As a final preparation tool providing a review of CCNP exam topics, the CCNP Quick Reference 2/e complements official Cisco curriculum, other books, or other exam preparatory material in a candidates preparation for the four CCNP exams. This concise guide provides you with detailed, graphical-based information, highlighting only the key topics on the latest CCNP exams in a review-style format. This fact-filled Quick Reference allows you to get all-important information at a glance, helping you to focus your study on areas of weakness and to enhance memory retention of important concepts. This book provides a comprehensive final review for candidates taking any of the CCNP exams. It steps through exam objectives one-by-one, providing concise and accurate review for all topics. Using this book, you will be able to easily and effectively review test objectives without having to wade through numerous books and documents for relevant content for final review.


One of the most influential guidebooks of Renaissance Rome was written by the young Bolognese natural historian Ulisse Aldrovandi. Drafted while he awaited trial for heresy before the Inquisition in 1549–50, his Di tutte le statue antiche describes the private antiquities collections of Rome. It was published in 1556, 1558, and 1562, and was frequently imitated and copied by later authors. Though scholars often cite the text in studies of the history of art and collecting, few have analyzed it in its entirety, and fewer still have considered the ways in which it reflects Aldrovandi's experience with the Inquisition. The text is more than a simple guidebook: it was designed to flatter powerful patrons who could help Aldrovandi in his predicament with the Holy Office. By examining the context of its creation and its content, this article examines Aldrovandi's guidebook as a document of sixteenth-century urban social experience.


An unexpectedly large number of well-preserved fossil ziphiid (beaked whale) skulls trawled from the seafloor off South Africa significantly increases our knowledge of this cetacean family. The eight new genera and ten new species more than double the known diversity of fossil beaked whales and represent more than one-third of this family (fossil and extant). A cladistic parsimony analysis based on 18 cranial characters suggested that some of these fossil taxa belong to the three extant ziphiid subfamilies, whereas others might represent extinct ziphiid lineages. Such high fossil ziphiid diversity might be linked to the upwelling system and the resulting high productivity of the Benguela Current, which has been in place and influenced conditions of the shallower waters along the southwest coast of South Africa and Namibia since the Middle Miocene. Both fossil and extant South African beaked whale faunas show a wide range in body size, which is probably related to different dietary niches and to wide exploration of the water column. Moreover, most South African fossil ziphiids share two morphological traits with extant species, which indicates that some of the behaviours associated with these traits had likely already developed during the Neogene: 1) the absence of functional maxillary teeth-providing clear evidence of suction feeding; and 2) the heavy ossification of the rostrum in specimens assumed to represent adult males-a feature which likely helps prevent injury and damage on impact during male-male fighting.


We investigate the role of the antigen‐specific B cell receptor (BCR) in the establishment and maintenance of the peripheral B cell pools. We studied the fate of a population of transgenic B cells expressing a BCR without V region (TgΔVμ). We found that the TgΔVμ B cells can populate the peripheral B cell pools in the absence of other B cells, but when in the presence of a second population of non‐transgenic B cells, they are virtually absent from the mature B cell compartments. By studying the rate of accumulation of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine we show that the peripheral TgΔVμ B cells have a shorter life‐span compared to non‐transgenic B cells. By directly comparing the fate of two populations of transgenic B cells, either lacking or expressing a V region, we were able to assign the poorest competitive ability and the short peripheral survival of the TgΔVμ B cells to the lack of an antigen‐binding site. The results obtained support the involvement of the V region in the persistence of peripheral B cell populations.


Social network sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, LinkedIn, and Twitter have become an increasingly ever-present feature in American life since first appearing in the late 1990s. SNSs now impact virtually all parts of daily life, and the judiciary is not immune to this effect. Recent statistics show that approximately 40% of judges nationwide utilize SNSs for personal, professional, and electoral purposes.Social media, like any public communication form, presents special ethical challenges for judges. In recent years, judicial ethics committees in various states have weighed in on these questions and have not shown any clear consensus. However, it is generally agreed that judges using SNSs must pay particular attention to how that use relates to the judge's particular ethical obligations regarding relationships and communication with others. In general terms, social media participation by judges raises important ethical questions that directly impact how courts are perceived in the emerging media age.


Title of Dissertation: ATTENTION BIAS TOWARD THREAT ACQUISITION: A DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK Jenna G. Suway, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation directed by: Professor Nathan A. Fox, Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology The primary goal of this study was to examine possible differences in threat bias acquisition across development. The current study aimed to 1) examine if threat bias could altered in 8, 12, and 18-year old children and explore possible age-related differences in threat bias acquisition 2) examine age-related differences in the relations between bias change and stress reactivity 3) examine pubertal development and its possible relations to bias change and stress reactivity and 4) explore temperamental traits and their possible relation to threat bias acquisition. To address these aims, the current study utilized an attention bias modification (ABM) with three age groups (8-year-old, 12-year-old, and 18-year-old children) to train attention allocation toward threat-related stimuli. After training, participants underwent a stress task and were assessed on emotional reactivity to stress. Data were also collected on pubertal development, trait anxiety, trait fearfulness, and social sensitivity. Overall, the results indicated that the training paradigm was partially successful in altering children's threat bias, however, age was related to bias change. Results indicated that participants, regardless of age group, responded faster on the dot-probe task over time, suggesting the training procedure increased vigilance to threat. Results did not show a main effect of bias change from pre-training to post-training; however, there was a significant age group difference in threat bias acquisition. The 8-year old group displayed a greater threat bias change than did the 18-year old group. In partial support of the hypotheses, findings suggested that there were some group differences between stress reactivity and bias change. As well, decreases in anxiety reported stress reactivity after completion of a speech task were associated with more advanced pubertal development. Lastly, while pubertal development scores correlated with threat bias acquisition, self-reported temperamental trait characteristics did not relate to threat bias acquisition. While there is a clear need for the continued study of ABM across development, the current study is one of the first to show age differences in threat bias acquisition and its' relations to stress reactivity and pubertal development. ATTENTION BIAS TOWARD THREAT ACQUISITION: A DEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK


The Supreme Court's recent reinterpretation of the Confrontation Clause – in Crawford v. Washington, Davis v. Washington, Giles v. California, and Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts – has been praised for decoupling the Sixth Amendment from hearsay law. In reality, though, Crawford and its progeny have woven the hearsay rule into constitutional analysis more tightly than ever. The hearsay rule has long been in retreat throughout the common-law world, and the factors fueling that retreat are likely, ultimately, to weaken the rule in the United States, as well. But for now Crawford is providing hearsay with its last hurrah – at least with respect to evidence introduced against a criminal defendant. It is sometimes suggested that civil-law countries are warming to the hearsay rule, just as common-law countries are growing tired of it. That is not quite right. In recent decades civil-law countries, particularly in Europe, have bolstered the right of criminal defendants to question their accusers in court or to have them questioned by magistrates. But this is a procedural right, not a rule of evidence: it does not exclude statements, but simply provides an opportunity to challenge them. If questioning the accuser is impossible, because – for example – the accuser is no longer alive, no country but the United States excludes the evidence, except perhaps in the most extraordinary of cases. America's strong version of the hearsay rule is more and more a global anomaly, and he Crawford line of cases is entrenching that that anomaly, at least for the short term. That should give us pause, for at least three reasons. First, the hearsay rule has earned its unpopularity. It excludes too much probative evidence with too little justification. This is especially true of the uncompromising, eighteenth-century version of the hearsay rule the Supreme Court has now read into the Sixth Amendment. Second, by treating the Confrontation Clause as, first and foremost, a codification of eighteenth-century evidence rulings, the Crawford line of cases diverts attention from dimensions of confrontation not captured by the hearsay rule – dimensions that may grow increasingly important as scientific evidence plays a larger and larger role in criminal prosecutions. Third and finally, by constitutionalizing the hearsay rule, but only as it applies to evidence introduced against criminal defendants, Crawford threatens to impede the cross-fertilization between the doctrines governing out-of-court statements in criminal cases and the parallel rules in civil cases.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the intra- and interobserver variability of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) measurements obtained with 2 indirect methods in awake dogs and percentage of successful measurements.

ANIMALS
6 healthy conscious adult dogs.

PROCEDURES
4 observers with different levels of training measured SAP and DAP on 4 days by use of Doppler ultrasonography (DU) and high-definition oscillometry (HDO). The examinations were randomized. Measurements for each technique were recorded 5 consecutive times, and mean values (total, 720 measurements) were used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS
All within- and between-day coefficients of variation (CVs) for SAP were < 15% irrespective of the observer or method (HDO, 3.6% to 14.1%; DU, 4.1% to 12.4%). Conversely, half the CVs for DAP were > 15% with the highest within- and between-day CVs obtained by the least experienced observer by use of DU (19.5% and 25.9%, respectively). All attempts with HDO were successful, whereas DAP could not be measured by use of DU by the least experienced observer in 17% of attempts.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
SAP may be assessed in healthy dogs by use of DU and HDO with good repeatability and reproducibility after a short period of training. Conversely, the variability of DAP is higher and longer training is required to assess DAP via DU than via HDO.


