OBJECTIVEThis study examined the growth potential and response to multimodality treatment of partially thrombosed large or giant aneurysms in the posterior circulation. METHODSThe 17 aneurysms arose from nonbranching sites of the vertebral artery (VA) in 6 patients and from branching sites in 11 patients (the VA-posteroinferior cerebellar artery [PICA], 3 cases; basilar artery [BA] fenestration, 1 case; BA-superior cerebellar artery [SCA], 5 cases; and BA tip, 2 cases). RESULTSEndovascular trapping was performed in 5 VA aneurysms at nonbranching sites, 2 VA-PICA cases with or without revascularization of the PICA, and 1 BA fenestration case. Endosaccular embolization was performed in 2 BA-SCA aneurysms as the sole treatment or after superficial temporal artery-SCA bypass for a broad-necked lesion. Surgical proximal occlusion (PO) with or without revascularization of the PICA was performed in 2 VA cases. Endovascular treatment failed to prevent growth in 1 VA-PICA case and the broad-necked BA-SCA case. Simple flow alteration by PO of 3 BA aneurysms, with gadolinium enhancement on T1-weighted images, did not prevent growth. Maximum flow reduction by various combinations of bypass (superficial temporal artery-posterior cerebral artery or superficial temporal artery-SCA) and BA PO, aimed at reducing hemodynamic stress on the neck, was tailored to 5 cases, including those refractory to PO; it achieved marked shrinkage in 2 cases and stabilization of the aneurysms in 3 cases. The aneurysms harboring neither gadolinium enhancement nor hyperintensity on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images showed significantly lower growth potential before treatment and a lesser degree of shrinkage after tailored treatment than the remaining cases (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). Overall, marked shrinkage was achieved in 27%, moderate shrinkage in 20%, stabilization in 47%, enlargement in 7%, and favorable outcome in 71%. Maximum flow reduction strategy for BA aneurysms tended to show higher shrinking efficacy than endovascular trapping for VA and BA aneurysms (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONFor aneurysms at nonbranching sites, endovascular trapping may be effective, although its shrinking efficacy may be moderate. For the most formidable BA aneurysms at branching sites, maximum flow reduction may cause marked shrinkage, even of aggressive lesions.


Blood cell morphology is a key tool in laboratory haematology. Erythrocyte morphology points to possible aetiopathogenetic events in several primary and secondary haemopathies. Despite advances in medical technology and laboratory automation, red cell morphology remains a basic aspect of haematological evaluation. The human erythrocytes are discoid (bi-concave), about 7–8 μ m (size of the nucleus of a small lymphocyte) in diameter, with a central area of pallor (which occupies a third of the red cell diameter) and is well haemoglobinised in the outer two thirds of the red cell diameters, without any inclusions. Deviations from the normal in terms of size, shape, colour, distribution or presence of inclusion bodies suggests possible disease processes. This chapter is therefore dedicated to morphologic description of the human erythrocytes, a study of possible abnormalities, its underlying pathophysiology and the associated differential diagnosis in humans.


A fundamental step in diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, automated left and right ventricle (LV and RV) segmentation in cardiac magnetic resonance images (MRI) is still acknowledged to be a difficult problem. Although algorithms for LV segmentation do exist, they require either extensive training or intensive user inputs. RV segmentation in MRI has yet to be solved and is still acknowledged a completely unsolved problem because its shape is not symmetric and circular, its deformations are complex and varies extensively over the cardiac phases, and it includes papillary muscles. In this thesis, I investigate fast detection of the LV endoand epi-cardium surfaces (3D) and contours (2D) in cardiac MRI via convex relaxation and distribution matching. A rapid 3D segmentation of the RV in cardiac MRI via distribution matching constraints on segment shape and appearance is also investigated. These algorithms only require a single subject for training and a very simple user input, which amounts to one click. The solution is sought following the optimization of functionals containing probability product kernel (or Bhattacharya) constraints on the distributions of intensity and geometric features. The formulations lead to challenging optimization problems, which are not directly amenable to convex-optimization techniques. For each functional, the problem is split into a sequence of sub-problems, each of which can be solved exactly and globally via a convex relaxation and the augmented Lagrangian method. Finally, an information-theoretic based artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed for normal/abnormal LV myocardium motion classification. Using the LV segmentation results, the LV cavity points is estimated via a Kalman filter and a recursive dynamic Bayesian filter. However, due to the similarities between the statistical information of normal and abnormal points, differentiating between distributions of abnormal ii and normal points is a challenging problem. The problem was investigated with a global measure based on the Shannon's differential entropy (SDE) and further examined with two other information-theoretic criteria, one based on Renyi entropy and the other on Fisher information. Unlike the existing information-theoretic studies, the approach addresses explicitly the overlap between the distributions of normal and abnormal cases, thereby yielding a competitive performance. I further propose an algorithm based on a supervised 3-layer ANN to differentiate between the distributions farther. The ANN is trained and tested by five different information measures of radial distance and velocity for points on endocardial boundary.


The main purpose of this paper has been to identify ongoing changes in post-socialist large housing estates and to clarify the main factors underpinning them. The transformations in question were analysed in two dimensions: a social dimension encompassing structural socio-demographic and socio-economic changes among inhabitants, and a spatial dimension relating to socio-spatial, functional and physical (morphological and physiognomic) changes. The main question concerned the ways in which large housing estates built during the communist era have changed under the new socio-demographic, political and economic conditions emerging following the collapse of communism. The study was thus based on a review of the available literature.


The construction of effective loop nest optimizers and parallelizers remains challenging despite decades of work in the area. Due to the increasing diversity of loop-intensive applications and to the complex memory/computation hierarchies in modern processors, optimization heuristics are pulled towards conflicting goals, highlighting the lack of a systematic approach to optimizing locality and parallelism. Acknowledging these conflicting demands on loop nest optimization, we propose an algorithmic template capable of modeling the multi-level parallelism and the temporal/spatial locality of multiprocessors and accelerators. This algorithmic template orchestrates a collection of parameterizable, linear optimization problems over a polyhedral space of semantics-preserving transformations. While the overall problem is not convex, effective algorithms can be derived from this template delivering unprecedented performance portability over GPU and multicore CPU. We discuss the rationale for this algorithmic template and validate it on representative computational kernels/benchmarks.


Identifying the earliest examples that document partition in Bombay cinema, this article delves into the relationship between a historic trauma and physical comedy through the star performance of Meena Shorey in a trilogy of romantic comedies, Ek Thi Larki ( Once There Was a Girl , 1949), Dholak ( Drumbeats , 1951), and Ek Do Teen ( One Two Three , 1953). In these films, the female protagonist wrestles men, scales walls, drives tractors, and makes a spectacle of herself, demonstrating a complete disregard for received ideas of femininity. Informed by her multiple marriages, irreverent religious conversions, switches in national location, and a disavowal of the "partition serious," Meena9s image in these comedies served as visual innuendo for the abducted woman. Adapting the trope of a piteous partition figure to explore the possibility of feminine liberation, the Shorey comedies bring about a radical cinematic recovery through the laughter-inducing abandon of their star comedienne.


An imbalance between CRHR1-controlled anxiogenic glutamatergic and anxiolytic dopaminergic systems might lead to emotional disturbances. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its type 1 high-affinity receptor (CRHR1) are widely distributed throughout the brain. Together, they orchestrate the neuroendocrinological and behavioral adaptation to stress. Using conditional mutant mice, Refojo et al. found that CRHR1s on glutamatergic neurons in the amygdala and hippocampus are specifically involved with anxiety. However, CRHR1s on dopamine neurons in the midbrain had an opposing effect on anxiety via the regulation of dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex. D. Refojo, M. Schweizer, C. Kuehne, S. Ehrenberg, C. Thoeringer, A. M. Vogl, N. Dedic, M. Schumacher, G. von Wolff, C. Avrabos, C. Touma, D. Engblom, G. Schütz, K.-A. Nave, M. Eder, C. T. Wotjak, I. Sillaber, F. Holsboer, W. Wurst, J. M. Deussing, Glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurons mediate anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects of CRHR1. Science 333, 1903–1907 (2011). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Most manufacturers face challenges from inaccurate forecast, regular plan changes, back log and capacity problems. As a result, their purchasers rely heavily on the material suppliers to provide greater flexibility in the event of production schedule changes. Oftentimes, manufacturers attempt to push material forecast risks to the material suppliers. In order to overcome the risks taken to achieve flexible manufacturing or supply chain management, this study will address the issues and methods to accommodate production schedule changes in a short time-frame.

The literature review seems to indicate that little attention has been paid by researchers to solve the flexibility issue from the material handling point of view. Most of the researchers only focus on machine, routing, and process flexibility. Product and volume flexibility issues are rarely studied. This is mainly because manufacturing flexibility is very much dependent on a very good supply chain management from material vendors.

The objective of this study is to introduce innovative ideas to improve the level of manufacturing flexibility by using a Family Ordering System (FOS) for long lead time parts. The study result has shown that the long lead time for unique parts are within the range of three to five percent of total parts order, and the cost of unique parts with long lead time is within zero to one percent. Therefore, by carrying the extra inventory of the unique parts which amount to a very small percentage of the total parts order in terms of long lead time and cost, the Family Ordering Method provides the improvement of manufacturing flexibility by ordering the long lead time parts based on family grouping methodology.


