In the project Frozen Waves, audio recordings are translated into physical objects and vice versa. Time is temporarily captured in space – space is released back into time. In doing so, the potential of visual music (Friedlander, 1998) and second order cybernetics (Von Foerster, 1975; Glanville, 2004) are used to develop a new experience that synthesizes sound and visual components into dynamic material form. In this "aesthetically potent environment" (Pask, 1969, p. 76), the research engages with digital ontology, sound visualization, sampling methods, and generative design practice. Similar works are Studio Realität (2008), Fischer (2010), Azzaro (2013), Paul (2012), and Ghassaei (2012). The idea explored in this project is that objects are continuously changing processes in time. Through consecutive iterations of sound recordings, sound spectrum analysis, parametric 3D model creation, and materializing methods such as 3D printing, temporary physical representations of the acoustic world around the observer surface and are recomposed. These objects can, in turn, be immaterialized back to sounds that they were generated from, albeit in a form that is modified and shaped by their transformation process. Emerging design work implies a semiotic polyvalence that is realized through a process of techno-transformative and generative methods. As such new patterns are created, comprising single parts that are restructured into rhythmic patterns. The individual samples do not act as quotes; instead they operate as generative material for systemic combination. Shapeshifting
  Conference:
  Auckland
  University
  of
  Technology 14-‐16
  April
  2014 2 This project aims to act as a Front End creative inquiry (Sanders & Stappers, 2012) and its purpose is to trigger the audience to consider the potentials of sound as a form of unique, material user experience.


The authors discuss two case studies in their investigation of the complex interactions between environmental justice and government. These analyses offer a comprehensive view of both the siting and regulation of polluting activities, as well as a discussion of the effects on major natural resources such as clean air and drinking water. In each case, the authors both describe current government responses to the problem and offer specific recommendations regarding what actions should be taken in the future.


The launch of a new resource for road safety education usually occurs as a result of the need to update existing resources, often seen to be out-of-date, or to reflect the introduction of new curriculum. The development, production and implementation of new resources come at great expense to road safety and education practitioners, particularly knowing their life-span can be limited and subject to changing government policy and ongoing educational reform. Victoria has taken a new approach to resource development. Traffic safety education resources and programs are developed on a 'core' and 'enrichment' model. Core resources provide schools with the essential learning (minimum amount) that students need at given stages of childhood development, matched with exposure to traffic and trauma outcomes. They also focuses on parent engagement at these times. New and existing resources and programs are linked to the core program to enrich learning in any given area of traffic safety education. This paper will describe the research underpinning the new approach, the steps taken to develop a new resource for secondary schools based on behaviour change principles, the actions being taken to incrementally enrich the resource to provide it with longer currency and higher levels of relevancy to both teachers and students, and preliminary evaluation outcomes.


The problem of moral luck is that a general fact about luck and an intuitive moral principle jointly imply the following skeptical conclusion: human beings are morally responsible for at most a tiny fraction of each action. This skeptical conclusion threatens to undermine the claim that human beings deserve their respective eternal reward and punishment. But even if this restriction on moral responsibility is compatible with the doctrine of the final judgment, the quality of one's afterlife within heaven or hell still appears to be lucky. Utilizing recent responses to the problem of moral luck, I explore several Molinist accounts of the final judgment that resolve both theological problems of moral luck. Some of these accounts entirely eliminate moral luck while others ensure that the moral luck involved in the judgment is overall good luck.


The Lufilian arc (Neoproterozoic-Lower Palaeozoic) is a Pan-African orogen that lies between the Kalahari Craton in the south and the Congo Craton in the north. North vergent thrusting of its Katangan metasedimentary succession formed a fold-thrust belt in the northern sector of the arc. The belt contains prominent bodies of fragmental rocks including thrust sheets and megablocks of older Katangan strata, some of which contain Cu-Co mineralisation. These fragmental rocks were traditionally considered as tectonic friction breccias formed underneath the advancing Katangan nappes. This paper presents the stratigraphic implications of a recent reinterpretation of these breccias as sedimentary conglomerates in the fold-thrust belt of the Lufilian arc.

The Katangan succession in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is traditionally subdivided into four main lithostratigraphic units: Roan, Mwashya, Lower Kundelungu and Upper Kundelungu. It has been considered that that the Roan, Mwashya and Lower Kundelungu strata were deposited in a progressively opening rift basin, then folded and thrust northwards during Upper Kundelungu times. No syntectonic sedimentation associated with this orogenesis was previously recognised.

Megabreccias within the Kundelungu succession in the northern part of the fold-thrust belt are interpreted here to be sedimentary complexes of synorogenic conglomerates derived from the orogenic front advancing from the south and deposited in a newly recognised foreland basin to the north. The sedimentary origin means that the 'megabreccias' should be classified as new lithostratigraphic units of the Katangan succession. The Fungurume Group (new unit), which unconformably overlies older strata, represents foreland basin fill and is subdivided into three formations. The Mutoshi Formation is characterised by continental red beds, previously called RAT. A facies association of hematite-rich, marginal marine, mixed clastic and carbonate rocks constitutes the Dipeta Formation. The Kambove Formation comprises olistostromes deposited by subaqueous sediment-gravity flows. The Mutoshi and Dipeta Formations were previously correlated with the rift-related Roan Group of Zambia. The Cu-Co-bearing Roan-derived strata, traditionally called the Mines Group, occur only as allochthonous blocks embedded in any of the above formations. Therefore, the Mines Group does not form a legitimate lithostratigraphic unit, and it is excluded herein from the revised stratigraphy of the Katanga Supergroup. The undeformed continental molasse of the Plateau Group fills the youngest foreland basin, extending ahead of the fold-thrust belt.


Much has been written about the threat to the higher education sector in relation to cyber security (e.g. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/united-kingdom-uk-universities-losing-cyber-security-battle; http://www.comtact.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/University-Challenge-Cyber-Attacks-in-Higher-Education-April-2016.pdf) however, little has been written about the threat of terrorist or other violent attacks at a UK higher education institution.

However, with a current UK national threat level of severe, where higher education institutions contain large numbers of individuals (staff and students), such organisations are at risk of becoming locations where such attacks have a potential to take place. As has been shown in the United States, further and higher education institutions "seem to be the prime target of attack for gunmen" (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/ohio-state-university-mass-shooting-injured-timeline-schools-colleges-last-12-months-a7444001.html) by lone individuals or groups, mainly non-terrorist related.

To avoid similar recurrences in the United Kingdom, the National Counter Terrorism Security Office has developed guidance for further and higher education institution (https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/counter-terrorism-protective-security-advice-for-higher-and-further-education), however, little exists in terms of sharing of effective practice in this area.

The CHESS (the Colleges and Higher Education Security Standard), funded by the Home Office and led by the University of Northampton is helping to identify effective practice from the further and higher education sectors, as well as closely aligned and other sectors and experts to assist further and higher education institutions in the development of preparations and plans in this area.

This presentation will explore the project and outline key findings. It will provide delegates with an insight into the relationships between the higher education sector and HM Government and between institutions and sector-wide associations.


The slow afterhyperpolarisation current (IsAHP) in CA1 pyramidal neurones is reduced in kainic acid-lesioned hippocampus and this effect leads to an increase in cell excitability (Ashwood et al. 1986). We investigated the mechanisms of kainic acid-induced inhibition using whole-cell patch-clamp experiments. Hippocampal slices were obtained from humanely killed 14- to 21-day-old rats. The recordings were made from CA1 pyramidal cells using KMeSO4-containing pipettes. Voltage steps (60 mV for 80 ms) were applied every 20 s to generate IsAHP. Bath application of kainic acid produced concentration-dependent inhibition of IsAHP that reached a plateau of 34 % at 100-200 nM (IC50 = 15 nM; n = 7). The inhibition was not accompanied by an inward current and persisted in the presence of 1 µM TTX + 5 mM TEA (n = 8), suggesting postsynaptic localisation of the receptors. The AMPA/KA blocker CNQX (20 µM; n = 6) abolished the action of kainic acid, whereas a selective antagonist of AMPA receptors, GYKI52466 (100 µM), was ineffective (n = 5). The effect of kainate could be reproduced by domoic acid (200 nM; n = 7), but not by the potent agonist of AMPA receptors (S)-5-fluorowillardiine (300 nM; n = 7). The GluR5 kainate receptor agonist ATPA (2 µM; n = 5) did not produce any inhibition. The results are consistent with an action of kainate mediated by GluR6-containing kainate receptors, and imply that a metabotropic function may be involved as reported for presynaptic kainate receptors (Rodriguez-Moreno & Lerma, 1998). This was tested by pre-incubation of the slices with the protein kinase C inhibitor calphostin C (1 µM); this treatment prevented kainate-induced inhibition (n = 10). Subsequent application of noradrenaline (10 µM; n = 4) blocked IsAHP, demonstrating that PKA-dependent inhibition remained intact. In current-clamp experiments, kainic acid (200 nM) did not reduce either the width or the amplitude of calcium spikes recorded following a brief depolarising step (n = 8). This suggests that kainate inhibition of IsAHP was not due to a reduction in Ca2+ influx. These data indicate that GluR6 kainate receptors on CA1 pyramidal cells not only mediate ionic currents (Bureau et al. 1999) but have metabotropic actions leading to increased cell excitability.This work is supported by The Wellcome Trust.


Many contemporary commentators suggest that urban space and public space have no settled form – that they are forever subject to contestation. It follows that the spaces most of us occupy, act in and pass through day after day are, if not overtly antagonistic, then somewhat fraught and compromised. My practice explores this terrain by engaging with specific spatial controversies, getting embroiled in arenas of friction, overlapping with a variety of different 'actors' and processes.