The functioning of commodity markets has changed related to processes of financialization that involve two major developments – the rise of financial interest on commodity derivative markets through the increasing presence of financial investors and the changing business models of international commodity trading houses and the increasing importance of these markets in price setting and risk management since the liberalization of national commodity sectors. A critical question is how these global financialization processes affect commodity producers in low income countries via the operational dynamics of global commodity chains and distinct national market structures. This paper investigates how global financialization processes influence how prices are set and transmitted and how risks are distributed and managed in the cotton sectors in Burkina Faso, Mozambique and Tanzania. It concludes that uneven exposure to price instability and access to price risk management have important distributional implications. Whilst international traders have the capacity to deal with price risks through hedging in addition to expanding their profit possibilities through financial activities on commodity derivative markets, local actors in producer countries face the challenge of price instability and increased short-termism – albeit to different extents deepening on local market structures – with limited access to risk management.


This paper begins by mentioning the deep connections between art and science and how these connections, which in certain periods of time had been practically ignored, have recently received much consideration. The present attention comes from specialists in different fields of science and humanities and the conclusions/solutions that they bring can be regarded as means of integrating. The paper briefly refers to examples in the visual arts which illustrate Einstein's discovery of the double nature of light. Then it focuses on the possible relationships between literature and quantum mechanics. The novels Potiki and Benang, both from the Pacific region, are good examples to help us realize that notions concerning space-time that had been part of indigenous knowledge for centuries are now validated by recent scientific discoveries: the uncertainty principle and the principle of no-locality among others. Thus, native literatures that had been analysed in the frame of the traditions of their respective cultures, or even within the parameters of magic realism, can now acquire a new and stimulating dimension.


The choice of approximate posterior distribution is one of the core problems in variational inference. Most applications of variational inference employ simple families of posterior approximations in order to allow for efficient inference, focusing on mean-field or other simple structured approximations. This restriction has a significant impact on the quality of inferences made using variational methods. We introduce a new approach for specifying flexible, arbitrarily complex and scalable approximate posterior distributions. Our approximations are distributions constructed through a normalizing flow, whereby a simple initial density is transformed into a more complex one by applying a sequence of invertible transformations until a desired level of complexity is attained. We use this view of normalizing flows to develop categories of finite and infinitesimal flows and provide a unified view of approaches for constructing rich posterior approximations. We demonstrate that the theoretical advantages of having posteriors that better match the true posterior, combined with the scalability of amortized variational approaches, provides a clear improvement in performance and applicability of variational inference.


Dynamic capability is a theory of competitive advantage in rapidly-changing global environments. We reconcile this explanation with previous theories of competitive advantage, showing how it informs and complements explanations based on market positions, firm resources and Schumpeterian creative destruction. We examine the scope conditions of dynamic capability; that is, when the theory has more and less explanatory power. We find that dynamic capability has greatest explanatory power when a partially-foreseeable technological change is on the verge of transforming the basis of market competition. The theory has less explanatory power when dynamic capabilities are not undervalued or scarce; when change is unforeseeable; when change is too easily foreseeable; when the effect size of new capabilities is small; in industries subject to repeated technological shifts; and in markets that reward short bursts of extraordinary performance over long-term persistence. We discuss these scope conditions and show how dynamic capability combines with prior theories to explain competitive advantage in different industry contexts.


Most software-development groups have embarrassing records: By some accounts, more than half of all software projects are significantly late and over budget, and nearly a quarter of them are cancelled without ever being completed. Although developers recognize that unrealistic schedules, inadequate resources, and unstable requirements are often to blame for such failures, few know how to solve these problems. Fortunately, the Personal Software Process (PSP) provides a clear and proven solution. Comprising precise methods developed over many years by Watts S. Humphrey and the Software Engineering Institute (SEI), the PSP has successfully transformed work practices in a wide range of organizations and has already produced some striking results.This book describes the PSP and is the definitive guide and reference for its latest iteration. PSP training focuses on the skills required by individual software engineers to improve their personal performance. Once learned and effectively applied, PSP-trained engineers are qualified to participate on a team using the Team Software Process (TSP), the methods for which are described in the final chapter of the book. The goal for both PSP and TSP is to give developers exactly what they need to deliver quality products on predictable schedules.PSPSM: A Self-Improvement Process for Software Engineers presents a disciplined process for software engineers and anyone else involved in software development. This process includes defect management, comprehensive planning, and precise project tracking and reporting.The book first scales down industrial software practices to fit the needs of the module-sized program development, then walks readers through a progressive sequence of practices that provide a sound foundation for large-scale software development. By doing the exercises in the book, and using the PSP methods described here to plan, evaluate, manage, and control the quality of your own work, you will be well prepared to apply those methods on ever larger and more critical projects.Drawing on the author's extensive experience helping organizations to achieve their development goals, and with the PSP benefits well illustrated, the book presents the process in carefully crafted steps. The first chapter describes overall principles and strategies. The next two explain how to follow a defined process, as well as how to gather and use the data required to manage a programming job. Several chapters then cover estimating and planning, followed by quality management and design. The last two chapters show how to put the PSP to work, and how to use it on a team project. A variety of support materials for the book, as described in the Preface, are available on the Web.If you or your organization are looking for a way to improve your project success rate, the PSP could well be your answer.


The quality of match of four statistical matches used in the LIMEW estimates for the United States for 1992 and 2007 is described. The first match combines the 1992 Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) with the 1993 March Supplement to the Current Population Survey, or Annual Demographic Supplement (ADS). The second match combines the 1985 American Use of Time Project survey (AUTP) with the 1993 ADS. The third match combines the 2007 SCF with the 2008 March Supplement to the CPS, now called the Annual Social and Economics Supplement (ASEC). The fourth match combines the 2007 American Time Use Survey with the 2008 ASEC. In each case, the alignment of the two datasets is examined, after which various aspects of the match quality are described. Also in each case, the matches are of high quality, given the nature of the source datasets.


ABSTRACT The lifestyles of the growing middle classes in the Philippines have a potentially significant impact on the environment. To what extent and how this happens depends on the attitudes, aspirations and actual consumption practices of the middle classes. Environmental knowledge, environmental concern, wealth and international experience present the key concepts for the exploratory analysis of consumer behaviour. This contribution draws on a unique combination of quantitative and qualitative data, using national and city-level household surveys as well as insights from focus group discussions. The study finds that higher wealth levels and environmental concern influence reported energy saving behaviours. Younger, female and environmentally concerned consumers also tend to choose more sustainable modes of transport, but the correlation is weak. Overall, more carbon intensive, unsustainable consumption patterns can be expected as households move up the socioeconomic ladder. While the middle classes score fairly highly on the measurement scales of environmental concern and knowledge, education, savings and income security matter more to them in day-to-day life. For prospective sustainable consumption policies, our results imply that more action that draws on behavioural insights is needed to overcome the knowledge–action gap.


Nominally, this case is about whether North Carolina may tax a trust's undistributed net income because the trust's beneficiary resided in North Carolina during the relevant tax years. But the broader problem is that many states seek to tax trust income based on the local residence of various persons or assets connected to the trust. The existence of multiple triggers for taxation raises a problem of overlapping jurisdiction that the Due Process Clause is ill-suited to address. For example, if a settlor in State W designates a trustee in state X, who holds assets in an account in state Y, for a beneficiary in State Z, four different states might seek to tax the trust's income and might not provide offsetting credits.

The Due Process Clause, as opposed to the Dormant Commerce Clause, is a poor fit for sorting out this regulatory overlap for at least three reasons.

First, the Court's due process jurisprudence is designed to identify when a given state may act in isolation, rather than when the overlapping authority of multiple states creates a risk of cumulative burdens.

Second, current Dormant Commerce Clause jurisprudence provides robust tools for addressing the problem of cumulative burdens.

Third, relying on the Dormant Commerce Clause rather than the Due Process Clause would preserve flexibility for Congress to provide comprehensive solutions if it identifies a problem arising from multistate taxation of trust income. In contrast, a ruling on Due Process grounds that North Carolina may not impose the tax at issue here, or that other states may not tax trusts in other circumstances, would tie Congress's hands in the face of tax avoidance schemes that may undermine reasonable state interests.


This paper applies Arendtian reflections to fundamental aspects of translation. We begin by considering linguistic diversity in connection with Arendt's notion of human plurality and inquiring what that means for translation. As each person exists only as one of many, each language exists only as one of many languages. As human plurality necessitates mutual understanding among people, linguistic diversity necessitates translation. We go on to explain the relationship between a text and its translation through the concepts of 'appearance' and doxa (opinion). If the existence of the world is contingent on plural individuals and their doxa, a text exists fully through its different translations, or appearances of the text via the doxa of different translators. Finally, we analyze the nature of translational practice in terms of 'labor', 'work' and 'action'. We argue that the task of the translator should not remain at the level of labor, which is driven solely by the need for survival and self-preservation, nor at the level of work, which serves instrumental purposes; we propose instead that translating should culminate in action, with a keen awareness of others and the good of the entire community.


Thermally activated nickel-titanium wires have been widely used by orthodontists due to more constant forces, generation over longer activation spans, greater resistance to permanent deformation, superelasticity characteristics when cyclically loaded, better spring-back and less hysteresis.

