Comparison of the German and American Systems of Rehabilitation The comparison of the German and American systems of rehabilitation must be made within the philosophic premises as well as the economic differences of two nations. One of the major premises of the American system is that people with disabilities have the right to choose their own destiny. The rehabilitation system provides people with disabilities opportunities to choose an occupation which is comensurate with their abilities, aptitudes, and interests, and which leads to competitive employment in the community or to supported employment, defined as "competitive work in an integrated work setting for individuals who, because of their handicaps, need ongoing support services to perform that work" (Federal Register, 1987). The American system was designed originally to provide counseling and guidance, vocational training, and job placement to meet the needs of persons with industrial accidents, physical disabilities, and primarily ambulatory impairments. Gradually, it was expanded to include persons with emotional illness, mental retardation, severe physical disability, traumatic brain injury, and developmental disability. As each new disability group was brought into the network of rehabilitation services, creative mechanisms had to be developed to meet each group's needs. Frequently services have not developed fast enought to meet the needs of new groups pressing at the door. The successful integration of persons with severe disabilities, including developmental disabilities has been enhanced by a variety of innovative community based programs, such as supported work in unsubsidized competitive employment, transitional employment which helps persons with severe disability to try work in a competitive setting for six months while being subsidized and supported by a job coach, and long term supported employment with ongoing emotional and vocational support by a job trainer. Individuals who formerly would have spent their lives in institutions are working in the community. The movement toward integration, however, has not been exacted without a price. The fragmentation of services for housing, jobs, recreation and special education has resulted in inadequate services for many disabled persons in the United States (Goldberg, 1984). The provision of employment services in an integrated work site does not resolve the problem of social isolation while off the job. Similarly, integration of handicapped with non-handicapped children in the regular classroom may result in social isolation of the child with a disability or less intensive educational preparation. Mainstreaming is insufficient when a local school system fails to provide necessary academic and technical aids for children with disabilities, or when the community fails to provide the required social and recreational outlets for students with disabilities. In order to understand the differences between the two systems, it is necessary to provide some details about the German system. Federal Republic of Germany The Federal Republic of Germany emerged as a separate independent political entity in 1949 as a consequence of the partition of Germany at the end of World War Two. Under stable political and economic conditions several pieces of social legislation were enacted. The Federal Social Assistance Act of 1961 defined the rights of every citizen in a social and democratic state for financial and social assistance, including assistance to blind persons, alcoholics, drug addicts, the homeless, sickness and maternity assistance, hospital treatment to mitigate the effects of chronic illness, aid for persons with tuberculosis, and assistance to aged persons to maintain them within their community (Flamm, 1974). The basic law governing the rehabilitation system, enacted on April 29, 1974, and amended in 1976 and 1986, provides a comprehensive, multi-disciplinary system of interlocking institutions embracing medical, educational, social, and vocational training institutions (Jochheim, 1984). …


Abstract. Riparian buffers can trap sediment and nutrients sourced from upper cropland, minimizing the eutrophication risk of water quality. This study aimed to investigate the distributions of soil inorganic phosphorus (Pi) forms among profile and particle-size fractions in an established riparian buffer and adjacent cropped area at the Dian lake, southwestern China. The Ca-bound fraction (62 %) was the major proportion of the Pi in the riparian soils. After 3 years' restoration, buffer rehabilitation from cropped area had a limited impact on total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, but has contributed to a change in Pi forms. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, levels of the Olsen-P, non-occluded, Ca-bound, and total Pi were lower in the buffer than the cropped area; however, the Pi distribution between the cropped area and the buffer did not differ significantly as depth increased. The clay fraction corresponded to 57 % of TP and seemed to be both a sink for highly recalcitrant Pi and a source for labile Pi. The lower concentration of Pi forms in the silt and sand particle fraction in the surface soil was observed in the buffer area, which indicated that the Pi distribution in coarse particle fraction had sensitively responded to land use changes.


Near-forward scattering of sunlight generates coronas and iridescence on clouds. Coronas are caused by diffraction, whereas iridescence is less easily explained. Iridescence often appears as bands of color aligned with the edges of clouds or as apparently random patches of color on clouds. This paper suggests that iridescence is due to interference between light that has been diffracted by a spherical droplet of water and light that has been transmitted through the same droplet.


SUMMARY. Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) has a wide application in protein purification. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of five operational factors on an IAC procedure to purify a yeast derived-Hepatitis B surface antigen (rHBsAg) for pharmaceutical use. The immunosorbent adsorption capacity of the rHBsAg is affected at 4 °C. The applied antigen concentration, 100-1000 μg mL–1, does not have influence on this IAC efficiency. The residence time, applied antigen amount and column geometry have a significant influence on the adsorption and elution capacity, and recovery of the rHBsAg. There is a marked retention of the rHBsAg into the matrix, which is reduced at residence times higher than 2 h. A high height/diameter ratio of the column, 3.75, reduces the antigen adsorption to the matrix but increases the recovery and the productivity for this high molecular weight (multiple chemical forms) antigen and a high affinity constant ligand. The solution of the rHBsAg retention into the matrix could increase by 30% the active pharmaceutical ingredient purification and the Hepatitis B vaccine production.


The chlorophyll meter and the color chart have been applied to monitor nitrogen fertilization in different crops, based on the assumption that there is a correlation between their readings and the nitrogen content (N) in the plant tissue. This research aims at assessing the use of the chlorophyll meter and the color chart to estimate the N content in leaves of flooded rice plants. Two experiments installed at a Albaqualf (Planossolo Haplico) were used, the first using five N doses (0, 50, 80, 120 and 160kg ha-1 as urea) and the cultivar 'IRGA 417', and the second with six flooded rice cultivars of different cycles ('BRIRGA 409', 'BR-IRGA 410', 'IRGA 417', 'IRGA 421', 'EPAGRI 108' and 'HIBRIDO 2') with one only N dose. Assessments with the chlorophyll meter and the color chart were carried out on leaves of rice at different growth stages. Along with the readings, leaves were sampled and the leaf N content was determined. When the N doses varied, there was a meaningful correlation between the readings from the chlorophyll meter and the color chart with the leaf N content, regardless the assessment period. When the cultivars varied, the chlorophyll meter readings correlated with the N content (r=0.78, P<0.05) but not with the color chart (r=0.25ns). The chlorophyll meter and the color chart were efficient to estimate the N content when a particular cultivar was used, however, the color chart presents higher dependence of the accurate evaluator's interpretation as well as a narrower range of scales, making it often harder to find the best color setting. When different rice cultivars are used, only the chlorophyll meter is sensitive to estimate the leaf N content.


Distributed word representations have recently been proven to be an invaluable resource for NLP. These representations are normally learned using neural networks and capture syntactic and semantic information about words. Information about word morphology and shape is normally ignored when learning word representations. However, for tasks like part-of-speech tagging, intra-word information is extremely useful, specially when dealing with morphologically rich languages. In this paper, we propose a deep neural network that learns character-level representation of words and associate them with usual word representations to perform POS tagging. Using the proposed approach, while avoiding the use of any handcrafted feature, we produce state-of-the-art POS taggers for two languages: English, with 97.32% accuracy on the Penn Treebank WSJ corpus; and Portuguese, with 97.47% accuracy on the Mac-Morpho corpus, where the latter represents an error reduction of 12.2% on the best previous known result.


Build systems contain a lot of configuration knowledge about a software system, such as under which conditions specific files are compiled. Extracting such configuration knowledge is important for many tools analyzing highly-configurable systems, but very challenging due to the complex nature of build systems. We design an approach, based on SYMake, that symbolically evaluates Make files and extracts configuration knowledge in terms of file presence conditions and conditional parameters. We implement an initial prototype and demonstrate feasibility on small examples.


Total thyroidectomy in a patient with amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis and thiamazole related hepatotoxicity Marques-Cunha M, Costa G, Gomes M, Moura F Amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis is a rare but serious complication of amiodarone use, especially in patients with severe cardiac disease. We discuss the anaesthetic considerations and management of patients with severe cardiac disease who require lifesaving thyroidectomy. We present a patient who developed amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis, following administration of amiodarone and hepatotoxicity due to thiamazole. Patient's life depended upon surgery as soon as possible. Total thyroidectomy was performed under general anaesthesia with precautions related to hyperthyroidism and cardiac stability. Complete cardiac rehabilitation was achieved two weeks after surgery. Total thyroidectomy is, in selected cases, the only treatment option and should not be delayed based on the hypothesis that pre-operative medical preparation will optimize the patient's condition (endocrine and cardiac).