Health in All Policies (HiAP) has gained attention as a potential tool to address complex health and societal challenges at global, regional, national and subnational levels. In a recent article, Lawless et al propose an evaluation framework developed in the context of the South Australia HiAP initiative. Strategies, mediators, activities and impacts identified in the framework could potentially be useful for evaluating HiAP in other settings. Creating and sustaining political will, managing conflicts of interest and achieving financially, politically and conceptually sustainable HiAP initiatives are challenges that could be further strengthened in the current framework.


Monifa I. Thomas, Strategies to Improve H.S.P.T. Scores in the Ninth Grade Mathematics Curriculum, 1998, J. Sooy, Mathematics Education. The purpose of this study was to integrate strategies in the ninth grade Mathematics curriculum with a goal of improving High School Proficiency Test scores. This study was designed to meet the needs for the students serviced at Pleasantville High School. Over the past five years Pleasantville High School students have demonstrated erratic behavior on the state mandated HSPT11. Eleventh grade first time test takers have yet to meet the 85% acceptable passing rate for this population. The school district must provide an educational environment where all can learn and find success. This includes preparing students for responsible citizenship, higher levels of education, careers, and passing the HSPT 11. Five Atlantic County high schools were contacted and interviews were conducted. The aim was to see how these schools perform on the HSPTI 1, what materials these institutions use to improve or maintain their scores, and what factors contribute to their success and failure on the HSPT 11. Upon completion of the literature, related research, and data analysis a 10-step plan of action was developed. This action plan is designed to be utilized during the 1998-1999 academic


We develop an analysis pipeline for characterizing the topology of large scale structure and extracting cosmological constraints based on persistent homology. Persistent homology is a technique from topological data analysis that quantifies the multiscale topology of a data set, in our context unifying the contributions of clusters, filament loops, and cosmic voids to cosmological constraints. We describe how this method captures the imprint of primordial local non-Gaussianity on the late-time distribution of dark matter halos, using a set of N-body simulations as a proxy for real data analysis. For our best single statistic, running the pipeline on several cubic volumes of size 40 (Gpc/h)3, we detect fNL loc=10 at 97.5% confidence on ∼ 85% of the volumes. Additionally we test our ability to resolve degeneracies between the topological signature of fNL loc and variation of σ8 and argue that correctly identifying nonzero fNL loc in this case is possible via an optimal template method. Our method relies on information living at 𝒪(10) Mpc/h, a complementary scale with respect to commonly used methods such as the scale-dependent bias in the halo/galaxy power spectrum. Therefore, while still requiring a large volume, our method does not require sampling long-wavelength modes to constrain primordial non-Gaussianity. Moreover, our statistics are interpretable: we are able to reproduce previous results in certain limits and we make new predictions for unexplored observables, such as filament loops formed by dark matter halos in a simulation box.


The study was aimed to determine flower initiation, floral morphology and to observe the stages of flowering and fruit development of mindi (Melia azedarch L) within a population for one period of time 2008–2009. The methods used were observing directly over the trees and some vegetatives and generatives buds were sampled for dissecting. The observation revealed that the inflorescence type of mindi was panicle, located at the end of a branch. The number of flower varied among inflorescences, ranged between 30–80 that bloomed simultaneously. The flower was hermaphroditic with position of anther was closed to stigma that selfing might be happened. Usually, the ovary contained 5 ovules that developed into seeds. Reproductive cycle was proceeded for 6–7 months within the year, first observation commenced from flower initiation that occur in August, generative buds to flower burst in September–October. Early fruits were formed in October–November and fruits reached physiological-maturity in January–February. Reproductive success was 34%, indicated that the rate of fertilized ovules proportion to be potencially viable seeds were relatively low.


The aim of this doctoral research was to provide new insights into sensorimotor development and functioning in autistic adults. First, classification measures (Chapter Two) were used to verify the diagnosis of autism, and automatic imitation (Chapter Three) was used to verify an intact perception-action link. In Chapter Four, in Twists, the trampolining group (those with sensorimotor experience) had a First Fixation Location on the incongruent model on the first trial but had a longer First Fixation Duration on the congruent model across the trials. Whereas the non-trampolining group (those without sensorimotor experience) did not attend to either model significantly differently in their First Fixation Location but had a longer First Fixation Duration on the incongruent model. In Chapter Five, for familiar actions, the First Fixation Location was on the autistic model on the first trial, and First Fixation Duration was longer on the autistic model across the trials. This indicates that the sensorimotor system in autistic individuals is attuned to autistic kinematics, due to attention being drawn to the autistic model and it being evaluated for longer. For the skilled actions across the trials, the First Fixation Location was on the typical model, and for the Percentage of Total Fixation Duration the typical model was fixated on for proportionately longer. This was then further investigated in Chapter Six, in which participants ability to pursue point-light displays performing trampolining actions was examined. Sensorimotor experience did not result in superior pursuit of the point-light displays; the trampolining and non-trampolining groups performed similarly with no significant differences in the number or duration of eye movements. Therefore, the result of sensorimotor experience is superior identification and initial evaluation seen in the first fixation but does not have a significant effect past this point. Taken together, it can be suggested that action observation is intact in moderate to severely autistic adults through experience dependent attentional differences. This will add to the literature and understanding of minimally verbal adults with moderate to severe autism, a vastly understudied population.


Phosphorus and phosphates,  which determine biological development of organisms,  are very important components  of seawater. Their concentration in the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea is very low, which means that either an analysis of the samples should be performed within a 2 hour limit, or, they must be frozen immediately for further investigation [4; 6; 7]. If it is not possible to perform the analysis of the samples immediately, they should be frozen and shielded from solar radiation in order to halt the biological and biochemical processes. Such a procedure of using the samples, calls for a research method characterized by a low level of the lower limit of quantification, as well as adequate precision, repeatability, and accuracy. The aim of the carried out validation was to confirm the applicability of the method for determination of phosphorus compounds (total phosphorus, phosphates) in seawater for commercial purposes, in accordance with the recommendations of HELCOM [1; 6]. Within the scope of this work, the lower limit of quantification was determined, and the precision, repeatability, accuracy, and reproducibility were identified. The studies confirm that the requirements for validation of the research methods were met.


The thesis outlines the use of Orthogonal Arrays for the training of Artificial Neural Networks. Such arrays are popularly used in system optimisation and are known as Taguchi Methods. The chief advantage of the method is that the network can learn quickly. Fast training methods may be used in certain Control Systems and it has been suggested that they could find application in ˜disaster control, where a potentially dangerous system (for example, suffering a mechanical failure) needs to be controlled quickly. Previous work on the methods has shown that they suffer problems when used with multi-layer networks. The thesis discusses the reasons for these problems and reports on several successful techniques for overcoming them. These techniques are based on the consideration of the neuron, rather then the individual weight, as a factor to be optimised. The applications of technique and further work are also discussed.


The Arabescato Orobico is a decorative stone and building material from the Bergamasc Alps, Italy. From the geological standpoint it belongs to the Calcare Rosso, latest Ladinian-Early Carnian in age, which is a peritidal tepee-rich limestone strongly modified by superimposed early diagenetic processes, outcropping in Lombardy Southern Alps. In the last twenty-five years four commercial varieties have been available on the market, namely Grigio, Grigio-Rosa, Rosa, and Rosso, whose working and abandoned quarries, are located around the extraction districts of Camerata Cornello, and San Giovanni Bianco in the median Brembana Valley. Until the 1970s of the last century some different historical types, namely Rosso Antico, Rosso Venato, and Venato Finissimo, where extracted around Ardesio, in the Seriana Valley, as well. This paper deals with the stratigraphic analysis based on detailed physical correlations of several marker horizons mainly recognized along abandoned and active quarries, and their carbonate facies analysis. Stratigraphic results permit to divide the Calcare Rosso unit in three lithozones (CR1, CR2, and CR3), with a very low angle onlapping geometry at the top of the Esino Limestone. Southward (basinward) the Calcare Rosso gradually passes to dominant grey peritidal carbonates poor in tepeehorizons corresponding to the lower Breno Fm.. The petrographic characterization of representative samples from Mecca and Cadei quarries, permits to distinguish peculiar textural and compositional features of the four contemporaneous commercial types. As concerns the Grigio we identify almost five different subtypes, respectivelydenominated Grigio Laguna, composed of fossiliferous subintertidal grey to dark grey and black wackestone-packstones, Grigio Granulare, composed of inter-supratidal pisolitic grey grainstonerudstones, Nero Raggiato, very rich in "raggioni", dark grey to black fibrous-radial early diagenetic calcite, Grigio Laminato composed of poorly to middle deformed antiformal structures, namely embryo to mature tepees, and, finally, Grigio Brecciato, a grey-colored diagenetic-pedogenetic breccia. Remaining types, ascribed to pinkishgrey, Grigio-Rosa, pinkish, Rosa, and reddish, Rosso, colored diagenetic supratidal facies, can be divided into laminated or brecciated subtypes. The former are composed of antiformal syndepositional to early diagenetic structures, i.e. embryo to mature tepees; the brecciated subtypes consist of more diagenetically modified senile tepees passing to breccias. These types present different amounts of sediment filling, including internal calcitic and dolomitic sediments, pisolites, terra-rossa paleosols and green/reddish clays, and early cementation, such as fibrous isopachous crust, "raggioni", sparry calcite, of the primary and early diagenetic cavities. The stratigraphic organization, and the facies analysis of this carbonate succession, have been used to evaluate the areal and vertical distribution of the Arabescato Orobico commercial types; in this way the Calcare Rosso depositional model is also suitable for geological prospecting and quarrying activities.


