: Nanotechnology is considered to be an upcoming technology. Nanotechnology in the field of dentistry helps in diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Nanotechnology incorporates the usage of nanoparticles less than 100 nm. The usage of nanoparticles in restorative materials has increased the quality and life of dental restorations resulting in better oral care and hygiene. The technology helps in modifying the existing restorative material in terms of physical, chemical and biological aspects to improve their quality. Nanotechnology uses nanoparticles which are synthesized naturally from plants and chemically. The usage of specific nanoparticles is based on the properties and cytotoxic actions. Conventional GIC (Glass Ionomer Cement) and composites have been modified and improved in numerous ways by the addition of different nanoparticles. The restorative materials with nanoparticles currently used are nanocomposites, nano glass ionomers, nano adhesives and endodontic sealers. Nanotechnology is paving the way for recent advances in nanomaterials innovations. The advances of nanoparticles are helping the future of dentistry and production of new developments of materials with high quality. The main drawback faced in using nanoparticles is the toxicity produced by the nanoparticles but the demand for nano based dental material preparation has increased so there is a need for new nanomaterials. The review article provides an overview of the advancement of nanotechnology in restorative dentistry.


Chromosome alignment at the spindle equator promotes proper chromosome segregation and depends on pulling forces exerted at kinetochore fiber tips together with polar ejection forces. However, kinetochore fibers are also subjected to forces driving their poleward flux. Here we introduce a flux-driven centering model that relies on flux generated by forces within the overlaps of bridging and kinetochore fibers. This centering mechanism works so that the longer kinetochore fiber fluxes faster than the shorter one, moving the kinetochores towards the center. We developed speckle microscopy in human spindles and confirmed the key prediction that kinetochore fiber flux is length-dependent. Kinetochores are better centered when overlaps are shorter and the kinetochore fiber flux markedly slower than the bridging fiber flux. We identify Kif18A and Kif4A as overlap and flux regulators and NuMA as a fiber coupler. Thus, length-dependent sliding forces exerted by the bridging fiber onto kinetochore fibers promote chromosome alignment.


The Indonesian poultry industry is a key sector for the national economy, supplying 65% of all
animal protein and employing 10% of the national labour force. All over the country, though local
production successfully copes with domestic demand, the potential for growth is high, consistent
with expectations of rising GDP per capita. The market looks healthy and attractive, which has
resulted in this gradual entry of new foreign groups. In past decades, the production process has
evolved and modernized. The market is dominated by five main players—three foreign companies
operating in feed production and two in day-old chick production.
Even though expectations for the industry are strongly positive, prices for both broiler chicken
and eggs are consistently higher in Indonesia than in Europe and America. From March–October
2018, Indonesian broiler chicken meat cost an average of about IDR 40,500/kg, while in the EU
the price was around IDR 32,600/kg (+24%). Over the same period, the average egg price in
Indonesia was around IDR 28,000/kg, compared to just above IDR 21,000/kg (+33%) in the EU.
The differences in price are partially due to differences in demand and supply—Indonesia is a
Muslim country, so the demand for chicken meat may be stronger than in countries with higher
pork consumption. However, Indonesia's higher prices are surprising given lower production
costs. In Indonesia, farm salaries are lower than in Europe. In addition, the EU banned egg layer
battery cages in 2012, forcing layer farmers to decrease bird density and therefore to implement
more expensive methods of production, pushing up egg production costs. So production costs are
higher in the EU, but consumer prices are lower.
Price differences can also be explained in part by general market conditions in the EU and
Indonesia. While the European market is a mature one, the constant growth in Indonesia,
supported by growing demand, is an important element keeping prices high.
While many economic factors are out of Indonesia's control, prices are also affected by Indonesian
public policy. Therefore, we propose policy modifications that aim to support sound growth of the
industry, which might be accompanied by lower prices. The first important act would be to resolve
conflicts between existing regulations, in particular between Regulation of the Minister of Trade
(MOT) 21/2018 and Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture (MOA) 57/2015 on the ministerial
recommendation letter for maize import and maize import rights.
Our second suggestion, related to MOA 26/2016, is to liberalize parent stock1 imports, enabling
poultry producers to more freely implement sound entrepreneurial strategies rather than relying
on incorrect government estimations. At the same time, we believe that it is necessary to open
Indonesia to the international market for maize, rather than using trade protections to force local
production. Current regulations have driven domestic maize prices incredibly high compared to
the international price. Since maize is the main component of poultry feed, and feed is in turn the
major cost in Indonesian poultry production, free access to international markets would heavily
and positively affect production costs in the poultry industry, helping prices to cool down.
Finally, the government could play an important role in improving infrastructure, which, at the
moment, burdens the industry—particularly in the case of transporting raw materials for feed
from the ports to the mills. An improvement in road infrastructure would also allow the transport
of heavy machinery, further boosting modernization of the poultry industry


The history of the handbag — its design, how it has been made, used, and worn—reveals something essential about women's lives over the past 500 years. Perhaps the most universal item of fashionable adornment, it can also be elusive, an object of desire, secrecy, and even fear. Handbags explores these rich histories and multiple meanings.

This book features specially commissioned photographs of an extraordinary, newly formed collection of fashionable handbags that date from the 16th century to the present day. It has been acquired for exhibition in the first museum devoted to the handbag, in Seoul, South Korea. The project is a commission undertaken by experimental exhibition-maker Judith Clark, whose innovative practices are revealed in Handbags.

Essays by leading fashion historians and an acclaimed psychoanalyst investigate the history of gesture, the psychoanalysis of bags, and the museum's state-of-the-art mannequins and archive cabinets. In order to preserve the words that describe the unique qualities of each bag, a terminology of handbags has been compiled.


Tourism is one of the world's major industries and is increasing in importance as a source of substantial employment and of great economical and social benefit to many regions around the world. China has the world's largest population and it has been predicted that China will become one of the world's major sources of international travellers in the 21st century. Although the outbound travel industry in China has only been developing in recent years, there has been an increasing number of outbound Chinese going all over the world. South Africa is one of the countries that are beginning to be penetrated by the emerging Chinese outbound traveller market. The purpose of this study is to examine the South Africa inbound tourism industry's readiness for the increasing Chinese tourist market to South Africa and also to examine South Africa as a secondary international destination for the Chinese traveller. The study also aims to explore the Chinese travellers' interests and major concerns when travelling to South Africa and the expectations of the inbound tour operators in Shanghai. A purposive sample of 118 respondents from Shanghai's tourism industry participated in the study.


Lillian Hellman is well known as a moral writer. In her work of art, she used to describe human evil and injustice. She was deeply stirred by all injustice and spoke out against them (Mc Graw). In most of her works, the good one is always defeated by the evil, not the other way around. It makes her being called as `'The Hanging Judge of The American Theatre" (Vinson, p.376). In this thesis, the writer uses The Children's Hour as her primary source. The play is very interesting since it is about a little girl whose name is Mary who likes to tell lies. One of her lies is accusing her teachers as lesbian couple that destroys their lives. That is why the writer wants to know the motives of Mary's lies. Then, the writer is also curious to find out the effects of her lies to the main and minor characters in the play. In order to help the thesis writer in writing the thesis, literary tools, like characterization and conflict are needed as the main data. The characterization is important to understand the real character of the main central character. Meanwhile, conflict is needed to develop further about the characterization through the characters' interaction toward each other. Moreover, since the main story of this play is about lies, some psychological tools are also needed as supporting data to know the motives of Mary's lies, such as lies, freedom, and punishment. Finally, it is seen that Man_- is motivated to tell lies, because she wants to be sent back home since she feels that she is not free, she wants to take revenge on her teachers for being punished all the time, and her efforts to get sympathy from other people. All the reasons above ruin the main and minor characters' lives. Karen's, Joseph's, Mary's friends, and Martha's futures are destroyed, moreover, they are looked down and isolated by the society, Mrs. Mortar is also encouraged to take revenge to Martha, Martha's hatred to her aunt gets stronger, then she finally decides to end her life. Finally, Mary's lies put Mrs. Tilford's life in darkness for the rest of her life.


In mid-November 2014 the Paris-based International Energy Agency issued its latest World Energy Outlook. The main theme of the report is that the global energy system is "in danger of failing short of the hopes and expectations placed upon it." 1 This study explores some of the main opportunities and challenges facing the global energy system. Specifically, the analysis focuses on energy security, both from consumers' and producers' perspectives, and the recent sharp drop in oil prices and the economic, environmental and strategic implications. The forces that have led to the recent decline in prices seem to differ from those that led to previous declines. It is likely that prices will remain low for a prolonged period of time. Major producers and consumers will have to re-adjust their economic policies and strategies to respond to these key changes in the global energy landscape.


