Eskridge and Baer conducted an empirical study of all 1014 Supreme Court cases between 1984 and 2006 (inclusive) in which an agency interpretation of a statute was at issue. Each case was coded for 156 variables. This article, presented in preliminary form as the 2007 Ryan Lecture at the Georgetown University Law Center, will be the first comprehensive empirical analysis of the Supreme Court's actual practice in agency interpretation cases. The study was motivated by academic debates about how extensive the Supreme Court's "Chevron Revolution" has been and ought to be, debates typically conducted without any systematic grounding in the Court's actual practice. There are dozens of descriptive contributions the article tries to make. Consider three that illuminate larger doctrinal debates within the Court and among commentators. First, the data demonstrate that the academic obsession with Chevron is doctrinally misguided, at least as regards Supreme Court practice. Indeed, from the time it was handed down until the end of the 2005 term, Chevron was applied in only 8.3 percent of Supreme Court cases evaluating agency statutory interpretations. During this time frame, the Court employed a continuum of deference regimes, to wit: • Curtiss-Wright Super-Deference, the super-deference afforded to executive interpretations involving foreign affairs and national security; • Seminole Rock Strong Deference, a strong form of deference afforded to agency interpretations of their own regulations; • Chevron Deference, the famous two-step approach that permits reasonable agency interpretations so long as the statute has not clearly spoken to the issue; • Beth Israel Deference, pre-Chevron tests, associated with particular subject areas, permitting reasonable agency interpretations that are consistent with the statute; • Skidmore Deference, giving agency interpretations respect proportional to their power to persuade; • Consultative (Skidmore-Lite) Deference, where the Court, without invoking a named deference regime, relies on some input from the agency (e.g. amicus briefs, interpretive rules or guidance, or manuals) and uses that input to guide its reasoning and decision-making process; and • Anti-Deference, which invokes a presumption against the agency interpretation in criminal cases and in some cases in which the agency interpretation raises serious constitutional concerns. This continuum is more complicated than the literature or the Court's own opinions suggest, and it is a continuum in which Chevron plays a modest, perhaps even minor, role. Skidmore, the New Deal decision many thought had been rendered obsolete by Chevron, not only survives but flourishes; indeed, Skidmore is the unexpected star of the "Chevron Revolution." However, Eskridge and Baer also caution that in the majority of cases - 53.6 percent of them - the Court does not apply any deference regime at all. Instead it relies on ad hoc judicial reasoning of the sort that typifies the Court's methodology in regular statutory interpretation cases. Second, the study demonstrates that the Court applies none of these deference regimes in a doctrinally consistent or predictable manner. According to the data, the Court usually does not apply Chevron to cases that are, according to the Court's own criteria, Chevron-eligible. Analyzing how Chevron is applied in the cases where it is invoked by the Court, Eskridge and Baer find little doctrinal consistency, except for the proposition that legislative history is relevant in the Court's determinations whether Congress has delegated lawmaking authority to an agency or has directly addressed the issue in the statute. According the data, the Court is more likely to cite and follow Chevron in Chevron-eligible cases when it agrees with the agency interpretation, a finding we also made for the Curtiss-Wright, Seminole Rock, Beth Israel, and Skidmore deference categories. Apart from that regularity, the Court's explicit invocation of a particular deference regime is hard to predict. Third, although there is little doctrinal consistency, the Court's practice does reveal regularities in cases where there is an agency interpretation. Although noting that the Solicitor General wins most of his cases before the Court whatever the criterion, Eskridge and Baer report that the likelihood of the Justices' agreeing (for whatever reason) with an agency interpretation are particularly high when: (1) the statutory subject matter involves the instrumental solution to technical economic or scientific problems by an expert technocratic agency (e.g., bankruptcy, intellectual property, pensions, telecommunications), as opposed to social or economic legislation involving issues the Justices believe to be more normative or political (e.g., civil rights, entitlements, labor relations); (2) pursuant to congressional delegation, the agency has adopted a legislative rule through a notice-and-comment process, and especially if the agency is interpreting its own established rule; (3) the agency has consistently adhered to its interpretation over time. Ironically, these factors - comparative expertise, open process, and consistency - are those associated with Skidmore, but they show up in the Chevron cases as well. Eskridge and Baer also report a significant correlation, for all the current Justices, between voting patterns and ideology, with conservative agency interpretations generating more support from Justices appointed by conservative Republican Presidents and liberal agency interpretations generating more support from Justices appointed by moderate Democratic and Republican Presidents. In a lengthy normative part, Eskridge and Baer weigh in on the deference debates within and outside the Court, especially as they relate to the contours of the (perhaps misnamed) Chevron Revolution. Again, three conclusions deserve to be highlighted. First, Eskridge and Baer join those scholars and judges who believe that Chevron is a proper approach, so long as the agency is acting pursuant to a congressional delegation of lawmaking authority. They support this conclusion by reference to constitutional and statutory sources, as well as functional considerations that have dominated judicial and academic arguments seeking to expand Chevron's domain. Eskridge and Baer, however, maintain that the Court's chaotic application of Chevron needs to be addressed, if for not other reason than to provide better guidance for lower courts. Specifically, they urge the Court to clarify which statutes the Justices believe constitute congressional delegation of lawmaking authority, to jettison most of the pre-Chevron deference regimes that have survived Chevron. Like barnacles on a rusting ship, most of these regimes (specifically, Curtiss-Wright, Seminole Rock, and Beth Israel) should be scraped away. Second, Eskridge and Baer support the notion that Skidmore survives Chevron and, indeed, would carry that thesis further. Skidmore is, and should be, the universal default approach: any statutory issue as to which the agency is not acting pursuant to delegated lawmaking authority is one where the Supreme Court (and of course lower courts) ought to be receptive to agency inputs – not just previous interpretations, but also valuable agency-generated information about the history of the statute and of administrative activity, factual materials about the social and enforcement context, and analysis of the policy consequences of different interpretations. This suggestion is by no means revolutionary; it reflects the deep practice of the Court, which for institutional reasons relies and perhaps has little choice but to rely on agency inputs. The primary concern, according to Eskridge and Baer, is that the Solicitor General is, for these institutional reasons, playing too much a role in bankruptcy etc. cases; to prevent policy from becoming unbalanced, the Court should consider a greater diversity of policy views. Third, and most important, Eskridge and Baer's study concludes that both the practice and the theory of statutory interpretation must view the enterprise through the lens of the modern administrative state. Such a lens requires rethinking such judicial doctrines as the plain meaning rule, purposive interpretation, legislative history, stare decisis, and the substantive canons of statutory construction. For one example, traditional theories justify consultation of legislative history as evidence of Congress's original intent, including compromises; critics claim that such history is unreliable at best, corrupting at worst. Eskridge and Baer's examination of 1014 Supreme Court cases, and the government's briefs in most of those cases, revealed to them that, from the agency's point of view, legislative history is more valuable as evidence of the problem Congress was trying to solve, including values and trade-offs; the range of discretion Congress expected the implementing agency to have; and political feedback to the agency as it adopted various policies and strategies. This last value, dismissed by doctrinalists as bootless "subsequent legislative history," is revealed dramatically in many of the Chevron or Skidmore cases handed down by a doctrinally conservative Court. Eskridge and Baer suggest that the Justices' practice is sounder than the abstract theorizing of both judges and law professors in this and other areas. At some point during the Winter of 2007-2008, Eskridge and Baer will make their database available to other researchers. (This summer, a leading legislation scholar is doing an independent reality check of the authors' coding of a random sample of the 1014 cases.)


This comprehensive two-volume guide is the definitive source for researchers seeking an understanding of those who have occupied the White House and on the institution of the U.S. presidency. Readers turn Guide to the Presidency for its wealth of facts and analytical chapters that explain the structure, powers, and operations of the office and the president's relationship with Congress and the Supreme Court. The fifth edition of this acclaimed reference completes coverage of the George W. Bush presidency, the 2008 election, and the first 3 years of the presidency of Barack Obama. This includes coverage of their handling of the economic crisis, wars abroad, and Obama's healthcare initiatives. The work is divided into eight distinct subject areas covering every aspect of the U.S. presidency, and all chapters in each subject area have been revised and updated: Origins and Development of the Presidency, including constitutional beginnings, history of the presidency and vice presidency, and presidential ratings Selection and Removal of the President, including the electoral process, a chronology of presidential elections, removal of the president and vice president, and succession Powers of the Presidency, including the unilateral powers of the presidency and those as chief of state, chief administrator, legislative leader, commander in chief, and chief economist The President, the Public, and the Parties, including presidential appearances, the president and political parties, the president and the news media, the presidency and pop culture, public support and opinion, and the president and interest groups The Presidency and the Executive Branch, including the White House Office, the Office of the Vice President, supporting organizations, the cabinet and executive departments, presidential commissions, and executive branch housing, pay, and perquisites Chief Executive and Federal Government, including the president and Congress, the president and the Supreme Court, and the president and the bureaucracy Presidents, their Families, and Life in the White House and Beyond, including the daily life of the president, the first lady, the first family, friends of presidents, and life after the presidency Biographies of the Presidents, Vice Presidents, First Ladies This new volume also features more than 200 textboxes, tables, and figures. Major revisions cover the supporting White House organizations and the president's role as chief economist. Additional reference materials include explanatory headnotes, as well as hundreds of photographs with detailed captions.


