceftiofur sodium group than in the trimethoprim-sulfadoxine group (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in overall mortality, overall chronicity, or overall wastage rates between the treatment groups.


Congruence closure is the following well known reasoning problem: given a premise set of equations between ground terms over uninterpreted function symbols, does a given query equation follow using the axioms of equality? Several methods have been provided for polynomial-time answers to this question. Here we consider this same setting, but where some of the function symbols are known to be associative, commutative, and idempotent (ACI). Given these additional axioms, does the query equation follow from the premise equations? We provide a sound and complete cubic-time procedure correctly answering such questions. The problem requires exponential space when adding only AC function symbols [18], but requiring idempotence restores tractability . Our procedure is defined by providing a sound and complete "local" rule set for the problem [11]. A "local formula" is a formula mentioning only terms appearing in the premises or query. A local rule set is one for which any derivable local formula has a derivation using only local intermediate formulas. Closures under local rule sets can immediately be constructed in polynomial time by refusing to infer non-local formulas. Finally, we present results on the integration of ACI function symbols and equality inference rules into more general local rule sets.


What do Foursquare, Zynga, Nike+, and Groupon have in common? These and many other brands use gamification to deliver a sticky, viral, and engaging experience to their customers. This book provides the design strategy and tactics you need to integrate game mechanics into any kind of consumer-facing website or mobile app. Learn how to use core game concepts, design patterns, and meaningful code samples to a create fun and captivating social environment.Whether you're an executive, developer, producer, or product specialist, Gamification by Design will show you how game mechanics can help you build customer loyalty.Discover the motivational framework game designers use to segment and engage consumers Understand core game mechanics such as points, badges, levels, challenges, and leaderboards Engage your consumers with reward structures, positive reinforcement, and feedback loops Combine game mechanics with social interaction for activities such as collecting, gifting, heroism, and status Dive into case studies on Nike and Yahoo!, and analyze interactions at Google, Facebook, and Zynga Get the architecture and code to gamify a basic consumer site, and learn how to use mainstream gamification APIs from Badgeville "Turning applications into games is a huge trend. This book does a great job of identifying the core lasting principals you need to inspire your users to visit again and again." Adam Loving Freelance Social Game Developer and founder of Twibes Twitter Groups


The 2013 general elections in Zimbabwe were widely expected to mark a shift in the nation's political system, and a greater role for the opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), led by Prime Minister Morgan Tsvangirai. However, the results, surprisingly, were overwhelmingly in favour of long-time President Robert Mugabe, who swept the presidential, parliamentary and senatorial polls under relatively credible and peaceful conditions. In this book, a valuable and accessible read for both students and scholars working in African politics, and those with a general interest in the politics of the region, Stephen Chan and Julia Gallagher explore the domestic and international context of these landmark elections. Drawing on extensive research among political elites, grassroots activists and ordinary voters, Chan and Gallagher examine the key personalities, dramatic events, and broader social and political context of Mugabe's success, and what this means as Zimbabwe moves towards a future without Mugabe.


Jennifer's first years as a middle school principal occurred during a time of transformation initiated by the federal No Child Left Behind Act and further intensified by demographic changes within her Midwest suburban district of 25,000 students. In the context of national educational reform during this time period, Tom Erb asked, "Who will advocate for the best interests of young adolescents?" (2002, p. 4). This question held particular significance in the Sunflower School District (a pseudonym), as the superintendent and board of education decided to dismantle certain middle grades structures and practices that had been sustained for 20 years. Schools returned to a departmentalized schedule with stratified academic classes and, during this same academic year, advisory programs were discontinued in favor of a study hall period. In this article, we describe how the Sunflower School District fell prey to the "pendulum model" of educational reform efforts (Slavin, 1989), dismantling the interdisciplinary teaming structure despite findings from relevant research studies that suggest teaming is necessary to meet the needs of young adolescents and to achieve academic excellence, developmental responsiveness, and social equity (Erb, 2006; Flowers, Mertens, & Mulhall, 1999; Flowers, Mertens, & Mulhall, 2000; Jackson & Davis, 2000). From junior high to middle school The Sunflower School District recognized that middle grades education should be distinctive due to the unique needs of young adolescents (Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 1989), and in the mid-1980s a committee of teachers, counselors, and administrators investigated the possibility of changing from a junior high model to the middle school concept. The committee visited effective middle level schools in the region and in nearby states and consulted with middle level education experts. After much deliberation involving district level administrators, building administrators, teachers, parents, and community members, the district reorganized its middle level schools according to a teaming model grounded in the middle school concept. The changes included the implementation of an advisory program and an intramural program, a revision of the exploratory curriculum, and renaming the junior high schools to indicate that changes were taking place both inside and outside the building. A mixed reception The teachers in the new middle schools knew that one goal of the reorganization was to develop ways to show students connections among separate subjects through interdisciplinary units. This meant they would have one planning time for the team and one individual planning time. However, moving from a departmental organizational structure to an interdisciplinary structure affected more than the way the curriculum was to be delivered. Some administrators were reassigned to different buildings or levels, and the district offered staff development to assist teachers in making the transition to a middle school philosophy and program. Cadres of teacher-experts were formed to provide inservice professional development on effective instruction and cooperative learning. Although these instructional strategies should have been familiar to teachers of young adolescents, regardless of the organization of the school, leaders felt that moving to the middle school model provided an opportunity to stress the importance of active, engaged learning. Teachers responded to the changes with differing attitudes. One teacher described how she felt about the impending changes when she heard about them during her first year teaching in the district, which was the final year for the junior high model. I remember there was a boy named John failing my English class. I wrote notes to six teachers. It took me seven days to get responses back, and by that time, I had already figured out a different way to reach John. When I first heard that interdisciplinary teams would be meeting every day, having that communication system sounded great. …