Recognizing that there is more to wealth than money is the main theme of the article. An entire industry has been designed and dedicated to the proposition that inherited wealth must be preserved, and that preserving it requires a substantial commitment and effort on the part of the inheritor. Little is said about using wealth to create freedom and functionality—the very qualities that created it in the first place. Personal growth is subjugated to the good of the family. Individuality gets lost, and this leads to dissatisfaction, a lack of functionality, and unhappiness. Our focus on stewardship has made wealth management much more complicated and burdensome than it needs to be. The real hard work is not managing the money. It is figuring out what the money is for. The first choice is to control the wealth for many generations to come, while the second choice is to allow freedom and functionality in future generations. In fact, either choice, if considered carefully, must have as its ultimate purpose to allow independence. Perhaps the greatest challenge in achieving freedom from wealth is actually learning to live with wealth as part of a productive life. Philanthropy is one of the best tools for liberating wealth holders from the burden of wealth and build functionality into the family. It is time for the industry of wealth counselors to consider how the wealth advisory world is shaping the character of its clients and to ask how we give individuals freedom with wealth. There are risks to our economics in encouraging freedom in thinking and actions, but there is also satisfaction in helping people achieve their potential.


As a result of extremely high upper critical fields Bc2, high temperature superconductors (HTSs) have the potential to be used as high field insert coils in magnet systems where the background field is provided by low temperature superconductors (LTS). However, due to low quench propagation velocity in HTS as compared to LTS, the issue of developing a fast and reliable quench detection and protection scheme for such magnet systems remains a serious challenge. In order to provide a stable operation for HTS inserts, quench studies on YBCO coils were performed. Three single pancake coils were wound with 1.5 m of YBCO coated conductor provided by Superpower. They were equipped with quench initiation heaters and instrumented with type K thermocouples and voltage taps to monitor the development of the quench. Two of the coils were additionally insulated with a thin layer of polyimide film laid on top of YBCO CC. The heat propagation with no transport current was studied at 77 K and 4.2 K without an external magnetic field. Further tests included quench propagation at 77 K. The measurements involved voltages developed around the quenched region, hot spot temperature, and determining the threshold voltage to ensure the successful operation of the quench protection system.


The aim of this study was to elicit students' conceptions about big bubbles in boiling liquids (water, ethanol and aqueous CuSO4 solution). The study is based on twenty-four students at different ages and grades. The clinical interviews technique was conducted to solicit students' conceptions and the interviews were analyzed to discover students' views. The interview findings established that students had difficulties with comprehending big bubbles in boiling liquids, especially in liquids other than water. Moreover, a few unexplored misconceptions about using different liquids were identified. The misconceptions may possibly stem from teachers and textbook authors, who have used water as an example in teaching about boiling. This suggests that we should use a range of liquids – not only water – when explaining boiling in curricular materials and during teaching.


An iterative quality-based algorithm for location discovery is presented which can be used in wireless ad hoc sensor networks. The algorithm will take the reliability of measurements into account and will produce a reliability index for every estimated location using a statistical approach. The algorithm can also work in a hybrid network with different kinds of distance measuring techniques. It will use the reliability of each of these methods in the final result. Satisfactory results can be achieved with this approach.


This book completes A. John Simmons's exploration and development of Lockean moral and political philosophy, a project begun in The Lockean Theory of Rights (Princeton paperback edition, 1994). Here Simmons discusses the Lockean view of the nature of, grounds for, and limits on political relations between persons.Originally published in 1993.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Analysis of seeds from cesspits and other deposits excavated at Mountain Street, Ultimo, Sydney, provided insights into the diet, ethnicity and socio-economic status of the site's inhabitants. Sample composition was similar to seed fi nds from urban cesspit assemblages in both Australia and Europe, combining locally produced dietary 'staples' with occasional imports and even a collected wild plant. It is unlikely that the seed analysis provided a complete picture of the diet of the Mountain Street dwellers, but it suggests an Old World culinary tradition, incorporating fresh and preserved fruits. Ethnicity is often refl ected in food choice, but it is diffi cult to know if the range of species identifi ed at Mountain Street accurately refl ects a population derived from Old World immigrants, or rather the food supply system of Sydney at the time. Diffi culty in identifying some common seed types may also have distorted the picture of dietary breadth and thus ethnic identity. Imported and exotic items are not considered to show affl uence, but rather the desire of the slum dwellers to eat some luxury items.


A novel type of application for the exploration of enclosed or otherwise difficult to access environments requires large quantities of miniaturized sensor nodes to perform measurements while they traverse the environment in a "go with the flow" approach. Examples of these are the exploration of underground cavities and the inspection of industrial pipelines or mixing tanks, all of which have in common that the environments are difficult to access and do not allow position determination using e.g. GPS or similar techniques. The sensor nodes need to be scaled down towards the millimetre range in order to physically fit through the narrowest of parts in the environments and should measure distances between each other in order to enable the reconstruction of their positions relative to each other in offline analysis. Reaching those levels of miniaturization and enabling reconstruction functionality requires: 1) novel reconstruction algorithms that can deal with the specific measurement limitations and imperfections of millimetre-sized nodes, and 2) improved understanding of the relation between the highly constraint hardware design space of the sensor nodes and the reconstruction algorithms. To this end, this work provides a novel and highly robust sensor swarm reconstruction algorithm and studies the effect of hardware design trade-offs on its performance. Our findings based on extensive simulations, which push the reconstruction algorithm to its breaking point, provide important guidelines for the future development of millimetre-sized sensor nodes.


This article uses Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's experience in the transatlantic literary market to analyze how British publishers constructed antebellum American literature as a cultural commodity and an aesthetically valuable tradition through their material texts. Longfellow's correspondence with publishers John Walker, George Routledge, and David Bogue and Bogue's illustrated editions of Evangeline and Hyperion reveal that British reprints manifested overlapping discourses of authorization and value. Publishers used the materiality of their texts to legitimize their reprinting but also to champion Longfellow's poetry, American letters more broadly, and Longfellow's vision of a cosmopolitan American literature. The essay then traces this dialogue between British books and the emergence of American literature in Longfellow's The Courtship of Miles Standish, in which transatlantic circulation and British books are integral to the founding of the United States and American writing. Ultimately, this essay repositions British reprints as complex acts of reception that intervened in debates over the nature of American literature, and it argues for a recentering of US literary history around material transatlantic exchange.


The objective of this project is to analyse the possible causes and the effects of
the economic crisis in East-asian region with particular emphasis of the impact
on Malaysia in respect of the RINGGIT and the KUALA LUMPUR STOCK
EXCHANGE; how the crisis affects countries in other regions. The issues of
whether the I MF can solve the prevailing problems in this region and how
Mexican's crisis is different from the East-asian are also discussed. Lastly,
several recommendations are made with a view to strengthen and improve the
economic fundamentals of Malaysia.
The possible causes of the crisis incudes: poor financial and banking system
resulting in substantial non-performing loans, Investors' loss of confidence, less
competitive exports, unproductive investments and over-dependence on the
foreign capital.
Malaysia was hit badly by this crisis. The value of Ringgit fell from 2. 6450 in July
1997 to 4. 1 550 against the US Dollar in July 1998 whilst the Composite Index fell
from 1,0 1 2. 84 in July 1997 to 402.65 in July 1998 . The Gross Domestic Product
( GDP ) growth rate was forecasted to be - 1% to -2% compared with the average
GDP growth rate of 8.8 % for the period between 1988 to 1997.It is evident that IMF cannot provide solution to East-asian countries as countries
who resorted to I MF's bail-out do not seem to recover from their crisis.
East-asian's crisis is by nature different from that of the Mexican's crisis in 1995.
The former is solvency crisis whereas the latter is liquidity crisis.
Malaysian government should strengthen its economic fundamentals by
implementing several measures such as making it compulsory to make use of
local manufactured parts. Agriculture sector should be revived as it can save
the country for RM 9 billion on food. To develop Information Technology,
Education and Tourism sectors to generate foreign exchange for the country.
Regulations should be imposed to prevent sudden outflow of foreign portfoliofunds.
The Banking sectors has to be strengthen and not to allow politicians to
have hands in the Banking industry loans should only be approved based on its
merit only.


A series of ABA triblock copolymers of poly(D,L-lactide)-b-poly(butadiene)-b-poly(D,L-lactide), LBL, and their 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone (UPy) end-functionalized analogue, UPy-LBL, were synthesized. Commercially available hydroxy-terminated poly(butadiene) (HTPB) was used as the macroinitiator for ring-opening polymerizations of D,L-lactide. UPy hydrogen bonding dimerization in solution was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by the thermo-reversible properties of this interaction. Mechanical properties of this polymer series revealed that only the incorporation of low molar mass PB did not significantly alter the brittle character of PLA. However, end-functionalization of the triblock copolymers with the UPy moiety effectively increased the strain at break of PLA, producing polymers with average ultimate elongations up to 58%. A relationship between UPy content and mechanical properties was established. The series of polymers with UPy functionalities ranging from 0–2 was tougher than neat PLA; the hemitelechelic polymer was more than four times tougher. To study the physical aging of these systems, uniaxial tensile-tests and DSC experiments were performed. DSC thermograms showed increases in both the glass transition temperature and enthalpy of relaxation as a function of PLA aging time. Tensile experiments demonstrated that UPy-functionalization effectively delayed aging as ductile behavior was only lost after annealing the samples for five days at 40 °C.


Biochemical, molecular chemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on an unknown Gram-positive, catalase-negative, chain-forming coccus isolated from the urine of a patient suffering from cystitis. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that the organism is a member of the 'pyogenic subgroup' of the genus Streptococcus and has a close affinity with Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus canis. The unknown coccus was, however, readily distinguished from these species and other streptococci by biochemical tests and electrophoretic analysis of whole-cell proteins. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, it is proposed that the unknown bacterium be classified as a new species of the genus Streptococcus, Streptococcus urinalis sp. nov. The type strain of Streptococcus urinalis is CCUG 41590T.