Health care practices increasingly rely on complex technological infrastructure, and new approaches to the integration of information and communication technology in those practices lead to the development of such concepts as integrated clinical environments and smart intensive care units. These concepts refer to hospital settings where therapy relies heavily on inter-operating medical devices, supervised by clinicians assisted by advanced monitoring and co-ordinating software. In order to ensure safety and effectiveness of patient care, it is necessary to specify the requirements of such socio-technical systems in the most rigorous and precise way. This paper presents an approach to the formalization of system requirements for communication networks deployed in integrated clinical environment, based on the higher-order logic language of a theorem-proving environment, the Prototype Verification System.


We develop a system for 3D object retrieval based on sketched feature lines as input. For objective evaluation, we collect a large number of query sketches from human users that are related to an existing data base of objects. The sketches turn out to be generally quite abstract with large local and global deviations from the original shape. Based on this observation, we decide to use a bag-of-features approach over computer generated line drawings of the objects. We develop a targeted feature transform based on Gabor filters for this system. We can show objectively that this transform is better suited than other approaches from the literature developed for similar tasks. Moreover, we demonstrate how to optimize the parameters of our, as well as other approaches, based on the gathered sketches. In the resulting comparison, our approach is significantly better than any other system described so far.


Clonal propagation is a common feature of benthic marine organisms. In the present study, we investigated the contribution of clonal reproduction in the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata . Mediterranean populations of P. clavata were severely affected by mass mortality events caused by increased water temperature in 1999 and 2003. The populations are characterized by slow growth and episodic recruitment, but after the observed mortalities, an unexpectedly high recovery rate was observed in the severely affected populations from the Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean. Ten years after the last mortality event, we investigated the contribution of clonal propagation in populations from the Ligurian Sea, where some populations were highly affected by mass mortality events, and from the Atlantic, where mortality was never observed. All individuals were genotyped for nine microsatellite loci. The contribution of clonal reproduction varied from 0% to 13% and did not differ significantly between affected and unaffected populations. We confirm by using genetic markers that clonal propagation in P. clavata is not common, and that the contribution of clones is too low to play an important role in red gorgonian reproduction and cannot contribute to population recovery at sites that have been affected by mass mortality events.


ABSTRACT Most enterprise systems (ES) solutions have evolved with the technological factors of flexibility, modularity and integration embedded to fit both business and information technology (IT) requirements for many organizations. Recently, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) and business-to-business electronic business (e-business) have received much attention within both the practitioner and academic communities, especially concerning the technological factors. The purpose of this study is to develop a framework that could be used to investigate a possible relationship between ERP and other ES systems with the factors of flexibility, integration and modularity for e-business. In the 1990's, ERP systems were introduced to fulfill some of the technological requirements across functional areas within a corporate boundary. Moreover, with the exponential growth of Internet technology and the emergence of e-business, the focus of ERP systems has changed from an integrated functional focus within an organization to one reaching outside the organization throughout the value chain system. It is expected that an ERP system can facilitate an e-business effort of an organization. In order to serve as a platform for e-business, an ERP system must also be able to be extended to support a range of external constituents for a firm. The process must involve an investigation of ERP technological factors along with any other emerging ES solution of the firm. This study investigates ERP and other ES systems for e-business with a focus on the technological factors of flexibility, integration, and modularity.


In the past three decades, the US Supreme Court and the lower federal courts have significantly increased contracting parties' freedom to choose the law and the forum that will be used to resolve their future disputes. This freedom to choose appears most important in the context of international commercial transactions, where the courts recognize a clear relationship between trade and contractual freedom. The sentiment was first strongly expressed by the Supreme Court in its landmark The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Corporation1 decision: Here we see an American company with special expertise contracting with a foreign company to tow a complex machine thousands of miles across seas and oceans. The expansion of American business and industry will hardly be encouraged if, notwithstanding solemn contracts, we insist on a parochial concept that all disputes must be resolved under our laws and in our courts.2 These choice provisions also add value to contracts by clarifying the parties' rights and responsibilities, but again may be particularly important for international transactions: Manifestly much uncertainty and possibly great inconvenience to both parties could arise if a suit could be maintained in any jurisdiction in which an accident might occur or if jurisdiction were left to any place where the Bremen or Unterweser might happen to be found. The elimination of all such uncertainties by agreeing in advance on a forum acceptable to both parties is an indispensable element in international trade, commerce, and contracting. There is strong evidence that the forum clause was a vital part of the agreement, and it would be unrealistic to think that the parties did not conduct their negotiations, including fixing the monetary terms, with the consequences of the forum clause figuring prominently in their calculations.3 Even when parties are not entitled to choose the law that governs their dispute, very often they are able to choose the forum in which their disputes will be resolved. IMAGE FORMULA5 Moreover, parties are more or less equally free to choose between arbitration and foreign courts to resolve their international disputes. This essay explores the relationship between the courts and the legislature regarding enforcement of forum-selection clauses by using the US experience as its primary example. The US courts' recent vigorous enforcement of forum-selection clauses in international disputes may be overturned by Congress.4 In fact, the Supreme Court's decision indicating that forum-selection clauses are enforceable under the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act5 ("COGSA") may soon be legislatively overruled.6 This essay explores the potential limits on the durability of court decisions to enforce forum-selection clauses and offers some preliminary thoughts on the necessary conditions for long-term enforcement of these contractual provisions. Part I very briefly describes federal court decisions regarding the enforcement of forum-- selection clauses in contracts. The term "forum-selection clause" is intended to include both arbitration clauses and clauses that provide for litigation in a particular country's courts. Part II considers conditions under which court decisions enforcing these clauses might conflict with the prevailing political equilibrium. 1. ENFORCEMENT OF FORUM-SELECTION CLAUSES The federal courts have spent the last few years grappling with the enforceability of foreign forum-selection clauses in bills of lading in international shipping. As explained below, the courts have moved from nearly universal nonenforcement of these clauses to fairly uniform enforcement. The shift in the legal treatment of these clauses was perhaps inevitable in light of the Supreme Court's developing jurisprudence of enforceability over the last thirty years. In part II, this essay will argue that although the federal court treatment fits very comfortably within this developing jurisprudence, the political equilibrium within the US (and perhaps several other countries) suggests that we can predict a legislative tilt back toward nonenforcement. …


We present data-driven techniques to augment Bag of Words (BoW) models, which allow for more robust modeling and recognition of complex long-term activities, especially when the structure and topology of the activities are not known a priori. Our approach specifically addresses the limitations of standard BoW approaches, which fail to represent the underlying temporal and causal information that is inherent in activity streams. In addition, we also propose the use of randomly sampled regular expressions to discover and encode patterns in activities. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in experimental evaluations where we successfully recognize activities and detect anomalies in four complex datasets.


In recent years, one has been able to observe the growing effect of strategies that combine big data and algorithmic processing on the circulation conditions of cultural objects. From search engines to automated recommendation systems, consumers' relationship to the symbolic world is increasingly dependent on digital computational tools and automation systems powered by different types of data. There is also the emerging presence of these tools on the output of cultural and media industries: they no longer concern merely the dissemination of cultural objects, but sometimes their very conception. This developing phenomenon is the subject of this article. It is part of the long-term movement of industrialization of culture while presenting new forms of technicalisation and rationalisation of production. The study proposes the exploratory and transversal evaluation of the mutagenic effects of the integration of these big data-driven techniques into the upstream outputs of three branches of cultural industries: publishing, radio and the press.