We present PsychicVR, a proof-of-concept system that integrates a brain-computer interface device and Virtual Reality headset to improve mindfulness while enjoying a playful immersive experience. The fantasy that any of us could have superhero powers has always inspired people around the world. By using Virtual Reality and real-time brain activity sensing we are moving one step closer to making this dream real. We non-invasively monitor and record electrical activity of the brain and incorporate this data in the VR experience using an Oculus Rift and the MUSE headband. By sensing brain waves using a series of EEG sensors, the level of activity is fed back to the user via 3D content in the virtual environment. When the user is focused they are able to make changes in the 3D environment and control their powers. Our system increases mindfulness and helps achieve higher levels of concentration while entertaining the user.


Comparative and evolutive ecologists are interested in the distribution of quantitative traits among related species. The classical framework for these distributions consists of a random process running along the branches of a phylogenetic tree relating the species. We consider shifts in the process parameters, which reveal fast adaptation to changes of ecological niches. We show that models with shifts are not identifiable in general. Constraining the models to be parsimonious in the number of shifts partially alleviates the problem but several evolutionary scenarios can still provide the same joint distribution for the extant species. We provide a recursive algorithm to enumerate all the equivalent scenarios and to count the effectively different scenarios. We introduce an incomplete-data framework and develop a maximum likelihood estimation procedure based on the EM algorithm. Finally, we propose a model selection procedure, based on the cardinal of effective scenarios, to estimate the number of shifts and prove an oracle inequality.


Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods are widely used for non-linear filtering purposes. Nevertheless the SMC scope encompasses wider applications such as estimating static model parameters so much that it is becoming a serious alternative to Markov-Chain Monte-Carlo (MCMC) methods. Not only SMC algorithms draw posterior distributions of static or dynamic parameters but additionally provide an estimate of the marginal likelihood. The tempered and time (TNT) algorithm, developed in the paper, combines (off-line) tempered SMC inference with on-line SMC inference for drawing realizations from many sequential posterior distributions without experiencing a particle degeneracy problem. Furthermore, it introduces a new MCMC rejuvenation step that is generic, automated and well-suited for multi-modal distributions. As this update relies on the wide heuristic optimization literature, numerous extensions are already available. The algorithm is notably appropriate for estimating Change-point models. As an example, we compare Change-point GARCH models through their marginal likelihoods over time.


Like a pianist who practices from a book of tudes, readers of Programming Projects in C for Students of Engineering, Science, and Mathematics will learn by doing. Written as a tutorial on how to think about, organize, and implement programs in scientific computing, this book achieves its goal through an eclectic and wide-ranging collection of projects. Each project presents a problem and an algorithm for solving it, and the reader is guided through implementing the algorithm in C and compiling and testing the results. It is not necessary to carry out the projects in sequential order. The projects contain suggested algorithms and partially completed programs for implementing them to enable the reader to exercise and develop skills in scientific computing; require only a working knowledge of undergraduate multivariable calculus, differential equations, and linear algebra; and are written in platform-independent standard C. The Unix command-line is used to illustrate compilation and execution. The primary audience of this book is graduate students in mathematics, engineering, and the sciences. The book will also be of interest to advanced undergraduates and working professionals who wish to exercise and hone their skills in programming mathematical algorithms in C. A working knowledge of the C programming language is assumed.


The entire bodily gestural repertoire of four different infant groups was coded over the age period of 9 to 15 months. Two small samples of English-Canadian and Parisian-French infants were filmed every two weeks at home. A larger sample of Japanese infants was visited for 7 sessions and of Italian-Canadian infants for 4 sessions at 9 months and 15 months and again at 3 years. Language measures were collected for the last two groups. Increases in Comment gestures, particularly pointing, in Object exchange gestures, and in Agency gestures were found across almost all groups. Decreases in Reach-request and in Emotive gestures were also found for most groups. The increasing group of gestures was positively related to vocabulary acquisition, particularly to receptive vocabulary. Reach-request and Protest gestures at 15 months were negative related to different aspects of language at 3 years. The importance of examining the entire nonverbal communicative repertoire across cultures is discussed in terms of assessing the relationship of gestures to language acquisition. Changes in the gestural repertoire appear to be universal across infants of different cultures, at least those examined.


Survey data was collected in 1985 covering information on
3,1100 Form IV students in Zimbabwe, their teachers, their
classes and the 32 schools from which they were drawn - spread across six different school types. This data is analysed using a multilevel regression programme to evaluate the effectiveness of different schools in terms of '0' level results in English Language, English Literature and Mathematics. In Chapter One, the historical background to education in Zimbabwe is presented, together with an overview of the main policy changes since Independence. The study itself is situated in Chapter Two against the backdrop of a review of the literature and a discussion of the methodology which distinguishes this study as part of the third wave of research into school effectiveness. Chapter Three describes the study itself, the sample, the variables, and an overview of the school type differences. Chapter Four details the construction of the index variables at the student, the class and the school level. In Chapter Five the results of the progression of linear models are presented, substantiating the choice of 'final' models for each eub3ect. Chapter Six presents an analysis of the different costs at different types of schools, and Chapter Seven draws the threads through the arguments presented in Chapters Two. Five and Six, presenting
the implications for Zimbabwe of the stud y 's findings as well as the implications for further research in this field.
Whereas much of the literature on school effectiveness has
assumed that family background influences on educational
achievement operate differently in Third World countries
relative to industrialised countries and that school-based
factors predominate, this study demonstrates the inadequacy of the models on which such conclusions have been based and
concludes that such a distinct pattern of educational
achievement for the Third World may indeed be a fallacy.


Background Several interventions to improve cognition in at risk children have been suggested. Identification of key variables predicting cognition is necessary to guide these interventions. This study was conducted to identify these variables in Ugandan children and guide such interventions. Methods A cohort of 89 healthy children (45 females) aged 5 to 12 years old were followed over 24 months and had cognitive tests measuring visual spatial processing, memory, attention and spatial learning administered at baseline, 6 months and 24 months. Nutritional status, child's educational level, maternal education, socioeconomic status and quality of the home environment were also measured at baseline. A multivariate, longitudinal model was then used to identify predictors of cognition over the 24 months. Results A higher child's education level was associated with better memory (p = 0.03), attention (p = 0.005) and spatial learning scores over the 24 months (p = 0.05); higher nutrition scores predicted better visual spatial processing (p = 0.002) and spatial learning scores (p = 0.008); and a higher home environment score predicted a better memory score (p = 0.03). Conclusion Cognition in Ugandan children is predicted by child's education, nutritional status and the home environment. Community interventions to improve cognition may be effective if they target multiple socioeconomic variables.


OBJECTIVE To assess the glucagon response to hypoglycemia and identify influencing factors in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with nondiabetic control subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamp studies were performed in all participants. The glucagon response to both hypoglycemia and arginine was measured, as well as epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia. Residual β-cell function was assessed using fasting and stimulated C-peptide. RESULTS Twenty-eight nonobese adolescents with type 1 diabetes (14 female, mean age 14.9 years [range 11.2–19.8]) and 12 healthy control subjects (6 female, 15.3 years [12.8–18.7]) participated in the study. Median duration of type 1 diabetes was 0.66 years (range 0.01–9.9). The glucagon peak to arginine stimulation was similar between groups (P = 0.27). In contrast, the glucagon peak to hypoglycemia was reduced in the group with diabetes (95% CI): 68 (62–74) vs. 96 (87–115) pg/mL (P < 0.001). This response was greater than 3 SDs from baseline for only 7% of subjects with type 1 diabetes in comparison with 83% of control subjects and was lost at a median duration of diabetes of 8 months and as early as 1 month after diagnosis (R = −0.41, P < 0.01). There was no correlation in response with height, weight, BMI, and HbA1c. Epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia were present in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The glucagon response to hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes is influenced by the duration of diabetes and can be lost early in the course of the disease.


244 Ann Dermatol Received December 11, 2017, Revised March 13, 2018, Accepted for publication April 9, 2018 Corresponding author: Weon Ju Lee, Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, 130 Dongdeok-ro, Jung-gu, Daegu 41944, Korea. Tel: 82-53-420-5838, Fax: 82-53-426-0770, E-mail: email@example.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5708-1305 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Korean Dermatological Association and The Korean Society for Investigative Dermatology ACKNOWLEDGMENT


Background and Aims: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is the causative agent of avian infectious bronchitis, which is characterized by respiratory, reproductive, and renal signs. IBV is a highly variable virus with a large number of genotypes. S1 gene sequencing has been used for molecular epidemiological studies and genotypic characterization of IBV. To better understand the molecular epidemiology of IBV in Iran, we sequenced the S1 gene of IBV field isolates, a total of 40 tracheal and kidney tissue specimens from different commercial broiler flocks in the East of Iran were collected from 2015. Materials and Methods: 15 IBV-positive samples were selected from among the total and were further characterized by sequencing the spike glycoprotein gene. The isolates were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and characterized by sequencing the spike glycoprotein gene. Results: Three genotypes were detected. The percentage of Variant 2 (IS/1494 like), 793/B, and QX genotypes was 66.7%, 26.7%, and 6.6% respectively. We reported the QX as the first time and Variant2 was the dominant genotype in this area. Conclusion: It is an updated and comprehensive study of genotyping of IBV and completes IBV puzzle in the East of Iran.


