A representational theory of attitude change integrating research on social representations and media framing effects is proposed. The theory seeks to explain why some aspects of attitude and opinion are more malleable than others. It is posited that the framing of a given social issue may influence isolated attitudes and cognitions related to specific aspects of that issue (peripheral elements); however, framing should be less likely to influence relevant attitudes to the extent that they are anchored in societally elaborated representations, and hence form strong and coherent evaluative associations with more general concepts and values (central or core elements). As an initial test of the theory, proposed changes to a university affirmative action policy were framed using either a traditional remedial action or newly developed New Zealand-specific bicultural partnership frame. Qualitative analyses indicated that irrespective of condition, New Zealand European/Pakeha students endorsed societally elaborated "standard" discourses that positioned equality as being based solely on individual merit (i.e., grades) and opposed policies that also included ethnic group membership as a criteria used to govern resource allocations (i.e., targeted scholarships for ethnic minorities). However, participants who read the bicultural partnership frame tended to hedge such discourses by expressing limited support for the isolated and less heavily anchored issues specific to that frame. Quantitative analyses further demonstrated that although participants expressed increased support for a specific affirmative action program framed in terms of biculturalism, more generalized attitudes toward resource allocations favoring minority groups remained unchanged across conditions. ********** The past three decades have witnessed the emergence of new public discourses regarding affirmative action for minority groups (Van Dijk, 1993). Such discourses are often framed in terms of reverse discrimination or preferential treatment, which draw upon egalitarian values and implicit rather than explicit discourses involving race in order to deny minority groups better access to resources while defending the speaker against charges of racism (Gamson & Modigliani, 1987; Reeves, 1983; Van Dijk, 1993; Wetherell & Potter, 1992). As a consequence, the civil rights movement of the 1960's has struggled to sustain support for affirmative action policies that go beyond legislating against overt discrimination (i.e., old fashioned racism, McConahay, 1986; Sears, 1988). In other contexts, a robust literature has demonstrated that the way that information is presented, or the perspective taken in a message, will influence the responses of the individual to the issue at hand (e.g., Kahneman & Tversky, 1984; see also Iyengar, 1991). The former literature emphasizes the durability of attitudes, while the latter draws upon the same cognitive architecture at the individual level to argue for malleability. The purpose of this paper is to offer a theoretical perspective integrating social representations theory (Moscovici, 1984; 1988) and framing effects theory (see Carragee & Roefs, 2004; Entman, 1993; Gamson, 1992; Hertog & McLeod, 2001) in order to explain why some forms of attitude toward social issues are so much harder to change than others. Toward this goal we seek to (a) develop and contrast a bicultural partnership frame for affirmative action based on representations appropriate to New Zealand (NZ) with a version of the well documented remedial action frame identified in North American media and political discourse (e.g., Gamson & Modigliani, 1987), and (b) present quantitative and qualitative analyses of both participants' generalized attitudes toward equality and entitlement, and their more specific attitudes toward an affirmative action policy for ethnic minorities evoked by these contrasting frames. Social representations theory Social representations are widely communicated bodies of knowledge that are shared to a greater or lesser extent among various subgroups in society (Farr & Moscovici, 1984). …


Abdominal computed tomography (CT) using a protocol designed for evaluation of the ureters was performed on six normal purpose-bred research dogs. After noncontrast CT, a postcontrast scan was performed 3 min post midpoint of injection of 400 mgI/kg body weight of diatrizoate meglumine/sodium. Ureteral and ureterovesicular junction anatomy were readily assessed with minimal patient preparation. The ureters were similar in size to reported values and the renal pelvis, ureter, and ureterovesicular junction were easily identified on both noncontrast and contrast-enhanced scans. There was a significant relationship between bladder volume and interureterovesicular junction distance but not between bladder volume and ureterovesicular junction to internal urethral orifice distance. A reliable bony landmark for the identification of the internal urethral orifice could not be determined. The results of this preliminary study of normal anatomy should facilitate the clinical use of CT in the evaluation of ureteral disease (e.g., ureteral ectopia).


Wind and solar power generations differ from conventional energy generation because of the variable and uncertain nature of their power output. This variability and uncertainty can have significant impacts on grid operations. Thus, short-term forecasting of wind and solar generation is uniquely helpful for power system operations to balance supply and demand in an electricity system. This paper investigates the correlation between wind and solar power forecasting errors.


The effect of fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium lolii) infection on the performance of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) growing under irrigation in a subtropical environment was investigated. Seed of 4 cultivars, infected with standard (common toxic or wild-type) endophyte or the novel endophyte AR1, or free of endophyte (Nil), was sown in pure swards, which were fertilised with 50 kg N/ha.month. Seasonal and total yield, persistence, and rust susceptibility were assessed over 3 years, along with details of the presence of endophyte and alkaloids in plant shoots. Endophyte occurrence in tillers in both the standard and AR1 treatments was above 95% for Bronsyn and Impact throughout and rose to that level in Samson by the end of the second year. Meridian AR1 only reached 93% while, in the standard treatment, the endophyte had mostly died before sowing. Nil Zendophyte treatments carried an average of ?0.6% infection throughout. Infection of the standard endophyte was associated with increased dry matter (DM) yields in all 3 years compared with no endophyte. AR1 also significantly increased yields in the second and third years. Over the full 3 years, standard and AR1 increased yields by 18% and 11%, respectively. Infection with both endophytes was associated with increased yields in all 4 seasons, the effects increasing in intensity over time. There was 27% better persistence in standard infected plants compared with Nil at the end of the first year, increasing to 198% by the end of the experiment, while for AR1 the improvements were 20 and 134%, respectively. The effect of endophyte on crown rust (Puccinia coronata) infection was inconsistent, with endophyte increasing rust damage on one occasion and reducing it on another. Cultivar differences in rust infection were greater than endophyte effects. Plants infected with the AR1 endophyte had no detectable ergovaline or lolitrem B in leaf, pseudostem, or dead tissue. In standard infected plants, ergovaline and lolitrem B were highest in pseudostem and considerably lower in leaf. Dead tissue had very low or no detectable ergovaline but high lolitrem B concentrations. Peramine concentration was high and at similar levels in leaf and pseudostem, but not detectable in dead material. Concentration was similar in both AR1 and standard infected plants. Endophyte presence appeared to have a similar effect in the subtropics as has been demonstrated in temperate areas, in terms of improving yields and persistence and increasing tolerance of plants to stress factors.


Objectives . To determine the knowledge and skills of final-year medical students in managing victims of violence against women (VAW), and to describe the extent to which VAW is included in the undergraduate curriculum of the College of Medicine, University of Ibadan.  Method . A mixed-method study design was used that collected qualitative data through a review of curriculum documents and interviews of departmental heads (or their representatives) of 6 departments in the college. A semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from 109 final-year students.  Results . The response rate was 85.1% and respondents' mean age was 25.2±3.1 years. Physical, sexual, psychological and economic abuse was found by 73.8%, 72.6%, 54.8% and 44.0% respectively, of the students. Most students (77.4%) felt it was part of their duty to ask patients about abuse. Students with previous training about violence were more likely to be knowledgeable (odds ratio (OR) 1.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61 - 4.42) and skilled (OR 1.27; 95% CI 0.53 - 3.05). Men had better knowledge and skills than women. VAW was not included as a topic in the curriculum.  Conclusion . Most students were willing to ask patients about abuse but lacked the fundamental knowledge and skills to do so. Faculty at the college agreed to review the curriculum to improve students' knowledge and management skills regarding VAW.


This report draws on the results of several prior studies, all conducted with similar methodology, to characterize the prevalence of employee fatigue in the U.S. railroad industry. Data from logbook surveys of signalmen, maintenance of way workers, dispatchers, and train and engine service employees were combined to examine the relationship between work schedules and sleep patterns. Railroaders make up for lack of sleep on workdays by sleeping longer on rest days. This strategy is used to a greater extent among by certain groups such as signalmen working four 10-hour days, first shift dispatchers, and train and engine service (T&E) workers on jobs with a fixed start time. T&E workers in passenger service with a split assignment have a shorter primary sleep period than those working straight through or working extra board assignments, but they have similar total daily sleep because they sleep during their interim release. Overall, U.S. railroad workers are more likely than U.S. working adults to get less than 7 hours of total sleep on workdays, but railroad workers average more total sleep when sleep on workdays and rest days are combined. According to the FAST software tool, the effectiveness (inverse of fatigue) for each group, based on logbook data for work and sleep, indicates that T&E workers and third shift dispatchers have the most fatigue exposure and passenger T&E workers have the least. Railroad workers in all groups had less fatigue exposure than those involved in human factors accidents.


Background The majority of oral cavity cancers arise in the oral tongue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of tumor budding in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma, both as a separate variable and in combination with depth of invasion. We also assessed the prognostic impact of the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer's TNM classification (TNM8), where depth of invasion (DOI) supplements diameter in the tumor size (T) categorization. Methods Patients diagnosed with primary oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated retrospectively. Spearman bivariate correlation analyses with bootstrapping were used to identify correlation between variables. Prognostic value of clinical and histopathological variables was assessed by Log rank and Cox regression analyses with bootstrapping using 5-year disease specific survival as outcome. The significance level for the hypothesis test was 0.05. Results One-hundred and fifty patients had available material for microscopic evaluation on Hematoxylin and Eosin-stained slides and were included in the analyses. Reclassification of tumors according to TNM8 caused a shift towards a higher T status compared to the previous classification. The tumor budding score was associated with lymph node metastases where 23% of the patients with low-budding tumors had lymph node metastases, compared with 43% of those with high-budding tumors. T-status, lymph node status, tumor budding, depth of invasion, and the combined tumor budding/depth of invasion score were all significantly associated with survival in univariate analyses. In multivariate analyses only N-status was an independent prognosticator of survival. Conclusion Reclassification according to TNM8 shifted many tumors to a higher T-status, and also increased the prognostic value of the T-status. This supports the implementation of depth of invasion to the T-categorization in TNM8. Tumor budding correlated with lymph node metastases and survival. Therefore, information on tumor budding can aid clinicians in treatment planning and should be included in pathology reports of oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas.


