On 14 June 1943, the reigning glitterati of the day--Eleanor Roosevelt, Mayor LaGuardia, the Duke and Duchess of Windsor--were at the 46'h Street Theatre in New York to witness the Broadway Production of five one-act plays written and enacted by enlisted men. The performance, called The Army Play by Play, was the remarkable product of the U.S. Army and the genius of famed producer John Golden. In his introduction to published version of the plays, Golden explains how, working with the Army Special Service Staff, he created the John Golden-Second Service Command One-Act Prize Play Contest, which garnered 115 original playscripts from American soldiers at Army camps around the nation (x-xii). (1) A selection committee that included Elmer Rice and Russei Crouse chose the five best scripts. Golden asserted that staging the plays "became my patriotic duty" (xii-xiii). The five scripts chosen were mounted and presented on Broadway to raise funds for the Soldiers and Sailors Club. The opening performance earned $100,000, and the plays were subsequently staged for President Roosevelt at Hyde Park. They officially opened on 2 August 1943 at the Martin Beck Theatre in New York, where they ran for 40 performances; and later were produced at theatres and army bases around the country. One wonders what sort of instructions Crouse, Rice, and the others on the selection panel might have given about the desired criteria for choosing scripts. One also wonders about the 110 scripts not chosen. Their whereabouts are not known; and it would be illuminating to know what issues they raised. But the five surviving and published scripts that comprise The Army Play by Play were written and performed, for the most part, by first time playwrights and by inexperienced, non-professional actors all drawn from the military. The five one-acters of The Army Play by Play thus provide a unique glimpse of wartime military life and the war effort as it is seen and dramatized by servicemen. In part, Golden's enthusiastic and somewhat magniloquent praise is apt. He writes: The plays that you are about to read are, in a sense, folk-plays, for they express with disarming simplicity, the sentiments, the expressions spoken, listened to and lived through by our boys in the service--gleaned from their experiences as characters participating in the greatest drama the world has ever known. And so it is that these "little plays," born of this great Drama, tell the story, not of death, but of living calmly, alongside death, and laughing at it. (xiii). What is interesting about the five plays are the topics they cover and those they do not. Did the selection committee favor particular issues? Is there a reason the atrocities being committed in Europe and Asia were barely mentioned or that the cultural diversity among the troops arises often? We are not likely to know the answers to these questions. It is important to recognize that what we do have in The Army Play by Play is a government initiative to use drama in shaping both civilian and troop attitudes toward World War II and American involvement in that war. It is also important as well to value The Army Play by Play as five dramatic artifacts that register in fairly undiluted ways the feelings, issues, and points of view of not untalented enlisted men who were encouraged by the military to express themselves through playwriting and whose plays were subsequently performed by ordinary soldiers rather than professional actors. Filled as they are with personal and patriotic feelings of American soldiers, the plays were highly effective vehicles for boosting the morale of both military and civilian audiences because performances would seem to present truth unvarnished by any professional training or prior agendas by either playwrights or performers. Three of the five plays contained in The Army Play by Play center on barracks life. Where E'er We Go by Pfc. …


We investigate prediction and discovery of user desktop activities. The techniques we explore are unsupervised. In the first part of the paper, we show that efficient many-class learning can perform well for action prediction in the Unix domain, significantly improving over previously published results. This finding is promising for various human-computer interaction scenarios where rich predictive features of different types may be available and where there can be substantial nonstationarity. In the second part, we briefly explore techniques for extracting salient activity patterns or motifs. Such motifs are useful in obtaining insights into user behavior, automated discovery of (often interleaved) highlevel tasks, and activity tracking and prediction.


Hydrodynamic Modeling of Heating Processes in Solar Flares by Jeffrey Reep This thesis examines the heating of the solar atmosphere due to energy release in solar flares. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic model, which solves the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy along a magnetic flux tube, is described in detail and employed to study the dynamic response of the solar atmosphere to large amounts of energy release from the magnetic field. A brief introduction to the solar atmosphere and solar flares, from both observational and theoretical perspectives, is given. Then, the hydrodynamic model is described, along with derivations of energy deposition due to a beam of highly energetic electrons colliding with the ambient atmosphere (and their implementation in the model is explained). Using this model of heating along with RHESSI-derived parameters of observed flares, the sensitivity of the GOES flare classification to the parameters of the electron beam (the non-thermal energy, the powerlaw index of the electron distribution, and the low-energy cut-off) are examined, and clear correlations are determined. Next, the response of the atmosphere to heating due to isoenergetic beams of electrons are studied, to elucidate the importance of electrons at different energy. It is found that at high total energy fluxes, the energy of individual electrons are unimportant, but that at lower fluxes, lower energy electrons are significantly more efficient at heating the atmosphere and driving chromospheric evaporation than high energy electrons. It is also found that the threshold for explosive evaporation is strongly dependent on the cut-off energy, as well as the beam flux. A case study of a well-observed flare is performed. The flare, a C-class flare that occurred on 28 November 2002, was modeled for various cases of heating due to a beam of electrons, in situ coronal heating, and a hybrid model that combines both forms of heating. It is found that the observation of X-ray source heights seen with RHESSI are most consistent with a hybrid model. The results indicate that the energy must be partitioned between thermal and kinetic energy, and the implications are discussed. This work is then summarized, and future avenues of research are discussed. Improvements that can be made to the model, the forward modeling of emission, and comparisons to observations are discussed. Table of


This study was conducted to investigate the influence of night temperature on the restoration of fertility in a season-dependent male-sterile tomato mutant (T-4). Plants were grown in greenhouses, in which minimum and maximum temperatures were set at 10℃ and 28℃ by heating and ventilation, respectively. Flowers were hand-pollinated and the fruit-set, seed-set, and number of seeds were examined. The rate of fruit-set was high and did not differ much from October to February; almost all fruits formed in October had self-fertile seeds, but 80% of the fruits from November to February were parthenocarpic. The rate of fruit-set dropped from 70% in March to below 10% in May. During this period, most of the fruits were seeded, though fruit-set was low. The number of seeds per seeded fruit varied with the season, being as high as 50 seeds in October, 1-2 seeds per fruit between November and March, and 1-20 seeds per fruit between April and June. A low night temperature of 12℃ did not affect fruit-set but resulted in a better seed-set than a high night temperature of 18℃ in the greenhouse. Further, pollination of the plants in phytochambers also resulted in a better fruit- and seed-set at 12℃ than 24℃. In all cases, the influence of low temperature was more pronounced in autumn than in spring. Fruit-set was 70% at 12℃ and 46% at 24℃. Of these fruits, 50% at 12℃ and 10% at 24℃ were seeded. It was inferred that partial fertility restoration in T-4 can be achieved by manipulation of night temperatures. The female organ was shown to be normal, functional, and compatible with wild-type pollen. From these results, the potential of the male-sterile T-4 mutant for use in a two line hybrid-seed production system was apparent.


This article evaluates the performance of the Turkish Competition Authority as a policy making body. The article argues that the importance of competition is little appreciated or understood in Turkey and this is the greatest obstacle hindering the implementation of competition policy. Consumers and corporations alike lack basic comprehension of the competition law and, therefore, the Competition Board is left to implement competition policy on its own. The article then points out some problem areas associated with secondary legislation, investigations and merger control.


Centralized algorithms for weighted sum rate (WSR) maximization for the K-user frequency-flat MIMO Interference Channel (MIMO IFC) with full channel state information (CSI) are considered. Maximization of WSR is desirable since it allows the system to cover all the rate tuples on the rate region boundary for a given MIMO IFC. First, we propose an iterative algorithm to design optimal linear transmitters and receivers. The transmitters and receivers are optimized to maximize the WSR of the MIMO IFC. Subsequently, we propose a greedy user selection algorithm based on the maximum WSR algorithm that can be applied to select a subset of transmit-receive pairs that cooperate in the interest of maximizing the sum-rate of the resulting cooperative network. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time user selection has been proposed in the context of the MIMO IFC.


A broad cross-section of the social sciences is increasingly turning to biology and evolutionary theory to help explain human behavior. Political science is a notable exception to this trend, even though there are sound conceptual reasons for expecting biological processes to play an important role in explaining political behavior. While agreeing with the conceptual arguments, the authors believe original empirical research is the most persuasive means of convincing political science to incorporate biology in explanations of political behavior. Techniques developed in neuroscience, behavioral genetics, agent-based simulation, experimental economics, and other fields offer exciting research opportunities to explore questions of central interest to political scientists. The research presented in this volume provides examples of replicable, empirical evidence that political beliefs and behavior are a product of biological as well as environmental factors.


Despite the importance of the theory of evolution to scientific knowledge, a number of misconceptions continue to be found among teachers and undergraduate students. The aim of the present study was to describe and characterise knowledge about evolution among 120 freshman undergraduate students of two natural sciences programmes (environmental biology and veterinary medicine), 80 pre-service science teachers (elementary and biology) and 45 in-service teachers (elementary and biology high school) in Santiago, Chile. The research was carried out based on an eight-question questionnaire about evolution acceptance and understanding. The instrument included seven Likert-scale questions and one open-ended question. An analysis of the data revealed that more than 70% of teachers (pre-service and in-service) and undergraduate students recognised the theory of evolution as established scientific knowledge. When participants discussed the mechanism of evolution in the open-ended question, the most prevalent responses from students and teachers (33%) explained evolution as need-driven changes for survival purposes. Only 13% of the responses could be considered Darwinian, and 10% of responses included more than one view of evolution. The Darwinian responses generally included three important aspects: variation, inheritance and differential reproduction. The implications for biology teacher education are also discussed in this study.