It is well-known that estimating extreme quantiles, namely, quantiles lying beyond the range of the available data, is a nontrivial problem that involves the analysis of tail behavior through the estimation of the extreme-value index. For heavy-tailed distributions, on which this paper focuses, the extreme-value index is often called the tail index and extreme quantile estimation typically involves an extrapolation procedure. Besides, in various applications, the random variable of interest can be linked to a random covariate. In such a situation, extreme quantiles and the tail index are functions of the covariate and are referred to as conditional extreme quantiles and the conditional tail index, respectively. The goal of this paper is to provide classes of estimators of these quantities when there is a functional (i.e. possibly infinite-dimensional) covariate. Our estimators are obtained by combining regression techniques with a generalization of a classical extrapolation formula. We analyze the asymptotic properties of these estimators, and we illustrate the finite-sample performance of our conditional extreme quantile estimator on a simulation study and on a real chemometric data set.


Between September 2015 and February 2016, the government of President Joko Widodo (Jokowi) unveiled 10 economic policy packages in an effort to promote deregulation and support investment in key sectors. Foreign investors, at whom many of these measures are directed, have viewed the packages with a mix of cautious optimism and healthy scepticism. Investors have often heard Jokowi announce that Indonesia welcomes foreign capital, only to see these commitments countermanded by the actions of ministers and officials wanting more restrictive regulations and practices. It therefore remains uncertain whether these announcements and policy packages will lead to actual reform. One area in which the government is showing both intent and progress is infrastructure. Decades of under-investment and poor asset management have left Indonesia with a major infrastructure deficit, the economic and social costs of which are substantial. There are encouraging signs, however. Jokowi's administration is continuing its agenda of fiscal reform, shifting budget allocations away from energy subsidies and towards capital spending; investment approvals in infrastructure are rising fast; and the country's four largest construction firms have reported a large jump in the value of government-awarded contracts. Recent months have also seen the completion of the Makassar–Parepare segment of the Trans-Sulawesi railway and the first stage of the New Priok Port at Tanjung Priok, while the long-awaited Umbulan Springs project, which will supply water to Surabaya and surrounding areas, has been awarded to a preferred bidder. Demonstrating rapid progress in delivering infrastructure is clearly important to the Jokowi administration, but longer-term challenges remain. For one, Indonesia's inefficient planning and delivery model for national roads needs to be overhauled if the country is to safeguard its economic growth. The government has yet to fully tackle this and other long-term reforms; it has, however, recently introduced regulations that augur well for new flows of private investment, such as reinstating the role of such investment in the water sector and allowing for a more realistic risk allocation in public–private partnerships.


For nearly forty-three years, Giles Sutherland Rich served as a member of the U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals (C.C.P.A.) and its successor court, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Judge Rich is widely regarded as one of the most influential jurists in the area of patent law—and rightfully so. Less well known is that Judge Rich also authored many significant decisions in the area of trademark law. Judge Rich's opinions in the area of trademarks span the spectrum of trademark registrability issues and explore important issues of public policy. This Article reviews a number of Judge Rich's most important trademark and intellectual property decisions. These decisions focus on such issues as the impact of consents, functionality, trademark subject matter, and genericness. Such a review leads to the observation that the vast majority of his opinions and views remain relevant, indeed, controlling, in resolving trademark registration disputes


We consider the use of deep learning methods for modeling complex phenomena like those occurring in natural physical processes. With the large amount of data gathered on these phenomena the data intensive paradigm could begin to challenge more traditional approaches elaborated over the years in fields like maths or physics. However, despite considerable successes in a variety of application domains, the machine learning field is not yet ready to handle the level of complexity required by such problems. Using an example application, namely sea surface temperature prediction, we show how general background knowledge gained from the physics could be used as a guideline for designing efficient deep learning models. In order to motivate the approach and to assess its generality we demonstrate a formal link between the solution of a class of differential equations underlying a large family of physical phenomena and the proposed model. Experiments and comparison with series of baselines including a state of the art numerical approach is then provided.


Psychology recognizes two distinct facets of the immune system: the biological immune system (BIO), covering all processes of the typical immune system, and the behavioral immune system (BEH), a set of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses to environmental stimuli. Research on this dual immune system indicates that each is capable of influencing the other (Schaller & Park, 2011). For example, perception of illness in others can activate the sympathetic nervous system (Schaller, Miller, Gervais, Yager, & Chen, 2010). Furthermore, evidence suggests that these two systems are capable of influencing moral judgment (Inbar, Pizarro, & Bloom, 2008). This study aims to further the overall understanding of the BEH and the manner in which it influences the BIO. Participants were recruited from college psychology courses in exchange for extra credit. These participants completed questionnaires regarding moral judgments and illness perception either before or after engaging in a visual stimulus task in which participants were prompted to select a face from a set of four using 32 different sets of photographs, each exposed for only 50 milliseconds. One face in each set of four appeared to be sick or engaged in sick behavior (coughing or sneezing). Saliva samples were taken from each participant before and after the questionnaire and visual stimulus task to measure and compare the levels of cortisol. Participants detected " sick " faces significantly above chance. Unfortunately, participants ' cortisol levels could not be analyzed due to error in the cortisol assay process. The face detection task did not affect moral judgments. Our primary results indicate that pathogen threat is salient even when the individual cannot completely process or analyze the stimulus. This research has many implications for medical treatment and decision making processes. More research is necessary to understand how the physiological activities of the BIO alone affect the processes of the BEH.