Within the United States there are vast reserves of ground water which are no longer suitable for drinking because of high concentration (> 10 mg/l NO3-N) nitrates. Furthermore, continued discharge of waste water with high nitrate residuals exacerbates the problem of nitrates in drinking water. EcoFoster Biomaterial, Inc. (EBI) a subsidiary company of Biomaterial Co., Ltd. of Japan has developed a biological based system for removal of nitrates from waste water in a cost effective manner. Biological denitrification is the reduction of nitrates to nitrogen gas in a controlled environment. Traditional biological methods for denitrification have been demonstrated to be effective, but they are costly, due to the long retention time necessary to achieve nitrate removal. The solution to this problem is the immobilization and control of a highly concentrated active bacteria culture to achieve rapid removal of nitrates. EBIs patented Aquacel reactor and carrier utilizes a porous cellulose carrier with a high surface area to provide the necessary growth environment for rapid growth and maintenance of naturally occurring nitrate consuming bacteria. EBI has operated a number of pilot test projects to demonstrate the potential of the processes. These tests have proven the viability of the basic process. Currently EBI is operating a demonstration ground water treatment facility and has received a purchase order for a full scale waste water treatment system. This paper will discuss the results of both the pilot and demonstration test programs.


This paper discusses the radical change of the role of the public sector in the financing of infrastructure projects during the nineties. The generalized response to the new environment has taken the form of arrangements in which private initiative is empowered to construct and finance the projects, retaining their ownership temporarily. These arrangements, which are referred to as Build-Lease-Transfer (BLT) and Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT), respectively, have proved to be an efficient approach to develop infrastructure that the public sector by itself could not undertake. The authors argue that a generalized use of BOT schemes, whose main characteristic is the concentration of all responsibilities (building, management and financing) in a unique private agent (or a joint venture of private agents), could be challenged on the grounds that the unbundling of these responsibilities is a more efficient alternative.


Background The Pan Pacific Safe Communities Network represents almost 100 accredited Safe Communities – 1.5 million people in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. As an advocate for injury/violence prevention the PPSCN promotes evidence based programming, leadership, sustainability, evaluation training, mentors communities, conducts accreditations and provides networking opportunities Description Injuries and violence are leading public health problems. Safe Communities promotes a structured and collaborative approach to their prevention. PPSCN was established due to changes in the centralised infrastructure of International Safe Communities. In 2014, PPSCN began pursuing official relations with the WHO to establish opportunities to work on specific projects to advance our mutual goals of developing sustainable, equitable and transferable violence and injury prevention models at the local level. Results PPSCN has operated since 2010 (registered NGO 2013) is strongly committed to being a primary resource for Safe Communities by providing timely and effective mentoring, advice, advocacy, and accreditations. Each country in PPSCN is structured differently but dedicates resources to support the movement. PPSCN members are committed to best practice in violence and injury prevention through greater collaboration between non-government organisations, the business sector, and government agencies. Through the development of these collaborative relationships Safe Communities have been successful in growing and strengthen community safety activities to create safer environments and increase the adoption of safer behaviours. www.ppscn.org Conclusions Improving community safety is complex and the collaboration necessary to address injury prevention is challenging but not impossible. The PPSCN is an essential component to developing the capacity of communities to focus on the adoption of an integrated approach to planning and delivery based on the available evidence. From the collective experience, the benefits of having all sectors working together in a coordinated and collaborative way, forming partnerships to promote safety, manage risk and develop safer environments leads to an increase in the overall safety of members.


Curriculum development involves considerations about curriculum relevance.
Thus it is necessary that the curriculum should identify with the needs of the
graduate and with professional practice. This requirement shoNAt-hsa t curriculum
relevance is not fixed, a view that is consistent with a dynamic, situational
approach to curriculum development.
The basic categories which define librarianship curriculum development are
library activities, theory, innovation, teaching and learning, employers, students.
lecturers. These are influential factors in curriculum relevance.
Variables in curriculum content such as theory and practice affect curriculum
relevance. Librarianship curriculum development should aim at relevance by
integrating academic study and practice. Hence, the goal of study towards
librarianship education must be focused on the activities performed in library and
information services.
The need for innovation in library and information services means that novel
viewpoints and solutions must be practical. For example, this requirement
indicates that curriculum development must take into consideration leamt
attributes which are aerieral and transferable in a changing world. This is in view
of the employers' requirement that graduates should have critical intellectual
ability and the capability to learn rather than their just immediate attributes, skills
and knowledge.
With teaching and leaming there is abundant rationale for the development of
more effective delivery systems than traditional lecturing. If outcome-based
learning is valued, individualised, self-directed learning is a prerequisite. The practices of the task-based curriculum, with its focus on student learning and on
the development of transferable skills more closely approximate the ideal
approaches to librarianship education. The teaching of transferable skills is more
likely to define the conditions under which critical reasoning can develop. It has
an advantage over the students' abilities to learn to function in the profession
outside the university and for continuous development. In this respect task-based
education has much wider implications than that of simply providing students
with skills.
Professional practice does not always fit with the curriculum that is developed by
the experts. The expert-developed curriculum also poses a problem for those
who interpret it, learn it and receive the products. Thus, a strong joint partnership
in which the library and the library school are both recognised in curriculum
development is essential if the profession is to fulfil effectively its unique role in
society.


We derived two new expressions for the intrinsic permeability (k) of fractal porous media. The first approach, the probabilistic capillary connectivity (PCC) model, is based on evaluating the expected value of the cross‐sectional area of pores connected along various flow paths in the direction in which the permeability is sought. The other model is a modified version of Marshall's probabilistic approach (MPA) applied to random cross matching of pores present on two parallel slices through a fractal porous medium. The Menger sponge is a three‐dimensional mass fractal that represents the complicated pore space geometry of soil and rock. Predictions based on the analytical models were compared with estimates of k derived from lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) simulations of saturated flow in virtual representations of Menger sponges. Overall, the analytically predicted k values matched the k values from the LBM simulations with <14% error for the deterministic sponges simulated. While the PCC model can represent variation in permeability due to the randomization process for each realization of the sponge, the MPA approach can capture only the average permeability resulting from all possible random realizations. Theoretical and empirical analyses of the surface fractal dimension (D2) for successive slices through a random Menger sponge show that the mean D2 value 〈D2〉 = D3 − 1, where D3 is the three‐dimensional mass fractal dimension. Incorporating 〈D2〉 into the MPA approach resulted in a k that compared favorably with the modal value of k from LBM simulations performed on 100 random realizations of a random Menger sponge.


Objective: This study was aimed to examine the feasibility, validity, and reliability of the Italian Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (PedsQL™ MFS) for adult inpatients with severe obesity. Methods: 200 inpatients (81% females) with severe obesity (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) completed the PedsQL MFS (General Fatigue, Sleep/Rest Fatigue and Cognitive Fatigue domains), the Fatigue Severity Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale immediately after admission to a 3-week residential body weight reduction program. A randomized subsample of 48 patients re-completed the PedsQL MFS after 3 days. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed that a modified hierarchical model with two items moved from the Sleep/Rest Fatigue domain to the General Fatigue domain and a second-order latent factor best fitted the data. Internal consistency and test-retest reliabilities were acceptable to high in all scales, and small to high statistically significant correlations were found with all convergent measures, with the exception of BMI. Significant floor effects were found in two scales (Cognitive Fatigue and Sleep/Rest Fatigue). Conclusion: The Italian modified PedsQL MFS for adults showed to be a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of fatigue in inpatients with severe obesity. Future studies should assess its discriminant validity as well as its responsiveness to weight reduction.


The precision of heap analyses determines the precision of several associated optimizations, and has been a prominent area in compiler research. It has been shown that context-sensitive heap analyses are more precise than the insensitive ones, but their scalability continues to be a cause of concern. Though the value-contexts approach improves the scalability of classical call-string based context-sensitive analyses, it still does not scale well for several popular whole-program heap analyses. In this paper, we propose a three-stage analysis approach that lets us scale complex whole-program value-contexts based heap analyses for large programs, without losing their precision. Our approach is based on a novel idea of level-summarized relevant value-contexts (LSRV-contexts), which take into account an important observation that we do not need to compare the complete value-contexts at each call-site. Our overall approach consists of three stages: (i) a fast pre-analysis stage that finds the portion of the caller-context which is actually needed in the callee; (ii) a main-analysis stage which uses LSRV-contexts to defer the analysis of methods that do not impact the callers' heap and analyze the rest efficiently; and (iii) a post-analysis stage that analyzes the deferred methods separately. We demonstrate the usefulness of our approach by using it to perform whole-program context-, flow- and field-sensitive thread-escape analysis and control-flow analysis of Java programs. Our evaluation of the two analyses against their traditional value-contexts based versions shows that we not only reduce the analysis time and memory consumption significantly, but also succeed in analyzing otherwise unanalyzable programs in less than 40 minutes.