The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 introduced new procedures for the handling of unused material in criminal cases. Defective treatment of such material has been a central aspect of many of the most notorious miscarriages of justice of the past 25 years. This work seeks to present an overview of the first three years of disclosure under the new provisions, by reference to a study of disclosure practice within two police force areas. In addition, by examining the process of investigation and file preparation, it is possible to identify the operational and cultural factors within the police service which continue to impede the effective treatment of unused material. Central to this process are the working practices of the CID and the way in which they interface with other elements of the criminal justice system. This thesis presents an ethnographic analysis of the reasoning and strategies employed by those involved in the process of disclosure, in an attempt to highlight weaknesses in the current regime for the handling of unused material. Having identified those aspects of police working practice which militate against the effective operation of the 1996 Act, the study concludes with consideration of the most recent Government proposals in relation to disclosure in order to assess their likely success.


The feasibility of performing a double resonance excitation of fluorescence from molecules in a condensed phase is discussed. A vibrational excitation can be created by either stimulated Raman scattering or infrared absorption while a second excitation can excite the molecule to an excited electronic state from which fluorescence can occur. By providing high rates of excitation, one can overcome the rapid vibrational relaxation rates to produce fluorescence. By scanning the second excitation frequency in synchronization with either the infrared frequency or the difference frequency producing the stimulated Raman scattering, one can obtain spectra that are analogous to Raman or infrared spectra. This approach would have the sharp lines characteristic of Raman or infrared spectroscopy but would have an increased sensitivity characteristic of fluorescence spectroscopy.


Command and leadership are very personal endeavours. The manner in which an individual commands others and exercises leadership speaks more to the character and personality of the individual in question than it does to the concept of command or leadership in and of themselves. Intrepid Warriors takes an intimate look at a number of Canada's finest military commanders and leaders during the crucible of war. Collectively, the chapters in this volume offer invaluable insights into different command and leadership approaches, behaviours, and styles. They also reinforce the timeless truth that the character and presence of courageous leaders are critical to military outcomes, particularly during times of ambiguity, uncertainty, and chaos.


This article reflects a learner's perspective on the practical relevancy of Criminology. These perceptions are determined by an evaluation of the perceptions of learners enrolled for a compulsory honours course in Criminological Evaluation and Analysis, offered by the Department of Criminology at the University of South Africa. Respondents were registered as students during 2001 and 2002.
The sample consisted mostly of females, over the age of 33 years, from the white population, and located both in the Gauteng province and the Eastern Cape. The most representative profession among the respondents is that of police officer.
Based on the respondents' personal experience, general knowledge and knowledge on the subject Criminology previously obtained from other criminological courses are an important part of the paper. Learners have to acquire expertise in a working environment and obtained knowledge in the field of Criminology. According to the respondents, the knowledge obtained by studying the paper, can be applied in their working environment regularly or on a daily basis. The assignments were experienced as interesting, challenging and relevant to the South African situation or their occupation. Practical application was emphasised and seems to be more important for the more mature respondent with more life experience.
Respondents indicated the possible professions they foresaw for criminologists in the near future. Although not all professions could be named, a description was provided. This indicated that the possible professions to be filled by criminologists in future are a new and undeveloped field paving the way for the development of specialist degrees or diploma courses to fulfil learners' needs.


Abstract. To accurately assess how increased global nitrous oxide (N2O) emission has affected the climate system requires a robust estimation of the preindustrial N2O emissions since only the difference between current and preindustrial emissions represents net drivers of anthropogenic climate change. However, large uncertainty exists in previous estimates of preindustrial N2O emissions from the land biosphere, while preindustrial N2O emissions on the finer scales, such as regional, biome, or sector scales, have not been well quantified yet. In this study, we applied a process-based Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) to estimate the magnitude and spatial patterns of preindustrial N2O fluxes at the biome, continental, and global level as driven by multiple environmental factors. Uncertainties associated with key parameters were also evaluated. Our study indicates that the mean of the preindustrial N2O emission was approximately 6.20 Tg N yr−1, with an uncertainty range of 4.76 to 8.13 Tg N yr−1. The estimated N2O emission varied significantly at spatial and biome levels. South America, Africa, and Southern Asia accounted for 34.12, 23.85, and 18.93 %, respectively, together contributing 76.90 % of global total emission. The tropics were identified as the major source of N2O released into the atmosphere, accounting for 64.66 % of the total emission. Our multi-scale estimates provide a robust reference for assessing the climate forcing of anthropogenic N2O emission from the land biosphere


When stroke survivors perform rehabilitation exercises in clinical settings, experienced therapists can evaluate the associated quality of movements by observing only the initial part of the movement execution so that they can discourage therapeutically undesirable movements effectively and reinforce desirable ones as much as possible in the limited therapy time. This paper introduces a novel monitoring platform based on wearable technologies that can replicate the capability of skilled therapists. Specifically, we propose to deploy five wearable sensors on the trunk, and upper and forearm of the two upper limbs, analyze partial to complete observation data of reaching exercise movements, and employ supervised machine learning to estimate therapists' evaluation of movement quality. Estimation performance was evaluated using F-Measure, Receiver Operating Characteristic Area, and Root Mean Square Error, showing that the proposed system can be trained to evaluate the movement quality of the entire exercise movement using as little as the initial 5s of the exercise performance. The proposed platform may help ensure high quality exercise performance and provide virtual feedback of experienced therapists during at-home rehabilitation.


Abstract The raccoon Procyon lotor has been naturalised in Germany since 1927. The most dense populations exist in the states Hessia, Northrhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony followed by Bavaria, Thuringia, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. By 1985, the raccoon had crossed the borders to Germany's neighbouring countries with the exception of the Danish and Polish borders. The factors limiting population growth are the numbers of suitable resting and breeding places - for which raccoons prefer oaks and beeches - and food supply. The raccoon has not been shown to negatively affect any indigenous wildlife species. In Hessia, plant matter, invertebrates and vertebrates each make up about one third of the diet of the raccoon. Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish are important in winter and spring. Invertebrates can be found in considerable amounts all year long, with the maximum percentages found in summer. Plants are the main source of food in autumn. The raccoon has not yet become a problematic species, not even in urban areas. However, cases of rabies in raccoons in Germany have been documented, although seldom compared to fox Vulpes vulpes, marten Martes spp. and deer, e.g Cervus elaphus, Capreolus capreolus and Dama dama. Raccoons are also known as carriers of infectious diseases such as canine distemper, panleucopenia, Aujeszky's disease, canine parvovirus and canine adenovirus. The first case of human infection by a parasite, the ascarid Baylisascaris procyonis, from a pet raccoon was reported in 1991. The extermination of the raccoon population is not considered to be feasible. The yearly hunting bag of raccoons in Germany comprises 2,000–3,000 individuals.


Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals the equilibrium dynamics of calmodulin folding and how it is modulated by peptide ligands. The ability to apply force to single molecules has allowed the controlled investigation of protein energy landscapes. However, limits in resolution have meant that studies have mainly been carried out at nonequilibrium, so that only unfolding and unbinding reactions could be investigated. Now Junker et al. (see the Perspective by Best and Hummer) have used a custom-built low-drift atomic force microscope to observe directly fluctuations of single calmodulin molecules under equilibrium conditions in the presence of Ca2+ and target peptides. The results show how ligand binding modulates the folding dynamics of calmodulin. J. P. Junker, F. Ziegler, M. Rief, Ligand-dependent equilibrium fluctuations of single calmodulin molecules. Science 323, 633–637 (2009). [Abstract] [Full Text] R. B. Best, G. Hummer, Unfolding the secrets of calmodulin. Science 323, 593–594 (2009). [Summary] [Full Text]


Over the past four decades in Australia, many politicians, policy-makers, experts and social commentators have sought to increase the organisational autonomy of public schools and their principals. This trend of shifting the locus of educational decision-making and management away from bureaucratic centres to individual schools and parents continues, with the Western Australian state government recently introducing the Independent Public Schools policy. This policy devolves an increased range of organisational and curriculum responsibilities from the state education bureaucracy to selected public schools. This thesis examines what appears to be the enduring trend towards school autonomy and self-management.

The perspective of this thesis is informed by the theoretical, analytical and historical insights of Foucauldian studies of government, or governmentality. Foucault's studies have increasingly influenced sociological and historical studies in education. His notions of power and discipline have been elaborated and applied in the study of the micro power relations of schooling. Unfortunately, while the study of schooling as a technology for disciplining the individual's mind and body has received most attention, Foucault's studies in government have been less widely understood, elaborated and used. This thesis explores Foucault's genealogy of the formation of the modern liberal state (and governmentality) and the rich and subtle insights it provides into the complex relationship between the state, politics, society and the government of education.

I explore Foucauldian studies in government with the aim of teasing out their implication for our understanding of the relationship between selfmanaging school reforms and the state, politics and government. In particular, I argue that the trend in public schools towards school autonomy and self-management cannot be adequately understood without understanding the inherent dilemma embedded within the discourses of politics and government of modern liberal democracies. This problem can be described as an agonistic tension in liberal governmentality between political and governmental authorities enabling individual and economic freedom, whilst needing to secure the state and the welfare of its constituent elements under the condition of freedom.