Works develop as I try to do things in spaces, often in urban environments, probing situations in order to try to grasp their dynamics. Trying things out in space as an independent practitioner, I run into many kinds of structures, boundaries and rules. How such encounters unfold and are responded to and/or recounted – these questions lie at the heart of my work.

The form of the work has varied. I have, for example, created posters, performances and a film. Some works have taken the form of insertions of objects into existing arenas and processes. On other occasions, my exploratory investigations and activities are narrated in the work. The work has appeared in diverse contexts: fly-posted across a town; inserted into a planning-consultation meeting; hidden beneath an exhibition space.

This thesis will introduce five specific projects. An iteration of Four Anecdotes forms my Preface; this work is then discussed in Chapter One. Chapter Two introduces Huis Clos Planningline; Chapter Three Reverse Consultation (Old New Town) and Cushion Distribution (Public Inquiry). Chapter Four is accompanied by a short film (attached) and is entitled The Vessel. Elaborations and analyses of these works will be augmented by discussions of works by other artists that are particularly relevant, among them Gordon Matta-Clark, Allan Sekula and Francis Alys. Uncaptioned images will run throughout the thesis, in parallel with the text.

Overall, I will argue for the value of a type of 'site-oriented' practice that probes and investigates spatial dynamics and power relations through experimental involvements with a range of sites and actors. In particular, I will contend that practices involved with everyday encounters and mobilities – including my own practice, which focuses on mobile things as they traverse boundaries and jurisdictions – allow structures and relationships to be encountered and tested in their day-to-day operation, with the twists turns and wriggles of practice generating new materials, works and ideas.


Background: Until date, no IQ test has been standardized to be used to test the intelligence of Libyan students. Lack of standardized intelligence tests creates many problems such as the misuse of some non-standardised tests. These tests are carried out to estimate the mental ability of mentally retarded or gifted children. This problem
prompted the researcher to study the SPM test which is considered by many researchers as one of the most used culturally-fair tests. The aim of this study was to
standardize the SPM test to a Libyan setting to develop norms for the classic form of the SPM test to identify the distribution of IQ scores within Libyan students.
Sample and methods: a total sample size of 2600 students (aged 8 to 21 years) was chosen using a multi-stage, cluster-disproportional stratified sampling method. During
September and November 2007, the SPM test was administered to 1800 school students from 72 schools from 11 settlements (two cities and nine villages). In addition, during September and November 2008, the SPM test was administered to 800 university students from two different branches of Omar El-Mukhtar University located in two cities (Al-Baida and Al-Marj). Quantitative research designs (descriptive and comparative survey, correlational and cross-sectional) were used. In addition, a meta-analysis was performed to compare SPM test results with studies carried out in other countries. Data collected were imported into (SPSS) (version 16)software. Normality testing was carried out, the collected data were normally distributed which warranted the use of parametric tests.
Results and conclusions:
the main study showed that the results of SPM reliability, validity and item analysis indicated that the SPM test may be considered as an appropriate measure of mental ability for Libyan students. The average IQ for the fourteen tested Libyan age groups (8 years to 21 years) was 81. Gender and region variables were not important factors affecting Libyan students' scores on the SPM test. Gender differences in variability results indicated no consistent tendency. Age, academic discipline and study levels variables were an important factor affecting the Libyan students' scores on the SPM test. In general, all correlation coefficients
between SPM and students' academic achievements were statistical significant for all groups. Age and achievement variables were predictors for SPM results, whereas
gender and region variables were not significant predictors. The performance of Libyan students on the SPM can be considered lower than students from other
countries.
Meta-analysis study showed that the average IQ score for developed countries was 95, whereas the average IQ score of developing countries was 82. The IQ score of Libya was similar to that of developing countries. Development status and age variables were concluded as being important factors affecting the SPM. Gender variable was concluded as not being an important factor affecting the SPM. Gender differences in variability on SPM test thus results indicated no consistent tendency. Age and development status variables were predictors for SPM results. Whereas gender variable not significant predictors.The over all results were explained in terms of variation in education, environment,nutrition, child rearing, social income, confidence in test taking, family size, the "individual multiplier" and "social multiplier" and heterosis.


Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in China in late 2019, government administrators have imple- mented traffic restriction policies to prevent the spread of COVID-19. However, highway traffic volumes obtained from ETC data in some provinces did not return to the levels of previous years after the end of the traffic restriction policy, suggesting that traffic restriction policy may have long-term effects. This paper proposed a method that analyzes traffic restriction policies' long- term and short-term impact on highway traffic volume under COVID-19. This method first analyzes the long-term and short-term impacts of traffic restriction policies on the highway traffic volume using the Prophet model combined with the concept of traffic volume loss. It further in-vestigates the relationship between COVID-19 cases and the long-term and short-term impacts of the traffic restriction policy using Granger causality and the impulse response function of the Bayesian vector autoregressive (BVAR) model. The results showed that during the COVID-19 pan- demic, highway traffic in Zhejiang Province decreased by about 95.5%, and the short-term impact of COVID-19 cases was most pronounced on the second day. However, the long-term effects were relatively small when the traffic restriction policy ended and was verified by data from other provinces. These results will provide decision support for traffic management and provide recommendations for future traffic impact assessments in the event of similar epidemics.


The effects of medium's hydrophobicity and reaction temperatures on
Rhizomucor miehei lipase-catalysed transesterification of refined, bleached and
deodorised (RBO) palm olein and RBD palm oil were studied. Solvents with log P
values ranging from -1.3-4.52 were chosen. The extent of trans esterification was
studied based on whether there was an increase in the triglyceride composition or if
there were new triglycerides formed. Analyses on the triglyceride composition,
melting properties and slip melting point of transesterified OIls were eamed out.
Solvents with log P values between 2 and 4 (2 ≤ log P < 4) and more than 4 (log P≥ 4) were found to give the highest degree of transesterification in palm olein and
palm oil. Solvents such as hexane (log P 3.5) and isooctane (log P 4.52) were found
to be particular1y useful in both transesterification of palm olein and palm oil. No
transesterification took place in solvents with log P less than 2 (log P < 2). The
effect of reaction temperatures was studied using isooctane and hexane.
Transesterification rates were found to increase as the reaction temperatures
ina-eased indicating that the lipase was stable at high temperatures in organic solvents. The highest degree of transesterification was found at 60˚C. A lower
degree of transesterification was found in palm oil transesterified at 300C.
Two new triglycerides were synthesised at the end of the transesterification
of palm olein, namely, tripalmitin (PPP) and distearoyi-oleoyl glycerol (SOS). No
new triglycerides were funned in transesterified palm oil. Changes in the
composition of several original triglycerides were also obtained in transesterifled
palm olein and palm oil. Melting properties of transesterified oil depended in
general, on the chemical composition of the oils. Due to the complexity of the
triglycerides, the heating curves were not easily interpretable. Formation of
tripalmitin was found to be the cause of a new peak formed in the heating curve of
transesterified palm olein. The slip melting point of palm olein and palm oil
increased after transesterification. Exception was noted for transesterified palm oil
at different reaction temperatures in isooctane and hexane incubated for longer
incubation period where the slip melting point decreased.
The white partides formed after transesterification of palm olein at 40˚C
shaked for 6 hours at 200 revmin-1 were found to contain high melting glycerides,
which were dominated by tripalmitin. The high melting glycerides were also high in
palmitic acids with trace amount of oleic, stearic and linoleic acids. The heating
curve of high melting glycerides consisted of a sharp and more prominent high-T
peak and a small low-T peak. Due to the triglyceride composition of high melting
glycerides, its Slip melting point was found to be at 59°C.


Context: Nursing process is the systematic method of thinking used by nurses to develop an individualized plan of care for patients. Effective use of the nursing process depends on a nurse's familiarity with the standardized nursing language. Aim: This study evaluates the utilization of nursing process on the day of admission and within 24 h of patient admission in a teaching hospital. Setting and Design: Descriptive and Retrospective design was utilized. Materials and Methods: Systematic sampling technique was adopted to evaluate 959 patients' records from 2014 to 2016 in 2 medical and 2 surgical wards over 3 months period using a self designed checklist. Statistical Analysis Used: Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 21 and presented as frequencies and percentages. T test was used to test the significant difference between variables with P value set at ≤ 0.05. Results: Only 24.9% of the medical records contained the nursing process form. On the day of admission, <25% of the charts included a complete record of nursing assessment, nursing diagnoses, nursing intervention, and the evaluation. The highest phase of nursing process recorded is nursing diagnosis followed by patient assessment. At 24h postadmission, no significant increase was noted in the phases of nursing process recorded. There was a significant difference between the frequencies of documentation of nursing diagnosis and the nurses' area of practice (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Nursing process utilization remained poorly incorporated into the activities of nurses in this institution. Therefore, continuing professional education on nursing process and supervision should be mandated.


A major pathogenic factor of acne is the disturbed keratinization of the follicular infundibulum. It has been hypothesized that a relative decrease in linoleic acid in the sebum could be responsible, in part, for this. The aim of the present study was objectively to evaluate the effects of topically applied linoleic acid on the size of microcomedones in patients with mild acne. The design was a double‐blind placebo‐controlled randomized cross‐over study. Evaluations were performed by digital image analysis of cyanoacrylate follicular biopsies. There was a significant effect of topically applied linoleic acid on the size of follicular casts and microcomedones, an almost 25% reduction in their overall size being achieved over a 1‐month treatment period. In contrast, no change was found at placebo‐treated sites. It is concluded that topical linoleic acid might play a role as a comedolytic agent in acne‐prone patients.