 The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of clinical use and sterilization process on the Transition Temperature Range (TTR) of thermoset nickel-titanium wires using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).

 Sections from four nickel-titanium wires (0.019 × 0.025-inch) belonging to four different brands were assessed in four different states. Two of the wires were assessed in the "as received" state, one after 60 days of clinical use, and one after 60 days of clinical use and subjected to a sterilization process (autoclaving). The segments of each archwire were tested using DSC at temperatures ranging from −80°C to 150°C at a rate of 10°C/min.

 All the nickel-titanium memory thermoset wires presented with desirable property for clinical use. The shape memory property was not influenced by clinical use and sterilization process.

 There was no change in TTR of the nickel-titanium wires after clinical use and sterilization.


Historically, bankruptcy attorneys received the short end of the stick and were paid less for their services than attorneys in other fields of law. With the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, Congress attempted to reduce the discrepancy in compensation. However, after the Supreme Court's decision in Baker Botts v. ASARCO, L.L.C., the playing field remains unequal for bankruptcy attorneys. Following this decision, if a debtor disputes their attorney's fee application, attorneys are at a disadvantage and cannot recover fees for defending their fee application. As a result, bankruptcy attorneys take an effective pay cut if they are faced with a fee application dispute, because they must either settle or litigate. Without adequate safeguards in place, the Supreme Court has left bankruptcy attorneys defenseless. This Note argues that creating a higher standard for disputing fee applications, one involving the United States Trustee's Office more, would protect bankruptcy attorneys from prejudicial treatment and fix the unfair situation they are currently placed in.


We study the high numerical aperture focusing properties and typical applications of axially-symmetric polarized beams (ASPBs) with high polarization orders. We calculate the field distribution near focus of an aplanatic system for incident ASPBs with different polarization orders and initial azimuthal angles, and based on the simulation results, we find some unique focusing properties of the beams, such as ever on-axis energy null, strong longitudinal field, and flowerlike intensity distribution at focus. In addition, we can manipulate the three-dimensional (3D) focused field distribution flexibly by use of diffractive optical elements (DOEs), which will give rise to some interesting applications, and we also discuss possible applications and present an example of a 3D optical chain at last.


Over the past decade, mobile computing and wireless communication have become increasingly important drivers of many new computing applications. The field of wireless sensor networks particularly focuses on applications involving autonomous use of compute, sensing, and wireless communication devices for both scientific and commercial purposes. This paper examines the research decisions and design tradeoffs that arise when applying wireless peer-to-peer networking techniques in a mobile sensor network designed to support wildlife tracking for biology research.The ZebraNet system includes custom tracking collars (nodes) carried by animals under study across a large, wild area; the collars operate as a peer-to-peer network to deliver logged data back to researchers. The collars include global positioning system (GPS), Flash memory, wireless transceivers, and a small CPU; essentially each node is a small, wireless computing device. Since there is no cellular service or broadcast communication covering the region where animals are studied, ad hoc, peer-to-peer routing is needed. Although numerous ad hoc protocols exist, additional challenges arise because the researchers themselves are mobile and thus there is no fixed base station towards which to aim data. Overall, our goal is to use the least energy, storage, and other resources necessary to maintain a reliable system with a very high `data homing' success rate. We plan to deploy a 30-node ZebraNet system at the Mpala Research Centre in central Kenya. More broadly, we believe that the domain-centric protocols and energy tradeoffs presented here for ZebraNet will have general applicability in other wireless and sensor applications.


For centuries,
insects have been used as food due to their availability and easiness in
raising that is much less burdensome for environment than animal husbandry
breeding. Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a store-pest of which larvae are consumed by people. The aim of the work
was to determine the nutritional value of larvae of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.). The material was a
three-month-old mealworm larva 25 -30 mmin length. Larvae were boiled for 3 min and next dried in 60℃. Contents of water, ash,
minerals, protein, fat and fat acids profile have been determined. Fresh larvae
contained 56% of water, 18% of total protein, 22% of total fat and 1.55% of
ash. High contents of minerals were found in the larvae: magnesium (87.5
mg/100g), zinc (4.2 mg/100g), iron (3.8 mg/100g), copper (0.78 mg/100g) and
manganese (0.44 mg/100g). The proportion of n-6/n-3 fatty acids was very
advantageous and amounted to 6.76. Larvae powder contained twice higher content
of protein, fat, ash and minerals. Larva of mealworm is a valuable source of
nutrients in amounts more profitable for human organism than traditional meat
food. Powdered larva is a high-grade product to be applied as a supplement to
traditional meals.


Understanding the end-to-end behavior of complex systems where computing technology interacts with physical world properties is a core challenge in cyber-physical computing. This paper develops a hierarchical modeling methodology for open cyber-physical systems that combines techniques in estimation theory with those in data mining to reliably capture complex system behavior at different levels of abstraction. Our technique is also novel in the sense that it provides a measure of confidence in predictions. An application to green transportation is discussed, where the goal is to reduce vehicular fuel consumption and carbon footprint. First-principle models of cyber-physical systems can be very complex and include a large number of parameters, whereas empirical regression models are often unreliable when a high number of parameters is involved. Our new modeling technique, called the Sparse Regression Cube, simultaneously (i) partitions sparse, high-dimensional measurements into subspaces within which reliable linear regression models apply and (ii) determines the best reliable model for each partition, quantifying uncertainty in output prediction. Evaluation results show that the framework significantly improves modeling accuracy compared to previous approaches and correctly quantifies prediction error, while maintaining high efficiency and scalability.


Often a title of a paper is not a sufficient guide to its content. However, within the title there is some indication that there is some "sociological" perspective concerning post-disaster mitigation. In most interdisciplinary conferences, it is somehow assumed that a "sociologist" is a defender of people. And people are usually seen as being problematic to any cherished or planned post-disaster activity. Of the assumption is made that certain activities are appropriate and important for mitigation, but they fail because of the "people". Consequently, this problematic source –the people—are considered the province of sociologist with the implication that, if sociologist were able to "solve' the people problem, all else would be right with the world, especially since technological schemes could b implemented. Such schemes are assumed to be in the interest of the people anyway. Thus, it is assumed that if sociologist can solve the people problem, planning efforts would usher us into some new utopia. The role of sociologist is considered residual, rather than central, in the planning process.


The optimization of biofiltration technologies can be addressed improving the knowledge of the process taking place within biofilms, mainly biokinetics and mass transport. Biokinetics are usually defined using different methodologies, such as respirometric and titrimetric tests. Mass transport within biofilms is usually described as diffusion through a homogeneous phase, despite it is accepted that biofilms are very heterogeneous. Thus, a quantitative understanding of how biofilm structure is linked to mass transport is essential to develop reliable models. For this purpose different works have collected the results of various diffusion studies, proposing correlations between biofilm density and mass transport. However the reliability of these correlations, widely used in modeling works, is under suspect because data used in their construction are highly dependent on the experimental conditions where they were obtained. The goal of this paper was to experimentally quantify the effective diffusivity inside biofilms, using a specific microsensor, as function of biomass density, for a specific microbial population and substrate. In addition, biofilm diffusivity was measured at different hydrodynamic conditions. Combining both studies, an equation for the calculation of biofilm diffusivity, considering biomass density and liquid phase velocity, was proposed.


OBJECTIVE Exercise is an effective intervention to treat fatty liver. However, the mechanism(s) that underlie exercise-induced reductions in fatty liver are unclear. Here we tested the hypothesis that exercise requires hepatic glucagon action to reduce fatty liver. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) and assessed using magnetic resonance, biochemical, and histological techniques to establish a timeline for fatty liver development over 20 weeks. Glucagon receptor null (gcgr−/−) and wild-type (gcgr+/+) littermate mice were subsequently fed HFD to provoke moderate fatty liver and then performed either 10 or 6 weeks of running wheel or treadmill exercise, respectively. RESULTS Exercise reverses progression of HFD-induced fatty liver in gcgr+/+ mice. Remarkably, such changes are absent in gcgr−/− mice, thus confirming the hypothesis that exercise-stimulated hepatic glucagon receptor activation is critical to reduce HFD-induced fatty liver. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that therapies that use antagonism of hepatic glucagon action to reduce blood glucose may interfere with the ability of exercise and perhaps other interventions to positively affect fatty liver.


PAGE Many different kinds of physics are used in sensors that produce time-domain signals, such as ultrasonics, acoustics, seismology, and electromagnetics. The waveforms generated by these sensors are used to measure events or detect flaws in applications ranging from industrial to medical and defense-related domains. Interpreting the signals is challenging because of the complicated physics of the interaction of the fields with the materials and structures under study. Often the method of interpreting the signal varies by the application, but automatic detection of events in signals is always useful in order to attain results quickly with less human error. One method of automatic interpretation of data is pattern classification, which is a statistical method that assigns predicted labels to raw data associated with known categories. In this work, we use pattern classification techniques to aid automatic detection of events in signals using features extracted by a particular application of the wavelet transform, the Dynamic Wavelet Fingerprint (DWFP), as well as features selected through physical interpretation of the individual applications. The wavelet feature extraction method is general for any time-domain signal, and the classification results can be improved by features drawn for the particular domain. The success of this technique is demonstrated through four applications: the development of an ultrasonographic periodontal probe, the identification of flaw type in Lamb wave tomographic scans of an aluminum pipe, prediction of roof falls in a limestone mine, and automatic identification of individual Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags regardless of its programmed code. The method has been shown to achieve high accuracy, sometimes as high as 98%.