This tension fuelled a 'crisis of liberalism' or a 'crisis of liberal governmentality' in the late twentieth century. This crisis involved vociferous critiques of the welfare state in conjunction with a cultural renewal of the discourses of individual freedom, emancipation, liberation and empowerment. According to Foucault, central to this crisis was concern about the costs of the perceived growth of excessive government of the post World War Two era, measured both economically and in terms of personal and political freedom. This thesis puts the case that the emergence of 'self-managing school reforms' is linked to this 'crisis of liberalism'. The self-managing school constitutes both an instrument and object of government, re-regulating the domain of education according to an ethos of individual empowerment, activity, enterprise, autonomy and responsibility.

To illustrate some of the consequences of these reforms, two case studies are examined. The first explores the emergence at a national level of the devolution of responsibilities and authority to schools, particularly canvassed in the Schools In Australia report (1973) and by the Commonwealth Schools Commission (1973-1988). The second case study examines the use of self-management techniques and practices in schools. These reforms have sought to strengthen the capacity of those within schools to manage themselves and their schools as competitive enterprises with diminished reliance on central education bureaucracies. I argue that this development, like the case of devolution, is linked to the new ways of rationalising and enacting the care and government of the population and the state emerging from the crisis of liberalism. I conclude with a discussion of the implication of this trend towards self-management, specifically in terms of what is at stake for the liberal state from a mode of government that seeks to govern for its citizens' freedom and also, often antagonistically, for the state's security.


In ad hoc wireless networks, there are scenarios where the desired destination is located in the range of other transmitters, so that the efforts on setting up communication with this terminal will fail due to collisions that may occur between transmitted control frames and undesired received control and data frames. This phenomenon becomes a bottleneck when most of data transmissions experience packet fragmentation. In such scenarios, the desired destination becomes unreachable during the data transfer of neighboring nodes. Using the same PHY of IEEE 802.11 and making slight modifications in its MAC, a new medium access control scheme equipped by a novel transmission scheduling algorithm is presented to address such problems. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with earlier schemes through simulation-based evaluations, showing performance enhancement due to better handling of unreachability issues.


The involvement of occipital cortex in sensory processing is not restricted solely to the visual modality. Tactile processing has been shown to modulate higher-order visual and multisensory integration areas in sighted as well as visually deprived subjects; however, the extent of involvement of early visual cortical areas remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging in normally sighted, briefly blindfolded subjects with well-defined visuotopic borders as they tactually explored and rated raised-dot patterns. Tactile task performance resulted in significant activation in primary visual cortex (V1) and deactivation of extrastriate cortical regions V2, V3, V3A, and hV4 with greater deactivation in dorsal subregions and higher visual areas. These results suggest that tactile processing affects occipital cortex via two distinct pathways: a suppressive top-down pathway descending through the visual cortical hierarchy and an excitatory pathway arising from outside the visual cortical hierarchy that drives area V1 directly.


Key points Humanities and the social science journals need flexible funding models. Pragmatism and collaboration are key to transforming traditional publishing initiatives. The Uopen Journals model sets a 6‐year development target for developing sustainable journals. Actively involved editors are key to a journal's success.


The applications of white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have become more and more wide recently, while the low light-extraction eciency of white LED limits its development. In this letter, a new structure of multilayer phosphor package of white LED is proposed to improve the light-extraction efficiency. It is illustrated that the thickness of phosphor layer plays an important role in improving the light-extraction efficiency of LED. The light-extraction efficiency of LED is improved by double-layer or multi-layer phosphor package structures.


There are several methods for holding prosecutors accountable in this country. Judges enforce a few legal boundaries on the work of prosecutors. Prosecutors with positions lower in the office or department hierarchy must answer to those at the top. But none of these controls binds a prosecutor too tightly. At the end of the day, the public guards against abusive prosecutors through direct democratic control. Does the electoral check on prosecutors work? There are reasons to believe that elections could lead prosecutors to apply the criminal law according to public priorities and values. Voters choose their prosecutors at the local level, and they care enough about criminal law enforcement to monitor the work of an incumbent. The conditions, in some ways, are promising. Yet the empirical reality of prosecutor elections is not so encouraging. A national sample of over 2000 outcomes in prosecutor elections - described here for the first time - reveals that incumbents do not lose often. The principal reason is that challengers do not come forward very often, far less often than challengers in state legislative elections. Uncontested elections short-circuit the opportunities for voters to learn about the incumbent's performance in office and to make an informed judgment about the quality of criminal enforcement in their district. Even in those exceptional campaign settings when the incumbent prosecutor faces a challenge and is forced to explain the priorities and performance of the office, elections do not perform well. This article surveys the typical rhetoric in prosecutor election campaigns, drawing on a new database that collects news accounts of candidate statements during prosecutor elections. Sadly, these campaign statements dwell on outcomes in a few high visibility cases, such as botched murder trials and public corruption investigations. Incumbents and challengers have little to say about the overall pattern of outcomes that attorneys in the office produce or the priorities of the office.


AimDescribe the seizure-related manifestations of guanidinoacetate methyltransferase (GAMT) deficiency in two new cases and compare these to the related literature.MethodsWe reviewed the clinical and electroencephalographic manifestations of two siblings with GAMT deficiency. We also performed a thorough literature review of all cases of GAMT deficiency, using the PubMed database, and compared our findings to those previously reported.ResultsOne sibling presented with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome while the second had manifestations of late-onset West syndrome. Based on a literature search, we found that the clinical picture of GAMT deficiency has been described in a total of 58 cases, including our two patients, 45 of whom had at least some description of EEG and/or seizure manifestation. Epilepsy was present in 81%, with age at onset usually between 10 months and 3 years. Drug resistance was observed in approximately 45%. Initial seizures were febrile, tonic, or tonic-clonic. Drop attacks and generalised seizures were the most frequent seizure type. Absence and febrile seizures also occurred. Less frequently, focal seizures and late-onset infantile spasms (one prior case) were observed. Multifocal spikes and generalised <3-Hz-spike slow waves were common while only one prior single case report of hypsarrhythmia was described. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome was common, while progressive myoclonic epilepsy was also, less frequently, reported.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, this is the second report of the occurrence ofWest syndrome in GAMT deficiency. The majority of patients with GAMT deficiency have seizures and approximately half are drug-resistant. Late-onset of hypsarrhythmia and/or epileptic spasms could potentially prove to be a distinctive, albeit infrequent, feature of this treatable metabolic disorder.


Sonography is a safe and non-invasive imaging modality, with the added benefit of providing dynamic images. Power Doppler sonography allows blood vessel identification regardless of flow intensity or direction. A one-year-old Ile de France ewe was admitted to the FMVZ-USP Veterinary Hospital with a complete tibial fracture. The animal was submitted to general inhalation anesthesia and fracture repair using a 3.5 mm locking compression plate. Power Doppler sonography was used to assess neovascularization over the course of the bone healing process. Formation of new vessels was noted between postoperative days 14 and 21; new vessels regressed progressively on subsequent assessments (postoperative days 28 and 35). Power Doppler sonography enabled early detection of newly formed blood vessels at the fracture site. The non-invasive nature of this imaging modality prevented patient stress and provided useful information on the progression of bone healing. Early neovascularization was thought to reflect successful postoperative healing of the tibial fracture described.


Sulfasalazineinduced hypersensitivity syndrome (SIHS) is a serious systemic delayed adverse drug reaction that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we report the first case, to our knowledge, of a patient with previously unidentified SIHS who developed a significantly more rapid and extreme recurrence on reexposure to sulfasalazine. The patient is a 58yearold woman with asymptomatic Crohn's disease who, 10 days after initiating sulfasalazine, developed fevers, diffuse rash, pancytopenia, hypotension and hepatitis without a definitive source of infection. Sixteen days after her first hospitalisation, she was restarted on sulfasalazine and was readmitted within 10 hours with a similar but more serious presentation, requiring vasopressors. She did recover completely without any further recurrence to date, after definitively discontinuing sulfasalazine. This case demonstrates the importance of recognising SIHS early in patients to prevent reexposure to sulfasalazine and to ensure timely initiation of appropriate treatment.


This paper considers dynamic optimal income, education, and bequest taxes in a Barro-Becker dynastic setup. Parents can transfer resources to their children in two ways: First, through education investments, which have heterogeneous and stochastic returns for children, and, second, through financial bequests, which yield a safe, uniform return. Each generation's productivity and preferences are subject to idiosyncratic shocks. I derive optimal linear formulas for each tax, as functions of estimable sufficient statistics, robust to underlying heterogeneities in preferences, and at any given level of all other taxes. It is in general not optimal to make education expenses fully tax deductible and the optimal education subsidy, income tax and bequest tax can, but need not, move together at the optimum. I also show how to derive optimal formulas using "reform-specific elasticities" that can be targeted to empirical estimates from existing reforms. I extend the model to an OLG model with altruism to study the effects of credit constraints on optimal policies. Finally, I solve for the fully unrestricted policies and show that, if education is highly complementary to children's ability, it is optimal to distort parents' trade-off between education and bequests and to tax education investments relative to bequests.