The fitness impacts of climate change on seasonal breeding organisms is, in part, linked to local climatic effects on phenology (i.e. the timing of major life events, such as breeding and migration) and how these relate to temporal changes in resource distribution. Thus, in this thesis we examine relationships between phenology, measures of fitness (reproduction and survival) and local climate for a long-distance migratory bird species, the northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe). There was a seasonal fitness decline in this population, but the relative contribution of different reproductive components to this decline varied. Because declines in these fitness components were driven by different factors this suggests climate change is unlikely to affect fitness components equally. This unequal susceptibility of different fitness components to climate change was further demonstrated by different responses in reproduction and survival to rainfall, and that these effects were age-, sex- and time-dependent. During the past 20 years, wheatears have advanced their migration to arrive and begin breeding ~8 days earlier than in the early 1990s. Regardless, this change in migration and breeding phenology may be lagging behind current climate change because birds are breeding increasingly later relative to the progression of spring. One factor potentially contributing to this phenological mismatch is limited plasticity in the arrival-breeding interval, arising from constraints on how much the interval can be reduced after migration. Another constraint on the ability for birds to advance their breeding time is the cost of reproduction carried over from one breeding season to the next. This impacts on individual fitness through delays in breeding phenology and the fitness loss associated with seasonal fitness declines. Overall, this thesis shows that to avoid underestimation of potential effects of climate change on population demography, all fitness components and their drivers need to be considered. In addition, it highlights potential constraints preventing individuals from optimally adjusting their breeding time in order to track environmental change. Such knowledge is crucial if we are to make informed decisions regarding the management of populations in the future.


An air-loop was designed, constructed and instrumented to characterize the heat transfer rates and energy storage potential of a small scale PCM thermal energy storage (TES) unit. The storage unit was custom made and housed multiple aluminum flat plates filled with PCM (RT44HC). The plates were aligned in two rows of 29. Overall, three variables were studied for the characterization: the HTF flow rates, the initial temperature of the PCM and the HTF inlet temperature. An empirical model was created in TRNSYS. This model was used to simulate a PCM TES integrated into an AHU using the integration method of strategic heating with the goal of reducing peak power during start-up. The simulation results were compared to the AHU without PCM TES to determine whether any energy improvements were achieved. It was determined that by adding the PCM TES the start-up peak power could be reduced by 35 kW.


Motivated by the work of Uehara et al. [1], an improved method to recover DC coefficients from AC coefficients of DCT-transformed images is investigated in this work, which finds applications in cryptanalysis of selective multimedia encryption. The proposed under/over-flow rate minimization (FRM) method employs an optimization process to get a statistically more accurate estimation of unknown DC coefficients, thus achieving a better recovery performance. It was shown by experimental results based on 200 test images that the proposed DC recovery method significantly improves the quality of most recovered images in terms of the PSNR values and several state-of-the-art objective image quality assessment (IQA) metrics such as SSIM and MS-SSIM.


This paper presents a learning and teaching strategy based on complexity science and explores its impacts on a higher education game design course. The strategy aimed at generating conditions fostering individual and collective learning in educational complex adaptive systems, and led the design of the course through an iterative and adaptive process informed by evidence emerging from course dynamics. The data collected indicate that collaboration was initially challenging for students, but collective learning emerged as the course developed, positively affecting individual and team performance. Even though challenged, students felt highly motivated and enjoyed working on course activities. Their perception of progress and expertise were always high, and academic performance was on average very good. The strategy fostered collaboration, and allowed students and tutors to deal with complex situations requiring adaptation.


The African sleeping sickness parasite Trypanosoma brucei evades the immune system of its mammalian host by periodically switching the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) that forms its cell-surface coat. This process of antigenic variation utilises a large archive of VSG genes, which are primarily subtelomeric and appear to evolve rapidly. Subtelomeres are the location of multi-member, variable gene families in many organisms, and often seem to have an elevated rate of mutation. The VSG archive is a particularly striking example of an organism taking advantage of this environment to promote hyperevolution. The aim of this project was to investigate the changes that occur in VSG evolution. In collaboration with researchers at the Sanger Institute, genomes from two time-separated isolates of the same trypanosome strain were sequenced and assembled. The quality of the genome assemblies was assessed, and the genomes concluded to be of sufficient quality for further analysis. Chromosome core genes and VSG N-terminal domain (NTD) genes and pseudogenes were annotated in each genome, and mutations between the genomes in each gene were catalogued. VSG NTDs had a significantly higher mutation frequency than core genes, and the specific patterns of mutations differed significantly between the two genome regions. These results together implied that VSG are subject to different mutational processes from core genes. However, mutation frequency did not appear to differ between VSG NTDs and other subtelomeric sequence, indicating that it is the subtelomeres in general that are subject to elevated mutational activity. Further examination of the VSG NTDs within each new genome reinforced published observations in the reference genome strain VSG archive of extensive substructuring and abundance of pseudogenes. Finally, to address the question of which mechanisms may be involved in elevating the mutation rate in subtelomeres, an attempt was made to characterise two members of a gene family predicted to encode error-prone lesion bypass DNA polymerases, a class of enzymes that have been suggested to have a role in the systematic generation of mutations. Such results as were obtained suggested that the genes examined may not encode active polymerases, and the results did not provide any evidence for a role for these polymerases in VSG hyperevolution. Overall, however, the project has uncovered considerable detail of how hypermutation proceeds in this highly variable gene family.


A modified steady-state laser theory that describes a continuous wave (cw) off-resonant Raman laser with asymmetric reflectivities for the cavity is presented. This theory takes into account different mirror reflectivities of the front and back mirrors of the Raman laser cavity for both the pump and the Stokes wavelengths. An off-resonant cw Raman laser pumped at 795 nm in diatomic hydrogen (H2) is modeled by use of the results of the steady-state theory. The predicted threshold for the cw Raman laser is 2.4 mW, and a maximum Stokes photon conversion efficiency of 83.0% is predicted for a pump power of 9.9 mW. The high Stokes photon conversion efficiency is obtained with mismatched pump-wavelength reflectivities of the front and the back mirrors of the laser cavity. By a judicious choice of mirror reflectivities, both the backreflected pump power and the transmitted pump power can be minimized, thus making a maximum amount of pump power available for nonlinear Stokes conversion.


Fibroblasts are important regulators of inflammatory processes. The phenotype of fibroblasts differ according to anatomical site which may dtermine immune functions such as leukocyte accumulation and predilection for inflammatory disease in certain tissues. This thesis describes the expression profile and explores the function of a family of immunomodulatory proteins (galectins) in fibroblasts from rhematoid arthritis patients. Synovial fibroblasts were found to differ significantly from bone marrow and skin fibroblasts with higher expression of galectin-9 and galectin-12 in synovial fibroblasts. Galectin-9 and galectin-3 expression was also examined in situ in synovial tissue from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Expression of both galectins were higher in RA synovial tissue compared to OA but not in synovial fibroblasts cultured in vitro. Galectin-3 expression seemed to be controlled by epigenetic factors (methylation) but not cytokine stimulation. Galectin-9 production was up-regulated by interferon-y, interleukin-1b and ligands for Toll-like receptors 3 (TLR3) and 4 (TLR4). It was found that intracellular presence of galectin-9 in RA synovial firboblasts increased their resistance to apoptosis. Galectin-3 level are increased in teh joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Studies on the effect and mechanism of galectin-3 action on fibroblasts revealed that exogenously added galectin-3 induced production of cytokines (IL-6) from synovial and skin fibroblasts but the production of moncyte attracting chemokines (CCL5, CCL2) was induced uniquely in fibroblasts derived from teh synovium. Different signalling pathways mediated the secretion of those mediators. IL-6 release depended on MAP kinases p38, ERK and JNK as well as NFkB transcription factor, whereas CCL5 production required PI3/Akt and NFkB


Background In the HIV-1 vaccine trial RV144, ALVAC-HIV prime with an AIDSVAX® B/E boost reduced HIV-1 acquisition by 31% at 42 months post first vaccination. The bivalent AIDSVAX® B/E vaccine contains two gp120 envelope glycoproteins, one from the subtype B HIV-1 MN isolate and one from the subtype CRF01_AE A244 isolate. Each envelope glycoprotein harbors a highly conserved 27-amino acid HSV-1 glycoprotein D (gD) tag sequence that shares 93% sequence identity with the HSV-2 gD sequence. We assessed whether vaccine-induced anti-gD antibodies protected females against HSV-2 acquisition in RV144. Methods Of the women enrolled in RV144, 777 vaccine and 807 placebo recipients were eligible and randomly selected according to their pre-vaccination HSV-1 and HSV-2 serostatus for analysis. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA responses to gD were determined by a binding antibody multiplex assay and HSV-2 serostatus was determined by Western blot analysis. Ninety-three percent and 75% of the vaccine recipients had anti-gD IgG and IgA responses two weeks post last vaccination, respectively. There was no evidence of reduction in HSV-2 infection by vaccination compared to placebo recipients over 78 weeks of follow-up. The annual incidence of HSV-2 infection in individuals who were HSV-2 negative at baseline or HSV-1 positive and HSV-2 indeterminate at baseline were 4.38/100 person-years (py) and 3.28/100 py in the vaccine and placebo groups, respectively. Baseline HSV-1 status did not affect subsequent HSV-2 acquisition. Specifically, the estimated odds ratio of HSV-2 infection by Week 78 for female placebo recipients who were baseline HSV-1 positive (n = 422) vs. negative (n = 1120) was 1.14 [95% confidence interval 0.66 to 1.94, p = 0.64)]. No evidence of reduction in the incidence of HSV-2 infection by vaccination was detected. Conclusions AIDSVAX® B/E containing gD did not confer protection from HSV-2 acquisition in HSV-2 seronegative women, despite eliciting anti-gD serum antibodies.