Traffic noise and air pollution have been associated with cardiovascular health effects. Until date, only a limited amount of prospective epidemiological studies is available on long-term effects of road traffic noise and combustion related air pollution. This study investigates the relationship between road traffic noise and air pollution and hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease (IHD: International Classification of Diseases (ICD9) 410-414) or cerebrovascular disease (cerebrovascular event [CVE]: ICD9 430-438). We linked baseline questionnaire data to 13 years of follow-up on hospital admissions and road traffic noise and air pollution exposure, for a large random sample (N = 18,213) of inhabitants of the Eindhoven region, Netherlands. Subjects with cardiovascular event during follow-up on average had higher road traffic noise day, evening, night level (L den) and air pollution exposure at the home. After adjustment for confounders (age, sex, body mass index, smoking, education, exercise, marital status, alcohol use, work situation, financial difficulties), increased exposure did not exert a significant increased risk of hospital admission for IHD or cerebrovascular disease. Relative risks (RRs) for a 5 (th) to 95 (th) percentile interval increase were 1.03 (0.88-1.20) for L den; 1.04 (0.90-1.21) for particulate matter (PM 10 ); 1.05 (0.91-1.20) for elemental carbon (EC); and 1.12 (096-1.32) for nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in the full model. While the risk estimate seemed highest for NO 2 , for a 5 (th) to 95 (th) percentile interval increase, expressed as RRs per 1 μg/m 3 increases, hazard ratios seemed highest for EC (RR 1.04 [0.92-1.18]). In the subgroup of study participants with a history of cardiovascular disease, RR estimates seemed highest for noise exposure (1.19 [0.87-1.64] for L den); in the subgroup of elderly RR seemed highest for air pollution exposure (RR 1.24 [0.93-1.66] for NO 2 ).


Ising model as a simplified model of reality, exhibits phase transition. Combinational factor method is a numerical method which is applied for infinite lattices with a limited number of rows or small m. In this work, we used the combinatorial factor method to find the thermodynamic properties of the spin glass (A1-xBx). For simplicity, we supposed that, the spin glass can be considered as one-dimensional lattice with nearest neighbor interactions. For this model, having an exact combinatorial factor and accordingly the corresponding exact energy, the Helmholtz free energy is minimized. Overall, one dimensional spin glass does not show phase transition as like as one-dimensional Ising model. There are same trends in temperature and entropy in this model, in both constant x and f cases, a same trend was seen for maximum of heat capacity (where f is constant, and Coefficient is interaction energies between the nearest neighbor pair of ii.).


Background & Aims: Student satisfaction from preceptor is achieved when the student involves in patient care in clinical setting, he knows himself as part of the treatment team, experiences responsibility and authority, and in fact, encounters with learning outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate nursing students' satisfaction with supervision from preceptors during clinical practice. Material & Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. One hundred and twelve nursing students who had experienced preceptorship program participated in this study. To evaluate the nursing student satisfaction with supervision from preceptors "Nursing Facilitator Clinical Questionnaire" was used. Data were analyzed with ttest, ANOVA and Pearson correlation test by using SPSS version 16. Results: The mean score of nursing student satisfaction from preceptor was 100.25±18.85. There was correlation between nursing student satisfaction from preceptor and age, living place, academic semester, apprenticeship / internship duration, and apprenticeship / internship location (P<0.05). Conclusion: The study underlines that, the students had high satisfaction with supervision from preceptors. It seems that needs to more studies to evaluate effectiveness of this plan in nursing student"s competency


This research article describes experiments using several Asymmetrical Capacitors prototypes (AsC) with the objective to reproduce this unusual physical phenomenon, as well as to show its exceptional characteristics. Some results are published for the first time. The operating voltage was increased up to 31kV using a DC generator. The AsC levitated in every experiment, simultaneously generating a gas current from the lowest superficial area electrode. Although this phenomenon has been known for over one century, its scientific basis remains unknown and there isn't a model that properly explains its behavior under different conditions. It was proved that it works as a conventional electrostatic separator because it eliminated solid particles from a gas sample either confined in a container or flowing, with the advantage of low energy requirements. In the same way, at operating conditions, it produces ozone in a controlled way, as in the corona effect.


Abstract Extensive use of antibiotics in medicine, veterinary practice and animal husbandry has promoted the development and dissemination of bacterial drug resistance. The number of resistant pathogens causing common infectious diseases increases rapidly and creates worldwide public health problem. Commensal bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria of genera Enterococcus and Lactococcus colonizing gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts of humans and animals may act as vehicles of antibiotic resistance genes similar to those found in pathogens. Lactococci and enterococci are widely used in manufacturing of fermented products and as probiotics, therefore monitoring and control of transmissible antibiotic resistance determinants in industrial strains of these microorganisms is necessary to approve their Qualified Presumption of Safety status. Understanding the nature and molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci and lactococci is essential, as intrinsic resistant bacteria pose no threat to environment and human health in contrast to bacteria with resistance acquired through horizontal transfer of resistance genes. The review summarizes current knowledge concerning intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance in Lactococcus and Enterococcus genera, and discusses role of enterococci and lactococci in distribution of this feature.


After more than two decades of war and foreign interventions, including the US-led military campaign following the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, Afghanistan has entered a period of transition and rebuilding. It thus joins a host of other countries - from South Africa to Sierra Leone to East Timor - which have sought in recent years to move from a repressive and violent past to a future based on democracy, the rule of law and respect for fundamental human rights. In this respect, Afghanistan presents one of the most confronting case studies for the field of 'transitional justice'. This article considers the question of how to confront the long history of systematic and widespread violations of international humanitarian and human rights law perpetrated by previous Afghan regimes, warring factions, terrorist groups and other relevant actors (including foreign military personnel). Two general arguments are advanced. First, the scale and scope of atrocities in Afghanistan, combined with the current unstable political and fragmented social environment make the pursuit of both accountability and justice on the one hand and truth and reconciliation on the other extremely problematic, at least at this early stage in the country's transition. Second, the actions of the US, both inside Afghanistan as part of its military campaign against the Taliban and Al Qaeda and in other parts of the world as part of its ongoing war against terrorism, are serving to undermine long-established principles of international humanitarian and human rights law, and threaten to impede the transition to peace, security and the rule of law in Afghanistan. The Article ends with an assessment of both the normative and institutional choices faced by Afghanistan as it begins to navigate the divide between seeking justice for past abuses on the one hand, and dealing with political realities and entrenched power relations on the other.


Context. Upcoming spectroscopic galaxy surveys are extremely promising to help in addressing the major challenges of cosmology, in particular in understanding the nature of the dark universe. The strength of these surveys, naturally described in spherical geometry, comes from their unprecedented depth and width, but an optimal extraction of their three-dimensional information is of utmost importance to best constrain the properties of the dark universe. Aims. Although there is theoretical motivation and novel tools to explore these surveys using the 3D spherical Fourier-Bessel (SFB) power spectrum of galaxy number counts C-l (k; k'), most survey optimisations and forecasts are based on the tomographic spherical harmonics power spectrum C-l((i j)). The goal of this paper is to perform a new investigation of the information that can be extracted from these two analyses in the context of planned stage IV wide-field galaxy surveys. Methods. We compared tomographic and 3D SFB techniques by comparing the forecast cosmological parameter constraints obtained from a Fisher analysis. The comparison was made possible by careful and coherent treatment of non-linear scales in the two analyses, which makes this study the first to compare 3D SFB and tomographic constraints on an equal footing. Nuisance parameters related to a scale-and redshift-dependent galaxy bias were also included in the computation of the 3D SFB and tomographic power spectra for the first time. Results. Tomographic and 3D SFB methods can recover similar constraints in the absence of systematics. This requires choosing an optimal number of redshift bins for the tomographic analysis, which we computed to be N = 26 for z(med) similar or equal to 0.4, N = 30 for z(med) similar or equal to 1.0; and N = 42 for z(med) similar or equal to 1 : 7. When marginalising over nuisance parameters related to the galaxy bias, the forecast 3D SFB constraints are less affected by this source of systematics than the tomographic constraints. In addition, the rate of increase of the figure of merit as a function of median redshift is higher for the 3D SFB method than for the 2D tomographic method. Conclusions. Constraints from the 3D SFB analysis are less sensitive to unavoidable systematics stemming from a redshift- and scale-dependent galaxy bias. Even for surveys that are optimised with tomography in mind, a 3D SFB analysis is more powerful. In addition, for survey optimisation, the figure of merit for the 3D SFB method increases more rapidly with redshift, especially at higher redshifts, suggesting that the 3D SFB method should be preferred for designing and analysing future wide-field spectroscopic surveys. CosmicPy, the Python package developed for this paper, is freely available at https://cosmicpy.github.io


This paper uses the structuralist framework of agriculture-industry synergy in an economy to discuss the performance of the agricultural and industrial sectors in India. The industry – agriculture relationship is argued to be integral to economic development as the agriculture sector supplies raw materials, surplus labour to the industrial sector and acts as a source of demand for industrial goods. However, in India this relationship has been complex. This paper looks at the supply side constraints in the agricultural sector and the demand side constraints in the industrial sector to assess the poor development and growth in the two sectors. It concludes that India has not followed the structuralist pattern of sectoral development and poor agricultural growth has not been conducive for demand led industrialization, adversely affecting factor markets for both labour and land.


