Here we present the first full anatomical description of the 3.67 million-year-old Australopithecus skull StW 573 that was recovered with its skeleton from the Sterkfontein Member 2 breccia in the Silberberg Grotto. Analysis demonstrates that it is most similar in multiple key morphological characters to a group of fossils from Sterkfontein Member 4 and Makapansgat that are here distinguished morphologically as A. prometheus. This taxon contrasts with another group of fossils from those sites assigned to A. africanus. The anatomical reasons for why these groupings should not be lumped together (as is frequently done for the South African fossils) are discussed in detail. In support of this classification, we also present for the first time a palate (StW 576 from Sterkfontein Member 4) newly reconstructed by RJC, which has a uniquely complete adult dentition of an A. africanus. The StW 573 skull also has certain similarities with other earlier Australopithecus fossils in East Africa, A. afarensis and A. anamensis, which are discussed. One of its most interesting features is a pattern of very heavy anterior dental wear unlike that found in A. africanus but resembling that found in A. anamensis at 4.17 Ma. While StW 573 is the only hominid fossil in Sterkfontein Member 2, we conclude that competitive exclusion probably accounts for the synchronous and sympatric presence of two species of Australopithecus in the younger deposits at Makapansgat and Sterkfontein Member 4. Because the StW 573 skull is associated with a near-complete skeleton that is also described for the first time in this special issue, we are now able to use this individual to improve our understanding of more fragmentary finds in the South African fossil record of Australopithecus.


In this paper, we investigate the spillover of the financial-market volatility arising from the East-asian crisis on financial markets in Australia and New Zealand. We do this by examining the impact of the major 'news' from Asia on the stock, bond and foreign exchange markets of the two countries. We find that news – both positive and negative – about developments in the crisis economies in Asia clearly had repercussions for financial markets in Australia and New Zealand. But this increased volatility should be kept in perspective: US-market and own-market developments generally had much greater influence on prices and volatility than the shocks originating in the Asian crisis economies. Importantly, the financial-market price reactions were very similar in Australia and New Zealand, despite the different monetary policy responses in the two countries. The notable differences in responses occurred between asset classes, not between the two countries.


In this study, copper(I1) oxide (CuO) nanocrystalline powders were successfully
synthesised via precipitation method. The main advantages of the method for the
material preparation are the possibility of creating very pure materials and the
flexibility of the process with respect to final product quality. Synthesis parameters
which were concentration of copper, concentration of precipitating agent, pH and
types of precipitating agents were varied and their influence on the microstructural
properties of CuO were studied. Results showed that 1.0 M of copper nitrate,
Cu(NO& solution and 1.5 M of ammonium hydroxide, NH40H solution were the
most suitable molarities for its given the best precipitation yield and improved
microstructural properties. The calcination temperature of 623 K was chosen
because thermal gravimetric analysis revealed that the precursors fully transformed
to CuO at this temperature. As evidenced by X-ray diffraction analysis, all the
precursors were in copper hydroxyl nitrate phase and all the calcined samples were
pure CuO in 23-36 nm size with monoclinic structure. The FTlR spectra showed the
incorporation of nitrate and hydroxide anions into copper cations in the precipitation
process. CuO obtained from precipitation at pH 1.6 by using NH40H as precipitating agent showed the higher surface area, 8.7 m2 g-' in comparison with CuO prepared
from ammonium carbonate, (NH&C03 and sodium carbonate, Na2C03. For
precipitation finished at higher pH, i.e. pH 3.0 and pH 4.2, respectively, CuO
synthesised from Na2C03 possessed higher surface area in comparison with CuO
synthesised from NH40H and (NH4)2C03. From electron microscopy studies, tabular
crystallites with elongated hexagonal morphology were observed for the CuO
prepared by using NH40H. CuO precipitated from (NH4)2C03 were in platelet
morphology. Granular morphology was observed for the CuO prepared from
Na2CO;. Results of temperature-programmed reduction in hydrogen showed that the
total amount of oxygen removed from CuO was influenced by the surface area of
CuO. It was found that higher CuO surface area promised higher reducibility of CuO
due to the decreasing of crystallite size.


Consider a large database of n data items that need to be stored using m servers. We study how to encode information so that a large number k of read requests can be performed in parallel while the rate remains constant (and ideally approaches one). This problem is equivalent to the design of multiset Batch Codes introduced by Ishai, Kushilevitz, Ostrovsky and Sahai [1]. We give families of multiset batch codes with asymptotically optimal rates of the form 1 - 1/poly(k) and a number of servers m scaling polynomially in the number of read requests k. An advantage of our batch code constructions over most previously known multiset batch codes is explicit and deterministic decoding algorithms and asymptotically optimal fault tolerance. Our main technical innovation is a graph-theoretic method of designing multiset batch codes using dense bipartite graphs with no small cycles. We modify prior graph constructions of dense, high-girth graphs to obtain our batch code results. We achieve close to optimal tradeoffs between the parameters for bipartite graph based batch codes.


Creative Environments is a follow-up on the book Creative Space in the same series and by the same authors, serving this time as editors of a broader book on computational intelligence and knowledge engineering tools for supporting knowledge creation. This book contains four parts. The first part presents a further development of models of knowledge creation presented already in Creative Space, in particular the Triple Helix of normal academic knowledge creation and a new, integrated model of normal academic and organizational knowledge creation, called Nanatsudaki (seven waterfalls) Model. The second part presents computational intelligence tools for knowledge acquisition by machine learning and data mining, for debating, brainstorming, for roadmapping and for integrated support of academic creativity. The third part presents the use of statistics for creativity support, virtual laboratories, gaming and role playing for creativity support, methods of knowledge representation and multiple criteria aggregation, distance and electronic learning. The last part addresses knowledge management and philosophical issues and contains chapters: on management of technology and knowledge management for academic RD on knowledge management and creative holism or systems thinking in the knowledge age; on technology and change or the role of technology in knowledge civilisation; on the emergence of complex concepts in science; and the final chapter on summary and conclusions, including a proposal of an integrated episteme of constructive evolutionary objectivism, necessary for the knowledge civilization age.


. Software security is a combination of security methods, techniques and tools, aiming to promote data confidentiality, integrity, usability, availabil-ity and privacy. In order to achieve concrete and measurable levels of software security, several international, national and industry-level regulations have been established. Finnish governmental security standard collection, VAHTI, is one of the most extensive example of these standards. This paper presents a selection of methods, tools, techniques and modifications to Scrum software development method to achieve the levels of security compliant with VAHTI instructions for software development. These comprise of security-specific modifications and additions to Scrum roles, modifications to sprints, and inclusion of special hardening sprints and spikes to implement the security items in the product backlog. Security requirements are transformed to security stories, abuse cases and other security-related tasks. Definition of done regarding the VAHTI requirements on is established and the steps to achieve it are described.


This study provides a systematic analysis of the effect of common acid sulfate soil (ASS) sample pre-treatments (namely freezing, oven drying, and grinding) on chromium-reducible sulfur (SCR) and water-soluble sulfate determinations. The results show that oven drying and hand grinding of the samples prior to analysis resulted in a decrease in SCR (i.e. up to 20% compared to those of frozen samples). This lower SCR value was partly due to the oxidation of sulfides in the oven. For oven-dried ASS materials, more intensive grinding in a ring mill increased SCR values, most likely by abrading coatings from pyrite grains. For oven-dried mineral ASS materials the highest SCR values were obtained with 1 min of ring mill grinding, but for soils with appreciable organic matter (such as peat), 5 min of ring mill grinding gave the highest values. The results indicate that for some ASS materials, oven drying, regardless of the ensuing grinding procedure, results in underestimated SCR values. This study also demonstrates that an artifact of oven drying ASS materials can be greatly increased water-soluble sulfate contents.


Background: A delayed onset of treatment effect, termed therapeutic lag, may influence the assessment of treatment response in some patient subgroups. Objectives: The objective of this study is to explore the associations of patient and disease characteristics with therapeutic lag on relapses and disability accumulation. Methods: Data from MSBase, a multinational multiple sclerosis (MS) registry, and OFSEP, the French MS registry, were used. Patients diagnosed with MS, minimum 1 year of exposure to MS treatment and 3 years of pre-treatment follow-up, were included in the analysis. Studied outcomes were incidence of relapses and disability accumulation. Therapeutic lag was calculated using an objective, validated method in subgroups stratified by patient and disease characteristics. Therapeutic lag under specific circumstances was then estimated in subgroups defined by combinations of clinical and demographic determinants. Results: High baseline disability scores, annualised relapse rate (ARR) ⩾ 1 and male sex were associated with longer therapeutic lag on disability progression in sufficiently populated groups: females with expanded disability status scale (EDSS) < 6 and ARR < 1 had mean lag of 26.6 weeks (95% CI = 18.2–34.9), males with EDSS < 6 and ARR < 1 31.0 weeks (95% CI = 25.3–36.8), females with EDSS < 6 and ARR ⩾ 1 44.8 weeks (95% CI = 24.5–65.1), and females with EDSS ⩾ 6 and ARR < 1 54.3 weeks (95% CI = 47.2–61.5). Conclusions: Pre-treatment EDSS and ARR are the most important determinants of therapeutic lag.