Density functional theory and natural bond orbital analysis are used to explore the impact of solvent on hyperconjugation in methyl triphosphate, a model for "energy rich" phosphoanhydride bonds, such as found in ATP. As expected, dihedral rotation of a hydroxyl group vicinal to the phosphoanhydride bond reveals that the conformational dependence of the anomeric effect involves modulation of the orbital overlap between the donor and acceptor orbitals. However, a conformational independence was observed in the rotation of a solvent hydrogen bond. As one lone pair orbital rotates away from an optimal antiperiplanar orientation, the overall magnitude of the anomeric effect is compensated approximately by the other lone pair as it becomes more antiperiplanar. Furthermore, solvent modulation of the anomeric effect is not restricted to the antiperiplanar lone pair; hydrogen bonds involving gauche lone pairs also affect the anomeric interaction and the strength of the phosphoanhydride bond. Both gauche and anti solvent hydrogen bonds lengthen nonbridging O-P bonds, increasing the distance between donor and acceptor orbitals and decreasing orbital overlap, which leads to a reduction of the anomeric effect. Solvent effects are additive with greater reduction in the anomeric effect upon increasing water coordination. By controlling the coordination environment of substrates in an active site, kinases, phosphatases, and other enzymes important in metabolism and signaling may have the potential to modulate the stability of individual phosphoanhydride bonds through stereoelectronic effects.


The radiolarian Beothuka terranova occurs in the Arenigian Didymograptellus bifidus Biozone (uppermost Lower Ordovician) of Spitsbergen (Svalbard), associated with a diverse and well-preserved radiolarian fauna. The presence of typical Cambrian spicular radiolarians associated with derived spherical forms shows a gradational faunal change from the Cambrian to the Ordovician. The genus and species Antygopora ordovicica n. gen. et n. sp. is described.


The granulated nickel slag is the biggest unexploited solid side stream formed in the area of the Harjavalta industrial ecopark in south-west Finland. Nowadays one-quarter of the granulated nickel slag is utilised in the sand blasting and roofing felt industries and three-quarters are still dumped in landfills. At the moment the main obstacles to a wider utilisation of granulated nickel slag are the environmental properties of slag and fluctuations in its composition, which lead to changes in the slag's stability. Despite the obstacles, there are possibilities to promote slag utilisation. A possible way to affect slag properties is through slag modification by immobilising harmful elements in the slag. Also, the determination of environmental and technical properties of slag plays an important role in the utilisation aims. The utilisation of slag is one way to support the eco-efficiency of the Harjavalta industrial ecopark. Slag can be used in other applications as a raw material or as a product instead of natural raw materials.


Abstract The religious transformation experienced by cadari (face-veiled women) in Indonesia belonging to two revivalist movements, Tablighi Jamāʿat and Salafism, has propelled them to change their habitus. The nature of their new pious habitus has shaped the life of these women including their marital life. The embodiment of this pious habitus can be seen in practices related to marriage ranging from choice of marriage partner, interactions with marriage partner, new marriage practices (arranged marriage, early marriage and mass marriage) and termination of marriage. All of these can be regarded as their efforts to construct a pious self and an ideal Islamic family, keluarga sakinah (harmonious family). Since religious doctrines are very important in the life of the cadari, religious homogamy is a crucial aspect in their decision to get married or divorced. While there are some studies on the importance of religious homogamy in sustaining marital satisfaction and stability, the experiences of women in such marriages has often been neglected. This article focuses on the importance of religious homogamy by listening to the experiences of cadari women.


Clinical Image: A 45-year-old male subject with recent diagnosis of right colon cancer was referred to Department of Otorhinolaryngology for a preoperative airway assessment. The patient presented a long years history of intermittent hoarseness, retrosternal burning and rare episodes of laryngospasm, which however have never been further investigated. Videolaryngoscopy examination (Figure 1) showed a pinkish, smooth and hard mass in the supraglottis, covered by regular mucosa, narrowing anterior glottic region, which demonstrated the left vocal fold fixed in paramedial position. The subglottic space appeared well preserved. CT scan of the neck (Figures 2 and 3) revealed an hypodense mass originating from left aryepiglottic fold incontiguity with the left arytenoids and expanded from the posteromedial left side to superomedial side. The lesion presented a peripheral calcified stippled appearance and was surrounded by discreet soft -tissue masses, without enhancement of intravenous contrast. No enlarged lymph nodes were visible. The imaging findigs are indicative of a congenital laryngeal malformation.The airway space was judged sufficient for endotracheal intubation to perform abdominal surgery. No introperative or extubation complications occured. The patient will be introduced to a dedicated follow-up endoscopy to carry out biopsy and surgical treatment of the laryngeal lesion.


We propose a local adaptive multiplicative error model (MEM) accommodating timevarying parameters. MEM parameters are adaptively estimated based on a sequential testing procedure. A data-driven optimal length of local windows is selected, yielding adaptive forecasts at each point in time. Analyzing one-minute cumulative trading volumes of five large NASDAQ stocks in 2008, we show that local windows of approximately 3 to 4 hours are reasonable to capture parameter variations while balancing modelling bias and estimation (in)efficiency. In forecasting, the proposed adaptive approach significantly outperforms a MEM where local estimation windows are fixed on an ad hoc basis.


The topic of this thesis is the analysis of the evolution of software components. In order to track the evolution of software components, one needs to collect the evolution information of each component. This information is stored in the version control system (VCS) of the project—the repository of the history of events happening throughout the project's lifetime. By using software archive mining techniques one can extract and leverage this information. The main contribution of this thesis is the introduction of evolution usage trends and evolution change patterns. The raw information about the occurrences of each component is stored in the VCS of the project. By organizing it in evolution trends and patterns, we are able to draw conclusions and issue recommendations concerning each individual component and the project as a whole. Evolution Trends An evolution trend is a way to track the evolution of a software component throughout the span of the project. The trend shows the increases and decreases in the usage of a specific component, which can be indicative of the quality of this component. AKTARI is a tool, presented in this thesis, that is based on such evolution trends and can be used by the software developers to observe and draw conclusions about the behavior of their project. Evolution Patterns An evolution pattern is a pattern of a frequently occurring code change throughout the span of the project. Those frequently occurring changes are project-specific and are explanatory of the way the project evolves. Each such evolution pattern contains in itself the specific way "things are done" in the project and as such can serve for defect detection and defect prevention. The technique of mining evolution patterns is implemented as a basis for the LAMARCK tool, presented in this thesis.


In 2015, a new Master of Teaching coursework unit, Numeracy for Learners and Teachers, was introduced at Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. The drivers for the establishment of the unit were the Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership numeracy standards for graduate teachers and the inclusion of numeracy as a general capability in the Australian Curriculum. In this article, we describe the content and organisation of the unit. An evaluation was conducted with students in each of the years 2015-2017. Data included pre- and post-unit surveys and interviews. Findings indicated that students had fairly good numeracy skills on entry to the unit, and that as a consequence of studying the unit, their understanding of the relationship between numeracy and mathematics improved, as did their confidence to incorporate numeracy into their teaching across the curriculum.


In this work, we present an approach for tracking the feet of multiple users in CAVE-like systems with under-floor projection. It is based on low-cost consumer cameras, does not require users to wear additional equipment, and can be installed without modifying existing components. If the brightness of the floor projection does not contain too much variation, the feet of several people can be reliably tracked and assigned to individuals.


Aquatic biodiversity faces increasing threats from climate change, escalating exploitation of water and land use intensification. Loss of vegetation in catchments (= watersheds) has been identified as a substantial problem for many river basins, and there is an urgent need to better understand how climate change may interact with changes in catchment vegetation to influence the ecological condition of freshwater ecosystems. We used 20 years of biological monitoring data from Victoria, southeastern Australia, to explore the influences of catchment vegetation and climate on stream macroinvertebrate assemblages. Southeastern Australia experienced a severe drought from 1997 to 2009, with reductions of stream flows >50% in some areas. The prolonged drying substantially altered macroinvertebrate assemblages, with reduced prevalence of many flow‐dependent taxa and increased prevalence of taxa that are tolerant of low‐flow conditions and poor water quality. Stream condition, as assessed by several commonly used macroinvertebrate indices, was consistently better in reaches with extensive native tree cover in upstream catchments. Prolonged drought apparently caused similar absolute declines in macroinvertebrate condition indices regardless of vegetation cover, but streams with intact catchment and riparian vegetation started in better condition and remained so throughout the drought. The largest positive effects of catchment tree cover on both water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblages occurred above a threshold of ca. 60% areal tree cover in upstream catchments and in higher rainfall areas. Riparian tree cover also had positive effects on macroinvertebrate assemblages, especially in warmer catchments. Our results suggest that the benefits of extensive tree cover via improved water quality and in‐channel habitat persist during drought and show the potential for vegetation management to reduce negative impacts of climatic extremes for aquatic ecosystems.