This book is aimed at increasing professional and public awareness of the importance of health promotion activities for people with intellectual disabilities. People with intellectual disabilities suffer from significantly more health problems than the general population and are much more likely than other citizens to have significant health risks and major health problems. Nevertheless, there is considerable evidence that people with intellectual disabilities are not receiving the same level of health care or opportunities for health promotion activities as other members of society. There is a strong need to challenge this inequality as an important human rights issue. In highlighting the importance of health promotion for this overlooked section of the population, this book will offer health and social care professionals and family carers, the knowledge and strategies to address key issues thereby enabling and empowering individuals with intellectual disabilities to enjoy healthier lives. The publication will present a series of empirically-based review chapters highlighting the holistic health needs of people with intellectual disabilities across the life-span and in a variety of social contexts. It will examine how, psychological, physiological environmental, and cultural factors are involved in promoting the health and wellbeing of this vulnerable section of the population. Contributing authors will adopt a knowledge transfer approach to outline clear, evidence-based strategies for putting research evidence into practice for each of the topic areas covered. A particular strength of the publication will be the collaborative contribution from international, multi-disciplinary authorial teams. This has the potential to have significantly more impact and utility than uni-disciplinary and/or uni-national scholarly outputs. Additionally, extended market opportunities are created by having contributions from a wide-range of countries. Support and commitment to this publication has been established at the Conference of the International Association for Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (www.iassidd.org).


The study describes the learning experiences of successful Television Producers in A
Public Television Station (PTS). Specifically the study sought to determine how these
professionals acquire knowledge and expertise at their workplace. Professionals are
people with knowledge who offer special services for the orderly functioning of the
society. TV producers are professionals in the television industry. These
professionals need to continually learn to develop their expertise. How they learn,
especially in the context of their ever changing busy workplace, is important to
continuing professional education.
The study is guided by the following research questions. 1) How do successful TV
producers learn and acquire expertise at their workplace? 2) What contextual factors
shape learning among successful TV producers? 3) How do personal characteristics
and attributes facilitate learning among successful TV producers? Data were collected mainly through interviews using a semi structured question guide,
observation and document analysis. Nine producers were selected purposively using
criteria-based selection. Copies of documents such as program reports, annual reports
and minutes of meetings were gathered to corroborate information provided by the
respondents. The researcher was guided by the constant comparative analysis
method.
Three aspects of learning at the workplace emerged from the study. Successful
producers acquire knowledge and expertise by, 1) The professional learning processes
of formal and informal learning strategies. All respondents agreed to the importance
of formal in-service training that they had to undergo when they are inducted into
their profession. Benefits of such training are limited by resources, it is pertinent for
producers to continuously seek learning opportunities on their own. 2) Learning
through the understanding of broadcasting contexts, a distinct learning area emerging
with the changing forms of broadcasting. Broadcasting contexts basically constitute
the various stakeholders who occupy meaningful roles and even exert substantial
influence on producers creating complex workplace procedures. 3) Learning through
the development of personal characteristics and qualities imperative to learning
among successful TV producers. These producers acquire the necessary attributes to
learn from the workplace. Workplace learning emphasizes procedural knowledge of
techniques and skills, and academic knowledge of facts and concepts. But learning
has often overlooked dispositional knowledge of attitudes, values and interest that
help professionals make well thought out decisions.


The exposition of biblical texts is not the responsibility of the church history department at Virginia Seminary. Nevertheless, it would be extremely difficult to trace the history of the Church without frequent reference to the Scriptures. This is certainly true for the early Church, which wrote the books of the New Testament and accepted the Bible as authoritative for its life. It is true as well for the Church in later periods. One cannot understand the motivation of the individual Christians who have shaped the Church's history without a deep engagement with the Bible. The actions of Antony of Egypt (251?-356), Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), Martin Luther (1483-- 1546), or William Wilberforce (1759-1833), to name just a few characters from the cast of church history, simply do not make sense, if one does not take into account their understanding of Scripture. Any teacher of church history will, therefore, need to refer frequently to the Bible in the course of telling the history of the Church. Most Church historians will, for example, refer to the pivotal role played by a passage in the Epistle to the Romans for Augustine of Hippo's conversion. The evidence is hard to dispute; the story of conversion that Augustine left in his Confessions identified his reading of Romans 13:13-14 as critical. Beyond this point of agreement, however, differences arise among Church historians. All do not agree as to what precisely is happening when a biblical passage plays such a role. Was God speaking to Augustine through the text? Did Augustine grasp something that was intended by St. Paul when he wrote the Epistle to the Romans? Was Augustine's reading of the text in keeping with the intention of those second-century Christians who first began to read the Epistle to the Romans as a canonical text? Or was it the case that Augustine projected his ideas onto the text, as if the Bible were a bulletin board on which successive generations post their own self-understandings? Church historians cannot avoid such questions, although they may not always make them the topic of explicit conversation in beginning courses. The purpose of this essay is to examine the basic assumptions with which such encounters with Scripture are handled in telling the history of the Church. This essay will contrast a set of assumptions about the role of the Bible in church history that was common in the early twentieth century with a discussion of the way in which the Bible is handled in church history classrooms at Virginia Seminary today. Modern Church History in America Although the chronicling of the story of the Church is an activity as old as the Church itself, modern critical history of the Church is of relatively recent origin in America. It was the creation of a generation of historians in the later half of the nineteenth century who learned about the critical handling of source material from German scholars. Williston Walker (1860-1922) earned a Ph.D. at Leipzig (1888) before teaching at Harvard (1889-1901) and Yale (1901-1922). Arthur C. McGiffert (1861-1933), another member of the generation, earned his Ph.D. in Marburg in the same year that Walker finished at Leipzig. McGiffert returned to the U.S. to teach at Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati (1888-93) and Union Seminary, New York (1893-1933). McGiffert, Walker, and other members of their generation shaped church history as a modern craft. McGiffert and Walker took from their German teachers a low Christology and a low view of the authority of the biblical canon. In contrast, they had a high appreciation of their own critical abilities to distinguish the teachings of Jesus from later accretions. Their German teachers, such as Adolph von Harnack (1851-1930), regarded the Bible much like the site of an archeological dig before excavation; it was a collection of various strata of data, from which the skilled historian could reconstruct the original lay of the land. …


The Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS) experiment uses an acceleratorproduced neutrino beam to perform precision measurements of the neutrino oscillation parameters in the "atmospheric neutrino" sector associated with muon neutrino disappearance. This long-baseline experiment measures neutrino interactions in Fermilab's NuMI neutrino beam with a near detector at Fermilab and again 735 km downstream with a far detector in the Soudan Underground Laboratory in northern Minnesota. The two detectors are magnetized steel-scintillator tracking calorimeters. They are designed to be as similar as possible in order to ensure that differences in detector response have minimal impact on the comparisons of event rates, energy spectra and topologies that are essential to MINOS measurements of oscillation parameters. The design, construction, calibration and performance of the far and near detectors are described in this paper.


This paper sets out the economic analytics of pensions. After introductory discussion, successive sections consider the effects of different pension arrangements on labour markets, on national savings and growth, and on the distribution of burdens and benefits. These areas are controversial and politically highly salient. While we are open about expressing our own views, the main purpose of the paper is to set out the analytical process by which we reach them, to enable readers to form their own conclusions.


Although it was once considered inevitable that unauthorized copying would harm copyright owners, it is now understood that this is not necessarily the case. The concept of indirect appropriability played an important role in shaping this newer understanding. In recent years, however, many economists seem to have taken the message from this new understanding too far, seeing gains to the copyright owners from unauthorized copying in every nook and cranny of the economy, when in reality the instances of such gains are likely to be rather limited. The current literature on this subject, which consists mainly of theoretical models, seems to be badly out of kilter. In this paper I attempt to explain some of the problems and try to provide the outlines of what I believe to be a more balanced and nuanced view of copying. It emphasizes the importance of examining various institutional and behavioral details of individual markets, which are often overlooked by researchers.