The Pacific-North American plate boundary is typified by transpression and convergence, yet the relationship between interplate deformation and longterm crustal shortening is not fully understood. The continuous belt of rugged topography that extends along the entire plate boundary is generally associated with oblique tectonic plate motion, strong interplate coupling, and terrane accretion, but relating plate boundary orogenesis to variations in plate geometry and behavior requires detailed case studies. The northern San Gabriel Mountains along the San Andreas fault and the Chugach-Kenai Mountains above the Aleutian subduction zone are located along highly tectonically active sections of the Pacific-North American plate boundary and have not been studied from the context of long-term landscape development. To determine whether mountain building along these sections of the plate boundary reflects recent, rapid exhumation as observed in bordering mountain belts, low-temperature thermochronometry and topographic analyses were applied to each area. In the northern San Gabriel Mountains, apatite (U-Th)/He ages are >10 Ma along narrow crystalline ridges topped by low-slope erosional surfaces located within ~5 km of the San Andreas fault zone. In the Chugach-Kenai Mountains, the youngest apatite (U-Th)/He ages (~5 Ma) are an order of magnitude older than those from the Yakutat collision zone to the east, despite the presence of a continuous swath of glaciated, rugged topography between the two areas. Exhumation rates inferred from these ages are <1 mm/yr, suggesting that there has been minimal recent denudation in the northern San Gabriel and ChugachKenai Mountains. The lack of evidence for recent mountain building in both of these case studies implies that interplate deformation is heterogeneous and that other factors (secondary structures, climate) besides plate kinematics and topographic character must be considered for understanding landscape development.


Spyridium microphyllum (F. Muell. ex Reissek) Druce and Spyridium obcordatum (Hook. f) W. M. Curtis are narrow endemic shrubs which are confined to small parts of Tasmania, Australia, and are rare within their present ranges. Analysis of quadrat data from transects through populations of both species showed that at most individual sites the rare taxa occur in floristically and environmentally distinct situations. However, sites supporting the same species differ floristically and environmentally, with the only communality being a lack of dense tall shrub or tree cover. Both species are absent from many areas with closely similar physical environments and vascular plant species composition to those in which they occur. Thus, their current distributions cannot be explained by limitation to a rare habitat. Spyridium microphyllum appears to be susceptible to local extinction because it is an obligate seeder, is killed by fire, does not survive in taller, dense vegetation, and is not adapted for dispersal over the distances between its potential habitats. While S. obcordatum recovers vegetatively after fire, it also does not survive in dense taller vegetation, has limited dispersal ability and highly disjunct potential habitat. Both species may have been more widespread and competitive during cooler and drier times.


In this paper I discuss a framework for the analysis of media discourse – the 'analytics of mediation' – that takes into account the embeddedness of media texts both in technological artefacts and in social relationships and, hence, seeks to integrate the multi-modal with the critical analysis of discourse. On the methodological level, the analytics of mediation applies a multi-modal discourse analysis onto media texts in order to study their visual and linguistic properties: camera/visual; graphic/pictorial or aural/linguistic. On the social theory level, the analytics of mediation addresses critical concerns on the ethical and political role of television and other media in our 'global village'. Can television foster a cosmopolitan consciousness or does its 'fake proximity' alienate the spectator from the rest of the world? Can we talk about the media as agents of global citizenship or do the media lead to compassion fatigue – a Western denial of humanitarian problems? I illustrate such questions by drawing on one concrete example of television news.


Objectives To study socioeconomic inequalities in mental health in rural and urban Colombia, a country with a history of internal conflict and large socioeconomic inequalities. Recent survey data are available to study this understudied topic in a middle-income country. Methods Using data from 9656 respondents from the 2015 Colombian Mental Health survey, we investigated the association between lifetime prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders and quality of dwellings and access to public services housing score (HS). We calculated the relative index of inequality (RII) and slope index of inequality (SII) for HS in urban and rural areas, adjusting for potential confounders and mediating factors. Outcomes The lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression (combined) was 9.6% in urban versus 6.9% in rural areas (p<0.001). HS was not associated with prevalence of anxiety and depression in urban settings, whereas a higher HS (poorer housing quality) was associated with fewer mental disorders in rural areas in both univariate and multivariate models (multivariate RIIurban0.96 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.81); RIIrural0.11 (95% CI 0.04 to 0.32)). In rural areas, the prevalence of mental health problems was 12% points lower in persons living in the poorest quality dwellings than in those living in high-quality dwellings (SII −0.12 (95% CI −0.18 to −0.06)). Interestingly, within rural areas, persons living in 'populated centres' (small towns, villages) had a higher lifetime prevalence of any mental health disorder (9.8% (95% CI 6.9 to 13.6)) compared with those living in more isolated, dispersed areas (6.0% (95% CI 4.6 to 7.7)). Interpretation In rural Colombia, those living in the poorest houses and in dispersed areas had a lower prevalence of mental health problems. Further understanding of this phenomenon of a seemingly inverse association of prevalence of mental disorders with poverty and/or urbanisation in rural areas is needed. Particularly, considering the progressive urbanisation process in Colombia, it is important to monitor mental health in populations migrating to the cities.


Sound economic policy, morally upright economic judgment and action, and a stable web of economic institutions and agents are all essential for human well-being. The absence of any of these things creates crucial obstacles to the flourishing of persons, both individually and socially. A natural law theory is, in essence, a critical and reflective account of the constitutive aspects of the well-being and fulfillment of human persons and their communities, and of the requirements that human well-being place on human actions. So the project of bringing natural law theory to bear on questions of economics is entirely to the good. The natural law tradition, manifested in thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, and St. Thomas Aquinas and his successors, has typically attended to some of the crucial concerns at the intersection of economic activity and human well-being. Natural law thinkers have addressed the nature of property and of charitable obligations, the role of money and money lending, and the context of moral principles governing relations between states in ways that continue to influence the West's common thinking. Yet insights of the natural law tradition on such matters have also become occluded as new theories, new situations, and new technologies have shaped the context in which economic choice and action take place. The purpose of this Essay is to identify both the natural law justification for a free market--hence the Essay's concern for freedom--and the broad natural law understanding of the primary moral norm governing that market--hence the Essay's concern for equality. Both freedom and equality, properly understood, are essential to the natural law account of the market as presented by its greatest proponent, St. Thomas Aquinas. (1) Separate either from the other and the account will cease to be recognizable as genuinely belonging to the natural law tradition. Aquinas famously provided a rather pessimistic account of the justification for private property. The goods of the earth are in one sense to be held in common: They exist for the benefit of all persons and have no particular person's name attached to them by nature. (2) Yet, if men hold and dispose of property in common, various problems will arise. Aquinas noted in particular that people will care less adequately for what they do not think of as their own. (3) Communal ownership can also lead to confusion over what should be done with the property. This uncertainty can lead to quarrels. Private property is thus justified for the purpose of procuring and dispensing of goods, but property is still common in regards to the use to which it is put. (4) John Finnis has offered an important addendum to this pessimistic justification. Private property contributes to the freedom and autonomy of individuals, which benefits them in the task of becoming self-constituting, flourishing human beings. (5) In the natural law tradition, freedom is not treated as good in itself; it becomes good, however, because it allows human beings to participate actively in shaping their own lives. (6) As Aquinas wrote, practical reason is our very participation in the eternal law: God chooses to guide us towards our perfection not by instilling in us principles of direction that determine our actions, but by allowing us, through our own knowledge of those principles, to direct ourselves towards our fulfillment and to decide for ourselves whether or not to act. (7) In this "participated theonomy," we are active cooperators with God in shaping our lives in accordance with His plan. (8) We can thus identify God's call to each individual to share in that self-shaping project as that person's "vocation." (9) Such self-shaping is greatly enhanced by the institution of private property. Private ownership allows agents to decide how they will procure and dispose of property in accordance with, and in service of, their vocation in a way that would not otherwise be possible. …


The HR literature has been abundant in providing typologies of the roles of HR professionals in their organisation. These typologies are largely related to the changing nature of HRM over time, and the context in which empirical work was carried out. In this paper we focus on the context of the increasing internationalisation of firms and how this has an effect upon modern-day typologies of HR roles. We explore these roles by focusing on the way in which HRM practices come about. Especially in a MNC setting of increasing internationalisation of firms the issues of coordination, shared learning and standardisation versus leeway for adapting to the local context (customisation) are prominent. These issues present themselves both at the corporate and regional level and at the national and local (plant) level. On all these levels HR practitioners are active and find themselves amidst the interplay of both (de-)centralisation and standardisation versus customisation processes. This paper thus explores the way in which HR practices come into being and how they are implemented and coordinated. These insights help us understand further the roles of international corporate HR functions that are being identified. Our data is based on 65 interviews, which were held (as part of larger study of HR-function excellence) with HR managers, line managers and senior executives of six multinational companies in eight countries from September to December 2004. This data reveals new classifications of processes by which HR activities are developed, implemented and coordinated, both in terms of who is involved and how these processes are carried out.


The official, illustrated, insider story of how the 2012 Tour de France was won, from Team Sky. With stunning photos from Scott Mitchell and exclusive interviews with the main players this is a must-have for all cycling fans. 'How the Tour Was Won' tells the story of the victorious 2012 Tour de France campaign from behind-the-scenes at Team Sky. With stunning illustrations from acclaimed official Tour photographer, Scott Mitchell, as well as exclusive contributions from all the major players in the team, this is a unique insight into one of the great British sporting successes as told by one of the most successful teams of recent years. It is a stunning and fascinating must-have book for all fans of the Tour de France and anyone who has been captivated by the heroics of Team Sky


OBJECTIVE
The excellent results obtained with sirolimus (rapamicin)-eluting stents for preventing restenosis have motivated the evaluation of other substances with that property. Batimastat is a highly effective metalloproteinase enzyme blocker, with the potential to reduce the degradation of extracellular matrix and to inhibit the migration of smooth muscle cells, with the consequent capacity to control coronary restenosis.