Researchers have begun to mine social network data in order to predict a variety of social, economic, and health related phenomena. While previous work has focused on predicting aggregate properties, such as the prevalence of seasonal influenza in a given country, we consider the task of fine-grained prediction of the health of specific people from noisy and incomplete data. We construct a probabilistic model that can predict if and when an individual will fall ill with high precision and good recall on the basis of his social ties and co-locations with other people, as revealed by their Twitter posts. Our model is highly scalable and can be used to predict general dynamic properties of individuals in large real-world social networks. These results provide a foundation for research on fundamental questions of public health, including the identification of non-cooperative disease carriers ("Typhoid Marys"), adaptive vaccination policies, and our understanding of the emergence of global epidemics from day-to-day interpersonal interactions.


The objective of the research was to study saponin in Sapindus rarak were added to the diet of rice straw ammoniation (20 & 40%), related to the effect in reducing methane emissions of ruminants and pattern of rumen fermentation were tested by in vitro. Completly randomized block design with four treatments and four replications was used. Variables measured were gas production total, methane production, dray matter digestibility (DMD), N-ammonia, VFA total, VFA partial, and population of protozoa. The results showed that the addition saponins in S. rarak as a source of rice straw ammoniation significant effect (P<0.05) of the total gas production, methane production, dray matter digestibility (DMD), N-ammonia, VFA partial, and population of protozoa. S. rarak use as a source of saponins with a dose of 20% on rice straw ammoniation was able to reduce methane gas production drop in gas production total, concentration of N-ammonia, and  protozoa population.


This paper presents the results of a comprehensive redevelopment and evaluation effort led by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to assess the accuracy of the responses to the Pollution Abatement Costs and Expenditures (PACE) survey. The data collected by the PACE survey is important because it is the only comprehensive source of pollution abatement costs and expenditures related to environmental protection in the U.S. manufacturing sector. The PACE Survey has been administered over twenty times since 1973, yet until now, the accuracy of the survey responses has never been formally evaluated. The methods used to evaluate the survey include one-on-one interviews and site visits with manufacturing facilities to develop independent cost estimates which were compared to reported survey responses. Overall this study finds, assuming a reasonable margin of error, that the PACE survey responses reflect actual pollution abatement capital expenditures and operating costs. In addition, these interactions with facilities had a major impact on the design of the 2005 PACE survey and are also discussed in this paper.


This article explores the diversionary measure of restorative final warnings within the context of the youth justice system. We examine the philosophy and rationale of the new era in cautioning and discuss the potential practice implications since its implementation in 2000, under the statutory legislation within the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. To date there has been very little research or academic debate on the new system of police cautioning of youth. Additionally, as final warnings develop a greater association with restorative justice practices, we explore how this 'pre court' intervention has the potential to broaden oppressive and discriminatory practices within the youth justice system in relation to particular societal groups.


This paper discusses the establishment of two new foundation year programmes at the University of Surrey; one in the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences and the other in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences. Specifically, it explores how the programmes have been constructed and how programme teams have attempted to avoid the 'deficit model' by adopting a student-centred approach that focuses on the development of successful students when considering staffing expertise and curriculum design. This is followed by an exploration of staff and student perspectives on what constitutes a successful foundation year student. Finally, the paper comments on how success will be measured in the future, suggesting that, whilst specific metrics might serve as indicators of success, no single metric is likely to capture the complicated nature of what success is and what it looks like for the individuals we teach. Overall, the paper suggests that the question, 'What is a successful foundation year student?' should be considered carefully in the process of designing and developing foundation year programmes.


Once upon a time there was an enchanting fairytale about a prince who was looking for a real princess to be his bride. The only way to tell whether the many princesses who applied for the post were really royal, legend had it, was to see if they would be able to feel a tiny little pea through dozens of luxurious mattresses as they slept. Only the princess who emerged the next morning complaining of the extreme discomfort in which she had passed the night, could possibly be good enough to be the prince's bride...All well and enchanting, but has anyone stopped to think about how all this might have felt for the pea in question? No. So here, for the first time, straight from the pea, is the truth about this much-loved, oft-repeated fairytale.


Abstract Barrier and mechanical properties of wood powder composites based on recycled polyethylene (RPE) were modified using a commercial nanoclay masterbatch. X-ray diffraction, dynamic rheology and thermogravimetric analysis measurements showed that nanoclay from the selected masterbatch was well dispersed and formed a percolation network in both virgin and RPEs. The resulting nanocomposites promoted the thermal stability of matrix significantly. Modification efficiency of nanoclay, however, was evidently influenced by the type of matrix, where the strongest effect was achieved in a low viscosity virgin high density PE. The masterbatch was incorporated into an industrial formula designed extrusion quality RPE/wood flour composite. Processing procedures, mainly compounding cycles, and material composition, mainly clay content and type of coupling agent, were optimised. Two extrusion cycles led to higher uniformity of resulting composites than one cycle. Addition of a coupling agent, which has medium viscosity and plenty functional groups, led to enhanced tensile strength. The twice compounded composites were well stiffened and strengthened via combination of 6 wt-% clay and medium viscosity coupling agent. All composites without the addition of nanoclay burned faster after ignition and dripped much earlier and more compared to the composites containing nanoclay even with as small amount as 3 wt-% and being compounded once. The material with 6 wt-% clay showed the best sample integrity and burned slowest of all the tested composites. Furthermore, no dripping during combustion was seen for this material. This study shows that the incorporation of nanoclay using the selected masterbatch can effectively improve the flame retarding properties of RPE based wood composites.


Male pubescent sexual theories (P.S.T.) are characterized on the one hand, by being rooted in the first orgasmic experiences, wherein the release of excitation, of sperm and of germinal cells are condensed; and on the other hand, by their evolution towards different theories about fluids, one of which is economical. This transformation is followed here in an adult patient. The opposite path leads us to hypothesize that Freud's economical theory could be derived from these pubescent sexual theories.


This paper quantitatively evaluates the hypothesis that the housing bust in 2007 decreased geographical reallocation and increased the dispersion and level of unemployment during the Great Recession. We construct an equilibrium model of multiple locations with frictional housing and labor markets. When house prices fall, the amount of home equity declines, making it harder for homeowners to afford the down payment on a new house after moving. Consequently, the decline in house prices reduces migration and causes unemployment to rise differently in different locations. The model accounts for 90 percent of the increase in geographical dispersion of unemployment and the entire decline in net migration. However, despite large effects on migration and geographical dispersion of unemployment, the effect on aggregate unemployment is moderate: Our findings suggest that, absent the housing bust, aggregate unemployment would have been 0.5 percentage point lower.


Single particle cryo-EM is a powerful method to solve the three-dimensional structures of biological macromolecules. The technological development of electron microscopes, detectors, automated procedures in combination with user friendly image processing software and ever-increasing computational power have made cryo-EM a successful and largely expanding technology over the last decade. At resolutions better than 4 Å, atomic model building starts becoming possible but the direct visualization of true atomic positions in protein structure determination requires significantly higher (< 1.5 Å) resolution, which so far could not be attained by cryo-EM. The direct visualization of atom positions is essential for understanding protein-catalyzed chemical reaction mechanisms and to study drug-binding and -interference with protein function. Here we report a 1.25 Å resolution structure of apoferritin obtained by cryo-EM with a newly developed electron microscope providing unprecedented structural details. Our apoferritin structure has almost twice the 3D information content of the current world record reconstruction (at 1.54 Å resolution 1). For the first time in cryo-EM we can visualize individual atoms in a protein, see density for hydrogen atoms and single atom chemical modifications. Beyond the nominal improvement in resolution we can also show a significant improvement in quality of the cryo-EM density map which is highly relevant for using cryo-EM in structure-based drug design.