The putative Pliocene–Quaternary removal of mantle lithosphere from beneath the southern Sierra Nevada region (California, USA) is investigated by the iteration of thermal-mechanical models that incorporate and are tested against a range of data that are geologically observable, including rock uplift and basin subsidence data, structural and compositional data on crustal architecture, and a synthesis of seismic data that image lower crust–upper mantle structure of the region. The primary focus is testing model results with rock uplift and basin subsidence data. The initial state of our models recognizes that (1) the sub–Sierra Nevada batholith mantle lithosphere, including a substantial thickness of eclogitic cumulates that were produced during high magma flux arc activity, termed arclogite, was cooled to a conductive geotherm by amagmatic flat slab subduction at the end of the Cretaceous; and (2) the gravitationally metastable mantle lithosphere was thermally mobilized from beneath in the Neogene by the opening of an underlying slab window. Based on a detailed synthesis of appropriate rheologies of the multiphase system, a preferred class of models correctly predicts (1) the ca. 10 Ma inception of the Sierra Nevada microplate due to a lithospheric separation event along the eastern Sierra Nevada region as a result of the mobilization of the mantle lithosphere as a Rayleigh-Taylor instability; and (2) the subsequent delamination of the arclogite root of the Sierra Nevada batholith that appears to be in progress. Our preferred model also predicts focused rock uplift and basin subsidence resulting from delamination, both of which are anomalous to uplift and subsidence patterns of all other regions of the microplate. The rheology of the Great Valley crust is found to control rock uplift patterns across the Sierra Nevada, and tectonic subsidence in the Tulare Basin of the Great Valley. The Tulare Basin is uniquely situated over the region where the principal residual arclogite root remains attached to batholithic crust. The anomalous rock uplift and tectonic subsidence data are best satisfied by modeling a bulk rheology for the Great Valley crust that is similar to that of the Sierra Nevada batholith. These results are consistent with a recent synthesis of basement core and geophysical data showing that much of the Great Valley basement consists of the western Early Cretaceous zones of the Sierra Nevada batholith. The existence of this batholithic domain within the Great Valley subsurface is also in agreement with recent seismic data that resolve additional residual arclogite root materials along the base of the crust of this region.


A Pt seed-mediated growth method for the synthesis of Ni/NiO and Ni/Ni(OH)2 nanocomposites has been designed so that the morphology and composition of the final materials can be kinetically tailored by a rational choice of the type of seed. Spherical and dendritic Pt nanoparticles provide rather different architectures depending on the different catalytic activity they can exert. Thus, the Pt nanoparticle's initial morphology establishes the conditions for the initial nickel deposition and consequently determines the subsequent autocatalytic growth of the magnetic nanocomposite. Pt seed morphology and reaction conditions reveal the autocatalytic nickel deposition kinetics as a critical factor in the tunability of morphology and composition of nickel-based nanostructures, offering a great opportunity to modulate the final properties of these materials.


Background: Prostate cancer is a leading cause of mortality in men worldwide especially in developing countries like India. The molecular mechanisms of the oncogenic signaling pathway(s) that are involved in prostate carcinogenesis play a crucial role in disease progression and persistence. There is an important role of signal transducer and activator of transcriptions (STATs) particularly STAT-3 and STAT-5 and its negative regulator suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1). Methods: In the present study, the expression and localization of STAT and SOCS-1 proteins in prostate cancer by immunohistochemistry in a total of 150 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human prostate tissues of different grade obtained by radical prostatectomies or transurethral resection. Results: A significantly strong STAT-3 expression pattern in 68% (65/95) prostate cancer cases as compared to 12% (5/55) in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) controls (P < 0.001) was observed. Interestingly the SOCS-1 expression was found to be significantly elevated in prostate cancer cases (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The present study demonstrates overexpression of STAT-3 and STAT-5 proteins and a contrasting role of SOCS-1 in prostate cancer. These results suggest a critical association between altered expression of STAT-3 and STAT-5 with SOCS-1 and indicate its potential role as a negative regulator independent of JAK-STAT pathway in tumorigenic transformation of prostate tissue. The results of the present report focuses on the fundamental differences in major oncogenic signaling cascades between benign and malignant form of prostate tissue that plays a crucial role in prostate cancer biology.


Many biological molecules carry a net surface charge and have the potential to be monitored in drinking water by electrode-positing them on an optical sensing element and measuring their spectroscopic fingerprints in the infrared (IR) spectral region. In this detection scheme, glasses with high conductivity and excellent IR transmitting property are essential. Therefore, it is necessary to develop suitable materials that combine these properties. In this paper, a series of high-conductivity IR transmitting glasses in Ge-As-Te and Ge-As-Te-Cu systems are reported. The conductivity, thermal stability, IR transmitting property, as well as chemical durability are studied. Their suitability for bio-optical detection applications is also evaluated. Some glasses in these two systems have relatively high conductivities (near 10 -4 (Ω · cm) -1 ), and exhibit superior thermal stability, excellent IR transmitting property, as well as good chemical durability. The electro-deposition and spectroscopic tests of protein molecules indicate that these glasses are promising materials for bio-optical detection applications.


ABSTRACT Regional Library of Yogyakarta City is located in the city which is predicated as an Indonesian Education City. The town is filled by students and therefore the people have a high academic information needs. In the era of information disclosure, as it is today, and in the middle of the high demand of user's information needs, librarians are required to have information literacy skills. This study discusses librarian's information literacy based on Empowering Eight models and the role of librarian's information literacy in fulfilling the user's information needs in Yogyakarta City Regional Library by using descriptive method and qualitative approach. Sources of data in this study come from a textbook, online books, journals, previous research, interviews and observations. Technique of data analysis used by the author is the data reduction, presentation and conclusion. The results of this study show that librarian's information literacy in Yogyakarta City Regional Library in accordance with the Empowering Eight model's and the role of librarian's information literacy in fulfilling the user's information needs shows only two components namely, the identification and application. Key words: Information literacy, Librarians, Information needs, Users


The objectives of this study were to isolate and identify bacteria which produced protease enzyme from liquid and solid waste of tannery, and their characterization of enzymatic activities. The bacterial isolation used a sample of liquid and solid waste from leather waste which taken from a different waste reservoirs (three liquid waste and one solid waste in unhairing phase). Data of the isolated bacteria, OD 600 nm bacterial growth, the identification of bacteria, and enzyme precipitation with 60% ammonium sulfate were analyzed descriptively. The colony diameter, diameter of clear zone, proteolytic index, and enzymatic activities characterization on difference of pH and temperature were analyzed using Completely Randomized Design, followed by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. The second sample from four samples of the isolated bacteria was tested further for their proteolytic activity. The morphology of the colony was circle, white, flat ledges and convex elevation, the basal cell morphology was red, gram-negative, non-motile, catalase positive and gelatin negative. The highest activity of enzyme on pH 11 with activity unit enzyme 45,18±1,77 U/ml and specific enzyme activity 43,19±1,69 U/mg and temperature of 40°C activity unit enzyme 54,02±1,89 U/ml and specific enzyme activity 51,65±1,8 U/mg. The activity of enzyme from protease were precipitated ammonium sulfate 60% showed a higher result of (75,8 U/ml) rather than rough protease.


INTRODUCTION The image of the heroes' homecoming for those returning from war has become quintessential Americana. We see it in the famous World War II photograph of a sailor's celebratory kiss with a nurse, as well as in the photographs of homecoming parades after the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the first Persian Gulf War. Every day, we see poignant images of family members and friends, holding signs of endearment and pride, anxiously scanning the crowd for their loved one returning home from Iraq or Afghanistan as the ship docks or as the plane lands. We see husbands and wives hugging and kissing. We see children clinging tightly to their newly returned mother or father for fear of losing them to another deployment abroad. It is in the very public sphere of the homecoming that we celebrate and honor our nation's military members. Yet, not everyone is included in these joyous moments. Under the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" law banning open service, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (1) service members cannot celebrate and reunite with their loved ones in such a public space without fear of losing their job. Because of the ban on gays in the military, the sacrifices of these service members and their families are relatively unknown. Imagine the life of the gay service member. Imagine hesitating every time a fellow service member asks about weekend plans. Imagine not being able to commit legally to your partner without fear of losing your career. Imagine not being able to enroll the child you adopted with your same-sex partner on your health care plan without fear of discovery. Imagine not being able to name your same-sex partner as a recipient on your life insurance without inviting scrutiny. Imagine not being able to have a picture of your family on your desk at work. The simplest, seemingly innocent act can spell discharge for the gay service member; their service mandates the sacrifice of silence. Every day, the men and women of the United States armed forces make countless sacrifices in service to our nation, from constantly moving across the globe, to missing the birth of a child, to the ultimate sacrifice of giving one's life for freedom. These sacrifices are well known, as are the hardships and heartaches of those on the home front--at least, the hardships of heterosexual service members. The sacrifices of the nation's 65,000 lesbian, gay, and bisexual military personnel (2) and the one million lesbian, gay, and, bisexual veterans, however, have only recently garnered significant attention. (3) Media stories such as that of former Army Sergeant Bleu Copas, an Arabic linguist with the 82nd Airborne, illustrate the impact of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" law on individual service members as well as the law's impact on the military's personnel needs. (4) Yet the impact of "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" on gay military families has garnered little public attention because few families headed by a same-sex couple, in which one partner is currently serving in the armed forces, are willing to risk a career-ending move to tell their story, let alone face the loss of familial privacy by making such a public statement. The stories of gay military families in this article represent unexplored territory for not only the American public, but also for most advocates of family law. "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" affects more than just the 65,000 gay military personnel currently serving, or the one million gay veterans who have served; it also impacts--emotionally, financially, and legally--the lives of the partners and children of gay service members. It is time to hear their stories. In Part I, we provide a brief overview of the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" law, defining the law and providing some historical context. In Part II, we discuss three benefit areas available to service members and their families: medical, pay and housing allowances, and insurance survivor benefits. We underscore the negative ramifications for gay service members who wish to utilize those benefits in an effort to provide for and protect their families. …


We introduce the endomorphism distinguishing number $D_e(G)$ of a graph $G$ as the least cardinal $d$ such that $G$ has a vertex coloring with $d$ colors that is only preserved by the trivial endomorphism. This generalizes the notion of the distinguishing number $D(G)$ of a graph $G$, which is defined for automorphisms instead of endomorphisms. As the number of endomorphisms can vastly exceed the number of automorphisms, the new concept opens challenging problems, several of which are presented here. In particular, we investigate relationships between $D_e(G)$ and the endomorphism motion of a graph $G$, that is, the least possible number of vertices moved by a nontrivial endomorphism of $G$. Moreover, we extend numerous results about the distinguishing number of finite and infinite graphs to the endomorphism distinguishing number.