Two red supergiants (RSGs) of the Per OB1 association, RS Per and T Per, have been observed in the H band using the Michigan Infra-Red Combiner (MIRC) instrument at the CHARA array. The data show clear evidence of a departure from circular symmetry. We present here new techniques specially developed to analyze such cases, based on state-of-the-art statistical frameworks. The stellar surfaces are first modeled as limb-darkened disks based on SATLAS models that fit both MIRC interferometric data and publicly available spectrophotometric data. Bayesian model selection is then used to determine the most probable number of spots. The effective surface temperatures are also determined and give further support to the recently derived hotter temperature scales of RSGs. The stellar surfaces are reconstructed by our model-independent imaging code SQUEEZE, making use of its novel regularizer based on Compressed Sensing theory. We find excellent agreement between the model-selection results and the reconstructions. Our results provide evidence for the presence of near-infrared spots representing about 3%–5% of the stellar flux.


The available information, both published and unpublished, on the zoobenthos of Loch Leven has been studied and tabulated. There have been a number of major changes in the community over the last 100 years-notably a reduction in diversity of the fauna with the disappearance of many species of invertebrates, particularly Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Coleoptera.The existing macro-invertebrate
fauna is dominated by larval Chironomidae, but Nematoda, Mollusca, Annelida and Crustacea are also of importance. Dramatic changes have taken place in the chironomid population during the present study (1968-71), notable among which has been the disappearance of Endochironomus.
Production studies of the two dominant larval Chironomidae (Glyptotendipes and Stictochironomus) in the sandy littoral area (42 per cent of the loch bed) gave annual estimates of 40·5 and 1·2 g (dry weight)m2 respectively for 1970 and 5·0 and 10'2 g/m2 for 1971. Speculative estimates of the entire
zoobenthos production in 1970 gave a value of 46.5 g/m2. The significance of these results is briefly discussed.


The Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing are starting to go hand in hand. By providing cloud services close to end-users, edge paradigms enhance the functionality of IoT deployments, and facilitate the creation of novel services such as augmented systems. Furthermore, the very nature of these paradigms also enables the creation of a proactive defense architecture, an immune system, which allows authorized immune cells (e.g., virtual machines) to traverse edge nodes and analyze the security and consistency of the underlying IoT infrastructure. In this article, we analyze the requirements for the development of an immune system for the IoT, and propose a security architecture that satisfies these requirements. We also describe how such a system can be instantiated in Edge Computing infrastructures using existing technologies. Finally, we explore the potential application of immune systems to other scenarios and purposes.


This paper reviews selectively the literature on exchange rate target zones and corresponding methodologies and examines whether they can be used to analyse the inflation-control problem. Given the close correspondence between the exchange rate and inflation-targeting problems, the target-zone literature may help us better understand inflation dynamics and central-bank credibility in the presence of inflation-control targets or ranges. While we find many common elements across the exchange rate and inflationcontrol target-zone problems, we also find several important differences that make a direct application of the exchange rate target-zone techniques difficult.


Photoinduced nonlinear optical phenomena in Sb2Te3–CaCl2–PbCl2 glasses have been studied by experimental and theoretical quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics methods. Additionally, photoinduced two-photon absorption (TPA) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) were measured in the IR region from 5.8 to 18 µm. A CO laser (λ=5.5 µm) and parametrically generated wavelengths (5.7–13.4 µm) were used as a source of pump light. With an increase of the photoinducing power, the SHG signal increased for a probe CO2 laser (with double frequency λ=5.7 µm) and achieved its maximum value at a photoinducing power of 1.65 GW/cm2 per pulse. Absolute values of the SHG intensities were more than 1 order of magnitude less than those of χ222 nonlinear optical tensor components for Ag3AsSe3 single crystals. The SHG signal increases strongly for a temperature decrease from 39 to 26 K. Femtosecond probe–pump measurements indicate a SHG maximum at a pump–probe delay time of ∼18 ps. The spectral positions of the TPA maxima depend strongly on the pump power. Differently from the SHG behavior, the TPA results show at least two time-delayed maxima, namely, at 14–17 and 45 ps. These dependencies are explained within the framework of the quantum-chemistry approach, which takes into account photoinduced anharmonic electron–vibration interactions. The Sb–Te tetrahedral plays a key role in the observed photoinduced nonlinear optics effects. The results clearly show that these effects can be used as powerful tools for investigation of picosecond IR nonlinear optics. In addition, these glasses are promising materials for IR femtosecond quantum electronics.


In the literature on diasporas and their role in homelands conflicts, most writers see diasporans as conflict supporters, providing funds, logistics and ideological legitimisation to fighters in the homelands while living relatively safely in their host countries. More recently, academics and practitioners have pointed out that diasporans can also act as lobbyists for peace and mediators in peace negotiations. Although it is now widely recognised that diasporans can act as both, and even at the same time, the debate has not produced clearer analytical indications to determine the circumstances in regard to why and when diasporans tend to be hawks or doves (or both). The literature on the Aceh conflict has widely underestimated the role of the Acehnese diaspora. My research on the impacts of the Acehnese diaspora on homeland politics provided evidence for a significant participation in shaping Aceh's politics, in particular regarding the transition from conflict-support to peace-finding. This article sheds light on the conditions under which Acehnese diasporans acted both as hawks and doves and examines factors responsible for their engagement. I argue that: first, peace or war support by diasporans should not be understood as binary opposition, but as part of a spectrum of responses exercised concomitantly by the same or different segments of the diaspora. Second, diasporic support reacts to shifts in strategic thinking of internal and external forces and makes use of the existing political opportunity structures. Third, different kinds of support also result from the heterogeneous composition of the diaspora itself and internal skirmishes about the legitimacy to represent 'the Acehnese'.


Silly Faces is an interactive video installation in which the viewers create their own 5 second movie. The video uploads immediately to a grid on the wall, an animated mosaic of faces. Everyone is a star. The video mural shows the 65 most recent videos, moving portraits of the audience looping back and forth. Silly Faces was commissioned for the show Yinz Play by the Children's Museum of Pittsburgh. The interaction of pressing a button on an arcade to record the video makes a fun, social and potentially intimate relationship between the audience playing and the video technology. When a new video is recorded it "bumps" the previous video to the left. The movies are saved into a database in the computer. Custom software enables a collaboration between myself and the audience, creating an evolving animated mural, blurring the line between artist, performer, and spectator. Silly Faces will act as a visualization of the temporary community that comes together at SIGGRAPH. The mural is composed from the audience's faces and bodies, creating a family or class portrait of the visitors. The playfulness of making a silly face is a unifying gesture that people of all ages and cultures can enjoy.


The earliest known crown‐group lepidosaurs are known from the Middle Triassic; however, their stem group is poorly sampled, with only a few representative fossils found. This is partly due to the small size and delicate bones of early stem‐lepidosaurs (= non‐lepidosaurian lepidosauromorphs), which make both preservation in the fossil record and subsequent discovery less likely. The Middle Jurassic lepidosauromorph Marmoretta oxoniensis is re‐examined using high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography to reveal parts of the skull anatomy that were previously unknown. These include a squamosal, postorbital, more complete parietal, pterygoids, and an articulated posterior section of the mandible. Some differences between this and other Marmoretta specimens were identified as a result, such as the arrangement of palatal teeth and the shape of the parabasisphenoid. The status of Marmoretta as a stem‐lepidosaur or stem‐squamate has been debated. To evaluate this, we tested the phylogenetic position of Marmoretta by including our new data in an adapted phylogenetic character matrix. We recover Marmoretta as a stem‐lepidosaur and sister to Fraxinisaura rozynekae. Our findings support the hypothesis that both taxa belonged to a clade of non‐lepidosaurian lepidosauromorphs that co‐existed with lepidosaurs into the Middle Jurassic.


Abstract South African family practitioners can expect to contend with rising rates of dementia as the aged segment of the population grows larger and HIV-related neuropsychiatric complications manifest with increasing prevalence. Family practitioners are often the first professional consulted by families concerned with a family member's suspected dementia. This fortunate position facilitates the early identification of cognitive difficulties, which, in turn, greatly increases the likelihood of optimal management. Dementia is best managed with a multidisciplinary-team approach that sees family practitioners fulfilling the role of key support to families and of the coordinators of multidisciplinary referrals and inputs. This article reviews the key diagnostic features of dementia and provides suggestions that may be utilised by physicians in the basic assessment of these features. It concludes with a summary of the most appropriate management plan to be adopted by family practitioners.


While there exist clear methods for validating and ensuring the quality of solutions generated by forest planning heuristic techniques, the use of these methods in the literature varies from one situation to the next. Based on our experience developing and using heuristic forest planning techniques, we describe six levels of heuristic validation that are currently in use, ranging from no validation (Level 1) on one end of the spectrum, to the comparison of heuristic technique solutions with an exact solution obtained using mathematical programming methods (Level 6) on the other end. The reasons why authors may choose or reviewers may require levels of validation are proposed. We do not believe that all research papers should be subjected to the highest level of validation, but suggest that authors of papers on forest planning techniques and reviewers associated with peer-reviewed journals try to place the level of validation within the larger scientific context, then determine an appropriate level of validation. Admittedly, this is problematic for review decisions, given the fact that reviewers may differ in opinion of what is appropriate. Four brief cases are provided to help one think through these issues. Ultimately, we hope that this discussion will lead to a reasoned approach for the use of validation processes in conjunction with the presentation of heuristic techniques, rather than the current ad-hoc process that, on one hand, relies on the valuable and careful thoughts of the reviewers, yet on the other hand, may be uneven in application. MCFNS-1:26-37.