Epidemiological evidence suggests that those individuals who consume greater quantities of whole grain are at reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The current body of work set out to investigate this relationship via a programme of dietary intervention trials. In order to develop a novel and robust protocol a range of markers of cardiovascular risk were sought. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) is an established independent marker of CVD risk but was lacking in reproducibility data. Therefore initial method development focused on examining the PWV responses of a cohort reflecting that of the planned targeted population groups (i.e. CVD risk). Within a cohort of men at varying levels of CVD risk (n=8), it was clear that PWV does not change significantly over time when participants were following an habitual daily routine (4-6 weeks duration), nor is it significantly affected by acute metabolic challenges from exercise or the postprandial state. With the degree of variation below 10% for all scenarios, the whole-body measure of vascular- health was proven to be a robust marker of PWV which is not unduly influenced by possible confounding factors. The intervention phase of the research encompassed three distinct studies. The High Risk Study (Chapter 4) was a randomised, controlled, parallel dietary intervention study In a cohort of individuals at an increased risk of CVD due to obesity (n=21, aged 47.6+/-12.0years, BMI 28.9+3. 1kg/m2), it was examined whether increasing the amount of whole grain consumed per day by 48g conferred benefits to health. The study design examined the difference between the effects of consuming whole grain versus the equivalent amount of milled grain, which in turn was compared to an isocaloric control. A unique system of bread rolls were used to deliver a controlled amount of intervention ingredient in a timely manner, participants were required to consume two rolls per day (24g of whole or milled grain per roll) for eight weeks. Focussing on arterial stiffness (via the measurement of PWV) and the reported inflammatory response associated with the establishment of atherosclerosis, no significant beneficial effect was found post-intervention for either the whole or milled grain. Similarly no positive changes in lipid profile, post-prandial glycaemic control or anthropometric outcomes were identified. To understand the possible benefits of whole grain consumption within the wider population, The Low Risk Study (Chapter 5) replicated the High Risk Study design in a cohort of young men (n=25, aged 22.8+/-2.0years, BMI 23.5+3.0) at low risk of CVD. Once again no beneficial effects on lipid profile, fasting glycaemic control or anthropometric measures were found following wholegrain supplementation. However, a significant reduction in central PWV (carotid-femoral) of 0.3m/s (from 5.8m/s to 5.5m/s, p=0.02) was detected indicating possible long-term, beneficial changes within the structural function of the arteries. Finally study 3, the Cross-Over Study (Chapter 6) carried through the same outcome measures to a comparative investigation of 2 key components of whole grains, wheat fibre and inulin versus control. The study cohort (n=10) were at increased risk of CVD due to obesity (aged 39.8+/-9.6years, BMI 30.2+3.0kg/m2) and consumed 15g of the active ingredient a day for 28 days per study leg. No significant changes within or between supplement (inulin, wheat fibre or control) were found for arterial stiffness and blood flow, inflammatory markers, lipid profile or anthropometric markers. For glycaemic control, a small significant reduction in glucose area under curve (AUC) was detected following wheat fibre supplementation when expressed as percentage change from baseline and compared to the control. The key point of the SLOWCARB programme is that it is the first known body of research within the current literature to demonstrate the successful use of an 'intervention delivery system' via the use of specially-made bread rolls containing a specified amount of whole grain or fibre. Commonly within previous dietary intervention studies, food replacement strategies were implemented which often resulted in a high level of dietary modifications. Despite no clear pattern of effect from whole grains (and their constituent fibres) being detected, some positive outcomes have been achieved. Therefore additional research focussing on the effects of whole grains on vascular health is justified.


The function of Elihu (Job 32-37) in the book of Job. The Elihu speeches (Job 32-37) in the design of the book of Job are usually evaluated either totally redundant or literary fitting and functional. Why were they integrated in the book of Job, without adding anything new or profound? A literary-pragmatic analysis was done on these speeches to detennine their function in Job. The text was analysed narratologically and poetically. This was complemented with insights from reception-criticism ("implied author", "implied reader") and pragmatics (politeness strategies) in order to also. read "between the lines". The exigency for the integration of the Elihu speeches in the book of Job seems to be the ironic exposure of the doctrine of retribution.


While traditional application of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models usually stops at analyzing the microbial risk under typical operating conditions, this paper proposes the use of scenario-based risk assessment to predict the impact of potential challenges on the expected risk. This study used a QMRA model developed by Health Canada to compare 14 scenarios created to assess the increase in risk due to potential treatment failures and unexpected variations in water quality and operating parameters of a water treatment plant. Under regular operating conditions, the annual risk of illness was found to be substantially lower than the acceptable limit. Scenario-based QMRA was shown to be useful in demonstrating which hypothetical treatment failures would be the most critical, resulting in an increased risk of illness. The analysis demonstrated that scenarios incorporating considerable failure in treatment processes resulted in risk levels surpassing the acceptable limit. This reiterates the importance of robust treatment processes and the multi-barrier approach voiced in drinking water safety studies. Knowing the probability of failure, and the risk involved, allows designers and operators to make effective plans for response to treatment failures and/or recovery actions involving potential exposures. This ensures the appropriate allocation of financial and human resources.


Tropical cyclone (TC) Lan (2017) exhibited the lowest minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) of the year and made a landfall on Japan with the gale wind radius more than 800 km. Before its landfall, airborne dropsonde observations were condcuted by the projects of Tropical cyclones-Pacific Asian Research Campaign for Improvement of Intensity estimations/forecasts (T-PARCII) and Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the TAiwan Region (T-PARC). Because the improvements in the TC forecast quality is critical in terms of disaster prevention and mitigation, we conducted data assimilation and following forecast experiments to evaluate the impacts of these observations. To do so, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) non-hydrostatic model (NHM)-based variational data assimilation (JNoVA) system was used to conduct data assimilation experiments with and without these aircraft observations. JNoVA is a four dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation system with the outer loop horizontal grid spacing of 5 km and to cover the dropsonde observations obtained we ran 12 assimilation cycles (from 0300UTC 21 October through 1500UTC 22 October) in which the length of each data assimilation window is 3 hour. At the end of each cycle, 36-h forecast experiments were conducted by using JMA-NHM. As a result, it was shown that track forecasts were improved by up to 16% around for the forecast time of 21-36 hour and MSLP forecasts were improved by up to 30% for the forecast time of 15-36 hour owing to the assimilation of dropsonde observations. Although further checks are still needed, current preliminary results are very encouraging toward the improvements in the forecast quality leading to the disaster prevention and mitigation.


Freshwater ecosystems reflect the condition of their surrounding landscape, and thus are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic stressors associated with human land-use. One of the most prevalent stressors on stream ecosystems in agricultural regions, such as the Canterbury Plains of New Zealand, is eutrophication, or increased primary productivity. e aim of this thesis was to investigate effects of eutrophication on stream communities, specifically food web structure and ecosystem function. Froma foodwebperspective, eutrophication is a shi in the formand amount of available energy from externally-produced (allochthonous) to internal (autochthonous) basal resources. Such shis are frequently associated with land-use intensification, due to riparian vegetation removal and increased nutrient inputs, both of which enhance autochthonous production. A field survey across a gradient of eutrophication showed that eutrophic stream food webs are largely autochthonously-based and oen contain large numbers of defended primary consumers, which form trophic bottlenecks and prevent energy from reaching higher trophic levels. Consequently, while there is more total energy available, less of that energy is in a usable form for stream food webs. Moreover, I found that eutrophic streams are largely composed of generalist consumers, which shi their diets to refocus on autochthonous resources with increasing productivity. Given that eutrophication causes food web resources to become more homogenous and was a primary driver of food web change, I tested whether reintroducing allochthonous subsidies would alter or reverse the negative effects of eutrophication. To do this I conducted a shortterm community assembly experiment and a year-long population biomass accrual study. I found that the simplified, generalist-dominated communities in eutrophic streams did not respond to changes in resource diversity as predicted by food web theories, which are based on more diverse food webs. Aer restoration of allochthonous subsidies, defended generalist taxa continued to dominate the invertebrate communities. However, while restoring allochthonous subsidies did not mitigate the numerical dominance of defended consumers, the biomass accrual of other, previously excluded desirable taxa, such as mayflies and predatory invertebrates, increased following resource additions. is indicates that more energy reached the top of the food web, suggesting that resource additions alleviated trophic bottlenecks. Overall, my findings have advanced current knowledge about key mechanisms driving food web responses to both anthropogenic stress and to restoration efforts, which can be applied to improvemanagement and restoration of stream ecosystems.


This paper describes the determination of the levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in the toenails and fingernails of children under the age of six years in urban and rural areas in Kenya by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Lead levels in urban areas ranged from 8.0-49.0 μg/g in fingernails and 7.0-62.0 μg/g in toenails as compared to those in rural areas (5.0-36.5 μg/g and 5.5-31.5 μg/g, respectively). A similar trend was observed for Cd where significantly high levels were found in children in urban areas than those in rural areas. The Fe and Zn levels were significantly higher in children in rural areas than those in the urban areas. The levels of all the metals studied were higher in the toenails except for Fe and Ca where the levels were higher in fingernails; however, the difference in the levels was not significant. These results indicate that either the toenails or fingernails can be used as a reference for levels of metals environmental exposure. KEY WORDS : Children, Essential elements, Heavy metals, Fingernails, Toenails, Kenya
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2009 , 23(1), 117-122.


A conceptual multidisciplinary framework is developed for the design and analysis of solar-powered, High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) flight vehicles. Typical design features such as low wing loading and high aspect ratio imply strong inter-disciplinary couplings, in particular, aerodynamics and structures. A MultiDisciplinary Optimization (MDO) framework is therefore required to fully exploit potential couplings that may result in significant weight savings. In order to rapidly and accurately explore the design space, physics-based first principles are emphasized and reliance on historical or empirical data is minimized. In this paper (Part II), we describe how a solar-powered flying-wing configuration may be optimized using a strategy similar to that described in Part I. A key design driver in this case is the suppression of an aeroelastic phenomenon, "Body-FreedomFlutter", resulting from strong modal interactions due to wing sweep. Consequently, for the present study, it is shown that resulting designs are stiffness-driven as opposed to the strength-driven characteristic of conventional configurations (tail-stabilized). In addition, potential benefits of recent progress in active flutter suppression technologies are investigated.