Introduction: A population based cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine prevalence of hypertension in the adult population of Semnan province. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from September 2005 until February 2006, using a multistage cluster sampling method to select a representative sample. A total of 3799 adults, aged 30-70 years, were examined. Two blood pressure measurements were obtained by trained observers using a standard sphygmomanometer after a 5 minute seated rest. Information on history of hypertension and use of antihypertensive medication was obtained using a standard questionnaire. Body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip circumference were determined. Fasting blood sample was drawn for measurement of glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides. Results: Prevalences of hypertension in men and women were 24.1% and 24.7% respectively. In both sexes, prevalence of hypertension increased with age. No significant difference was found in prevalence of hypertension in rural (24.1%) and urban (24.8%) regions. Among hypertensive subjects, 40.6% were aware of their hypertension (men: 30% women: 49.7%, P<0.001), only 25.5% were taking antihypertensive medication (men: 19.5% women: 30.6% P<0.001) and 41.2 % had their blood pressure controlled (men: 41% women: 42.3%). In 93.7% of men and 97.2 % of women with hypertension, at least one other cardiovascular risk factor was present and its prevalence was increased in both genders with age. Finally, gender (OR: 1.28 in men), diabetes (OR:1.86), obesity (OR:1.7), high triglycerides (OR:1.3), high cholesterol (OR: 1.3), and abdominal obesity (OR: 1.79) were positively associated with hypertension (P<0.001). Conclusion: Hypertension was present in one-fourth of the population. Majority of hypertensive subjects in this region still remain undetected and control of hypertension is also inadequate. This calls for urgent prevention and control measures for hypertension in Semnan province.
Keywords: Prevalence, Hypertension risk farctors, Prevention, Cardiovascular disease, Semnan Province, Adults


Whether a reduction in overpressure across a hydrocarbon column and its seal will reduce the column height that the seal is capable of supporting has been much debated. Recent studies have focused on measuring water relative permeability at high capillary pressure, and have concluded that hydrocarbon columns may be sufficiently permeable to water for the seal capacity to be unaffected by hydrodynamic flow in most situations. A new method for estimating the capillary seal capacity is developed which properly takes into account viscous as well as gravity and capillary forces. A reassessment of existing analyses indicates that hydrodynamic flow has a greater influence on the seal capacity than previously thought. Sets of sensitivity models, including a range of reservoir and seal geometrical and petrophysical characteristics, indicate that – as a general rule – hydrodynamic flow should not be neglected when assessing capillary seal capacity. The sealing capacity of thick top seals above reservoirs with a basal aquifer are least likely to be affected by hydrodynamic flow. The sealing capacity of membrane fault seals, irrespective of whether they have a basal or edge aquifer, may be influenced by realistic overpressure differences. Simple end-member equations define the possible influence of hydrodynamic flow in a particular situation, and only if this is significant should a more comprehensive evaluation be considered.


The problem of order-preserving matching is to find all substrings in the text which have the same relative order and length as the pattern. Several online and one offline solution were earlier proposed for the problem. In this paper, we introduce three new solutions based on filtration. The two online solutions rest on the SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) architecture and the offline solution is based on the FM-index scheme. The online solutions are implemented using two different SIMD instruction sets, SSE (streaming SIMD extensions) and AVX (Advanced Vector Extensions). Our main emphasis is on the practical efficiency of algorithms. Therefore, we show with practical experiments that our new solutions are faster than the previous solutions.


Experience forms the basis of learning. It is crucial in the development of human intelligence, and more broadly allows an agent to discover and learn about the world around it. Although experience is fundamental to learning, it is costly and time-consuming to obtain. In order to speed this process up, humans in particular have developed communication abilities so that ideas and knowledge can be shared without requiring first-hand experience.
Consider the same need for knowledge sharing among robots. Based on the recent growth of the field, it is reasonable to assume that in the near future there will be a collection of robots learning to perform tasks and gaining their own experiences in the world. In order to speed this learning up, it would be beneficial for the various robots to share their knowledge with each other. In most cases, however, the communication of knowledge among humans relies on the existence of similar sensory and motor capabilities. Robots, on the other hand, widely vary in perceptual and motor apparatus, ranging from simple light sensors to sophisticated laser and vision sensing.
This dissertation defines the problem of how heterogeneous robots with widely different capabilities can share experiences gained in the world in order to speed up learning. The work focus specifically on differences in sensing and perception, which can be used both for perceptual categorization tasks as well as determining actions based on environmental features. Motivating the problem, experiments first demonstrate that heterogeneity does indeed pose a problem during the transfer of object models from one robot to another. This is true even when using state of the art object recognition algorithms that use SIFT features, designed to be unique and reproducible.
It is then shown that the abstraction of raw sensory data into intermediate categories for multiple object features (such as color, texture, shape, etc.), represented as Gaussian Mixture Models, can alleviate some of these issues and facilitate effective knowledge transfer. Object representation, heterogeneity, and knowledge transfer is framed within Gardenfors' conceptual spaces, or geometric spaces that utilize similarity measures as the basis of categorization. This representation is used to model object properties (e.g. color or texture) and concepts (object categories and specific objects).
A framework is then proposed to allow heterogeneous robots to build models of their differences with respect to the intermediate representation using joint interaction in the environment. Confusion matrices are used to map property pairs between two heterogeneous robots, and an information-theoretic metric is proposed to model information loss when going from one robot's representation to another. We demonstrate that these metrics allow for cognizant failure, where the robots can ascertain if concepts can or cannot be shared, given their respective capabilities.
After this period of joint interaction, the learned models are used to facilitate communication and knowledge transfer in a manner that is sensitive to the robots' differences. It is shown that heterogeneous robots are able to learn accurate models of their similarities and difference, and to use these models to transfer learned concepts from one robot to another in order to bootstrap the learning of the receiving robot. In addition, several types of communication tasks are used in the experiments. For example, how can a robot communicate a distinguishing property of an object to help another robot differentiate it from its surroundings? Throughout the dissertation, the claims will be validated through both simulation and real-robot experiments.


The main facts lying behind this paper are related to the current issues regarding EU policies; such as the accession of a number of Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) in the EU and the Doha round of the World Trade Organisation. The adopted quantitative methodology aims to estimate the expected trends in Greek agriculture following a substantial reduction in the level of protection over the 1999-2008 period. Two scenarios are examined: a baseline that simulates continuation of present agricultural policies, and one that assumes trade liberalisation. Trade liberalization has as an immediate negative effect on production, while a positive effect is true for demand. Welfare analysis results suggest a significant negative effect in producer surplus, but an overall positive trend for the net welfare effect in the case of the trade liberalisation scenario. Hence, from the efficiency point of view, the reallocation of resources through trade liberalisation is beneficial, if proper strategies are adopted to avoid additional costs due to market imperfections.


Fifty individuals of both sexes aged on average 45.2 years were evaluated at the Semiology Clinic of FORP-USP in order to isolate and identify yeasts from the oral cavity, with and without lesions, and to determine the maximal inhibitory dilution (MID) of the commercial products Propolis (Apis-Flora) and Periogard (Colgate) against the strains isolated. Yeasts of the genus Candida were detected in the saliva of 9/19 (47.4%) individuals with a clinically healthy mouth, 18/22 (81.8%) of individuals with oral lesions, and in 4/9 (44.4%) of patients with deviation from normality, and were detected in 19/22 (86.4%) of the lesions. In the group with oral candidiasis, we isolated in tongue and lesion, respectively for each specie: C.tropicalis (8% and 10.7%), C.glabrata (4% and 3.6%) and C.parapsilosis (2% and 3.6%), in addition to C.albicans (71.4% and 67.8%) as the only species and the prevalent. The total cfu counts/ml saliva showed a higher mean value in the group with oral candidiasis (171.5% x 103) than in the control group (72.6 x 103) or the group with abnormalities (8.3 x 103). Most of the test strains 67/70 (95.71%) were sensitive to the antiseptics, with Propolis presenting a MID of 1:20 for 54/70/77.1%), and Periogard a MID of 1:160 for 42/70 (60%) strains from healthy sites, results similar to those obtained with strains from oral lesions. Different results were mainly observed among different species. The results indicate the possibility of using the antiseptics Propolis and Periogard (chlorhexidine) for the prevention and treatment of oral candidiasis.


� nABSTRACT: How far is the ethnographic study of 'cosmologies' relevant to contempo- rary anthropology, and how might it illuminate understandings of the contemporary world? In this article we argue for a renewed anthropological interest in matters cosmo- logical by seeking to disentangle the study of cosmology from the concomitants with which it was associated in earlier periods of anthropological research. In particular, we argue that an orientation toward cosmology continues to be of prime importance to the discipline insofar as it can be freed from its associations with holism and exoticism. The shift from 'high modernity' (in which orientations toward cosmos are variously constrained and circumscribed) to the flattening effects of the 'fluid' modernity of neo- liberalism, we argue, has tended to thrust concerns with cosmic orders and dynamics back onto the forefront of people's lives. We end the article with a series of program- matic observations of how anthropologists might respond to these shifts, both ethno - graphically and analytically.