The regulation of transcription requires the coordination of numerous activities on DNA, yet it remains poorly understood how transcription factors facilitate these multiple functions. Here we use lattice light-sheet microscopy to integrate single-molecule and high-speed 4D imaging in developing Drosophila embryos to study the nuclear organization and interactions of the key patterning factors Zelda and Bicoid. In contrast to previous studies suggesting stable, cooperative binding, we show that both factors interact with DNA with surprisingly high off-rates. We find that both factors form dynamic subnuclear hubs, and that Bicoid binding is enriched within Zelda hubs. Remarkably, these hubs are both short lived and interact only transiently with sites of active Bicoid dependent transcription. Based on our observations we hypothesize that, beyond simply forming bridges between DNA and the transcription machinery, transcription factors can organize other proteins into hubs that transiently drive multiple activities at their gene targets.


Abstract Ocean warming and acidification may substantially affect the reproduction of keystone species such as Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae). In four consecutive benthic mesocosm experiments, we compared the reproductive biology and quantified the temporal development of Baltic Sea Fucus fertility under the single and combined impact of elevated seawater temperature and pCO2 (1100 ppm). In an additional experiment, we investigated the impact of temperature (0–25°C) on the maturation of North Sea F. vesiculosus receptacles. A marked seasonal reproductive cycle of F. vesiculosus became apparent in the course of 1 year. The first appearance of receptacles on vegetative apices and the further development of immature receptacles of F. vesiculosus in autumn were unaffected by warming or elevated pCO2. During winter, elevated pCO2 in both ambient and warmed temperatures increased the proportion of mature receptacles significantly. In spring, warming and, to a lesser extent, elevated pCO2 accelerated the maturation of receptacles and advanced the release of gametes by up to 2 weeks. Likewise, in the laboratory, maturation and gamete release were accelerated at 15–25°C relative to colder temperatures. In summary, elevated pCO2 and/or warming do not influence receptacle appearance in autumn, but do accelerate the maturation process during spring, resulting in earlier gamete release. Temperature and, to a much lesser extent, pCO2 affect the temporal development of Fucus fertility. Thus, rising temperatures will mainly shift or disturb the phenology of F. vesiculosus in spring and summer, which may alter and/or hamper its ecological functions in shallow coastal ecosystems of the Baltic Sea.


This chapter will provide an overview of the principles of hand therapy intervention used in the treatment of Dupuytren's disease and the evidence to support it. Early disease and impact on hand function is discussed and the rehabilitation process is presented sequentially. It is not intended as a manual to treat Dupuytren's disease. The authors will present usual practice, evidence where available and highlight their preferred treatment. The current topical debate regarding the use of splinting is reported.


For more than 20 years, since 1993, the Hungarian National Institute
of Pharmacy and Nutrition has been conducting a research on the
mechanisms of antitumor activity of light water (deuterium depleted
water – DDW). Long-term randomized clinical trials in numerous treatment
centers in Hungary in compliance with the Good Clinical Practice (GCP)
indicate a high sensitivity of tumor cells to lower levels of deuterium (D) in
the body. The replacement of the ordinary water (D)/H = 140 ppm) by the
"light" one (D/H = 20-105 ppm) is accompanied by a decrease in the size
of the tumor, gradual necrosis of tumor cells, an increase in the median
survival of cancer patients (prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer,
etc.). The content of deuterium in the body at the level of 10-12 mmol is
an order of magnitude higher compared to essential trace elements, which
makes it possible to predict its key role in biochemical processes. Indeed,
mass-spectrometric analysis shows that deuterium bioaccumulation in the
human body depends on its phenotype. In contrast, when drinking water is
replaced with DDW, the deuterium content in aqueous extracts of biological
blood samples, muscle and liver tissues of laboratory animals goes down.
The use of DDW as a prophylactic agent and many experimental results
obtained in vitro and in vivo in China, Japan, the USA, Romania, and the
Russian Federation make it possible to recommend DDW for use as a safe
additional agent in the treatment of cancer.


Background To evaluate the central retinal venous pulsation pressure (CRVPP) in patients with intraocular pressure (IOP)-controlled early, moderate and advanced open-angle glaucoma and a healthy control group. Methods CRVPP was measured with a contact lens dynamometer calibrated in mm Hg (Meditron GmbH, Voelklingen, Germany) in 34 patients with IOP-controlled open-angle glaucoma who were selected consecutively and according to the stage of their visual fields and 27 age-matched healthy controls. If a spontaneous venous pulsation was seen, CRVPP was considered to be equal to IOP. Visual fields were tested with the Humphrey 30-2 SST programme. The ocular perfusion pressure was conventionally calculated as OPP1=2/3MAP − IOP (MAP=systemic mean arterial blood pressure) and, using the measured CRVPP in the formula, as OPP2=2/3MAP − CRVPP. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results Median CRVPP was 14.0 mm Hg (IQR 12.0–16.0) in controls, 15.0 mm Hg (IQR 14.0–17.0) in early, 38.9 mm Hg (IQR 29.9–48.4) in moderate and 34.6 mm Hg (IQR 23.9–51.0) in advanced glaucoma cases. The conventionally calculated OPP1 was 49.8 mm Hg (IQR 42.7–57.6) for controls, 56.9 mm Hg (IQR 55.3–58.8) for early, 56.6 mm Hg (IQR 51.2–64.4) for moderate and 59.3 mm Hg (IQR 53.9–61.6) for advanced cases. OPP2 was equal to OPP1 in the control group, 56.1 mm Hg (IQR 54.5–57.9) in early, 25.1 mm Hg (IQR 15.7–38.6) and 34.2 mm Hg (IQR 20.4–47.5) in moderate and advanced cases. This difference was statistically significant for moderate (OPP2 lower; p=0.003) and advanced (OPP2 lower; p=0.002) cases. Conclusions In more advanced cases of glaucoma, CRVPP seems to be much higher than previously thought. This might further compromise the perfusion pressure in the prelaminar region of the optic nerve head and be of clinical importance, especially in IOP-controlled more advanced cases. This should be considered as a possible risk factor for progression. Trial registration number ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT01503996.


This article is the culmination of field observations, discussions with classroom teachers and a review of the existing research base for meeting the classroom needs of students with attention deficit hyperactive disordered needs. Specifically the article describes strategies that classroom teachers can utilize to better meet the attention needs of their students with attention deficit hyperactive disordered needs. Every strategy is discussed in terms of how the strategy should be implemented and this discussion is followed by a heading in which current research findings that relate to the strategy are briefly discussed. ********** Students labeled attention deficit hyperactive disordered (ADHD) display many characteristics that make the sustaining of attention problematic (Welton, 1999). Some of these characteristics include but are not limited to: (1) often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in schoolwork; (2) often does not follow through on instructions and fails to finish schoolwork; (3) often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly; (4) often has difficulty organizing tasks and activities; and (5) often avoids, dislikes, or is reluctant to engage in tasks that require sustained mental effort such as schoolwork or homework (Accardo, Blondis, Stein, & Whitman, 2000). However, in order to fully understand these characteristics, it is important to first understand the different parts that make-up the process of attention. For example, the process of attention demands that the learner focus that is pick or select something that needs attention. However, in order for the learner to be able to sustain or pay attention for as long as the required task demands, the learner must be able to resist or avoid things that remove his or her attention from where it needs to be. Depending upon the classroom situation, the learner may also need to shift or to move his or her attention to something else when the task demand requires slight modification. In this article, several strategies will be described that can be used by the teacher to better engage the attention of students with ADHD in his or her classroom. These strategies were created after several periods of observing students with ADHD and after several meeting with three classroom teachers that had students labeled as having ADHD in their classrooms. Strategy #1: To increase the use of positive reinforcement This strategy calls the classroom teacher' s attention to the frequency in which the student with ADHD receives negative comments or even punishments. When observing a student labeled ADHD, it was quite common to witness the teacher berating the student for his or her lack of focused attention, talking out of turn as well as participating in distracting behaviors like the clicking of a pen or the bending of a paper clip. However, once the teachers were shown the frequency in which they had delivered negative comments and we had an opportunity to discuss the replacement of these negative comments with positive verbal reinforcement (such as, "You keep improving!"; "Wow, you have completed half of the page, I know you'll get the rest done by the end of the period!"; "Sensational effort, keep up the good work!"). The teachers were truly amazed at the effort the students demonstrated in response to the positive comments was well as a decrease in the frequency in which negative behaviors occurred. Current Research Findings The use of positive verbal praise goes a long way toward fostering better self-esteem for learners with ADHD (McCluskey & McCluskey, 1999). A student's self-esteem or self-worth is fostered when the teacher creates a classroom environment in which the student with ADHD feels his or her efforts will be recognized. Through such recognition, the student with ADHD can perceive that they have competencies and that they will succeed at school-related tasks. …


This guide is a primer on conducting scholarly research remotely, highlighting the most fundamental, important, and most powerful resources available to Sotheby's Institute of Art, New York MA students, faculty, and staff.