NEURAL PLASTICITY IN RESPONSE TO INTERVENTION IN ADOLESCENTS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS Sheryl Jayne Stevens, M.S. Marquette University, 2015 Current theories of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) suggest that they may develop from the transactional interaction between biological risk factors and environmental processes
 (Dawson
 et
 al.,
 2009).
 Due
 to
 the
 brain's
 experience-‐ expectant
 nature,
 one's
 degree
 of
 social
 exposure
 may
 have
 a
 significant
 impact
 on their
 brain
 development
 and
 behavioral
 presentation.
 In
 addition
 to
 the
 primary critical
 neurodevelopmental
 period
 identified
 in
 early
 childhood,
 recent
 research has
 demonstrated
 a
 second
 period
 of
 substantial
 neurodevelopment
 during
 the adolescent
 period
 (Sisk
 &
 Foster,
 2004).
 This
 study
 investigated
 the
 neural
 and behavioral
 impact
 of
 participation
 in
 an
 empirically
 validated
 behavioral intervention
 (The
 Program
 for
 the
 Education
 and
 Enrichment
 of
 Relational
 Skills; Laugeson
 &
 Frankel,
 2010)
 during
 the
 adolescent
 years
 among
 individuals
 with
 ASD. Prior
 to
 intervention
 adolescents
 with
 ASD
 (n=21)
 differed
 from
 their
 neurotypical peers
 (n=24)
 with
 regard
 to
 amount
 of
 EEG
 spectral
 power
 across
 brain
 locations within
 the
 theta
 and
 beta
 frequency
 bands
 but
 not
 the
 delta,
 alpha
 or
 gamma frequency
 bands.
 Participation
 in
 the
 intervention
 resulted
 in
 increased
 EEG
 power in
 both
 frequency
 bands
 to
 a
 degree
 rendering
 adolescents
 with
 ASD
 statistically indiscernible
 from
 their
 typically
 developing
 peers.
 Waitlist
 control
 subjects
 (n=22) continued
 to
 differ
 statistically
 from
 their
 neurotypical
 peers
 at
 follow-‐up assessment.
 Behavioral
 change
 also
 was
 observed
 in
 response
 to
 the
 intervention, namely
 increased
 social
 exposure
 and
 social
 skills
 knowledge.
 No
 direct
 correlations could
 be
 drawn,
 however,
 between
 neural
 and
 behavioral
 outcomes,
 suggesting
 the presence
 of
 mediating
 factors
 not
 examined
 here.
 A
 secondary
 aim
 of
 the
 study
 was to
 examine
 new
 EEG
 methodology.
 Standard
 continuous
 EEG
 procedures
 complete data
 collection
 with
 subjects
 in
 a
 resting
 state
 with
 no
 stimuli
 present.
 A
 novel condition
 involving
 video
 and
 audio
 presentation
 of
 a
 neurotypical
 peer
 providing autobiographical
 information
 normally
 shared
 in
 social
 settings
 was
 examined
 here. No
 differences
 were
 noted
 between
 subjects
 with
 and
 without
 ASD
 during
 the
 novel condition
 that
 were
 not
 observed
 in
 the
 resting
 state
 condition.
 Taken
 together, results
 suggest
 continued
 use
 of
 standard
 EEG
 procedures
 in
 the
 assessment
 of neurodevelopment
 in
 ASD.
 They
 also
 point
 to
 adolescence
 as
 a
 crucial
 period
 of neural
 and
 behavioral
 development
 sensitive
 to
 behavioral
 intervention.


Shift Reduce Parsing is a common algorithm used in compilers and natural language processing, and can be used to compose a sequence of fixed-length vectors into a single vector of equal length. Previous versions are implemented using predetermined computational graphs that trade excessive memory and computation to minimize transfers of memory from the device to the host. In this paper, I present a version of Shift Reduce Parsing that uses only the necessary memory and computation, show that the memory transfer is insignificant when implemented properly, and analyze how the sequence of transitions can effect computation when running a batched version of this algorithm, as is common in deep learning programs.


In less than a year or two, third generation ( 3G) wireless communication systems will be replacing the currently existing second generation (2G) wireless systems and be used worldwide. The 3G systems will have a higher data transfer capacity, which allows for simultaneous data, voice, and video transfer (e.g., multimedia applications) while most of2G systems only allow for low-rate data and voice transfer. The wireless communications industry has set standards for 3G, which detail various operations of the technology. It should be noted that the 3G standards outline only the different operations and not the processes for the production of these operations. The research presented addresses a method of production of the interleaver operation for randomization of burst errors. In this paper, the details of the interleaver are described and a novel method to implement the interleaving operation in a3G system, called Universal Mobile Telecommunication Systems (UMTS) is presented. The implementation was aided by a sophisticated tool from Cadence, "Signal Processing Workstation" (SPW), which was used in both the design and testing of the interleaver. Of the two interleavers in UTMS standards, the first interleaver is the focus this research. However, this research would be applicable to the second interleaver.


eGovernment has emerged as one of the innovative ways of providing information and delivering services to citizens. It is providing governments with new opportunities of bringing services closer to the citizen in cost-effective, efficient and transparent ways. In spite of the implementation of e-government, there is little research that has been conducted in the context of developing countries to benchmark and appraise the impact of e-government on the target groups. Assessment of impact is important to justify public fund expenditure and inform future projects. Most studies on assessment of e-government have been done in developed countries where the context is different from that of developing countries. Therefore, there is need to develop frameworks that are suitable in the context of developing countries. Studies on assessing impact have been done at macro, meso and micro levels. These studies are largely based on supply-side and a few on demand-side with little focus on outcomes and impact. In this paper, we perform an analysis of various proposed e-government assessment frameworks with the aim of identifying and recommending the adoption of a framework that is suitable in the context of a developing country. We propose the adoption of a hybrid framework that amalgamates the frameworks developed by Bhatnagar and Singh and Verdegem et al due to their contextual suitability and citizen-centric approach. This is an exploratory study that lays foundation for further research in the development of an appropriate framework using the proposed approach.


Background Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the best-researched disorders in medicine, to our knowledge, there are no existing clinical studies on ADHD in Kuwait. This is the first study on ADHD in the state of Kuwait. Aim of the work The main aim of this study was to describe the clinical profile, frequency, sociodemographics, and impairments seen in patients with ADHD subtypes in a clinic-referred sample of school-aged children with ADHD in Kuwait. Patients and methods The sample consisted of 70 patients recruited from the child psychiatric outpatient clinic of the Kuwait Centre of Mental Health. The included patients had to fulfill the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. - text revision criteria - for ADHD and were between the ages of 6 and 15 years; patients of both sexes, Kuwaitis or expats, from all socioeconomic and educational backgrounds were included. All participants were initially screened using the Vanderbilt ADHD parent and teacher diagnostic rating scale and then subjected to a semistructured interview to verify the diagnosis of ADHD and apply the exclusion criteria. Wechsler Intelligence scale III was applied to rule out cases of intellectual disability (IQ score ≤70). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI-KID) was performed to rule out cases with autism spectrum disorders and psychosis. Results This study showed that 71.4% of patients were male and 28.6% were female. The mean age of the patients was 10.2 (΁2.6) years. The most prevalent ADHD subtype was the ADHD-combined subtype (65.7%), followed by the ADHD-predominantly inattentive subtype (20%) and the ADHD-hyperactive impulsive subtype (14.3%). The ADHD-inattentive subtype was significantly more common among female patients and adolescents. The ADHD-hyperactive impulsive subtype was significantly more common among male patients and younger children. The ADHD-inattentive subtype showed a significantly older age of onset and presentation compared with the other two subtypes. In all, 51.4% of patients had a history of perinatal problems and 70% had a family history of ADHD. Patients in the sample were highly impaired functioning at both home and school; 90% failed to complete their homework, 68.6% disrupted classrooms, 12.9% were on probation or had been dismissed from school, 25.7% repeated a school grade, and 72.9% of patients had problematic relations with family members or peers. Conclusion The ADHD-combined type is the most prevalent subtype. The older mean age at presentation to the clinic compared with the mean age in similar studies may point to the critical lack of public awareness regarding ADHD or reluctance to refer children to the only psychiatric hospital in Kuwait. They suffer from impairments in many aspects of their lives that warrant attention in screening, management, and planning for service delivery as well.


Over the last thirty years, the UN has shown an unmistakable interest in combating terrorism. In this study, the practice of the General Assembly and the Security Council in combating terrorism is analysed, in order to answer the question whether these organs, taking into account their powers and the constitutional and public international law limitations thereon, best contribute to a universal counter-terrorism policy? In order to assess whether both organs are in the best way possible contributing to a universal counter-terrorism policy, the analyses of the adopted counter-terrorism measures of both the General Assembly and the Security Council are focused on the legality and the legitimacy of these measures. Whereas clearly the measures adopted should fall within the powers of the organs (legality), testing the legitimacy of these measures adds another layer of information with regard to the quality of these measures. The quality of these measures helps predict the perceived legitimacy of each measure, and henceforth its potential formal effectiveness. The assumption is that member states are more willing to implement measures that they perceive to be legitimate; hence the connection between legitimacy and effectiveness. The analysis of the legitimacy of the counter-terrorism measures is based on the theory of Thomas Franck, who claims that a rule's legitimacy provides information on the pull to compliance of the measure. He therefore points to four indicators that provide information on the rule's degree of legitimacy: determinacy, pedigree or symbolic validation, coherence and adherence. Especially considering the new legislative and adjudicative functions adopted by the Security Council in the combat against terrorism, the questions relating to the resolutions' legality and legitimacy are very important in light of the overall purpose of effectively contributing to the fight against terrorism, and more in general to the credibility of the organisation. Apart from a critical analysis of the legality and the legitimacy of more than 130 resolutions adopted by the General Assembly and the Security Council, this study offers an essential insight in the way the degree of legitimacy of certain measures can be improved, and the overall effectiveness of the counter-terrorism policy of the UN can be strengthened.


This article describes the design and implementation of named and default arguments in the Scala programming language. While these features are available in many other languages there are significant differences in the actual implementations. We present a design that unifies the most reasonable properties for an object-oriented language and provides new possibilities by allowing default arguments on generic and implicit parameters. We also present a solution for the problem of writing a lightweight generic update function for algebraic datatypes.


Text summarization is a process of extracting collecting important information from original text and present the information in the form of summary. Text summarization has become the necessity of many applications for example search engine, business analysis, market review. Summarization helps to gain required information in less time. This paper is an attempt to summarize and present the view of text summarization from every aspect from its beginning till date. The two major approaches i.e., extractive and abstractive summarization is discussed in detail. The technique deployed for summarization ranges from structured to linguistic. In Indian many languages also the work has being done, but presently they are in infancy state. This paper provides an abstract view of the present scenario of research work for text summarization. In an computerized machine of summarization which is wreck up into the subsequent steps: Pre-processing (sentence segmentation, tokenization, give up words removal), Feature Extraction, Sentence Scoring, Sentence Ranking and Summary Extraction. Finally, this paper collects the most crucial today's and applicable lookup interior the zone of the textual content summarization to assessment and assessment for future research.