A novel spectral calibration method is developed for spectral domain optical coherence tomography system. The method is based on two measurements of interference spectra from two reference mirror positions. It removes the influence of dispersion mismatch, and hence accurately determines the spectral distribution on the line-scan charge-coupled device (CCD) for sequent precise interpolation. High quality imaging can be realized with this method. Elimination of the degradation effect caused by dispersion mismatch is verified experimentally, and improved two-dimensional (2D) imaging of fresh orange pulp based on the proposed spectral calibration method is demonstrated.


We used natural abundance stable isotopes to establish the structure of the littoral zone food web of an oligotrophic, perched dune lake on Fraser Island, Australia. Mixing model analyses incorporating riparian vegetation, seston, and periphyton sources indicated that periphyton carbon was the most significant food resource for aquatic consumers, despite the abundance of allochthonous carbon sources. In order to examine the consequences of nutrient inputs from tourists visiting this remote lake, repeated additions of low levels of phosphate and 15N‐enriched ammonium nitrate were made to three littoral zone sites. Additions led to significant increases in periphyton chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in enriched sites but had no measurable effect on phytoplankton Chl a concentrations. Periphyton collected 5 h after the first nutrient addition had substantially enriched δ15N signatures, suggesting that periphyton rapidly assimilated the added nutrients (and 15N‐tracer). After 10 d of additions, all other primary food sources for consumers also became 15N‐enriched, indicating that ongoing nutrient inputs are likely to lead to increased primary production and detrital processing. Substantially enriched consumer δ15N signatures were also measured, indicating that the added nutrients were assimilated and passed through multiple trophic levels. Our results indicate that ongoing low‐level nutrient additions by tourists to oligotrophic lakes could lead to increased primary (periphyton) and secondary (consumer) production. However, increases in periphyton production and biomass accrual could eventually escape control by grazers, leading to adverse ecological and aesthetic effects.


Summary

The ecosystem service of predation of weed seeds by naturally occurring seed-eating animals, including ants, in agricultural fields has been suggested to be a potentially important biocontrol option. Laboratory and field tests have found high levels of seed removal from experimentally placed seed; however, the effect of predation on naturally dispersed weed seeds is unknown. We measured the effect of invertebrate seed predators on natural weed seed dispersal and germination in a field experiment under commercial growing conditions.
The two-factor, large-scale field experiment in a field used to grow wheat with conservation tillage used an insecticide to remove soil invertebrates (ants had been reduced by 85% relative to water controls) and shallow tillage for mechanical weed removal (no effect on ants). There was one natural weed seeding event, when a wind storm blew one single incursion of Salsola australis (Chenopodiaceae) tumbleweeds across the field.
We measured the number of tumbleweeds after 2 months and found the removal of ants resulted in a doubling of tumbleweeds: 3383 ± 513 weeds ha−1 in the insecticide treatment plots compared with 1768 ± 100 weeds ha−1 in the water control treatment plots, and 1948 ± 227 weeds ha−1 in the rest of the field.
The difference in tumbleweed germination and growth was not due to growing conditions. We measured soil nutrients before the incursion and soil moisture during the weed growing period and found that there were higher levels of nitrogenous compounds in water control plots, but no other nutrient or moisture differences, than in insecticide exclusion plots.
Synthesis and applications. Our results provide evidence that the ecosystem service of ant predation of naturally dispersed weed seeds limits weed abundance in commercial cereal fields in warmer climates. The fields were not managed to increase ants; alternative conservation agricultural management methods that promote agro-ecology, including low or zero tillage and low insecticide use, could increase ant abundance and thereby reduce weeds. The use of seed predators as a type of biocontrol agent will need to be integrated with other weed management methods, including herbicides and shallow tillage, although the latter may conflict with ant survival. The use of seed predators may be particularly advantageous in organic systems, or locations where economic margins are low.


Recent advances in the understanding of the genetics of type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility have focused attention on the regulation of transcriptional activity within the pancreatic beta-cell. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent an important component of regulatory control, and have proven roles in the development of human disease and control of glucose homeostasis. We set out to establish the miRNA profile of human pancreatic islets and of enriched beta-cell populations, and to explore their potential involvement in T2D susceptibility. We used Illumina small RNA sequencing to profile the miRNA fraction in three preparations each of primary human islets and of enriched beta-cells generated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In total, 366 miRNAs were found to be expressed (i.e. >100 cumulative reads) in islets and 346 in beta-cells; of the total of 384 unique miRNAs, 328 were shared. A comparison of the islet-cell miRNA profile with those of 15 other human tissues identified 40 miRNAs predominantly expressed (i.e. >50% of all reads seen across the tissues) in islets. Several highly-expressed islet miRNAs, such as miR-375, have established roles in the regulation of islet function, but others (e.g. miR-27b-3p, miR-192-5p) have not previously been described in the context of islet biology. As a first step towards exploring the role of islet-expressed miRNAs and their predicted mRNA targets in T2D pathogenesis, we looked at published T2D association signals across these sites. We found evidence that predicted mRNA targets of islet-expressed miRNAs were globally enriched for signals of T2D association (p-values <0.01, q-values <0.1). At six loci with genome-wide evidence for T2D association (AP3S2, KCNK16, NOTCH2, SCL30A8, VPS26A, and WFS1) predicted mRNA target sites for islet-expressed miRNAs overlapped potentially causal variants. In conclusion, we have described the miRNA profile of human islets and beta-cells and provide evidence linking islet miRNAs to T2D pathogenesis.