METHODS
From October 2001 to April 2002, 34 patients were prospectively selected with de novo lesions in a native coronary artery > 50% and < 100%, which could be treated with stents of 3 to 4 mm in diameter and 18 mm in length. The primary outcome of the study was to assess the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (death of cardiac origin, acute myocardial infarction, and the need for revascularizing the target vessel) by the 30th day and fourth month; the secondary outcome of the study was to assess the rate of coronary restenosis 4 months after implantation and subacute thrombosis by the 30th day.

RESULTS
The success rate of the procedure was 97.1%. The primary outcome occurred in 2.9% and 27.2% of the patients by the 30th day and fourth month, respectively. The binary restenosis rate on angiography was 39.3%. No episode of subacute thrombosis occurred. The comparative analysis between groups with and without restenosis showed no significant difference between both, except for late luminal loss, which was greater in G-I.

CONCLUSION
Batimastat-eluting stents had a good safety profile; however, they were not effective in controlling coronary restenosis.


This iBrief will present a hypothetical network that allows dissidents to transfer information outside the watchful eye of an oppressive government. It will argue that because a network operator meets the requirements of the safe harbor of section 512(c) of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, the hosts of the network are immune from any vicarious copyright liability.


The journal publishes contributions on Methodology, Psychoanalytic Theory & Technique, The History of Psychoanalysis, Clinical Contributions, Research and Life-Cycle Development, Education & Professional Issues, Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, and Interdisciplinary Studies. The journal also publishes the main papers and panel reports from the International Psychoanalytical Association's Congresses, book reviews, obituaries, and correspondence.


BackgroundAcute posterolateral ischemia in sheep results in ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR). While complete ring annuloplasty prevents acute IMR, partial annuloplasty rings may offer a more physiologic repair, but are untested in animal models of IMR. MethodsRadiopaque markers were placed on the LV, mitral annulus (MA), and leaflets in 13 sheep. Seven sheep served as controls, and 6 had a St. Jude Tailor partial flexible ring implanted (29 mm in 5, 31 mm in 1). After 8±1 day, the animals were studied with biplane videofluoroscopy and echocardiography before and during acute posterolateral LV ischemia (balloon occlusion of circumflex artery). Mitral annular area (MAA), septal-lateral annular diameter (SL), annular perimeters, and leaflet edge separation were calculated from 3-D marker coordinates. ResultsThe average degree of mitral regurgitation increased from 0.0±0.0 to 2.1±0.7 (P =0.0006) in the control group during acute ischemia but remained unchanged in the Tailor group (0.1±0.2 for both conditions). The change in MAA throughout the cardiac cycle before ischemia was 17±4% in control animals, but only 5±2% (P =0.0002) in the Tailor ring group. Unlike the control animals, there was no increase in MAA (5.4±0.8 and 5.5±0.7 cm2, respectively; p=NS) nor dilatation of the muscular annulus (6.2±0.3 and 6.2±0.4, respectively; p=NS) during ischemia with the Tailor ring. Mitral SL dimension increased slightly with ischemia (2.3±0.2 versus 2.2±0.2 cm, P =0.03). Although posterior leaflet motion was limited, as observed with complete rings, normal annular flexion was maintained with the Tailor ring before and during acute ischemia. ConclusionsThe Tailor partial annuloplasty ring prevented acute IMR probably by limiting SL diameter dilatation during acute ischemia. In this animal model of acute IMR, a partial, flexible posterior annuloplasty ring is as effective as a complete ring.


Title of Document: PATTERNS OF DIVERSIFICATION IN PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS: PHYLOGENY AND EVOLUTION OF PHYTOMYZA LEAF-MINING FLIES (DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE) Isaac Scott Winkler, Doctor of Philosophy, 2008 Directed By: Dr. Charles Mitter, Entomology Plant-feeding insects account for about one fourth of macroscopic biodiversity. This study aims to document factors contributing to this diversity by investigating phylogenetic relationships within a large radiation of herbivorous insects, Phytomyza leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae). After a brief introduction (Chapter 1), a general overview of phylogenetic patterns in phytophagous insects is presented, based on over 200 phytophagous insect phylogenies from the recent literature (Chapter 2). A few salient results include 1) host use conservatism at the family level predominates, with shifts occurring at about 5% of speciation events; 2) host shifts are a major contributor to speciation, occuring in about half of 145 speciation events tabulated; 3) insect-host associations mostly reflect colonization of already diversified host plant clades; and 4) variation in diversification rates is not yet well-documented for phytophagous insects, except at the broadest scale. Chapter 3 is a phylogenetic study of the genus Phytomyza sensu lato, using over 3,000 nucleotides of DNA sequence data from three genes. Results indicate that the genus Chromatomyia, considered by some as synonymous with Phytomyza, is in fact polyphyletic and nested within Phytomyza. Possible parallelism in a biological trait (internal pupation in leaf tissue) which is one of the defining traits of species in the former Chromatomyia is discussed. In addition, the internal classification of Phytomyza is assessed and revised insofar as the data permit. Divergence times for the Agromyzidae, and also for Phytomyza and related genera, were estimated using a molecular phylogeny calibrated by three agromyzid fossils (Chapter 4). Results suggest that the temperate Phytomyza group of genera originated in the relatively warm Eocene epoch. Ranunculaceae, a primitive plant family, is inferrred as the ancestral host for a clade including most Phytomyza species, but is probably secondary to feeding on more derived plant families ("asterid clade"). Ten clades were identified for comparison of diversification rates between Ranunculaceaeand asterid-feeding lineages, which showed that asterid-feeding clades exhibit higher rates of diversification. Phytomyza originated approximately at the early Oligocene global cooling event, but contrary to expectations, diversification significantly slowed during the Oligocene cool period, when suitable habitats for Phytomyza were presumably


Politically liberal and conservative White Americans were asked to evaluate a legal case in which a police officer was acquitted of assault charges against a motorist in state court but then retried in federal court. When the initiator of the assault was unspecified, liberals perceived a violation of double jeopardy significantly more for a Black officer-White motorist pair than vice versa. When the officer was identified as the initiator, however, double jeopardy ratings decreased significantly only for the Black officer. These results support the hypothesis that liberals, as aversive racists, will often discriminate in favor of Blacks except when discrimination against Blacks can be justified as non-racist. Unexpectedly, conservatives showed no indication of racial bias under any of the conditions. ********** Contemporary theories of racism propose that race-based prejudice in North America has not decreased as much in recent years as some surveys would seem to indicate (see Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998, 2005). Instead, the expressions of racism are simply less overt than they used to be. The theories of modern racism (McConahay, 1986) and symbolic racism (Sears, 1998; Sears & Henry, 2003) both posit that due to changing social norms against direct and overt expressions of racism many White Americans beginning in the 1960s have tended to express their racism in indirect, disguised, or symbolic ways. For example, such individuals might argue that they oppose social policies like affirmative action not because they are prejudiced as individuals but because it is against a proper interpretation of Civil Rights laws to use race as a factor in decisions such as hiring and university admissions. By taking such a position, modern-symbolic racists can continue to maintain or at least project a non-prejudiced self-image despite possessing negative, explicit, race-based beliefs and attitudes. The theory of aversive racism (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1998, 2005) also proposes subtle, indirect expressions of prejudice by White Americans. However, aversive racists, unlike modern-symbolic racists, are hypothesized to have internalized some genuine egalitarian attitudes like fairness and equality and also to possess a sincere, non-prejudiced self-image. Yet, Dovidio and Gaertner still categorize such individuals as racist because research indicates that they have non-conscious negative, race-based feelings that sometimes bubble to the surface as prejudice (e.g., Dovidio, Evans, & Tyler, 1986; Dovidio & Gaertner, 1991; Son Hing, Chung-Yan, Grunfeld, Robichaud, & Zanna, 2005; Son Hing, Li, & Zanna, 2002). Thus, a non-conscious emotional conflict is hypothesized to exist in these individuals due to their need to maintain a genuinely non-prejudiced self-image while at the same time they experience involuntary, negative, race-based feelings. The label aversive racism describes this unpleasant internal conflict. Dovidio and Gaertner's (1998, 2005) Integrated Model of Racism Dovidio and Gaertner's (1998, 2005) integrated model suggests that the modern, symbolic, and aversive racism models all have validity but that they apply basically to different types of people. Specifically, the model links modern-symbolic racism to political conservatives and aversive racism to political liberals. The reasoning is that North American conservatives as a group still maintain many prejudiced beliefs and attitudes and have only learned that it is improper to express such beliefs in most contemporary public settings. North American liberals, in contrast, while strongly opposed to racism in both their public behaviors and private beliefs, still maintain negative but largely unconscious feelings/beliefs based on race. The integrated model sometimes predicts different reactions from conservatives and liberals in specific inter-racial settings. For example, White North American conservatives should show bias against Blacks relative to Whites anytime they are not aware that their race-related behavior is under surveillance (e. …