The automotive industry is undergoing a radical transformation. New social, technological, environmental and geopolitical challenges are redefining the characteristics of a saturated market, opening new scenarios while offering opportunities for the entry of new players. These challenges are bound to trigger reorganization of the global value chain between old and new suppliers and car makers and their suppliers, affecting the distribution of employment, the regionalization of production and the dynamic evolution of the comparative ad-vantage of nations.
In this paper we address the issue of the reorganization of global value chains in the face of these challenges. The analysis will compare the relative position of core and peripheries in the North-American and European macro-regions, focusing on Mexico, which represents a significant case study for analysis of the impact of the digital transformation on the domestic value chain in an "integrated periphery", and of trade agreements on the location policies of big multinationals. The dependency of the Mexican automotive industry on the strategic decisions of global players is considered a factor of great vulnerability, especially in a context of rapid change in the patterns of consumption, technologies and international trade agreements.
For Mexico, as for European producers in the integrated and semi-peripheries, the main challenge in the near future will be posed by the radical transformation the industry is going through in electrical and autonomous-driving vehicles, which sees regions and players outside the traditional automotive clusters in the lead. The transformations taking place are bound to change the global structure of automotive production. The rise of new competitors from the emerging economies and would-be entrants from other sectors, competing in mastering the new digital and software technologies, threatens the established structure of the industry.
The pandemic has led to a spectacular acceleration in the process of change, while heightening uncertainty about future developments. This is why the governments of leading countries are joining in the race, wielding carrots and sticks in support of their industries and in the endeavor to encourage risk-taking and investment in research and innovation, step up e-vehicle production while providing for the necessary infrastructures, and guarantee their companies a place in the new industry.


Background 'Pharmacists in the Emergency Department' is a two-year implementation project carried out in collaboration between the pharmacy of Capital Region and the Emergency Department (ED) at Hillerød hospital. The task of the pharmacist is to draw up a current and valid medicines history and to make a medicines review before the physician sees the patient at the ED. During the first year of the project the interventions developed gradually while the professional skills and clinical experience of the pharmacists built up. Purpose To describe the evolution of the interventions recommended when Drug Related Problems (DRPs) are identified, as described in the pharmacist's notes. Materials and Methods 5 samples of pharmacist's notes were recorded. The samples represent the interventions made in the 2 first weeks of each quarter of 2011 and the first quarter of 2012. This showed the development in interventions made by pharmacists. The interventions were coded based on 8 categories of DRP introduced by Hepler and Strand. In total 383 pharmacist's notes were analysed. Results In all 549 DRPs were identified. 70–80% of the pharmacist's notes contained one or more DRP. On average 1.4 DRPs were identified per note. During the first 15 months of the project the DRPs recorded evolved as follows: The number of comments tended to increase in the categories "inappropriate choice of drug", "overdose", "adverse drug events" and "medicine without reasonable indication". The number of comments identified in the category "interactions" decreased. The categories "untreated indication", "subtherapeutic dosing" and "inappropriate use by the patient" were stable throughout the study period. Conclusions When introducing a new pharmaceutical service one must expect a gradual evolution of the interventions as the pharmacist gradually develops hands-on-competencies and clinical experience on the particular ward. After 12 months, the findings in the pharmacist notes were stable. This must be taken into account when introducing new pharmaceutical services in the clinic. No conflict of interest.


The world faces the challenge of a global transformation to sustainable energy systems. Substantial up-front investments are needed to improve energy efficiency and switch to renewable energies. At the same time, these investments offer great opportunities, because strategic innovations can be triggered and new markets can develop in the course of the transformation process. Savings on the cost of fossil fuels in conventional technologies could completely offset the investment in renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency by as early as 2040. The private capital needed for the transformation is available and can be mobilised if a suitable political framework is put into place. A corresponding regulatory policy should be introduced to make such investment more attractive for the private sector. The WBGU advocates a proactive state that integrates energy, environmental and climate policy; this could reduce existing investment risks by developing a stable, long-term transformative regulatory framework. At the same time, policy makers should expand the opportunities for participation. Germany is currently leading this transformation, both in terms of technological innovations and in the creation of a suitable policy framework. Our country is able to give the world an example of how the Energiewende (energy-system transformation) can generate more, not less prosperity.


Interactive workspaces combine horizontal and vertical touch surfaces into a single digital workspace. During an exploration of these systems, it was shown that direct interaction on the vertical surface is cumbersome and more inaccurate than on the horizontal one. To overcome these problems, indirect touch systems turn the horizontal touch surface into the input which allows manipulation of objects on the vertical display. If the horizontal touch surface also acts as a display, however, it becomes necessary to notify the system which screen is currently in use by providing a switching mode. We investigate the use of gaze tracking to perform these mode switches. In three user studies, we compare absolute and relative gaze augmented selection techniques with the traditional direct-touch approach. Our results show that our relative gaze augmented selection technique outperforms the other techniques for simple tapping tasks alternating between horizontal and vertical surfaces, and for dragging on the vertical surface. However, when tasks involve dragging across surfaces, the findings are more complex. We provide a detailed description of the proposed interaction techniques, a statistical analysis of these interaction techniques, and how they can be applied to systems that involve a combination of multiple horizontal and vertical touch surfaces.


Most universities and college campuses across the United States are engaged in developing policies, programs, and systems to reduce risks and maintain safety and security on their campuses. This article identifies key factors such as all-hazards comprehensive emergency plans, continuity of operations plans, emergency information management, leadership support, community partnerships, and training and certification programs that are important for creating disaster-resilient institutions and assessing how different colleges and universities across the country have developed and incorporated these key essentials to prepare for effective disaster response. Results show that developing an all-hazards plan, conducting regular training and exercises, and developing strong community partnerships are the most important elements for creating a disaster-resilient university, well prepared to tackle any calamity or tragedy.


One of the major challenges facing municipalities in South Africa is the need to achieve the development goals and objectives contained in the Integrated Development Plans (IDPs) given the limited resources and populations which are increasing at a disproportionate rate to the resources available. The IDPs are the management and planning instruments and are only effective if they enable municipalities to improve and accelerate the delivery of essential services and development. In this context, a mechanism is required to determine how municipalities are faring in terms of the services they intend to deliver to their communities and a Performance Management System (PMS) is such a critical mechanism.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the extent to which Ngwathe Local Municipality utilises its PMS as a tool for effective implementation of its IDP to achieve its developmental priorities and objectives. It was found during the literature review that when the processes of IDP and PMS are linked, the resulting performance is more likely to meet the needs of an institution.


A large literature following Ruhm (2000) suggests that mortality falls during recessions and rises during booms. The panel-data approach used to generate these results assumes that either there is no substantial migration response to temporary changes in local economic conditions, or that any such response is accurately captured by intercensal population estimates. To assess the importance of these assumptions, we examine two natural experiments: the recession in cotton textile-producing districts of Britain during the U.S. Civil War, and the coal boom in Appalachian counties of the U.S. that followed the OPEC oil embargo in the 1970s. In both settings, we find evidence of a substantial migratory response. Moreover, we show that estimates of the relationship between business cycles and mortality are highly sensitive to assumptions related to migration. After adjusting for migration, we find that mortality increased during the cotton recession, but was largely unaffected by the coal boom. Overall, our results suggest that migration can meaningfully bias estimates of the impact of business-cycle fluctuations on mortality. Vellore Arthi Department of Economics University of Essex Wivenhoe Park Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK email@example.com Brian Beach Department of Economics College of William and Mary P.O. Box 8795 Williamsburg, VA 23187 and NBER email@example.com W. Walker Hanlon Department of Economics NYU Stern School of Business Henry Kaufman Management Center 44 West Fourth Street New York, NY 10012 and NBER firstname.lastname@example.com


Entropy is a critical, but often overlooked, factor in determining the relative stabilities of crystal phases. The importance of entropy is most pronounced in softer materials, where small changes in free energy can drive phase transitions, which has recently been demonstrated in the case of organic-inorganic hybrid-formate perovskites. In this Rapid Communication we demonstrate the interplay between composition and crystal structure that is responsible for the particularly pronounced role of entropy in determining polymorphism in hybrid organic-inorganic materials. Using ab initio based lattice dynamics, we probe the origins and effects of vibrational entropy of four archetype perovskite (ABX3) structures. We consider an inorganic material (SrTiO3), an A-site hybrid-halide material (CH3NH3)PbI3, a X-site hybrid material KSr(BH4)3, and a mixed A- and X-site hybrid-formate material (N2H5)Zn(HCO2)3, comparing the differences in entropy between two common polymorphs. The results demonstrate the importance of low-frequency intermolecular modes in determining the phase stability in these materials. The understanding gained allows us to propose a general principle for the relative stability of different polymorphs of hybrid materials as temperature is increased.