When rat macrophages are activated by exposure to bacterial endotoxin they acquire the capacity to lyse sarcoma cells in tissue culture. Although showing no immunological specificity this lytic effect was only detectable on malignant cells; normal cells were unaffected. This tumor-selective lytic effect is mediated by a labile supernatant product.


The global workplace has faced drastic changes in recent years due to various economic and social factors. From this rates of unemployment soared in many countries around the globe, Ireland being a country that was hugely impacted by this. Despite the negative factors that have been experiences over the past decade economies are starting to recover and the rates of unemployment are steadily declining. From the trouble that the globe face one thing became clear, that is the importance of third level education when entering the job market. A recent OECD study showed that unemployment rates were significantly lower for third level graduates than that of those who didn't achieve a higher second level education (4.9% compared to 12.4%) (OECD, 2016). A reason for this may be because higher education "promotes more efficient decision- making processes related to the labour market through the acquisition of information that has a positive impact on occupational choices" (Vila, et al., 2007).

From this revelation, numerous studies have been conducted, this one included, which focus on various areas of graduates in the labour market. The focus area of this study is one that has not yet been conducted in an Irish context. The analysation of graduate's perceptions of the workplace versus the realities that they face is a broad area which can present some interesting results for both current students who will be graduating in the coming years but also those employers who will be taking those graduates in to their companies and developing their careers.

An employer must ensure that they are providing a comprehensive level of job satisfaction for graduates and achieving a good standard in meeting the expectations that are set out by graduates when entering in to the workplace, if an employer does not successfully meet these expectations it can influence a graduate's job satisfaction and affect their commitment to an organisation (Jusof, et al., 2011).


Mesoscale convective complexes (MCCs) occur frequently during the warm season in the central U.S. and can produce flooding rains, hail and tornadoes.  Previous work has found that the synoptic-scale environment can greatly affect, and be affected by, the development and maintenance of MCCs.  Ninety-two MCC cases from 2006-2011 are manually identified using infrared satellite imagery and partitioned into three types (upstream trough, zonal and ridge) using a unique manual synoptic typing based on 500-hPa height patterns.  Upstream trough cases feature an amplified longwave 500-hPa trough upstream of the MCC genesis region (GR), while the 500-hPa flow is relatively flat in zonal cases, and a strong 500-hPa ridge is present over the Rockies in ridge cases. Individual case and storm-relative composite analyses of a subset of 28 cases show that of the three types, upstream trough cases feature both the strongest quasigeostrophic forcing for ascent and lower-tropospheric frontogenesis, the latter of which enhances ascent and is associated with a strong southerly low-level jet (LLJ).  Zonal and ridge cases feature smaller magnitudes (in descending order) of all ascent-forcing parameters.  Ridge cases, in particular, are characterized by weak Q-vector convergence, but easterly upslope flow likely acts as a compensating ascent mechanism.  A thermodynamic analysis shows that high-θe air is advected into the GR in all three MCC types, and serves as fuel for development and maintenance.  However, while the southerly LLJ advects high-θe air from the Gulf of Mexico in the upstream trough and zonal cases, such air is already pooled in the High Plains in the ridge cases and advected into the GR by easterly flow.  In accordance with the synoptic-dynamic analysis, upstream trough cases have the longest duration and largest impact on the synoptic-scale environment, while ridge cases are the shortest-lived.  The various underlying precipitation structures of each group are also explored; zonal cases, for example, appear to preferentially be associated with bow echoes.


An enduring issue in higher education is student retention and timely graduation. Early-warning and degree planning systems have been identified as a key approach to tackle this problem. Accurately predicting a student's performance can help recommend degree pathways for students and identify students at-risk of dropping from their program of study. Various approaches have been developed for predicting students' next-term grades. Recently, course-specific approaches based on linear regression and matrix factorization have been proposed. To predict a student's grade, course-specific approaches utilize the student's grades from courses taken prior to that course. However, there are a lot of factors other than student's historical grades that influence his/her performance, such as the difficulty of the courses, the quality and pedagogy of the instructor, the academic level of the students when taking the courses and so on. In this paper, we propose a course-specific regression model enriched with features about students, courses and instructors. Our proposed models were evaluated on datasets from two large public universities for academic programs with varying flexibility. The experimental results showed that incorporating content features can boost the performance of the course-specific model. For some degree programs with high flexibility, our experiments showed that predicting the grades with informative content features demonstrated better prediction accuracy.


Background South Asian (SA) women have an 11 times higher risk of developing diabetes as compared to White British (WB) women. However little is known if they are at similar high risk of adverse neonatal outcomes. Methods We undertook a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 320 women with pre-gestational and gestational diabetes delivering at University Hospitals of Leicester from Jan2009–Dec2010 to determine the influence SA ethnicity on neonatal morbidity and mortality as compared to WB neonates. Results Compared to WB, SA mothers were less obese (p < 0.005), had diet-controlled diabetes and delivered vaginally (p = 0.05). SA neonates were less likely to be large for gestational age OR(95% CI) 0.62(0.39–0.99) and preterm OR 0.59(0.31–1.13). 9.4% SA neonates developed hypoglycaemia compared to 17.4% in WB OR 0.49(0.24–1.01). Only 11.6% SA neonates were admitted to NICU as compared to 21.2% WB, OR 0.48(0.26–0.91). The most common reason for NICU admission in both the groups was sepsis OR for SA 0.55(0.28–1.09), followed by respiratory distress OR 0.43(0.19–0.98). There was no significant difference in lethal congenital anomaly, birth trauma or readmission rate in both groups. There were 4 stillbirths and 1 neonatal death in SA group but none in WB group. Conclusion Despite higher risk of diabetes in SA mothers, their neonates had less morbidity and this can be attributed to lower rates of obesity and insulin requirement. However one rather worrying outcome is the higher stillbirths in SA group. The potential influence of maternal socio-economic status and education need to be explored to guide future counselling and interventions.


For high power wind turbines current sources converter (CSC) topologies offer favourable features such as a simple structure, grid friendly waveforms, and reliable grid short circuit protection.
Several topologies have been proposed to achieve maximum power point tracking (MPPT) in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) and control the output power factor within a wide range of wind speeds. Some of these topologies are reviewed and a novel approach and control strategy is proposed.
The proposed system consists of an electrically excited synchronous generator (EESG), a diode rectifier on the generator-side, and a pulse wave modulated (PWM) current source inverter (CSI) on the grid-side. In the proposed control scheme, the diode rectifier does not offer any control freedoms, therefore controlling the output power and the power factor falls on the EESG and the PWM CSI. The generator excitation is controlled according to the wind speed value to improve operation range whereby the desired grid side power factor can be maintained, while the control freedoms of the CSI are used to regulate the power output of the WECS and to perform maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Theoretical analysis was conducted to investigate the feasibility and limits of this approach and the factors affecting it, and computer simulations confirmed the validity of this approach, showing an improved wind speed range where the desired power factor was maintained.


South Asia is a region often tinted with crisis, conflict and war. Historically, this region is undeniably a region exposed by military activities or 'use of force'. Therefore, military development has become a main agenda in South Asian countries in hope to strengthen the defense system and ensure security and national sovereignty. The need of this military development agenda has successfully made India, which obtained independence in 1947, to emerge as a new military power through certain stages to date. This military development will give some impact on Southeast Asian countries either in the form of threat or opportunity. In threat aspect, military development by India definitely will give some implications due to geopolitical issue. However, this development can be seen is more to deterrence approach. In opportunity aspect, ASEAN should take this chance to make relation with India particularly in economic cooperation as they have done with Japan and China. The cooperation measure must be taken by setting up bilateral discussion and formulating the policy in which favor to cooperate with India. Due to this cooperation, India is seen will give some balance to Japan and China influence to Southeast Asian countries.


The full processing of seven reconnaissance, deep seismic reflection profiles recorded in western Botswana reveal the presence of a single, deep basin with a relatively uniform fill of 12 to 15 km of sedimentary rocks underlain by a mid to lower crust which shows considerable structure and reflectivity. Much of western Botswana falls within the broad physiographic region known as the Kalahari where much of the bedrock geology is concealed by Cretaceous to Recent Kalahari sands making regional tectonic interpretations difficult. Potential field data suggested the existence of deep sedimentary basins which prompted the Government of Botswana, with assistance from Petro-Canada International Assistance Corporation (PCIAC), to acquire approximately 1,000 km of 12 to 15 fold deep seismic reflection data in the western Kalahari region to evaluate its petroleum potential. A followup well drilled to a total depth of approximately 4 km along one of these profiles showed that a majority (> 2 km) of the rocks are sedimentary and of late Proterozoic (Ghanzi?) to early Cambrian (Nama) age. The stratigraphic break between the rocks of the Nama Group and those of the Permo-Carboniferous - Jurassic Karoo Supergroup is marked by a major unconformity and represents a considerable hiatus (≈ 200 - 300 Ma). The gross lithologic nature of "bright" mid to lower crustal reflectors is explored in a qualitative fashion by examining possible correlations between the potential field anomalies and these zones of increased reflectivity. These seismic data also indicate the possible presence of large-scale extensional structures suggestive of continental rifting. These extensional structures, along with an ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar date of 1,071.7 ± 11.1 Ma from a gabbroic body forming part of the Kalahari Line, and a series of continental rift sequences exposed along the northern and western fringes of the Kalahari region, all provide evidence of a widespread late Middle Proterozoic rifting event affecting much of the Kalahari region. This rifting may have marked the disassembly of a proposed Proterozoic supercontinent.