Energy dissipation by millimeter-wavelength electromagnetic-radiation (MMW; f~3-300 GHz) exposure to mammalian skin occurs within the outer surface. The penetration depth is less than 1 mm for frequencies above 25 GHz. A transport-lattice system model is used, which incorporates two spatial scales to estimate heat and chemical transport in rat skin in vivo: 1) a layered skin model involving the outer several millimeters of the body coupled to 2) a whole body model. The whole body model accounts for core-body heating, which provides a time-dependent reference temperature for blood perfusion in the skin model as well as the chemical concentration in the bloodstream and renal elimination. The model's thermal response to MMW exposure is consistent with the subcutaneous and colonic temperature measurements reported for 75 mWmiddotcm-2 and 40-min exposures at 94 GHz in anesthetized rats. The simultaneous involvement of two biophysical mechanisms that create different chemical changes in response to the field exposure is also considered. First, a traditional nonspecific thermal-injury indicator is used to estimate denaturing molecular change due directly to heating as a function of depth in the skin. Rat skin exposed in vivo to 75 mWmiddotcm-2 for long times (40 min) has a significant direct injury, while a 10-s exposure to 1 Wmiddotcm -2 results in a much less direct injury. Second, the biophysical mechanism of biochemical release through cell membranes within the tissue regions that reach supraphysiologic temperatures is also considered. The released molecules are delivered to other skin regions by diffusion and into the bloodstream by perfusion, where according to our hypothesis, the molecules interact with susceptible cells. This raises the possibility of additional indirect injury at nearby deeper skin regions that experience insignificant heating. Biochemical release may also lead to injury at distant sites within the body by perfusion clearance that transfers molecules into the systemic circulation to reach other susceptible cells. The hypothesis of simultaneous direct- and indirect-injury mechanisms is also illustrated by creating and solving didactic, coupled thermal, and chemical transport-lattice models


The acrimonious controversy between Sedgwick and Murchison with regard to the definition and boundaries of the Cambrian and Silurian systems in the mid-1800s is well known and documented. The claim by Sedgwick9s biographers, never actually made by Sedgwick himself in print – that his study of the Magnesian Limestone Series (now Zechstein Group) of NE England should have had priority over Murchison9s Russian work in the naming of what is now internationally recognized as the Permian System – suggests a possible additional cause of conflict between the parties that has been less considered. Though this claim has only limited substance, it is indicative of the ill-feeling felt against Murchison by some of Sedgwick9s supporters several decades after the origins of the feud. It is now clear that the Zechstein rocks of England and Germany would have made an inadequate type area, but nevertheless the work of Sedgwick and his German contemporaries provided Murchison with many of the essentials he needed to establish the new system in Russia: help he might have been reluctant to acknowledge.


Based on a composite of several measurement series performed on ice samples stored at −25C or −50C, we present and discuss the first δO2/N2 record of trapped air from the EPICA Dome C (EDC) ice core covering the period between 300 and 800 ka (thousands of years before present). The samples stored at −25C show clear gas loss affecting the precision and mean level of the δO2/N2 record. Two different gas loss corrections are proposed to account for this effect, without altering the spectral properties of the original datasets. Although processes at play remain to be fully understood, previous studies have proposed a link between surface insolation, ice grain properties at close-off, and δO2/N2 in air bubbles, from which orbitally tuned chronologies of the Vostok and Dome Fuji ice core records have been derived over the last four climatic cycles. Here, we show that limitations caused by data quality and resolution, data filtering, and uncertainties in the orbital tuning target limit the precision of this tuning method for EDC. Moreover, our extended record includes two periods of low eccentricity. During these intervals (around 400 ka and 750 ka), the matching betweenδO2/N2 and the different insolation curves is ambiguous because some local insolation maxima cannot be identified in theδO2/N2 record (and vice versa). Recognizing these limitations, we restrict the use of our δO2/N2 record to show that the EDC3 age scale is generally correct within its published uncertainty (6 kyr) over the 300–800 ka period.


Introduction Knowledge is the defining mark of modern societies. Universities are the key institutions for preserving knowledge from the past as well as producing knowledge for the future. Governments rely on higher education and research institutions to provide both advice and manpower to manage key organizations of society, and industries turn to them to provide cutting-edge knowledge to develop new products and the personnel capable of managing production units. (Varghese, 2002). Eliminating gender disparities in schools is one of the main goals of the Dakar "Framework for Action". The Goal 5 of the Dakar Framework for Action emphasized that the attainment of Education for All (EFA) by 2015 would require the world's commitment in "eliminating gender disparities in primary and secondary education by 2005 and achieving gender equality in education by 2015, with a focus on ensuring girls' full and equal access to and achievement in basic education of good quality" (UNESCO, 2000). The education of women has become a global issue ever since it was realized that women as mothers have the very first contact with their children even before the teachers and so possess potentials to be role models to their children. The University of Benin was founded in 1970 as Institute of Technology and converted to a full-fledged university in 1972. Today, there are eleven (11) faculties, fifty seven (57) departments and five (5) Institutes (Omoifo, 1998). UNESCO (2003) revealed that in Lesotho, Namibia, Swaziland, Uganda and Zambia, there were no gender differences in the achievement for reading and mathematics in primary schools. In addition, in Botswana, Mauritius, Seychelles and South Africa, girls significantly outperformed boys at least in reading if not both. In these countries, as far as the upper primary level is concerned, girls were equally talented if not more. However, girls participation in secondary and tertiary level was lower than the male participation. Saito (2004) hypothesized that there might be a vast amount of female talent left capitalized if their participation in the higher level is not comparable to that of boys. Despite women increasing participation in the labour market, they are still disadvantaged in the mainstream of economic life. Nozawa (2004) reported that with limited access to stable and well paid employment, female participation is often confined to 'feminine' work, to low-paid less visible jobs in the informal sector and to subsistence agriculture. Globally, women earn 20 to 30 per cent less than men while women make up 70 per cent of the world's more than 1 billion absolute poor. Nozawa (2004) further reported that in most regions of the world, female enrolment in secondary level Technical and Vocational Education represents less than half of the total. This implies therefore that in most regions of the world fewer girls have the opportunities to participate in technical activities. It is at this level that interest and love for technical activities are built. This may eventually translate into fewer enrolments in technically based courses like engineering. Even among the few girls that opt for vocational courses they tend to choose fields that are considered more 'feminine' and less technical such as secretarial studies, catering, etc. Gender equity in terms of enrolment has been identified as a serious problem in Nigerian higher education system. Okebukola (2002) revealed that of the total population of 526,780 from Universities that provided enrolment data only 178,995 are females. This is a mere 34% of the gross enrolment data. Makhubu (1998) pointed out that there are mainstream academic areas in which women excel. These include the humanities, social sciences and the life sciences. She also complained that the under representation of women in science and technology is a serious bottleneck in endeavors for building scientific capacities in Africa. These assertions need to be verified hence the need for this study. …


Boys in Children's Literature and Popular Culture proposes new theoretical frameworks for understanding the contradictory ways masculinity is represented in popular texts consumed by boys in the United States. The popular texts boys like are often ignored by educators and scholars, or are simply dismissed as garbage that boys should be discouraged from enjoying. However, examining and making visible the ways masculinity functions in these texts is vital to understanding the broad array of works that make up children's culture and form dominant versions of masculinity. Such popular texts as Harry Potter, Captain Underpants, and Japanese manga and anime often perform rituals of subject formation in overtly grotesque ways that repulse adult readers and attract boys. They often use depictions of the abject - threats to bodily borders - to blur the distinctions between what is outside the body and what is inside, between what is "I" and what is "not I." Because of their reliance on depictions of the abject, those popular texts that most vigorously perform exaggerated versions of masculinity also create opportunities to make dominant masculinity visible as a social construct.


This paper examines the statistical properties and the quality of the speed through water (STW) measurement based on data extracted from almost 200 container ships of Maersk Line's fleet for 3 years of operation. The analysis uses high-frequency sensor data along with additional data sources derived from external providers. The interest of the study has its background in the accuracy of STW measurement as the most important parameter in the assessment of a ship's performance analysis. The paper contains a thorough analysis of the measurements assumed to be related with the STW error, along with a descriptive decomposition of the main variables by sea region including sea state, vessel class, vessel IMO number and manufacturer of the speed-log installed in each ship. The paper suggests a semi-empirical method using a threshold to identify potential error in a ship's STW measurement. The study revealed that the sea region is the most influential factor for the STW accuracy and that 26% of the ships of the dataset's fleet warrant further investigation.


Management of sustainable development of industrial enterprises is the basis of the strategy of sustainable development of Russian economy. Industry is a strategically important sector, which makes it necessary to assess the sustainability of its development. The purpose of this study is to develop tools for assessing the financial stability as a basis of sustainable development of industrial enterprises (using the example of the manufacturing industry) that support the decision-making process. The sustainability depends on the financial status of industrial enterprises. A system of indicators for assessing the financial status of an industrial enterprise was formed. Each indicator was assigned a normative value reflecting the specifics of the industry. A toolkit for forecasting the indicators was created, based on the hypothesis that the level of financial stability is associated with a real option. The approach provides a finite number of states characterized by the ratio of these indicators. The whole set of possible outcomes can be divided discretely depending on the ratio of the studied indicators and their normative values. It is expedient to compare two graphic images: one reflecting the ratio of current indicators and one reflecting the ratio of future indicators. The formulated fixed descriptions of the octant are recommendations for making managerial decisions and serve as tools for the executive staff of the enterprise. The formulated approach is aimed more at assessing sustainability in the short term, as it describes two conditions of financial stability of the enterprise. In this case, development is also characterized by a vector of dynamics of the studied indicators. The distinctive features of the proposed toolkit are as follows: the possibility of obtaining specific recommendations based on assessing the sustainability of the enterprise; the ability to qualitatively evaluate the vector of sustainable development of the enterprise taking into account the external environment, the dynamics of the industry and the current and forecast the financial status of the enterprise; the ability to customize the parameters of the toolkit by changing the regulatory indicators, the depth of retrospection of accounting and financial reporting data, which allows the manager to adapt the toolkit for different categories of tasks and users. However, it is necessary to take into account the limitations of the developed toolkit that can form the basis for further research: the specifics depends on the manufacturing industry, which necessitates industrial diversification of the toolkit; further formalization of the tool by finding approaches to estimating the probability of the sustainable development scenario; taking into account the time factor in the model and constructing a vector of sustainable development.