Do the benefits that firms obtain by globalization finally go to their workers? For example, do workers of exporting firms receive higher compensation than those of non-exporting firms? To clarify this point, this paper constructs cross sectional employer-employee data by merging plants' and workers' data, estimates the Mincer-type wage function in Japan's manufacturing sector, and examines the existence of a part purely correlated with exports, which cannot be explained by other characteristics of workers and plants. The result of the estimation indicates the wages of exporting plants are higher than non-exporting plants even after controlling for the characteristics of workers and plants, and the estimation according to plant and firm size shows that the wage differential correlated with exports is remarkable among relatively smaller plants or firms. In addition, according to Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition, the portion of the wage differential correlated with exports constitutes less than 10% of the wage premium of exporters, but for plants with smaller scale, the export premium constitutes a certain share of around 30%. Based on the results, it is clear that in Japan's manufacturing sector, exports and wages are clearly correlated, especially in smaller-scale plants and firms.


The virtual community (VC) delivers an intangible service for social interactivity among its members. In many instances, social interaction is a key determinant of members' continual patronage of the VC, but until now VC loyalty has been studied mostly from a managerial perspective. This paper investigates VC loyalty from the perspective of interpersonal interaction among group members, treating interpersonal attraction and influence as antecedents to loyalty. It finds that the three interpersonal attraction factors (perceived familiarity, perceived similarity, perceived expertise) have a positive effect, direct or indirect, on VC loyalty via the mediation of normative influence. In addition to their implications for the academic study of VC loyalty, the results help explain the success of VCs like Facebook, because the design of these successful social media is consistent with the principles studied in this research. Interpersonal interaction factors also provide insights into the design and branding strategies of social media. VC managers are advised to design and brand the community site by facilitating member interaction because frequent member interaction promotes interpersonal attraction and influence, which in turn enhances member loyalty and ultimately builds the brand.


In the first part of this thesis a study of the effect of the longitudinal distribution of optical intensity and electron density on the static and dynamic behavior of semiconductor lasers is performed. A static model for above threshold operation of a single mode laser, consisting of multiple active and passive sections, is developed by calculating the longitudinal optical intensity distribution and electron density distribution in a self-consistent manner. Feedback from an index and gain Bragg grating is included, as well as feedback from discrete reflections at interfaces and facets. Longitudinal spatial holeburning is analyzed by including the dependence of the gain and the refractive index on the electron density. The mechanisms of spatial holeburning in quarter wave shifted DFB lasers are analyzed. A new laser structure with a uniform optical intensity distribution is introduced and an implementation is simulated, resulting in a large reduction of the longitudinal spatial holeburning effect. A dynamic small-signal model is then developed by including the optical intensity and electron density distribution, as well as the dependence of the grating coupling coefficients on the electron density. Expressions are derived for the intensity and frequency noise spectrum, the spontaneous emission rate into the lasing mode, the linewidth enhancement factor, and the AM and FM modulation response. Different chirp components are identified in the FM response, and a new adiabatic chirp component is discovered. This new adiabatic chirp component is caused by the nonuniform longitudinal distributions, and is found to dominate at low frequencies. Distributed feedback lasers with partial gain coupling are analyzed, and it is shown how the dependence of the grating coupling coefficients on the electron density can result in an enhancement of the differential gain with an associated enhancement in modulation bandwidth and a reduction in chirp. In the second part, spectral characteristics of passively mode-locked two-section multiple quantum well laser coupled to an external cavity are studied. Broad-band wavelength tuning using an external grating is demonstrated for the first time in passively mode-locked semiconductor lasers. A record tuning range of 26 nm is measured, with pulse widths of typically a few picosecond and time-bandwidth products of more than 10 times the transform limit. It is then demonstrated that these large time-bandwidth products are due to a strong linear upchirp, by performing pulse compression by a factor of 15 to a record pulse widths as low 320 fs. A model for pulse propagation through a saturable medium with self-phase-modulation, due to the a-parameter, is developed for quantum well material, including the frequency dependence of the gain medium. This model is used to simulate two-section devices coupled to an external cavity. When no self-phase-modulation is present, it is found that the pulses are asymmetric with a sharper rising edge, that the pulse tails have an exponential behavior, and that the transform limit is 0.3. Inclusion of self-phase-modulation results in a linear upchirp imprinted on the pulse after each round-trip. This linear upchirp is due to a combination of self-phase-modulation in a gain section and absorption of the leading edge of the pulse in the saturable absorber.


Abstract : This research is an attempt to reason about the control of parallel computation in the world of applicative programming languages. Applicative languages, in which computation is performed through function application and in which functions are treated as first-class objects, have the benefits of elegance expressiveness and having clean semantics. Parallel computation and real-world concurrent activities are much harder to reason about than the sequential counterparts. Many parallel applicative languages have thus hidden most control details with their declarative programming styles, but they are not expressive enough to characterize many real world concurrent activities that can be easily explained with concepts such as message passing pipelining and so on. Ease of programming should not come at the expense of expressiveness. Therefore we design a parallel applicative language Pscheme such that programmers can express explicitly the control of parallel computation while maintaining the clean semantics and the ease of programming of applicative languages. In Pscheme, we propose the concept of ports to model the general control in parallel computation. Through program examples we show how Pscheme and ports support various parallel programming paradigms. We have also built libraries for higher level control facilities with ports so that programming in Pscheme becomes easier. We provide an operational semantics for Pscheme, and develop a compiler and a run time system on NYU's Ultracomputer. Our experiments with parallel programs have shown satisfactory speedup. We claim that ports are the natural parallel extensions of continuations in sequential computation, and thus conclude that representing general control in parallel applicative programming is feasible.


As new treatment strategies are developed which outperform previous approaches in terms of safety, efficacy and long-term results, a reappraisal of old therapeutic dogmas is warranted, including lowering the threshold for intervention. Pulmonary valvuloplasty was introduced in 1982 to treat children and adults with significant isolated pulmonary valve stenosis (PS) and provided a very reliable tool to treat the problem avoiding cardiac surgery, with very good long-term results in terms of reinterventions as well as functional outcomes.1 ,2

Besides the neonate with critical PS, the same technique has been used to treat older children and adults with isolated PS. In these latter patient groups, the physiopathological mainstay behind the recommendation for treatment is that significant PS (defined as a Doppler velocity >4.0 m/s) creates such a significant afterload resistance and right ventricular (RV) hypertension that the RV is not able to increase stroke volume during exercise as it should. Additionally, RV hypertrophy and stiffness related to structural alterations, small infarcts and fibrosis limits ventricular preload, causing a significant drop in RV end diastolic volume during exercise and a blunted RV stroke volume response. Ultimately, these changes limit exercise capacity and cause symptoms.3 ,4 As such, severe PS is not associated with a good prognosis if left untreated.

Conversely, the available evidence suggests that the natural history …


Functional foods are beginning to play a major role in what consumers buy and eat. The International Life Science Institute has defined a functional food as 'a food which has a beneficial effect on one or more target functions of the body, above and beyond the usual effects of food, such as improving the state of health and well-being or reducing the risk of disease. Examples of these types of food include folate addition to breakfast cereals to reduce the risk of neural tube defects in the developing fetus, milk fortification with calcium to combat osteoporosis and addition of omega 3 to breads to aid in reducing heart disease. Currently, health claims are illegal on food packaging in Australia (except for claims relating to folate). Food Standards Australia and New Zealand are reviewing this legislation to allow general health claims by mid 2006 (Herald Sun, 27/05/05). Some nutrients do not remain in the food for a significant amount of time or may react with the other food components causing undesirable effects. Microencapsulation is a technology that can improve the retention time of the nutrient in the food and allow controlled release at specific times, during food consumption or in the intestinal gut. It is not a new technology and was first commercially applied in 1954 for carbonless copy paper (Dziezak, 1988). Microencapsulation technique has been utilised in the pharmaceutical industry for the past 30 years to offer controlled release of drugs to the body (Rosinski et al., 2002). It is relatively new to the food industry and is finding use in maximising the retention of the bioactivity of the components during the processing and storage of the formulated product and delivering the desired bioactive components to the target site of the body (Korhonen, 2002). Microencapsulation has been used to encapsulate fish oil to increase n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (Higgins et al., 1999), to encapsulate probiotic bacteria in frozen dairy foods (Shah and Ravula, 2000) and among other things, to encapsulate 2acetyl-1-pyrroline (ACPY; a major flavour component of aromatic rice) to retain this flavour component upon storage (Apintanapong and Noomhorn, 2003).