The effects of water quality and sediment composition on mid-Atlantic semiannual and perennial Zostera marina reproductive success, seed-bank viability, and seed germination were elucidated using laboratory and in situ experiments, quantitative field observations, and ecological model simulations. The sediment seed-bank was found to play a large role in the recovery of perennial Z. marina beds in the Chesapeake Bay and in the yearly re-establishment of beds in North Carolina which were determined to have a semi-annual life history. However, the resiliency provided by sediment seed-bank for both semi-annual and perennial Z. marina beds was limited as seeds remained viable for less than one year. When comparing the two life forms, semi-annual Z. marina beds produced a greater proportion of flowering shoots and more seeds than nearby perennial beds. Seed germination was significantly affected by sediment type and burial depth with maximum germination of seeds occurring in sediments containing > 3 % organic content and buried at depths < 3 em. Model simulations indicate that York River Z. marina beds are currently at their maximum temperature threshold and that projected increases of2: 1 oc in water temperature within the Chesapeake Bay may result in large scale declines. While the sediment seed-bank may provide a mechanism for recovery following one year of increased temperature stress, seed-banks are depleted following large scale germination events and may not provide resiliency to multiple consecutive years of stressful conditions. Further research into the interactive effects of sediment and water column conditions and seed physiology on seed viability are required to gain a more comprehensive understanding of seed-bank dynamics in Z. marina beds. Monitoring of semi-annual and perennial Z. marina beds in North Carolina indicated that multiple life history strategies may be found within one Z. marina bed. Shoots within the semi-annual Z. marina bed germinated from seeds, a portion of seedlings flowered during their first year of growth, and all shoots completed their life cycle and died within one year of germination like a semi-annual plant; however, not all shoots flowered and shoots reproduced both sexually and asexually similar to a perennial plant. Since the individual plants found within the semi-annual bed did not display the all of the defining characteristics of either perennial or annual Z. marina life histories, this population cannot be completely described by either life history strategy. Research into the development of a semi-annuallife history strategy for Z. marina within this site and the possibility of this form occurring at other geographic regions requires additional research. Sexual reproduction is an important component of both semi-annual and perennial Z. marina populations that should be included in ecological studies and models. Although most perennial Z. marina beds rely on asexual reproduction as a primary form of bed maintenance, the ability to reproduce sexually is maintained and, as shown here, may play a large role in the recovery, maintenance, and expansion of these populations. For these reasons and due to the use of seeds in restoration of Z. marina beds within large systems such as the Chesapeake Bay, research into the dynamics of sexual reproduction within existing beds, a better understanding of seed physiology, and additional research into environmental effects (including the sediment) on seed germination and viability are essential.


The bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae and fungal genus Candida have continued to be a great challenge worldwide including resistance to antibiotics and relapse of infections mediated by them. Among these organisms, Salmonella typhi, Shigella species, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli strains have emerged as the most frequent cause of diarrheal illnesses which account for an annual mortality rate of 4.6 million people worldwide and many other infections. Candida albicans has been reported as a causative agent of all types of candidiasis. In the present study, the efficacy of plants commonly used plants in Transmara west, Kenya against these microbes was investigated. An ethnobotanical survey using semi-structured questionnaire was done. Plant extracts were obtained through methanolic extraction. Antimicrobial susceptibility assay was done using Kirby Bauer disk diffusion technique. Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC), Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for the bacterial test stains and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) for C. albicans were determined using microtitre broth dilution method. Phytochemical tests were done using standard procedures. The study validates the ethno-medicinal use of Pterolobium stellatum, Rhamnus prinoides, Phyllanthus urinaria, Carissa edulis, Clutia abyssinica, Clerodendrum rotundifolium, Clerodendron myricoides and Dovyalis abyssinica and recommends consideration for the use of the studied plants as possible sources of antimicrobial agents in the development of drugs for treatment of Enterobacteria and Candida related infections.


Hydrazide derivatives have been synthesized from methyl esters, hydrazones and vegetable oils. They are important due to their diverse applications in pharmaceutical products, detergents as well as in oil and gas industries. The chemical synthesis of fatty hydrazides is well-established; however, few publications described the synthesis of fatty hydrazide derivatives, particularly, when produced from refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein. Here, the synthesis and characterization of fatty hydrazide derivatives are reported. Besides, palmityl hydrazide derivative synthesized from palmityl hydrazide was used as reference. The fatty hydrazides derivatives were characterized using a Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The synthesis of N,N-dimethyl fatty hydrazides was carried out at 100oC in dioxane for 6 hours with the molar ratio between hydrazide, dimethyl sulfate and potassium hydroxide was 1:1:1. The proton NMR confirmed the product obtained was N,N-dimethyl fatty hydrazides. Other fatty hydrazide derivatives were cationic surfactants prepared using N,N-dimethyl fatty hydrazides. The surface tensions of these cationic surfactants vary according to the types of acyl chlorides. Lower surface tension was recorded for cationic surfactants prepared with acyl chloride with phenyl group. In addition, cationic surfactant can also be prepared from reaction between acyl chlorides and fatty hydrazides. Hence, fatty hydrazide derivatives from palm olein were successfully prepared and characterized.


Genetic manipulation of cellulose biosynthesis in trees may provide novel insights into the growth and development of trees. To explore this possibility, the overexpression of an aspen secondary wall-associated cellulose synthase (PtdCesA8) gene was attempted in transgenic aspen (Populus tremuloides L.) and unexpectedly resulted in silencing of the transgene as well as its endogenous counterparts. The main axis of the transgenic aspen plants quickly stopped growing, and weak branches adopted a weeping growth habit. Furthermore, transgenic plants initially developed smaller leaves and a less extensive root system. Secondary xylem (wood) of transgenic aspen plants contained as little as 10% cellulose normalized to dry weight compared to 41% cellulose typically found in normal aspen wood. This massive reduction in cellulose was accompanied by proportional increases in lignin (35%) and non-cellulosic polysaccharides (55%) compared to the 22% lignin and 36% non-cellulosic polysaccharides in control plants. The transgenic stems produced typical collapsed or 'irregular' xylem vessels that had altered secondary wall morphology and contained greatly reduced amounts of crystalline cellulose. These results demonstrate the fundamental role of secondary wall cellulose within the secondary xylem in maintaining the strength and structural integrity required to establish the vertical growth habit in trees.


This
dissertation evaluated the complex inter-relatedness between co-occurring
childhood maltreatment exposures, physical intimate partner violence
(perpetration and victimization), substance use frequency, and molecular genetics
for substance use, utilizing appropriate developmental models and theoretical
approaches. Three studies were proposed within this dissertation. Data for the
three studies come from a national longitudinal panel study: The National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health; Harris,
2013).
Across studies, latent profile analysis was used to evaluate co-occurring
childhood maltreatment exposures based on type and severity of exposures, which
resulted in three homogenous sub-groups. The first sub-group was composed of
individuals that had high levels of physical abuse exposure and moderate levels
of childhood neglect and emotional abuse exposures (high physical abuse
sub-group). The second sub-group (high sexual abuse sub-group) included
individuals with high severity of sexual abuse exposure and moderate severity
of all other childhood maltreatment types (i.e., physical abuse, emotional
abuse, and neglect). This second sub-group was, therefore, the most vulnerable
in terms of their childhood maltreatment exposure. A final normative sub-group
was also found that included a majority of individuals with low severity of
childhood maltreatment exposure across types. Additionally, across all three
studies, a probabilistic multifaceted genetic risk score (i.e., polygenic risk
score) was created to evaluate substance use related genetic risk. The first
study evaluated the role of co-occurring childhood maltreatment exposure on
substance use development from adolescence to young adulthood while evaluating substance
use related genetic moderation. Generalized estimating equations were used to
test the proposed model in study 1. Findings suggest that the high physical
abuse sub-group was more susceptible to genetic risk and had increases in
substance use frequency only at high levels of genetic risk. In contrast, for
the high sexual abuse sub-group, childhood maltreatment and environmental
exposures were more ubiquitous for substance use development from adolescence
to young adulthood. To elaborate, the high sexual abuse sub-group demonstrated
increases in substance use from adolescence to young adulthood irrespective of
genetic risk. In study 2, substance use frequency in young adulthood was tested
as a mechanism between childhood maltreatment sub-groups and subsequent
physical intimate partner violence perpetration in adulthood. Once again,
genetic moderation for the direct association between childhood maltreatment
sub-groups and substance use frequency in young adulthood was tested within the
larger mediation model. In study 3, physical partner violence victimization in
young adulthood was tested as a mediator of the association between childhood
maltreatment sub-groups and substance use frequency in adulthood. In study 3,
in addition to the above-mentioned genetic risk score, an additional substance
use related dopamine polygenic risk score was also tested. Specifically, in
study 3, genetic moderation by both genetic risk scores was tested on 1) the
direct pathway from childhood maltreatment sub-groups to substance use
frequency in adulthood, and 2) the direct pathway from physical intimate
partner violence victimization in young adulthood to substance use frequency in
adulthood. In both studies 2 and 3, product of co-efficient method was used to
estimate mediation hypothesis, and moderated-mediation models were used to test
for genetic moderation within the mediation model. Research aims for studies 2
and 3 were largely not supported. However, supplementary models indicate that substance
use frequency may not be a causal mechanism but may be a contextual factor
exacerbating the association between childhood maltreatment exposures and
physical intimate partner violence perpetration. Implications for findings are
discussed in detail.