The effect of compositional changes on the crystallisation behaviour and mechnical properties of Li2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 The crystallisation characteristics of glasses based on the Li2O-CaO-SiO2-Al2O3(LCSA) system containing TiO2, ZrO2 has been investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The partial replacement of Li2O, CaO and SiO2 by TiO2, ZrO2 in the studied glass-ceramics led to the development of different crystalline phase assemblages, including lithium calcium silicates, wollastonite, β-eucryptite and β-spodumene using various heat-treatment processes. The rod-like growth morphology was observed by SEM for glass free of TiO2. In this glass, ZrO2 reduced mobility of boundary at sintering temperature, 1000°C and relatively density was 77%. The most sinterability observed in sample containing TiO2 and free of ZrO2 at sintering temperature, 1000°C and relatively density was 84%.


List of Figures List of Tables Acknowledgements About the Authors 1. Why Differentiation of Instruction, Now? Rationales for Differentiated Instruction Meet Needs of Diverse Students Meet Legal Mandates Be Ethical in Implementing Democratic Values Dispel Myths Be Effective Retrofit and Universal Design: Two Approaches Overview of the Book 2. Accessing the General Education Curriculum Through a Retrofit Approach Scenario #1: Elementary Science and Social Studies Scenario #2: Middle Level Mathematics Scenario #3: Middle Level Science Scenario #4: High School Language Arts What Do You Know About Retrofitting as a Way to Differentiate Instruction? 3. Access to Curriculum Through Universal Design for Learning The Universal Design for Learning Cycle for Differentiating Content, Process, and Product Putting it All Together: The Co-Teaching Universal Design Lesson Plan Template 4. Gathering Facts About the Learners Record Review Family-Centered and Culturally-Responsive Fact Gathering Interest Inventories Applying Concepts From Learning Preferences Frameworks Data-Based Observations Making Action Plans (MAPS) Disability Specific Information Co-Teacher Roles in Gathering Facts Pause and Reflect 5. Differentiating Access to the Content of Learning What is Content? Ways to Promote Access Taxonomies and Objectives: Using and Not Abusing Them Layered Curriculum and Levels of Participation Differentiating Content Using Graphic Organizers and Educational Technology Differentiating Content With Culturally-Responsive Techniques Involving Students in Determining Content Co-Teacher Roles in Differentiating Content Pause and Reflect 6. Differentiating the Products of Learning Why Differentiate in Climate of High Stakes Testing? Using Culturally-Responsive Techniques to Differentiate Products Using a Taxonomy of Objectives to Differentiate Products and Assessment Applying Concepts From Learning Preferences Frameworks to Differentiate Assessment Using Formative Assessment and Scaffolding to Differentiate Curriculum-Based Assessments Differentiating How Teachers Grade Products Co-Teacher Roles in Differentiating Products of Learning Pause and Reflect 7. Differentiating the Process of Learning The Complexities of the Process of Learning (Graphic Organizer) Instructional Formats Instructional Arrangements Instructional Strategies Social and Physical Environment Co-Teaching Approaches Pause and Reflect 8. Collaborative Planning for Differentiated Instruction Effective and Efficient Use of Planning Time Development of Relationships Among Team Members: It's a Process! Are We Really an Effective Planning Team? 9. Co-Teaching to Deliver Differentiated Instruction Research Base for Co-Teaching Who Can Be Co-Teachers? Four Approaches to Co-Teaching Questions About Co-Teaching and Differentiated Instruction 10. UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: 4th Grade Social Studies Kevin and His Teachers: The Story The UDL Lesson 11. UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: Middle Level Mathematics Rose and Her Teachers: The Story The UDL Lesson 12. UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: Middle Level Science Tina and Her Teachers: The Story The UDL Lesson 13. UDL Lesson Planning Cycle to Differentiate Instruction in Action: High School Language Arts Chang, Deeandre, Yolanda, and Maarten and their Teachers: The Story The UDL Lesson 14. Epilogue: Pause and Reflect Appendix References Index


It has been over a decade since organizational researchers began seriously grappling with the phenomenon of multiteam systems (MTSs) as an organizational form spanning traditional team and organizational boundaries. The MTS concept has been met with great enthusiasm as an organizational form that solves both theoretical and practical challenges. However, the development of the MTS domain has been stifled by the absence of theory that clearly delineates the core dimensions influencing the interactions between the individuals and teams operating within them. We contribute to such theory building by creating a multidimensional framework that centers on two key structural features of MTSs—differentiation and dynamism—that create distinct forces affecting individual and team behavior within the system. Differentiation characterizes the degree of difference and separation between MTS component teams at a particular point in time, whereas dynamism describes the variability and instability of the system over time. For each dimension, we discuss the underlying subdimensions that explain how structural features generate boundary-enhancing and disruptive forces in MTSs. We then advance a mesolevel theory of MTS functioning that associates those forces with individuals' needs and motives, which, in turn, compile upward to form team and MTS emergent states. Finally, we discuss coordination mechanisms that offset or compensate for the structural effects and serve to cohere the MTS component teams. The theoretical and practical implications of our work and an agenda for future research are then discussed.


An agribusiness firm's choice to expand activities through contract farming rather than plantations, buying directly from open markets or other means reflects differences in transaction costs found in different types of procurement systems. Smallholders may enter contracts to reduce transaction costs of accessing new markets, borrowing, managing risk, acquiring information or increasing employment opportunities. The success of contracts reflects both the contracting environment and management practices. The contracting environment includes the strength of markets for contracted output, government macro policies, technical sophistication in production and attenuation of land ownership while important management elements are farm groups, selection of participants for contracts, managing contract default and conflict resolution. Direct benefits from contracting accrue to smallholders from improved access to markets, improved technology, better management of risk and opportunities for employment of family members. Indirect benefits occur from empowerment of women and increased commercial acumen on the part of smallholders. Contract farming has the potential to improve the welfare of smallholders however it is not a sufficient condition for such improvement. Smaller farmers can be excluded from contracts because of selection bias by agribusiness firms awarding contracts to larger farms, be adversely affected by the second-round effects of contracts on incomes and prices and suffer from narrowing of markets that lie outside of contracts. Institutional developments that might ameliorate this type of exclusion are anti-trust legislation, policies to directly improve the contracting environment, policies to address specific problems smallholders face in entering contracts and participation by NGOs in contract facilitation.


Schools worldwide distribute information to parents about their children's academic performance. Do frictions prevent parents, particularly low-income parents, from accessing this information to make decisions? A field experiment in Malawi shows that, at baseline, parents' beliefs about their children's academic performance are often inaccurate. Providing parents with clear, digestible performance information causes them to update their beliefs and adjust their investments: they increase the school enrollment of their higher-performing children, decrease the enrollment of lower-performing children, and choose educational inputs that are more closely matched to their children's academic level. Heterogeneity analysis suggests information frictions are worse among the poor. (JEL C93, D83, I21, I24, J13, O15)


Silviculture is the art, science and practice of controlling the establishment, composition, health, quality and growth of forests to accomplish a set of management objectives. This publication offers an approach to silviculture of the forests of Quintana Roo in which mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King), the commercially most important tree species in Latin America, is found (Whitmore 2003). We designate these forests as mahogany forests. Much silvicultural knowledge has been gained by studying and observing which practices have or have not achieved the expected results in practice. This publication functions as a road map of technologically feasible options for the management of mahogany forests. It offers suggestions on how to develop silvicultural regimens for multiple objectives that are compatible with production of multiple forest products with emphasis on wood for industrial uses. It is hoped that by combining theory with context, those responsible for managing mahogany forests can create their own designs as well as validate and apply local knowledge and experience that they gather as they manage the mahogany forests of Quintana Roo. Produced with the financial support of the National Forestry Commission (CONAFOR).


The increasing transmission of illegal videos over the Internet imposes the needs to develop large-scale digital video forensics systems for prosecuting and deterring digital crimes in the Internet. In this paper, we propose, design, and implement a novel large-scale Digital Forensics Service Platform (DFSP) that can effectively detect illegal content from Internet videos. More specifically, we propose a distributed architecture by taking advantage of Content Delivery Network (CDN) to improve scalability, which can process enormous number of Internet videos in real time. We propose CDN-based Resource-Aware Scheduling (CRAS) algorithm, which schedules the tasks efficiently in the DFSP according to resource parameters, such as delay and computation load. We deploy the DFSP system in the Internet, which integrates the CDN-based distributed architecture and CRAS algorithm with a large-scale video detection algorithm, and evaluate the deployed system. Our evaluation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the platform.


Given a huge set of applicants, how should a firm allocate sequential resume screenings, phone interviews, and in-person site visits? In a tiered interview process, later stages (e.g., in-person visits) are more informative, but also more expensive than earlier stages (e.g., resume screenings). Using accepted hiring models and the concept of structured interviews, a best practice in human resources, we cast tiered hiring as a combinatorial pure exploration (CPE) problem in the stochastic multi-armed bandit setting. The goal is to select a subset of arms (in our case, applicants) with some combinatorial structure. We present new algorithms in both the probably approximately correct (PAC) and fixed-budget settings that select a near-optimal cohort with provable guarantees. We show via simulations on real data from one of the largest US-based computer science graduate programs that our algorithms make better hiring decisions or use less budget than the status quo.