Volume 13 of the IELTS Research Reports brings together a set of six empirical studies sponsored under Rounds 14 and 15 of the joint-funded research program (ie, grants awarded in 2008 and 2009). As with much other academic research, there can be a lengthy passage from initial acceptance of a research proposal to completion of the study and subsequent publication of its findings. IELTS-funded researchers submit their final project report to the grant-awarding body, which then sends it out for peer review by one or more external specialists in the field. It is also forwarded to the IELTS research team at Cambridge ESOL for review and comment. Following a comprehensive cycle of review, feedback and revision, outcomes from the funded studies are finally released into the public domain via a number of channels, including the IELTS website and publications such as this one.


Dick Cheney is one of the strongest potential contenders for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996. He is a man of national and international experience: best remembered for his distinguished performance as secretary of defense during America's Desert Storm victory, he was also White House chief of staff under President Gerald Ford, and then House Republican Whip, one of the top leadership positions in Congress. Elected six times to the House of Representatives from Wyoming, he has proven vote-winning ability in a state that went 26 percent for Ross Perot last year. He comes from the West, a region where Republicans are now in trouble - and which they must recapture if they are to win back Congress and the presidency. He is one of the few Republican leaders widely respected by Democrats and independents. An economic conservative and a moderate on social issues, he probably also would be acceptable - no small feat - to all factions of the GOP. His greatest challenge, should he aspire to national leadership, is to be a little bolder, a little more imaginative, a little more stirring in his rhetoric. His message is plain, no-nonsense, conventional, center-right Republicanism - lower taxes, limited government, freer markets, a strong defense. This message could prove very attractive to Americans after four years of Bill Clinton. But will it be enough to galvanize the political coalitions Mr. Cheney would need to win - and then to govern effectively? He already has won his countrymen's respect; can he now move them to action to cure America's economic ills and arrest its cultural breakdown? I talked with Mr. Cheney in late May in his office at the American Enterprise Institute, where he currently is a senior fellow. Policy Review: It is now two years after the spectacular victory of the United States and its allies in Desert Storm. What objectives were achieved during this war? Cheney: The best way to evaluate Desert Storm is to consider what the world would be like today if we hadn't fought and won this war. If we had taken a pass on Saddam's occupation of Kuwait, by today he would have the eastern province of Saudi Arabia and would sit astride about 50 percent of the world's oil reserves, which he could control directly when you add up Kuwaiti, Saudi, and Iraqi oil reserves. He'd be able to dominate the rest of the reserves in the Persian Gulf. And he'd have nuclear weapons. We had to stop this from happening. And we did. We did exactly what we set out to do in Desert Storm. We liberated Kuwait, and we destroyed Saddam's offensive capability. Those were the two objectives we talked about repeatedly in the run-up to the war, and once we achieved those objectives, we stopped operations. P.R.: What were President Bush's most important contributions to this victory. Cheney: The president laid out the broad strategy. He took a personal hand in organizing the international coalition that gave us political and military support. He managed the Soviet account. He worked with the United Nations and the major Arab leaders who sent troops to fight alongside U.S. forces. He gave the Defense Department clear direction in terms of the objectives. Then he let us fight the war and refrained from micromanaging the military campaign. He also deserves credit for having the courage to avoid some of the mistakes that Lyndon Johnson committed in Vietnam. When I told him we wanted to call up a quarter of a million reservists, he never hesitated. He said, "Do it." When we said we needed to put a "stop-loss" order in effect so that everybody currently in the military would stay in for the duration, he said, "Do it." He consistently gave us the kind of political support that we needed to use military force to maximum advantage. That's one of the reasons we were so successful. P.R.: By contrast, how would you evaluate President Clinton's handling of the conflict in Bosnia? …


Human-centered design of wearable robots involves the development of innovative science and technologies that minimize the mismatch between humans' and machines' capabilities, leading to their intuitive integration and confluent interaction. Here, we summarize our human-centered approach to the design of closed-loop brain-machine interfaces (BMI) to powered prostheses and exoskeletons that allow people to act beyond their impaired or diminished physical or sensory-motor capabilities. The goal is to develop multifunctional human-machine interfaces with integrated diagnostic, assistive and therapeutic functions. Moreover, these complex human-machine systems should be effective, reliable, safe and engaging and support the patient in performing intended actions with minimal effort and errors with adequate interaction time. To illustrate our approach, we review an example of a user-in-the-loop, patient-centered, non-invasive BMI system to a powered exoskeleton for persons with paraplegia. We conclude with a summary of challenges to the translation of these complex human-machine systems to the end-user.


This thesis describes the development of methodology for the synthesis of cyclic imine-sugars, and their use in the synthesis of aza-sugars as potential sugar-processing enzyme inhibitors. Our goals include the synthesis of cyclic imines of L-rhamnose, D-glucose, and L-idose stereochemistry, and the introduction of functionality via nucleophilic addition reactions. Work on the synthesis of cyclic imines commenced with the use of the simple model systems piperidme and 2-methylpiperidine. N-Chlorination of these systems was performed and the products converted into their cyclic imine derivatives through elimination of HCl. Nucleophilic addition reactions to these systems were attempted, but the low stability and reactivity of the imines led to the isolation of only one adduct. The synthesis of novel cyclic pyrrolidine imine-sugars of L-rhamnose stereochemistry was performed by a Staudinger aza-Wittig reaction. The aza-Wittig reaction of a known L-rhamnose derived azido-sugar gave a novel cyclic L-rhamnopyrrolidine aldimine A novel synthesis of this azido-sugar was also devised. Successful nucleophilic additions to the cyclic L-rhamnopyrrolidine aldimine were performed with a range of Grignard reagents giving novel protected aza-sugars in good yields and with excellent diastereoselectivities. A novel cyclic L-rhamnopyrrolidme ketimine was also synthesised via a Staudinger aza-Wittig from a novel azido-sugar, although time constraints prevented screening this system with nucleophiles. The synthesis of novel cyclic piperidine imine-sugars of D-glucose, and L-idose stereochemistry was performed, both via N-chlorination/elimination of the protected parent aza-sugars, and via the Staudinger aza-Wittig reaction of novel azido-sugars. The elimination of HCl from six-membered iV-chloro aza-sugars of D-glucose and L- idose stereochemistry was investigated, and methodology developed in the case of D- glucose system for the regioselective elimination of HCl to give either the aldimme or the ketimine derivative. Comparison of elimination reactions of the N-chloro aza- sugars of D-glucose, and L-idose stereochemistry allowed rationalisation of the observed regiocontrol. Screening of the cyclic imines of D-glucose and L-idose stereochemistry with nucleophiles, followed by deprotection of the adducts, allowed the synthesis of novelaza-sugars via late-stage introduction of functionality. Low yields were obtained for these additions, but diastereocontrol was generally good, and could be rationalised by accepted stereoelectronic and steric approach control factors. The formation of cyclic piperidine imines of L-idose, and D-glucose stereochemistry was also performed via the Staudinger aza-Wittig reaction. These systems were found to be identical to those synthesised by the N-chlorination/elimination protocol. We also performed the first synthesis of the enantiomer of the natural product (+)- adenophorine thereby allowing assignment of the absolute configuration of the natural product (+)-adenophorine. The key synthetic step in this synthesis was stereoselective reduction of a novel intermediate cyclic piperidine ketimine-sugar of L-idose stereochemistry.


This paper explores the complex relationship between structure and agency and the way it has been incorporated into migration theory. It argues that attempts to develop a coherent and robust body of migration theory have been thwarted by a structure–agency impasse: some approaches lean too close to functionalism while others veer into structuralism. Those who search for middle ground have tended to draw on Giddens' notion of structuration as a way of articulating the balance between structure and agency in migration processes. The article shows that, while structuration is beguiling, it has failed to offer any significant advances for migration theory. This is a result of theoretical weaknesses in structuration theory rather than a failure of its application; this argument is based on a critical realist critique of the dualism inherent in structuration. It is suggested that critical realism offers a fruitful avenue for a more sophisticated analysis of structure and agency in migration processes. The article ends with a brief outline of a critical realist approach to migration theory and argues that this may offer a way around the structure–agency impasse.


The present paper describes the generation of waste coal-dust from steel industry and its utilisation for generation of power in power plant. The main objective of the work is to utilise the heat energy of coal dust into useful work and propose a combination of coal and coal dust supplying system to the boiler. The work started with the collection and analysis of the coal dust. The physical property of the coal dust matches with system requirement to do the firing in combination with the milling system. The study of the boiler performance reveals that there is variation in boiler efficiency when compared with the 100% firing through the milling system and the combination with the coal dust firing. It is evident from the obtained data that the efficiency of full coal firing is around 90% where as with the coal dust the efficiency was dropped 1% to 2% less than 90%.


