Wealth is highly correlated between parents and their children; however, little is known about the extent to which these relationships are genetic or determined by environmental factors. We use administrative data on the net wealth of a large sample of Swedish adoptees merged with similar information for their biological and adoptive parents. Comparing the relationship between the wealth of adopted and biological parents and that of the adopted child, we find that, even prior to any inheritance, there is a substantial role for environment and a much smaller role for pre-birth factors and we find little evidence that nature/nurture interactions are important. When bequests are taken into account, the role of adoptive parental wealth becomes much stronger. Our findings suggest that wealth transmission is not primarily because children from wealthier families are inherently more talented or more able but that, even in relatively egalitarian Sweden, wealth begets wealth. We further build on the existing literature by providing a more comprehensive view of the role of nature and nurture on intergenerational mobility, looking at a wide range of different outcomes using a common sample and method. We find that environmental influences are relatively more important for wealth-related variables such as savings and investment decisions than for human capital. We conclude by studying consumption as an overall measure of welfare and find that, like wealth, it is more determined by environment than by biology.


Digital enterprises from the US, Europe, and East Asia have been recognized for their potential to achieve global market reach, and for forming a globalized digital infrastructure. However, digital enterprises from economically peripheral countries have usually remained local. This paper seeks to understand the enterprise-level reasons for these global differences. Drawing on in-depth interviews with founders, we empirically examine the value creation and geographical market scope of 73 digital enterprises in Lagos, Nairobi, Accra, and Kigali. We develop theory that explains why enterprises in global economic peripheries are able to exploit some but not all opportunities of digital technologies. In contrast to the claim in current scholarship that digital enterprises can operate in relatively unbounded ways, we find that African enterprises cannot compete in global digital markets and are ultimately compelled to offer localized digital products. Based on these findings, we theorize that digital products with the greatest global scaling potential are the least likely to be owned and controlled by digital enterprises located in economic peripheries. We thus encourage scholars of digital enterprise to more carefully take geographical variation into account, and acknowledge technological drivers of increasing unevenness in the global digital economy.


A new di-tert-butyl acrylate (diTBA) monomer for controlled radical polymerization is reported. This monomer complements the classical use of tert-butyl acrylate (TBA) for synthesis of poly(acrylic acid) by increasing the density of carboxylic acids per repeat unit, while also increasing the flexibility of the carboxylic acid side-chains. The monomer is well behaved under Cu(II)-mediated photoinduced controlled radical polymerization and delivers polymers with excellent chain-end fidelity at high monomer conversions. Importantly, this new diTBA monomer readily copolymerizes with TBA to further the potential for applications in areas such as dispersing agents and adsorbents. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 801–807


We analyze the outcomes of 332 cases from a labor court in Mexico in which a judge awarded money to a plaintiff who claimed to have been fired by a firm without cause. The judgments were enforced in only 40% of the cases. A plaintiff may try to enforce a judgment by petitioning the court to seize the firm's assets when the firm refuses to pay. Thirty eight percent of the enforced judgments required at least one seizure attempt. We estimate the parameters of post judgment games in which the worker does not know if a seizure attempt would ultimately succeed and show that these models explain the data well. We then simulate the effects of a policy that reduces worker costs of a seizure attempt. We find that this policy would increase the probability of enforcement, either by increasing the probability that the worker attempts an asset seizure or by inducing firms to pay voluntarily to avoid such seizure attempts. However, reducing worker costs of seizure attempts can only have a modest effect on enforcement probabilities because a high percentage of firms are able to avoid payment in spite of worker efforts to force collection.


Many activities in computer graphics can be regarded as experiments on virtual objects or models. In the process of experimentation the existing models are gradually improved and new model categories emerge. The Virtual Laboratory (vlab) is a software environment designed to support model development by facilitating the manipulation of models and providing mechanisms for storing and retrieving large numbers (e.g., thousands) of them. The models can be shared between users who work at different geographical locations over the Internet. In the paper we first clarify the essential concept of the Virtual Laboratory by describing its operation from a user's perspective. The modeling of plants serves as a sample application. We then present the key elements of vlab design and implementation, discuss the obtained results, and present their possible ramifications in the context of related ideas.


Can a single, universal speech interface look-and-feel be used to effectively control a wide variety of appliances? Can such an interface be automatically derived from a functional appliance specification? We built the Speech Graffiti Personal Universal Controller (SG-PUC), a universal interface and framework for human-appliance speech interaction, as a proof-of-concept. Its specification language and communications protocol effectively separate the SG-PUC from the appliances that it controls, enabling mobile and universal speech-based appliance control. To realize such an automatically derived dialog system, the controller employs a universal control language. The development of interfaces to numerous appliances and the results of user studies demonstrate the usefulness of the SG-PUC, indicating that high quality and low cost human-appliance speech interface can be largely appliance agnostic. This investigation also helps to validate the principles of Speech Graffiti as a speech interface paradigm, and provides a baseline for future studies in this area.


A wealth of evidence attests to the critical role that student-teacher relationships play in a
variety of developmental outcomes for children. These relationships are complex and
multifaceted, influenced by factors both within and external to the child. The current study
examines the relationships between child temperament and student-teacher relationship
quality in a sample of 47 preschool children. Parents provided ratings of their preschool
children's temperaments on the Behavioral Style Questionnaire. Teachers reported their
perceptions of the quality of the relationships they experienced with students on the Student-
Teacher Relationship Scale. It was expected that various individual and combined child
temperament traits would predict student-teacher relationship quality. Results of multiple
regression analysis generally did not support the hypothesis, although there was some
support for an association between the interaction between two clusters of temperament traits
– Social Response/ Mood (Mood, Adaptability, Approach) and Stimulation/ Energy
(Threshold of Responses, Intensity of Responses, and Distractibility) – and Closeness in the
student-teacher relationship. The results provide support for existing literature that questions
the role of temperament in attachment and subsequent adult-child relationships. The findings
indicate the need to assume a multifaceted, ecological approach to understanding the
variables that predict student-teacher relationship quality, which considers the contributions
of environmental variables, as well as the interactions between various within-child and
environmental variables.


Academic inquiries into the subject area of the World Trade Organization's dispute settlement mechanism are currently gaining societal significance due to the indeterminate future of this international organization. In particular, existing research on dispute escalation, especially in cases involving developing plaintiffs, can be advanced by an application of theoretical models from such branches of academia as Public Administration and Political Science. The present thesis applies Bueno de Mesquita's rational choice game-theoretic model of decision-making to the behaviour of developing plaintiffs in a WTO dispute in order to predict and explain the occurrence of panel requests. An analysis of 159 cases shows that plaintiff's preference for political gains, rooted in his democratic level, and the interaction between plaintiff's and respondent's salience levels are statistically significant predictors of dispute escalation to the panel stage; however, these effects are enabled by a specific contextual variable and only occur in disputes with high plaintiff salience.


BACKGROUND
Infected hepatic fluid collections (bilomas) are a major infectious complication of liver transplantation. Limited data exist on management and outcome of biloma.

METHODS
We report a cohort study of 57 liver transplant recipients with posttransplantation bilomas undertaken to identify the clinical features of biloma, management strategies, and outcome.

RESULTS
Fever (44%) and abdominal pain (40%) were the most common presenting symptoms, but one-third of patients were asymptomatic; 79% had elevated hepatic enzyme levels. Patients without hepatic artery thrombosis (HAT) had the highest rates of resolution with percutaneous drainage and anti-infective therapy (64%). Retransplantation was necessary in 64% of patients with HAT and biloma. Independent predictors of resolution with nonsurgical therapy were absence of HAT (odds ratio [OR] 7.69; P=.01) and absence of Candida (OR, 9.09; P=.02) or enterococcal infection (OR, 7.69; P=.03). Patients with bilomas had significantly greater mortality (Cox proportional hazard ratio [HR], 2.38; P=.008, by log rank test) and graft loss (HR, 4.31; P<.0001). Predictors of mortality by multivariable analysis included renal insufficiency (OR, 12.51; P=.02) or infection with Candida species (OR, 4.93; P=.03) or gram-negative bacilli (OR, 9.12; P=.01).

CONCLUSION
Posttransplantation biloma should be suspected in patients with fever or abdominal pain or abnormalities of hepatic enzymes, and it can be confirmed by computerized tomography and radiographically guided aspiration. Bilomas are most likely to be successfully treated nonsurgically in patients without HAT and without Candida or enterococcus infection.


Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates hematopoiesis in mouse models. The involvement of osteoblasts in this process has been well investigated; however, the effects of PTH on human hematopoiesis and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) are unclear. Here, we show that BM‐MSCs contribute to the hematopoiesis‐stimulating effects of PTH via upregulation of cadherin‐11 (CDH11). When culture‐expanded human BM‐MSCs were stimulated with PTH, their ability to expand cocultured CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) was enhanced. Furthermore, when PTH‐treated BM‐MSCs were subcutaneously implanted into NOD/SCID mice, the induction of hematopoietic cells was enhanced. Culture‐expanded human BM‐MSCs expressed CDH11, and the level of CDH11 expression increased following PTH stimulation. Depletion of CDH11 expression in BM‐MSCs using small interfering RNA abolished the enhancement of HPC expansion by PTH‐treated BM‐MSCs. In lethally irradiated mice that underwent BM transplantation, CDH11 expression in BM‐MSCs was higher and survival was better in PTH‐treated mice than in control mice. The number of hematopoietic cells in BM and the number of red blood cells in peripheral blood were higher in PTH‐treated mice than in control mice. Our results demonstrate that PTH stimulates hematopoiesis through promoting the upregulation of CDH11 expression in BM‐MSCs, at least in part. PTH treatment may be an effective strategy to enhance the ability of BM‐MSCs to support hematopoiesis. Stem Cells 2014;32:2245–2255


Recent studies indicate that e-government initiatives have not held their promise of improving government services. The majority of efforts to benchmark e-government have had central government as the unit of analysis. This study employs the MeGAP-3 (The Municipal E-Government Assessmen Project) assessment tool to assess the status of municipal e-government in the Agder region in southern Norway, an area with high Internet penetration and mature information and communication technology (ICT) use. MeGAP-3 proved effective in providing a relative positioning of these Norwegian municipalities, but we argue that country specific assessment indicators are needed to complement the tool and enable cross-country comparisons by relative scores. Surprisingly, the results show that the sophistication of local government web sites was fairly low. A series of qualitative interviews were con1 Flak et al.: Local E-Government in Norway: Current Status and Emerging Issues Published by AIS Electronic Library (AISeL), 2005 42 • L. S. Flak, D. H. Olsen & P. Wolcott ducted to explore the factors that shape the development of municipal egovernment. The evidence suggests that the dominant stakeholder in development is the bureaucratic administration rather than citizens or politicians. This group has a strong focus on internal efficiency and cost reduction. The majority of respondents report cost reduction as the major driver behind egovernment development. However we also identified a more citizen-centric approach that stresses the need for improving access and service quality for citizens. The study outlines a number of areas where further research will be needed to fully understand the development of e-government in Norway.


Juvenile justice has become a prominent issue in Japan. This follows the brutal murder of two young children by a 14-year old boy in Kobe in 1997, the fatal stabbing of a female teacher at her school by a 13- year old boy this January and other attacks involving knives, and statistics showing a significant increase in juvenile crime. These events were much reported and shocked many in a country where social order and a low level of crime are sources of national pride. This article outlines the system of juvenile justice in Japan and reports on calls for its reform and may be of some interest to those concerned with youth justice in England and Wales where important changes in the law are shortly to take effect.


We apply the effective medium theory combined with the conventional periodic method of moments (MoM) to analyze frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) on periodic and anisotropic substrates. Based on the effective medium theory, even periodic and anisotropic substrates can be considered homogeneous; thus, the Green's function can be obtained. The resulting integral equation can then be solved by the MoM using rooftop basis functions and Galerkin testing functions. We analyze an example using this technique, and the numerical results agree with Fallahi's full-vector semi-analytical method, showing an increasing difference between the results as the frequencies increase. These results show that the proposed method is effective for analyzing FSSs on periodic and anisotropic substrates.


Cognitive neuroscience, especially in the fields of learning and decision-making, is witnessing the blossoming of computational model-based analyses. Several methodological and review papers have indicated how and why candidate models should be compared by trading off their ability to predict the data as a function of their complexity. However, the importance of simulating candidate models has been so far largely overlooked, which entails several drawbacks and leads to invalid conclusions. Here we argue that the analysis of model simulations is often necessary to support the specific claims about behavioral function that most of model-based studies make. We defend this argument both informally by providing a large-scale (N>300) review of recent studies, and formally by showing how model simulations are necessary to interpret model comparison results. Finally, we propose guidelines for future work, which combine model comparison and simulation.


Background— One potential use for the PR interval is as a biomarker of disease risk. We hypothesized that quantifying the shared genetic architectures of the PR interval and a set of clinical phenotypes would identify genetic mechanisms contributing to PR variability and identify diseases associated with a genetic predictor of PR variability. Methods and Results— We used ECG measurements from the ARIC study (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; n=6731 subjects) and 63 genetically modulated diseases from the eMERGE network (Electronic Medical Records and Genomics; n=12 978). We measured pairwise genetic correlations (rG) between PR phenotypes (PR interval, PR segment, P-wave duration) and each of the 63 phenotypes. The PR segment was genetically correlated with atrial fibrillation (rG=−0.88; P=0.0009). An analysis of metabolic phenotypes in ARIC also showed that the P wave was genetically correlated with waist circumference (rG=0.47; P=0.02). A genetically predicted PR interval phenotype based on 645 714 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was associated with atrial fibrillation (odds ratio=0.89 per SD change; 95% confidence interval, 0.83–0.95; P=0.0006). The differing pattern of associations among the PR phenotypes is consistent with analyses that show that the genetic correlation between the P wave and PR segment was not significantly different from 0 (rG=−0.03 [0.16]). Conclusions— The genetic architecture of the PR interval comprises modulators of atrial fibrillation risk and obesity.


We propose a cooperative motion and task planning scheme for multi-agent systems where the agents have independently-assigned local tasks, specified as Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) formulas. These tasks contain hard and soft sub-specifications. A least-violating initial plan is synthesized first for the potentially infeasible task and the partially-known workspace. While the system runs, each agent updates its knowledge about the workspace via its sensing capability and shares this knowledge with its neighboring agents. Based on this update, each agent verifies and revises its plan in real time. It is ensured that the hard specification is always fulfilled and the satisfaction for the soft specification is improved gradually. The design is distributed as only local interactions are assumed. The overall framework is demonstrated by a case study.


Public organizations are interested in how to improve their performance. Performance in a work unit can also influence employee job satisfaction due to positive expectations based on higher performance. Thus, our study attempts to investigate if organizational performance has an impact on employee motivation under the premise that employees who perform better in a work unit expect greater professional recognition and rewards. By using data from the 2013 Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS), we find that employees who perceive higher levels of performance in a work unit have a higher level of job satisfaction. This paper further shows that performance perception based on rewards is also positively related to job satisfaction. However, underrepresented groups (female and non-white), older employees and mid-level (work experience from 6 to 14 years) employees are less satisfied with higher work unit performance. Finally, employees in the distributive agency category are more satisfied with work unit performance while those in the regulatory agency category are less satisfied with work unit performance. In conclusion, organizations should recognize particular characteristics of employees to develop the policies related to performance management, and effectively utilize these policies in order to attract and retain proficient workers.


Don't skim the surface of diagnosis; gain in-depth, full-color insight with Cutaneous Soft Tissue Tumors. This succinct, yet meaningful, field guide deconstructs all presentations in one easy-to-read and comprehensive text. With over 2,000 color images right at your fingertips, you'll examine magnified, panoramic, and architectural views of each proliferation, fostering maximum understanding. Add Cutaneous Soft Tissue Tumors to your bookshelf and you'll master the essential skill of histopathological diagnosis to deliver the best courses of treatment for your patients. Key features: including over 2,000 full color images in field atlas format; it includes conventional hematoxylin and eosin stained samples at four different magnifications and panoramic views; it covers all cutaneous soft tissue tumors - common and rare; coverage includes most recent molecular advances of each neoplasm and extensive histopathological micrographs throughout. Now with the print edition, enjoy the bundled interactive eBook edition, offering tablet, smartphone, or online access to: complete content with enhanced navigation; a powerful search tool that pulls results from content in the book, your notes, and even the web; cross-linked pages, references, and more for easy navigation; highlighting tool for easier reference of key content throughout the text; ability to take and share notes with friends and colleagues and quick-reference tabbing to save your favorite content for future use.


The interest in RNA modification enzymes surges due to their involvement in epigenetic phenomena. Here we present a particularly informative approach to investigate the interaction of dye-labeled RNA with modification enzymes. We investigated pseudouridine (Ψ) synthase TruB interacting with an alleged suicide substrate RNA containing 5-fluorouridine (5FU). A longstanding dogma, stipulating formation of a stable covalent complex was challenged by discrepancies between the time scale of complex formation and enzymatic turnover. Instead of classic mutagenesis, we used differentially positioned fluorescent labels to modulate substrate properties in a range of enzymatic conversion between 6% and 99%. Despite this variegation, formation of SDS-stable complexes occurred instantaneously for all 5FU-substrates. Protein binding was investigated by advanced fluorescence spectroscopy allowing unprecedented simultaneous detection of change in fluorescence lifetime, anisotropy decay, as well as emission and excitation maxima. Determination of Kd values showed that introduction of 5FU into the RNA substrate increased protein affinity by 14× at most. Finally, competition experiments demonstrated reversibility of complex formation for 5FU-RNA. Our results lead us to conclude that the hitherto postulated long-term covalent interaction of TruB with 5FU tRNA is based on the interpretation of artifacts. This is likely true for the entire class of pseudouridine synthases.