: Qualitative researchers face unique challenges when conducting original data collection within facilities of confinement. These challenges are shaped by a range of factors including the study's research design, researcher identity, and organizational climate of the facility. Although the barriers of data collection in corrections are known, literature providing context, nuance, and recommendations for overcoming these obstacles is sparse, especially for qualitative fieldwork. This work addresses this gap by examining responses of correctional employees to observational research. During data collection, correctional staff called the primary author "snitch," "snake," "mole," and "Books." This paper investigates these labels and offers suggestions on how future researchers can navigate their experiences.


Bayesian emulation is used in modelling complex simulators and is seen as an efficient and powerful statistical tool. The simulations can be very time-consuming to run, resulting in only being able to run the simulator a limited number of times. From the literature, it is has been suggested that the emulator is best suited for continuous functions; however, it is very common to find physical problems containing discontinuities. These discontinuities' positions may also be unknown and therefore, for this research, information on where the discontinuities will be withheld from the emulator. This thesis focuses on emulating the Heaviside function as one simple function containing step-discontinuities and then progresses to slightly more complex functions with step-discontinuities. Specific goodness-of-fit measure have been designed to highlight and measure the emulator when applied to theses stepdiscontinuous, such as mean squared error and a simple design of Jaccard index. The numerical calculations of the goodness-of-fit techniques are carried out in the R statistical programming language, with the BACCO package for the emulator. It is found that the emulator is able to model discontinuous functions to some degree but, unless there is certainty about the discontinuities' locations, care should be taken when using Bayesian emulation to model discontinuous functions.


We prove nonlinear stability and convergence ofcertainboundary integral methods fortime-dependent water waves in a two-dimensional, inviscid, irrotational, incompressible fluid, with or without surface tension. The methods are convergent as long as the underlying solution remains fairly regular (and a sign condition holds in the case without surface tension). Thus, numerical instabilities are ruled out even in a fully nonlinear regime. The analysis is based on delicate energy estimates, following a framework previously developed in the continuous case (Beale, Hou, and Lowengrub, Comm. Pure Appl. Math., 46 (1993), pp. 1269-1301). No analyticity assumption is made for the physical solution. Our study indicates that the numerical methods must satisfy certain compatibility conditions in order to be stable. Violation of these conditions will lead to numerical instabilities. A breaking wave is calculated as an illustration.


PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
In cancer care, empirical research and theory development on resilience has primarily been the domain of pediatric settings. This article aims to (a) describe current scientific perspectives on the concept of resilience, (b) summarize quantitative research on resilience in adult cancer care, and (c) identify implications for cancer nursing.

LITERATURE SEARCH
An integrative literature review using PubMed, CINAHL®, and PsycINFO databases was performed and full-text, peer-reviewed articles published since 2003 were included.

DATA EVALUATION
To summarize quantitative research, 252 articles were retrieved yielding 29 eligible studies, of which 11 articles were evaluated and synthesized. Appropriate articles were reviewed and data were extracted and tabulated for synthesis.

SYNTHESIS
Resilience is a dynamic process of facing adversity related to a cancer experience. It may be facilitated through nursing interventions after people affected by cancer have been confronted with the significant adversity posed by diagnosis, treatment, (long-term) symptoms, and distress.

CONCLUSIONS
Resilience in adult cancer care is an under-researched area. Studies confirm the association with improved health outcomes (e.g., psychological well-being, mental and physical health).

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH
Resilience is an important issue for adult cancer care. Researchers must carefully define a conceptual framework for developing nursing interventions aimed at furthering resilience in adult cancer care.


This paper analyses the ECB communication, focusing in particular on its transparency dimension. We posit that if the ECB is transparent about its future policy decisions, then we should be able to forecast fairly well its future interest rate setting behaviour. We find that the predicting ability of the European monetary authority's words, is similar to the one implied by market-based measures of monetary policy expectations. Moreover, the ECB's wording provides complementary, rather than substitute, information with respect to economic and monetary variables.


abstract:The Colony is an opera-theater performance about the evolution of social life in ants and humans. As part of a genre called Evo Devo Art, The Colony takes inspiration from evolutionary and developmental biology (i.e., Evo Devo) in both its subject matter and creation process. The work features projected animations and video, spoken performance, and music for soprano, keyboard, and electronics, composed using algorithms modeled on biological processes. The Colony combines art and science with the two-fold purpose of inspiring appreciation for our diverse biological world and using the ant colony to reflect on the challenges of human connection.


This paper presents observations of ammonia, nitric acid and size segregated chemically speciated aerosols above the canopy of a secondary successional deciduous forest in Indiana during spring. Average nitric acid concentrations range between 0.1–1 µg m−3 and vertical gradients from 1 to 9 ng m−3 / m. The ammonia probability distribution indicates an average concentration of 0.8 µg m−3, although concentrations in excess of 2 µg m−3 are observed. Aerosol measurements indicate ammonium is largely confined to the accumulation mode (0.1 < Dp < 1.0 µm) with a mean concentration of 1 µg m−3. Nitrate exhibits a bi‐modal distribution (with mass in both the accumulation and coarse (Dp > 1.0 µm) modes), and is present at mean concentrations of 1.2 µg m−3. Average dry deposition fluxes calculated from these measurements are: Nitric acid = 0.38 mg‐N m−2 dy−1, ammonia = 1.07 mg‐N m−2 dy−1, aerosol‐nitrate = 0.27 mg‐N m−2 dy−1, aerosol‐ammonium = 0.25 mg‐N m−2 dy−1. The total dry deposition nitrogen flux of over 1.9 mg‐N m−2 dy−1 is approximately equal to the flux in precipitation as measured at NADP sites in the region.


In EcoMind, Frances Moore Lappe--a giant of the environmental movement--confronts accepted wisdom of environmentalism. Drawing on the latest research from anthropology to neuroscience and her own field experience, she argues that the biggest challenge to human survival isn't our fossil fuel dependency, melting glaciers, or other calamities. Rather, it's our faulty way of thinking about these environmental crises that robs us of power. Lappe dismantles seven common "thought traps"--from limits to growth to the failings of democracy-- that belie what we now know about nature, including our own, and offers contrasting "thought leaps" that reveal our hidden power. Like her Diet for a Small Planet classic, EcoMind is challenging, controversial and empowering.


Abstract Responsible gambling is a form of gambling industry self-regulation, covering the multiple ways of gambling operator's promises to prevent and reduce gambling addiction. In Finland, where the gambling operators consider themselves to be among the most responsible operators in the world, the amendment of the Lotteries Act aimed to shift the balance from industry self-regulation to more stringent state regulation. Our study data consisted of operators' annual reports, government documents related to the approval and addiction-potential assessment of new gambling products, and government documents related to the supervision of the marketing of gambling products. Theoretically, the paper draws most notably on Michel Foucault's analytics of liberal forms of government and political rationality. Discourse analysis and quantitative content analysis were used to analyse the data. The analysis focused on the interaction between the regulators and gambling operators, with special importance given to self-regulation's role in the interaction. The aim was to find out whether or not the more stringent regulations have been successfully implemented, and what role self-regulation has played in the implementation. The results show that a partial shift has taken place due to the more stringent market regulations, but the operators' self-regulation has hindered the shift in the context of the addiction-potential assessment of new gambling products. More critical discussion and research are called for if effective and credible self-regulatory measures against gambling addiction and other gambling-related problems are to be developed.


What did women do in ancient Greece and Rome? Did Socrates' wife Xanthippe ever hear his dialogues on beauty and truth? How many many women actually read the histories of Herodotus and Thucydides? When pagan goddesses were as powerful as gods, why was the status of women generally so low? Why, in traditional histories, is half the population effectively invisible? This unique and important book spans a period of 1500 years - from the fall of Troy to the death of Constantine. It examines all the available evidence - literary and archaeological - and reconstructs the lives of women from all classes of society.


As the Internet has grown, and as systems and networked services
within enterprises have become more pervasive, many services with high
availability requirements have emerged. These requirements have
increased the demands on the reliability of the infrastructure on
which those services rely. Various techniques have been employed to
increase the availability of services deployed on the Internet. This
document presents commentary and recommendations for distribution of
services using anycast. This document specifies an Internet Best
Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion
and suggestions for improvements.


Secondary sexual traits in males are recognized as having arisen in order to gain access to reproductive opportunities, through their effects on the outcome of male–male competition and female choice. The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis proposes that ejaculate quality is honestly advertised via secondary sexual traits. Alternatively, if males have limited resources to allocate to both pre- and postcopulatory traits, males possessing attractive phenotypic or behavioral traits may produce poorer quality ejaculates. Sperm competition theory also predicts that the female phenotype will influence ejaculate quality, with males increasing investment as female attractiveness increases. However, the extent to which the male and female phenotypes interact in affecting ejaculate quality has not been widely studied. Here, we examine how male and female phenotypes influence ejaculate quality in humans. Eighty-one men, for whom we had a composite measure of overall male mate value, produced a semen sample in response to images of either highly attractive or less attractive women. We found a significant relationship between male mate value and ejaculate quality that was context dependent. Sperm motility and concentration increased with male mate value but only when men viewed images of highly attractive women. Context dependence may contribute, in part, to the often conflicting patterns of variation found in studies that test the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis.