Background. HCV infection is associated with musculoskeletal manifestations such as chronic widespread pain, sicca syndrome, polyarthritis, and a reduced HRQOL. Little data is available on the effect of treatment on these manifestations. This study measured changes in extrahepatic symptoms and HRQOL before and after antiviral treatment in a large UK patient cohort. Methods. 118 patients completed HQLQ and rheumatological questionnaires before and after treatment with pegylated interferon-α and ribavirin, with specific regard to chronic widespread pain, sicca syndrome, and sustained virological response. Results. There was significant improvement in HQLQ domains of physical functioning, physical disability, social functioning, limitations and health distress due to hepatitis, and general health. There was significant deterioration in domains of positive well-being, health distress, and mental health. There was a significant decline prevalence of CWP (26.3% versus 15.3%, P = 0.015). Sicca syndrome prevalence fell insignificantly (12.7% versus 11%). SVR was associated positively with all HRQOL changes and significantly with CWP remission. Conclusions. HCV antivirals significantly improve poor HRQOL scores and CWP. Before treatment, both were common, coassociated, and unaccounted for through mixed cryoglobulinemia alone. Although a role of the hepatitis C virus in CWP cannot be deduced by these results, symptomatic improvement via antiviral treatment exists for this subset of patients.


"This paper explores the determinants of group membership and social networks of rural households using a unique longitudinal data set from the rural Philippines. We investigate two types of social capital: membership in groups (production, credit, burial, religious and civic groups), or "formal" social capital, and size of trust-based networks or "informal" social capital. Because men and women may have different propensities to invest in social capital, we analyze the determinants of group membership both at the household level and for men and women separately. We also disaggregate the analysis by type of group. The paper examines the determinants of the density of social capital, proxied by the number of groups and the number of network members. Finally, it explores various reasons why people might join groups—whether groups increase trust, or whether groups increase well-being, as proxied by per capita expenditure. We find that asset-rich, better-educated households and households living closer to town centers are more likely to participate in groups and to have larger social and economic assistance networks. Different aspects of village-level heterogeneity have different impacts on group membership, and greater exposure to shocks and a higher incidence of peace and order problems increase group membership. Men and women do not differ significantly in the number of groups they join, however, there are clear gender differences in the types of groups to which men and women belong. We also find that group membership does not, in general, increase network density and we do not find evidence of positive returns to group membership in terms of increased per capita expenditures." Authors' Abstract


Presently, the uncertainties associated with controlling domestic heating system are managed using rule of thumb or heuristic rule-based controllers. The problems associated with this are: lack of bespokeness and optimality of the control to each unique building, difficulty in comparing technologies due to inconsistent control quality (lack of generality) and the expense of developing controllers for new technologies.

In this work, the problem of heating system control is generalised with the intent of developing a generic-optimal controller — one that can control any set of heat sources in any building optimally, alleviating the aforementioned problems. A hybrid intelligent system design methodology is applied in order to develop the (model predictive) controller resulting in two sub-tasks. First, acquiring a model of each heating system — identification must be carried out on-line. Second, delivering optimal control using the model, given constraints.

The first is tackled by applying Echo State Networks (ESN's), whose benefits are that they have universal approximation ability, on-line learning is a recursive linear regression problem (for which the solution even in low precision environments is well understood), that on-line learning can be easily achieved using real feedbacks (network stability is relatively easy to attain) and that they can be easily scaled to systems of varying complexity.

The second is tackled by using a global, derivative-free optimiser — meaning that the controller may tackle mixed integer problems and incorporate arbitrary output constraints expressed as penalty functions.

A theoretical third problem arises due to the interaction of the learning and optimisation components of the controller. A methodology for tackling this is given. When applied to a simulated monovalent heating system in an unoccupied house (in the absence of user disturbances) consistent control can be achieved. The effective rejection of user disturbances is an outstanding problem and is briefly discussed.


We provide a simple mathematical description of the exchange of energy between two fluids in an expanding Friedmann universe with zero spatial curvature. The evolution can be reduced to a single non-linear differential equation which we solve in physically relevant cases and provide an analysis of all the possible evolutions. Particular power-law solutions exist for the expansion scale factor and are attractors at late times under particular conditions. We show how a number of problems studied in the literature, such as cosmological vacuum energy decay, particle annihilation, and the evolution of a population of evaporating black holes, correspond to simple particular cases of our model. In all cases we can determine the effects of the energy transfer on the expansion scale factor. We also consider the situation in the presence of 'anti-decaying' fluids and so called 'phantom' fluids which violate the dominant energy conditions.


We show that proximity to military bases during the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile (1973-1990) exposed civilians to more state repression and led to (i) stronger electoral opposition to Pinochet and (ii) a longlasting strengthening of democratic values. Our empirical strategy exploits the location of military bases during the many decades of democratic rule before the military coup, which we show is unrelated to pre-coup electoral outcomes. We find that residents of counties housing these bases both registered and voted "No" to Pinochet's continuation in power at higher rates in the crucial 1988 plebiscite that bolstered the democratic transition. These counties also experienced more civilian deaths and forced disappearances during the dictatorship, indicating that increased exposure to repression affected voters' behavior. After democratization, residents of these counties who were exposed to the military coup report greater support for democracy in surveys, but there are no persistent effects on electoral outcomes.


This book is the most authoritative and up-to-date source of quick reference on the Baroque composer and theorist Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764), covering every significant area of his life and creative activity. In particular, the dictionary and work-list provide the reader with easy access to a wealth of cross-referenced material. The dictionary highlights recent discoveries and developments, and corrects a number of errors and misunderstandings. It includes entries on institutions, places, individuals, genres, instruments, technical terms, iconography, editions, specific works and publications, and caters for the fact that some users will be at least as interested in Rameau's theoretical writings as in his life and music. Performers too are well served by the range of entries, many of which illuminate aspects of Rameau's notation and performance practice that can prove puzzling to the non-specialist. The biographical chapter not only provides relevant factual information but also draws attention to significant patterns in Rameau's life and work. This book counters the widespread perception of the composer as a dry, irascible, unsociable individual, revealing him in a far more sympathetic light by giving due weight to hitherto little-known information. GRAHAM SADLER is Professor Emeritus at the University of Hull, Research Professor at Birmingham Conservatoire and Research Fellow at the University of Oxford. He is known internationally as an authority on French music of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.


The concept of displacement has long been associated with individuals within poor and developing nations, living under conditions of conflict and civil unrest. Conversely, little research attention has been paid to displacement among Aboriginal peoples within the context of wealthy and developed nations such as Canada. This paper explores the consequences of internal displacement for the Innu Nation of Labrador. In particular, it examines how Innu children have become at risk for gasoline sniffing and suicide. The paper concludes by assessing the extent to which the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and Canada's Indian Act have been effective in protecting the rights of Innu children. The questionable impact of state responses highlights the need for more effective strategies in order to protect the rights of Innu children.


In this paper, we describe the security issues in Mobile adhoc networks. MANET has no clear line of defense, so, it is accessible to both legitimate network users and malicious attackers. In the presence of malicious nodes, one of the main challenges in MANET is to design the robust security solution that can protect MANET from various routing attacks. However, these solution are not suitable for MANET resource constraints, i.e., limited bandwidth and battery power, because they introduce heavy traffic load to exchange and verifying keys. In this paper, the current security issues in MANET are investigated. Particularly, we have examined different routing attacks, such as flooding, black hole, spoofing, wormhole, Sybil and rerr generation attacks, as well as existing solutions to protect


During the 1960s, the American civil rights movement fundamentally altered the identity of Seattle's black community. During the proceeding decades, its process of identity formation hinged on a shared appreciation and understanding of Rhythm and Blues music. Artists like Ray Charles and Jimi Hendrix benefited from this rich musical tradition. However, the intensification of racial discord politicized the African-American community. Black music became infused with overt political melodies. While remaining a key factor in shaping black identity, it also served to mobilize the broader community against racial inequality. This article explores the role of music in the construction of black identity, a process that indelibly altered the Emerald City. By drawing upon a diverse range of contemporary sources, as well as more recent literature written on thePacific Northwest, this article highlights the ways in which a specific community relates to, and is shaped by, one of its own cultural constructs. Ultimately, the article examines 1960s Seattle as a case study of the transition within black identity that occurred all across America.