This volume constitutes the proceedings of the 4th IFIP WG 8.1 Working Conference on the Practice of Enterprise Modeling, held in Oslo, Norway, during November 2-3, 2011. The conference series is a dedicated forum where the use of enterprise modeling (EM) in practice is addressed by bringing together researchers, users, and practitioners in order to develop a better understanding of the practice of EM, to contribute to improved industrial EM applications, and to share knowledge and experiences. The 18 papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. Authored by both researchers and practitioners, they reflect the fact that EM encompasses human, organizational issues as well as technical aspects related to the development of information systems. The papersare organized in five thematic sessions on process modeling, business modeling, enterprise architecture, EM, and model-driven development. In addition, two keynotes on EM in an agile world and on intra- and inter-organizational process mining complete the volume.


Problem statement: Speech segmentation is an important part for speech recognition, synthesizing and coding. Statistical based approach detects segmentation points via computing spectral distortion of the signal without prior knowledge of the acoustic information proved to be able to give good match, less omission but lot of insertion. These insertion points dropped segmentation accuracy. Approach: This study proposed a fusion method between statistical and connectionist approaches namely the divergence algorithm and Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP) with adaptive learning for segmentation of Malay connected digit with the aim to improve statistical approach via detection of insertion points. The neural network was optimized via trial and error in finding suitable parameters and speech time normalization methods. The best neural network classifier was then fusion with divergence algorithm to make segmentation. Results: The results of the experiments showed that the best neural network classifier used learning rate of value 1.0 and momentum rate of value 0.9 with data normalization based on zero-padded. The segmentation using fusion of statistical and connectionist was able to reduce insertion points up to 10.4% while maintaining match points above 99% and omission point below 0.7% within time tolerance of 0.09 second. Conclusion: The result of segmentation using the proposed fusion method indicated potential use of connectionist approach in improving continuous segmentation by statistical approach.


The study makes a claim for a critical cosmopolitanism situated in daily performances and encounters of difference in Athens. In the wake of mass migration and economic crisis, the contemporary urban environment changes, creating new social spaces where identities and cultures interact. Festivals are seen as sites of creative dialogue between the Self, the Other and local communities. Festivals are examples of those new spaces where different performances of belonging give rise to alternative social imaginations. This study explores the emotional, cultural and political aspects of cosmopolitanism with the latter leading to the formation of an active civil society. As such, it seeks to evidence cosmopolitanism as an embodied, everyday practice. The research thus extends the current field by locating its empirical lens in a specific milieu.

Empirical analysis of grounded cosmopolitanism anchored in behavioural repertoires redefines ubiquitous polarities of margin and centre, pointing towards social change in Athens. Fieldwork was conducted in Athens over eighteen months, comprising of building communities of participants involved in three festivals, including both artists and organisations. Research methods included observation and participation in the festivals, which were photographically documented for research visual diaries. Semi-structured
interviews formed the core of the fieldwork. The approach allowed access to experiences, feelings and expressions through artworks, embodying 'third spaces'.

In the milieu of rapid social change, as urban localities transform as a result of economic and social crisis, the need for redefining politics emerges. The case studies explore how change in a celebratory moment can have a more sustainable legacy encouraging active citizenship. The analysis highlights the value of a model of cosmopolitanism in action, positing that transformation of the social and political must be local and grounded in everyday actions if it is to engage with promises of alternative futures.


The basic scientific question of this study was: do other mechanisms exist for excitation of secondary microseisms aside from the widely accepted mechanism by non-linear interactions of respective ocean waves. Here we use continuous broadband data from secondary microseisms recorded at the Ostrava-Krasne Pole, Czech Republic (OKC) seismic station to create a massive seismological database. Except for seismological data, various meteorological features and their mutual relations were analysed: temperature, the so called "shifted" temperature, air density, changes of atmospheric pressure, and synoptic situations. These analyses prove that maximum amplitudes of microseisms were observed during winter, while minimum amplitudes occured in summer months. The annual variations of microseisms amplitudes could not be explained by annual variations of storm activity above the North Atlantic. In addition, current analyses also aim at quantitative and quantitative evaluation of synoptic situations for triggering individual microseismic anomalies. Some of the meteorological features, namely the distribution of low pressures above northern Europe and high-pressure areas in Central Europe make it easy to explain most of the microseismic extremes. Here we pay special attention to the influence of large earthquakes, which usually induce slow deformation waves. We conclude that at least three mechanisms of microseism generation are possible: (1) the function of atmospheric pressure at sea level in the North Atlantic, (2) the effects of spreading of thermoelastic waves in the rock mass and (3) deformation waves induced by large earthquakes.


We examined morbidity and mortality of 200 reptiles, representing 13 different species that were presented to the University of Illinois Wildlife Medical Clinic (WMC) from 2003 to 2010. Snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentine; n = 46), box turtles (Terrapene sp.; n = 43), painted turtles (Chrysemys picta; n = 37), and red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans; n = 33) were the most frequently seen species. Turtles were significantly more likely to be presented to the WMC following collision with a motor vehicle (n = 73) than any other reason, including idiopathic trauma (i.e., trauma of unknown origin; n = 25) or infectious disease (n =18). The findings from this cross-sectional study suggest a potential for community education in limiting reptile traumas resulting in presentations to a wildlife hospital.


Facial expressions are a useful source of information about the emotional state of others. However, facial expressions do not always correspond with an underlying emotional state. It is advantageous for perceivers to be able to differentiate between those expressions that are associated with a corresponding emotional state (genuine expressions) and those which are not associated with underlying emotions (posed expressions). The present study investigated the sensitivity of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and age and sex-matched control children to the different emotions underlying posed and genuine smiles. The first task required participants to listen to 12 emotion eliciting stories and select, from a grid of 4 facial expressions (a genuine smile, a posed smile, a neutral expression and a sad expression) that which matched how the target in the story would feel. Children with ASD correctly matched facial expressions and stories than did participants without ASD. The second task required children to look at a series of faces, each displaying either a posed smile, a genuine smile or a neutral expression and indicate whether each target was or was not happy. Participants with ASD were less sensitive both to the underlying emotional state of the targets and to the difference between posed and genuine smiles than were the control participants. Results are discussed in terms of the social deficits symptomatic of ASD.


In this paper we examine the causal impact of competition on management quality. We analyze the hospital sector where geographic proximity is a key determinant of competition, and English public hospitals where political competition can be used to construct instrumental variables for market structure. Since almost all major English hospitals are government run, closing hospitals in areas where the governing party has a small majority is rare due to fear of electoral punishment. We find that management quality - measured using a new survey tool - is strongly correlated with financial and clinical outcomes such as survival rates from emergency heart attack admissions (AMI). More importantly, we find that higher competition (as indicated by a greater number of neighboring hospitals) is positively correlated with increased management quality, and this relationship strengthens when we instrument the number of local hospitals with local political competition. Adding another rival hospital increases the index of management quality by one third of a standard deviation and leads to a 10.7% reduction in heart-attack mortality rates.


Background/Aims: We investigated the combined toxic effect of sodium fluoride (NaF) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on kidney morphological changes and DNA damage in male Wistar rats. Methods: In this study we selected totally 96 male Wistar rats (12-week-old) then randomly group-housed them into four cages, treated with deionized water, NaF, SO2 and co-treatment of NaF and SO2 respectively. Morphological changes of kidney were detected by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Correspondingly, tailing ratio and comet length were measured by BAB Bs Comet Assay System, including DNA damage special unit were calculated to evaluate the grades of kidney DNA damage at the same time. Results: Treated groups showed a body weight decrease when compared to control group. However, no significant difference in the relative weight of kidney was found in all four groups. It is noteworthy that at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after exposure, the morphological alteration of renal tubules were observed in all treated groups, especially in group-IV. Also, at 4 and 6 weeks, notable DNA damage was found in all treated groups, as assessed by significantly increasing trend of comet length tailing ratio. Conclusion: The study manifests that presence of NaF and SO2 will not only induce renal tissue lesions but also impact DNA integrity. In addition, this combined exposure exhibits a synergistic effect, characterizing a dose-dependence and time correlation. These findings may provide novel insights regarding perturbations of DNA damage and its functions as a potential new mechanism, by which cautious interpretation of NaF and SO2 co-exposure evolved in both animals and human beings is necessary.


management, and present initial fi ndings from recently completed and ongoing clinical trials. Abstract When COVID-19 fi rst emerged, many researchers were focused on its impact on the lungs. As we have learned more about SARS-CoV-2 and resulting COVID-19, we have discovered that patients present a greater complexity in the context of the neurotrauma and the pulmonary lesions can become an aggravation of the neuroinvasion of the coronavirus and originate from cerebral injury. Recently, it has been suggested that noninvasive brainstimulation could be avaluable toolfor the management of the early and postacute phase of patients with COVID-19. This session will present the results of our investigation of the High-de fi nition transcranial direct current stimulation effects during the acute and chronic recovery phase from COVID-19. The prognostic factors and clinical pre-dictors that contribute to greater response to treatment will be presented and directions for future research will be discussed.