In the design and development of a legged robot, many factors need to be considered. As a consequence, creating a legged robot that can efficiently and autonomously negotiate a wide range of terrains is a challenging task. Many researchers working in the area of legged robotics have traditionally looked towards the natural world for inspiration and solutions, reasoning that these evolutionary solutions are appropriate and effective because they have passed the hard tests for survival over time and generations. This paper reports the use of genetically inspired learning strategies, commonly referred to as genetic algorithms, as an evolutionary design tool for improving the design and performance of an algorithm for controlling the leg stepping sequences of a walking robot. The paper presents a specific case of finding optimal walking gaits for an eightlegged robot called Robug IV and simulated results are provided.


Abundant and diverse Middle and Upper Albian nannofossil assemblages are present in the Gault Clay exposed at Munday's Hill, Bedfordshire, England. The section was deposited between the first appearance datums of Tranolithus orionatus and Eiffellithus turriseiffeli. This interval can be further subdivided, using the last appearance of Braloweria boletiformis and the first appearances of Axopodorhabdus albianus, Owenia hilli sp. nov. and Eiffellithus monechiae sp. nov. The presence of Braloweria boletiformis, Ceratolithina hamata and Gaarderella granulifera, only at this and other north-west European localities, defines a unique endemic nannofloral province. Low latitude species are present throughout the studied section and first and last appearance datums of species are nearly synchronous, both at Munday's Hill and in other areas. This indicates continuous marine connections between Munday's Hill and low latitude areas through the Mid and Late Albian. Abundance patterns of high latitude nannofossils, primarily Repagulum parvidentatum and Seribiscutum primitivum, suggest that relatively cold waters dominated in the Munday's Hill area near the base of the Middle Albian. The abundance of high latitude taxa gradually decreased towards the end of the Middle Albian, but temporarily increased at the base of the Upper Albian. The abundance of high latitude taxa was relatively low throughout the lower half of the Upper Albian and intermediate to low in the upper half of the Upper Albian. Two new genera, Braloweria gen. nov. and Owenia gen. nov., and two new species, Owenia hilli sp. nov. and Eiffellithus monechiae sp. nov., are described.


Using longitudinal data for 1968-2009 for male household heads, we determine the prevalence of pre- retirement age disability and its association with a wide range of outcomes, including earnings, income, and consumption. We then employ some of these quantities in the optimal social insurance framework of Chetty (2006) to study current compensation for the disabled. Six of our findings stand out. First, disability rates are high. We divide the disabled along two dimensions based on the persistence and severity of their work-limiting condition. We estimate that a person reaching age 50 has a 36 percent chance of having been disabled at least temporarily once during his working years, and a 9 percent chance that he has begun a chronic and severe disability. Second, the economic consequences of disability are frequently profound. Ten years after disability onset, a person with a chronic and severe disability on average experiences a 79 percent decline in earnings, a 35 percent decline in after-tax income, a 24 percent decline in food and housing consumption and a 22 percent decline in food consumption. Third, economic circumstances differ sharply across disability groups. The outcome decline for the chronically and severely disabled is often more than twice as large as that for the average disabled head. Fourth, our findings show the partial and incomplete roles that individual savings, family support and social insurance play in reducing the consumption drop that follows disability. Fifth, time use and detailed consumption data further indicate that disability is associated with a decline in well-being. Sixth, using the quantities we have estimated, we provide the range of behavioral elasticities and preference parameters consistent with current disability compensation being optimal within the Chetty framework.


Abstract. During the Archean Eon in 2.7 billion years ago, solar luminosity was about 75 % of the present-day level, but the surface temperature was suggested to similar to or even higher than modern. What mechanisms act to maintain the temperate climate of early Earth is not clearly known yet. Recent studies suggested that surface air pressure was different from the present level. How does varying surface air pressure influence the climate? Using an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a slab ocean with specified oceanic heat transport, we show that decreasing (increasing) surface pressure acts to cool (warm) the surface mainly because the greenhouse effect of pressure broadening becomes weaker (stronger). The effect of halfing or doubling the surface pressure on the global-mean surface temperature is about 10 K or even larger when ice albedo feedback or water vapor feedback is strong. If the surface pressure was 0.5 bar, a combination of a CO2 partial pressure of about 0.04 bar and an oceanic heat transport of twice the present-day level or a combination of a CO2 partial pressure of about 0.10 bar and an oceanic heat transport of half the present-day level is required to maintain a climate similar to modern, under a given CH4 partial pressure of 1 mbar. Future work with fully coupled atmosphere-ocean models is required to explore the strength of oceanic heat transport and with cloud resolving models to examine the strength of cloud radiative effect under different surface air pressures.


Python can be used for more than just general-purpose programming. It is a free, open source language and environment that has tremendous potential for use within the domain of scientific computing. This book presents Python in tight connection with mathematical applications and demonstrates how to use various concepts in Python for computing purposes, including examples with the latest version of Python 3. Python is an effective tool to use when coupling scientific computing and mathematics and this book will teach you how to use it for linear algebra, arrays, plotting, iterating, functions, polynomials, and much more.


Bacillus cereus G9241, a member of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato complex, was isolated from a Louisiana welder with a pulmonary anthrax-like illness and is closely related to B. anthracis. Most members of the B. cereus group express PlcR, a pleiotropic transcriptional regulator of secreted toxins and enzymes allowing insect infection, which is activated by the peptide PapR at stationary phase of growth. However, in all B. anthracis isolates, the plcR gene contains a point mutation, which frame-shifts the gene, thus inactivating it. It has been proposed that the acquisition of AtxA, the mammalian responsive transcriptional regulator, was incompatible with the activity of PlcR, leading to selection for PlcR inactivation. Interestingly, G9241 encodes intact copies of both atxA and plcR. Preliminary data has shown that B. cereus G9241 has a temperature dependent haemolytic activity, possibly caused by haemolysins that are regulated by PlcR. We hypothesise that a change in the PlcR-PapR regulatory network in G9241 has allowed the co-existence of plcR and atxA through temperature dependent suppression of the PlcR-PapR circuit at the time AtxA becomes active.Here we investigated whether the activity of the PlcR-PapR circuit and PlcR regulated toxins in B. cereus G9241 are temperature dependent (25 °C and 37 °C), in order to accommodate the activity of AtxA. Plasmid based transcription-translation GFP reporter of PlcR, PapR and PlcR-regulated toxins have been used to study translational activity.


Helen Hunt Jackson wrote the sentimental novel, Ramona, to call attention to social justice for Native Americans. This thesis presents a reconsideration and reevaluation of the novel, especially that of the Native American voice the novel presents, by recognizing the complexities of Native American literature and culture. Previous criticism of the novel focuses on the portrayal of Hispanics or the "real life" events, such as the shaping of Southern California, the "true" Ramona, or the life of Jackson. Since there is little critical debate of the text itself, this thesis initiates further exploration. An extensive review of the scholarship provides evidence of the problematic Native American voice. Other white authors, most significantly John G. Neihardt, have presented Native American literary texts such as autobiographies. While Ramona is a work of fiction, Jackson takes similar liberties as translators and editors of Native American autobiographies. In addition, Christianity shapes Jackson's interpretation of Native American life. All of Jackson's characters, both Native American and Hispanic, are influenced by Christianity, and no Native American religion exists within the novel. Despite Jackson's genuine sympathy for Native American rights, she struggles with Native American stereotypes throughout Ramona and creates her own image of the civilized man as noble savage. Jackson can only present a portrait of the Native American iii as she perceives it because she encountered at least two distinct obstacles that prevented her from writing in an authentic Native American voice. First, at the time that Jackson wrote the novel, the Luiseno tribe, the subject of Jackson's narrative, had been influenced by the role of Europeans in their society for over 300 years, and the tribe had lost at least some sense of its original native identity. Secondly, like other white authors, Jackson attempts to give voice to the Native American with her own white upper class female tongue. The Native American voice that Jackson presents is ultimately filtered through her Western lens.


Standards and regulations are developed and introduced in the market to meet the needs of specific domains. As standards are usually developed by experts within a particular domain, the modeling requirements necessary to represent the information associated with these standards are often not well understood. The lack of clear understanding of information requirements creates an environment where information models can become difficult to produce from standards, and the criteria for complying with these standards may be obscure. The variety of challenges encountered in codifying standards using information models necessitates a carefully devised methodology that takes all areas of the whole enterprise into consideration. This paper presents a methodology for the development of information models to complement and support standards based on the Zachman framework for enterprise architecture. In this paper, we will discuss some of the challenges encountered in modeling information for standards and regulations related to sustainability, and subsequently describe how our approach can be used to address these challenges. We will illustrate our approach by developing an example information model to support RoHS (Directive on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment). This work could lead to the development of software tools and environments for computer aided standards development. Finally, we discuss the advantages and drawbacks of our methodology.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


In dense environments, for example residential, office or industrial, the predominant type of link within a real time localization system (RTLS) is non-line-of-sight (NLOS). In some NLOS scenarios the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) of the first incoming Ultra Wideband (UWB) pulse content is much below 0 dB and the shape of the pulse is distorted. Accordingly the detection of the first pulse is critical. In those cases a possible solution is to detect several sample values which show a high probability to be the center of an UWB pulse. In Time-of-Flight (ToF) based ranging, this leads into a number of pulse or rather distance candidates. The aim of the paper is to present a novel scheme for an improved detection of distorted UWB pulses, especially with SNR below 0 dB. A major objective is to minimize the number of necessary pulse candidates for a defined pulse detection quality. The robustness of the approach has been analyzed by a simulation with a huge number of synthetic pulses in dependency of the SNR and a further series with the degree of distortion as parameter. For a wall of brick and a thickness up to 25 cm an average improvement of 32 % against traditional matched filter (MF) method is achieved.