ABSTRACT Lone mothers are a diverse group but it has been argued in the previous research that they tend to be homogenised. This article explores representations of single mothers in Swedish newspapers. Material from the two largest morning papers and the two largest tabloids was collected from the years 2015–2017. The results of the study suggest that although the newspaper representations do not fully reflect the diversity of social realities, there are indeed varying images of lone mothers in the sample. A recurring representation is as a comparatively poor and hardworking—even heroic—woman, who in political argumentation is referred to as someone in need of societal support and policy reforms. A less frequent representation, that often occurs in lengthy, in-depth pieces, is the affluent official person who despite her prosperity struggles with combining single (good) motherhood with her career, or the middle-class woman who becomes a lone mother via assisted reproductive technologies. Teenage motherhood (i.e., age), race/ethnicity, sexuality, and welfare dependence are seldom, if at all, alluded to. There is no vilification or condemnation of the lone mother, as has been found in research on other national contexts.


The G-BASE project is a long-term systematic geochemical survey that has required a high degree of consistency in its sampling methodologies. This report gives in detail all the project procedures associated with the collection of geochemical samples from the planning phase in the office through to sample reception and reporting of the completed field campaign. The procedures described here should be diligently followed in order to maintain the high levels of quality control the project aspires to. Any changes to procedures are indicated in the latest version of this manual and documented in an updates list in Appendix J.
In addition to describing all the fieldwork procedures, the recruitment and training of "voluntary" student workers is described along with discussions relating to health and safety issues likely to be encountered during sampling.
When describing the methods used by G-BASE in reports or publications, reference should be made to this manual.


One option for Extension professionals wishing to use free statistical software is to use online calculators, which are useful for common, simple analyses. A second option is to use a free computing environment capable of performing statistical analyses, like R-project. R-project is free, cross-platform, powerful, and respected, but may be difficult for beginners to learn. Using a graphical user interface allows new users to perform common analyses using pull-down menus and dialog boxes without programming knowledge. An example of an R-project program, performing a linear regression and producing relevant plots and statistics, is included.


This thesis studies retailing in Great Britain, but its methods of approach and techniques of analysis may be extended to other countries. International comparisons, however, are notoriously difficult in the distributive trades, for both obvious and more obscure reasons. During the final stages of the compilation of the thesis such comparison has become possible as a result of the work of Jefferys and Knee* (Table A). This note attempts to interpret this standardised data, published in November 1962, in relation to the findings of the thesis as a whole. A major subject of study in this thesis is large shops (high average sales per retail establishment). Jefferys and Knee have suggested that variations between the countries of Europe might be explained in terms of four factors:-(a) The number of inhabitants per establishment.(b) The number of employees per establishment.(c) Private expenditure per capita.(d) The structure of the trade. This thesis has found that in Britain two particular factors account for the distribution of large shops: the importance of medium sized towns in the settlement pattern, and of multiple traders in the retail sales of an area. Diagrams A and B show the relationship of these two factors to the size of shops in those countries of Europe with annual per capita private consumption expenditure of over 415 dollars (the rest of Europe has too dissimilar economic landscapes to make comparison profitable).The relationship between the size of shop and the proportion of the population in towns between 20,000 and 100,000 is close for the countries of Northern Europe. Only three countries are notably divergent, having smaller shop than their urban structure would warrant. These are however Belgium, France and the Netherlands, suggesting that different consumption habits and economic conditions in this part of Europe are important. The second relationship is far less marked. A relationship does however exist if the Scandinavian countries are isolated from the rest of Europe, for in these countries the great importance of Co-operative Retailing makes comparisons based on trade structure somewhat unreal. Austria is an exception for which no ready explanation can be given. A direct relationship between the two variables exists in the cases of the U.K., Switzerland, West Germany, Netherlands, France and Ireland. Jefferys and Knee have given a descriptive account of the variations in the size of shops. If causal explanations are to be found it is essential to examine the geographical pattern of retailing, the towns in which most shopping takes place and where large scale organisations set up their branches. It is clear that in order to explain the regional variations noted above much detailed examination would be needed. The study of retailing is also seen to be relevant to the examination of regional patterns which may not other1vise statistically be apparent.* Jefferys, J .B. and Knee, D. Retailing in Europe: Present Structure and future trends. London 1962.


Collinear laser spectroscopy on Cu58-75 isotopes was performed at the CERN-ISOLDE radioactive ion beam facility. In this paper we report on the isotope shifts obtained from these measurements. State-of-the-art atomic physics calculations have been undertaken in order to determine the changes in mean-square charge radii δ(r2)A,A′ from the observed isotope shifts. A local minimum is observed in these radii differences at N=40, providing evidence for a weak N=40 sub-shell effect. However, comparison of δ(r2)A,A′ with a droplet model prediction including static deformation deduced from the spectroscopic quadrupole moments, points to the persistence of correlations at N=40.


Italy has yet to recover from the economic consequences of the financial and sovereign debt crisis that began more than a decade ago. In addition to losing 1.4 million jobs across the manufacturing and construction sectors, new industries driving growth across the EU, such as knowledge-intensive services, are instead stagnating in Italy. Previous structural reforms focused on deregulating the labor markets and on restructuring the state budget. Other framework conditions, such as an efficient innovation system or substantial R&D investments, were ignored. Going forward, governmental reforms should focus on creating such growth-friendly conditions for businesses in future-oriented industries. Our own calculations show that increased government spending within the amount provided in the latest draft budget can, in principle, have a positive short-term effect on value added, thus mitigating the adjustment costs of pending reforms. Unfortunately, the current government's plans barely fulfill these criteria.


Salinity oscillations caused by multidecadal climatic variability had major impacts on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine ecosystem during the past 1000 yr. Microfossils from sediments dated by radiometry ( 14 C, 137 Cs, 210 Pb) and pollen stratigraphy indicate that salinity in mesohaline regions oscillated 10‐15 ppt during periods of extreme drought (low fresh-water discharge) and wet climate (high discharge). During the past 500 yr, 14 wet-dry cycles occurred, including sixteenth and early seventeenth century megadroughts that exceeded twentieth century droughts in their severity. These droughts correspond to extremely dry climate also recorded in North American tree-ring records and by early colonists. Wet periods occurred every ~60‐70 yr, began abruptly, lasted <20 yr, and had mean annual rainfall ~25%‐30% and fresh-water discharge ~40%‐50% greater than during droughts. A shift toward wetter regional climate occurred in the early nineteenth century, lowering salinity and compounding the effects of agricultural land clearance on bay ecosystems.


If you use Linux in your day-to-day work, this popular pocket guide is the perfect on-the-job reference. The second edition has expanded from Fedora-only coverage to distro-neutral, with practical information on a wider range of commands requested by readers.Linux Pocket Guide provides an organized learning path for Linux use, rather than Linux programming and system administration. Youll find options for the most useful commands, grouped by functionality. For novices who need to get up to speed on Linux use, and experienced users who want a concise and functional reference, this guide provides quick answers.


The need for managing non‐lethal effects on wildlife is becoming increasingly important as global human–wildlife interactions are now more frequent and more diverse. We developed a mechanistic model for minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) to measure the effects of behavioral disturbances caused by whalewatching activities on fetal growth. The model illustrates the pathway through which behaviorally mediated effects of anthropogenic disturbance might influence female reproductive success in an iteroparous capital breeding mammal. We found that although the behavioral disruptions caused by whalewatching interactions were substantial, the cumulative exposure of individuals to whalewatching boats was low, resulting in an effect on fetal growth no different from natural variability. This highlights the importance of considering all aspects of disturbance when evaluating effects of human disturbance on wildlife. Our mechanistic model can also be used to simulate different management scenarios to predict the long‐term consequence of disturbance on vital rates, to help inform management decisions.


Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of antibiotic-loaded bone cement in controlling local infection and in regard to its physical characteristics, elastic modulus, and tensile strength in-vitro. Methods: Acrylic bone cement, based on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was mixed with the powder form of three antibiotics, i.e., gentamicin, tobramycin, and cefuroxime with different doses below 2gr per 40gr of cement powder; thereafter, liquid monomer was added to process the cement. Sensitivity to common clinical isolates was assessed by counting the inhibition zone of each ALBC disc in cultured strains. Elution with normal saline was performed to evaluate the effects on ALBC disks and their antimicrobial efficiency. Cement structure, tensile strength, and elastic modulus were assessed by biomechanical tests to understand the characteristics of ALBCs after loading antibiotics with different doses and two methods of vacuum and manual mixing. Results: Gentamicin, tobramycin, and cefuroxime reduced bacterial growth significantly with doses more than 1gr of antibiotics in 40gr of the cement. Cefuroxime was less efficient than the other two antibiotics in controlling pseudomonas. Elution with normal saline has not affected antibacterial results, significantly. All the 3 antibiotics had the same pattern of physical characteristics while loaded in bone cement. Gross structure of ALBCs with different doses of the three antibiotics was the same as non-ALBC and the elasticity or strength did not decline after loading antibiotics. The elastic modulus of ALBC was increased by boosting the doses of antibiotics; however, doses of 1gr to 1.5gr were the optimal doses in this regard. The tensile strength of ALBC was increased by doses of 1gr to 1.5gr of antibiotics; however, below and above these doses, the strength was decreased, but it did not exceed the basic strength of non-ALBC. Vacuum mixing method increased strength and elasticity more than manual one, remarkably. Conclusion: Optimal protective effects of ALBCs against infection could be seen with mixing doses of about 1gr to 1.5gr of antibiotics in 40gr of acrylic bone cements by vacuum method, while optimal elastic modulus and tensile strength could be achieved at the same doses.