Ambient noise Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) technique is commonly used approach to obtain 1D models of the shear-wave velocity in the shallow surface of an investigated area. However, obtained models can have a wide margin of uncertainty if inversions have not been appropriately constrained by detailed stratigraphic information. An application of HVSR inversion constrained by lithostratigraphic data is presented in order to verify the effectiveness of this technique for purposes of geological and geophysical reconstruction of a sedimentary basin in a densely urbanized area. This is often the case of seismic microzonation studies, in which almost all the information derives from near surface stratigraphic drillings, since other geophysical methods are logistically difficult to carry out. In our work, we used stratigraphic constraints derived from 93 superficial bore-holes whose depth rarely exceeds 30 m. In an area called La Bandita, located in Palermo Plain (Sicily, Italy), a geophysical survey was performed by means of 55 microtremor recordings. Part of these was distributed randomly, while others very close to the available stratigraphic perforations. The reconstruction of the stratigraphy in the studied area has been obtained by a review of the main stratigraphic sequences and by a consequent stratigraphic three-dimensional modelling. HVSR curves have been interpreted taking care the thicknesses of the near surface successions derived by the stratigraphic 3-D model. The results, in terms of vertical profiles of the shear-wave velocity, have been interpolated to obtain a 3D seismic model. This has been used to extract basic information to identify and reconstruct the seismic bedrock and the main geological boundaries that were not directly identifiable by means of only stratigraphic logs. It results that the bedrock is affected by a fault system that generated adjacent depressions where Quaternary successions deposited.


When a painting is described in terms of visual noise this is a dimension of its objecthood and, in its reading as an artwork. A riddle champions the agency of the thing to speak for itself. It can tell us its material properties, the process of its manufacture, it's setting and the time in which it exists, its use and its effects. Speaking in the first-person voice of the thing, it is the verbal identity of an object speaking on the occasion of its manufacture and revealing important details about its social and imaginative identities. This being the case, what, if any, assistance can be offered to an artwork, for instance a painting, for it to be listened to?

In a performance developed for Hollybush Gardens' series of events entitled 'Studio' exploring the translation of art from studio to gallery, I proposed myself as a device serving a painting, a painting painted by Sanja Todorovic. Adopting an approach of ecstatic vocal inscription I presupposed that that painting may be read/heard and sought to define a threshold of attention. As a noisy thing jettisoning requirements of quiet contemplation, it seeks to ask who is reading and what is listening?

Hollybush Gardens is a commercial gallery, representing artists with internationally recognised profiles. The performance was subsequently repeated and re-titled 'A Three-Legged Man and Other Inquisitive Fruits' with adaptation to entrance and exit routes for the painting for TORCH (The Oxford Research Centre for Humanities) symposium 'Unruly Emotions' in the Faculty of Music. The performance was a subject in the subsequent panel discussion on the day.
Hollybush Gardens, London performance 29th July 2015
TORCH, Oxford symposium 23rd June 2016


The dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol also acts at the psychotomimetic sigma receptor and has been proposed to act at N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We have investigated the basis of its action at NMDA receptors using native and recombinant receptors and as a function of brain development. Haloperidol inhibits binding of 125I-(+) MK 801 to NMDA receptors formed from NR 1a/2B with high affinity but has lower affinity at receptors formed from NR 1a/2A. No differences are noted between different NR 1 splice variants transfected with NR 2B. Differences are also seen between neonatal receptors and adult receptors; neonatal receptors are inhibited by haloperidol with an IC50 value that is 50 times lower than that of adult receptors. Other agents acting at the sigma receptor inhibit binding of 125I-(+) MK 801 to NMDA receptors, and are slightly more potent at neonatal receptors. However, the rank order of potency for sigma agents at sigma receptors does not match their rank order of potency at NMDA receptors, and the prototypic sigma ligand ditolylguanidine shows no preference between NR 1a/2A and NR 1a/2B receptors. This suggests that haloperidol exerts its effects on the NMDA receptor at a distinct site from the pharmacologically defined sigma receptor. The effects of haloperidol are also modified by spermidine noncompetitively, which differs from the effects of spermidine on ifenprodil-mediated inhibition of NMDA receptors. This suggests that haloperidol interacts with NMDA receptors at a site distinct from the polyamine or ifenprodil sites.


Present higher education reforms in the Nordic countries diminish the role and influence of the state on the governance of higher education institutions. While still providing a framework for the management of higher education, in general, the state supervises rather than controls higher education institutions (HEIs). The rhetoric of change stipulates HEIs to respond to environmental needs, and the external stakeholders often assume greater prominence relative to the internal ones. This development is explained by a paradigmatic shift in the concept of good governance. Furthermore, the Stakeholder Society perspective is used to investigate the changing position and meaning of stakeholders in Nordic higher education.


In this paper we describe a novel data driven spatial filtering technique that can be applied to the ERP analysis in order to find statistically significant hidden differential activations in the EEG data. The technique is based on the known morphological characteristics of the response. Underlying optimization problem is formulated as a generalized Rayleigh quotient maximization problem. We supply our tech-nique with a relevant randomization-based statistical test to assess the significance of the discovered phenomenon. Furthermore, we describe an application of the proposed method to the EEG data acquired in the study devoted to the analysis of the auditory neuroplasticity. We show how the mismatch negativity component, a tiny and short-lasting negative response that hallmarks the novel stimuli activating primary error-detection mechanisms, can be detected after filtration.


The control problem for robot manipulators with flexible joints is considered. The results are based on a recently developed singular perturbation formulation of the manipulator equations of motion where the singular perturbation parameter µ is the inverse of the joint stiffness. For this class of systems it is known that the reduced-order model corresponding to the mechanical system under the assumption of perfect rigidity is globally linearizable via nonlinear static-state feedback, but that the full-order flexible system is not, in general, linearizable in this manner. The concept of integral manifold is utilized to represent the dynamics of the slow subsystem. The slow subsystem reduces to the rigid model as the perturbation parameter µ tends to zero. It is shown that linearizability of the rigid model implies linearizability of the flexible system restricted to the integral manifold. Based on a power series expansion of the integral manifold around µ = 0, it is shown how to approximate the feedback linearizing control to any order in µ. The result is then an approximate feedback linearization which, assuming stability of the fast variables, linearizes the system for all practical purposes.


This research project had its major objective the unequivocal demonstration that the plant growth regulator, abscisic acid could be produced in vitro from labelled precursors. In addition, this project was intended to demonstrate the metabolic relationship between P,pxanthophyll turnover and ABA biosynthesis. Finally attempts were made to isolate the enzyme responsible for the cleavage of the immediate xanthophyll precursor to ABA, 9'-cisneoxanthin. This was achieved using a cell-free system developed from Citrus flavedo which demonstrated formation of xanthoxal and abscisic acid from zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin and neoxanthin. In addition product abscisic acid was shown to incorporate label from mevalonic acid lactone establishing the terpenoid origin of this plant growth regulator. 9'-ds-neoxanthin cleavage enzyme was present in the Citrus cell-free system, partially purified, and separated from lipoxygenase activity and shown to convert 9'-c/5-neoxanthin into xanthoxal and related but unidentified neutral products


Abstract Poor aqueous solubility is one of the key reasons for slow dissolution rate and poor intestinal absorption and finally that causes low therapeutic efficacy of many existing drugs. Tamoxifen citrate (TMX) (BCS Class II drug) with low water solubility has poor oral bioavailability in the range of 20%–30%, therefore, high doses are required for treatment with TMX. Self-assemblage of amphiphilic polymers leads to the formation of polymeric micelles which makes them unique nano-carriers with excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity, enhanced blood circulation time, and solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs. In this study poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) triblock copolymer, which has been approved by FDA for oral application was used to benefit its micellar solubilization effect. Self-assembled micelles were prepared for the delivery of TMX and this way TMX solubility was increased approximately 60 times. TMX-treated cells showed 38.06 ± 1.5% viability at 50 µM concentration for 24 h; 66.71 ± 11.6% viability at 25 µM concentration for 48 h, at the same conditions TMX-loaded micelles exhibited 24.994 ± 0.25% and 43.36 ± 4.37% cell viability, respectively (p < 0.05). These results showed that the encapsulation of TMX into PEG-PPG-PEG micelles facilitated the cellular uptake, which led to an increased cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cancer cells. Tablet formulation containing lyophilized TMX-loaded micelles was showed an improved dissolution than commercial TMX tablet (Tamoxifen® TEVA). It can be reasonably expected that the obtained drug dissolution rate and increased cytotoxicity to tumor cells will result in an increase of TMX bioavailability and tolerability associated with an important dose reduction and decreased side effects.


The ASEAN member countries can be grouped into three sub-groups, each of which exhibits a distinct pattern with respect to food security issues. The first group is made up of the relatively food-secure countries of Singapore and Brunei. The second group consists of Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam. In these countries, except for Vietnam, agriculture has contributed a declining share in GDP, employment, and international trade. In addition, food habits in these countries have changed dramatically in recent decades. The third group is composed of Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar—economies in transition that require special attention. A simple exercise shows that the area can collectively achieve food security via trade in rice and maize. Trade facilitation measures and the harmonization/equivalency of food regulation and control standards will reduce the cost of trade in food products. While specialization and revealed comparative and competitive indices point to complementarities between trade patterns among the ASEAN member countries, intra-ASEAN trade in agriculture is quite small. However, integration could address this problem. Further, if integration is to be used as a venue for ensuring food security, the member countries must agree on what food security collectively means to them, and what food items are important to each of them and the region, in general, so that regional integration and cooperation under the auspices of ASEAN can be promoted.