The potential effects of global climate change on coastal ecosystems have attracted considerable attention, but the impacts of shorter-term climate perturbations such as ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) are lesser known. In this study, we determined the effects of the 1997–1998 ENSO-related drought on the hydrology and salinity of a Micronesian mangrove ecosystem and an adjacent freshwater swamp. A network of 9 piezometer clusters installed at the study site served as sampling points for continuous and manual measurements of salinity and water level. During the drought period from January through April 1998, mean water table levels in the mangroves and freshwater swamp were approximately 12 and 54 cm lower, respectively, than during May through December when precipitation returned to near normal levels. At the peak of the drought (February 1998), the most dramatic result was a reversal in groundwater flow that sent groundwater from the mangroves upstream toward the freshwater swamp. Flow nets constructed for this period and immediately after illustrate the strong hydrological linkage between the two systems. This linkage was also illustrated by measurements of groundwater salinity in the piezometer network. Ninety-six percent of the salinity measurements taken in the mangroves during the study were at least 10‰ less than the salinity of sea water, indicating that the mangroves were consistently receiving freshwater flows. An analysis of variance of groundwater salinity measurements during and after the drought showed that salinity levels in the 0.5 and 1.0 m depth piezometers were greater during than after the drought. In a comparison of salinity values in 0.5-m wells during low tide, mean salinity was approximately twice as high during the drought than after (14.7‰ versus 6.2‰, respectively). This study demonstrates that short-term climate perturbations such as ENSO can disrupt important coastal processes. Over repeated drought cycles, such perturbations have the potential to affect the structure and function of mangrove forests and upstream ecosystems.


The time-to-market and cost constraints of designing VLSI circuits, together with increasing complexity, necessitate a structured design methodology. Such a methodology should be based on an extensive use of libraries of generic components and previously designed macro blocks. An ideal library for modern design strategies that are based on a top-down structured approach is described. The concepts of portability, migratability, and interoperability of libraries are discussed. It is shown that libraries capitalize on knowledge gained over generations of designs, and successful libraries demand a serious effort at standardization.<<ETX>>


Summary: The objectives of this study were to quantify colonic cytokine and endothelial cell adhesion molecule (ECAM) expression in the colons of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice reconstituted with different subsets of CD4+ T lymphocytes. We found that animals injected with CD45RBhigh but not CD45RBlow T cells or phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) developed clinical evidence of colitis at 6‐8 weeks following reconstitution, as assessed by loss of body weight, development of loose stools and/or diarrhea, and histopathology. Concurrent with the onset of distal bowel inflammation was enhanced expression of a variety of Thl and macrophage‐derived cytokines including interferon &ggr;, tumor necrosis factor‐&agr;, interleukin (IL)‐1&bgr;, IL‐6, IL‐12, and IL‐18 lymphotoxin‐&bgr;. In addition, message levels and vascular surface expression of ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1, and MAdCAM‐1 were all significantly enhanced in the colitic SCID mice reconstituted with CD45RBhigh T cells compared with SCID mice reconstituted with PBS or CD45RBlow T cells that did not develop disease. Significant increases in some of these ECAMs were also noted in the cecum and stomach and to a lesser degree in the small bowel. Our data confirm that reconstitution of SCID mice with CD45RBhigh but not CD45RBlow T cells induces chronic colitis, and that the colonic inflammation is associated with enhanced expression of proinflammatory cytokines and different ECAMs in the colon. Furthermore, our studies demonstrate that reconstitution of SCID mice with CD45RBhigh T cells enhances ECAM expression in tissues distant from the site of active inflammation.


We discuss CUECARD, the program that won the 2008 Computer Olympiad computational pool tournament. Beside addressing intrinsic interest in a complex competitive environment with unique features, our goal is to isolate the factors that contributed to the performance so that the lessons can be transferred to other, similar domains. Specifically, we distinguish among pure engineering factors (such as using a computer cluster), domain-specific factors (such as optimized break shots), and domain-independent factors (such as state clustering). Our conclusion is that each type of factor contributed to the performance of the program.


Use management in marine protected areas is a complex and often changing process, both because of political and legislative requirements and because of the diversity of user groups. It is therefore essential to have accurate and reliable information to guide development of the most appropriate management instruments within a given area.

This thesis explores the challenge for marine protected area managers of making cost-effective use of scientific information in planning for reasonable use of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Using the 1998 Cairns Area Plan of Management as a case study, I develop methods for integrating biophysical and social data in the development and evaluation of marine protected area planning. I also provide an analysis of the interaction between human perceptions and the ecological status of the reef resources.

The main objectives of this study are:

1. to assess the criteria and methods used by government agencies to allocate resource use in the Great Barrier Reef Region (GBR), at both regional and local scales;

2. to identify ways in which existing information on reef resources can be integrated into a format that is easy to access and use;

3. to develop methods to help managers map the location and types of use;

4. develop methods to assess the relationships between information on marine ecosystems and patterns in human use, perceptions and values;

5. to estimate the effectiveness of the 1998 Cairns Area Plan of Management, from the perspective both of its objectives and of its information base.

In order to achieve these objectives, I employ a variety of methods and techniques. First, I conduct an extensive literature review of marine conservation, marine protected areas, the history of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and the goals, criteria and methods used in selection and planning of Marine Protected Areas. I then collate data on planning and management specifically in the Cairns Planning Area. These data are obtained by surveying marine park managers and reviewing existing literature. Results from this survey and review reveal a lack of information on how people perceive the resource they use and what environmental conditions influence their experience and behaviour. Therefore, I conduct a survey of regular reef users in the Cairns Planning Area, with the aim of in collecting such information. Using multivariate and univariate models, I then make comparisons between the human perception of reef resources and scientifically measured indicators of coral reef status. This information is used to assess the ability of humans to perceive and monitor environmental variables. Finally, I demonstrate the use of a decision support system to integrate available biophysical and social information to support use allocation decisions.
As a result of this research I arrive at several conclusions. In the literature review chapters, I identify the need for development of clearly defined, applicable and functional objectives and criteria for marine protected areas such as the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Such objectives and criteria would assist with transparent and objective decision making regarding the social and economic values of marine resources during the planning and management of a marine protected area. I present a range of decision support modeling methods that are available to assist managers in the systematic use of data and information sources to select marine protected areas and designate varying levels of protection. I recommend the use of several of these methods to examine information from all sources simultaneously, using a systematic process. This integrated approach is demonstrated using the Cairns Area Plan of Management as a case study. My survey of regular reef users in the Cairns Planning Area provides information on social conditions, perceptions of reef quality and levels of acceptable use. This type of information should be collected as an integral part of planning and decision making in marine protected areas.

Regular reef users are found to be quite capable of describing the environment that they frequent and detecting change over time. The respondents indicate that the reefs in the Cairns Planning Area are of high quality, with offshore reefs receiving higher ratings than inshore reefs. The perceived quality of coral cover and diversity of fish species are the best indicators of overall reef quality. High quality sites are those with excellent coral cover and high diversity of fish species, while low quality sites have low coral cover and limited underwater topography.

Over fishing, anchoring and cyclones are perceived to cause the most damage to reefs over time. Overcrowding is an issue at most reefs within the Cairns Planning Area, particularly those near a major port. The number of vessels at a reef location is considered to make more of a visual impact than the number of people, and thus may be a better indicator of social impacts.
Using multivariate and univariate models, I compare biological monitoring data with the perceptions of reef quality of regular reef users. Comparisons between the quality variables "coral cover" and "diversity of fish species" suggest higher quality sites have more hard coral, less soft coral and fewer fish species commonly associated with branching corals in back reef locations. In addition, I demonstrate that scientific information could be used to predict areas that could be of high quality for marine park users.

Using decision support software and other statistical techniques, I demonstrate how marine protected area managers could integrate social and biophysical data to develop and evaluate marine protected area planning at a local scale. Comparisons between management settings, information from the survey of regular reef users and data from biological monitoring programs indicate that the Cairns Area Plan of Management maintains current levels of use but does not necessarily reflect diversity in abundance of reef biota at different locations.

This thesis demonstrates the need for formulation of very clear and specific aims and objectives for a marine protected area, prior to the application of different management tools (e.g. settings). When these aims and objectives are clear, input from scientists is necessary to help identify: (a) exactly what needs to be protected and in what manner (b) specific information requirements needed to meet the objectives.

In the case of the Cairns Planning Area, managers could have determined the relative importance of each objective to the overall goal of managing the area. The contribution of various datasets to each objective could then have been determined by scientists. In this way a clear, transparent and flexible decision process for allocating use in the area could have been developed.


We evaluate lifecycle consumption and portfolio allocation patterns resulting from access to Guaranteed Minimum Withdrawal Benefit (GMWB) variable annuities, one of the most rapidly-growing financial innovations over the last two decades. A key feature of these products is that they offer access to equity investments with downside protection, hedging of longevity risk, and partially-refundable premiums. Welfare rises since policyholders exercise the product's flexibility by taking withdrawals and dynamically adjusting their portfolios and consumption streams. Consistent with observed behavior, differences across individuals' cash out and annuitization patterns result from variations in realized equity market returns and labor income trajectories.