: Almost all patients with EGFR-driven lung cancer who are treated with EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) develop resistance to treatment. A single base (c.2369C>T) transition mutation, EGFR T790M, is the most frequent resistance event after first-generation exposure to EGFR TKIs. Whether T790M mutation is acquired or is selected from a preexisting clone has been a matter of significant debate. In this study, we show that treatment with EGFR TKIs leads to activation of the NFκB pathway, which in turn induces expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AICDA). In turn, AICDA causes deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine at position c.2369 to generate the T790M mutation. Pharmacologic inhibition of the NFκB pathway or knockout of AICDA decreased the frequency or prevented the development of T790M mutation, respectively. In addition, patients treated with first-line EGFR TKI displayed increased expression of AICDA and detection of the T790M mutation upon progression. These results identify the mechanism of T790M acquisition and present an opportunity to target the process to delay or prevent it. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings identify the mechanism behind acquisition of a common resistance mutation to TKI treatment in lung cancer.


We propose an empirical measure of metering problems, i.e., the difficulties of measuring productivity and rewards in firms. We build on the insight that these metering problems are reflected in the intensity with which firms apply Generally Accepted Accounting Principles when preparing their financial statements to capture economic transactions. We adapt a simple computational linguistics algorithm to identify textual patterns that uniquely signify heightened use of accounting measurement in preparation of accounting reports. We validate the output of this algorithm before computing time-varying, firm-level scores of accounting measurement intensity (AMI). We then show that AMI is associated with the decisions of professional users of accounting information. We also document that AMI is correlated with the cross-section of expected equity returns and with the cost of debt and non-price terms in the private loan market. In CEO compensation contracts, we see lower pay-performance sensitivity to accounting performance metrics as AMI increases. Finally, we report that AMI correlates with investment and hiring decisions in firms; factor productivity, as well as the efficiency of resource allocation. Together, these findings are consistent with the predictions in Alchian and Demsetz (1972) about how metering problems affect the boundary of the firm.


Starting from the screening in conductors, an algorithm for the accurate calculation of dielectric screening effects in solvents is presented, which leads to rather simple explicit expressions for the screening energy and its analytic gradient with respect to the solute coordinates. Thus geometry optimization of a solute within a realistic dielectric continuum model becomes practicable for the first time. The algorithm is suited for molecular mechanics as well as for any molecular orbital algorithm. The implementation into MOPAC and some example applications are reported.


Viral transneuronal tracing is a powerful approach that has been widely used to define the cellular organisation of functionally defined systems that underlie brain function. The method exploits the ability of neurotropic viruses to infect neurons and produce infectious progeny that pass through the intimate synaptic connections among neurons to infect polysynaptic pathways. A number of important technological advances in recent years have dramatically improved the ability of this experimental approach to define the synaptology of complex neural circuits. In this chapter we provide an overview of the method as well as mechanisms that contribute to its effectiveness for circuit analysis. We focus on alpha herpesviruses and rabies virus as these pathogens have been most widely applied in transneuronal tracing studies.

Key Concepts:

Viral transneuronal tracing exploits the invasive properties of neurotropic viruses.

Knowledge of the functional organisation of the viral genome is fundamental to an informed application of the viral transneuronal tracing method.

Circuit architecture is influential in determining the progression of viral infection through a neural circuit.

Isogenic recombinant viruses expressing unique reporters permit analysis of collateralisation of projections within complex neural circuits.

Colocalisation of reporters of infection with neurotransmitters and peptides permits neurochemical phenotyping of neurons within labelled circuits.

Keywords:

alpha herpesvirus;
pseudorabies;
rabies;
transneuronal;
transsynaptic


Distance-bounding is a practical solution aiming to prevent relay attacks. The main challenge when designing such protocols is maintaining their inexpensive cryptographic nature, whilst being able to protect against as many, if not all, of the classical threats posed in their context. Moreover, in distancebounding, some subtle security shortcomings related to the PRF (pseudorandom function) assumption and ingenious attack techniques based on observing verifiers' outputs have recently been put forward. Also, the recent terrorist-fraud by Hancke somehow recalls once more the need to account for noisy communications in the security analysis of distance-bounding. In this paper, we attempt to incorporate the lessons taught by these new developments in our distance-bounding protocol design. The result is a new class of protocols, with increasing levels of security, accommodating the latest advances3; at the same time, we preserve the lightweight nature of the design throughout the whole class.


Fatigue has been recognised as the primary contributing factor in approximately 15% of all fatal road crashes in Australia. To develop effective countermeasures for managing fatigue, this study investigates why drivers continue to drive when sleepy, and driver perceptions and behaviours in regards to countermeasures. Based on responses from 305 Australian drivers, it was identified that the major reasons why these participants continued to drive when sleepy were: wanting to get to their destination; being close to home; and time factors. Participants' perceptions and use of 18 fatigue countermeasures were investigated. It was found that participants perceived the safest strategies, including stopping and sleeping, swapping drivers and stopping for a quick nap, to be the most effective countermeasures. However, it appeared that their knowledge of safe countermeasures did not translate into their use of these strategies. For example, although the drivers perceived stopping for a quick nap to be an effective countermeasure, they reported more frequent use of less safe methods such as stopping to eat or drink and winding down the window. This finding suggests that, while practitioners should continue educating drivers, they may need a greater focus on motivating drivers to implement safe fatigue countermeasures.


Higher energy densities and the potential for nearly instantaneous recharging make microscale fuel cells very attractive as power sources for portable technology in comparison with standard battery technology. Heat management is very important to the microscale fuel cells because of the generation of waste heat. Waste heat generated in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells includes oxygen reduction reaction in the cathode catalyst, hydrogen oxidation reaction in the anode catalyst, and Ohmic heating in the membrane. A novel microscale fuel cell design is presented here that utilizes a half-membrane electrode assembly. An ANSYS Fluent model is presented to investigate the effects of operating conditions on the heat management of this microscale fuel cell. Five inlet fuel temperatures are 22°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, and 70°C. Two fuel flow rate are 0.3 mL/min and 2 mL/min. The fuel cell is simulated under natural convection and forced convection. The simulations predict thermal profiles throughout this microscale fuel cell design. The exit temperature of fuel stream, oxygen stream and nitrogen stream are obtained to determine the rate of heat removal. Simulation results show that the fuel stream dominates heat removal at room temperature. As inlet fuel temperature increases, the majority of heat removal occurs via convection with the ambient air by the exposed current collector surfaces. The top and bottom current collector removes almost the same amount of heat. The model also shows that the heat transfer through the oxygen channel and nitrogen channel is minimal over the range of inlet fuel temperatures. Increasing fuel flow rate and ambient air flow both increase the heat removal by the exposed current collector surfaces. Ultimately, these simulations can be used to determine design points for best performance and durability in a single-channel microscale fuel cell.


As a new generation of voting system technology is deployed in response to concerns about the security of American election infrastructure, the role of voter verification of paper audit trails (VVPAT) has re-emerged as central to insuring election integrity. A key step in many electronic voting systems relies on the ability of a voter to carry out what seems at first blush like a simple task: review a computer-generated record of ballot choices made moments before to verify that those choices have been fully and accurately recorded. Prior studies have not addressed what appears to us to be the fundamental question to be resolved if VVPAT is to be a cornerstone of voting technology: can electors verify their votes by reviewing a paper ballot summary? If so, then the paper records are relatively secure evidence of voter intent that can be used to conduct audits and recounts. If not, then adversaries who are able to compromise voting systems can change votes with impunity. The experiments described in this paper, conducted in 2018 during the May 1 and August 2 Tennessee primary elections, suggest that the answer may be "No."