We examine the learning-curve sampling method, an approach for applying machine-learning algorithms to large data sets. The approach is based on the observation that the computational cost of learning a model increases as a function of the sample size of the training data, whereas the accuracy of a model has diminishing improvements as a function of sample size. Thus, the learning-curve sampling method monitors the increasing costs and performance as larger and larger amounts of data are used for training, and terminates learning when future costs outweigh future benefits. In this paper, we formalize the learning-curve sampling method and its associated cost-benefit tradeoff in terms of decision theory. In addition, we describe the application of the learning-curve sampling method to the task of model-based clustering via the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. In experiments on three real data sets, we show that the learning-curve sampling method produces models that are nearly as accurate as those trained on complete data sets, but with dramatically reduced learning times. Finally, we describe an extension of the basic learning-curve approach for model-based clustering that results in an additional speedup. This extension is based on the observation that the shape of the learning curve for a given model and data set is roughly independent of the number of EM iterations used during training. Thus, we run EM for only a few iterations to decide how many cases to use for training, and then run EM to full convergence once the number of cases is selected.


The object of this paper is to analyze the concepts of 'entrepreneurship' and 'entrepreneurial university' in the broader context of globalization, technological innovations and the emergence of knowledge-based and technology-driven economies. Instead of epistemological and organizational forms of knowledge production and dissemination, the universities today are required to play a protagonist role by training productive intellectual resource and generation of new knowledge that could be converted into wealth or social gains. They are no longer confined to teaching 'about' entrepreneurship but are actively engaged in teaching 'for' entrepreneurship. Instead of preparing their students for seamless path to work, the universities are required to prepare them for uncertainties, complexities and vulnerabilities in future. Besides highlighting some of the issues at stake, an attempt is made to understand the economics, philosophy and legality behind the whole idea of entrepreneurial universities in general and in India, in particular. The idea of social entrepreneurship is also introduced in the context of India. The methodology adopted is analytical, descriptive and empirical.


Urban poverty is a practical social issue which receives increasing focus and given more prominence at present in China, and is an important aspect demanding prompt solution for construction of a harmonious China. In study on current Chinese urban poverty issues, what is the most important but what is often ignored consciously or unconsciously is how the urban poverty population with limited resources and property maintain their life. The topic this paper is going to discuss is to understand how the urban poverty population maintains their living with limited resources and property, that is, to understand what they have, but not what they haven't. Through in-depth study on and empirical analysis in practical and typical cases, the author of this paper exhibits the survival technical tactics of urban poverty population to relieve and extinguish poverty and the obstructive factors existing in their survival tactics. Then, the author reconstructs dynamic image of poverty in poverty process, which provides a brand-new field of view for elimination of urban poverty. The author holds the viewpoint that survival technical tactics of urban poverty population or families affect maintenance of their survival in poverty caused and in the process of persistent poverty as well as poverty relief. Control or change by urban poverty population or families on their consumption structure after falling into poverty plays a critical role in their maintenance of survival and relief of poverty, which is particularly obvious during the period of poverty caused. Portfolio management of urban poverty population or domestic tangible assets (increase of domestic labor force and reduction of human capital investment) and running of the productive assets and intangible assets (alteration and adjustment of domestic relations and maximum value conversion of social capital) reinforce their survival capacity in the poverty process and the ability to relieve and even break away from poverty, but not enlarge their opportunity to fall into poverty. Empirical analysis and in-depth case study in this paper will verify these subjects.


Abstract With the resurgence and increase in infestations of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), across the world, there has been renewed interest in molecular research on this pest. In this paper, we present current information on the biology, medical importance, management practices, behavior and physiology, and molecular research conducted on bed bugs. The majority of molecular studies are focused towards understanding the molecular mechanism of insecticide resistance. Bed bugs are hematophagous insects with no prior record of vectoring any disease organisms. An improved understanding of how bed bugs lack vector competency may provide information to prevent disease transmission in other hematophagous insects. The genome of bed bugs has been sequenced, and genomic studies may provide a better understanding of bed bug behavior that might be utilized in developing effective management strategies. Recently, with the advancement of RNA interference (RNAi) as a tool to suppress insects, a few RNAi studies have been conducted in bed bugs. RNAi in bed bugs shows potential to suppress populations in laboratory conditions. However, delivery of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into bed bugs under field condition requires extensive research.


Abstract A wide spectrum of emerging networking applications demand much stricter requirements on computer network quality of service (QoS). Packet switches play one of the most crucial roles in network QoS provision. The buffered crossbar switching architecture is promising to achieve high performance without a complex implementation and is expected to be one of the dominant switch structures for high-speed networks. In this paper we study the problem of resource allocation to aggregated traffic classes in buffered crossbar switches for QoS provision. We develop the model and techniques for determining the required amount of bandwidth and buffer space for aggregated traffic classes to provide delay performance guarantees and analyze the impact of traffic aggregation on resource utilization in buffered crossbar switches. We consider two traffic aggregation cases: aggregation of a set of flows with identical traffic profiles and aggregation of a set of flows with different traffic parameters. For both cases, we compare the amount of resources required by the aggregated traffic class and by the set of individual flows for achieving identical delay objectives. We find that traffic aggregation improves the utilization of both bandwidth and buffer space in buffered crossbar switches. Our analysis shows that the amount of resources saved by traffic aggregation is associated with multiple factors, including the delay objective, the arrival traffic parameters, and the number of flows aggregated into one class. The model and techniques we develop in this paper are general enough to be applied to buffered crossbar switches with a variety of scheduling algorithms.


Partially due to prevalence and popularity around the world, much research has been done in the field of enology and wine analysis. The visual aspect of wine is one of the key features of wine. This research focused on how blending and storage affected the color and composition of wine. Visual, sensory, color, and composition data were collected. Three primary red wine varietals (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Zinfandel) and seven blends were analyzed for color, acidity, polymeric color, and optical density. The ten wine treatments were composed based on a mixture design model. The color and composition results were compared to results from a visual sensory panel (n≈70) determining color by ranking. Data was collected initially, at 180 days, and 360 days during storage at 15° C. Results came out to be very similar to expected hypothesis. Before testing, it was formulated that no major deviations from standard tendencies would occur due to blending or storage. Cabernet had the darkest color, Zinfandel had the lightest, and Merlot was in the middle but closer to Cabernet than Zinfandel by most metrics.


Wildfire prevention education efforts involve a variety of methods, including airing public service announcements, distributing brochures, and making presentations, which are intended to reduce the occurrence of certain kinds of wildfires. A Poisson model of preventable Florida wildfires from 2002 to 2007 by fire management region was developed. Controlling for potential simultaneity biases, this model indicated that wildfire prevention education efforts have statistically significant and negative effects on the numbers of wildfires ignited by debris burning, campfire escapes, smoking, and children. Evaluating the expected reductions in wildfire damages given a change in wildfire prevention education efforts from current levels showed that marginal benefits exceed marginal costs statewide by an average of 35-fold. The benefits exceeded costs in the fire management regions by 10- to 99-fold, depending on assumptions about how wildfire prevention education spending is allocated to these regions. FOR .S CI. 56(2):181-192.


We studied the pattern of aberrant methylation during the multistage pathogenesis of cervical cancers. We analyzed a total of 73 patient samples and 10 cervical cancer cell lines. In addition, tissue samples [peripheral blood lymphocytes (n = 10) and buccal epithelial cells (n = 12)] were obtained from 22 healthy volunteers. On the basis of the results of preliminary analysis, the cervical samples were grouped into three categories: (a) nondysplasia/low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; n = 37); (b) high-grade CIN (n = 17); and (c) invasive cancer (n = 19). The methylation status of six genes was determined (p16, RARbeta, FHIT, GSTP1, MGMT, and hMLH1). Our main findings are as follows: (a) methylation was completely absent in control tissues; (b) the frequencies of methylation for all of the genes except hMLH1 were >20% in cervical cancers; (c) aberrant methylation commenced early during multistage pathogenesis and methylation of at least one gene was noted in 30% of the nondysplasia/low-grade CIN group; (d) an increasing trend for methylation was seen with increasing pathological change; (e) methylation of RARbeta and GSTP1 were early events, p16 and MGMT methylation were intermediate events, and FHIT methylation was a late, tumor-associated event; and (f) methylation occurred independently of other risk factors including papillomavirus infection, smoking history, or hormone use. Although our findings need to be extended to a larger series, they suggest that the pattern of aberrant methylation in women with or without dysplasia may help identify subgroups at increased risk for histological progression or cancer development.


ABSTRACT In the last decade celebrity gossip magazines targeted at a female audience have emerged in Sweden. With inquisitive attention paid to the detailed, fleshy exposure of female celebrities' bodies and body parts, they portray what Weber refers to as body-based shame. This article argues that these flesh-images partake in an aesthetic feminine body discourse where the perfect and the imperfect are intrinsically linked with the ordinary and extraordinary paradox surrounding the celebrity persona. Flesh-images rely on their intertextuality. They indicate a loss of value, presenting female celebrities as ordinary by means of corporeal failure. While the exposure of body faults could point to the unattainable ideals of feminine bodily standards, they do so at the cost of reinforcing the implicit recognition of desire, shame and disgust familiar to female experience and looking relations. Hence, within a culture increasingly driven by a technology of extreme extroversion, flesh-images aimed at a female audience make sense through the logic of the revelation discourse that frames celebrity culture, and through the deeply ambivalent affects surrounding female embodiment.