Electromechanical impedance-based (EMI) damage detection techniques are based on the capability of piezoelectric materials to act as sensors and actuators and they have contributed to the development of structural health monitoring (SHM) systems. Classic techniques use a PZT (Pb-lead Zirconate Titanite) transducer attached to the monitored structure and measure the impedance signature of the couple PZT-Structure. However, EMI based techniques are depending of different factors such as frequency range, number of PZT, ambient temperature, type of structure, among others. Thus, in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of EMI-based methods, it is necessary to carry out practical experiments, which is not a trivial task when such factors have to be considered. Therefore, in this paper, it is presented an EMI-based finite element (FE) model developed using PZFlex® software, which is based on FE. Two different structures were simulated and evaluated: a rectangular aluminum plate and a steel pipe. Simulated results were compared with practical ones and show that the proposed model can be a powerful tool for developing EMI-based SHM techniques.


Water retention in reservoirs and concentrated turbine operations allow electricity to be produced on demand. Sudden opening and closing of the turbines can produce highly unsteady flow conditions in the river downstream of the tailrace channel, the so-called hydropeaking. Mitigating its adverse impacts on the aquatic ecosystems has become a mandatory requirement in today's water policies in many countries. Existing facilities are being 'rehabilitated' for habitat improvement or restoration, and new facilities designed with a focus on habitat conservation. However, there are regions still suffering from a lack of experience in respect of hydropowerrelated ecological challenges and little scientific knowledge available on local ecosystems. The paper presents two selected projects of hydropeaking mitigation in Switzerland: the Mauvoisin II scheme extension according to project specific design guidelines and the Plessur hydropower scheme according to today's mitigation policy. For both projects the context, the evaluation procedure as well as the findings are given and compared, covering a wide range of feasible solutions. Understanding the specific behaviour of local species is the starting point in order to address the unique needs for each and every project. However, the approach how to define the best performing intervention strategy can be defined and will be presented in the paper, considering the lessons learnt from hydropeaking mitigation projects.


A connection spanning, for example, several countries crosses multiple optical backbone networks, each one controlled by different administrators or operators. In this context, the interworking of these networks is thus necessary to set up end-to-end optical connections. A key issue when delivering such optical services is the use of efficient and fast restoration strategies to recover a connection disruption. To this end, there are several issues and policies that a network operator should address, such as interdomain failure information exchange and the point of repair (PoR) placement problem. Upon a failure's occurrence, exchanging interdomain failure information results is essential to attain both an efficient use of the network resources (i.e., wavelength channels) and a fast restoration time. In this regard, within the GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching) framework, interdomain information exchange remains unstandardized. Three network operator policies are proposed to yield different restoration mechanisms according to different interdomain failure exchanges. Additionally, three PoR strategies are pointed out and are qualitatively compared. Finally, selected policies and restoration strategies are experimentally validated and compared in terms of the restoration time. Experiments have been carried out over a multidomain optical network infrastructure connecting the GMPLS-based control planes of the UPC CARISMA and the CTTC ADRENALINE test beds.


Entering the new year of 2014 the Kingdom of Tonga had enough to worry about; a local economy choking to near death and a finance minister sacked and replaced in a political spectacle leaving the public baffled over what went wrong between him and the Prime Minister (Fayle, 2014; Lopeti, 2014c; Fonua, 2014b).  People uttered they looked forward to the end of year election tentatively set for Thursday November 27th.  The 2010 register of around forty thousand voters had increased at the 2014 intake by four thousand, mostly voters who had turned the age of suffrage at twenty one years old.  The chorus call from the masses was simple, vote them out.  Then Cyclone Ian struck on Saturday 11 January 2014 aggravating Tonga's money shortage.
Journalist Pesi Fonua wrote "the impact on the Tongan economy of the cyclone and the salary rise for civil servants at this point of time is a matter of great concern" (Fonua, 2014a).  He was right.  The state and taxpayers could not afford economic recovery from Tonga's cruellest cyclone, a symptom of climate change, let alone paying for a 5% rise in the cost of living allowance for public servants.  As the national debt distress sore became inflamed the Public Service Association decided it was the right time to fight cabinet for a 22% living allowance rise because 5% was not enough (Lopeti, 2014a).  This essay asks a pointed question.  Leading up to the general election of November 2014, how was cyclone politicking being manoeuvred to sway the way people would vote?


We quantify the widespread and significant economic impact of first impressions and confirmation bias in the financial advice market. We use a theoretical learning model and new experimental data to measure how these biases can evolve over time and change clients' willingness to pay advisers. Our model demonstrates that clients' confirmation bias will reinforce the effect of first impressions. Our results also lend support, in a new financial context, to theoretical models of learning under limited memory where people use unclear signals to confirm and reinforce their current beliefs. We find that almost two thirds of the participants in our experiment make choices that are consistent with a limited memory updating process: they interpret unclear advice to be good advice when it comes from the adviser they prefer. Our results show that models that account for behavioral factors such as confirmation bias may be needed to explain some financial decisions.


All transportation sectors, in many countries of the world have shown problems related to the presence of snow on roads. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the performances of a snow blower prototype that can be attached in front of different commercial vehicle types (quad-bike, car, and small tractor) specifically developed for urban areas and private use. The prototype was tested using three different pavement types (bare soil, concrete, and asphalt) and with different snow layer thickness (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mm). The highest forward speed (2.51 km h–1) was obtained using the car on asphalt pavement working with a snow layer thickness of 50 mm. In contrast, the lowest forward speed (0.28 km h–1) was observed when the prototype was fixed to the quad-bike and it worked on concrete base with a snow depth of 300 mm. The forward speed, and consequently also the productivity, varied only as a function of snow thickness. The prototype has demonstrated functional quality in all testing conditions leaving only a snow residue after its passage of about 0.18 dm3 on 100 meter of road. The hourly fuel consumption varied between 6.56 and 6.68 litres highlighting an average specific fuel consumption of 319.5 g kWh–1. The snow blower prototype, as it demonstrated good performance in all tested working conditions, seems to be a valid solution in snow-removal especially in private areas where the equipment versatility plays a fundamental rule.


- In the last years, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have gained increasing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-powered devices, the critical aspects to face concern how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes, so that the network lifetime can be extended to reasonable times. In this paper we first break down the energy consumption for the components of a typical sensor node, and discuss the main directions to energy conservation in WSNs. Then, we present a systematic and comprehensive taxonomy of the energy conservation schemes, which are subsequently discussed in depth. Special attention has been devoted to promising solutions which have not yet obtained a wide attention in the literature, such as techniques for energy efficient data acquisition. Finally we conclude the paper with insights for research directions about energy conservation in WSNs.


In this article, Ardice Hartry, Robert Fitzgerald, and Kristie Porter present results from their implementation study of a structured reading program for fourth, fifth, and sixth graders in an afterschool setting. As the authors explain, schools and districts often view an extended school day as a promising way to address the literacy needs of their lowest-performing students by devoting more time to reading instruction. While structured reading programs may help teachers use afterschool instructional time more effectively, the degree to which these programs improve student outcomes depends on the effectiveness of their implementation. Focusing on program implementation in one district as part of a randomized controlled trial, the authors find that successfully implementing a structured reading program in an afterschool setting depends on thoughtful preparation, suitable resources, and ongoing attention.


In the midst of unprecedented knowledge generation in the field of education, the definition of learning disabilities and the methods used for its identification have essentially remained the same for nearly 30 years. Working from a sociohistorical perspective, the authors' distinct professional positions within education (university academic, federal program officer, and school administrator) serve as the lenses to examine the constancy of the official definition and the means for the identification of learning disabilities relative to changes throughout the historical chronologies of educational theory, policy, and practice. The concept of context as that which weaves is used to illustrate the relationships across several historical episodes.