Hunter Diack's Standard Literacy Tests (SLT's) were constructed as English vocabulary tests intended to cover all the vocabulary of the English language. Originally, these tests were devised to assess the vocabulary command of native speakers. They were labeled tests of 'literacy' on the assumption that the extent of a person's vocabulary command in a language reveals the width and quality of his reading.In each SLT, English words are presented out of context. Subjects are requested to give one meaning for each word encountered, in any manner they choose, e.g. by giving a paraphrase, by using the word in an appropriate context, etc.If, as the author assumes, the SLT's are valid, a subject's score is a clear indication of the proportion of words in the domain he knows, i.e. of the absolute number of English words he knows.Clearly, tests like the SLT's are useful also in EFL teaching contexts, especially at advanced levels, where the amount of vocabulary (whether the result of systematic training or unsystematic exposure) is large, calling for tests which cover an unrestricted, non-specific domain of vocabulary. Estimates of the size of foreign learners' English vocabulary as represented by the SLT's may serve a variety of purposes, e.g. in individual diagnostics, or in EFL research.The SLT's were tried out on a particular population of EFL students, viz. Dutch students of English at university level. Four SLT's were administered to these subjects in four experiments between 1976 and 1980. The tests were slightly adapted, both in item content and in test format (e.g. translation into Dutch was accepted as a response mode).The results of the extensive experimentation concerning these tests (reliability and validity data, psychometric test indices etc.) are presented.


The meaning is the whole device insights, feelings and tendencies in action raised by an idea, action or goods. Once the critical position of the interpretation of meaning in the tradition of phenomenology, so it is believed that human action on something, is a consequence of which they give meaning to these things. As a further development and traditions of phenomenology, symbolic interactionism flow also stressed that human beings act towards people, things or events based on the meanings they give to him. Product is all that can be offered to the market to be noticed, held, used, or consumed that can satisfy the desire or need for the wearer. Product prizes are products that offer or provide a gift for every purchase that product. Buyers will get a prize if you buy products such prizes. Prizes can be money, goods or services. Gifts can include gifts, directly or indirectly in the form of gifts in the form of lottery. a product that offers a prize gift, indirectly the public attention to symbols and meanings of giving the gift. Product prizes at the Village Jatimulyo already become the talk of the community. The residents believe was a gift from a product with prizes that do exist. Not just the promises that exist in television commercials alone. Because there were many people who never get the prize. Not only are consumers interested in purchasing these products, the people who have any stores interested in selling the product. In fact the environment can also make consumers interested in products with prizes. There are people who initially did not believe in the existence of products that provide gifts for the buyers, then believe and are interested in purchasing these products after a neighbor who received a gift, or after seeing a television that shows the people who get the prize of the product. With the existence of such phenomena that the researchers wanted to explore the meaning of product prizes for the people of particular community and do Jatimulyo village that is descriptive qualitative research, entitled "The meaning of Prizes Items for People City" (Studies in Society
Jatimulyo Village, District chatter, Malang). The formulation of the problem in this research is what is the meaning Products Society Prizes for the City, and the purpose of this research is to know the meaning of Products Society Prizes for the City. This research was conducted at Kelurahan Jatimulyo, District chatter, Malang. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. Analysis using descriptive qualitative data, with respondents drawn from 25 population is Accidental sampling. The results obtained from observations and interviews about the meaning Prizes Items for People is, people do an act in terms of this research is to buy products with prizes based on the meaning of the product itself. And also people from doing any act on the basis of the meaning, the people always interpret the results of interactions that are made. From the results of a study entitled "The meaning of Prizes Items for People City" is there some kind of meaning that arise out of the community. Among other things, namely: the meaning of needs, meaning profit, opportunity, appreciation, attention, intimacy, curiosity, meaning lied, meaning knowledge, and meaning of inspiration. In conclusion, Village People Praise be to Allaah Jatimulyo interested in product prizes. This can be seen from some of the meaning conveyed by several informants that the majority gives positive meaning to the product of this prize. But there are also negative meanings conveyed by some informants. Nevertheless, they still buy the products these prizes. Because the coincidence of products they need to give gifts bid. Like it or not they still buy the product. But it's in fact, now the company's strategy to give the lure of prizes of their products is very widespread, and quite successfully. Especially on products that are reachable by all circles of society.


Additional index words. Rubus idaeus, fruit breeding, inbreeding, pedigree analysis Abstract. Pedigrees of 137 red raspberry ( Rubus idaeus L.) varieties released throughout the world since 1960 were used to calculate: 1) the genetic contribution of founding clones to these varieties; 2) genetic relatedness among them; and 3) their inbreeding coefficients. Fifty founding clones contributed to the pedigrees of these varieties with a mean genetic contribution ranging from <0.1% to 21%. Varieties were clustered according to the genetic contribution into groups strongly related to geographical origin. Varieties developed in the former USSR and derived from 'Novost Kuzmina' formed a distinct cluster. The remaining varieties were clustered in groups based mainly on whether they were of North American or European origin. Varieties were clustered also on the basis of Wright's coefficient of relationship-a measure of genetic relatedness. Cluster groups were related to their geographical origin and the varieties within the groups could be traced to similar intermediate parents. Inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.0 to 0.625 and were related, in part, to the numbers of generations of controlled hybridization from common ancestors. The British group, with the largest number of generations of breeding, had a low mean inbreeding coefficient, indicating that inbreeding can be minimized with attention to the mating system. Strategies are suggested for main- taining and increasing the genetic diversity in the world's red raspberry breeding populations.


Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a universal nutrient constraint of agricultural crops produced on alkaline calcareous soils. Crop species and varieties differ genetically in response to Zn applied to root medium. A series of solution and soil culture experiments were conducted to assess the differential Zn utilization efficiency of wheat genotypes having varying genetic attributes. In the first study, twelve wheat genotypes were grown in solution culture at adequate and deficient Zn levels. The plants were harvested twice after transplanting and Zn efficiency traits, such as biomass accumulation, Zn uptake and Zn utilization efficiency were identified. Based on the results, thus generated, the wheat genotypes Sehar-06 and Vatan were categorized as Zn efficient and inefficient respectively and selected for next studies. In second study, the wheat genotypes were grown in plastic pots containing a Zn deficient soil. Plants were harvested at maturity. The harvested plants were analyzed for uptake and
distribution of Zn in wheat straw and grain. Similar response of wheat genotypes to Zn stress was observed in soil culture. Sehar-06 was selected as efficient and Vatan was selected and inefficient genotype. In the third study selected wheat genotypes were grown in
solution culture to study Zn uptake, transport, and utilization efficiency. For this, plants were harvested twice and shoot samples were separated in older and younger leaves to estimate Zn translocations within plants. Wheat genotype Sehar-06 efficiently translocated Zn from roots and older leaves to younger leaves when subjected to Zn deficiency stress. The forth study involved growingof these genotypes in solution culture with adequate and deficient
Zn levels for 40 days to measure root exudates released in solution. Efficient wheat genotype Sehar-06 released significantly higher amount of maleic acid under Zn deficient conditions but no trend was observed in release of fumaric acid. It is hoped that these findings will set forth useful = information to categorize the wheat genotypes under study into efficient and inefficient Zn utilizers. This in turn will be helpful for researchers to plan their breeding experiments and to set genotype specific recommendations for Zn deficient soils.


I've always welcomed and thrived on doubt from exterior sources. Proving people wrong, whether in athletics or academics, fueled me to work harder, smarter and faster. As a studentathlete at a Division I institution granted me opportunities that few students are introduced to. My four year college football career required physical and mental preparation, but it also taught me the value of attention to detail and hard work. These skills formed the foundation of my design process and as a result I am able to skillfully create functional pieces in multiple mediums. I wanted to show people that I could achieve anything that I set my mind to by using the skills that I acquired from a Division I football career, as well as my years as an undergrad. Using my creativity to manipulate different forms and design functional pieces gave me the same satisfaction as scoring a touchdown in front of thousands of fans in Kinnick Stadium. I had always been interested applying this to a career in architecture, but the University of Iowa doesn't have a specific program for architects. Balancing a similar major – Engineeringwith 60 hours a week of football would have been impossible. While interviewing multiple architecture firms, as well during my time working for SGGM Architects, I have learned that an architectural degree is not necessary to make an impact in the field. Rapid technological advancements, especially in computer modeling, have allowed me to not only work and design in programs that architects use, but to use them more efficiently. I plan to use this opportunity to showcase my unique approach to designing architecture models and to demonstrate how modeling software advancements allow people without architecture degrees to plan, model and design spaces as effectively as those who do. I will also exhibit how


This article presents the results of an interpretive case study of three lecturers teaching English at a South African University. The purpose of the study was to explore the lecturers' strategies to decolonize the curriculum succinctly. Purposive, with convenient sampling, identified the three most available lecturers. An emailed reflective activity, one-on-one semi-structured interviews, and document analysis were consulted for data generation. Inductive and deductive processes were used to ensure guided analysis of the generated data. The article argues that universities are not doing enough to help lecturers to have relevant strategies to decolonize the curriculum, particularly the English curriculum. This study revealed that the University environment allowed the lecturers to be left without any option other than the frequent use of verbal and habitual strategies in decolonizing the curriculum. Yet, they would prefer the option of using written strategies. As a result, the study copiously recommends that English lecturers use all three levels of strategies (written, verbal and habitual) to decolonize the university curriculum.


UNLABELLED
This paper is a corrigendum to the previously published paper: "Antimicrobial stewardship in patients recently transferred to a ward from the ICU" [Rev Esp Quimioter. 2014 Mar;27(1):46-50.] This corrigendum was prepared in order to correct some erroneous comments included in the discussion section. First, it should be pointed out that there could have been several suitable options for treating many infections and that, therefore, the word "inadequate" was not the most appropriate in this situation. In addition, some comments about the interpretation of microbiological results made by ICU physicians have been removed from the first article because this variable was not included in the study. Finally, another change made to the discussion was to clarify the ICU physicians' alleged low level of compliance with advice given by infectious disease specialists. This has been suggested in previous studies it cannot be substantiated when analyzing the results of the study.