The Isthmus of Panama comprises a lithologically diverse andesitic oceanic arc of Late Cretaceous to Holocene age; it has large spatial variation in rainfall, displays a large range of physical erosion rates, and, therefore, is an ideal location to examine silicate weathering in the tropics. We use a multiyear data set of river chemistry for a 450 km transect across the Cordillera Central of west-central Panama to investigate controls on chemical weathering in tropical small mountainous rivers. Sea-salt corrected cation weathering yields (Casil + Mgsil + Na + K) range over more than an order in magnitude from 3.1 to 31.7 t/km2/yr, while silicate weathering yields (Casil + Mgsil + Na + K + Si) range from 6.9 to 69.5 t/km2/yr. Watershed lithology is the primary control on riverine chemistry, but landscape topographic character and land cover and/or land use also influence solute delivery potential. Strong statistical links of small mountainous river chemical weathering fluxes with rainfall and physical weathering rates attest to the importance of runoff and erosion in maintaining elevated bedrock weathering rates. CO2 consumption ranges from 155 × 103 mol/km2/yr to 1566 × 103 mol/km2/yr, in the upper range of global rates, leading us to suggest that andesite terrains should be considered separately when calculating removal of CO2 from the atmosphere via silicate weathering.


Mobile voting is a kind of Electronic voting, or maybe is new generation that use of cell phone that is user interface for sending. As for construction of cell phone and its limitation, so we need to define a different and new security protocol that can observe max requirement of voting. We offer a new protocol with different structure from whatever said now. In this protocol, we use from blind signature in cell phone and Mix networks in Intelligence. Defining, implementation and employed trick make it possible the requirement such as Privacy, Receipt-freeness, Fairness, Verification, and Universal verification, Anonymity, Comfortable, Performance, Incoercibility, Accuracy and Robustness.


Erwin Wedel, ed. A. S. Puschkin (1799-1837). Beitrage zum 200. Geburtstag des russischen Nationaldichters, 1789-1923. Schriftenreihe des Osteuropainstituts Regensburg-Passau, Band 17. Regensburg, 2003.114 pp. The echoes of the two-hundredth anniversary of Pushkin's birth are still to be heard, as collections appear of papers resulting from the many events that occurred to commemorate such an important date. The volume under review is a compilation of five essays by scholars associated in some way with the East European Institute in RegensburgPassau, Germany. The thread that unites the essays is Pushkin--here glorified as Russia's "national poet"--a slighly panegyric note that seems out of place against the serious, scholarly tone of the artices; but the articles, with the exception of the last, are all of a comparative nature, relating Pushkin to other writers and traditions. Rolf-Dietrich Keil of Bonn sets the ball rolling with a reconsideration of the question of Pushkin and Goethe. He contributes an interesting discussion of the nature of truth, focusing on the two poets' treatment of the legend of Napoleon in Egypt shaking hands with someone stricken with the plague. Keil suggests, convincingly to me, that Pushkin changed the date of his poem that treats the incident, "Geroi," to flatter Nicholas I, who visited Moscow during the cholera to show there was no danger. The second, longer paper by Aleksandr Smirnov of MSU, deploys condiderable erudition to discuss the structure of the lyrical "I" in Pushkin's romantic poetry. Smirnov has studied carefully German theory of romantic subjectivity, and applies it to Pushkin. His analysis is interesting as far as it goes; however, it seems to this reviewer that the complex nature of Pushkin's poetry is far from being totally captured: such issues as the metapoetic nature of the poetry, and the near descent into a real, not simply conventional madness, need elucidation in order to obtain a complete picture of Pushkin's frequently paradoxical subjectivity. Heinz Kneip of Regensburg draws a comparison between Mickiewicz's Dziady III and Pushkin's Boris Godunov, rightly asserting that both works are dramas of ideas that engage issues of the nature of Russian autocracy, each dramatizing in its own way the conflict between authority and opposition, and drawing parallels between the Decembrists and the Polish uprising of 1830-1. Kneip could, however, have underlined more the paradox of Pushkin's relationship to autocracy--for obvious reasons, a more conflicted one than that of Mickiewicz. …


Derrida has proposed a new spectrology in an attempt to deal with the ghost of Marx. Kimmerle shows that Marx has forgotten nature, and enquires about Derrida's forgetting Marx's forgetting. With specific reference to African culture he asks whether a new animism should not be explored within the framework of a new spectrology. Derrida uses the concept animism, but not in terms of the being of things in and of themselves, which could positively be thought as animated. Kimmerle proposes a way in which Western philosophy could be opened to African philosophy in order to understand the problem of animated nature more adequately. African philosophy has a concept of the universe of spiritual forces, in which nature and its powers are completely integrated. This paper explores these issues in dialogue with a number of African philosophers, while linking them to certain contestations within environmental philosophy and ethics, especially Murray Bookchin's critique of spirit-talk in Deep Ecology. Kimmerle's work on the relationship between Africa and Hegel sets the scene for an elaboration of his re-evaluation of animism which is compared to the groundbreaking hypothesis of Bird-David. A relational epistemology is understood in ethical terms, and it is implied that such an epistemology would be more adequate for a new humanism that would be new in going beyond the western tradition, and in the process gain a more inclusive concept of "person" and "community".