The HSC is an 800 MPixel imager on the 8.2m Subaru telescope, carrying out a 1400 deg^2 week lensing survey. In many ways this survey is an LSST precursor, and we are reducing the data using prototype LSST pipelines.

I shall discuss the state of the pipelines that we are using for the next data release, paying especial attention to algorithms that we know will need to be refined before we can meet LSST requirements.


James Opp and John C. Walsh, eds. Placing Memory and Remembering Place in Canada. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2010. $85.00 hc; $32.95 sc. While location is a geometrical term and space is an abstraction, place is a "meaning-full" experience. It is created by individuals informally as they absorb the memories of the past, the quotidian activities of their life in the present, and planned future lived-in worlds. And, while grounded physically, the essence of particular places is dynamic and mutable and the process of creating it is captured in the verb, "placing." Certainly, the post-Westphalian/French Revolution/Versailles nation-state took this to heart and embraced the construction of identities. The informality of Tonnies' gemeinschaft was replaced by artifice: the invention of ceremonials and pageants; the production of visual prompts of didactic buildings, statues, and plaques; and the dissemination of preferred meta-narratives and mythic pasts. Later, the commodification of heritage through the tourist-industry required that the forces of commerce branded popular regional differences. And both of these processes have been challenged by shifts in popular preferences, priorities, and practices in the post-Woodstock/street- culture/Facebook age. As the technical world of social media organizes the political world of the "occupy" movement and the social world of street parties and riots, performed ceremonials have been replaced by spontaneous protest and celebration. This is what James Opp's and John Walsh's volume presents for us here in several case studies of dynamic identity formation in Canada, but it also addresses the growing problem of the "palpable immediacy" of everywhere and nowhere in a globalised system of information flows. The several contributions in the first section, "Commemorations: Marking Memories of Place," address the "official" creation of acts of remembrance. It opens with John Walsh's investigation of the phenomenon of the performance of public memory by Ottawa Valley communities and questions the motivation of the exercise. He concludes that while rendered in romantic tropes of the pioneering experience, they were not exercises in nostalgia for the benefit of the exiles but were signal demonstrations of community pride in what they had built. Motive is also central to Cecilia Morgan's analysis of "local acts of memory" in the contestation of hegemonic power relationships within the Six Nations and how the Six Nations asserted their role as active participants in the Euro-Canadian narrative and polity rather than as mere colourful fill-in paintings and pageants and sculptures. And dynamism is to the fore as Frances Swyripa examines the reshaping of performed "rituals of civic identity" on Edmonton's major artery, Jasper Avenue. Orchestrated by civic leaders and activists, public participation in street theatre transformed this prosaic corridor into the "heart of the collective consciousness of city residents," albeit challenged by modern preferences and practices. Alan Gordon tells a story of "nuance, complexity, and even contradiction" in his discussion of the invention of Cape Breton's Highland Village. As such, it is a signal demonstration of how sometimes we are persuaded by the "non-sense" of place as the economic rationale of provincial tourist marketing appropriated a romanticised story of the Scottish diaspora. Continuing this critical vein, Russell Johnston and Michael Ripmeester effect an analysis of the public awareness of the meaning and import of public monuments in the historic Niagara region. In particular, they critique the role of official "memory entrepreneurs" that promoted particular mnemonic narratives, and demonstrate that the populist focus was on current issues and the lived socio-economic-cultural verities of the region rather than on the iconic regional meta-narrative. …


Title of Document: THERMODYNMICS AND STRUCTURE OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) IN ETHANOL AND WATER MIXTURE Sang Hak Shin, Doctor of Philosophy, 2011 Directed By: Professor Robert M. Briber, Materials Science and Engineering Dr. Boualem Hammouda, National Institute of Standards and Technology Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is one of the most researched synthetic polymers due to the complex behavior which arises from the interplay of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites on the polymer chain. PEO in ethanol forms an opaque gel-like mixture with a partially crystalline structure. Addition of a small amount of water disrupts the gel: 5 wt % PEO in ethanol becomes a transparent solution with the addition of 4 vol % water. The phase behavior of PEO in mixed solvents have been studied using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). PEO solutions (5 wt % PEO) which contain 4 vol % – 10 vol % (and higher) water behave as an athermal polymer solution and the phase behavior changes from UCST to LCST rapidly as the fraction of water is increased. 2 wt % PEO in water and 10 wt % PEO in ethanol/ water mixtures are examined to assess the role of hydration. The observed phase behavior is consistent with a hydration layer forming upon the addition of water as the system shifts from UCST to LCST behavior. At the molecular level, two or three water molecules can hydrate one PEO monomer (water molecules form a sheath around the PEO macromolecule) which is consistent with the suppression of crystallization and change in the mentioned phase behavior as observed by SANS. The clustering effect of aqueous PEO solution (M.W of PEO = 90,000 g/mol) is monitored as an excess scattering intensity at low-Q. Clustering intensity at Q = 0.004 Å is used for evaluating the clustering effect. The clustering intensity is proportional to the inverse temperature and levels off when the temperature is less than 50  ̊C. When the temperature is increased over 50  ̊C, the clustering intensity starts decreasing. The clustering of PEO is monitored in ethanol/ water mixtures. The clustering intensity increases as the fraction of water is increased. Based on the solvation intensity behavior, we confirmed that the ethanol/ water mixtures obey a random solvent mixing rule, whereby solvent mixtures are better at solvating the polymer that any of the two solvents. The solution behavior of PEO in ethanol was investigated in the presence of salt (CaCl2) using SANS. Binding of Ca ions to the PEO oxygens transforms the neutral polymer to a weakly charged polyelectrolyte. We observed that the PEO/ethanol solution is better solvated at higher salt concentration due to the electrostatic repulsion of weakly charged monomers. The association of the Ca ions with the PEO oxygen atoms transforms the neutral polymer to a weakly charged polyelectrolyte and gives rise to repulsive interactions between the PEO/Ca complexes. Addition of salt disrupts the gel, which is consistent with better solvation as the salt concentration is increased. Moreover, SANS shows that the phase behavior of PEO/ethanol changes from UCST to LCST as the salt concentration is increased. THERMODYNMICS AND STRUCTURE OF POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE) IN MIXTURES OF WATER AND ETHANOL


Original / British English Billy and his sister want new bicycles, but they don't have any money. Then their grandmother has an idea. There's a competition in Palace magazine. The first prize is GBP500. 'What do you think?' Billy asks his sister. 'We can buy two new bicycles for GBP500,' she says.


This review of sphingolipid metabolism in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains information on the enzymes and the genes that encode them, as well as connections to other metabolic pathways. Particular attention is given to yeast homologs, domains, and motifs in the sequence, cellular localization of enzymes, and possible protein–protein interactions. Also included are genetic interactions of special interest that provide clues to the cellular biological roles of particular sphingolipid metabolic pathways and specific sphingolipids.


The redox- and photoactive mononuclear complex [Ru(PCP)(tpy-DTTANa4)]Cl {PCP = [C6H3(CH2PPh2)2-2,6]-; tpy-DTTA4- = 4'-(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)-diethylenetriamine-N,N,N'',N''-tetraacetate} possesses an externally directed, vacant N3O4 polyaminocarboxylate-type binding site that coordinates to lanthanide(III) ions to give the neutral heterodinuclear RuII-LnIII complexes [Ru(PCP)(tpy-DTTA)Ln(H2O)2] (Ln = Gd3+, Eu3+). The photophysical properties of solutions of the mononuclear complex [Ru(PCP)(tpy-DTTANa4)]Cl were investigated in MeOH/EtOH (1:4) and compared to those of the solutions of heterodinuclear complexes [Ru(PCP)(tpy-DTTA)Ln(H2O)2] (Ln = Gd3+, Eu3+). Rigid matrix excitation at 77 K of the pi-pi* level of the ruthenium chromophore in the [Ru(PCP)(tpy-DTTA)Eu(H2O)2] complex results in a weak europium(III) emission pointing to a transfer of energy from RuEu as a result of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state of the ruthenium component to the luminescent lanthanide ion. The excited state lifetime of the europium complex is 0.2 ms in methanol solution. In deuterated solvents, the lifetime increases to 0.4 ms, which indicates that the process is solvent-dependent as a result of the strongly coordinated molecules of water that are responsible for the quenching in nondeuterated solvents.


SUMMARY Use of condylar prostheses in mandibular reconstructive surgery is increasing in Kenya. To retain functional capability, condylar prostheses have to preserve the form of the condyle. Although condylar shape and size have been shown to vary between populations, few studies of these have been done in Africans. This study aimed to describe the morphology of the mandibular condyle in a Kenyan population. Sixty three mandibles of African origin were used. Condylar shape was assessed from the anterior, superior and lateral aspects as per a scheme used by Wedel et al. (1978). Data collected were analyzed using SPSS v.17 for frequencies and represented using tables, charts and photographs. The commonest shapes were: slightly convex anteriorly (71.43%); oblong superiorly (73.02%); and convex laterally (80.16%). Only the lateral shape displayed sexual dimorphism, with 100% of females but 88.33% of males having the C1 (convex) shape. Asymmetry was found in 12 (19.05%) of the mandibles. Right and left condyles are similar in shape in most cases but the frequency of the convex lateral shape displayed sexual variation. The mandibular condyles of Kenyans were different in frequency of convex lateral and anterior shapes from condyles of other populations recorded in literature. These differences in morphology imply that condylar measurements cannot be generalized in the manufacture of condylar prostheses and have to be customized for the local population as well as for male and female condyles.