Background One of the reasons physiotherapy services are provided to emergency departments (EDs) and emergency extended care units (EECUs) is to review patients' mobility to ensure they are safe to be discharged home. Aim To investigate whether a physiotherapy service to an EECU altered the rate of hospital admission, rate of re-presentation to the ED, visits to community healthcare practitioners, return to usual work/home/leisure activities and patient satisfaction. Methods A randomised trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding and intention-to-treat analysis was undertaken in an EECU. The sample comprised 186 patients (mean age 70 years, 123 (66%) female patients, 130 (70%) trauma) who were referred for physiotherapy assessment/intervention. Referral occurred at any stage of the patients' EECU admission. All participants received medical/nursing care as required. The physiotherapy group also received physiotherapy assessment/intervention. Results The physiotherapy group had a 4% (95% CI −18% to 9%) lower rate of admission to hospital than the control group and a 4% (95% CI −6% to 13%) higher rate of re-presentation to the ED, which were statistically non-significant (p≥0.45). Differences between groups for use of community healthcare resources, return to usual work/home/leisure activities and satisfaction with their EECU care were small and not significant. Conclusion A physiotherapy service for EECU patients, as provided in this study, did not reduce the rate of hospital admission, rate of re-presentation to the ED, use of community healthcare resources, or improve the rate of return to usual work/home/leisure activities or patient satisfaction. Trial registration number ANZCTRN12609000106235.


The fisheries of the Farasan Islands (Saudi Arabia, Red Sea) are described. The fishery resources are exploited by artisanal, investor and industrial sectors. The artisanal fishery consists mostly of line fishing around coral reefs and about half the fishing effort occurs within the proposed marine protected area (MPA). Activities by investor and industrial fisheries sector include line fishing, gill netting, fish trapping and demersal fish trawling. The relevant resource management issues that need to be addressed as part of a planning study for the establishment of a MPA are also presented. The major issues are: (1) the decline in the catch of the artisanal fishery; (2) by catch and habitat degradation; (3) sustainability in the collection of giant clams and pearl shells; and (4) the lack of information such as the importance of MPA to fisheries, stock assessment and catch and effort data. A significant role in the future management of the fisheries has been identified for the traditional representatives of the artisanal sector.


The MIDI Manufacturers Association (MMA) and the Association of
Musical Electronics Industry (AMEI) have produced the Mobile XMF
standard, which was developed particularly for mobile MIDI
applications. Mobile XMF is a very compact media type providing high-
quality synthetic audio content for music downloading and messaging
applications that require MIME registration. This document registers
the media type audio/mobile-xmf. This memo provides information for
the Internet community.


This paper proposes a robust multivariable control design by intelligent control that uses a fuzzy neural network by producing robustness capable of automatically controlling gain against a conventional, fixed PID control system. This structural feature of the proposed controller forms a nonlinear deviation compensator using fuzzy neural networks. Therefore, in multidimensionality the inverse dynamic model portion of the control law is referred to as a linearizing and decoupling control law. This method uses a control law where parameter response leads to critical damping and adaptive changes in gain according to time, making it possible to decouple mutual interference in each multivariable system.


Avian intrapulmonary chemoreceptors (IPC) are vagal respiratory afferents that are inhibited by high lung Pco(2) and excited by low lung Pco(2). Previous work suggests that increased CO(2) inhibits IPC by acidifying intracellular pH (pH(i)) and that pH(i) is determined by a kinetic balance between the rate of intracellular carbonic anhydrase-catalyzed CO(2) hydration/dehydration and transmembrane extrusion of acids and/or bases by various exchangers. Here, the role of amiloride-sensitive Na(+)/H(+) exchange (NHE) in the IPC CO(2) response was tested by recording single-unit action potentials from IPC in anesthetized ducks, Anas platyrhynchos. For each of the IPC tested, blockade of the NHE using dimethyl amiloride (DMA) elicited a marked (>50%) dose-dependent decrease in mean IPC discharge (P < 0.05), suggesting that NHE is important for pH(i) regulation and CO(2) transduction in IPC. In addition, activation of the NHE using 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate stimulated six of the seven IPC tested, although the overall effect was not statistically significantly (P = 0.07). Taken together, these findings suggest that CO(2) transduction in IPC is dependent on transmembrane NHE although it is likely to be much slower than carbonic anhydrase-catalyzed hydration-dehydration of CO(2).


Typical software engineering activities, such as program maintenance or reengineering, result in frequent changes of software which are often accompanied by unintended side effects. Consequently, research on impact analysis put forth approaches to assess the adverse effects of changes. However, understanding and implementing these changes is often aggravated by inconsistencies and dependencies between different types of software artifacts. Likewise, most impact analysis approaches are not able to detect the possible side effects of changes when different types of software artifacts are involved. We present an approach that combines impact analysis and multi-perspective modeling for analyzing the change propagation between heterogeneous software artifacts. Our approach assists developers with understanding the consequences of changes by identifying impacted artifacts and determining how they are affected. We utilize a model repository for combining UML models, Java source code, and JUnit tests by mapping them on a unifying meta-model. We introduce a novel impact propagation approach that analyzes dependencies between software artifacts according to the type of change which is applied upon them. Our approach is implemented by a set of impact propagation rules which are evaluated by a case study.


Nanotechnology, as shortly described as the study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale, is one of the most dynamic and promising industries, receiving a great deal of attention from researchers, business leaders, investors, and policymakers around the world. In Making It to the Forefront, Nesli Aydogan-Duda has assembled a distinguished group of authors to analyze the particular challenges and opportunities of nanotechnology emergence and management in the developing world. In so doing, they address the issues from several angles, ranging from cultural issues to capital markets, industrial clusters to government policy and legal structure. Drawing from in-depth research and case studies in Turkey, Latin America, India, China, and Iran, and a comparison with the development of the industry in the United states, the authors present a cross-cultural approach, with particular emphasis on the strategic nature of the nanotechnology industry for economic development, consumer welfare, and homeland security. Among the topics they consider are the importance of knowledge transfer from universities to the market and, more generally, the interface between science and its commercialization--and the institutional infrastructure that is necessary to maximize the potential of science and technology. In doing so, the authors provide unprecedented theoretical and empirical contributions to the study of nanotechnology, and, more generally, insight into the complex business, political, and cultural environment that must be established in order for such an industry to thrive in the context of a developing country.


This is the first book to examine the process of railway development in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and China from historical and comparative perspectives. Moreover, it discusses and compares the East Asian experiences of railway development with cases in Germany, which was a mainstay of railway development in Europe. After the opening of Japan in the mid-nineteenth century, the country achieved import substitution of locomotives in half a century. This book explores the social capability of Meiji Japan to overtake the advanced countries in railway technology. Parallel with the expansion of the Japanese empire, a large team of engineers constructed and operated the colonial government railways of Taiwan and Korea and the South Manchuria Railway. The book clearly outlines the education and training of these engineers. The management capabilities of the colonial railways and South Manchuria Railway were transferred to the postwar period, and such expertise supported the economic development of each country and region. These dramatic East Asian experiences of railway development are compared with European cases, mainly German railways.


Analyzing survey data on the issue of genetically modified foods in South Korea, this study explores the role of news media in facilitating informed issue evaluation. Respondents who read a newspaper more often were more knowledgeable about the issue. Also, heavy newspaper readers were more able than light readers to hold consistent views on different aspects of the issue. When it comes to television news, heavy viewers held stronger opinions than light viewers on the key issue attributes. News media use seems to allow the audience to engage in greater cognitive elaboration, helping them to make an informed and deliberate issue evaluation.


Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links without central infrastructure. Each node operates not only as an end system, but also as a router to forward the packets. The nodes are free to move about and organize themselves into a network and changes position frequently so that network topology unpredictably changes dynamically. Hence MANETS are best suited for the applications in which the re is not requirement for existing underlying infrastructure. In this paper, the author will provide an overview of routing protocol, traffic types, underlying issues and challenges related to security, mobility and resource limitation and also give possible solution for them.


People's capacity to give meaning and direction to social life is an essential dimension of political freedom. Yet many citizens of Western democracies believe that this freedom has become quite restricted. They feel they are at the mercy of anonymous structures and processes over which they have little control, structures and processes that present them with options and realities they might not have chosen if they had any real choice. As a result, political interest declines and political cynicism flourishes. The underlying cause of the powerlessness pervading the current political system could be modernization. Taking the work of Max Weber, Karl Mannheim, and Joseph Schumpeter as a point of departure, Hans Blokland here examines this process. The topics covered are, among others, the meaning of modernization, the forces that drive it, and, especially, the consequences of modernization for the political freedom of citizens to influence the course of their society via democratic politics.