PURPOSE
Inappropriate use of antibiotics is an important health problem that is related to increasing bacterial resistance. Despite its relevance, many health institutions assign very limited resources to improving prescribing practices. An antimicrobial stewardship programme (APS) centred on patients discharged from the ICU could efficiently undertake this task.

METHODS
During this six month study the main activity was performing a programmed review of antimicrobial prescriptions in patients transferred to the ward from the ICU. In the case of amendable antimicrobial treatment, a recommendation was included in the medical record.

RESULTS
A total of 437 antimicrobial prescriptions for 286 patients were revised during a six month period and a total of 271 prescriptions (62%) in 183 patients were considered to be amendable. In most of these cases, treatment could have been reduced taking into consideration each patient's clinical improvement and their location in a hospital area with a lower risk of infection due to resistant bacteria. The most common advice was antimicrobial withdrawal (64%), antimicrobial change (20%) and switching to oral route (12%). Proposed recommendations were addressed in 212 cases (78%). There was no significant difference in adherence with respect to the type of recommendation (p=0.417). There was a 5% lower use of antibiotics during the year the study was conducted compared to the previous one.

CONCLUSIONS
ASPs centred on patients discharged from the ICU may be an efficient strategy to ameliorate antimicrobial use in hospitals.


A 10GHz clock generation and distribution network for an 8-channel 20Gb/s/channel data transmitter is demonstrated in a 90nm 1.2V CMOS process. Jitter due to power supply and device noise is minimized with an LC VCO and repeaterless clock network. The performance of the forwarded-clock link degrades by only 4% due to plusmn5% supply noise at the transmitter. The LC VCO achieves supply noise sensitivity of 200MHz/V (0.02%-frequency/1%-supply noise) and short-term (8-symbol) rms jitter of 100fs. The clock distribution network delay sensitivity to supply noise is 36ps/V. The total clocking power is 408mW


In this chapter, Guido Palazzo and Andreas Georg Scherer point to future research directions on corporate citizenship. They outline topics that emerge from the discussions in the Handbook of Research on Global Corporate Citizenship and address some the open questions that are still to be solved. For example, the meaning and the limits of responsibility for the corporation, the questions evolving around a new concept of corporate politics, or the self-regulation of the corporation as seen in the debate on 'governance without government' are considered. Further, the future debate on corporate citizenship needs to address the role of leadership in this context, as well as the question of the dark sides of responsibility. In this chapter, the authors summarize new challenges and point to interesting directions for future research on global corporate citizenship.


There has been a sufficient amount of family policy research in Europe, but the focus on family policy-making process is not satisfactory. The policy-making process is influenced by political, economic, socio-cultural context. Policy formation and analysis processes are intermixed. The aim of the paper is to analyse the use of scientific analysis and civil participation in the family policy decision-making process. The object of the paper is family policy decision-making process. The paper presents answers for the questions: how the scientific  analysis is used in family policy decision-making, who is invited to participate in theprocess and who has the power to adjust the suggestions. The paper presents the results of the surveys conducted in 2010, highlighting the approach of 34 family policy experts to the problems in family policy issues. The confidentiality of the informants was assured, in accordance to professional ethics. The experts were selected through a purposive sampling strategy. The research technique is an in-depth expert interview. The analysis of the research results suggest that family policy legislation acts are hastily conceived, paying scant regard to the scientific analysis of the situation and research recommendations. The participation of non-governmental organisations or scientists in the formulation of legislation is more formal. The lack of citizenship results in the fact that non-governmental organisations and society play a passive role in expressing their interests. Such a situation has a negative impact on the assessment of family needs. According to experts, all this leads to passing ineffective legislation and establishing reckless and inadequate to the situation procedures.


Educational leadership has moral meanings and requires leaders to be aware of their values that're reflected by their behaviors. Values, as the guides of personal preferences, are penetrated into all academic processes, especially into classrooms where the greatest face%to%face interactions are li ved. The goal of this study is to determine the most and the least preferred values by teachers in their classroom management on the basis of length of service variable. The research group comprises 68 classroom teachers working in Regional Public Boardining Schools. Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) composed of 36 values was used to receive teachers' views. Participants were asked to choose the most preferred ten values from RVS and rank them from 1 to 10 according to their personal preferences in their classroom management. The analysis of data revealed that the most preferred ten values're generally common and the least preferred ten values had more differences between groups.


Good environmental sanitation is a precondition for good health and success in the fight against poverty, hunger and death. It is also central to the human rights and personal dignity of every human being. The study adopted direct field observation, it involved interview and physical assessment. Results were presented in tables and charts, while data analyses were carried using simple percentages and frequencies. The results of findings showed that well/boreholes is a major source of water (75.5%). Also, 13.7% washed toilets daily, while 55.8% washed toilets on alternate days. The study revealed that the dumping of refuse on roadside/open spaces has impacted the environment negatively, some of these impacts are physical nuisance of the solid wastes to the environment, the dumpsites serve as hideouts to rats and other dangerous insects and it emit offensive odor. The study recommended that refuse can be collected regularly to avoid pollution, and there is a need for proper environmental sanitation awareness to educate people on the importance of a clean environment.

 Key words: Environment, sanitation, environmental-sanitation, informal, settlements.


Juvenile bird migrants are generally believed to use a clock-and-compass migratory orientation strategy. According to such a strategy migrants accomplish their migration by flying a number of successive flight steps with direction and number of steps controlled by an endogenous programme. One powerful way of testing this is by comparing predictions from a model of such a strategy with observed patterns. We used data from ringing and satellite-based radio telemetry to investigate the orientation system of juvenile ospreys (Pandion haliaetus) and honey buzzards (Pernis apivorus) migrating from Sweden to tropical west Africa. The ring recoveries showed a much larger scatter in the orientation of ospreys than of honey buzzards, but there was only a slight such difference in the satellite tracks. These tracks of individuals of both species were rather straight with a high directional concentration per step. The honey buzzard. data showed a close fit to a simple vector summation model, which is expected if birds follow a clock-and-compass strategy. However, the osprey data did not fit such a simple model, as ring recoveries showed a significantly greater deviation at short distances than predicted on the basis of long distance data. Satellite tracking also indicated less concentrated orientation on short distances. The pattern observed for the osprey can generally be explained by an extended vector summation model, including an important element of pre-migration dispersal. The existence of extensive dispersal in the osprey stands in contrast to the apparent absence of such dispersal in the honey buzzard. The explanation for this difference between the species is unclear. The model of orientation by vector summation is very sensitive to the existence of differences in mean direction between individuals. Assuming such differences, as tentatively indicated by the satellite tracking data, makes simple compass orientation by vector summation inconsistent with the distribution of ring recoveries at long distances, with a high proportion of misoriented birds falling outside the normal winter range. (Less)


An ancient secret society. The Vatican. The lost tomb of Jesus--the King of Kings And an ancient scroll that unlocks the secret of the Goddess . CODIS-the FBI's Combined DNA Index System-has found a match. A link between the past and present. Between a royal bloodline and the world's foremost terrorist. On the anniversary of their downfall at the hands of the papacy, the Knights Templar vow revenge. The ultimate spies and the ultimate threat: Reunited lovers brought together by fate, Italian-born OSI agent Nick Rossi and beautiful Mossad agent, Josie Schulman, battle an al-Qaeda orchestrated wave of terrorist attacks directed against Rome, the Vatican, and the newly elected Pope. But the investigation means plunging into Rossi's own past and into the arms of Bast, the alluring stranger, who may be his downfall. The ultimate secret: Beneath the Dome of the Rock, in Solomon's Temple, an ancient scroll is found. It unlocks the Holy See's brutally suppressed truth concerning the divine feminine, Mary Magdalene's true identify and role-and the location of history's most important tomb. The ultimate deception: As world leaders converge on Rome for the Pope's funeral, Rossi and Josie race against time and follow a cryptic trail of symbols hidden within German Renaissance paintings: the keys to a mystery that points to a secret Masonic nexus of power, the secrets of the Widow's Son. What would you do for love? What would you do for honor and country? Two strong-willed women find themselves at opposing sides of a struggle for power. Josie a Mossad agent, who is battle weary and disillusioned, and the other-Bast a notorious al-Qaeda operative. But they share three things in common: they seek revenge for the murder of family members, and they both seek love and meaning in their lonesome existence. The third thing they share is the affection of the same man. The man is Nick Rossi intelligence operative stationed in Rome. Rossi seeks the advice of his uncle Professor Giovanni, a man versed in history and the schemes of secret societies. Together they must solve a riddle, clues left by a Masonic Nexus that has infiltrated the Vatican. Rossi knows that his uncle's and even the Pope's life depends upon his actions. And time is running out. Behind the veil of enigma lies the Eschatology Institute, a New Age pop culture Church, complete with Hollywood celebrity spokespersons, secret oaths, and dark agendas. Its leader is on a mad power trip and will kill anyone who stands in his way. And his sights are set on the Vatican.