people with disabilities encounter a number of barriers as they make the decision to enter or re-enter the workplace. Some of these barriers might be described as external as they involve environmental and workplace supports such as transportation, accommodations, and job opportunities (Loprest & Maag, 2001). Other barriers might be described as internal, as they involve self-perceptions regarding adequacy of work experience, work skills, and vocational beliefs that are necessary considerations and influences in the job search process (Bolton, 1983; Belgrave & Walker, 1991; Corbiere, Mercier & Lesage, 2004). Whatever the locus of these barriers, there is ample evidence that they may represent impediments to work. For example, despite the increase in general employment rates over the past ten years, adults with disabilities continue to lag behind their nondisabled counterparts in terms of hours worked, wages earned, and unemployment and under-employment rates. In these areas, men and women who report a work limitation earn an average of 46% of their nondisabled counterparts' earnings; and report an unemployment rate of almost 81% compared to 23% of those without a work limitation (Houtenville, 2006). In response to these employment disparities for people with disabilities, a number of studies have investigated various aspects associated with positive employment outcomes. They include research on personality and psychological attributes (Asbury, Walker, Maholmes, Green & Belgrave, 1994; McShane & Karp, 1993), demographic and disability characteristics (Capella, 2003; Marshak, Bostick & Turton, 1990; James, DeVivo, & Richards, 1993; Moore, 2002), and employer attitudes and workplace issues (Gouvier, Sytsma-Jordan, & Mayville, 2003; Kenny, 1998), among others. Despite the number of studies, findings have been inconclusive due, in part, to the multivariate nature of the variables involved and the lack of theoretical grounding of the studies (Saunders, Leahy, McGlynn & Estrada-Hernandez, 2006). One area that has received considerably less attention in terms of understanding career-related behavior is how perceived barriers influence pursuit of career goals. Lent, Brown and Hackett (2000) describe career barriers as objective (e.g., socioeconomic status) or perceived (e.g., gender bias); similarly Crites (1969) described career barriers as external or internal. From this theoretical perspective, perceived career barriers represent "events or conditions either within the person or in his or her environment that make career progress difficult" (Swanson & Woitke, 1997; p. 434). Kenny and her colleagues (Kenny, Blustein, Chaves, Grossman & Gallgher, 2003) view constructs such as career barriers within a dynamic person/environment process, where an individual "actively processes and gives meaning to environment experience and acts on these interpretations in ways that further shape the environment" (p. 142). For example, if an individual with a disability anticipates encountering stigma in the workplace, his or her subsequent behavior toward co-workers may reflect this expectation, which in turn may affect co-worker behavior. Perceived career barriers have been found to have considerable influence over various career-related behaviors of diverse groups, including women, ethnic minorities, college students, urban adolescents, and individuals with disabilities (e.g., Bishop, 2002; Brooks, Martin, Ortiz, & Veniegua, 2004; Fouad & Byars-Winston, 2005; Gutman, McKay, Ketterlinus, & McLellen, 2003; Lopez & Ann-Yi, 2006; Kenny et al., 2003). The concept of perceived career barriers was first explored as a factor that might help explain career choices of women, particularly regarding their under-representation in science and technology careers (Lent et al., 2000; Swanson, Daniels & Tokar, 1996). In 1997, Swanson and Woitke suggested that perceived barriers affect both career choices and performance for women. …


Robert Tuck examines the Meiji reception of the Heian scholar and poet Sugawara no Michizane (845–903) to outline the development of several influential modern narratives of Sino-Japanese literary relations. Beginning with the views of Michizane held by Edo-period Confucian scholars, he proceeds to cover key debates among Meiji scholars concerning Michizane as an icon of imperial loyalty and as a kanshi poet of "utmost sincerity" (shisei). In the 1890s literary scholars attacked all Heian kanshi writing as insincere and formalistic, but from 1902, the one-thousandth anniversary of Michizane's death, other scholars made Michizane the focus of a new narrative in which Japan overcame the linguistic obstacles of literary Chinese and domesticated kanshi. By analyzing Meiji scholars' discourse on Michizane, Tuck reveals the cultural and ideological currents that continue to influence narratives of Sino-Japanese literary history to the present day.


This paper deals with the numerical analysis of a system of second order in time partial differential equations modeling the vibrations of a coupled system that consists of an elastic solid in contact with an inviscid compressible fluid. We analyze a weak formulation with the unknowns in both media being the respective displacement fields. For its numerical approximation, we propose first a semidiscrete in space discretization based on standard Lagrangian elements in the solid and Raviart–Thomas elements in the fluid. We establish its well-posedness and derive error estimates in appropriate norms for the proposed scheme. In particular, we obtain an $\mathrm L^{\infty }(\mathrm L^2)$ optimal rate of convergence under minimal regularity assumptions of the solution, which are proved to hold for appropriate data of the problem. Then we consider a fully discrete approximation based on a family of implicit finite difference schemes in time, from which we obtain optimal error estimates for sufficiently smooth solutions. Finally, we report some numerical results, which allow us to assess the performance of the method. These results also show that the numerical solution is not polluted by spurious modes as is the case with other alternative approaches.


[Excerpt] The Justice for Janitors campaign was conceived during a bitter labor dispute with Pittsburgh's Mellon Bank which started late in 1985. Mellon Bank, having just renewed an Service Employees International Union collective-bargaining agreement, replaced their former cleaning contractor with a nonunion company. The new contractor refused to honor the Mellon-SEIU labor accord and was willing to hire only half of Mellon's 80 janitors on a part-time basis with a substantial pay cut and no benefits. Mellon disclaimed any responsibility, stating that the dispute was strictly between the new cleaning contractor and the janitors. In response the SEIU called a strike, filed unfair labor practice charges with the NLRB and began an active media campaign against Mellon. The strike was settled in September 1987 when the NLRB ruled Mellon to be a "co-employer" of the janitors. Mellon subsequently agreed to reinstate janitors under the union contract and to pay $750,000 in back wages (Wright 1987).


Motivated by mixed findings in the auditing literature about the importance of related party transactions as red flags indicating potential fraud, this study examines 83 SEC enforcement actions involving both fraud and related party transactions. In addition to comparing the characteristics of firms in this sample with firms examined in other fraud studies, we describe generally how each type of related party transaction might potentially be used to misstate financial reports and then document the types of related party transactions actually occurring in these fraud cases. Overall, the most frequent type of transactions in the enforcement actions were loans to related parties, payments to company officers for services that were either unapproved or non-existent, and sales of goods or services to related entities in which the existence of the relationship was not disclosed. Misappropriation of the company's assets are most often related to transactions where the cash flow is outward, while instances of misstatement of financial reports are more often related to transactions where the cash flow is expected to be inward. Generally, related party transactions are not necessary as mechanisms for fraud, and their presence need not indicate fraudulent financial reporting. An implication is that it is important for the auditing profession to understand the benign nature of most related party transactions, the differentiating features between benign and fraudulent transactions, and the importance of evaluating a company's related party transactions in light of its broader corporate governance structure.


The high oleic (C18:1) phenotype in peanuts has been previously demonstrated to result from a homozygous recessive genotype (ol1ol1ol2ol2) in two homeologous fatty acid desaturase genes (FAD2A and FAD2B) with two key SNPs. These mutant SNPs, specifically G448A in FAD2A and 442insA in FAD2B, significantly limit the normal function of the desaturase enzyme activity which converts oleic acid into linoleic acid by the addition of a second double bond in the hydrocarbon chain. Previously, a genotyping assay was developed to detect wild type and mutant alleles in FAD2B. A realtime PCR assay has now been developed to detect wild type and mutant alleles (G448A) in FAD2A using either seed or leaf tissue. This assay was demonstrated to be applicable for the detection of homozygous and heterozygous samples. The FAD2A genotyping assay was validated by employing gas chromatography (GC) to determine total fatty acid composition and by genotyping peanut lines that have been well characterized. Overall, development of rapid assays such as real-time PCR which can identify key genotypes associated with important agronomic traits such as oleic acid, will improve breeding efficiency by targeting desirable genotypes at early stages of development.


Voluntary end of male pig castration is expected in the EU in the near future, but standard immunocastration (IC) protocols need to be adapted for Iberian (IB) pig males due to their long life cycle. Our team developed a 3-dose protocol that needs a further adjustment to suit montanera (MT; free-range acorn feeding) chronology. Our hypothesis is that improving homogeneity of body condition at the start of MT will enhance and homogenize testicular atrophy. Pure IB males (n=35) reared in extensive system were feed-restricted during the growth phase (pre-montanera) as usual. Of these animals, Control pigs (C; n=18) were immunized against GnRH at 10.5, 12 and 13.5 months (m)of age. Treated pigs (T; n=17) were immunized at 10.5, 11.5 and 13 m, with a 15-day ad libitum (AL) feeding period starting at the 3rd dose. Both groups started the MT period at 13.5 m, coinciding with the 3rd dose of C and the end of the AL period of T, and both were slaughtered at 16 m. To further validate the effect of nutritional level, an additional group was fed ad libitum during growth and finishing phases with commercial feedstuff in a regular outdoor rearing system (Adlib; n=15 IB x Duroc males), with the vaccinations taking place at 8, 9 and 11 m and slaughter at 13 m (earlier, due to genotype and unrestricted feeding). Testes and epidydimides were significantly smaller in Adlib and T than C pigs. Similarly, bulbourethral glands were significantly smaller in T than C pigs. Testes parenchyme color "a" (green to red) was highly correlated (r=0.87) with testes weight. Backfat androstenone and skatole were below detection limits for all the animals. Foreleg, loin and prime-cut yields were significantly greater for Adlib than for C and T pigs. In conclusion, nutritional level can be used to improve the efficacy of male IC, and testes colorimetry can be used to monitor this efficacy.


The estimation of kernel-smoothed relative risk functions is a useful approach to examining the spatial variation of disease risk. Though there exist several options for performing kernel density estimation in statistical software packages, there have been very few contributions to date that have focused on estimation of a relative risk function per se. Use of a variable or adaptive smoothing parameter for estimation of the individual densities has been shown to provide additional benefits in estimating relative risk and specific computational tools for this approach are essentially absent. Furthermore, little attention has been given to providing methods in available software for any kind of subsequent analysis with respect to an estimated risk function. To facilitate analyses in the field, the R package sparr is introduced, providing the ability to construct both fixed and adaptive kernel-smoothed densities and risk functions, identify statistically significant fluctuations in an estimated risk function through the use of asymptotic tolerance contours, and visualize these objects in flexible and attractive ways.