Chances are excellent that your urinary tract is home to a pathogenic organism called the human BK virus. Most of the time, the virus lurks quietly in the kidneys without causing problems. But in people with a depressed immune system - especially those who have just received a kidney transplant - the virus can cause serious kidney and bladder disease. Now, new research by scientists at the University of Michigan Medical School suggests the intriguing possibility that this common virus also may play a role in prostate cancer - the second-leading cause of deaths from cancer in American men. A team of scientists directed by Michael J. Imperiale, Ph.D., U-M professor of microbiology and immunology, have found DNA and proteins from the BK virus in prostate tissue with abnormal cell changes. Called atrophic lesions, these changes can be the first step in a series of progressive cell changes leading to prostate cancer. "Other studies have detected DNA from the BK virus in prostate cancer cells, but this study is the first to pinpoint the location of viral protein expression to one precursor stage in the development of prostate cancer, and to a specific location within prostate cells," Imperiale says. Results from the U-M study, published July 19 in the advance online edition of the journal Oncogene. "The development of cancer is a multi-step process," Imperiale adds. "Expression of BK viral protein may be just one step among several genetic and environmental factors. We are not saying that BK virus causes prostate cancer, but our results do suggest that the virus plays a role in the transition from normal to uncontrolled growth of prostate cells." BK is a human virus in the polyomavirus family. It was first discovered in kidney transplant patients who take immunosuppressive drugs to prevent their body from rejecting a new kidney. Scientists have found BK virus in several types of human cancer and it has been shown to cause kidney tumors in laboratory mice. While the virus has received scientific study for its role in kidney disease, only a handful of scientists are studying a possible connection to cancer. "Polyomaviruses have very small genomes, and they don't have the genes required to copy their own DNA," says Dweepanita Das, Ph.D., a U-M post-doctoral fellow and first author on the paper. "The virus must induce its host cell to divide, so it can use the cell's genes to make proteins the virus needs to reproduce. BK virus uses a protein called T antigen, or TAg, to induce cell division. The problem is that when you interrupt the normal cell cycle to force a cell to divide, sometimes the cell continues to divide abnormally." U-M scientists analyzed 21 samples of prostate tissue from men with adenocarcinoma whose prostates were surgically removed to prevent the spread of cancer. Tissue samples were obtained from the Tissue Procurement Core at the U-M's Comprehensive Cancer Center. Samples contained benign, pre-cancerous and cancerous tissue. Using new TAg-specific protein assays they developed, the research team searched the tissue to identify cells containing TAg. Scientists also removed DNA from the prostate tissue samples for sequencing and identification in the U-M's DNA Sequencing Core facility. The results showed that 71 percent of the prostate samples analyzed for the study contained gene segments from the BK virus. TAg protein from the BK virus was present in 43 percent of the tissue samples, but only in atrophic lesions - a precursor stage of prostate cancer development. TAg was not expressed in normal cells or cancerous cells. "Atrophic lesions comprise a spectrum of architectural and cytological differences in the appearance of epithelial cells lining the glands in the prostate," says Rajal B. Shah, M.D. M.B.B.S., a clinical assistant professor of pathology and urology in the U-M Medical School and co-author of the study. "Several recent studies have demonstrated that they potentially represent the first stage in a series of progressive cell changes, which can lead to prostate cancer." In addition to TAg protein, atrophic lesions also contained high levels of protein expressed by the p53 tumor suppressor gene. When U-M scientists discovered that TAg and p53 proteins were located together in the cytoplasm of atrophic lesion cells, but not in the nucleus, an important piece of the puzzle fell into place. "We know that for p53 to function as a tumor suppressor gene, its protein product must be in the cell's nucleus," explains Imperiale. "TAg apparently sequesters p53 protein in the cell's cytoplasm, preventing it from entering the nucleus and giving the signal for the cell to stop dividing and die." Imperiale's working hypothesis is that the BK virus infects epithelial cells in the prostate and transforms them into atrophic lesions through TAg expression. This produces an area of uncontrolled cell growth, which - if circumstances are right - can eventually develop into prostate cancer. If he's right, prostate cancer may have something in common with cervical cancer, which is caused by a different virus - the human papillomavirus. "Papillomavirus makes proteins with the same function as T antigen," Imperiale says. "They induce cell growth and inactivate the p53 gene, preventing it from killing abnormal cells. So, it's a logical possibility that a similar mechanism occurs in at least some cases of prostate cancer, but much additional research will be needed before we can know for sure." The U-M study was funded by a grant from the U.S. Army's Medical Research and Material Command, Department of Defense. For more information contact Sally Pobojewski at email@example.com or at (734) 615-6912.


This paper is about decision making based on real-world descriptions of a domain. There are many domains where different people have described various parts of the world at different levels of abstraction (using more general or less general terms) and at different levels of detail (where objects may or may not be described in terms of their parts) and where models are also described at different levels of abstraction and detail. However, to make decisions we need to be able to reason about what models match particular instances. This paper describes the issues involved in such matching. This a the basis of a number of fielded systems that do qualitative-probabilistic matching of models and instances for real-world data.


Focused, fresh and engaging, this book is designed to capture student interest and ease understanding through the extensive use of current and highly relevant clinical case studies. A more intensive teaching format, a student-centred writing style that humanizes the disorders, and an integrative approach to treatment using the biopsychosocial model are the foundations of this text's success. The new edition maintains these features while keeping pace with important developments in the field, including the diathesis stress model and biological causes of psychopathology - The Real Stories feature presents the stories of well-known figures whose lives have touched by psychological disorders. Ben Affleck speaks about alcoholism, Kelsey Grammar about the impact of childhood trauma on his life, and Anne Heche reflects on the experience of dissociative states. - Social Context boxes highlight the social and cultural influences on psychological disorders, integrating research, theory and applied perspectives. - This edition contains more explicit information about the features of each diagnosis. Rather than using the technical jargon of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria, the text paraphrases the language to make the information more understandable for the typical undergraduate.


Did Jesus claim to be the Messiah?Did he promise to return and usher in a new age?How did Jesus envision the Kingdom of God?The Five Gospels answers these questions in a bold, dynamic work that will startle traditional readers of the Bible and rekindle interest in it among secular skeptics. In 1985 the Jesus Seminar, comprising a distinguished group of biblical scholars, was founded by Robert W. Funk. They embarked on a new translation and assessment of the gospels, including the recently discovered Gospel of Thomas. In pursuit of the historical Jesus, they used their collective expertise to determine the authenticity of more than fifteen hundred sayings attributed to him. Their remarkable findings appear in this book.


OBJECTIVES
The underlying mechanisms of panic attacks (PA's) are still unclear. Theories focusing on these mechanisms differ in their description of the relationship between panic and fear. The main controversy concerns whether a PA resembles the classical flight response, or whether it is qualitatively different from fear. According to the first theory, a PA would result in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-axis) activation, whereas according to the second, it would not. So far, inconclusive results have been reported in studies measuring HPA-axis activity after laboratory evoked PA's. The present study was designed to assess cortisol levels following a 35% CO2 challenge in Panic Disorder (PD) patients compared to healthy volunteers as a measurement of HPA-axis activity.

DESIGN
Twenty-three PD patients and 20 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Cortisol was determined in saliva at regular intervals before and after the challenge. Furthermore, attention was paid to possible gender effects.

RESULTS
Although the 35% CO2 inhalation induced a significant increase in anxiety, no cortisol increase was found. Moreover, there was no difference between patient and control cortisol values following the 35% CO2 challenge, whereas the delta anxiety scores were far more pronounced in the patient group. Interestingly, male PD patients showed higher cortisol values.

CONCLUSIONS
This study may be in accordance with the view that PA's are not accompanied by an important HPA-axis activation. There are some indications for aberrant cortisol secretion in male PD patients. Further research needs to confirm whether male and female PD patients differ in their underlying mechanisms related to HPA-axis activity.


When Karen Anderson visited nature kindergartens in Denmark, educators asked her where her closest natural environment was. Her reply was the beach, where she took the children just once a year. Upon her return, she began taking children once a week. Ingrid Maack profiles Balnarring Preschool where a beach and bush program is making waves in the local community and beyond.


In this study, we addressed the effect of stereoscopy on presence, anxiety, and cybersickness in a virtual public speaking world, and investigated the relationships between these three variables. Our results question the practical relevance of applying stereoscopy in head-mounted displays (HMDs) for virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) in a virtual public speaking world. In VRET, feelings of presence improve the efficacy (B. K. Wiederhold & M. D. Wiederhold, 2005). There are reports of a relatively large group of dropouts during VRET at low levels of presence in the virtual environment (Krijn, Emmelkamp, Olafsson, & Biemond, 2004). Therefore, generating an adequate level of presence is essential for the success of VRET. In this study, 86 participants were recruited and they were immersed in the virtual public speaking world twice: once with stereoscopic rendering and once without stereoscopic rendering. The results showed that spatial presence was significantly improved by adding stereoscopy, but no difference for reported involvement or realism was found. The heart rate measurements also showed no difference between stereoscopic and nonstereoscopic viewing. Participants reported similar anxiety feelings about their talk and similar level of cybersickness in both viewing modes. Even though spatial presence was significantly improved, the size of statistical effect was relatively small. Our results therefore suggest that stereoscopic rendering may not be of practical importance for VRET in public speaking settings.