In many eurozone countries, domestic banks often hold more than 20% of domestic public debt, which is an unsatisfactory situation given that banks are highly leveraged and that sovereign debt is inherently subject to default risk within the euro area. This paper by Daniel Gros finds, however, that the relative concentration of public debt on bank balance sheets is not just a result of the euro crisis, for there are strong additional incentives for banks in some countries to increase their sovereign. His contribution discusses a number of these regulatory incentives – the most important of which is specific to the euro area – and explores ways in which euro area banks can be weaned from massive investments in government bonds.


Mobile ad-hoc networks must be rapidly interoperable, customizable, and quick to adapt to the latest technological advances. Technological Advancements and Applications in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks: Research Trends offers a current look into the latest research in the field, frameworks for development, and future directions. As mobile networks become more complex, it is vital for researchers, practitioners, and academics alike to stay abreast within the ever-burgeoning field. With a wide range of applications, theories, and use across industrial, commercial, and domestic settings, mobile ad-hoc networks are a topic of vital discussion, and this volume offers the cutting edge developments with contributions from around the world.


African Americans' Influence on American Foreign Policy After World War I The Pan-African Association was an organization that emerged from the Pan-African Conference that was held in London in 1900. The purpose of this conference was to address the spread of colonialism abroad and segregation African-Americans faced at home. The association originally called for British colonies to end its exploitative labor practices and racial discrimination in Africa. Members of the conference appealed to Queen Victoria and the Colonial Office to end the practice, but their petitions for human rights were ignored. Although the object of the conference was not achieved, the Pan-Africa Association continued its message by changing its tactics to influence American foreign policy. After World War I, the Association saw the opportunity to organize and develop a new strategy to demand political and economic rights. After World War I, the Association renewed the opportunity for people of color to place their agenda before an international body. The war had fractured the great empires of Europe and called into question the legitimacy of colonial rule. The once great empires of Germany, Austria, Hungry, Russia and Turkey could no longer control diverse nationalities that now demanded political freedom. Delegates from African countries made similar appeals for freedom, while African-Americans began discussing what the postwar settlement would mean in terms of racial equity in the United States. Following Germany's surrender on November 11, 1918, the allied governments decided to hold a peace conference in Versailles France. Groups from all over the world interested in shaping the proceedings were planning to attend and African-American organizations were determined to play a vital role in addressing an international body regarding their concerns. Prominent African-American leaders who supported the Pan-African movement, such as Marcus Garvey and W.E.B. Du Bois lead the call for African people throughout the Diaspora to become involved in international affairs by joining or creating organizations to address universal issues. "Both Garvey and Du Bois were keenly aware that the destiny of African peoples were intractably linked to global events." (2) The National Race Congress selected civil rights activist Reverend William H. Jernagin as their envoy, and the International League of Darker People elected Madam C.J. Walker, Marcus Garvey and Reverend Adam Clayton Powell Sr., as delegates to attend the conference in France. "The National Race Congress elected civil rights advocate Rev. William H. Jernigan its representative to the peace conference. The International League of Darker Peoples emerged. The league was born on January 2, 1919 at the Hudson River Estate of black businesswoman C.J. Walker. Principals included Walker, Marcus Garvey, socialist A. Philip Randolph, and Harlem community leader Rev. Adam Clayton Powell Sr. Its primary purpose was to help the plethora of black groups make coherent demands at Versailles" (3) The focus of the African-Americans attending the peace conference was to help Black groups speak with one voice regarding their demands at Versailles. The goal of the African-American delegation was to raise the issues of discrimination and human rights before an international body. African-Americans who wanted to attend felt they had a stake in the peace process because of the direct participation of African-Americans solders in combat with colonial troops during the war. The interaction between blacks and whites on the battlefield forever altered perceptions of race relations for many black soldiers, who would no longer accept separate and unequal treatment in America. African-Americans wanted to use the experiences of the Black soldiers to improve race relations at home and abroad. Du Bois saw the opportunity to bring before an international body the plight and pain of African-Americans and their brothers and sisters on the Continent. …


We propose a natural model for agent failures in congestion games. In our model, each of the agents may fail to participate in the game, introducing uncertainty regarding the set of active agents. We examine how such uncertainty may change the Nash equilibria (NE) of the game. We prove that although the perturbed game induced by the failure model is not always a congestion game, it still admits at least one pure Nash equilibrium. Then, we turn to examine the effect of failures on the maximal social cost in any NE of the perturbed game. We show that in the limit case where failure probability is negligible new equilibria never emerge, and that the social cost may decrease but it never increases. For the case of non-negligible failure probabilities, we provide a full characterization of the maximal impact of failures on the social cost under worst-case equilibrium outcomes.


In this article I will examine three films featuring Maghrebi migrant families between the 1960s and the present day, Le Gone du Chaâba (1997) by Christophe Ruggia, Inch'Allah Dimanche (2001) by Yamina Benguigui and Le Grand Voyage (2004) by Ismael Ferroukhi. Each film portrays tensions between generations, between sexes, between societies and between beliefs and values. The tradition of the sacrifice of a sheep in Islam features in all three films and I use this theme to highlight how different members of the families sacrifice themselves or are sacrificed in the process of accommodating to a new way of life. I also deconstruct other subtextual references to Islamic culture and belief as representations of dilemmas and forms of reconciliation and belonging.


BACKGROUND
Injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells [AMSCs] as stromal vascular fraction, culture expanded adipose derived stem cells, minimally manipulated fat graft, bone marrow aspirate or cultured bone marrow MSCs, for osteo- and inflammatory arthritis have shown good clinical efficacy in many studies. Questions have been raised as to their safety despite no evidence known to us that they are unsafe when used this way. We hypothesized that AMSC injections are completely safe for the treatment of arthritis.

METHODS
A PubMed literature search was performed to identify adverse events specifically related to the injection of autologous mesenchymal or hematopoietic stem cells into arthritic joints or intravenously.

RESULTS
2,011 reported injections were found. No stem cell specific adverse events were identified. Specifically no infections, tumorigenesis, or chondrolysis from collagenase were found.

CONCLUSIONS
Intra-articular injection of autologous mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of arthritis is completely safe with no stem cell specific adverse events yet documented, and no increased risk compared with other traditional treatments for arthritis.


During the 1970s an extensive theoretical literature has developed analyzing market determination of freely floating exchange rates. At the same time, there has been extensive and continuous intervention in the market by central banks. Exchange rates have not been floating freely;they have been managed, or manipulated, by central banks. However, most of the description of exchange rate policy, as actually practiced, has been informal, or "literary," not integrated with the formal theoretical literature. Recent examples are the surveys in Branson (l98la) and Mussa (1981). In this paper I integrate exchange-rate policy into a model of exchange-rate behavior, and examine the monthly data from the 1970s econometrically,to infer hypotheses about policy behavior. I focus on four major currencies, the U.S. dollar, the Deutschemark, Sterling, and the Japanese yen,and analyze movements in their effective (weighted) exchange rates as calculated by the IMF. In section II a model of market determination of a floating exchange-rateis laid out. It is a rational-expectations version of the model in Branson(1977), and it draws on the model of Kouri (1978). It is the same as the model in Branson (1983). The model shows how unanticipated movements in money, the current account, and relative price levels will cause first a jump in the exchange rate, and then a movement along a "saddle path" tothe new long run equilibrium. Here the role of "news" in moving the exchangerate, as recently emphasized by Dornbusch (1980) and Frenkel (1981), is clear.The model emphasizes imperfect substitutability between domestic and foreign bonds, in order to prepare for the analysis of intervention policy in section III.Exchange-rate policy is introduced in section III. We analyze the options available to the central bank that wants to reduce the jump in the exchangerate following a real or monetary disturbance-"news" about the current account, relative prices, or money. This is the policy characterized as"leaning against the wind" in Branson (1976). The distinction ismade between monetary policy and sterilized intervention.In section IV we turn to the monthly data. The quarterly data were analyzed in Branson (1983). Systems of vector autoregressions (VARs) are estimated for each of the countries, and the correlations among their residuals are studied. These represent the "innovations," or "news" in the time series. A clear pattern emerges in these correlations, in which policy inthe U.S. and Japan drives exchange rates, and policy in Germany and the U.K. reacts by moving interest rates, and by sterilized intervention. This is essentially the same result that appeared on the quarterly data in Branson (1983). Thus the analyses tend to reinforce each other; both datasets tell basically the same story.