Technical Drawing 101 covers topics ranging from the most basic, such as making freehand, multiview sketches of machine parts, to the advanced creating an AutoCAD dimension style containing the style settings defined by the ASME Y14.5-2009 Dimensioning and Tolerancing standard. But un-like the massive technical drawing reference texts on the market, Technical Drawing 101 aims to present just the right mix of information and projects that can be reasonably covered by faculty, and assimilated by students, in one semester. Both mechanical and architectural projects are introduced to capture the interest of more students and to offer a broader appeal. The authors have also created video tutorials for this book in which they demonstrate how to use many of AutoCAD's tools and Commands. The CAD portion of the text incorporates drafting theory whenever possible and covers the basics of drawing setup (units, limits, and layers), the tools of the Draw, Modify, and Dimension toolbars, and the fundamentals of 3D modeling. By focusing on the fundamental building blocks of CAD, Technical Drawing 101 provides a solid foundation for students going on to learn advanced CAD concepts and techniques (paper space, viewports, xrefs, annotative scaling, etc.) in intermediate CAD courses. In recognition of the diverse career interests of our students, Technical Drawing 101 includes projects in which students create working drawings for a mechanical assembly as well as for an architectural project. We include architectural drawing because our experience has shown that many (if not most) first-semester drafting students are interested in careers in the architectural design field, and that a traditional technical drawing text, which focuses solely on mechanical drawing projects, holds little interest for these students. The multidisciplinary approach of this text and its supporting materials is intended to broaden the appeal of the curriculum and increase student interest and, it is hoped, future enrollments. Table of Contents Technical Drawing Multiview Drawing Traditional Drafting Tools and Techniques Computer-Aided Design Basics Dimensioning Mechanical Drawings Dimensioning Architectural Drawings Isometric Drawings Sections Auxiliary Views Blocks Mechanical Working Drawings Architectural Working Drawings Modeling Basics Appendix A: ANSI/ASME Standards Appendix B: ISO Standards Appendix C: United States Dimensioning and Tolerancing Basics Glossary Index


Positive copyright appears to have been progressively turned away from its normative function of ensuring a fair and efficient transmission of human knowledge. The private sector is seeking to counterbalance this phenomenon by adopting legal tools that expand the public domain of knowledge, such as web-based licences modelled on the open access approach. The increasing world-wide preference for Creative Commons licences confirms their aptness to transform copyright law into a tool flexible enough to serve authors' several purposes. Such a spontaneous counterbalance experiences many difficulties though, because of the structure that positive copyright has adopted over the last few years. The current situation is an excellent point from which to look back at how authors used to disseminate their works before the advent of the Internet. From a historical view-point copyright has always accomplished the twin functions of economically rewarding authors and enabling communication of their creations to the public. The latter goal is achieved by means of statutory mechanisms limiting the freedom of contract between authors and their counterparts (intermediaries in a broad sense), in order to enforce the authors' capacity to publicise their works. In the current digital environment, however, these mechanisms are not likely to accomplish their original functions. This paper seeks to explore an adjustment that will permit authors to take advantage of all the new means of commercial exploitation and non-commercial dissemination of their works offered by the Internet. Such an adjustment aims also at realigning positive and normative copyright by encompassing the use of open content licensing within the current copyright framework.


Thin films of tin-doped indium oxide are widely used for transparent conductors. One application of ln 2 0 3 :Sn (ITO) is transparent contacts for electrochromic electrodes. Optical design of electrochromic devices requires knowledge of the optical constants for each layer from the near ultraviolet and visible to the mid infrared. Determination of the optical constants of the electrochromic layer cannot be made in isolation; a complete device or at least a half-cell including a layer of ITO is required to change the optical state of the electrochromic material. Measurements on ITO were made using variable-angle spectral ellipsometry, and spectral transmittance and reflectance. A series of structural models were fit to this data. The problem is complicated because of inhomogeneity in the films, variability in the manufacturing process, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. The spectral dependency was modeled by a single Lorentz oscillator and a Drude free-electron component. This data was then used as the basis for a model to extract the optical constants for a tungsten oxide electrochromic film.


Many central items in football terminology are conspicuously metaphorical,for example shoot, attack or German schiesen, angreifen. Yet, the role played bymetaphor in football vocabulary has attracted little attention so far. This chapterpresents a corpus-based investigation of metaphor in football jargon. Twocorpora of radio commentaries in English and German (approx. 100,000 wordseach) were examined for linguistic and conceptual metaphor. The objective ofthis study was to show that, despite a relatively straightforward relation betweenEnglish terms and their German equivalents, English and German exhibit strikingdifferences with regard to football is war, especially in terms of productivity.In order to verify this claim, a combination of quantitative and qualitativemethods was employed to show how one source domain (war) can play differentroles in the same specialist target domain (football) across languages.


Background: A proportion of newly qualified doctors report feeling unprepared to manage patients with palliative care and end-of-life needs. This may be related to barriers within their institution during undergraduate training. Information is limited regarding the current organisation of palliative care teaching across UK medical schools. Aims: To investigate the evolution and structure of palliative care teaching at UK medical schools. Design: Anonymised, web-based questionnaire. Settings/participants: Results were obtained from palliative care course organisers at all 30 UK medical schools. Results: The palliative care course was established through active planning (13/30, 43%), ad hoc development (10, 33%) or combination of approaches (7, 23%). The place of palliative care teaching within the curriculum varied. A student-selected palliative care component was offered by 29/30 (97%). All medical schools sought student feedback. The course was reviewed in 26/30 (87%) but not in 4. Similarly, a course organiser was responsible for the palliative care programme in 26/30 but not in 4. A total of 22 respondents spent a mean of 3.9 h (median 2.5)/week in supporting/delivering palliative care education (<1–16 h). In all, 17/29 (59%) had attended a teaching course or shared duties with a colleague who had done so. Course organisers received titular recognition in 18/27 (67%; no title 9 (33%); unknown 3 (11%)). An academic department of Palliative Medicine existed in 12/30 (40%) medical schools. Funding was not universally transparent. Palliative care teaching was associated with some form of funding in 20/30 (66%). Conclusion: Development, organisation, course evaluation and funding for palliative care teaching at UK medical schools are variable. This may have implications for delivery of effective palliative care education for medical students.


A decentralised District Health System, based on Primary Health Care,
is the vision for health services in South Africa. This is established in the
National Health Act of 2003. Structures and systems for a district health
system have been established; the impact of these structures and systems
on human resources has not always been adequately considered. This chapter reviews the current status of the district health system in
South Africa and some implications of the National Health Act. Some of
the impacts on human resources are discussed.


The study reported here investigates the role of pre‐school education as a protective factor in the development of children who are at risk due to environmental and individual factors. This investigation builds upon earlier research by examining different kinds of 'quality' in early education and tests the hypothesis that pre‐schools of high quality can moderate the impacts of risks upon cognitive development. Cognitive development was measured in 2857 English pre‐schoolers at 36 and 58 months of age, together with 22 individual risks to children's development, and assessments were made of the quality of their pre‐school provision. Multilevel Structural Equation Modelling revealed that: the global quality of pre‐school can moderate the effects of familial risk (such as poverty); the relationships between staff and children can moderate the effects of child level risk (such as low birth weight); and the specific quality of curricular provision can moderate the effects of both. Policy makers need to take quality into account in their efforts to promote resilience in young 'at risk' children through early childhood services.


The successful outcome of software development projects is a crucial issue for the economy at large. Yet, a majority of the software development projects carried out today fails when it comes to finishing on time, within budget and with requirements intact. The often cited reasons contributing to failure include inappropriate methodology, complex development processes, ineffective project management, project managers' incompetence, ineffective communication, uncoordinated stakeholders and the lack of automated tools. Due to these challenges and limitations, organizations are looking into agile software development which offers the advantage of having simple processes, involving active customers and project teams. Subsequently, past researchers attempted to define the determinant factors for agile success but there is still much ambiguity about these factors and how they can be determined. This study extends and builds on past research by focusing on one of the core factors, that is, cost management. Managing the cost of software development projects is a global phenomenon most frequently debated by software development communities since many projects suffer from budget overruns. Therefore, this study aims to develop a model for cost management in agile software development projects to assist project managers in managing project costs with greater efficiency. This study began with the examination of cost management practices in agile software development projects. Next, determinants that contributed to the success of cost management in agile software development projects were assembled and analysed. To achieve the third objective, the competency of project managers in managing cost in agile software development was further analysed. Following this, the issues and challenges faced by these project managers in Agile cost management in agile software were also diagnosed and ascertained. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used for data gathering. The survey results revealed that cost management in agile software development projects is commonly practiced. However, the level of practices differed in accordance to project managers' experience with agile methods. Cost was also not managed effectively due to the continued use of manual processes. The interview results revealed that there are two main issues in managing cost of agile software development project which are the managers' or personnel's lack of knowledge on agile and the unavailability of computerized tools to help the project managers in managing costs. The findings of both methods are used as the basis for the development of a new cost management model that proposes simple steps in managing costs. A tool prototype was developed to verify the validity of the model. The tool was then validated through Software Measurement Usability Inventory (SUMI). Notably, results from the validation show that the model and tool enable managers to execute project costing in a more effective and efficient manner.