We provide easy to verify sufficient conditions for the consistency and asymptotic normality of a class of semiparametric optimization estimators where the criterion function does not obey standard smoothness conditions and simultaneously depends on some nonparametric estimators that can themselves depend on the parameters to be estimated. Our results extend existing theories like those of Pakes and Pollard (1989), Andrews (1994a) and Newey (1994). We also show that bootstrap provides asymptotically correct confidence regions for the finite dimensional parameters. We apply our results to two examples: a 'hit rate' and a partially linear median regression with some endogenous regressors.


We propose a low complexity detection technique for multihead multitrack recording systems. By exploiting sparseness of two-dimensional partial response (PR) channels, we develop an algorithm which performs belief propagation (BP) over corresponding factor graphs. We consider the BP-based detector not only for partial response channels but also for more practical conventional media and bit-patterned media storage systems, with and without media noise. Compared to the maximum likelihood detector which has a prohibitively high complexity that is exponential with both the number of tracks and the number of intersymbol interference (ISI) taps, the proposed detector has a much lower complexity and a fast parallel structure. For the multitrack recording systems with PR equalization, the price is a small performance penalty (less than one dB if the intertrack interference (ITI) is not too high). Furthermore, since the algorithm is soft-input soft-output in nature, turbo equalization can be employed if there is an outer code. We show that a few turbo equalization iterations can provide significant performance improvement even when the ITI level is high.


[1] The concept of electronic discovery is still somewhat intimidating to many attorneys, but those who have learned to implement electronic discovery best practices are enjoying the advantages it offers, which include greater control over document review and production processes as well as significant cost reductions. Whether you come to the discovery process as in-house or outside counsel, you can anticipate some of the issues involved in responding to electronic data requests. Pre-review cooperation among in-house counsel, their litigators, and Information Technology (IT) personnel is ideal for planning a successful electronic discovery response.


Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is relatively uncommon. MCL is an aggressive lymphoma and at times can share many features with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLL is positive for CD5+ (in 80% of cases), CD20+ (95%) and CD23+ (85%). MCL is also positive for CD5+ (80%) and CD20+ (94%), but generally negative for CD23-. However, there are cases of CD23 positive MCL which can lead to misdiagnosis. Cyclin D1 is more specific than CD markers, but is positive in approximately 85-90% of cases. Thus for 15% of cases this test is also not reliable to diagnose MCL. For example, there are reports of Cyclin D2 and Cyclin D3 involvement instead of the more commonly known Cyclin D1. The same is true for t (11;14) studies by Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for MCL. Though it is a rare entity, there are known cases of t (11;14) negative MCL. In cases such as these, it may be difficult to correctly diagnose MCL. Therefore, it is important to have an understanding of the similarities and differences of these two diseases and to be aware of the less commonly used tests to help differentiate between MCL and CLL.


Examined in the family of patients suffering from bronchial asthma in 49 probanda and 346 relatives in I IV generations. Relatives of the proband in the family are divided into 3 groups: in the first group, relatives suffering from BA (82/346 23.70%); in the second group, relatives with allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, urticaria) (81/346 23.41%) and the third group, healthy in the family (183/346 52.89%). Family members from 4 to 78 years old comprised 395 people, of which 186 (47.09%) were men and 209 (52.91%) women. The average age was 33.55 years. The polymorphic variant of NOESG3 gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction of DNA synthesis (PCHR) on amplifier and RFLP-analysis with subsequent electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. These studies were carried out in the "Center of Medical Genetics" of the Institute of Biochemistry of the AcBAemy of Sciences of Uzbekistan. Carriers of NOESG3 gene consisting of N/N alleles of homozygotes were detected more frequently in the Uzbek population among patients with family BA, which testifies to hereditary disease in patients with this genotype. This genotype is more common in controlling patients and women, and a milder degree of disease was diagnosed. Also in patients with this genotype was diagnosed allergic BA, which recorded an increase in the number of total IgE and IL-6, a decrease in IFN-γ. It was noted that among patients with family BA in the Uzbek population heterozygous carriers consisting of N/del alleles of NOESG3 gene were significantly rarer, and more often observed in healthy men. In the family it was shown that in patients with this genotype of controlled asthma the total amount of IgE increases, and in uncontrolled patients a reliable increase of IFN-γ was observed, which is a diagnostic marker. It was noted that in the Uzbek population carriers of homozygous genotype del / del NOESG3 gene are more often found in patients with non-allergic type of family BA than in uncontrolled and severe forms of disease.


Large differences in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) population structure have been observed in the NW Mediterranean. Differences have been attributed to removal of predatory fish through human f~shing activities. This study attempted to determine the effect of predation by fishes on sea urchin population structure. Three infralittoral areas (2 within a marine reserve with a high density of predatory fish, and 1 within an unprotected area with a low density of predatory fish) were studied to compare population structure differences attributable to differing fish predation pressure. P lividus populations were 3 to 4x denser and predation rates were -5x lower in the unprotected site than in the protected sites. Within the reserve, fish accounted for 100% of the predation. P lividus individual mean size was lower within the protected sites than in the unprotected site. Size-frequency distributions showed a negative exponential pattern for P llividus within the reserve, and a bimodal pattern outside the reserve. The urchins showed a crevice-dwelling behaviour in response to the intense predation in the marine reserve. Within the reserve, P lividus population structure appears to be determined by predation by fish. In contrast, in the unprotected area, where the predation rate is much lower, P lividus population structure appears to be determined by recruitment rate. We suggest that a recent increase in P lividus abundance on infralittoral rocky bottoms in the NW Mediterranean, where urchins are not harvested, is caused by human fishing activities. Since P lividus is the major benth~c herbivore in the NW Mediterranean, fishing level may, due to cascading effects, determine the structure of benthic infralittoral con~munities.


Long-range Social Security and Medicare spending projections vastly exceed projected program revenues. If left unchecked, the resulting fiscal imbalance (estimated at $40 to $70 trillion in present value terms) would fall primarily on future generations. To avoid generational inequity, and perhaps fiscal meltdown, Professor Daniel N. Shaviro and others propose immediate fiscal austerity. This reply Commentary argues that near-term austerity is unlikely to play a significant role in overcoming the fiscal imbalance, which can be thought of as a balloon payment due mid-twenty-first century. Significant near-term fiscal austerity would eliminate the public debt and replace it with a public surplus. Political economy theory and U.S. public debt history suggest that this path is infeasible. This Commentary also stresses the importance of disaggregating the "Social Security and Medicare" problems. Contrary to popular belief, Medicare is by far the larger problem, and the Medicare imbalance is driven by projected spending increases outpacing overall economic growth indefinitely. These observations suggest that a focus on Medicare cost control, rather than revenue enhancement, is called for.


Abstract
 Gymnomitrion adustum has been erroneously reported from Slovakia and Poland on several occasions. These data were published between 1865 and 1961 for the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians) area. Gymnomitrion adustum was mistaken for Gymnomitrion brevissimum and some species of the genus Marsupella, such as M. sprucei, M. funckii and M. condensata. This paper presents the first records of Gymnomitrion adustum in 23 localities in the Tatra Mts (20 from Slovakia and 3 from Poland), as well as characteristics of the diagnostic features of this species. In most of the European countries where G. adustum has been recorded, this liverwort is included in red lists of endangered species; this is a rare species in the Slovakian Tatra Mts, and it is very rare in the Polish Tatra Mts.


CODE NAME GINGER delivers a masterful narrative about the art of invention, the soul of an inventor, and the birth of a revolutionary machine. For anyone who has ever wondered what it was like inside Thomas Edison's lab or the Wright Brothers' garage, here is the twenty-first century equivalent. This is the story behind the creation of "Ginger, " code name for the top-secret project that renowned inventor and entrepreneur Dean Kamen believes will change the world: the Segway Human Transporter. One of the most talked-about products of recent times, the Segway is a self-balancing, electronic "people mover"--an engineering marvel that Kamen calls "magic sneakers." Kamen gave journalist Steve Kemper exclusive access to the project for the critical eighteen months during which the Segway was designed, prototyped, and readied for manufacture. In Code Name Ginger, Kemper offers a gripping chronicle of raw innovation, high finance, ingenious engineering, and lofty ambition. He tells the inside story of the collaboration and clashes between a strong-willed founder and his engineers and marketers--and the investors who gambled $90 million on his pioneering idea. Readers step into Kamen's eccentric and idealistic world of invention and sit in on secret meetings with high-powered deal makers such as John Doerr and business leaders such as Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos. It's a bumpy journey, but an exhilarating one, filled with flashes of brilliance, multimillion-dollar misjudgments, and passionate people on a quest.


Probabilistic programs provide an expressive representation language for generative models. Given a probabilistic program, we are interested in the task of posterior inference: estimating a latent variable given a set of observed variables. Existing techniques for inference in probabilistic programs often require choosing many hyper-parameters, are computationally expensive, and/or only work for restricted classes of programs. Here we formulate inference as masked language modeling: given a program, we generate a supervised dataset of variables and assignments, and randomly mask a subset of the assignments. We then train a neural network to unmask the random values, defining an approximate posterior distribution. By optimizing a single neural network across a range of programs we amortize the cost of training, yielding a"foundation"posterior able to do zero-shot inference for new programs. The foundation posterior can also be fine-tuned for a particular program and dataset by optimizing a variational inference objective. We show the efficacy of the approach, zero-shot and fine-tuned, on a benchmark of STAN programs.


This essay reexamines the famous 1831 prison tours of Alexis de Tocqueville and Gustave de Beaumont. It reads the three texts that emerged from their collective research practice as a trilogy, one conventionally read in different disciplinary homes (Democracy in America in political science, On the Penitentiary in criminology, and Marie, Or Slavery: A Novel of Jacksonian America in literature). I argue that in marginalizing the trilogy's important critique of slavery and punishment, scholars have overemphasized the centrality of free institutions and ignored the unfree institutions that also anchor American political life. The article urges scholars in political theory and political science to attend to this formative moment in mass incarceration and carceral democracy.