This master-thesis investigates a new approach for state-dependent transport of atoms in an optical lattice. It is based on a direct synthesis of light polarization by superimposing two circular polarized beams and employing RF sources integrated with acousto-optic modulators for phase control. An interferometrically stable phase between the two beams is achieved by locking them actively with a heterodyne technique. The in uence of polarization crosstalk and erroneous components on the optical lattice and the phase locked loop are investigated and the quality of the phase locked loop is analyzed. Compared to conventional methods [25] the direct synthesis method avoids the need of an electro-optic modulator, where rotations on the Poincare sphere are limited by the applicable voltage and restrictions on manufacturing and crystal quality exist. Overcoming these limitations it is expected to reach higher polarization purity and larger shift distances in the new design.


This highly focused collection of papers, commissioned by the National Urban League, offers a candid and courageous portrait of black education in transition. This is a period, as the editors note in their opening remarks, that is characterized by a huge shift from federal responsibility for minority education to authority and autonomy being lodged at the local government level. Further, many institutions that once worked well, no longer do so. Many ambitious social programs and policies that originally promised much, have been abandoned, have failed, or just faded away. Pivotal to these times and changes is the question of the extent to which the American educational system has been, or still is, capable of being responsive to incorporating and even instigating equity and excellence for black Americans. This volume asks the hard questions: is the educational system geared up for the maintenance of anything other than mainstream values? can it adapt to minority youth requirements? when, why, and how do educational policies of majorities and minorities clash? How are priorities to be established--on the basis of wealth or need? The legal statutes and administrative enforcement of equal educational opportunities are explored in depth and with a deep compassion for all parties involved.


Animals foraging in groups may benefit from a faster detection of food and predators, but competition by conspecifics may reduce intake rate. Competition may also alter the foraging behaviour of individuals, which can be influenced by dominance status and the way food is distributed over the environment. Many studies measuring the effects of competition and dominance status have been conducted on a uniform or highly clumped food distribution, while in reality prey distributions are often in-between these two extremes. The few studies that used a more natural food distribution only detected subtle effects of interference and dominance. We therefore conducted an experiment on a natural food distribution with focal mallards Anas platyrhynchos foraging alone and in a group of three, having a dominant, intermediate or subordinate dominance status. In this way, the foraging behaviour of the same individual in different treatments could be compared, and the effect of dominance was tested independently of individual identity. The experiment was balanced using a 4 · 4 Latin square design, with four focal and six non-focal birds. Individuals in a group achieved a similar intake rate (i.e. number of consumed seeds divided by trial length) as when foraging alone, because of an increase in the proportion of time feeding (albeit not significant for subordinate birds). Patch residence time and the number of different patches visited did not differ when birds were foraging alone or in a group. Besides some agonistic interactions, no differences in foraging behaviour between dominant, intermediate and subordinate birds were measured in group trials. Possibly group-foraging birds increased their feeding time because there was less need for vigilance or because they increased foraging intensity to compensate for competition. This study underlines that a higher competitor density does not necessarily lead to a lower intake rate, irrespective of dominance status.


This paper considers three circuit allocation schemes for half- and full-rate connections in the Global system for Mobile Communications (GSM): best fit, repacking, and fair repacking. Analytic numerical methods are used to investigate each scheme's blocking probability behavior. The analysis is based on a reduction of the state space to a manageable size. Fair repacking is found to be the fairest and most efficient. However, the best-fit scheme, while being somewhat less efficient and fair, is simpler to implement. The effect on quality of service (QoS) of voice dropouts related to intracell handover (repacking) was found to be negligible.


Emerging evidence points to the existence of pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSC) as the culprit in the initiation, maintenance, metastasis, and treatment resistance of pancreatic cancer. The existence of such a cell population would have an important impact on the design of novel therapies against this devastating disease. However, no in vivo validation or rebuttal of the pancreatic CSC hypothesis exists. Major backlashes in the discussion on CSC are firstly, the confusion between the terms CSC and cell of origin of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), secondly the ambiguity of the cell of origin itself and thirdly, the fact that the CSC hypothesis is based on cell sorting and xenografting experiments; the latter of which often precludes solid conclusions because of the lack of a natural microenvironment and differences in drug delivery. Nonetheless, recent studies in other cancers partially support the CSC hypothesis by demonstrating a link between epithelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation/transition (EMT) and CSC properties. Such a link is again open to dispute as EMT is a reversible process which is highly dependent on major oncogenic pathways in PDAC [e.g. K-Ras, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)] rather than on presumed cancer stem cell pathways. Hence, the available evidence does not robustly support the CSC concept in PDAC and a thorough validation of this hypothesis in well-defined genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic cancer is required.


New charged cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes [Ir(ppy)2(L)](PF6) [ppy = 2-phenylpyridine; L = bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane (for 1); L = bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane (for 2)] were synthesized and their electrochemical and photophysical properties studied. These complexes with non-p-electron-conjugated ancillary chelates exhibit significantly blueshifted emission relative to those of commonly used derivatives with NN ancillary ligands such as bipyridine or phenanthroline. Both X-ray and theoretical analysis based on time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) reveal that the binding of Ir to the bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane ancillary ligand is much weaker than that to the phenylpyridine main ligand; the effect is enhanced in the excited state. As a result, the ancillary ligand does not participate in low-energy excitations and triplet emission, and the electronic transitions are concentrated on the main chromophoric ligands. The blueshift feature is attributed to emission originating from the main cyclometalated ligands, in contrast to emitters with the NN chromophoric ancillary ligand. In addition, complex 2 exhibits a one order of magnitude higher non-radiative decay rate than complex 1, which is attributed to the steric hindrance of the methyl groups that leads to a more loosely bound ancillary ligand.


This document describes the RTP payload format for Enhanced Variable Rate Codec (EVRC) Speech and Selectable Mode Vocoder (SMV) Speech. Two sub-formats are specified for different application scenarios. A bundled/interleaved format is included to reduce the effect of packet loss on speech quality and amortize the overhead of the RTP header over more than one speech frame. A non-bundled format is also supported for conversational applications.


"The Well-Laden Ship "("Fecunda ratis") is an early eleventh-century Latin poem composed of ancient and medieval proverbs, fables, and folktales. Compiled by Egbert of Liege, it" "was planned as a first reader for beginning students. This makes it one of the few surviving works from the Middle Ages written explicitly for schoolroom use. Most of the content derives from the Bible, especially the wisdom books, from the Church Fathers, and from the ancient poets, notably Vergil, Juvenal, and Horace; but, remarkably, Egbert also included Latin versions of much folklore from the spoken languages. It features early forms of nursery rhymes (for example, "Jack Sprat"), folktales (for instance, various tales connected with Reynard the Fox), and even fairytales (notably "Little Red Riding Hood"). The poem also contains medieval versions of many still popular sayings, such as "Don't look a gift horse in the mouth," "When the cat's away, the mice will play," and "The apple doesn't fall far from the tree." "The Well-Laden Ship," which survives in a single medieval manuscript, has been edited previously only once (in 1889) and has never been translated. It will fascinate anyone interested in proverbial wisdom, folklore, medieval education, or medieval poetry."


We consider the problem of computing an aggregation function in a secure and scalable way. Whereas previous distributed solutions with similar security guarantees have a communication cost of $O(n^3)$, we present a distributed protocol that requires only a communication complexity of $O(n\log^3 n)$, which we prove is near-optimal. Our protocol ensures perfect security against a computationally-bounded adversary, tolerates $(1/2-\epsilon)n$ malicious nodes for any constant $1/2 > \epsilon > 0$ (not depending on $n$), and outputs the exact value of the aggregated function with high probability.


Introduction: Numerous accounts have been developed which portray sex addiction and the sex addict. These in turn have led to screening tools, said to be capable of accurately distinguishing the sex addict from non-addicts.
However, there are a wealth of various, diverse and conflicting understandings of addiction, sexuality and sex addiction. Sex addiction also carries moral implications, leading some to argue the term is used as stigmatising label for
those who deviate from a socially constructed sexual standard. Despite the clinical significance of the growing use of the term, to date there has been a dearth of research which has critically reflected on sex addiction as a concept, and the meaning for those who identify as sex addicts.
Objective: This study aimed to explore a seminal text and screening assessment's description of sex addiction; as well as sex addicts and nonaddicts' own descriptions of their sexual behaviour and perspectives on sexual addiction; using a qualitative methodology sensitive to the adaptable and social and historical contextual aspects of discourse.
Design: A primarily Foucauldian Discourse Analysis approach was taken in the analysis of data from text and semi-structured interviews.
Method: Data was collected from the book "Out of the Shadows: Understanding Sex Addiction" (Carnes', 2001), and the "Sex Addiction Screening Test – Revised" (Carnes, Green & Carnes, 2010), as well as from nine interviews conducted with men identifying as sex addicts and non-addicts from both the
UK and USA.
Results: The findings demonstrated three main discourses: A Loss of Control, 'Good' vs. 'Bad' sex, and a Cultural Imperative to Intervene in Sex Addiction. The study demonstrated expert, addicts and non-addicts talk about sex
addiction show a number of similarities and some select distinctions. The ways in which sex addiction was talked about were complex and at times inconsistent. Scientific, psychological and moralistic discourses were commonly drawn on to
position sex addiction as distinguishable from 'normal' sexual behaviour. Health and biomedical discourses were also drawn on to manage accountability, and to construct the sex addict as sick, naive and disempowered. Correspondingly
there was a reciprocal-construction of experts as credible and impartial in being able to identify sex addiction. These experts and wider society were necessitated to identify and protect against a projected exponential rise in sex addiction, catalysed by the advance and accessibility of Internet pornography.
Discussion: The study offers new understanding on the discourses of sexual addiction and the subject positioning, actions and subjectivities it creates and restricts for those identifying as sex addicts. Those discourses identified
correspond with contemporary discourses surrounding addiction and sexuality; though offer novel permutations which invite further research. The results of this study ascertain that there is a need for healthcare professionals to reflect upon the risks of uncritical acceptance and practice using the sex addiction label, given the breadth and diversity of discourses it encompasses.