At the peak of Korean cinema's contemporary golden age in the mid-2000s, 1960s auteur director Lee Manhee and his films were rediscovered and have since become appreciated in ways that Lee himself never experienced. In 2010, his classic Late Autumn was remade as a transnational coproduction for a pan-Asian audience. Four decades after his death, Lee remains one of the most influential directors in Korea's history. To understand his legacy and its sociohistorical conditions, the authors analyze how Lee's provocative genre experimentation reinvigorated the Korean film industry in the 1960s under Park Chung-hee's authoritarian regime, a spirit that remains alive today. Lee's perseverance during this tumultuous period illustrates the complex relationship between the film industry and the state as well as some of the strategies filmmakers used to meet the challenges created by Park's regime. Lee's two best-known films, Marines Who Never Returned (1963) and Holiday (1968), are analyzed to show how creative impulses were sustained by developing a blend of social realism and modernist techniques to explore the human condition. This approach set his films apart from the propaganda and commercial productions of the time, bringing a fresh perspective to Korean cinema that continues to resonate with filmmakers and audiences today.


The application of genetic regression (GR) to reflectance spectra of a solid-phase colorimetric extraction for the determination of Hg(II) is demonstrated. GR is a technique that combines wavelengths that optimize linear regression using a genetic algorithm. Solid polystyrene (PS) beads with a molecular weight distribution of 125,000–250,000 were impregnated with Hg(II)-dithizonate, filtered, allowed to dry, and packed in quartz cuvettes, and their reflectance spectra were collected. Quantitation with the use of normal calibration methods could not be achieved because of baseline fluctuations which originate in sample packing, presentation to the spectrometer, and particle size. Results indicate that GR can easily compensate for these baseline fluctuations and provide excellent calibrations.


We propose a theory of learning aimed to formalize some ideas underlying Coquand's game semantics and Krivine's realizability of classical logic. We introduce a notion of knowledge state together with a new topology, capturing finite positive and negative information that guides a learning strategy. We use a leading example to illustrate how non-constructive proofs lead to continuous and effective learning strategies over knowledge spaces, and prove that our learning semantics is sound and complete w.r.t. classical truth, as it is the case for Coquand's and Krivine's approaches.


: The transition to post-industrialism has generated a range of new tensions between welfare arrangements and labour market performance, which confront today's welfare states with new challenges for employment-friendly recalibration, such as flexicurity, activation and work-care conciliation. Hence, the question of whether, how and to what extent current welfare states are able to adapt to the conditions and needs of post-industrial labour markets has become a major issue in recent welfare state research. This article identifies and discusses key debates in this literature on the politics of employment-friendly reforms. It first focuses on the general capacity for reform in mature welfare states and then discusses regime-specific reform politics, since post-industrialism confronts different welfare regimes with very different challenges. For each regime, the article proposes a range of research frontiers and open debates which we consider particularly relevant and fruitful avenues for future theorizing and research.


Construction workers are exposed to extreme conditions over a large portion of the work day during the different seasons of the year when working on construction sites. Some studies have discussed the effect of seasonal timing of work-related injuries and concluded that more injuries occur during the summer months [1]. Other studies concluded that accidents are more likely to occur during rainy seasons [2]. Construction accidents data from 2004 to 2011 were obtained from the General Organization for Social Insurance (GOSI). A two way ANOVA analysis showed that there was no significant difference among the years in terms of number of accidents, but there was a significant difference among seasons. Scheffe testing showed that spring had the highest number of accidents followed by summer; and winter had the lowest number of accidents followed by fall. The regression model with indicator variables showed that the relationship of spring to other seasons were significant. In general, spring and summer seasons had significantly higher accidents than fall and winter. Therefore, thinking about safety regulations at construction sites, preparation, having the right programs, and timely equipment checking is the biggest defense against accident occurrence especially in spring and summer.


In this paper, we propose a new flexible Photovoltaic/Battery charging Structure for Solar Electrical Vehicles (PVBS), where the interconnection of the system is dynamically changing based on current shading conditions across PV modules to provide intelligent system, as well as to provide flexibility, performance, and efficiency enhancement for the SEV. PVBS is expected to 1) provide a battery charging efficiency improvement over existing employed topologies; 2) provide new means to match the computing load with the PV system performance metrics shading and mismatches; 3) and provide elastic reconfigurable system expected to spur research advancements and innovations to make future SEV design smarter. A MATLAB simulation model and an actual test were conducted to verify the proposed configuration. These results show that the proposed system increases the efficiency of the traditional PV/Battery charging strategies and smoothes the shape of P-V curve to a single peak in the curve.


Management of hemorrhagic shock and airway stabilization are two pillars of trauma resuscitation which have a dependent, yet incompletely understood relationship. Patients presenting with traumatic hemorrhage may manifest shock physiology prior to intubation, conferring a higher risk of postintubation hypotension, pulseless arrest, and mortality. This case series describes of a group of seven US military members with combat-related trauma who experienced pulseless arrest after rapid sequence intubation in a role 2 or role 3 setting. All except one of the patients had hemodynamics suggesting hemorrhagic shock prior to intubation. This case series highlights the need for further research to define which trauma patients are at risk of postintubation pulseless arrest. It also focuses on the knowledge gap related to the role that delayed airway management and judicious blood product resuscitation may play in preventable death after injury.


Influence of topography must be corrected when fine-scale remote sensing data are used to estimate surface albedo in rugged terrain. In the case of coarse-scale satellite remote sensing data, the topographic effect on albedo estimation is generally ignored because the influence to albedo estimation of overall slope in coarse-scale pixels is usually considered negligible; however, because of the scale effect in albedo, neglecting within-pixel topology may cause errors in albedo estimation from coarse-scale data. This paper investigates the scale effect on land-surface albedo estimations, particularly in the case of converting fine-scale albedo to coarse-scale albedo in rugged terrain. Starting from the definition of difference-scale albedo in rugged terrain, a method is presented to convert fine-scale surface albedo to coarse-scale albedo, then deriving a factor to correct coarse-scale land-surface albedo. The performance and accuracy analysis of the method are investigated by using a simulated digital elevation model (DEM) with different mean slopes, as well as real DEM and Thematic Mapper images. Results show that the method is effective for scale-effect correction of land-surface albedo in rugged terrain.