Lanthanide and transition metal oxides are widely used in various applications such phosphors, lasers, magnets, and catalysts, and have formed an important platform for biomedical research and clinical medicine. The synthesis of highly uniform nanomaterials with controlled size, shape, and compositions is paramount to precisely understanding their physical properties and to arrange them into highly ordered arrays to design functional metamaterials. Herein, I describe novel chemistry to synthesize highly uniform lanthanide and transition metal oxide nanocrystals. The size, shape, and compositions of lanthanide-based nanocrystals are systematically controlled with the addition of alkali metal salts. The reaction mechanism is investigated to understand the nanocrystal growth and characterized by X-ray measurements and microscopic analysis. The magnetic resonance relaxometry and the optical properties including phosphorescece, upconversion, and Xray excited optical luminescence are investigated, which make these nanocrystals a promising platform for multimodal imaging in biomedical applications. The shape-controlled synthesis of isotopically labeled rare earth fluoride nanocrystals is also demonstrated, which is designed for in vitro and ex vivo radioisotopic detection, as well as non-invasive nuclear, optical radioluminescence, and magnetic resonance imaging. Using anisotropic nanocrystal building blocks, shape-directed liquid crystalline self-assembly is presented to understand how complex anisotropic superstructures can be designed with single and binary components in a predictable manner. Finally, transition metal oxides such as tungsten, oxide, titanium oxide, and vanadium oxide are synthesized using non-injection heating up method. In addition, I demonstrate that vanadium oxide nanocrystal can be utilized as the precursors to fabricate thermochromic VO2, which is an important building block for energy research, optics, and electronic devices. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Chemistry First Advisor Christopher B. Murray


In this article I wish to address some of the problems that confront AI. I am giving, no doubt, what amounts to no more than one man's opinion. It is my hope, in expressing these opinions, that the issues begin to be discussed in some public forum. I will attempt to start this debate by answering some questions about the field that have been posed to me over time. In some cases, what follows are questions that I have simply posed to myself.


Despite being so large, many enzymes are not only excellent electrocatalysts - making possible chemical transformations under almost reversible conditions - but they also facilitate our understanding of electrocatalysis by allowing complex processes to be dissected systematically. The electrocatalytic voltammograms obtained for enzymes attached to an electrode expose fundamental aspects of electrocatalysis that can be addressed in ways that are not available to conventional molecular or surface electrocatalysts. The roles of individual components, each characterisable by diffraction or spectroscopy, can be tested and optimised by genetic engineering. Importantly, unlike small-molecule electrocatalysts (RMM < 1000) that are structurally well-defined but invariably altered by being attached to a surface, the enzyme is a giant, multi-component assembly in which the active site is buried and relatively insensitive to the presence of the electrode and solvent interface. A central assertion is that for a given driving force (electrode potential) a true catalyst has no influence on the direction of the reaction; consequently, 'catalytic bias', i.e. the common observation that an enzyme or indeed any electrocatalyst operates preferentially in one direction, must arise from secondary effects beyond the elementary catalytic cycle. This Perspective highlights and extends a general model for electrocatalysis by surface-confined enzymes, and explains how two secondary effects control the bias: (i) the electrode potential at which electrons enter or leave the catalytic cycle; (ii) potential-dependent interconversions between states of the catalyst differing in catalytic activity due to changes in the composition and arrangements of atoms. The model, which is easily applied to enzymes that have been studied recently, highlights important considerations for understanding and developing surface-confined electrocatalysts.


AIM
To analyze time trends in invasive treatment of renovascular disease in one country.

METHODS
Data have been analyzed from registrations in the Swedish Vascular Registry.

RESULTS
Invasive treatment for renovascular disease contributes around 1% of all vascular surgery within the Swedish Vascular Registry. Over the twenty-year period 1987-2006 the population-based frequency of invasive treatment for renovascular disease has increased; 1 597 procedures have been registered with an increase over time. The age of the treated patients has increased over the period (P<0.001). There has been a shift from open to endovascular procedure and from isolated percutaneous transluminal renal angioplasty (PTRA) to PTRA combined with a stent. Complications and mortality are significantly higher in patients undergoing open reconstruction (P<0.01). One year follow-up is incomplete and long-term results are therefore not possible to evaluate through registry-data only.

CONCLUSION
Using nation-wide registry data it is possible to analyze time-trends also concerning rare diseases or interventions. The changing pattern toward endovascular treatment of renovascular disease is obvious. Follow-up data at one year are incomplete.


In this paper, an energy-equivalent orthotropic d+/d− damage model for cohesive-frictional materials is formulated. Two essential mechanical features are addressed, the damage-induced anisotropy and the microcrack closure-reopening (MCR) effects, in order to provide an enhancement of the original d+/d− model proposed by Faria et al. 1998, while keeping its high algorithmic efficiency unaltered. First, in order to ensure the symmetry and positive definiteness of the secant operator, the new formulation is developed in an energy-equivalence framework. This proves thermodynamic consistency and allows one to describe a fundamental feature of the orthotropic damage models, i.e., the reduction of the Poisson's ratio throughout the damage process. Secondly, a "multidirectional" damage procedure is presented to extend the MCR capabilities of the original model. The fundamental aspects of this approach, devised for generic cyclic conditions, lie in maintaining only two scalar damage variables in the constitutive law, while preserving memory of the degradation directionality. The enhanced unilateral capabilities are explored with reference to the problem of a panel subjected to in-plane cyclic shear, with or without vertical pre-compression; depending on the ratio between shear and pre-compression, an absent, a partial or a complete stiffness recovery is simulated with the new multidirectional procedure.


The Digital Collections digital repository at the University of Maryland Libraries is growing and in need of a new backend storage system to replace the current filesystem storage. Though not a traditional storage management system, we chose to evaluate Apache Hadoop because of its large and growing community and software ecosystem. Additionally, Hadoop's capabilities for distributed computation could prove useful in providing new kinds of digital object services and maintenance for ever increasing amounts of data. We tested storage of Fedora Commons data in the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) using an early development version of Akubra-HDFS interface created by Frank Asseg. This article examines the findings of our research study, which evaluated Fedora-Hadoop integration in the areas of performance, ease of access, security, disaster recovery, and costs.


Probabilistic planners have improved recently to the point that they can solve difficult tasks with complex and expressive models. In contrast, learners cannot tackle yet the expressive models that planners do, which forces complex models to be mostly handcrafted. We propose a new learning approach that can learn relational probabilistic models with both action effects and exogenous effects. The proposed learning approach combines a multivalued variant of inductive logic programming for the generation of candidate models, with an optimization method to select the best set of planning operators to model a problem. We also show how to combine this learner with reinforcement learning algorithms to solve complete problems. Finally, experimental validation is provided that shows improvements over previous work in both simulation and a robotic task. The robotic task involves a dynamic scenario with several agents where a manipulator robot has to clear the tableware on a table. We show that the exogenous effects learned by our approach allowed the robot to clear the table in a more efficient way.


A national census of all UK specialist alcohol treatment agencies was carried out in order to enquire about client characteristics and the broad features of the treatment service received by clients on a specific day (4 December 1996). A total of 728 agencies were eligible for the census and the overall response rate was 41 %. When the effects of response bias were examined, correcting for under- and over-representations of different types of agencies made very little difference to findings. A rough estimate from the census is that 10,000 individuals were seen for treatment or advice regarding an alcohol problem on census day in the UK. Treatment services are dominated by the non-statutory sector, which accounted for almost two-thirds of all clients seen on census day. Despite demographic changes in drinking patterns over the last 10-20 years, the 'typical' client attending treatment services is still a middle-aged man and the client sample as a whole showed evidence of major social disadvantage and dislocation. Compared with national figures, the sample showed an over-representation of 'Irish' clients in English agencies but there was no under-representation of other ethnic groups. The most common category of staff providing treatment was 'counsellors', and the complaint most often presented by clients concerned 'psychological well-being'. Twenty-eight per cent of clients were recorded as being in residential treatment. The most common form of treatment received was therapy or counselling on a one-to-one basis, which accounted for two-thirds of clients receiving some form of psychosocial treatment. The majority of clients in detoxification (60%) received it as in-patients. Forty-two per cent of treatment episodes were estimated to have lasted for more than 3 months and 18% had continued for over a year. The most commonly cited use of other services was for Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), although AA was mentioned in relation to only 9% of all clients. Excluding cannabis, 85% of clients were recorded as having no illicit drug use. Suggestions are made as to how the response rate and other features of the census could be improved if the exercise were to be repeated.