Research in dependent type theories [M-L71a] has, in the past, concentrated on its use in the presentation of theorems and theorem-proving. This thesis is concerned mainly with the exploitation of the computational aspects of type theory for programming, in a context where the properties of programs may readily be specified and established. In particular, it develops technology for programming with dependent inductive families of datatypes and proving those programs correct. It demonstrates the considerable advantage to be gained by indexing data structures with pertinent characteristic information whose soundness is ensured by typechecking, rather than human effort. Type theory traditionally presents safe and terminating computation on inductive datatypes by means of elimination rules which serve as induction principles and, via their associated reduction behaviour, recursion operators [Dyb91]. In the programming language arena, these appear somewhat cumbersome and give rise to unappealing code, complicated by the inevitable interaction between case analysis on dependent types and equational reasoning on their indices which must appear explicitly in the terms. Thierry Coquand's proposal [Coq92] to equip type theory directly with the kind of pattern matching notation to which functional programmers have become used over the past three decades [Bur69, McB70] offers a remedy to many of these difficulties. However, the status of pattern matching relative to the traditional elimination rules has until now been in doubt. Pattern matching implies the uniqueness of identity proofs, which Martin Hofmann showed underivable from the conventional definition of equality [Hof95]. This thesis shows that the adoption of this uniqueness as axiomatic is sufficient to make pattern matching admissible. A datatype's elimination rule allows abstraction only over the whole inductively defined family. In order to support pattern matching, the application of such rules to specific instances of dependent families has been systematised. The underlying analysis extends beyond datatypes to other rules of a similar second order character, suggesting they may have other roles to play in the specification, verification and, perhaps, derivation of programs. The technique developed shifts the specificity from the instantiation of the type's indices into equational constraints on indices freely chosen, allowing the elimination rule to be applied. Elimination by this means leaves equational hypotheses in the resulting subgoals, which must be solved if further progress is to be made. The first-order unification algorithm for constructor forms in simple types presented in [McB96] has been extended to cover dependent datatypes as well, yielding completely automated solution to a class of problems which can be syntactically defined. The justification and operation of these techniques requires the machine to construct and exploit a standardised collection of auxiliary lemmas for each datatype. This is greatly facilitated by two technical developments of interest in their own right: a more convenient definition of equality, with a relaxed formulation rule allowing elements of different types to be compared, but nonetheless equivalent to the usual equality plus the axiom of uniqueness; a type theory, OLEG, which incorporates incomplete objects, accounting for their 'holes' entirely within the typing judgments and, novelly, not requiring any notion of explicit substitution to manage their scopes. A substantial prototype has been implemented, extending the proof assistant LEGO [LP92]. A number of programs are developed by way of example. Chiefly, the increased expressivity of dependent datatypes is shown to capture a standard first-order unification algorithm within the class of structurally recursive programs, removing any need for a termination argument. Furthermore, the use of elimination rules in specifying the components of the program simplifies significantly its correctness proof.


When buoyant cyanobacteria form a surface bloom, they may obtain inorganic carbon from the water and the atmosphere. In this study, artificial blooms of cyanobacteria were exposed to different concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere and HCO2-1, in the water. The conditions and photosynthetic activity within the bloom were measured with microelectrodes sensing O2, pH, and light. Net rates of photosynthesis increased with the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (air = 350 ppm). However, even under 3,500 ppm CO2 , reducing the concentration of inorganic carbon in the water reduced rates of photosynthesis. Thus, both air and water acted as sources of inorganic carbon. Bloom formation may give cyanobacteria an advantage in competition for light and inorganic carbon with other groups of phytoplankton; by placing a dense biomass close to the water surface they are able to intercept a large amount of the flux of light and inorganic carbon. The high surface pH produced in the bloom will promote influx of CO2 from the atmosphere by "chemical enhancement." The obvious advantage of being close to the water surface may be offset by the risk of photoinhibition at high photon irradiance. The dense packing of colonies in the bloom furthermore caused a high local demand for inorganic carbon and consequently extreme carbon depletion. This combination of high photon irradiance and carbon limitation proved to be especially detrimental in blooms. When the availability of inorganic carbon was restricted, nonphotochemical quenching of fluorescence increased, showing some removal of excess excitation energy, but not to the extent that photodamage was prevented. Depending on the outcome of several interacting processes, surface bloom formation may be advantageous or deleterious for the cyanobacteria involved. This also depends on the environmental conditions to which cells were acclimated prior to bloom formation. Cyanobacteria have a better chance of withstanding the conditions in surface blooms if the cells were already acclimated to high average irradiance prior to floating to the surface.


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Charged defects are traditionally computed by adding (subtracting) electrons for negative (positive) impurities. When using periodic boundary conditions this results in artificially charged supercells that also require a compensating background charge of the opposite sign, which makes slab supercells problematic because of an arbitrary dependence on the vacuum thickness. In this work, we test the method of using neutral supercells through the use of a substitutional electron donor (acceptor) to describe charged systems. We use density functional theory (DFT) to compare the effects of charging the well-studied NV-center in diamond by a substitutional donor nitrogen. We investigate the influence of the donor-N on the NV-center properties as a function of the distance between them, and find that they converge toward those obtained when adding an electron. We analyze the spin density and conclude that the donor-N has a zero magnetic moment, and thus, will not be seen in electron spin resonance. We validate our DFT energies through comparison to GW simulations. Charging the NV-center with a substitutional donor-N enables accurate calculations of slabs, without the ambiguity of using charged supercells. Implantation of donor-N atoms opens up the possibility to engineer NV-centers with the desired charge state for future ICT and sensor applications.


Two compositional concerns are prevalent and interrelated in my recent music. The first is an interest in the use of predetermined decisions, and in many cases rule-based systems, to influence the organization of events in a piece. The orientation towards predetermined systems reflects a desire to avoid well-established musical tendencies, which is achieved to the extent that decisions are removed from moment-to-moment compositional activity, thereby evading perceptual intuition and factors of musical acculturation. The use of predetermined systems also reflects a concern for clarity of compositional intention, as processes tend to produce structurally coherent developments due to their gradual and systematic progression. The second characteristic that is prominent in my music is an interest in recurrent sectional forms, which not only divide time but also offer listeners additional opportunities to absorb the musical ideas explored in a piece. These two concerns, predetermined systems and sectional forms, are brought together through the use of interleaved structures, whereby developments with distinct identities are divided, into segments and alternated in succession. Interleaved structures are uniquely continuous; upon the return of each process, the development resumes from the point at which it was last suspended. Consequently, each segment represents just a portion of the whole, and the full development of each process is only revealed over the duration of the piece. When developments are transformed to the extent that their surface qualities are significantly altered then dynamic relationships are likely to arise between them as the piece unfolds. Interleaved structures suggest a shift in compositional concerns from the vertical to those that are oriented horizontally. In my own music this has resulted in a greater emphasis on the relationships between processes, and more specifically, on how those relationships evolve over the duration of the piece.


Industrialization is a conscious and planned effort in order to manage and utilize resources to achieve development goals that improve the quality of life of the community and nation. Industrial development is to bring positive consequences for human life, the nature of industrial development will always be meaningful to the development of human civilization, more concrete and more industrial development will always mean well for the improvement of community welfare. However, on the other side in terms of positive developments there are also negative consequences, the various impacts arise as a result of these developments including the impact of social and economic life such as the pattern of relationship or interaction systems, lifestyles, ways of thinking, employment, and income, that everything can change in the local community resulting from the industry. In this study, researchers examined the "social impact Tea Factory Against The existence of the community of Mount Dempo. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the social impact of the existence of the tea factory on the lives of people in the village of Mount Gunung Dempo Dempo, District of South Dempo, Municipality Pagar Alam, South Sumatra Province. In this study, researchers used a descriptive qualitative research method, which aims to provide a clear picture about the state of the object at the present time based on the facts that appear or as they are. Technique pusposive sampling using sampling, in order to obtain samples of 20 persons. The instruments used in this study is not structured observation, unstructured interviews, and documentation of archives and photo. While the theoretical framework in this research uses the theory advanced by Dahrendorf conflict. The results showed that the existence of social impact on the lives of tea plant communities of Mount Dempo is: The relationship of interaction, has undergone changes which have been found individualistic nature. Lifestyle, has undergone a change, especially on the consumption patterns of society. Way of thinking, has undergone a change in a more modern way of thinking. Employment, with a tea factory has turned out to provide employment for the surrounding community. Income, with a labor dipabrik tea that most of the people of Mount Dempo not been able to improve their economy. Conflict, by conflicts about land ownership which occurred in the community of Mount Dempo, can help strengthen ties loosely structured group.


Most research into the diet of stoats in New Zealand has been in low altitude valleys such as the Eglinton and Hollyford Valleys. Yet much of New Zealand's national parks (e.g. Fiordland National Park) consist of many small montane valleys and alpine areas. This research identified the key prey species of stoats inhabiting such small montane valleys and alpine grasslands. Stoats were collected from Department of Conservation kill-trap lines in the Murchison Mountains in Fiordland National Park over two summers (1999/ 2000 and 2000/2001) that followed heavy and moderate beech and snow tussock seed-fall events respectively. During the first summer mice were the most common prey item in stoat stomachs (68%), however in the second summer ground weta occurred most commonly (59%). These results support previous stoat research and suggest that ground weta may be an important prey species for stoats in the Murchison Mountains.


This article seeks to provide one of the first systematic comparative analyses of labor market consequences associated with fields of study. Using data of 22 countries from the European Labor Force Surveys (2004 and 2005), we analyze how field of study affects unemployment and occupational status for university-educated graduates. Our core hypothesis is that relative differences between fields should increase with educational expansion at the university level. Results of multilevel two-step regressions generally confirm our expectations. The more students graduate from universities, the greater the differences in labor market chances of university graduates from different fields.