PURPOSE
To demonstrate the clinical translation of optical molecular imaging (OMI) for the localization of focal hepatic lesions during percutaneous hepatic interventions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Institutional review board approval was obtained for this prospective, single-center, HIPAA-compliant trial. Patients who were suspected of having hepatocellular carcinoma or liver metastases from colorectal cancer and were scheduled for percutaneous liver biopsy or thermal ablation were eligible for this study. Patients (n = 5) received 0.5 mg per kilogram of body weight of indocyanine green (ICG) intravenously 24 hours prior to their scheduled procedure in this study. Intraprocedurally, a handheld device composed of an endoscope that fits coaxially through a standard 17-gauge introducer needle was advanced into the liver, and real-time measurements of ICG fluorescence were obtained. A point-of-care fluorescence imaging system was used to image ICG fluorescence in biopsy samples. Target-to-background ratios (TBRs) were calculated by dividing the mean fluorescence intensity in the lesion by the mean fluorescence intensity in the adjacent liver parenchyma. The reference standard for determination of proper needle positioning in patients undergoing biopsy was final pathologic analysis of biopsy specimens or follow-up imaging.

RESULTS
Intraprocedural OMI was successfully performed in six lesions (two lesions in patient 3) in five patients. The median size of the targeted lesions was 16 mm (range, 10-21 mm). Four of five biopsies (80%) yielded an accurate pathologic diagnosis, and one biopsy specimen showed benign liver parenchyma; both ablated lesions showed no residual disease 1 month after the procedure. The median overall added procedure time to perform OMI was 2 minutes. ICG was found to localize with TBRs greater than 2.0 (median, 7.9; range, 2.4-13.4) in all target lesions. No trial-related adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSION
The clinical translation of OMI to percutaneous hepatic interventions was demonstrated.


This study describes a clinical trial of a recreational therapy cooking program for older adults with dementia and disturbing behaviors living in an assisted living center. After two weeks of daily participation, results indicated a significant improvement in levels of both passivity and agitation. Biographical data collection was useful in identifying the physiological changes that occurred during each session. Implications for service delivery are included.


Homocysteine (Hcy), a cardiovascular and neurovascular disease risk factor, is converted to hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) through the transsulfuration pathway. H(2)S has attracted considerable attention in recent years for many positive effects on vascular health and homeostasis. Cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) is the first, and rate-limiting, enzyme in the transsulfuration pathway. Mutations in the CBS gene decrease enzymatic activity, which increases the plasma Hcy concentration, a condition called hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). Animal models of CBS deficiency have provided invaluable insights into the pathological effects of transsulfuration impairment and of both mild and severe HHcy. However, studies have also highlighted the complexity of HHcy and the need to explore the specific details of Hcy metabolism in addition to Hcy levels per se. There has been a relative paucity of work addressing the dysfunctional H(2)S production in CBS deficiency that may contribute to, or even create, HHcy-associated pathologies. Experiments using CBS knockout mice, both homozygous (-/-) and heterozygous (+/-), have provided 15 years of new knowledge and are the focus of this review. These murine models present the opportunity to study a specific mechanism for HHcy that matches one of the etiologies in many human patients. Therefore, the goal of this review was to integrate and highlight the critical information gained thus far from models of CBS deficiency and draw attention to critical gaps in knowledge, with particular emphasis on the modulation of H(2)S metabolism. We include findings from human and animal studies to identify important opportunities for future investigation that should be aimed at generating new basic and clinical understanding of the role of CBS and transsulfuration in cardiovascular and neurovascular disease.


Recent molecular studies indicate that Podarcis wall lizards occurring in the southern region of the Iberian Peninsula and in North Africa, from south Morocco to eastern Tunisia, constitute a monophyletic group composed of several highly differentiated forms that appear to be incipient species. However, Algerian populations, which are geographically intermediate, have not been investigated so far. In this study we determine the levels of genetic variability between Algerian populations and other North African populations, using a more extensive sampling scheme covering most of the distribution range in this area. Our results show that North African Podarcis present high genetic diversity, comprising at least five highly divergent lineages. Two of these lineages were only detected in Algeria, which harbours most of the genetic diversity found within Podarcis from North Africa.


A series of 3-acyl(thio)chromones has been prepared. These compounds were acetalised with a variety of diols, with p-TsOH catalysis, under azeotropic conditions, to give the corresponding 3-acyl(thio)chromone acetals. A new rearrangement accompanies the formation of acetals from 3-acetyl- or 3-benzoyl- chromone giving a 2-methyl- or 2-phenyl- 3-formylchromone acetal. The rearrangement is initiated by conjugate addition of the diol to the chromone ring.