Phenological advances and trophic mismatches are frequently reported ecological consequences of climate warming. Trophic mismatches occur when phenological responses to environmental conditions differ among trophic levels such that the timing of resource demand by consumers becomes decoupled from supply. We used 25 years of demographic measurements of a migratory songbird (the black-throated blue warbler Setophaga caerulescens) to compare its breeding phenology to the phenology of both its caterpillar prey and the foliage on which caterpillars feed. Caterpillar biomass in this forest did not show a predictable seasonal pulse. Nest initiation by warblers in this northern hardwood forest was therefore not timed to coincide with a peak in food availability for nestlings. Nonetheless, timing of first clutches was strongly associated with spring leaf expansion (slope ± SE = 0.56 ± 0.08 days per day of change in leaf phenology, R2 = 0.66). Warblers adjusted the timing of breeding to early springs mainly by shortening the interval between arrival and clutch initiation, but this likely has limits because recent early springs are approaching the relatively inflexible dates when birds arrive on the breeding grounds. Although the timing of first nests did not match 1:1 with leaf-out phenology, the adjustments in breeding time maximized mean annual reproductive success. Nest predation had the greatest effect on annual reproductive success, but the ability of nesting warblers to appropriately track leaf phenology accounted for effects on annual reproductive success comparable to the influence of variation in caterpillar abundance and conspecific density. Nesting phenology in black-throated blue warblers was generally well matched to the timing of leaf-out, even though the match was not 1:1. Without measurements of reproductive success, these unequal phenological shifts might otherwise have been interpreted as having negative ecological consequences.


In two experiments we investigated the effects of stereotyping on (a) reactions to a behavioral transgression and (b) the recall of information bearing on it. Subjects read a case file describing a transgression committed by a target (in Experiment 1, a job-related infraction; in Experiment 2, a criminal act). In some cases, the target's transgression was stereotypic of the target's ethnic group (conveyed through his name), and in other cases it was not. After reading the case file, subjects judged the likelihood that the transgression would recur and recommended punishment for the offense. These judgment data supported the hypothesis that stereotypes function as judgmental heuristics. Specifically, subjects used a stereotype of the target to infer the reasons for his transgression, and then based their punishment decisions on the implications of these inferences, considering other relevant information only when a stereotype-based explanation of the behavior was not available. However, recall data suggested that once a stereotype-based impression of the crime and its determinants was formed, subjects reviewed other available information in an attempt to confirm the implications of this impression. This led to differential recall of presented information, depending on whether its implications were consistent with, inconsistent with, or irrelevant to those of the stereotype.


Recently, the Dlx family of homeobox genes have been identified as candidates for regulating patterning and differentiation of the forebrain. We have made a polyclonal antiserum to the protein product of the Dlx-2 gene. Using this antiserum, we have characterized the spatial and temporal pattern of DLX-2 protein expression during murine development and in the adult mouse brain. These studies demonstrate that, like the mRNA from the Dlx-2 gene, DLX-2 protein is expressed in mouse embryonic forebrain, limbs, tail, genital tubercle, and branchial arches. Within the embryonic forebrain, DLX-2 protein is expressed within specific transverse and longitudinal domains. Analysis of expression within the wall of the forebrain shows that DLX-2 is expressed in proliferative regions including the ventricular and subventricular zones. DLX-2 is expressed in the same cells as MASH-1, a marker of relatively undifferentiated cells, but in a reciprocal fashion to MAP-2, a marker of terminal neuronal differentiation. A number of DLX-2-expressing cells, but not all, can be labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Using the patterns of DLX-2, MASH-1, MAP-2 expression, and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, we identify four molecularly distinct populations of cells that may correspond to different stages of neuronal differentiation in the mouse basal forebrain, in which DLX-2 is expressed at the transition from proliferation to terminal differentiation.


In this paper, real and effective heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) are considered. The real HTC is determined by dividing the heat flux density by the superheat of the liquid. The effective HTC is obtained by dividing the heat flux density by the underheat of the liquid plus the superheat of the boundary layer. In practice, especially in the heat treating industry, effective HTCs and their average values are widely used. In many cases that is not correct, because bubble formation (critical diameter) depends on the superheat ΔT = T − TS only and does not depend on the bath temperature. It is shown that due to this incorrectness, many problems arise, and misunderstanding of the quenching process often exists. So as to understand correctly the involved thermo-physical processes and receive correct data for computer simulation, in this paper, the real and effective HTCs are compared with each other. Several contradictions are shown between real and effective HTCs, such as the fact that the real HTCs do not depend on the size of a steel part and the thermal properties of a material. The effective HTC depends proportionally on the thermal properties of a material and is inversely proportional to the size of steel parts that contradict each other. In order to solve this problem, in this paper it is shown that the effective HTC is a mathematical value that can be used only for simplified cooling rate and cooling time calculations at the core of steel parts, and it cannot be used for temperature field calculations and residual stress prediction. The results of this paper can be used for computer simulation of the process of quenching and for the development of new intensive quenching technologies.


This chapter examines John Paul II's contribution to law as a statesman, world leader, and universal pastor of the Roman Catholic Church. John Paul II's approach to the law was shaped by the stark realities of having suffered firsthand the injustice of two totalitarian regimes and the cruelties of the Second World War. An ardent defender of human rights, especially the rights to life and religious liberty, John Paul II saw in human dignity and human solidarity the two great levers for advancing the development of legal systems. Lastly, this chapter explores John Paul II's invaluable role in updating and reforming the canon law of the Catholic Church. He had a singular role in promulgating the Code of Canon Law of 1983, the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches of 1990, and the Apostolic Constitution Pastor Bonus of 1988 on reforming the Roman Curia. For these and other relevant legal contributions, John Paul II well deserves the title of jurist.


Abstract Objective To determine the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in French youth from 2009 to 2013 and to determine if there are differences in weight categories according to socio-economic status. Design Cross-sectional study performed in different regions of France. Physical measures included weight, height and BMI. Underweight, overweight and obesity were defined according to age- and sex-specific BMI cut-off points from the International Obesity Task Force. Setting France. Subjects Children and adolescents (n 9670; 4836 boys, 4834 girls) from the French national BOUGE Program between 2009 and 2013. Results The prevalence of obesity was higher in boys than girls (P<0·05). In contrast, underweight was more prevalent in girls (P<0·05). Although there were no significant changes in overweight or underweight boys or girls from 2009 to 2013, there was a significant increase in obesity in boys and girls (P<0·05) during the same time period. The prevalence of underweight increased in girls from 12·0 to 16·7 % (P >0·05) and remained unchanged in boys (7·1–7·3 %) between 2009 and 2013. Overweight and obesity were higher in low socio-economic families (P<0·0001). Conclusions Findings suggest that the prevalence of overweight was stable although high in French children and adolescents, while the prevalence of obesity increased significantly. Changes in underweight, although not significant, were high in girls and merit further attention. Improving public health interventions, especially in high-risk low socio-economic populations, may help to modify the behaviour that contributes to underweight, overweight and obesity in young boys and girls.


Judicial and scholarly assessment of emerging technology seems poised to drive the Fourth Amendment down one of three paths. The first would simply relegate the amendment to a footnote in history books by limiting its reach to harms that the framers specifically envisioned. A modified version of this first approach would dispense with expansive constitutional notions of privacy and replace them with legislative fixes. A third path offers the amendment continued vitality but requires the U.S. Supreme Court to overhaul its Fourth Amendment analysis. Fortunately, a fourth alternative is available to cabin emerging technologies within the existing doctrinal framework. Analysis of satellite-based tracking illustrates this last approach. The Global Positioning System (GPS) allows law enforcement officials to monitor an individual's precise movements for weeks or months at a time. GPS technology not only is substantially different than anything the Court has previously considered, but also is a substantial threat to fundamental notions of privacy. By illustrating how, with only minor tweaking, existing Fourth Amendment law can effectively rein in intrusive applications of this one emerging technology, this Article begins to construct an analytical framework that can be applied more broadly to future technological enhancements. This Article begins by reviewing the science and capabilities of GPS-enhanced surveillance. It concludes that satellite-based tracking is a powerful investigative tool that enables authorities to monitor the movements (both indoors and out) of an unlimited number of people for weeks or months at a time. This Article then examines the Court's historical treatment of technologically enhanced surveillance, and shows that the intrusiveness of an emerging technology is critical to its constitutional treatment. Considering the intrusiveness of GPS-enhanced tracking, this Article concludes that the unfettered use of such surveillance is inimical to fundamental Fourth Amendment principles. The most defensible treatment of GPS tracking under the existing analytical framework is that it is a search and, as such, must be preauthorized by a warrant issued only upon probable cause.


Caenorhabditis elegans has three POU homeobox genes, unc-86, ceh-6 and ceh-18. ceh-6 is the ortholog of vertebrate Brn1, Brn2, SCIP/Oct6 and Brn4 and fly Cf1a/drifter/ventral veinless. Comparison of C. elegans and C. briggsae CEH-6 shows that it is highly conserved. C. elegans has only three POU homeobox genes, while Drosophila has five that fall into four families. Immunofluorescent detection of the CEH-6 protein reveals that it is expressed in particular head and ventral cord neurons, as well as in rectal epithelial cells, and in the excretory cell, which is required for osmoregulation. A deletion of the ceh-6 locus causes 80% embryonic lethality. During morphogenesis, embryos extrude cells in the rectal region of the tail or rupture, indicative of a defect in the rectal epithelial cells that express ceh-6. Those embryos that hatch are sick and develop vacuoles, a phenotype similar to that caused by laser ablation of the excretory cell. A GFP reporter construct expressed in the excretory cell reveals inappropriate canal structures in the ceh-6 null mutant. Members of the POU-III family are expressed in tissues involved in osmoregulation and secretion in a number of species. We propose that one evolutionary conserved function of the POU-III transcription factor class could be the regulation of genes that mediate secretion/osmoregulation.