We present a new edge selection heuristic and vertex ordering heuristic that together enable one to compute the Tutte polynomial of much larger sparse graphs than was previously doable. As a specific example, we are able to compute the Tutte polynomial of the truncated icosahedron graph using our Maple implementation in under 4 minutes on a single CPU. This compares with a recent result of Haggard, Pearce and Royle whose special purpose C++ software took one week on 150 computers. R´


The dynamics of blockchain, its ongoing development, and its systemic vulnerabilities are rooted in its ecosystem – the community of producers, suppliers, customers, stakeholders, and competitors. This paper provides a high-level description of the framework of the blockchain ecosystem, beginning with blockchain development, and drilling down to a level of detail about blockchain use cases and stakeholders. To provide strategic perspective, this description takes place at the highest possible level, bearing in mind, of course, that many smaller ecosystems comprise blockchain. In order to elucidate the components of the blockchain ecosystem, this paper provides examples of companies currently operating in each area. However, this paper does not endorse or criticize any particular business, practice, or model. Notably, however, blockchain companies do not always easily fit into one area of the ecosystem – they may operate in more than one area, evolve in capabilities and transition between areas over time, or even cease to exist. This illustrative map can serve many purposes. Using this map, policymakers can obtain insight into how they can incentivize a strong blockchain ecosystem with reduced vulnerabilities. Traditional companies can use this map to gain insight into how the blockchain ecosystem will come to interact with the ecosystem of their own traditional businesses. Investors and business analysts can use this map to gain insight into which companies will hold the leadership roles in the blockchain ecosystem over time. And of course, entrepreneurs can identify potentially profitable opportunities to participate in and enhance the blockchain ecosystem. Importantly, the blockchain ecosystem is a "living" map, exhibiting constant change, and it will therefore require updating on a regular, real-time basis. What is provided in this paper, then, is simply a snapshot in time of the blockchain ecosystem as it currently exists. The intention is to continue to study the ever-evolving blockchain ecosystem, obtain insight, and subsequently improve and refine the map.


In the era before the widespread adoption of PSA screening for prostate cancer, most incident cases were already advanced stage. Because treatment options, such as surgery or radiation, are thought mainly to benefit patients with localised disease, prostate cancer imaging was necessary before treatment of almost all patients. However, in the PSA era >90% of incident cases are localised, making the need for routine imaging with CT, MRI, or bone scan obsolete [1]. Numerous studies show a relatively low rate of positive staging imaging in low- and intermediate-risk patients. Recognising these trends, several professional societies issued prostate cancer imaging guidelines in the mid-1990s in an effort to curb the overuse of imaging. However, despite these longstanding guidelines, a great number of patients undergo improper imaging [2]. Given how stubborn this problem has been to eradicate, there has been a renewed interest in finding ways to decrease unnecessary imaging, including a Physician Quality Reporting System (PQRS) quality measure and a highlighting of the problem in the 'Choosing Wisely' campaign [3–5]. In addition to the guidelines regarding the staging of incident prostate cancer, some groups have also presented guidelines on the use of imaging to follow men with advanced disease [6]. The purpose of the present article is to summarise the main points from multiple professional society guidelines on imaging in prostate cancer to help clarify when patients with prostate cancer should be imaged and with which modalities.


Objective The number of emergency admissions to hospital in England and Wales has risen sharply in recent years and is a matter of concern to clinicians, policy makers and patients alike. However, the factors that influence this decision are poorly understood. We aimed to ascertain how non-clinical factors can affect hospital admission rates. Method We conducted semistructured interviews with 21 participants from three acute hospital trusts. Participants included 11 emergency department (ED) doctors, 3 ED nurses, 3 managers and 4 inpatient doctors. A range of seniority was represented among these roles. Interview questions were developed from key themes identified in a theoretical framework developed by the authors to explain admission decision-making. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed by two independent researchers using framework analysis. Findings Departmental factors such as busyness, time of day and levels of senior support were identified as non-clinical influences on a decision to admit rather than discharge patients. The 4-hour waiting time target, while overall seen as positive, was described as influencing decisions around patient admission, independent of clinical need. Factors external to the hospital such as a patient's social support and community follow-up were universally considered powerful influences on admission. Lastly, the culture within the ED was described as having a strong influence (either negatively or positively) on the decision to admit patients. Conclusion Multiple factors were identified which go some way to explaining marked variation in admission rates observed between different EDs. Many of these factors require further inquiry through quantitative research in order to understand their influence further.


This document describes a database containing monthly temperature and precipitation data for 1221 stations in the contiguous United States. This network of stations, known as the United States Historical Climatology Network (US HCN), and the resulting database were compiled by the National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, North Carolina. These data represent the best available data from the United States for analyzing long-term climate trends on a regional scale. The data for most stations extend through December 31, 1994, and a majority of the station records are serially complete for at least 80 years. Unlike many data sets that have been used in past climate studies, these data have been adjusted to remove biases introduced by station moves, instrument changes, time-of-observation differences, and urbanization effects. These monthly data are available free of charge as a numeric data package (NDP) from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. The NDP includes this document and 27 machine-readable data files consisting of supporting data files, a descriptive file, and computer access codes. This document describes how the stations in the US HCN were selected and how the data were processed, defines limitations and restrictions of the data, describes the format and contents of the magnetic media, and provides reprints of literature that discuss the editing and adjustment techniques used in the US HCN.


The antiferromagnetic spin-1 chain has a venerable history and has been thought to be well understood. Here, we show that inclusion of both next-nearest-neighbor $(\ensuremath{\alpha})$ and biquadratic $(\ensuremath{\beta})$ interactions results in a rich phase diagram with a multicritical point that has not been observed before. We study the problem using a combination of the density matrix renormalization group (DMRG), an analytic variational matrix product state wave function, and conformal field theory. For negative $\ensuremath{\beta}l{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{*}$, we establish the existence of a spontaneously dimerized phase, separated from the Haldane phase by the critical line ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{c}(\ensuremath{\beta})$ of second-order phase transitions. In the opposite regime, $\ensuremath{\beta}g{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{*}$, the transition from the Haldane phase becomes first order into the next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) AKLT phase. Based on the field theoretical arguments and DMRG calculations, we find that these two regimes are separated by a multicritical point $({\ensuremath{\beta}}^{*},{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{*})$ of a different universality class, described by the level-4 SU(2) Wess-Zumino-Witten conformal theory. From the DMRG calculations, we estimate this multicritical point to lie in the range $\ensuremath{-}0.2l{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{*}l\ensuremath{-}0.15$ and $0.47l{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{*}l0.53$. We further find that the dimerized and NNN-AKLT phases are separated from each other by a line of first-order phase transitions that terminates at the multicritical point. We establish that transitions out of the Haldane phase into the dimer or NNN-AKLT phases are topological in nature and occur either with or without closing of the bulk gap, respectively. We also study short-range incommensurate-to-commensurate transitions in the resulting phase diagram. Inside the Haldane phase, we show the existence of two incommensurate crossovers: the Lifshitz transition and the disorder transition of the first kind, marking incommensurate correlations in momentum and real space, respectively. Notably, these crossover lines stretch across the entire $(\ensuremath{\beta},\ensuremath{\alpha})$ phase diagram, merging into a single incommensurate-to-commensurate transition line for negative $\ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\lesssim}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{*}$ inside the dimer phase. This behavior is qualitatively similar to that seen in classical frustrated two-dimensional spin models, by way of the quantum (1+1)D to classical 2D correspondence.


Soybean farmers in Arkansas need best management practices (BMPs) that maximize the benefits of using cover crops including planting date and fertilization recommendations. An evaluation of cover crop species, planting dates, seeding rates, fertilizer rates, and N accumulation aids in providing these BMPs. The first objective of this research is to assess the effect of planting date on biomass production, as well as looking at the interaction of seeding rate or fertilizer rate for legumes or non-legumes, respectively, using Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum), cereal rye (Secale cereale), black oats (Avena strigosa), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and tillage radish (Raphanus sativus). Crops were planted on five dates in three locations across the primary crop production regions of Arkansas, using either variable Agrotain-treated urea rates or variable seeding rates. Agrotain is a N fertilizer additive that inhibits urease activity and limits ammonia volatilization loss potential. A 0.9 x 0.9 m sample of above-ground biomass was ovendried and weighed to determine total cover crop biomass production. This research found that earlier planting dates were preferable for all species and that fertilizer or seeding rates did not have much effect on establishment and biomass across all planting dates. The second objective was to gauge the potential N credits by assessing the N accumulation via biological N fixation of three legumes in two locations. Three species were evaluated and compared for N accumulation at termination – Austrian winter pea, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum). Pea biomass was taken from the above study, and pea, vetch, and clover biomasses were taken from an herbicide tolerance study. A 0.9x0.9 meter sample of above-ground biomass was oven-dried, ground, and analyzed for total N. This study found that Austrian winter pea generated more biomass on average, and accumulated the most N. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Chapter


Mid-frequency waviness and subsurface crack are two fundamental factors that damage KH(2)PO(4) (KDP) crystal processed by ultraprecise fly cutting. In this paper, the motif theory and the Fourier model method are used to analyze the influence of the two factors on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of KDP. Research results indicate that the modulation degrees increase nearly linearly when the waviness amplitude and subsurface crack depth increase, and, meanwhile, the LIDT tends to decrease. The two factors have different effects during different stages of KDP failure. The mean amplitudes of waviness and subsurface damage depth have similar changing regulations with different feeds. From the machining perspective, we need not necessarily know which is more dangerous, because when one factor is controlled, the other one will also be restrained at the same time. In general, smaller feed and cutting depth are benefits for improving the LIDT of KDP.