We estimate the impact of a feed-in tariff for renewable power on wind power investment in Germany at the county level from 1996-2010 controlling for windiness and access to the electricity transmission grid. After the Renewable Energy Law (EEG) was passed in 2000, the feed-in tariff became linked to wind power potential, such that more windy locations received a lower incentive per unit of output. We find that a 1 e-cent/kWh increase in the feed-in tariff rate would increase additions to capacity at the national level by 764MWper year from 1996- 2010 or 1,528 MW per year from 2005-2010. We analyze counterfactual scenarios, in which a uniform incentive is offered instead of the wind-dependent EEG incentive. Significantly more wind power plants are installed along the northern coastal counties in the uniform incentive scenario. We find that while the uniform incentive results in greater total wind power output per installed capacity, the EEG is ultimately more efficient by achieving 1% greater wind power output per euro and 3.7% greater reductions in power sector emissions per euro. In addition, we find a significant response from investors to an EEG provision that shifted the cost of transmission system upgrades from wind power developers to grid operators in 2000. The lack of a signal on scarcity of transmission capacity has likely resulted in a distribution of wind power plants that makes suboptimal use of existing infrastructure, necessitating investment in new transmission corridors.


Abstract Supervised machine learning, in which models are automatically derived from labeled training data, is only as good as the quality of that data. This study builds on prior work that investigated to what extent "best practices" around labeling training data were followed in applied ML publications within a single domain (social media platforms). In this paper, we expand by studying publications that apply supervised ML in a far broader spectrum of disciplines, focusing on human-labeled data. We report to what extent a random sample of ML application papers across disciplines give specific details about whether best practices were followed, while acknowledging that a greater range of application fields necessarily produces greater diversity of labeling and annotation methods. Because much of machine learning research and education only focuses on what is done once a "ground truth" or "gold standard" of training data is available, it is especially relevant to discuss issues around the equally important aspect of whether such data is reliable in the first place. This determination becomes increasingly complex when applied to a variety of specialized fields, as labeling can range from a task requiring little-to-no background knowledge to one that must be performed by someone with career expertise.


Visual comfort is one of the main concerns for the integration of daylighting strategies in workspaces. Depending on the occupants' seating position, light distribution in the field-of-view (FOV) can range from interesting highlights to visually discomforting situations which makes visual comfort highly dependent on dynamics of occupants' view direction in the room. These undesirable situations, known as discomfort glare, have also been recognized as being the main drivers to change the facade setting. Considering the importance of daylight on human health, performance and spatial appraisal, it becomes clear that a reliable assessment of discomfort glare is critical in order to move towards performance-integrated daylighting design solutions in workspaces. There are several discomfort glare metrics that can be used at the design phase to predict discomfort glare risks. These metrics are basically drawn upon the same four physical quantities: the glare source luminance, size and position, and the general field of luminance that the eye adapts to. A major limitation, shared by all known glare metrics, is that the dependencies of glare on view direction are ignored and the calculated glare is only valid for a specific view-direction and seating position. This study seeks to eliminate this limitation through a deeper understanding of the dynamics of view-direction as a result of light variations across the FOV. The adopted methodology relies on experiments where the eye-movements of human participants are measured in a parameterized office-like room under day-lit conditions. The hypothesis is that there are clear view direction distributions patterns under different lighting conditions which will ultimately have a significant effect on evaluations of discomfort glare and lead to better integration of glare-free daylight solutions in buildings design.


The close-range photogrammetry is a discipline of precise metric measurement of features with applications ranging from the deformation of architectural structures to the medical diagnosis. One of the limitations on the precision of the obtained images is the large differences in depth. On the other hand, obtaining pictures that focus on every direction with lenses used in close range photogrammetry is mechanically impossible. Multiple images focused to different distances are necessary in order to solve such a depth problem. The clear parts of the images are brought together, so that a clear image focused to every direction is obtained. This joint image becomes more suitable for the feature extraction as well as for dividing and classifying processes. In this study, image joining has been conducted with the spatial frequency method. The unclear parts in the images have to be determined so as to be able to bring these images together. The average filtering method has been employed to accurately determine the prescribed clarity level and the gray value levels of the image. For this procedure, software has been developed in C++ programming language that conducts average filtering. The conducted experiments show that the spatial frequency method proves to be a very efficient method to construct a multi-focus image. Due to the precision limitations of the close-range photogrammetry arising from the large differences in the depth, many applications of ultra-high precision measurements such as industrial measurements still heavily rely on the classical surveying methods. The results show that the proposed image-fusion method dramatically reduces the error budget of close-range photogrammetry down to a half and enables much higher precision applications.


In Edith Wharton's 1905 novel House of Mirth, Lily Bart learns in one brutal moment what happens to women who get tangled up with the stock market. Though she is beautiful and well-born, Lily is vulnerable when she seeks salvation in the stock market - she has no family to support her, no fortune of her own, no training in business matters, and no socially acceptable means of acquiring money, save marriage. When the husband of a friend (Gus Treanor) offers to help Lily by speculating in the stock market, Lily agrees. And when Treanor begins presenting Lily with money, she gladly accepts what she assumes are trading profits. One night, however, after luring Lily to his house under false pretenses, Treanor makes his true intentions known. After accusing Lily of leading him on, Treanor demands sexual favors, telling Lily that she must "pay up". Even though Lily manages to extricate herself from the house without submitting to Treanor's demands, she is ruined by this encounter. Cast off by her social circle, Lily eventually leaves her last pennies to Treanor, takes an overdose of sleeping medication and dies alone in a boarding house room. One hundred years later, when senior Morgan Stanley executive Zoe Cruz sought her fortune in the stock market, she appeared to have none of Lily Bart's limitations. Ms. Cruz was a long-time Wall Street warrior. She began working on Wall Street in 1982 after graduating from Harvard College and Harvard Business School. After proving herself on the trading desk, she spent more than twenty years working her way up through management, eventually earning millions of dollars per year in compensation, and billions in profits for her employer. By 2007, she was the heir apparent for the CEO job. Just months after praising Ms. Cruz's market insights and her contributions to the Morgan Stanley's bottom line, however, Ms. Cruz's boss called her to his office. With the subprime mortgage crisis unfolding, losses mounting and his own job under pressure, Ms. Cruz's boss said that he had "lost confidence" in her and asked her to resign. After a ten minute meeting, Ms. Cruz left the building and never went back. In the wake of termination, some former colleagues questioned whether the woman they had nicknamed "the Cruz Missile" had ever understood the markets, trading or how to manage financial risk. In this article, I argue that even though Lily Bart's fictional ruin and Ms. Cruz's rise and fall are separated by more one hundred years, "stories" like theirs are typical, and reflect Wall Street's fixed and surprisingly narrow social and cultural response to women who wish to trade securities or work in the financial industry. In Wall Street lore, the "masters of the universe" are almost invariably men - they are the high-flying traders, the crusading regulators and even the notorious scoundrels though to have shaped the markets and our system of securities regulation. Women, by contrast, are portrayed as social and cultural outsiders to the Wall Street world. Drawing upon industry narratives, articles from the popular press and selected academic commentary from the past one hundred years, I show how women are either omitted from Wall Street narratives entirely, as if they are (and should remain) absent from securities markets, or relegated to the status of hapless victims or allegedly incompetent shrews. In either case, Wall Street's prevailing narrative assumes that women lack the skills and characteristics necessary to navigate on Wall Street, and risk financial and reputational ruin if foolish enough to venture into the markets alone. I further argue that Wall Street's social and cultural response to women has become embedded in our system of securities regulation. Drawing upon selected case law, legislative history and administrative agency reports from the 1920s to the present, I show how reform-minded legislators, courts and regulators have used stories of vulnerable female victims of investment abuse - particularly "poor widows" - when seeking to curb abusive sales practices on Wall Street. Drawing upon employment discrimination cases, I show how Wall Street firms have used the same stereotypes about women to justify excluding women from employment on Wall Street and to rebut discrimination, harassment and retaliation claims. Finally, having exposed links between Wall Street's social and cultural response to women and our regime of securities regulation, I argue that Wall Street's singular narrative for women has come at a cost, and one that we have yet fully to explore. Securities regulation purports to be a gender-neutral exercise. It uses supposedly gender-neutral standards like "reasonable", "sophisticated" and "unsophisticated", and it assigns rights and obligations based on purportedly gender-neutral roles like "trader" "broker" and "customer". In reality, however, relevant standards and systems reflect unstated gender norms about who is sophisticated and skilled when it comes to the markets, and who is not. And because the law, with its tendency to use labels and stereotypes, has seized upon Wall Street's image of women as incompetent outsiders, it has reinforced and in some cases legitimized Wall Street's gender norms. As a result, instead of examining the skills and characteristics of individual market participants, we assume that some people are competent merely because they "look the part" (say, Bernard Madoff) and we are skeptical of those who do not. We presume that some people are vulnerable and in need of protection (poor widows), but we are skeptical when people who do not fit this stereotype allege investment abuse. And, we assume that norms and systems impact all system participants equally, when in reality, they may reflect the experiences and perspectives of one or more dominant groups. This paper examines links between Wall Street's prevailing image of women and case law, legislative and regulatory activity as a first step in understanding how Wall Street's gender norms have affected securities regulation. Going forward, this paper urges scholars to ask hard questions about the unexamined underpinnings of our system of securities regulation (including but not limited to unexamined gender stereotypes), so that our regulatory regime might be as effective and efficient as our times demand.