In order to define the permeability barrier to hydrophilic molecules in mycobacteria, we used as a model a smooth, beta-lactamase-producing strain of Mycobacterium chelonei. The rates of hydrolysis of eight cephalosporins by intact and sonicated cells were measured, and the permeability coefficient (P) was calculated from these rates by the method of Zimmermann and Rosselet (W. Zimmermann and A. Rosselet, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 12:368-372, 1977). P ranged from (0.9 +/- 0.3) x 10(-8) (benzothienylcephalosporin) to (10 +/- 3.3) x 10(-8) cm/s (cephaloridine); i.e., the P values were lower than those reported for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli by 1 and 3 orders of magnitude, respectively. The permeability barrier was shown to reduce drastically the stream of drug molecules entering the cell, allowing the rather low level of beta-lactamase (0.1 U/mg of protein with penicillin G) to decrease radically the concentration of the drug at the target; this explains the poor in vitro activities of the beta-lactams against M. chelonei. We also estimated P for small, hydrophilic molecules (glucose, glycerol, glycine, leucine), by studying their uptake kinetics. The values found, ranging from 15 x 10(-8) to 490 x 10(-8) cm/s, were consistent again with a very low permeability of M. chelonei cell wall. The permeation of cephalosporins was not very dependent on the hydrophobicity of the molecules or on the temperature, suggesting a hydrophilic pathway of penetration for these molecules.


In 2018 the DGS-Korpus project published the first full release of the Public DGS Corpus. This event marked a change of focus for the project. While before most attention had been on increasing the size of the corpus, now an increase in its depth became the priority. New data formats were added, corpus annotation conventions were released and OpenPose pose information was published for all transcripts. The community and research portal websites of the corpus also received upgrades, including persistent identifiers, archival copies of previous releases and improvements to their usability on mobile devices.The research portal was enhanced even further, improving its transcript web viewer, adding a KWIC concordance view, introducing cross-references to other linguistic resources of DGS and making its entire interface available in German in addition to English. This article provides an overview of these changes, chronicling the evolution of the Public DGS Corpus from its first release in 2018, through its second release in 2019 until its third release in 2020.


We describe methods for predicting cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism incorporating both pathway-specific reactivity and isoform-specific accessibility considerations. Semiempirical quantum mechanical (QM) simulations, parametrized using experimental data and ab initio calculations, estimate the reactivity of each potential site of metabolism (SOM) in the context of the whole molecule. Ligand-based models, trained using high-quality regioselectivity data, correct for orientation and steric effects of the different CYP isoform binding pockets. The resulting models identify a SOM in the top 2 predictions for between 82% and 91% of compounds in independent test sets across seven CYP isoforms. In addition to predicting the relative proportion of metabolite formation at each site, these methods estimate the activation energy at each site, from which additional information can be derived regarding their lability in absolute terms. We illustrate how this can guide the design of compounds to overcome issues with rapid CYP metabolism.


The conflict in Mangaung on 27 October 1957 was not the first of its kind in the township. Ethnic clashes had been reported at two previous occasions. These clashes were summarily ascribed to ethnic animosities between the Basuto and factions of the Nguni people, more in particular the Bhaca and the Zulu, being migrant workers. In fact, the Mangaung conflict, like the Sotho conflicts on South African mines, had nothing to do with any traditional history of hostility between two or more ethnicities, nor with the misuse of liquor or the company of immoral women, but had a very great deal to do with the tensions arising between exceptionally oppressed workers and relatively favoured ones within the local industrial environment. The city councillors and municipal officials, amidst limited working opportunities, deliberately manipulated the Basuto and Nguni factions on the basis of job differentiation, which amounted to the oppression of these ethnic factions. Circumstances of secondary importance contributing to the Mangaung conflict were the dislocated social life of the Nguni and Basuto factions and lack of proper accommodation and cooking and recreational facilities. Ostensibly the local authorities did not realise the serious impact which their unnatural living conditions exercised on their minds that had already been deeply afflicted by the unfair work divisions of their employers.


In this analysis Morris Goldstein examines currency regime choices for emerging economies that are heavily involved with private capital markets. The author argues that the best regime choice for such economies would be managed floating plus, where "plus" is shorthand for a framework that includes inflation targeting and aggressive measures to discourage currency mismatching. Goldstein argues that if managed floating were enhanced in this way, it would retain the desirable features of a flexible rate regime while addressing the nominal anchor and balance-sheet problems that have historically underpinned a "fear of floating" and handicapped the performance of managed floating in emerging economies. The author also shows why managed floating plus is superior to four alternative currency-regime options--an adjustable peg system, a "BBC (basket, band, crawl) regime," a currency board, and dollarization.


We study the computational complexity of the FO model checking problem on interval graphs, i.e., intersection graphs of intervals on the real line. The main positive result is that this problem can be solved in time O(n logn) for n-vertex interval graphs with representations containing only intervals with lengths from a prescribed finite set. We complement this result by showing that the same is not true if the lengths are restricted to any set that is dense in some open subset, e.g., in the set (1, 1+e).


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY * CPAs CAN USE THEIR UNDERSTANDING of business structures, familiarity with financial reports and disciplined, analytic thinking to succeed at other endeavors. Those who have launched alternative or auxiliary careers emphasize the resources being a CPA can offer. * A SELDOM-TOUTED ASSET OF BEING A CPA, particularly in public practice, is that accountants have a window into diverse client companies. They're aware of the most profitable ones, those that are interesting and those whose owners want to sell. * DUE DILIGENCE FOR CONSIDERING a new enterprise should include not only looking at the financials but also within yourself. Professionals who are considering a big change should consult advisers, family and perhaps a business coach and carefully think through their goals before making a decision. * CPAs CAN USE THEIR SKILLS as a foundation for preparing a company's business plan, streamlining management, organizing finances more effectively, ramping up marketing efforts and initiating other steps that will optimize productivity and profitability. * PRACTITIONERS SHOULDNT UNDERTAKE a big change without researching the market, having capital for the long haul, having a network of professional and personal support and caring about what they propose to do. * CPAs WHO ARE SATISFIED doing what they do can relax and enjoy the fact that they have an even wider range of professional options than they thought. In this faster, leaner, meaner modern world, many professionals--by choice or necessity--will have more than one career before they reach retirement (and perhaps even another one after). Fortunately, the skills that make for being a successful CPA are an excellent foundation for a segue into another enterprise if the economic winds or your heart changes. Young practitioners can capitalize on the field's broad-based financial knowledge to seize an entrepreneurial opportunity, and all CPAs can use their understanding of business structures, familiarity with financial reports, exposure to management styles and disciplined, analytical thinking to succeed at other endeavors. This article will help you answer key questions such as: What are my goals? What are my choices? Should I buy a business or start a new one? What pitfalls should I be aware of? It also profiles a few practitioners who have launched alternative or auxiliary careers. Their experiences show some of the opportunities available to CPAs and point out skills they found useful. DECIDE WHAT MOTIVATES YOU One seldom-touted asset of being a CPA, particularly in public practice, is that you have a window into diverse client companies. You're aware of the most profitable ones, those that interest you and those whose owners want to sell. Sometimes a good opportunity just comes your way--perhaps a client asks you to work for or buy into his or her company or a spin-off, a former colleague mentions an interesting business is for sale or you hear about a lead at a chamber of commerce meeting. Due diligence should include looking not only at the financials but also at yourself. Consult your advisers, family and perhaps a business coach and drink through your goals. Answer questions such as * What would I accomplish by making a career change? If your aim is to broaden your professional scope, starting your own firm or adding a business valuation, technology consulting or personal financial planning niche may bring new depth to your career (see AICPA Resources, page 55). If it's to pursue deferred dreams, another kind of change may be right for you. * Is my job likely to be downsized? If the answer is yes, develop a fallback plan. * What would I enjoy doing--and where? When you visualize the answer to this, pay attention to what you're most excited about. Is it spending more time with people, earning more money, working in a new occupation, serving the public good, seeing direct results from your work, having more time to pursue special interests or something else? …


The literature has always pointed out that social enterprise (SE) worker have a specific motivational profile compared to their counterparts in for-profit organizations (FPOs). Usually, SE workers have been identified as being intrinsically motivated. Nevertheless, the interpretation of what covers intrinsic motivation remains ambiguous in the literature on SEs. Hence, the first objective of this article is to use both economic and psychological literature in order to understand the exact nature of motivation to work for an SE. We propose that rather than considering the motivation to work in SEs as intrinsic, it should be considered as prosocial. Further, the self-determination theory allows for the understanding that prosocial motivation may be based on different types of extrinsic regulation (introjected – identified – integrated) but not on intrinsic motivation. The second aim of this article is to propose a discussion on managerial practices related to this new conceptualization. In particular, we discuss the practices that SEs might use, on the one hand, to attract and select workers who are motivated by their social mission, and on the other hand, to sustain and favor their employees' motivation over time.


The pressure on the base of a vehicle is a major contributor to the aerodynamic drag of all practical vehicle geometries, and for some vehicles, such as an SUV, it is particularly important because it can account for up to 50% of the overall drag. Understanding the mechanisms that influence the base pressure and developing our simulation tools to ensure that base pressure is accurately predicted are essential requirements for the vehicle design and engineering process.

This paper reports an experimental study to investigate the base pressure on a specifically designed generic SUV model. The results from ¼ scale wind tunnel tests include force and moment data, surface pressures over the base region and particle image velocimetry (PIV) in the wake.

Results are presented for the vehicle in different ride height, underfloor roughness and wheel configurations and the paper includes some description of the experimental errors. Some initial CFD simulations are also reported.