Designing systems for older adults can be a challenge. It is different from designing for any other age group. Older adults use less technology than younger ones that were born surrounded by it. The older adults do not use technology if they do not see benefits on using it. On the other hand, sometimes they do not use it because they are not able to; they face barriers in its use due to finding systems that do not suit their characteristics and needs. This dissertation documents the analysis, design and evaluation of an elderly game on tabletop interfaces. User-Centered Design was the methodology used for this project, in order to place the end-users at the center of the design process. In this context, it was used to understand the older adults' specificities and characteristics and therefore to design an interface suitable for their needs. The use of this methodology allowed to create a product easy to use by the older adults. In the context of User-Centered Design, we applied user research, informal interviews and observations, low-fidelity prototyping and user-based evaluation. The user research and the informal interviews and observations were used to understand the target audience of the project and to define the requirments for the game. Then, these requirements were projected on low-fidelity prototypes for the game and its menus interfaces. These prototypes were created and iterated with the feedback of the user-based evaluation. The designed game is suitable to older adults and aims the promotion of their wellbeing. It is a group game that aims the social interaction between the participants by having two teams competing to complete a goal. Each team has to collect images that have one subject in common defined by a category. The game finishes when the two teams collected all the images that meet their category. This game focuses on stimulating some of the human functions that may decrease with aging and on trying to avoid some of the problems that may arise from that decline.


This investigation examined the relationship between selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) use and romantic relationship quality. The research sample consisted of participants in the attachment phase of their romantic relationship who had been in the same, current romantic relationship for a minimum of two years. Participants were recruited via professional listservs, electronic social networking, and prior relationships with the principal investigator. A total of 165 individuals participated in the main analysis. Results revealed no significant differences on romantic relationship quality scores by SSRI use after controlling for interest in sexual activity, sexual relationship satisfaction, depression, anxiety, paranoid, dependent, schizoid, sexual activity per month, time spent with one's partner, and dates per month. Correlational analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between SSRI use and interest in sexual activity, depressive symptoms, and dependent, paranoid, and passive-aggressive personality patterns. Results from independent T-tests found higher means on each of these variables with those using a SSRI. Higher scores on the scales that measured depressive symptoms and the personality patterns indicate the presence of more symptoms. However, higher scores on the interest in sexual activity variable indicate less interest in sexual activity. Correlational analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between partner's antidepressant status and the overall score on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, dyadic satisfaction, dyadic cohesion, sexual activity per month, and sexual relationship satisfaction. Results from a MANOVA analysis revealed differences in mean scores on sexual relationship satisfaction by partner's antidepressant status. No The Relationship Between Selective iv significant differences in mean scores were found between scores on the dyadic consensus, dyadic adjustment, and dyadic satisfaction by partner's antidepressant status. The Relationship Between Selective v


In the context of Malaysia, research in the field of Translation Studies has traditionally focused on the analysis of texts, which often involves a comparison between source texts and their translations. Very little attention is given to the area of the analysis of paratexts, which is not surprising considering that paratexts exist only on the periphery of the text and are therefore thought to be less important. Given the paucity of research in this area, this preliminary study focuses on one type of paratext, which is the translator's preface. More specifically, the aim of this study is to examine the form and content of these introductory notes in translations published in Malaysia and to discuss the functions served by the contents of these notes. For this purpose, translators' prefaces from translations published in Malaysia were collected and examined. The discussion in this paper focuses on the content and functions of the prefaces. It is argued that the translator's preface plays an important role not only in facilitating the reception of the translated text by providing vital information to the readers, but also in making the translator visible and his/her voice heard.


Numerous freshwater lakes have developed on the three small ice-free peninsulas that constitute the Larsemann Hills, Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. All the lakes are ultra-oligotrophic and ice covered for 9-11 months each year, resulting in a photosynthetically distinctive seasonal environment with uniformly low water temperatures. The benthic communities are dominated by thick cyanobacterial mats in the deeper parts of all but the few shallow brackish lakes. In these brackish lakes, the photosynthetically active mats are located in the lake margins as the deeper parts of these lakes are strongly anoxic under winter ice cover. In the more freshwater lakes, a depth-related zonation of mat type was observed, which showed pigment modifications to a substantial depth consistent with measured penetration of PAR and UV radiation, even under the extensive ice cover. The thick organic deposits and intact mat structure at depth suggest slow decomposition rates within the mats. The plankton are almost entirely microbial, with two forms of planktonic rotifer and the cladoceran, Daphniopsis studeri present in very low numbers. A desmid, Cosmarium, occurred in relatively large numbers in Heart Lake, a coastal system. The desmid group is very rare in continental Antarctica. Abundances of bacteria, heterotrophic and phototrophic nanoflagellates, and ciliates were consistently low. Microbial community diversity is low when compared to other sites in continental Antarctica (e.g. Dry Valleys) but broadly comparable to that of freshwater lakes in the nearby Vestfold Hills. The invertebrate grazer is present in such low numbers that food web structure can be considered to have a single trophic level based on the microbial loop. In view of the sparse autotrophic plankton and barren catchments, DOC supply to the microbial heterotrophs was probably derived in large part from the benthic mats rather than from planktonic photosynthetic exudates.


Compatible osmolytes are substances produced by plants exposed to stressful environmental conditions. These protect plants during stress by performing several functions including scavenging of free radicals and maintenance of osmotic balance. The three most commonly examined include proline, mannitol and glycine betaine. Extraction and analysis of osmolytes are essential steps for a number of applications including estimation of the potential of new breeds, genetically engineered plants, and plants exposed to extreme environmental conditions. A wide range of extracting solvents have been used for the three key osmoregulants, and rarely is the selection of the extracting solvent experimentally determined. Furthermore, in many studies involving two or more osmolytes each is extracted individually. Similarly, there are a variety of methods reported for the quantification of these compounds. As with extraction, a separate method is often applied in quantifying each osmoregulant. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide a detailed overview of the available methods for extraction and quantification of compatible osmolytes for the study of plant stress. Furthermore, the methods available for simultaneous extraction and quantification of key osmoregulants have been described.


The propagation of stationary wave fields that exhibit simultaneously lateral and longitudinal periodicity is investigated. As a model, we use a Fabry-Perot resonator with periodically structured mirrors under monochromatic plane wave illumination. The resonator leads to a longitudinal periodicity, the grating mirrors to a lateral periodicity. The angular spectrum of the transmitted wave field is given as the product of two terms, one related to the lateral, the other to the longitudinal properties. Its modal structure can vary significantly depending on the ratio of the lateral and longitudinal periods and the reflectivity of the resonator's mirrors. For example, it is possible to generate bandgap behavior despite the fact that the periods may be significantly larger than the wavelength. The results of this investigation apply to the design of phase-coupled array resonators and multiplexers.


In 2001, South African education policy adopted the approach of inclusive education. Inclusive
education as defined by the White Paper 6 is a system that acknowledges that all children can
learn and that support and enabling education structures are needed in order to meet the needs of
all learners (Department of Education, 2001). According to the White Paper 6 (Department of
Education, 2001),
barriers to learning are inclusive of both learning difficulties and contextual
difficulties that arise out of the historical constraints on education in South Africa.
The research
is interested in how an inclusive education system currently provides for learners with barriers to
learning, in the context of South Africa. Specifically, this study will look at the accommodation
of learners with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the mainstream classrooms of independent
schools in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
The research made use of the ecosystemic perspective to provide a framework in which to
answer the following research question, "What are the experiences of teachers who are
accommodating learners with ASD in the mainstream classroom of independent schools?". The
study uses a qualitative research design as it aims to obtain an individual, in-depth, thick
description of the experiences and attitudes of the participants. It focuses on five participants
from various independent mainstream schools in the greater eThekwini area, whose
perceptions
and experiences are explored through individual interviews, classroom observations and field
notes. Through thematic analysis the researcher was able to explore the experiences of the
participants of this study. The findings of this study are then discussed and presented in light of
recent literature on the topic of inclusive education and the accommodation of learners with ASD
in the mainstream classroom. The findings of this study show that despite their exclusion from
inclusive education policy in South Africa Independent schools had aligned themselves with the
policy and were creating supportive environments for learning for learners with ASD. The
findings highlight the importance placed on the role of the facilitator in the accommodation of
learners with ASD, showing that the facilitator played an essential role, providing assistance with
individual teaching methods and providing the necessary structure and guidance to the learner
with ASD. Furthermore the findings reveal the challenges faced, including challenging
behaviours, feelings of despair and poor academic performance.


Text classification is one of the fundamental tasks in natural language processing. Recently, deep neural networks have achieved promising performance in the text classification task compared to shallow models. Despite of the significance of deep models, they ignore the fine-grained (matching signals between words and classes) classification clues since their classifications mainly rely on the text-level representations. To address this problem, we introduce the interaction mechanism to incorporate word-level matching signals into the text classification task. In particular, we design a novel framework, EXplicit interAction Model (dubbed as EXAM), equipped with the interaction mechanism. We justified the proposed approach on several benchmark datasets including both multilabel and multi-class text classification tasks. Extensive experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method. As a byproduct, we have released the codes and parameter settings to facilitate other researches.


Abstract The development of new graduate medical education programmes provides both opportunities and challenges. Efforts to address physician workforce shortages as well as a realisation that curricula need to be updated to adjust to our rapidly changing healthcare environment have resulted in more educators considering the "how to" and "what's new" of programme development. Understanding the Next Accreditation System, an accreditation system introduced by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education in 2012, is critical to the success of new as well as existing residency and fellowship programmes. Although many educators are aware of the general rational for the Next Accreditation System, an in-depth understanding of the meaning of Next Accreditation System is necessary from an experiential and theoretical perspective to be able to successfully launch new programmes and moves towards accreditation. A new paediatric categorical residency programme and a new paediatric surgical programme were developed at our institution immediately following the implementation of Next Accreditation System. We provide a series of insights and perspectives based on our experience relative to what priorities we saw outlined from both the programmatic and the institutional perspective to have our graduate medical education programmes reviewed for accreditation. During this discussion, the following objectives are outlined: to overview the Next Accreditation System as a framework and priorities, to discuss the opportunities and challenges that may exist in developing new programmes, and to discuss future directions in the evaluation of trainees and assessment of training competency. Although challenges are outlined, we hope to relay the continued excitement and opportunities that exist relative to enhancing training curricula for future graduate medical education programme builders.