The current through mitochondrial chloride channels was first described in 1987. Subsequently, several types of ion channels permeable to chloride and other anions were found in the mitochondria of different origins. The increasing number of electrophysi - ological studies, however, yielded only more ambiguity rather than order in the field of chloride channels. This uncertainty was slightly reduced by two different studies: experi - ments that showed a significant role of chloride channels in the process of mitochondrial membrane potential oscillations and experiments that localized chloride intracellular ion channel (CLIC) proteins in cardiac mitochondrial membranes. Our recently published single-channel electrophysiological experiments are well in line with the channel activity of recombinant CLIC proteins. The experimental evidence seems to be inevitably, though slowly converging on a connection between single-channel activity and the identity of the mitochondrial chloride channel protein.


The general stereotype regarding interaction between American Sign Language and English is a model of oversimplification: ASL signers are direct and English speakers are indirect. Jack Hoza s study "It s Not What You Sign, It s How You Sign It: Politeness in American Sign Language" upends this common impression through an in-depth comparison of the communication styles between these two language communities. Hoza investigates relevant social variables in specific contexts and explores the particular linguistic strategies ASL signers and English speakers employ when they interact in these contexts. "It s Not What You Sign, It s How You Sign It" is framed within politeness theory, an apt model to determine various interpretations of what speakers or signers mean in respect to the form of that which they say or sign. The variations reveal how linguistic and cultural differences intersect in ways that are often misinterpreted or overlooked in cross-cultural communication. To clarify these cross-linguistic differences, this volume explores two primary types of politeness and the linguistic strategies used by English speakers and ASL signers to express politeness concerns in face-to-face interaction. Hoza s final analysis leads to a better understanding of the rich complexity of the linguistic choices of these language groups."


We propose a numerical method, based on surface integral equations (SIE), for evaluating the second harmonic (SH) scattering by metal nanoparticles (NPs) of arbitrary shape, considering both nonlocal-bulk and local-surface SH sources, induced by the electromagnetic field at the fundamental frequency. We demonstrate that the contribution of the nonlocal-bulk sources can be taken into account through equivalent surface electric and magnetic currents. We numerically solve the SIE problem by using the Galerkin method and the Rao–Wilton–Glisson basis functions in the framework of the distribution theory. The accuracy of the proposed method is verified by comparing with the SH-Mie analytical solution. As an example of a complex-shaped particle, we investigate the SH scattering by a triangular nanoprism. This method paves the way for a better understanding of the SH generation process in arbitrarily shaped NPs and can also have a high impact on the design of novel nanoplasmonic devices with enhanced SH emission.


Physical activity in youth has many benefits, but parallel to these benefits, sport related injuries pose considerable risks. It is important to public health to address sport related injuries, particularly those affecting young people, who comprise the majority of participants in organised sport in Sweden. The first study in this research showed that inspections of local sport environments, where injuries often occur, did not occur uniformly. Two additional studies pointed out the need for better surveillance of injuries, and described the use of ambulance attendance reports as a possible improvement to current surveillance systems, with a possibility to improve safety for youth and other sport participants. Two other studies identify risk factors that were specific to football and climbing sports, which can be used to guide targeted safety interventions for the young participants of these sports. The studies, taken as a whole, provide new information about the factors associated with sport related injuries, particularly for young people, and point out the need for better sport injury surveillance, improved inspection strategies for fields maintained by organised sport clubs in local communities, and the need to address risk factors specific to different sport activities.


BACKGROUND & AIMS
Little is known about the prevalence and burden of undiagnosed celiac disease in individuals younger than age 50. We determined the prevalence and morbidity of undiagnosed celiac disease in individuals younger than age 50 in a community.

METHODS
We tested sera from 31,255 residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota (<50 y), without a prior diagnosis of celiac disease assay using an assay for IgA against tissue transglutaminase; in subjects with positive test results, celiac disease was confirmed using an assay for endomysial IgA. We performed a nested case-control study to compare the proportion of comorbidities between undiagnosed cases of celiac disease and age- and sex-matched seronegative controls (1:2). Medical records were abstracted to identify potential comorbidities.

RESULTS
We identified 338 of 30,425 adults with positive results from both serologic tests. Based on this finding, we estimated the prevalence of celiac disease to be 1.1% (95% confidence interval, 1.0%-1.2%); 8 of 830 children tested positive for IgA against tissue transglutaminase (1.0%; 95% confidence interval, 0.4%-1.9%). No typical symptoms or classic consequences of diagnosed celiac disease (diarrhea, anemia, or fracture) were associated with undiagnosed celiac disease. Undiagnosed celiac disease was associated with increased rates of hypothyroidism (odds ratio, 2.2; P < .01) and a lower than average cholesterol level (P = .03) and ferritin level (P = .01). During a median follow-up period of 6.3 years, the cumulative incidence of a subsequent diagnosis with celiac disease at 5 years after testing was 10.8% in persons with undiagnosed celiac disease vs 0.1% in seronegative persons (P < .01). Celiac disease status was not associated with overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on serologic tests of a community population for celiac disease, we estimated the prevalence of undiagnosed celiac disease to be 1.1%. Undiagnosed celiac disease appeared to be clinically silent and remained undetected, but long-term outcomes have not been determined.


The quantum nature of light suggests that a photon can interact with matter in two primary ways. Firstly and perhaps more simply, the photon could be absorbed or secondly and more complex, it could be scattered into a new direction of propagation. The scattering process can be thought of as probabilistic, with a statistical distribution of possible new directions of travel with respect to the original. In the case of interaction with a small particle of matter, the probability distribution is referred to as the phase function. In the case of scattering at a surface interface between two bulk materials, the new direction of travel is distributed according to a function called the Bidirectional Scattering Distribution Function (BSDF). The BSDF depends on both the direction of arrival and the direction of scatter (hence bidirectional), the type of material and the condition of the surface as well as the wavelength of light. This work explores a number of areas related to the BSDF, with special attention to the e ects of random light scatter in high performance optical imaging systems such as space telescopes. These demanding imaging applications require optical components manufactured to very high standards with respect to shape, smoothness and cleanliness. This means that random scatter from the surfaces of these optical components must be controlled to very low levels. The measurement of very weak optical surface scatter is therefore a problem of particular interest. An interferometric technique has been proposed here for improving the quality of such measurements. The interference e ects produced in the image by this technique were analysed using Nijboer-Zernike di raction theory, leading to a journal publication in Current Applied Physics.


Diabetic nephropathy represents the leading cause of end-stage renal disease and is the greatest cause of patient entry into the renal replacement therapy programme.1 Of the many structural and functional disturbances associated with the disease, tubulointerstitial fibrosis represents the key underlying pathology and occurs in response to a number of phenotypical and morphological changes, culminating in tubular injury.2 Treatment of fibrosis in nephropathy is an unmet clinical need, and identification of appropriate therapeutic targets is urgently required.

Connexins are involved in the formation of both hemichannels and gap junctions, and multiple secondary complications of diabetes are associated with alterations in the expression or function of these important transmembrane proteins.3 Previous work from our group suggested that glucose evoked changes in the beta 1 isoform of transforming growth factor (TGF) induced a loss of E-cadherin mediated cell adhesion in human proximal tubule epithelial cells.4 In the absence of cell–cell adhesion, uncoupled connexins or hemichannels predominate and gap-junctions fail to form. These channels allow cells to signal to each other via local paracrine release of ATP.5 Interestingly, elevated levels of nucleotides have recently been linked to both increased inflammation and fibrosis in multiple tissue types and various disease states.6

Immunohistochemistry of biopsy material isolated from patients with proven diabetic nephropathy confirmed increased expression levels of predominant tubular connexin isoforms: connexin-26 and connexin-43. These data are corroborated by immunoblot analysis of lysates isolated from human primary proximal tubule cells cultured in TGF-β1 (2–10 ng). Using whole-cell paired patch electrophysiology and ATP-biosensing, we observed a switch in gap junction mediated intercellular communication in favour of hemichannel mediated ATP release at both 48-hour (acute) and 7-day (chronic) time periods. Increased ATP levels have been linked to fibrosis and inflammation.6 Incubation of human primary proximal tubule cells, with either TGF-β1 (2–10 ng/mL) or non-hydrolysable ATPγS (1–100 µM), induced a dose-dependent increase in the expression of candidate proteins, namely collagen I, fibronectin, and interleukin-6, as well as morphological changes towards a fibroblast-like phenotype. The TGF-β1 induced response was partly negated when cells were co-incubated with the nucleotidase, apyrase (5 U/mL), or the purinergic receptor antagonist suramin (10 µM), suggesting that TGF-β1 evoked changes in hemichannel mediated ATP release are driven through activation of downstream purinergic signalling.

In conclusion, our study reports that connexin-26 and connexin-43 expression levels are increased in the diabetic kidney. Increased connexin expression is counterintuitively matched by a loss of direct gap junction mediated cell-to-cell communication as cell-cell tethering decreases and cells move apart. To compensate for this loss of direct intercellular communication, cells of the human proximal tubule increase indirect hemichannel mediated ATP release. Although designed to maintain cell–cell coupling, these changes may actually exacerbate the situation and facilitate loss of epithelial integrity and function through increased fibrosis and inflammation. Targeting connexins in the diabetic kidney therefore represents a viable future therapeutic intervention in diabetic nephropathy.