The C-2 lithio derivatives of 3-acyl(thio)chromone acetals are generated by treatment with lithium diisopropylamide or lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LTMP) in THF at low temperature. The anions have been intercepted with a variety of electrophiles. It was found that metallation with LTMP proceeds more efficiently. A number of novel 3-acyl-2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)(thio)chromone acetals has been prepared by electrophilic trapping with aldehydes. Three novel self-condensation dimers were obtained from lithiations of 3-acyl(thio)chromone acetals; the structures of two were established by X-ray crystallography. Mechanisms for their formation are presented. Whilst C-2 lithiation of 2-(4-oxo-4H[1]benzopyran-3-yl)-1,3-dioxane
with n-BuLi does occur, the reaction is complex and leads, ultimately, to a benzofuranone derivative. The structure and relative stereochemistry of this compound, which possesses two 1,4-disposed stereogenic centres, was established by X-ray crystallography. The reaction also provides another compound, derived from 1,2-addition of n-BuLi to 2-(4-oxo-4H[1]benzopyran-3-yl)-1,3-dioxane.

Lithiation of 2-(hydroxymethyl)chromone with LTMP initiates reduction ofthe pyranone ring, probably via a Single Electron Transfer mechanism. Electrophilic trapping of the intermediate anion with CICO2Et proceeds in a regio- and diastereospecific manner.

Unmasking of the acetal function in 3-acyl-2- (1-hydroxyalkyl)(thio)chromone acetals is facile (p-TsOH in toluene) and proceeds with concomitant cyclisation to give novel 9H-furo[3,4-b][l]benzo(thio)pyran-9-ones. Cycloaddition reactions of the furobenzo(thio)pyranones have been investigated. When 3-methyl-9H-furo[3,4)[1]benzopyran-9-onereacts with methyl propiolate a pincer Diels-Alder reaction prevails, to give an octacyclic 2:1 adduct with complete regio- and stereo- specificity. The stereochemistry was established as syn exo-endo by X-ray crystallography. Dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate reacts with 3-(4-methylphenyl)-9H-furo[3,4-b][1]benzopyran -9-one to give a mixture of the 1:1 and the anti exo-exo 2:1 adducts. 3H,9H-Furo[3,4b[1]benzopyran-1,9-dione has been obtained via a tandem acylation-SnAr reaction of ethyl 2-fluorobenzoylacetate.

Protolysis of dimethyl 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epoxy4-(4-methylphenyl)-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthene-2,3-dicarboxylate gives the expected 1-hydroxythioxanthone derivative. However, the analogous 1,4-epoxyxanthene underwent an unprecedented hydrolytic cycloreversion to dimethyl 2-(4-methylphenyl) furan-3,4-dicarboxylate and 4-hydroxycoumarin.

The acylation of 3-pyrrolidinodihydrothiophenes with 2-fluorobenzoyl chloride has been investigated as an entry to the 9H-thieno[3,4-b]benzopyran-9-one system. An unexpected product, 2,4-bis(2-fluorobenzoyl)-3-pyrrolidino-2,5-dihydrothiophene is formed predominantly.


Background: The postchildbirth period presents considerable challenges in the form of health risks for the mother and the newborn, yet postnatal care (PNC) remains seldom utilized maternal and newborn health intervention. Objectives: The present study aims to study the coverage of PNC among rural women in Punjab and understand the factors that determine the utilization of PNC services. Materials and Methods: From rural areas of seven districts of Punjab, a total of 420 respondents were questioned using semi-structured interview schedule. Binary logistic regression is employed to understand the factors that influence the utilization of complete PNC. Results: The utilization of complete PNC has remained mere 25.9% in the present study. The results of multivariate logistic regression reveal that variables district, caste, birth order, and type of delivery significantly influence the utilization of complete PNC. Conclusion: The utilization of PNC component is found to be abysmal as compared to antenatal component and institutional delivery among the study group. There is a need to create awareness regarding the necessity of PNC among the women.


Much evidence has indicated that a disturbance in dopamine neurotransmission following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury is involved in the development of post traumatic memory deficits. In the present study we examined the effects of a dopamine receptor agonist and some antagonists on latent learning and memory deficits associated with a concussive traumatic brain injury in mice. Anaesthetized animals were subjected to mild traumatic brain injury by dropping a weight onto the head, and a single-dose injection of apomorphine (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) or haloperidol (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) was made i.p. 15 min after the trauma. One week later, a water-finding task consisting of an acquisition trial, a retention test and a retest was employed to assess learning and memory functions. Mice that had received a traumatic brain injury were impaired in task performance, with prolonged latencies for finding and drinking in the retention test and retest. Administration of haloperidol but not of apomorphine significantly shortened the prolonged latency in both of the tests, indicating that antagonism of dopamine receptors is beneficial for the recovery of post traumatic memory deficits. In order to evaluate which receptor subtype plays the major role in this model, we examined the effects of SCH-23390 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg), a D1 receptor antagonist, and sulpiride (3.0-30 mg/kg), a D2 receptor antagonist, in the same experimental paradigm. The results showed that administration of sulpiride but not of SCH-23390 significantly improved the deficits in task performance, indicating that D2 receptors are the major site of action. However, combined treatment with SCH-23390 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and sulpiride (3.0 mg/kg) at doses that had no effect when the antagonists were given alone exerted a significant additive effect in improving these deficits, indicating that interaction between D1 and D2 receptors is involved in these processes. The present results suggest that a dopaminergic mechanism contributes to the memory dysfunction associated with traumatic brain injury.