Currently, two consolidated aftertreatment technologies are available for the reduction of NOx emissions from diesel engines: Urea SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) systems and LNT (Lean NOx Trap) systems. Urea SCR technology, which has been widely used for many years at stationary sources, is becoming nowadays an attractive alternative also for light-duty diesel applications. However, SCR systems are much more effective in NOx reduction efficiency at high load operating conditions than light load condition, characterized by lower exhaust gas temperatures. One possible solution to improve the low temperature behavior, is the use of newly developed Advanced Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (A-DOC) which are capable to store NOx at low exhaust temperatures (typical of urban driving conditions) when SCR efficiency is low, and to release the stored NOx at higher temperatures (i.e. during extra-urban driving conditions) where the urea injected is effectively forming ammonia for the subsequent NOx conversion. Experimental tests were therefore carried out in order to assess the performance of an A-DOC when exposed at the emissions coming from a modern Euro 5, 2.0 L displacement turbocharged Common Rail DI Diesel engine for a typical European passenger car: the engine features a DOC and a DPF in close-coupled position, hosted into an on purpose designed dismountable canning, thus allowing an easy switch between different components. The characterization of these newer DOC formulations was performed over NEDC cycles. Moreover, the catalyst were tested both in fresh and hydrothermally aged conditions in order to have a better understanding relative to robustness and durability of these newer catalyst. NOx storage capability, which was found to be impressively high for a fresh A-DOC, significantly decreased after aging, thus leading to a final NOx cumulated emissions figure which equals the engine-out value for the aged A-DOC. Nevertheless, since most of the NOx release from the A-DOC occurs during the EUDC segment, when a downstream SCR would likely have reached appreciable NOx reduction efficiencies, even an aged A-DOC could provide significant benefits in terms of NOx emissions reduction. However, the analysis of the NO/NO2 share downstream of the DPF, which is of crucial importance for SCR efficiency at low temperature, revealed that the overall conversion efficiency for NO over NEDC was negative, while on the contrary the conversion efficiency for NO2 was remarkably high. As a result, the NO2/NOx ratio downstream of the DPF (i.e. at the inlet of a downstream SCR) remained significantly low during the whole EUDC segment, thus hindering the achievement of high NOx conversion efficiencies and the full exploitation of a synergetic combination of the A-DOC with a downstream SCR.


The national debate on embryonic stem cells and research cloning has brought out the best and the worst in American culture. The best is on display in many ways. It is a debate that has been marked by an outpouring of sympathy for those suffering from disease or disability or threatened with death. It has drawn on the deep historical reservoir in America of a devotion to research and technological innovation to relieve the human condition. Despite these intensely partisan times, support for the research has easily crossed party lines, among legislators and the public. And it has given hope to perhaps thousands of people suffering from tenacious afflictions and disabilities. Those elements of the debate are impressive and commendable. Far less commendable were many of the ways in which the campaign in favor of the research was waged to gain money to carry it out. The main focus of this paper is on the early years of the stem cell debate when that effort was most intense. There were, for openers, inflated claims about the value of the research, often in the face of cautions from the researchers themselves. There was also an egregious promotion of what I believe to be an utterly wrong view about a socalled moral obligation to pursue the research. And there was a full display of that most ancient of logical fallacies, the ad hominem argument. Many research proponents did not hesitate to label those on the other side as a noxious coalition of right-wing religious fanatics, the fearful, the superstitious, the ignorant, and those invincibly indifferent to human suffering. Some of that kind of rhetoric has been thrown in my direction. The right, sometimes not to be outdone in throwing mud, labeled proponents as enemies of human dignity, who were well down a slippery slope to manufacturing and instrumentalizing human embryos and thus life itself, the crudest kind of utilitarianism. There may have been bits of truth in each of these stereotypes, but they did not serve well to advance the discussion. There were some larger issues at stake in this conflict, most notably the excessive hype and hyperbole deployed by research supporters, the use of bad arguments, some ethical window-dressing to move the cause along, and a failure to take account of some little-noted but highly relevant facts.


This paper attempts to explore the difficulties Chinese speakers have with the acquisition of English articles by situating itself within three hypotheses by using two tasks; a written forced choice elicitation task and an oral elicited picture description task. Our findings from the first task are consistent with the Fluctuation Hypothesis. Our findings from the second task are not fully consistent with the Representational Deficit Hypothesis or the strong interpretation of the Prosodic Transfer Hypothesis as omission of articles is low. This indicates that L2 learners are perhaps able to access uninterpretable features and target-like prosodic representations even at intermediate levels, which is consistent with the view of full access to syntax and phonological structures via Universal Grammar.


This paper investigates the effectiveness of one of the Fed's unconventional monetary policy tools, the term auction facility (TAF). At issue is whether the TAF reduced the spread between LIBOR rates and equivalent-term Treasury rates by reducing the liquidity premium embedded in LIBOR rates. This paper suggests that rather than reducing the liquidity premium in LIBOR rates, the announcement of the TAF increased the risk premium in financial and other bond rates because market participants interpreted the announcement by the Fed and other central banks as a sign that the financial crisis was worse than previously thought. Evidence is presented that supports this hypothesis.


Soft templating using block copolymers provides a generalized synthetic strategy to fabricate mesoporous materials, but it is generally challenging to obtain highly crystalline frameworks without significant deformation or loss of the mesoporous structure. Here, we demonstrate a simple route to generate ordered mesoporous crystalline manganese oxide films by block copolymer templating through microwave processing to convert carbonate precursors to oxides, remove the polymeric template and crystallize the Mn3O4, all within 1 min. The microwave heating in this case is driven primarily by the high microwave cross-section of the substrate (silicon wafer), but manganese oxide also absorbs microwaves to provide energy locally for promoting nucleation/crystallization. Conversely, conventional heating in a muffle furnace at an analogous surface temperature leads to either significant residual copolymer or nanostructure collapse with low crystallinity. This difference in the behavior is attributed to the rapid and local heating of the manganese oxide by microwaves to crystallize the oxide. Microwaves rapidly generate the crystals as evidenced by the invariance in the refractive index of the films after 45 s on further microwave heating. Additionally, the microwave processing leads to nearly twice the specific surface area for the films than that of mesoporous films fabricated by calcination in the furnace. Microwave energy appears to be an attractive alternative to enable the fabrication of a highly crystalline framework in soft-templated ordered mesoporous materials when the microwaves can be absorbed by the framework of interest.


OBJECTIVE
To work collaboratively with women accessing an integrated program for women with substance use in pregnancy to learn how services can be improved.

DESIGN
Qualitative design using focus groups within a participatory action framework.

SETTING
Sheway, a program located in the Downtown Eastside of Vancouver, BC.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 21 co-researchers who were women who had accessed Sheway services.

METHODS
Semistructured focus groups were recorded and transcribed. Data analysis was iterative and reviewed weekly with focus group members. Themes were member checked and reviewed with co-researchers. The action phase of the project involved the co-researchers presenting their main findings to the Sheway staff members. The staff and women worked collaboratively to implement client-directed changes to the program.

MAIN FINDINGS
Co-researchers described Sheway as family. They expressed concern about transitioning from the program to other community services and identified stereotypes and negative treatment by health care providers as barriers to their transition out of the program. One action project developed by the co-researchers was a "transition group" where women could connect to current and former Sheway clients. The women could retain the social support they gained through Sheway while learning about other resources. The co-researchers also prioritized developing peer-to-peer mentorship to support new clients. The findings of the research were disseminated to Sheway staff, the Department of Family Practice at the University of British Columbia, and local family medicine maternity care providers with the hope of improving care for women with substance use in pregnancy.

CONCLUSION
A participatory action framework allowed women to engage as co-researchers. The co-researchers emphasized the importance of relationships and a sense of family with other women as well as providers as positive aspects of their care. Women involved in this project identified negative attitudes of health care providers toward substance use in pregnancy as barriers. Co-researchers proposed transition support and peer-to-peer networking as action projects to improve their care.


During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries a number of European countries founded settlements on the American and African continents. The colonizing powers sent settlers from Europe and slaves from Africa and Asia to their colonies. Most of these colonies existed for several centuries, and during this period the economic, social and cultural relations between the settlers, the slaves and the indigenous peoples did not remain static. In none of these colonies were the descendants of the original groups totally integrated into a homogeneous society, but by the end of the eighteenth century the differences between the groups were much less marked in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies of Central and South America than in the British colonies of North America. The article examines recent research on integration processes in the Cape Colony from 1652 to 1795, when the colony was ruled by the Dutch East India Company. It appears that some researchers emphasize the similarities between integration processes in the Cape Colony and North America while others point out significant differences. The article argues that the development of racial barriers in South Africa from the early nineteenth century has influenced scholarly interpretations of the characteristics of Cape colonial society before 1800. It is concluded that, regarding integration processes during this period, the Cape Colony had more in common with the Portuguese colony of Brazil than the British colonies in North America. However, more comparative research is necessary to obtain a clear perspective on integration processes in the Cape Colony within the context of developments in the European settler colonies during the period from 1500 to 1800.