OBJECTIVE
Investigate the environmental conditions in and the state of health of women who live in rural communities surrounded by oil wells and oil production stations in the Amazon region of Ecuador.

METHOD
We used a comparative cross-sectional design, classifying exposure according to the location of the communities with respect to the oil wells and production stations. Water samples from the local rivers were analyzed to determine total petroleum hydrocarbons, and a structured questionnaire was used with the head of each family in the study. The study was performed in rural communities in northeastern Ecuador from November 1998 through April 1999. The study included 9 communities in the exposed area (368 participants) and 14 communities in the unexposed area (291 participants).

RESULTS
The rivers of the exposed communities showed contamination levels much above the limits acceptable for human use. Statistically significant differences between the exposed communities and the unexposed communities were found for the prevalence of skin fungi for the two weeks prior to the study (odds ratio (OR) = 1.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.86) as well as for nasal irritation (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.64-2.91) and for throat irritation (OR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.02-2.75) in the preceding 12 months. Also associated with exposure in the two preceding weeks were fatigue and the category of "other symptoms"; similarly associated with exposure in the preceding 12 months were headaches, eye irritation, earaches, diarrhea, and gastritis.

CONCLUSIONS
The symptoms found among the participants in the exposed communities match the toxicity symptoms caused by oil. There is an urgent need to establish an adequate environmental control and remediation program in order to prevent unnecessary and unacceptable health hazards for these populations.


The intraerythrocytic parasite Plasmodium—the causative agent of malaria—produces an inorganic crystal called hemozoin (Hz) during the heme detoxification process, which is released into the circulation during erythrocyte lysis. Hz is rapidly ingested by phagocytes and induces the production of several pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, the mechanism regulating Hz recognition and IL-1β maturation has not been identified. Here, we show that Hz induces IL-1β production. Using knockout mice, we showed that Hz-induced IL-1β and inflammation are dependent on NOD-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3), ASC and caspase-1, but not NLRC4 (NLR containing CARD domain). Furthermore, the absence of NLRP3 or IL-1β augmented survival to malaria caused by P. chabaudi adami DS. Although much has been discovered regarding the NLRP3 inflammasome induction, the mechanism whereby this intracellular multimolecular complex is activated remains unclear. We further demonstrate, using pharmacological and genetic intervention, that the tyrosine kinases Syk and Lyn play a critical role in activation of this inflammasome. These findings not only identify one way by which the immune system is alerted to malarial infection but also are one of the first to suggest a role for tyrosine kinase signaling pathways in regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.


This thesis compares Thailand',s relations with the United States and China from 196541975, The realist as-sumes that the structure of power in the internationall system determines overall relations between states' First, this study describes the power situation in southeast Asia in 1965, The next steps are concerned with the study of Thai-U, S. relations and Thai-Chinese relations, The thesis finds that Thailand's relations with the United States and China are determined by the structure of power. When a major power like the United States changes its policies to accommodate China, Thailand, which is a small country, turns to be more friendly with China, These attitudes correlate with the realist assumption,.


Volcanism in three Pacific Ocean hotspot tracks, Hawaii, Samoa, and the Marquesas Islands, has been shown to be organized into two geographically distinct, subparallel trends. On all three tracks, the pairs of volcanic trends are geochemically distinct, with magmas from the southern trend possessing an enriched isotopic signature (e.g., lower 143 Nd/ 144 Nd and higher 87 Sr/ 86 Sr and 208 Pb * / 206 Pb * ) relative to the northern trend. The systematic difference between northern and southern trends at these three hotspots, with the possible exception of Samoa, has been attributed to their location near the northern boundary of the DUPAL belt (acronym after Dupre and Allegre), a region of isotopic enrichment in the Southern Hemisphere mantle that coincides with a seismic large low shear-wave velocity province in the lowermost mantle beneath the Pacific. This model invokes azimuthal, bilateral zoning within the plume conduits beneath each hotspot; the southern side of the plume conduits entrain isotopically enriched material from the DUPAL region, and the northern sides entrain comparatively depleted mantle. Here we present evidence of volcanism with subparallel trends in a fourth Pacific hotspot track (the Society Islands archipelago) located on the southern side of the DUPAL belt. As with the other three hotspots, magmas from the northern and southern volcanic trends are geochemically distinct. However, in the Society Islands the loci of enrichment are reversed, i.e., the northern trend is isotopically enriched relative to the southern. This reversed pattern of enrichment at the Society Islands archipelago is consistent with the hypothesis that spatial variations in enrichment at each Pacific hotspot reflect its position relative to the DUPAL belt. This indicates that volcanism at hotspots may be used as a window on the geometry of deep mantle reservoirs.


Abstract An approach to sustainable tourism through clusters is considered an appropriate strategy in less-developed rural areas of tourist-oriented countries, such as Croatia. This paper clarifies the key challenges of the development of tourism clusters in the region of Gorska Hrvatska and provides new data for an approach to sustainable rural tourism development. Using available secondary data from governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations, protected areas of Gorska Hrvatska, and primary data of the Lika Destination Cluster, the paper explores the key challenges of developing a cluster of tourism and selective forms of tourism. Most tourism clusters in Croatia have remained in the first phase of development for years, even though this approach has failed to to achieve significant results. The key benefits of networking and branding in rural areas are identified and defined, but these potentials are still largely underutilized. The objective of this study is to provide practical recommendations to the Croatian tourism industry on how to learn from the suggested best practices and how to implement them effectively. For that purpose, the case of sustainable tourism located in the Gorska Hrvatska region, called the Lika Destination Cluster is analyzed.


With the surge of social media on one hand and the ease of obtaining information due to cheap sensing devices and open source APIs on the other hand, the amount of data that can be processed is as well vastly increasing. In addition, the world of computing has recently been witnessing a growing shift towards massively parallel distributed systems due to the increasing importance of transforming data into knowledge in today's data-driven world. At the core of data analysis for all sorts of applications lies pattern matching. Therefore, parallelizing pattern matching algorithms should be made efficient in order to cater to this ever-increasing abundance of data. We propose a method that automatically detects a user's single threaded function call to search for a pattern using Java's standard regular expression library, and replaces it with our own data parallel implementation using Java bytecode injection. Our approach facilitates parallel processing on different platforms consisting of shared memory systems (using multithreading and NVIDIA GPUs) and distributed systems (using MPI and Hadoop). The major contributions of our implementation consist of reducing the execution time while at the same time being transparent to the user. In addition to that, and in the same spirit of facilitating high performance code parallelization, we present a tool that automatically generates Spark Java code from minimal user-supplied inputs. Spark has emerged as the tool of choice for efficient big data analysis. However, users still have to learn the complicated Spark API in order to write even a simple application. Our tool is easy to use, interactive and offers Spark's native Java API performance. To the best of our knowledge and until the time of this writing, such a tool has not been yet implemented. Facilitating High Performance Code Parallelization


A laboratory investigation was conducted to determine the effects of water temperature on sediment discharge close to the bed (bed-load discharge), and on bed roughness and geometry in alluvial, open-channel flows.

Three types of experiments were made: 1) Low-transport, flat-bed experiments in which all of the sediment discharged moved as bed load; 2) high-transport, flat-bed experiments with fine sands wherein there was considerable suspended sediment discharge; and 3) a series of experiments where the discharge was kept constant and the velocity varied to produce ripple, dune, and flat-bed configurations. The experiments were made in pairs. In each pair the velocity and depth were the same or nearly the same, but in one experiment the water temperature was from 15°C to 20°C higher than in the other.

It was found that in low-transport, flat-bed flows where particle transport is by rolling and sliding along the bed, a 15°C to 20°C increase in water temperature can produce a relatively large change in sediment discharge. The nature of this change depends on the flow condition at the bed. With hydrodynamically smooth flow there is an increase in sediment discharge with increase in water temperature; whereas in transition from smooth to rough an increase in water temperature effects a reduction in sediment discharge. With fully-rough flow which obtains at boundary Reynolds numbers larger than approximately 200, sediment discharge does not depend on water temperature. A phenomenological explanation has been presented for these observed temperature effects on sediment discharge.

In high-transport, flat-bed flows with suspended sediment transport, it was observed that the temperature effects on bed-load discharge are qualitatively the same as those which obtain in low-transport, flat-bed flows of approximately the same boundary Reynolds numbers.

It was also found that under certain flow conditions a change in water temperature alone can cause a change in bed form. The nature of this change in bed form seems to be related to the boundary Reynolds numbers R'_(*b) of the flows. For R'_(*b) less than a value near 8 bed form transitions were accomplished at lower velocities in a warm water flow than in a cold water flow at the same discharge; whereas for larger values of R'_(*b) contrary temperature effects on bed form transitions have been observed.