The rarity and heterogeneity of sarcomas make performing appropriately powered studies challenging and magnify the significance of large databases in sarcoma research. Established large tumor registries and population‐based databases have become increasingly relevant for answering clinical questions regarding sarcoma incidence, treatment patterns, and outcomes. However, the validity of large databases has been questioned and scrutinized because of the inaccuracy and wide variability of coding practices and the absence of clinically relevant variables. In addition, the utilization of large databases for the study of rare cancers such as sarcoma may be particularly challenging because of the known limitations of administrative data and poor overall data quality. Currently, there are several large national cancer databases, including the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, the National Cancer Data Base of the American College of Surgeons and the American Cancer Society, and the National Program of Cancer Registries of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These databases are often used for sarcoma research, but they are limited by their dependence on administrative or billing data, the lack of agreement between chart abstractors on diagnosis codes, and the use of preexisting documented hospital diagnosis codes for tumor registries, which lead to a significant underestimation of sarcomas in large data sets. Current and future initiatives to improve databases and big data applications for sarcoma research include increasing the utilization of sarcoma‐specific registries and encouraging national initiatives to expand on real‐world, evidence‐based data sets.


Abstract. The continental divide along the spine of the Canadian
Rockies in southwestern Canada is a critical headwater region for
hydrological drainages to the Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic oceans. Major
flooding events are typically attributed to heavy precipitation on its
eastern side due to upslope (easterly) flows. Precipitation can also occur
on the western side of the divide when moisture originating from the Pacific
Ocean encounters the west-facing slopes of the Canadian Rockies. Often,
storms propagating across the divide result in significant precipitation on
both sides. Meteorological data over this critical region are sparse, with
few stations located at high elevations. Given the importance of all these
types of events, the Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide
Experiment (SPADE) was initiated to enhance our knowledge of the atmospheric
processes leading to storms and precipitation on either side of the
continental divide. This was accomplished by installing specialized
meteorological instrumentation on both sides of the continental divide and
carrying out manual observations during an intensive field campaign from 24 April–26 June 2019. On the eastern side, there were two field sites: (i) at
Fortress Mountain Powerline (2076 m a.s.l.) and (ii) at Fortress Junction
Service, located in a high-elevation valley (1580 m a.s.l.). On the western
side, Nipika Mountain Resort, also located in a valley (1087 m a.s.l.), was
chosen as a field site. Various meteorological instruments were deployed
including two Doppler light detection and ranging instruments (lidars),
three vertically pointing micro rain radars, and three optical disdrometers.
The three main sites were nearly identically instrumented, and observers
were on site at Fortress Mountain Powerline and Nipika Mountain Resort
during precipitation events to take manual observations of precipitation
type and microphotographs of solid particles. The objective of the field
campaign was to gather high-temporal-frequency meteorological data and to
compare the different conditions on either side of the divide to study the
precipitation processes that can lead to catastrophic flooding in the
region. Details on field sites, instrumentation used, and collection methods
are discussed. Data from the study are publicly accessible from the
Federated Research Data Repository at https://doi.org/10.20383/101.0221 (Thériault et al., 2020). This
dataset will be used to study atmospheric conditions associated with
precipitation events documented simultaneously on either side of a
continental divide. This paper also provides a sample of the data gathered
during a precipitation event.


Science education faces the difficult task of helping students understand and appropriately generalize scientific principles across a variety of superficially dissimilar specific phenomena. Can cognitive technologies be adapted to benefit both learning specific domains and generalizable transfer? This issue is examined by teaching students complex adaptive systems with computer-based simulations. With a particular emphasis on fostering understanding that transfers to dissimilar phenomena, the studies reported here examine the influence of different descriptions and perceptual instantiations of the scientific principle of competitive specialization. Experiment 1 examines the role of intuitive descriptions to concrete ones, finding that intuitive descriptions leads to enhanced domain-specific learning but also deters transfer. Experiment 2 successfully alleviated these difficulties by combining intuitive descriptions with idealized graphical elements. Experiment 3 demonstrates that idealized graphics are more effective than concrete graphics even when unintuitive descriptions are applied to them. When graphics are concrete, learning and transfer largely depend on the particular description. However, when graphics are idealized, a wider variety of descriptions results in levels of learning and transfer similar to the best combination involving concrete graphics. Although computer-based simulations can be effective for learning that transfers, designing effective simulations requires an understanding of concreteness and idealization in both the graphical interface and its description.


BACKGROUND Morphine and other opioids are routinely used systemically and as wound infusions in the postoperative period. Their effect on wound and fracture healing remains unclear. OBJECTIVE The primary outcome was to assess the potential cytotoxicity of clinically relevant concentrations of morphine on human fibroblasts. DESIGN Laboratory in-vitro study. SETTING Institute of Physiology, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich. MATERIALS Monolayers of human fibroblasts. INTERVENTION(S) Exposure of human fibroblast monolayers to several concentrations of morphine, for different periods of time, with and without an artificially induced inflammatory process. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cell count, cell viability, cell proliferation and apoptosis. RESULTS A concentration, time and exposure-dependent cytotoxic effect of morphine-mediated apoptosis was observed. Simulated inflammatory conditions seemed to lessen toxic effects. CONCLUSION Cytotoxic effects of morphine are exposure, time and concentration dependent. Simulating aspects of inflammatory conditions seems to increase resistance to morphine cytotoxicity especially in the presence of higher concentration and longer exposure times.


In a certain automobile factory, batch-painting of the body types in colours is controlled by an allocation system. This tries to balance production with orders, whilst making optimally-sized batches of colours. Sequences of cars entering painting cannot be optimised for easy selection of colour and batch size. `Over-production' is not allowed, in order to reduce buffer stocks of unsold vehicles. Paint quality is degraded by random effects. This thesis describes a toolkit which supports IKBS in an object-centred formalism. The intended domain of use for the toolkit is flexible manufacturing. A sizeable application program was developed, using the toolkit, to test the validity of the IKBS approach in solving the real manufacturing problem above, for which an existing conventional program was already being used. A detailed statistical analysis of the operating circumstances of the program was made to evaluate the likely need for the more flexible type of program for which the toolkit was intended. The IKBS program captures the many disparate and conflicting constraints in the scheduling knowledge and emulates the behaviour of the program installed in the factory. In the factory system, many possible, newly-discovered, heuristics would be awkward to represent and it would be impossible to make many new extensions. The representation scheme is capable of admitting changes to the knowledge, relying on the inherent encapsulating properties of object-centres programming to protect and isolate data. The object-centred scheme is supported by an enhancement of the `C' programming language and runs under BSD 4.2 UNIX. The structuring technique, using objects, provides a mechanism for separating control of expression of rule-based knowledge from the knowledge itself and allowing explicit `contexts', within which appropriate expression of knowledge can be done. Facilities are provided for acquisition of knowledge in a consistent manner.


The compensation of the dangling‐bond space charge in amorphous silicon p‐i‐n solar cells by graded, low‐level doping in the intrinsic layer is discussed and demonstrated experimentally. Carrier collection in p‐i‐n cells without doping indicates that the degraded state space charge is largely positive, and thus that boron doping should be beneficial. Solar cells with linearly decreasing boron doping profiles are shown to yield a homogeneous collection in the intrinsic layer, and a red light conversion efficiency superior to that of undoped cells after light soaking. Also, the optimal doping concentration is shown to be a direct measure of the degraded state defect density.


The canonical Missouri v. Holland holds that Congress has power to enact legislation to implement a treaty, even if it would lack the power to enact the same legislation absent the treaty. It holds, in other words, that the legislative power may be increased by treaty. This proposition is of enormous theoretical importance, because it is in deep tension with the fundamental constitutional principle of enumerated legislative powers. It is also of great and increasing practical importance, because it lies at the intersection of the two most dramatic trends in American law: the explosion of the United States' commitments under international law on matters of distinctly local concern, and the new willingness of the Supreme Court to police the limits of the enumerated powers of Congress. These two trends, in combination, are creating an increasing gap between what Congress is called upon to do by treaty and what it otherwise has enumerated power to do. It is this widening gap that implicates Missouri v. Holland.This Article endeavors to prove that Missouri v. Holland is wrongly decided. It shows, first, that Justice Holmes misunderstood the relationship between the Treaty Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause. Second, it demonstrates that the standard historical defense of Missouri v. Holland is based on a false premise. It concludes, based on constitutional text, history, and structure, as well as an examination of public choice and practical consequences, that Missouri v. Holland is wrong - treaties cannot increase the legislative power of Congress. Whether or not this Article definitively resolves this issue, however, it should, at a minimum, serve to launch a new debate in the constitutional law of foreign affairs: what is the scope of Congress's power to legislate pursuant to treaty?