Using whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings of spontaneous synaptic activity, we have previously shown that activation of neurokinin‐1 (NK1) but not NK3 receptors leads to increased GABA release onto principal cells in the rat entorhinal cortex. In the present study, we examine the effect of activation of these receptors on spontaneous excitatory synaptic responses mediated by glutamate. Both neurokinin B (NKB) and the specific NK3 receptor agonist, senktide, increased the spontaneous release of glutamate, and a similar effect was also seen with substance P (SP) and other NK1 receptor agonists. The increased release induced by either SP or senktide was absent in the presence of tetrodotoxin, demonstrating that it was likely to occur via activation of presynaptic excitatory neurons. Current‐clamp recordings confirmed that principal neurons were depolarized by both NK3 and NK1 agonists. However, the response to the former but not the latter persisted in tetrodotoxin, allowing us to conclude that NK3 receptor activation provoked glutamate release via recurrent collaterals between principal neurons, whereas the NK1 receptors may be localized to excitatory interneurons. Finally, the increased release induced by senktide, but not SP, was reduced by an antagonist of group III metabotropic glutamate receptors. Thus, glutamate release from recurrent collaterals is facilitated by a presynaptic group III autoreceptor [Evans, D.I.P., Jones, R.S.G. & Woodhall, G.L. (2000) J. Neurophysiol.,83, 2519–2525], whereas the terminals of neurons responsible for the NK1‐receptor induced glutamate release may not bear these receptors. These results have implications for control of activity and epileptogenesis in cortical networks.


Widespread reforms of governance and funding of universities has taken place in most Western countries, many of them influenced by New Public Management (NPM), which includes intensified attempts by the government to steer academic research in a utility direction. One way to do this is through university profiles and priorities of research. This article aims to describe how the changing system of assessing and funding research impact Swedish higher-education institutions (HEIs) regarding the universities' internal organisation of research and research priorities. A study of seven Swedish universities and university colleges shows that governmental prompting on concentration of research resources in some ways has been followed by all HEIs. Strategies for profiling research are found to be done in different ways; including digging after 'gold', as supporting priorities from bottom-up or profiling only by words. Ambitions to profile research are strongest among the central university management and vice chancellors. In the lower layers of HEIs, academic norms prove resistant to quick changes.


Reconstructing seeing images from fMRI recordings is an absorbing research area in neuroscience and provides a potential brain-reading technology. The challenge lies in that visual encoding in brain is highly complex and not fully revealed. Inspired by the theory that visual features are hierarchically represented in cortex, we propose to break the complex visual signals into multi-level components and decode each component separately. Specifically, we decode shape and semantic representations from the lower and higher visual cortex respectively, and merge the shape and semantic information to images by a generative adversarial network (Shape-Semantic GAN). This 'divide and conquer' strategy captures visual information more accurately. Experiments demonstrate that Shape-Semantic GAN improves the reconstruction similarity and image quality, and achieves the state-of-the-art image reconstruction performance.


The right to freely and responsibly decide if when and how many children to have has been enshrined in numerous international treaties conventions and political consensus documents. Governments are obligated to manifest their international commitments to family planning and reproductive health and rights through their policies and funded programs at the national state/province and local level. Yet the reality on the ground is that for most countries worldwide from the least to the most developed countries governments fail in many respects to operationalize these international commitments. In recent years the international development community has turned its attention to the role of accountability in achieving greater impact of development interventions.Social accountability is characterized primarily by the active involvement of citizens engaging with government decision-making processes to ensure government fulfills its commitments and implements policies and programs appropriately. While the FP/RH community has a long-standing commitment to advocacy and social mobilization to advance reproductive rights some social accountability concepts and interventions are relatively new to the FP/RH community. This guidance document is a primer for CSOs working in health that are looking to initiate or expand activities aimed to hold government entities accountable for delivering on their national and international commitments related to family planning/reproductive health and rights. This document provides: An overview of current concepts of social accountability; A synopsis of common methodologies and tools used by civil society to engage in social accountability; Ideas and examples on how social accountability can be used to further FP/RH within a country; Suggestions on what elements CSOs might take into consideration when deciding to implement a particular methodology; A selection of documents and resources that may be helpful in implementing social accountability activities.


Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.Alhamdulillahirabbil 'alamin. After a long wait for almost 12 years from the first stand, finally the scientific journal of the Department of Analyst Health (Medical Laboratory Technology) Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya can be published. BJMLT published every 6 months (2 issues/year) every October and April. The aim of this journal is to publish high-quality articles dedicated to all aspects of the latest outstanding developments in the field but not limited to Blood transfusion, Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Histopathology, Immunology, Microbiology, Parasitology, Toxicology, Food and Beverage Analysis, Molecular Biology, Medical Biology, and related fields that are of interest to medical laboratory technologies, such as epidemiology, health promotion, professional ethics, and laboratory management, It was first published online in October 2018 using Open Journal System (OJS) 3.1 platform with e-ISSN 2622-6111 by URL http://journal.umpalangkaraya.ac.id/index.php/bjmlt.This edition contains 7 articles consisting of Hematology, Microbiology, Clinical Chemistry, and epidemiology topics. Editorial boards are fully aware that there is still room for improvement in this edition, hence with all humility willing to accept constructive suggestions and feedback for improvements to the publication for the next editions.The publication of BJMLT certainly participates in disseminating the results of research and review of science and technology development conducted by lecturers and researchers from UM Palangkaraya and other universities.The editorial board would like to thank the University, all editors and reviewers, and contributors of the scientific articles who have provided the repertoire in this issue. We hope that all parties, especially the contributors of the articles, could re-participate for the success of the publication in the next edition in October 2021.
Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.


Every year thousands of firms are engaged in research joint ventures (RJV), where all knowledge gained through R&D is shared among members. Most of the empirical literature assumes members are non-cooperative in the product market. But many RJV members are rivals leaving open the possibility that firms may form RJVs to facilitate product market collusion. We examine this by exploiting variation in RJV formation generated by a policy change that affects the collusive benefits but not the research synergies associated with a RJV. We use data on RJVs formed between 1986 and 2001 together with firm-level information from Compustat to estimate a RJV participation equation. After correcting for the endogeneity of R&D and controlling for RJV characteristics and firm attributes, we find the decision to join is impacted by the policy change. We also find the magnitude is significant: the policy change resulted in an average drop in the probability of joining a RJV of $41\%$ among computer and semiconductor manufacturers, $34\%$ among telecommunications firms, and $33\%$ among petroleum refining firms. Our results are consistent with research joint ventures serving a collusive function.


ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. distance education, two-way compressed video, Web CT SUMMARY. Chat rooms and their use in everyday life are becoming increasingly common, and the technology may be a useful tool to link students with experts of a given subject material and each other. In our shared course Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Management, we experi- mented with using a chat room to link students with experts in the field of plant nutrition. Our main goal was to enhance the learning experience of the students by providing them with access to national and international plant nutrition researchers. Web CT was used to create and conduct the chat rooms and a chat etiquette evolved to prevent crosstalk and control the flow of the discussions. Positive outcomes of the chat room use included exposure of students to the technology and beneficial interaction between students and experts. Negative aspects of chat room use included the time involved to coordinate the overall effort and train experts to use the technology; the slow pace of some chats; effective grading; and the superficial coverage of some topics. We are developing modifications for future sessions to allow subjects to be explored in more depth and to improve networking between students and experts.


Neuroimaging studies of brain-damaged patients diagnosed as in the vegetative state suggest that the patients might be conscious. This might seem to raise no new ethical questions given that in related disputes both sides agree that evidence for consciousness gives strong reason to preserve life. We question this assumption. We clarify the widely held but obscure principle that consciousness is morally significant. It is hard to apply this principle to difficult cases given that philosophers of mind distinguish between a range of notions of consciousness and that is unclear which of these is assumed by the principle. We suggest that the morally relevant notion is that of phenomenal consciousness and then use our analysis to interpret cases of brain damage. We argue that enjoyment of consciousness might actually give stronger moral reasons not to preserve a patient's life and, indeed, that these might be stronger when patients retain significant cognitive function.


Motivation: In various scenarios, precision and form stability of 3D printed structures are of major importance. As an example, the material has to carry mechanical load or must sustain thermal stress. If the material's surrounding is predominantly wet or if the material functions as a repository containing some liquid the ability of absorbing fluids matters. For these reasons, there is a high interest in investigated certain material parameters of a specific 3D printer that is used.
Materials and Methods: Different models were created by a 3D printer using the additive manufacturing process based on photopolymerization. Under different environmental circumstances like temperature, pressure and storage conditions, parameters as the size- and form stability are investigated and quantified. Model properties like the wall thickness are varied to examine their influence on the results. Furthermore, the water absorptive capacity is quantified and a coating is applied to study its effect.
Results and Discussion: In the scope of this work, slight deviations between the modelled and the printed objects can be assessed according the height whereas the width reveals a high accuracy. The size of the objects correlates with the temperature in a proportional manner. The material's ability to absorb water can be neglected in most cases, when very low amounts of absorption of liquid are no critical factor.
Conclusion: Several 3D-printed models were constructed to evaluate their properties. It could be shown that it is advisable to compensate for the height of the model due to deviations. Besides, a change in size due to significant temperature fluctuations has to be taken into account according to the field of use or environmental circumstances. Using coating for further decrease of the water absorption, a sophisticated surface treatment appears to be necessary.