This study used chitosan as a capping agent and L-ascorbic acid as reducing agent to prepare copper nanoparticles encapsulated with 2,4-D dimethylamine herbicide via a green chemical reduction method to improve its herbicidal activity and reduce the negative environmental impacts associated with its application. Characterization of the synthesized CuCtsNPs and 2,4-D-CuCtsNPs was carried out using the following techniques; transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform- infra-red (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX), powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermogravimetric  and differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA). The maximum absorption peak of CuCtsNPs was observed around 560 nm while that of 2,4-D-CuCtsNPs at 558 nm. The yield of CuCtsNPs was at the range of 40-92% and encapsulation efficiency of the 2,4-D-CuCtsNPs formulationwas 93%. Debye- Scherer's equation was used to calculate the average crystalline size of the synthesized CuCtsNPs and 2,4-D-CuCtsNPs. The values were 38.78 nm (CuCtsNPs) and 54.93 nm (2,4-D-CuCtsNPs) respectively. The SEM images revealed the particle size of 21-56 nm for CuCtsNPs and 25-69 nm for 2,4-D-CuCtsNPs. The results obtained from the DSC and TGA curves of CuCtsNPs and 2,4-D-CuCtsNPs showed that the formulations exist in crystalline state and were thermally stable up to 401.73 °C. Aqueous release studies for the formulation were carried out in three different pH media and two agricultural soils. Leaching profile of the loaded CuCtsNPs through the soil layer (UAM and CAPS) demonstrated that the UAM soil had higher value for 2,4-D (58.67%) than in CAPS soil 40.78%. This study formulated an environmentally friendly herbicide delivery nano-matrix (CuCtsNPs) for the successful slow release of 2,4-D Dimethylamine herbicide in aqueous medium and agricultural soils.


Shadows are of great importance to computer graphics, especially for interactive animation, due to the visual cues which they provide. Most research in the field of dynamic shadowing has focussed on shadows from point light sources, since they are much easier to compute than those from area lights. This means that such shadows have sharp boundaries, and so resultant visualisations often appear sterile and unrealistic. We use discontinuity meshing as the underlying mechanism for shadow construction, and develop ideas which allow the information calculated by discontinuity meshing to be updated, rather than re-computed, each frame. This has led to an algorithm which can update shadows interactively, and more importantly an algorithm which displays good scalability characteristics.


Abstract. An important topic for climate change investigation is the behavior of severe weather under future scenarios. Given the fine-scale nature of the phenomena, such changes can only be analyzed indirectly, for example, through large-scale indicators of environments conducive to severe weather. Climate models can account for changing physics over time, but if they cannot capture the relevant distributional properties of the current climate, then their use for inferring future regimes is limited. In this study, high-resolution climate models from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program (NARCCAP) are evaluated for the present climate state using cutting-edge spatial verification techniques recently popularized in the meteorology literature. While climate models are not intended to predict variables on a day-by-day basis, like weather models, they should be expected to mimic distributional properties of these processes, which is how they are increasingly used and therefore this study assesses the degree to which the models are actually suitable for this purpose. Of particular value for social applications would be to better simulate extremes, rather than inferring means of variables, which may only change by small increments thereby making it difficult to interpret in terms of the impact on society. In this study, it is found that the relatively high-resolution NARCCAP climate model runs capture areas, spatial patterns, and placement of the most common severe-storm environments reasonably well, but all of them underpredict the spatial extent of these high-frequency zones. Some of the models generally perform better than others, but some models capture spatial patterns of the highest frequency severe-storm environment areas better than they do more moderate frequency regions.


Although older and more advanced in terms of organised administration and economic structures, South Africa is, in fact the newest of the region's countries, having attained its liberation only in 1994. There has been a growth in the number of immigrants and emigrants to and from South Africa, respectively between 1994 and 1996. In the area of investment, the trend has been even more spectacular. Liabilities may arise from the business activities of those concerned or from their contractual, delictual or even criminal activities. The majority of the countries in the SADC region belong to two sister common law systems, namely the English and the Roman-Dutch respectively. Equally important is the fact that theses countries fall neatly into four categories of legal codes. These are Angola and Mozambique which follow Portuguese law, the Congo and the Seychelles which are based on French law while the rest belong to the Anglophone and Roman-Dutch law systems. These make the group small and therefore appropriate for harmonisation or a convention.


Delve into managing your projects with GitLab, while tailoring it to fit your environment Overview Understand how to efficiently track and manage projects Establish teams with a fast software developing tool Employ teams constructively in a GitLab environment In Detail GitLab is a great tool suite used to develop software quickly, safely, and efficiently. Watch your developers get into a productive loop within your own network! Code Version Control is now easy to administer and fast to set up with the help of GitLab. Starting with the installation of GitLab, GitLab Repository Management will guide you through learning how to use permission management and other features, such as issue tracking and wikis. You will get a look at the technology that drives this open source project and learn how to connect it with your infrastructure. This guide will show you how to use GitLab as a primary tool for version control, collaboration, and issue tracking. It will make you a capable maintainer and give you an understanding of how to make the most of this tool. Building efficient teams of developers will change the outcome for the better, as you decide who to put in charge and whose access you can restrict. Keeping your code safe while being open to feedback, is the key to making your products something that your users will love. Documenting large projects can be challenging, but you will learn how to overcome these challenges using GitLab's built-in wiki functionality. What you will learn from this book Install GitLab on a Linux system with commands for Debian or Ubuntu, with the support of other distributions Configure GitLab for your needs and infrastructure Manage users inside GitLab, while securing your code Document your code with the built-in wikis, getting the whole team up to speed Use the built-in issue tracker to respond to feature requests and bugs quickly Create useful teams that can collaborate and control access across projects Update GitLab with the newest features Get to know the community and know where to turn if you run into trouble Approach A simple, easy to understand tutorial guide on how to build teams and efficiently use version control, using GitLab. Who this book is written for If you are a system administrator in a company that writes software or are in charge of an infrastructure, this book will show you the most important features of GitLab, including how to speed up the overall process.