Real-time control algorithms are designed based on the characteristics of the controlled plants and they require good performance without delays. However, digital control implementation typically introduces delays and jitters due to insufficient CPU processing power and the limitations of the real-time scheduling method used. This can degrade the system performance or even make it unstable. In this paper we propose an integrated approach for control design and real-time scheduling, suitable for both discrete-time and continuous-time controllers. It guarantees system performance by accepting a certain minimum value of jitter for control tasks and feasibly schedules them together with other tasks in the system. Results from comparison with other approaches from real-time and control theory domains underline the effectiveness of our method.


Carbon nanotube-reinforced polyurethane elastomer composites were prepared by melt-mixing. Nitric acid oxidation and silanization were applied to carbon nanotube surfaces to achieve better interfacial interactions with polyurethane elastomer. Tensile and hardness tests, differential scanning calorimetry, melt flow index test, dielectric measurements, and morphological studies of composites were reported. The best results were obtained for surface-modified carbon nanotubes containing composites with lower loading levels. Addition of carbon nanotubes leads to almost two-fold increase in strain and modulus compared to pristine polyurethane elastomer. Tensile strength of composites was also improved by inclusion of carbon nanotubes. However, strength values drop down with increasing carbon nanotube content. Shore hardness increased with the inclusion of modified carbon nanotube to polyurethane elastomer while pristine carbon nanotube caused remarkable decrease in hardness of polyurethane elastomer. Relatively higher melting points and slightly lower glass transition temperatures were observed for carbon nanotube-loaded composites compared to polyurethane elastomer because of plasticizing effect of carbon nanotube. Incorparation of carbon nanotube to polyurethane elastomer matrix caused reduction in melt flow index values due to formation of agglomarates, and n the contrary, surface modifications of carbon nanotube exhibited increase in melt flow index thanks to enhanced interfacial interactions between carbon nanotube and polyurethane elastomer. Significant increase in dielectric constant of composites was observed. Better dispersion of surface modified carbon nanotubes into polyurethane elastomer was also concluded from SEM micrographs of composites.


Insulin drives the global anabolic response to nutrient ingestion, regulating both carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. When insulin resistance occurs in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, dysregulation of both of these processes ensues, resulting in hyperglycemia and lipid abnormalities. One of the most prevalent morbidities associated with insulin resistance is the abnormal accumulation of triglycerides in the liver, called hepatic steatosis, though the underlying pathogenesis of this accumulation remains unclear. There is certainly an inappropriate increase in de novo lipogenesis in the livers of individuals with hepatic steatosis, but the insulin signaling pathway involved in the control of normal, and therefore abnormal, lipogenesis remain undefined. Previous studies have demonstrated that Akt2 is critical to insulin's control of glucose metabolism, but its role in lipid metabolism has remained controversial. Here we show that Akt2 is required for hepatic lipid accumulation in obese, insulin-resistant states induced by either leptin-deficiency or high fat diet feeding. Leptin-deficient ob/ob mice lacking hepatic Akt2 failed to amass triglycerides in their livers, associated with and most likely due to a decrease in lipogenic gene expression and de novo lipogenesis. However, Akt2 is also required for steatotic pathways unrelated to fatty acid synthesis, as mice fed high fat diet had reduced liver triglycerides in the absence of hepatic Akt2 but did not exhibit changes in lipogenesis. In addition, we show that Akt2 is a requisite component of the normal insulin signaling pathway that controls de novo lipogenesis in lean non-steatotic livers. Following high-carbohydrate feeding, influx of glucose and secretion of insulin induce hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normal animals. However, liver-specific Akt2 null mice failed to induce de novo lipogenesis in response to high-carbohydrate feeding. These data demonstrate that Akt2 is required for the insulin-dependent regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism both in normal livers and during insulin resistance. These studies contribute to our understanding of insulin's control of metabolism, and may potentially aid in the development of therapeutics for diseases that are increasing in prevalence around the world. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Cell & Molecular Biology First Advisor Morris J. Birnbaum


Members of the kinesin superfamily are microtubule-based motor proteins that transport molecules/organelles along microtubules. We have identified similar internal motor kinesins, Kinesin-13A, from the cotton Gossypium hirsutum and Arabidopsis thaliana. Their motor domains share high degree of similarity with those of internal motor kinesins of animals and protists in the MCAK/Kinesin13 subfamily. However, no significant sequence similarities were detected in sequences outside the motor domain. In Arabidopsis plants carrying the T-DNA knockout kinesin-13a-1 and kinesin-13a-2 mutations at the Kinesin-13A locus, >70% leaf trichomes had four branches, whereas wild-type trichomes had three. Immunofluorescent results showed that AtKinesin-13A and GhKinesin-13A localized to entire Golgi stacks. In both wild-type and kinesin-13a mutant cells, the Golgi stacks were frequently associated with microtubules and with actin microfilaments. Aggregation/clustering of Golgi stacks was often observed in the kinesin-13a mutant trichomes and other epidermal cells. This suggested that the distribution of the Golgi apparatus in cell cortex might require microtubules and Kinesin-13A, and the organization of Golgi stacks could play a regulatory role in trichome morphogenesis. Our results also indicate that plant kinesins in the MCAK/Kinesin-13 subfamily have evolved to take on different tasks than their animal counterparts.


Objective: To evaluate pharmacy students' inspiration to study pharmacy, their perspective regarding future jobs and the factors affecting their decisions. Methods: Fifth and fourth year pharmacy students were administered the study survey consisting of 4 parts. Descriptive statistics for categorical variables, Man-Whitney test for continuous variables and Chi-square test to check the difference between the two groups were made. Results: Total of 380 students included in the study. About two thirds of each group expressed their consideration for the university level, their interest in healthcare and pharmacy when they select to join the pharmacy college. Approximately 90 % of both groups stated that they have a desire for working in hospital or community pharmacies after graduation. They also tagged salary, work schedule, benefits and environment as the factors with the greater impact on their decisions. Overall, a non significant difference between the groups was found. Conclusion: The appropriate university selection and students' interest in pharmacy and healthcare were the major reasons for choosing pharmacy as a career. Community pharmacy and hospital pharmacy were the most common future jobs to be considered after graduation. Salary was the factor with the greater impact from the students' perspectives.


SUMMARY Chamaegigas intrepidus Dinter (syn. Lindernia intrepidus (Dinter) Oberm.) is a poikilohydric aquatic plant that lives in rock pools on granitic outcrops in Central Namibia. The pools are only filled intermittently during the summer rains, and the plants can pass through 15-20 rehydration/dehydration cycles during a single wet season. Rehydrated plants also have to cope with substantial diurnal fluctuations in the pool pH as a result of photosynthetic CO2 uptake. We have used in vivo 31P NMR spectroscopy to investigate the effect of external pH and dehydration (low water potential) on intracellular pH in the roots and submerged leaves of C. intrepidus. Increasing the external pH from 6 to 10 had no effect on the steady state cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH values of submerged leaves, but caused a slight alkalinization of the root cytoplasm. Similarly dehydration with PEG-600 at either pH 6 or pH 10 had no effect on the cytoplasmic pH of the leaves, but it did cause a small alkalinization of the leaf vacuoles at pH 10. These results imply an unusually effective regulation of intracellular pH, consistent with the adaptation of C. intrepidus to the extreme environmental conditions of its habitat. The NMR analysis also showed that dehydration had no effect on the inorganic phosphate and phosphocholine pools, and this was taken to indicate that the cell membranes were well protected from the effects of the low water potential.


Risk Analysis and Control for Industrial Processes - Gas, Oil and Chemicals provides an analysis of current approaches for preventing disasters, and gives readers an overview on which methods to adopt. The book covers safety regulations, history and trends, industrial disasters, safety problems, safety tools, and capital and operational costs versus the benefits of safety, all supporting project decision processes.  Tools covered include present day array of risk assessment, tools including HAZOP, LOPA and ORA, but also new approaches such as System-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA), Blended HAZID, applications of Bayesian data analytics, Bayesian networks, and others. The text is supported by valuable examples to help the reader achieve a greater understanding on how to perform safety analysis, identify potential issues, and predict the likelihood they may appear.Presents new methods on how to identify hazards of low probability/high consequence eventsContains information on how to develop and install safeguards against such events, with guidance on how to quantify risk and its uncertainty, and how to make economic and societal decisions about riskDemonstrates key concepts through the use of examples and relevant case studies