This thesis is motivated by the massively increasing structured data on the Web, and the need for novel methods to exploit these data to their full potential. Building on the remarkable success of Web 2.0 mash-ups, and especially Yahoo! Pipes, we represent a design and implementation of a server-side interactive query formulation language, MashQL [17], which allows people to navigate, query, and mash-up a data source(s) without any prior knowledge about its schema, vocabulary, or technical details. Assuming the Internet data is represented in RDF, we can query by using SPARQL which is the recent recommendation by the W3C. Furthermore, Oracle 11g semantic technology supports an efficient way for RDF storage and query in a SPARQL-like style. We also present the technologies that we have use in our implementation and how they are related to it. In addition we present the design issues that we have to consider, so that we could achieve a nice user-friendly environment for our users. The user interface is inspired from the interface that Yahoo Pipes has, because of its simplicity to formulate pipes in a visual way. We also refer to the system and software architecture that we have follow, in order to develop a successful web application. We also evaluate the usability of the editor and obtain the first impressions and comments from our participants, about using this unfamiliar technology, by completing some scenarios. By evaluating these scenarios, we will understand the potentials of our editor and also know where we can modify and evolve our editor in a future version. Also we evaluate the time-cost of formulating a MashQL query and time-cost of loading RDF sources into oracle's semantic technology, and present the limits of our implementation.


This dissertation examines the evolution of the early English travel narrative as it relates to the development and application of mercantilist economic practices, theories of aesthetic representation, and discourses of gender and narrative authority. I attempt to redress an imbalance in critical work on pre-colonialism and colonialism, which has tended to focus either on the Renaissance, as exemplified by the works of critics such as Stephen Greenblatt and John Gillies, or on the later eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, as in the work of scholars such as Srinivas Aravamudan and Edward Said. This critical gap has left early travel narratives by Sir Francis Moore, Jonathan Harris, Penelope Aubin, and others largely neglected. These early writers, I argue, adapted the conventions of the travel narrative while relying on the authority of contemporary commercial practices. The early English travelers modified contemporary conventions of aesthetic representation by formulating their descriptions of non-European cultures in terms of the economic and political conventions and rivalries of the early eighteenth century. Early English travel literature, I demonstrate, functioned as a politically motivated medium that served both as a marker of authenticity, justifying the colonial and imperial ventures that would flourish in the nineteenth century, and as a forum for experimentation with English notions of gender and narrative authority.


The paper has three main objectives. The first aim is to examine and clarify the burgeoning stakeholder literature that currently seeks to inform management practice, corporate governance and public policy with particular emphasis on the UK. We do this by continuing the process of clarification started by Donaldson and Preston (1995), focusing mainly on the political and practitioner literature generated within the UK. We begin this task by setting out a critique of stakeholding and develop this by using four key themes of enquiry. First, we examine stakeholding's conceptual confusion; second, we outline and develop criticism of its underlying pluralist assumptions; third, we consider the problems of implementation; and finally, we assess some of the key arguments concerning its potential impact on business performance and competitiveness. The second aim is to develop and examine the central criticisms of stakeholding from both the neo-liberal and Marxist/radical perspectives. By so doing we identify the key theoretical and practical issues which stakeholder proponents must address if they are to convince sceptics of the model's validity. The third aim is to develop a conceptual framework capable of illustrating the different stakeholder perspectives and assumptions on which they are based. This consists of five continuums: the first locates authors on a left-right political continuum; the second distinguishes between those authors who use stakeholding primarily for analysis and those who use it to formulate and prescribe specific courses of action; the third differentiates between intrinsic (good in itself) and instrumental (means to an end) motives; the fourth identifies the various levels of proposed intervention; and the fifth illustrates the different degrees of enforcement advocated. We believe that this framework provides a clear illustration of our arguments and serves as a useful instrument for clarifying the stakeholder concept. In addition, it is used to position or map the work of key authors within the stakeholder debate and we believe it may provide a more coherent basis for future research and debate.


Previous research has demonstrated a strong link between prosocial behavior – particularly autonomous prosocial behavior – and well-being. Little is known, however, about whether and how autonomy might be boosted in the context of everyday kindnesses. We tested the effect of supporting students' autonomy on well-being gains from practicing acts of kindness in a six-week randomized experimental study in the United States and South Korea. As predicted, performing kind acts while receiving autonomy support led to greater improvements in well-being than performing kind acts without autonomy support or engaging in comparison activities (i.e. focusing on one's academic work, with or without autonomy support). Notably, these well-being improvements were mediated by feelings of autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The current study is one of the first to demonstrate the causal effect of autonomous prosocial behavior on well-being, as well as the psychological mechanism (i.e. need satisfaction) explaining this effect.


When intranet was first conceived a decade ago, its adoption was only affordable by large business enterprise or organizations. However, at present, intranet adoption has become so prevalent that almost every organizations, irrespective of sizes and business nature has diffused intranet into their business operations and activities. While studies addressing the effectiveness of the intranet have been greatly reported in the literature, very few have really explored or focused on the antecedents or determinants to intranet effectiveness. Specifically, none has ever attempted to examine the effect of information technology (IT) infrastructure capabilities on intranet effectiveness. Against this concern, this study is an attempt to explore the relationship between IT infrastructure flexibility and intranet effectiveness. In addition, it also seeks to investigate the perceived level of IT infrastructure flexibility and intranet effectiveness in the context of public organizations in Malaysia. Based on the results of the analysis, this study has empirically showed that IT infrastructure flexibility comprising of connectivity and IT personnel are influential in determining intranet effectiveness measured in terms of operation, culture and facilitation.


— Erroneous computer entry problems [here: 'e-errors] in hospital labs threaten the patients'–health carers' relationship, undermining the health system credibility. Are e-errors random, and do lab professionals make them accidentally, or may they be traced through meaningful determinants? Theories on internal causality of mistakes compel to seek specific causal ascriptions of hospital lab e-errors instead of accepting some inescapability. Undeniably, ' To Err is Human' . But in view of rapid global health organizational changes, e-errors are too expensive to lack in-depth considerations. Yet, that e-function might supposedly be entrenched in the health carers' job description remains under dispute – at least for Hellenic labs, where e-use falls behind generalized(able) appreciation and application. In this study: i) an empirical basis of a truly high annual cost of e-errors at about €498,000.00 per rural Hellenic hospital was established, hence interest in exploring the issue was sufficiently substantiated; ii) a sample of 270 lab-expert nurses, technicians and doctors were assessed on several personality, burnout and e-error measures, and iii) the hypothesis that the Hardiness vs Alienation personality construct disposition explains resistance vs proclivity to e-errors was tested and verified: Hardiness operates as a resilience source in the encounter of high pressures experienced in the hospital lab, whereas its 'opposite', i.e., Alienation, functions as a predictor, not only of making e-errors, but also of leading to burn-out. Implications for apt interventions are discussed.


A well functioning system of public service delivery requires the definition and measurement of eligibility for services to be determined in a transparent and non-discretionary manner. This paper uses the case of the Productive Social Safety Net in mainland Tanzania to explore factors that hinder the achievement of this objective. The eligibility criteria for the Basic Cash Transfer and Variable Cash Transfer benefits are presented, and four aspects of the eligibility criteria are highlighted that compromise transparency: community targeting, the proxy means test, the imposition of conditionalities, and the fluid nature of the eligibility documentation. The issues were encountered during the design phase of a tax and benefit microsimulation model for Tanzania and all pose challenges for policy transparency. The authors argue that there are many ways in which transparency and clarity can be enhanced in relation to social benefit policy design and implementation, and that such improvements will greatly assist the public sector in ensuring that people in Tanzania receive the support they need.


A history of the political roots of the information age, by one of this country's most distinguished intellectuals, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of The Social Transformation of American Medicine. America's leading role in today's information revolution may seem simply to reflect its position as the world's dominant economy and most powerful state. But by the early nineteenth century, when the United States was neither a world power nor a primary center of scientific discovery, it was already a leader in communications-in postal service and newspaper publishing, then in development of the telegraph and telephone networks, later in the whole repertoire of mass communications. In this wide-ranging social history of American media, from the first printing press to the early days of radio, Paul Starr shows that the creation of modern communications was as much the result of political choices as of technological invention. His original historical analysis reveals how the decisions that led to a state-run post office and private monopolies on the telegraph and telephone systems affected a developing society. He illuminates contemporary controversies over freedom of information by exploring such crucial formative issues as freedom of the press, intellectual property, privacy, public access to information, and the shaping of specific technologies and institutions. America's critical choices in these areas, Starr argues, affect the long-run path of development in a society and have had wide social, economic, and even military ramifications. The Creation of the Media not only tells the history of the media in a new way; it puts America and its global influence into a new perspective.


A pilot project, conducted in a prekindergarten classroom, set out to evaluate the effectiveness of sending literacy bookbags home. The classroom teacher provided children with a variety of literacy bookbags to be taken home on a weekly basis. These bookbags contained books, journals, and writing tools along with activities for family/child interactions. Children shared their home experiences with classmates when they return to school. Parents were surveyed to determine their opinions regarding the project.