The need for a scientifically literate populace is clear now more than ever in recent human history as evidenced by global climate change and current political discourse and opining around it. Several decades of research and practice in science education still appear to leave much to be desired in terms of student understanding about the nature of science, scientific research and communication, and the need for scientific literacy. While there are potentially many avenues for students to pursue science in education and career paths, the Astronomy Research Seminar seems to have tapped into an intrinsic value in participating within and contributing to a Community-of-Practice as a way of learning. Based on an initial evaluation of students' experience and educational and career choices, the seminar has a meaningful impact on students. Furthermore, for many individuals it transforms their identities as scientists or at least budding-scientists and gives them a glimpse into the idea that they can participate in the scientific endeavor. As has been shown recently (Freed 2019) the seminar model is scalable as evidenced by the numerous variations that have developed over the past several years. This paper provides a deeper look into how students think and feel about their research experience in the seminar.


In this article, I apply Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of carnival to an analysis of George MacDonald's The Light Princess (1864). First, I define the concept of 'carnival' as explained in Bakhtin's Rabelais and his World (1965). The subversive characteristic of the carnival which Bakhtin writes of is paramount in fantasy literature, of which The Light Princess exemplifies various elements. Brian Attebery says, "fantastic literature, as a literature that provokes reinterpretations of 'reality' and the boundaries of what is known and accepted, plays an important role in Bakhtin's criticism" (117). Second, I provide an overview of various critical responses to the ideological function of carnival, applying a special focus on how children's literature criticism benefits from carnival by referring to critics such as John Stephens and Maria Nikolajeva. Finally, I examine ways in which MacDonald uses the carnivalesque mode to convey his ideas of social reform.


With the massive growth of World Wide Web people are able to gain the access to massive amount of information. This information may contain data, images, flow charts, logos, maps etc. However locating and finding the relevant information is always a difficult task. A lot of textual-based search engines are available, but there are very rare image search engines through which desired images can be searched from the pool of images available on the web. Hence there is a need of such a image search engine using which the related and exact images can be searched. Reverse image search is such a content-based image retrieval query technique that involves providing the CBIR system with a sample image that it will then base its search upon. Reverse image search can be used to search either data related to the query image or the images related to that image or exact images.


A research paper or thesis writing is considered hard and very difficult process of intense concentration and brain work. Readers generally are first interested in new results of the paper. Writing results section contains new results from research investigation but is difficult in comparison to writing methods section as the latter section is already written at the proposal writing stage and requires only language change. Results section is heart of the paper and its completion with methods section already written; implies more than 50% of paper or thesis writing work and it become 70% paper writing work with writing of discussion section. Results writing section should be organized into different segments of text and visuals such as tables, figures, algorithms, etc. In order to start writing results section, we make a beginning with data analysis and its presentation of key findings as summarized results to yield an answer to the research question that study attempted. Answers to the questions and interpretations are presented in the discussion section. Data analysis is primarily linked with writing text part of the results and discussion of results. This is a desired sequence to work with in paper writing. The attempt of working in such a sequence provides a convenient approach to young researchers or post graduate/under graduate medical students to gain confidence in writing a research paper or thesis or a research report. While basic knowledge of study design and analysis is needed, the involvement of a qualified bio-statistician is recommended in various stages up to publication. In this communication, we describe the basic approach of data analysis required for initiating writing results and discussion while quoting the required rules for the purpose.


PURPOSE
Therapeutic advances for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) have led to an increasing number of survivors. Both DLBCL and its treatments perturb the immune system, yet little is known about immune health during extended survivorship.

METHODS
In this retrospective cohort study, we compared 21,690 survivors of DLBCL from the California Cancer Registry (CCR) to survivors of breast, prostate, head and neck, and melanoma cancers. We linked their CCR records to a statewide database documenting hospital, emergency room, and ambulatory surgery visits and investigated the incidence of autoimmune conditions, immune deficiencies, and infections 1-10 years after cancer diagnosis.

RESULTS
We found elevated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for many immune-related conditions in survivors of DLBCL compared with other cancer survivors, including significantly and consistently elevated IRRs for viral and fungal pneumonias (up to 10.8-fold), meningitis (up to 5.3-fold), as well as humoral deficiency (up to 17.6-fold) and autoimmune cytopenias (up to 12-fold). IRRs for most conditions remained high even in the late survivorship period (5-10 years after cancer diagnosis). The elevated risks could not be explained by exposure to chemotherapy, stem-cell transplantation, or rituximab, except for IRRs for humoral deficiency, which were consistently higher after the incorporation of rituximab into DLBCL treatments.

CONCLUSION
To our knowledge, this is the largest cohort study with extended follow-up to demonstrate impaired immune health in survivors of DLBCL. The observed persistent, elevated risks for autoimmune diseases, immune deficiencies, and infectious conditions may reflect persistent immune dysregulation caused by lymphoma or treatment and may lead to excess morbidity and mortality during survivorship. Improved understanding of these risks could meaningfully improve long-term care of patients with DLBCL.


Adaptive case management addresses the shift away from the prescriptive process-centric view of operations towards a declarative framework for operational descriptions that promotes dynamic task selection in knowledge-intensive operations. A key difference between prescriptive services and declarative services is the way by which control flow is defined. Repeatable and straight-thru processes have been successfully used to model and optimise simple activity-based value chains. Increasingly, traditional process modeling techniques are being applied to knowledge intensive activities with often poor outcomes. By taking an adaptive case management approach to knowledge-intensive services, it is possible to model and execute workflows such as medical protocols that have previously been too difficult to describe with typical BPM frameworks. In this chapter, the authors describe an approach to design-level adaptive case management leveraging off existing repositories' semantically annotated business process models. Evan Morrison University of Wollongong, Australia Aditya Ghose University of Wollongong, Australia Hoa Dam University of Wollongong, Australia Alex Menzies Expert and Decision Support Systems Institute, Australia Katayoun Khodaei University of Wollongong, Australia DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-5884-4.ch007


Raytracing dynamic scenes at interactive rates to realtime rates has receiv ed a lot of attention recently. In this dissertation, We present a few strategies for high performa nce ray tracing on an off-theshelf commodity GGraphics Processing Unit (GPU) traditionally used for acc elerating gaming and other graphics applications. We utilize the Grid datastructure for spatially arrangin g the triangles and raytracing efficiently. The construction of grids needs sorting, which is fast on to days GPUs. Through results we demonstrate that the grid acceleration structure is competitive with other hier a chical acceleration datastructures and can be considered as the datastructure of choice fo r dynamic scenes as per-frame rebuilding is required. We advocate the use of appropriate data structure s for ach stage of raytracing, resulting in multiple structure building per frame. A perspective grid built for th e camera achieves perfect coherence for primary rays. A perspective grid built with respec t to each light source provides the best performance for shadow rays. We develop a model called Spheric al light grids to handle lights positioned inside the model space. However, since perspective grids ar e best suited for rays with a directions, we resort back to uniform grids to trace arbitrarily directed refl ection rays. Uniform grids are best for reflection and refraction rays with little coherence. We propose an Enforced Coherence method to bring coherence to them by rearranging the ray to voxel mapping using s orting. This gives the best performance on GPUs with only user managed caches. We also propose a simple, Independent Voxel Walk method, which performs best by taking advantage of the L1 and L2 cac hes on recent GPUs. We achieve over 10 fps of total rendering on the Conference model with one light source and one reflection bounce, while rebuilding the data structure for each stage. Ideas prese nted here are likely to give high performance on the future GPUs as well as other manycore architectures .


Outside directors have incentives to resign to protect their reputation or to avoid an increase in their workload when they anticipate that the firm on whose board they sit will perform poorly or disclose adverse news. We call these incentives the dark side of outside directors. We find strong support for the existence of a dark side. Following surprise director departures, affected firms have worse stock and operating performance, are more likely to suffer from an extreme negative return event, are more likely to restate earnings, have a higher likelihood of being named in a federal class action securities fraud lawsuit, and make worse mergers and acquisitions. Consistent with the market inferring bad news from surprise departures, the announcement return for surprise director departures is negative.


This article centres its attention on the study of the links between the transformations in the economic International order and the forces that have modeled the territory organization. The main lines of what we might call the "Territorial Paradigm" of the 90's are deduced. According to it, in the present order, it is strengthened the importance of the local culture, its capacity to cause the "To know how to do it" circulate: it is favoured the professionalism, the technical culture and the "deposits" of qualification of the human resources. This all means a revolution of the Industrial Districts, which are simultaneously strengthened with new ways of vinculation among firms, that make the networks between agents and Districts stronger. The qualified services from the new structures of these networks and play a relevant role in the internalization and space organization processes. Its concentration on certain privileged areas, combined with the fact that every regional society has its own course of generation and incorporation of innovations, constitute a powerful force that impels the unequal technological development of the spaces. From the strategic point of view particularly for the undeveloped region, this means at least these challenges: How to increase the technological level and how to develop an innovative course in order to insert the region dynamically in the present order.