Single-incision laparoscopic surgery is an emerging minimally invasive approach. When using the single-incision laparoscopic surgery approach, the surgeon operates almost exclusively through a single point of entry, usually the patient's umbilicus. This approach is steadily gaining popularity among minimally invasive surgeons, as it combines the cosmetic advantage of Natural Orifice Translumenal Surgery with the technical familiarity of conventional laparoscopic surgery. In this report, we describe our implementation of the single-incision laparoscopic approach to perform an unroofing of a posttraumatic splenic cyst; in this case, the entire procedure is performed through a 2-cm intraumbilical incision.


In this paper, we consider a general problem of semi-supervised preference learning, in which we assume that we have the information of the extreme cases and some ordered constraints, our goal is to learn the unknown preferences of the other places. Taking the potential housing place selection problem as an example, we have many candidate places together with their associated information (e.g., position, environment), and we know some extreme examples (i.e. several places are perfect for building a house, and several places are the worst that cannot build a house there), and we know some partially ordered constraints (i.e. for two places, which place is better), then how can we judge the preference of one potential place whose preference is unknown beforehand? We propose a Bayesian framework based on Gaussian process to tackle this problem, from which we not only solve for the unknown preferences, but also the hyperparameters contained in our model.


In this paper we develop a general class of dynamic brand choice models, called Lightning Bolt LB models, which are consistent with the theory of random utility maximization of consumer choice behavior. The underlying random utility process is Markov, and the inter-temporal evolution of the utility-maximizing brand choice process is also Markov. The models permit parsimonious parameterizations of the random utility process in brand choices with the resulting switching probabilities being functionally related to explanatory variables. The model allows for structural state dependence feedback, habit persistence inertia, and unobserved heterogeneity. The theoretical development shows that several well known stochastic brand choice models can be deduced from random utility maximization theory.

From a managerial perspective, the usefulness of the proposed model stems from its ability to separate out the effects of habits, state dependence and heterogeneity. Strong state dependence effects imply incentives for inducing trial of a brand e.g., product sampling. In contrast with state dependence, a strong habit persistence effect may be indicative of buyer behavior where inducement of trial of a different brand may not be sufficient to maintain a sustained defection of the consumer from the habitually purchased brand to the trial brand. Failure to distinguish between these two effects has important implications. For example, a model that only accounts for state dependence effects would, in the presence of only habit persistence, incorrectly attribute it to state dependence. Based on this the manager could decide to embark on an expensive sampling program that might prove ineffective due to the absence of state dependence. It is also important to distinguish between the effects of unobserved heterogeneity and state dependence. In the absence of true state dependence, failing to account for unobservable variations across households such as differences in price sensitivities, results in the temporally persistent unobservable elements showing up as state dependence in the model. Hence, a manager may incorrectly opt for sampling as the appropriate marketing action, whereas, a couponing or price promotion strategy should have been preferred.

We estimate the model parameters using the AC Nielsen household scanner panel data set on catsup purchases. Further, we investigate empirical techniques for overcoming the "initial conditions" problem that affects many dynamic models of brand choice. Through simulation analysis using the estimated parameters, we show that the calculated profitability of a promotion must take into account the multi-period impact due to state dependence. Further, we demonstrate how ignoring heterogeneity can result in spurious state dependence, thereby making marketing tactics such as product sampling appear far more attractive than they actually are. Specifically, the model that accounts only for habit persistence and state dependence effects predicts a share increase of 2.4% points through sampling for one of the brands in the empirical analysis. Once the effects of unobserved heterogeneity are accounted for, however, this number drops precipitously to 0.3%. While even this low number might fulfill the objectives of the brand manager, it ensures that expectations are not eight times that number.

It is important to note that this paper is a first attempt at analyzing the three fundamental dimensions of dynamic brand choice behavior. Our formulation represents a "reduced form" approach as opposed to a "structural" approach. Other limitations of the model include our focus on time-invariant choice sets. Extensions of the model to situations where choice sets vary over time are possible, but are difficult. Another limitation is the dependence on multivariate extreme value distributions. An alternative would be to use multivariate normal distributions, i.e., a probit-like structure which has certain useful properties. A comparison of the two approaches would be useful. Empirical extensions of the model to allow for higher-order processes and nested logit type model structures could also be fruitful. Explicitly incorporating variety-seeking behavior in the model would further enrich the theoretical framework proposed in this paper.


Private faces in public places Are wiser and nicer Than public faces in private places. W.H. Auden, dedication to Stephen Spender, 1932 Stephen Spender wrote almost a million words of journal entries between his September Journal in 1939 and his death in 1995. In choosing from these voluminous journals for the new edition, the editors have tried to provide a picture of the various lives Spender brought together in autobiographical form. The earlier 1985 edition of the Journals was overseen by the author, and it privileged his thoughts about poetry - his own and other people's. The new edition includes the final ten years of Spender's life and provides access to the more intimate thoughts and feelings of the private man, but equally documents his life as a public intellectual who played a part in shaping the European literary and intellectual culture of his age. As we look back on the dramatic events of the twentieth century, we find that Spender was involved in many of them: the reconstruction of Germany and the construction of Europe (as Unesco's first Literary Councillor), the development of the cultural Cold War (as editor of Encounter), the founding of Israel, the anti-Vietnam movement in America. The Journals provide a personal version of sixty turbulent years of the twentieth century, hovering between diary, autobiography and history.


Thoroughly updated, the new edition of this award-winning book looks at spirituality and nursing from many perspectives: theoretical, historical, religious, psychological, and physiological. In this thoughtful exploration of the reemergence of spirituality as an important factor in nursing practice, the author traces nursing's involvement with spirituality from its historical ties with religion to the current interest in New Age and alternative health methods. Nursing theories involving spirituality such as Dossey, Newman, and Watson, are examined, and nursing trends are seen in the larger context of trends in society and other disciplines, such as psychology, physics and philosophy. In this new edition there is more information on techniques and therapies for incorporating spirituality into patient care.


Tasha Tudor, beloved children's book author and illustrator, has at last written her long-awaited cookbook. In words and the enchanting watercolors for which she is renowned, she shares the recipes she has gathered over a lifetime - some that have been passed down for generations and some that she created specially for her children and grandchildren. These traditional recipes recall an old-fashioned New England lifestyle and summon up Tasha Tudor's own warm family memories, which she shares here with her readers. Tasha Tudor's recipe collection includes summery picnic salads, hearty winter soups, and breakfast treats like Great-Grandmother Tudor's Cornbread, Blueberry Coffee Cake, and Butterscotch Rolls. Her main dishes - Roast Chicken with tarragon and sage, vegetable-laden Beef Stew, and Salmon served with homegrown peas - are the prelude to her irresistibly rich desserts, including a luscious dark chocolate torte and English Toffee Bars. At Tasha Tudor's Corgi Cottage, Christmas celebrations are the high point of the year, filled with the kind of food and wholesome fun that harks back to an earlier time. Her recipes bring family and friends together to make her well-known gingerbread Christmas tree ornaments (which have been displayed on the White House tree), and such seasonal favorites as thumb cookies and pulled taffy for wrapping as gifts or for putting in paper cornucopias to hang on the tree. All of these authentic, tried-and-true recipes are presented for the first time with some fifty original watercolor and pen-and-ink drawings in this beguiling keepsake kitchen companion.


Results of stable isotopic and fluid-inclusion studies of Cambrian carbonate units in the southern Canadian Rockies indicate that, during the Late Devonian or Early Mississippian, a warm brine migrated from miogeoclinal shales in the western part of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin into the eastern carbonate sequences. This fluid had a temperature of 150 ±25 °C, salinity values of 20 to 25 equivalent wt% NaCl, and isotopic values of δ 18 O = -7‰ to 0‰,δ 13 C = -1‰ ±2‰, δD = -70‰ ±19‰, and 87 Sr/ 86 Sr >0.710. The fluids formed large bodies of coarse, sparry dolomite, as well as Pb-Zn, magnesite and talc mineralizations in the Cambrian units. It is probable that this event was also responsible for the development of Pb-Zn mineralization (specifically Pine Point) in the Devonian units, as well as a component of the present-day basinal brines in the basin.


The Journal of Orthodontics is pleased to provide the readership with the opportunity to obtain Enhanced Continuing Professional Development (CPD). Each issue of the journal will contain articles identified as CPD and selected reviews reflecting the General Dental Council-recommended topics. After you have read the article, linked questions for this issue will appear in print (below) and online. You will be able to answer the questions online, and should your answers be correct, you will then be able to print a certificate for up to 4 hours of CPD, which you can use as evidence towards your Enhanced CPD requirements. I hope that you find this service useful and I would welcome any feedback you might have about any aspects of the process, which is as follows: all members of the British Orthodontic Society (BOS) will receive an email notification of their login details for the BOS Virtual Learning Environment (VLE). Users log in to the VLE and click on the BOS CPD section. Once in this section, there is a subsection called Journal of Orthodontics Articles for CPD. Within this subsection is a link to the articles, a multiple choice question (MCQ) test and a link for the CPD certificate. Clicking on the link to the articles takes the user to the Highwire platform and provides access to the online version of the articles. Once the user has read the articles, it is necessary to return to the BOS VLE to complete the MCQ test by clicking on the MCQ link. The MCQ test must be completed and passed before clicking on the CPD certificate link to generate the certificate. It is possible to have two attempts at the MCQ test. Once the certificate has been generated, it can be printed or saved. The website address is as follows: www.bosvle.org.uk