Endophytic Trichoderma isolates collected in tropical environments were evaluated for biocontrol activity against Phytophthora capsici in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum). Six isolates were tested for parasitic and antimicrobial activity against P. capsici and for endophytic and induced resistance capabilities in pepper. Isolates DIS 70a, DIS 219b, and DIS 376f were P. capsici parasites, while DIS 70a, DIS 259j, DIS 320c, and DIS 376f metabolites inhibited P. capsici. All six isolates colonized roots but were inefficient stem colonizers. DIS 259j, DIS 320c, and DIS 376f induced defense-related expressed sequence tags (EST) in 32-day-old peppers. DIS 70a, DIS 259j, and DIS 376f delayed disease development. Initial colonization of roots by DIS 259j or DIS 376f induced EST with potential to impact Trichoderma endophytic colonization and disease development, including multiple lipid transferase protein (LTP)-like family members. The timing and intensity of induction varied between isolates. Expression of CaLTP-N, encoding a LTP-like protein in pepper, in N. benthamiana leaves reduced disease development in response to P. nicotianae inoculation, suggesting LTP are functional components of resistance induced by Trichoderma species. Trichoderma isolates were endophytic on pepper roots in which, depending on the isolate, they delayed disease development by P. capsici and induced strong and divergent defense reactions.


This thesis explores the lived experience of race in different everyday spaces. It draws on three case studies documented between March 2011 and December 2014 and is grounded in my personal experiences in Melbourne, a city considered one of the most multicultural in Australia. It examines how colour-blindness, a 'post-racial' idea that mainly characterises a denial of race, promotes racism through the everyday interactions of bodies in everyday spaces. It argues that colour-blindness takes away our ability to talk back to race and thus perpetuates the continued invisible ways people experience racism today. Colour-blindness explains racism as a personal, individual problem of people who focus on race or "see" colour. Consequently, it obscures acts of embodied racism even as it sustains the visibility and invisibility of particular bodies in particular spaces. The thesis examines the complex relationship between racial visibility and invisibility and how colour-blindness acts as a mechanism by which these two phenomena are produced and maintained. The thesis posits a link between race, bodies and space that uncovers some of the ways race continues to evolve and adapt itself to the present. The spatial framework I propose suggests that colour-blindness, micro-aggressions and new forms and practices of racism, become mapped onto spaces through interactions between bodies within these spaces. This means wherever there are bodies in space, there will be reproductions of racism. The spatial framework further shows how contemporary ideas about race such as colour-blindness, which deny race's existence or impact, only work to conceal the continuation of racism. The denial of the racist experiences of ordinary individuals in normal day-to-day spaces and situations must be accounted for in theory, as they are critical to understanding how the concept of race maintains its powerful hold on society. This approach is consistent with Feagin and Sikes (1994) and feminist writers like Sara Ahmed, Jackie Stacey, Gargi Bhattacharyya and bell hooks who all approach theory from the sphere of experience and seek to make visible the lived aspects of social, cultural and political ideologies. The thesis argues that the experience of being raced means one is never able to avoid the produced effect of racism no matter how intent is categorised. One of the central problems is that the mobilisation of race in everyday spaces involves the way it is mobilised within those who are raced. It promotes the idea that racism is a problem that is internal rather than generated through interactions between bodies and between bodies and spaces. Understanding the specificity of racism demands that we have a clear awareness of the processes that enable it to remain a problem in the 21st century. My thesis, through the use of a methodology that centres on everyday embodied experience as an epistemological method of extrapolating and explaining the complexity of the importance of knowing race while questioning the viability of racism, addresses the gap in accounting for the continuity of racism.


Nitriding and oxidising treatments of alloys for toolingpurposes have been investigated both experimentally andtheoretically. Specimens prepared by a combination of differentprocessing steps are investigated by light-optical, scanningand transmission electron microscopy and hardness measurments.The bounds of carbon and nitrogen concentration profiles duringnitriding are obtained from simulations using the DICTRA code.As a result, a new processing route to produce oxide-dispersediron-base alloys with large volume fraction of carbides issuggested. On the theoretical side the methods based on the random walktechnique have been investigated and developed further. The newmethods have been applied to study a vide range of phenomenae.g. internal oxidation, diffusion in inhomogeneous media,phase transformations and formation of porosity due to theKirkendall effect in welded joints. Probability distributionsare introduced to replace random number generators in order toincrease computational efficiency. A general method to simulatediffusional phase transformations in multicomponent systems isdeveloped and applied to ternary alloys.


Nano-powders of BaTiO3, SrTiO3, Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3, a mixture of the composition (BaTiO3)0.6(SrTiO3)0.4 with particle sizes in the range of 60 to 80 nm, and Bi4Ti3O12 with an average particle size of 100 nm were consolidated by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The kinetics of reaction, densification and grain growth were studied. An experimental procedure is outlined that allows the determination of a "kinetic window" within which dense nano-sized compacts can be prepared. It is shown that the sintering behaviour of the five powders varies somewhat, but is generally speaking fairly similar. However, the types of grain growth behaviour of these powders are quite different, exemplified by the observation that the kinetic window for the (BaTiO3)0.6(SrTiO3)0.4 mixture is 125 oC, ~75 oC for Bi4Ti3O12, ~25oC for BaTiO3 and SrTiO3, while it is hard to observe an apparent kinetic window for obtaining nano-sized compacts of Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3. During the densification of the (BaTiO3)0.6(SrTiO3)0.4 mixture the reaction 0.6BaTiO3+0.4SrTiO3 → Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 takes place, and this reaction is suggested to have a self-pinning effect on the grain growth, which in turn explains why this powder has a large kinetic window. Notably, SPS offers a unique opportunity to more preciously investigate and monitor the sintering kinetics of nano-powders, and it allows preparation of ceramics with tailored microstructures.The dielectric properties of selected samples of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 ceramics have been studied. The results are correlated with the microstructural features of these samples, e.g. to the grain sizes present in the compacts. The ceramic with nano-sized microstructure exhibits a diffuse transition in permittivity and reduced dielectric losses in the vicinity of the Curie temperature, whereas the more coarse-grained compacts exhibit normal dielectric properties in the ferroelectric region.The morphology evolution, with increasing sintering temperature, of bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric ceramics such as Bi4Ti3O12 (BIT) and CaBi2Nb2O9 (CBNO) was investigated. The subsequent isothermal sintering experiments revealed that the nano-sized particles of the BIT precursor powder grew into elongated plate-like grains within a few minutes, via a dynamic ripening mechanism.A new processing strategy for obtaining highly textured ceramics is described. It is based on a directional dynamic ripening mechanism induced by superplastic deformation. The new strategy makes it possible to produce a textured microstructure within minutes, and it allows production of textured ferroelectric ceramics with tailored morphology and improved physical properties.The ferroelectric, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of the textured bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric ceramics have been studied, and it was revealed that all textured samples exhibited anisotropic properties and improved performance. The highly textured Bi4Ti3O12 ceramic exhibited ferroelectric properties equal to or better than those of corresponding single crystals, and much better than those previously reported for grain-orientated Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics. Textured CaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics exhibited a very high Curie temperature, d33-values nearly three times larger than those of conventionally sintered materials, and a high thermal depoling temperature indicating that it is a very promising material for high-temperature piezoelectric applications.


A new species of Hypselodoris (Chromodorididae) is described from the subtropical and temperate south-western Pacific Ocean (eastern Australia, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island). The colouration of Hypselodoris jacksoni sp. nov. is distinctive, though highly variable intraspecifically. Hypselodoris jacksoni belongs to the Indo-Pacific Hypselodoris clade (for which the key synapomorphy is a minute receptaculum seminis) and, based on comparisons of internal and external morphology, appears to belong to a subclade characterised by an elevated branchial sheath, probably most closely related to H. krakotoa Gosliner & Johnson, 1999, H. reidi Gosliner & Johnson, 1999 and H. regina Ev. & Er. Marcus, 1970. Intraspecific variation in the arrangement of mantle glands in H. jacksoni prompted a preand post-fixation comparison of mantle glands in another chromodorid, Chromodoris willani Rudman, 1982. These results indicate these structures can vary significantly within a population (and thus species), and it is likely that too much emphasis has been placed on mantle glands for separating species in the recent literature.


3D and 4D bioprinting of the heart are exciting notions in the modern era. However, myocardial bioprinting has proven to be challenging. This review outlines the methods, materials, cell types, issues, challenges, and future prospects in myocardial bioprinting. Advances in 3D bioprinting technology have significantly improved the manufacturing process. While scaffolds have traditionally been utilized, 3D bioprinters, which do not require scaffolds, are increasingly being employed. Improved understanding of the cardiac cellular composition and multiple strategies to tackle the issues of vascularization and viability had led to progress in this field. In vivo studies utilizing small animal models have been promising. 4D bioprinting is a new concept that has potential to advance the field of 3D bioprinting further by incorporating the fourth dimension of time. Clinical translation will require multidisciplinary collaboration to tackle the pertinent issues facing this field.


Mobile wireless sensors need to know their localizations in many control and monitoring applications. Among all sensors, some know their exact position (i.e., they are equipped with GPS or they are positioned by human intervention). These sensors are called anchors. Some sensors can have different capabilities allowing them to calculate either distances or angles when they receive messages from others nodes. So, they only use anchor positions to obtain an estimated position. However, when sensors are mobile they cannot continuously calculate their position because of the energy constraints. This paper concerns the localization problem in the case where all nodes in the network (anchors and others sensors) are mobile. We propose three techniques following the capabilities of nodes. Thus, each node obtains either an exact position or an approximate position with the knowledge of the maximal error born. Also, we adapt the periods where nodes invoke their localization. Simulation results show the performances of our methods in term of accuracy and determinate the technique the more adapted related to the network configurations.