Whether youre new to After Effects and want to get up to speed quickly, or already a user who needs to become familiar with the new features, After Effects Apprentice was created for you. With 12 core lessons including a trio of projects combining After Effects with CINEMA 4D Lite, youll learn how to tap this programs vast potential whether you create motion graphics for network television, corporate communications, or your own projects. Fully updated to cover the major new features added in After Effects CC, this edition of the book presents a professional perspective on the most important features a motion graphics artist needs to master in order to use After Effects effectively. Youll learn to creatively combine layers; animate eye-catching titles; manipulate 3D space; color key, track or rotoscope existing footage to add new elements; and use effects to generate excitement or enhance the realism of a scene. Easy to follow, step-by-step instructions guide you through the features, with explanations of the "why" instead of just the "how" behind each technique. Youll learn more than just the tools; youll learn skills that you can immediately put to work expressing your own ideas in your productions. USER LEVEL: NoviceIntermediate Topics include how to: Animate, edit, layer, and composite a variety of media. Manipulate keyframes and the way they interpolate to create more refined animations. Use masks, mattes, stencils and blending modes to add sophistication to your imagery. Create, animate, and extrude text and shape layers. Explore 3D space, including using CINEMA 4D Lite. Use tracking and keying to create special effects, such as replacing screen displays. A companion website at www.routledge.com/cw/meyer makes available for download all exercise source material and After Effects CC project files required to get the most out of this book.


Phylogenetic relationships among foam-nesting clades of Old World tree frogs are analyzed using both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA data, with particular focus on Sri Lankan members of the genus Polypedates . A distinctive, highly supported endemic Sri Lankan clade is identified, and recognized as a new genus, Taruga. This clade, which had previously been assigned to the genus Polypedates , includes P. eques , P. fastigo and P. longinasus. A combination of characters distinguishes adult Taruga from Polypedates : Taruga possess a dorsolateral glandular fold that extends from the posterior margin of the upper eyelid to the mid-flank (vs. a supratympanic fold that curves over the dorsal margin of the tympanic membrane in Polypedates ); a prominent calcar at the distal end of the tibia (absent in most Polypedates ); a more acutely pointed snout; and 6–10 prominent conical tubercles surrounding the cloaca (absent in Polypedates ). Tadpoles of Taruga eques and Polypedates cruciger are distinguished by several characters, including features of the buccal cavity and the form of the vent tube. Taruga is the sister group of the remaining Polypedates sensu stricto. Key words : Polypedates ; Rhacophorinae; systematics; tadpole morphology; molecular phylogenetics DOI: 10.4038/cjsbs.v39i2.2995 Cey. J. Sci. (Bio. Sci.) 39 (2): 75-94, 2010


Abstract Tetranychus marianae McGregor (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a pest of several perennial crops and is widespread in the Pacific Basin, including the Mariana Islands where it was first reported. The mite is also present in the West Indies, Bahamas, southern USA, Nicaragua, Argentina, Brazil and Southeast Asia. Eggplant growers apply carbaryl 10 to 15 times against this pest during each cropping period. Some growers no longer cultivate eggplant and tomato because of uncontrollable mite infestations. Previous indoor studies have shown petroleum spray oil (PSO) to be effective against T. marianae. We therefore examined the comparative effectiveness of PSO (Sun-spray 6E®) at the rate of 5mL/liter, and carbaryl at the rate of 1.5 mL/liter, against T. marianae on eggplant at 2 locations in Guam. The mean percentages of mite infested leaves and the population densities of T. marianae at both the locations were significantly higher in control plots than in treatment plots. PSO treatments with 6 and 15 sprays more effectively reduced the number of T. marianae-infested leaves and populations of T. marianae than carbaryl treatments. Marketable yields of eggplant from PSO treated plots were significantly higher than from the other plots. We recommend 6 applications of PSO at 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 days of after transplanting for managing T. marianae on eggplant.


Author(s): Pike, Susan; Krantz, Kelila | Abstract: The motivations for this study stem from an uncertainty about whether on-demand ridehailing services such as Uber, Lyft and others, will exacerbate existing transportation issues, or help alleviate them. To that end, the goals of the project were to learn about the perspectives of stakeholders from a variety of sectors, on their reactions to policies and other actions that might enable on-demand services to help alleviate existing transportation issues including congestion, emissions and inequality of access and mobility.This study aims to address the following three questions: How well do stakeholders in different sectors and regions, agree about the potential outcomes related to on-demand ridehailing and sustainable transportation goals? What are stakeholder perspectives on the policies and strategies that might facilitate emerging on-demand transportation services to most effectively enhance sustainability and mobility outcomes? What decision making venues and approaches are supported by different stakeholders in the process, and how can these approaches be pursued in order to realize policy goals related to sustainability of on-demand ridehailing? I.e., what venues, and at what level can most effective policies be introduced to facilitate sustainability improvements in transportation by embracing on-demand ridehailing services.To answer these questions, a series of interviews were completed with stakeholders from California Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) and Regional Transportation Planning Agencies (RTPAs), from state agencies, the ridehailing industry, and local planning agencies or transportation divisions of cities. The results of this study indicate that policy makers must consider the varied systems and contexts throughout the state; and likely throughout the US. Further, there is an existing dialogue on these topics among transportation professionals, public interest groups, academics and policy makers. In this study, the researchers took a systematic approach to documenting this dialogue and identifying meaningful messages and policy guidance that is not possible without a rigorous scientific approach.View the NCST Project Webpage


Production of methane from thick, extensive coal beds in the Powder River Basin of Wyoming has created water management issues. Since development began in 1997, more than 650 billion liters of water have been produced from approximately 22,000 wells. Infiltration impoundments are used widely to dispose of by-product water from coal bed natural gas (CBNG) production, but their hydrogeologic effects are poorly understood. Helicopter electromagnetic surveys (HEM) were completed in July 2003 and July 2004 to characterize the hydrogeology of an alluvial aquifer along the Powder River. The aquifer is receiving CBNG produced water discharge from infiltration impoundments. HEM data were subjected to Occam's inversion algorithms to determine the aquifer bulk conductivity, which was then correlated towater salinity using site-specific sampling results. The HEM data provided high-resolution images of salinity levels in the aquifer, a result not attainable using traditional sampling methods. Interpretation of these images reveals clearly the produced water influence on aquifer water quality. Potential shortfalls to this method occur where there is no significant contrast in aquifer salinity and infiltrating produced water salinity and where there might be significant changes in aquifer lithology. Despite these limitations, airborne geophysical methods can provide a broadscale (watershed-scale) tool to evaluate CBNG water disposal, especially in areas where field-based investigations are logistically prohibitive. This research has implications for design and location strategies of future CBNG water surface disposal facilities within the Powder River Basin.


Pavement smoothness is a key factor in determining highway user satisfaction. Because of technical limitations of traditional equipment and measurement procedures, the adequacy of a straightedge in characterizing roughness and having it relate to user response has come to question. One barrier to more widespread implementation of a new smoothness standard is the lack of objective, verifiable correlation methods for use in establishing specification limits. The purpose of this study was to (1) develop statistical approaches to harmonize two different measurement devices, i.e., a 3-m straightedge and an inertial profiler; and (2) determine the specification for flexible pavements. The device harmonization requires the development of procedures for statistically testing through comparisons to reference measurements. Data collected from 85 pavement sections on newly constructed and resurfaced highways were examined to demonstrate the device's ability to measure specific smoothness properties. Smoothness data are shown to be normally distributed according to the chi-squared test. Test results obtained from straightedge are found to be significantly different from those from profiler. Smoothness specifications applied for straightedge cannot be directly used to those for profiler. A conversion equation is developed to help contractors convert smoothness measurements between these two devices based on the same acceptance level. The International Roughness Index (IRI) obtained from the profiler appears to provide better measures of smoothness and better correlation with user response. Four following ranges are proposed for the smoothness specification according to the acceptance smoothness level: bonus, full pay, penalty, and correction. As the acceptance probability sets at 20%, the bonus threshold value should be less than 1.20 mm and 2.55 m/km for straightedge and profiler, respectively. The acceptance level is found to be below 2.60 mm and 3.60 m/km for straightedge and profiler, respectively. The demarcation line between penalty and correction is drawn at 95% of the acceptance probability with corresponding values of 3.35 mm and 4.10 m/km for straightedge and profiler, respectively. This research effort has developed a series of relationships between IRI and straightedge that can assist highway agencies in transitioning to IRI smoothness specification for pavements.


1. Advertising and Promotion 2. Agricultural Marketing 3. Channels of Distribution 4. Communication and Public Relations 5. Consumer Behavior 6. Costs, Efficiency, and Financing 7. Governmental and Regulatory Aspects 8. History and Trends 9. Industrial Marketing 10. International Marketing n. Marketing Education 12. Marketing Management 13. Packaging 14. Planning and Strategy 15. Pricing and Price Policies 16. Regional Analysis 17. Research and Forecasting 18. Retailing 19. Sales Management and Selling 20. Storage and Transportation 21. Theory in Marketing 22. Wholesaling


Batten plates can play a significant role in reducing the bearing capacity of the entire component and preventing the upward warpage deformation in the opening section. The specific number of batten plates should be calculated for the open cold-formed thin-walled steel structure. By theoretical analysis, this study develops the flexural-torsional buckling formula for the open lipped-channel section cold-formed thin-walled axially compressed members with batten plates. The calculating results show that, according to the configuration rule with 80 iy space between batten plates along the opening direction in the open thin-walled steel members, the warpage deformation will be effectively prevented in the opening direction. Besides, the bearing capacity of the entire member will be increased. The proposed calculation methods can actively complement the existing code.