In asking this question we are not concerned so much about the practical problems associated with VVPAT as whether there are fundamental cognitive limitations on the act of verification itself. We present preliminary evidence suggesting that, in actual polling place settings, most voters will not attempt to verify paper ballot summary cards, even when directed to do so. Furthermore, polling place exit interviews of voters who attempt to review their ballots reveal that a statistically significant fraction is unable to recall important details of ballots cast only moments before. Voters either fail to recognize errors in ballots presented to them for verification or fail to recognize that the ballots presented for verification were not the ones they cast. These results are broadly consistent with other recent studies that cast doubt on the reliability and accuracy of memory recall and are evidence of voter memory errors that would make a verified ballot summary card impossible to rely upon as a reliable source record for a post-election audit.

This study differs from prior studies on VVPATs used with DRE ("Direct Recording Electronic") machines, as this study is limited to more recent electronic ballot marking device ("BMD") technology. Such technology involves a voter making choices on a touchscreen machine that produces a ballot summary card (not the full ballot contents). The ballot summary card is inserted into a separate mark sense scanner to complete the vote casting process. A consequence of the results presented here is that voters who cast ballots on compromised ballot marking devices in which votes have been changed but who have not securely registered their ballot choices by, for example, hand-marking paper ballots, are generally unable to detect vote manipulation. The implications for future voting system design are also discussed.


Research in dental caries generates data with two levels of hierarchy: that of a tooth overall and that of the different surfaces of the tooth. The outcomes often exhibit spatial referencing among neighboring teeth and surfaces, i.e., the disease status of a tooth or surface might be influenced by the status of a set of proximal teeth/surfaces. Assessments of dental caries (tooth decay) at the tooth level yield binary outcomes indicating the presence/absence of teeth, and trinary outcomes at the surface level indicating healthy, decayed, or filled surfaces. The presence of these mixed discrete responses complicates the data analysis under a unified framework. To mitigate complications, we develop a Bayesian two-level hierarchical model under suitable (spatial) Markov random field assumptions that accommodates the natural hierarchy within the mixed responses. At the first level, we utilize an autologistic model to accommodate the spatial dependence for the tooth-level binary outcomes. For the second level and conditioned on a tooth being non-missing, we utilize a Potts model to accommodate the spatial referencing for the surface-level trinary outcomes. The regression models at both levels were controlled for plausible covariates (risk factors) of caries, and remain connected through shared parameters. To tackle the computational challenges in our Bayesian estimation scheme caused due to the doubly-intractable normalizing constant, we employ a double Metropolis-Hastings sampler. We compare and contrast our model performances to the standard non-spatial (naive) model using a small simulation study, and illustrate via an application to a clinical dataset on dental caries.


Catheter ablation (CA) is a potentially curative therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, however up to 50%b of patients may require a repeat procedure to achieve the best results. While this may be due to insufficient radiofrequency (RF) energy delivery to achieve transmural, contiguous ablation lesions (TAL), excessive RF application may result in extracardiac injury and complications. We aim to evaluate optimal RFCA temperature settings for variable atrial tissue depth and blood flow conditions. Heat spread in atrial tissue and blood was simulated using the Pennes bioheat equation with an additional convective term in the blood. The minimum catheter contact time required for TAL formation increased with increasing either atrial wall thickness (AWT) or laminar flow velocity (LFV). Thus, during ablation of atrial tissue regions with AWT of 1 and 5.5 mm andLFVof0.1 m/s, TALs were formed in 12 and 153 s, respectively. When LFV was increased to 1.2 m/s, the TAL formation time increased to 21 and 174 s. The maximum temperature in the blood volume stayed below the coagulation risk threshold of 70°Cfor all AWT values with LFVs over 0.6 m/s, but raised above the threshold for LFV ≤ 0.6 m/s and AWT > 1.5 mm. This study demonstrates the potential for optimizing RFCA settings according to atrial tissue depth and flow, which may improve the efficacy of RFCA therapy.


Background: In recent years ankle distraction arthroplasty has gained popularity in the treatment of ankle arthritis as a means of both maintaining range of motion and avoiding fusion. We present a retrospective review of 25 patients who have undergone ankle distraction from 1999 to 2006. Materials and Methods: The mean age was 43 years; 16 were male, and 7 were female. Followup was 30 months after frame removal (range, 12 to 60 months). We were able to obtain followup on 23 of 25 patients. Adjuvant procedures were performed in some cases including Achilles tendon lengthening (5), ankle arthroscopy (4), open arthrotomy (1), and supramalleolar tibial and distal fibular osteotomy to correct distal tibial deformity (6). Results: Twenty-one patients (91%) reported improved pain with those furthest post-op experiencing the best results. The average preoperative AOFAS score was 55 (range, 29 to 82), and the average postoperative score was 74 (range, 47 to 96). The difference between pre- and postoperative scores was significant (p = 0.005). SF-36 scores showed modest improvement in all components. Only two of the patients in the study underwent fusion after ankle distraction. Total ankle motion was maintained in all patients with improvement in the functional arc of motion in five patients who started with mild equinus contractures. Conclusion: We feel that ankle distraction offers a promising solution for many people with ankle arthritis. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series


The purpose of my studie is to find out if creativity can inspire and motivate in theoretical subjects.An additional purpose is to see if art as a subject can be used as a tool for learning in other subjects.The method that forms the foundation for my studies is a study that I used in a grade 1 class, where I worked with geometry with half of the class at the time. One of the groups got to work in a aesthetic way and the other group in a theoretical way. After three lessons everyone did the same test where all the base figures was in focus. I also wanted to find out what the student thought about working in a aesthetic way compared to theoretical. I found this act through a survey with set questions but with the option to answer freely. The literature I used is relevant for my field as it is directed at my purpose and question formulations. The results show that the knowledge results don't differ too much between the two groups, but the students' motivation for future learning had a larger variety. About 80 % of the students preferred working in a aesthetic way and using pictures instead of reading when learning something new. The rest of the students preferred learning through reading books and listening to their teacher. Keywords: aesthetic learning, theoretical learning, teaching method


Nepal, a country nestled between India and China and dominated by the Himalayas, faces an intense burden of eye disease. Almost 20 percent of the population is affected by one or more ocular disorders. I was fortunate to undertake an internship at the Himalayan Eye Hospital (HEH) in Pokhara. The HEH is a non-governmental organisation that services Pokhara and the mountainous region surrounding the city. During the placement, it became apparent many patients were presenting with loss of sight due to an ocular trauma injury which occurred years earlier. The commonest modes of ocular trauma were found to be road traffic accidents, physical assault and hammering with stones or nails. The aim of this project was to find out about the epidemiology of ocular trauma and the factors which led to delayed treatment.


The purpose of this study was to identify the students' motivation for participating to sports competitions in school. For this approach, we have identified a stratified random sample made up of 515 boys and 338 girls. The questionnaire we have used has included three categories of reasons for the participation to sports actions: social motives, sports motives and health-promotion motives, intrinsic and extrinsic. The data obtained have emphasized positive results for both genders, on the three motivation directions: "fun and joy"; "the wish of being healthy"; "the wish of being part of a team". Motivations such as "the wish of being the best, of being a champion"; "the wish of being popular"; "the wish to compete" were frequent among boys, while girls have mostly social and recreational motives: making new friends, maintaining a health body, fitness. Hence, the combination of the pleasure to participate to the competition and the wish to make new friends are the ways through which we can also increase the number of girls who participate to school competitions.


American civil rights regulation is generally understood as relying on private enforcement in courts, rather than imposing positive duties on state actors to further equity goals. This Article argues that this dominant conception of American civil rights regulation is incomplete. Rather, American civil rights regulation also contains a set of "equality directives," whose emergence and reach in recent years have gone unrecognized in the commentary. These federal-level equality directives use administrative tools of conditioned spending, policymaking, and oversight powerfully to promote substantive inclusion with regard to race, ethnicity, language, and disability. These directives move beyond the constraints of the standard private attorney general regime of antidiscrimination law. They engage broader tools of state power, just as recent Supreme Court decisions have constrained private enforcement. They require states to take proactive, front-end, affirmative measures, rather than relying on backward-looking, individually driven complaints. And these directives move beyond a narrow focus on individual bias to address current, structural barriers to equality. As a result, these directives are profoundly transforming the operation and design of programs at the state and local levels. They are engaging both traditional civil rights groups and community-based groups in innovative and promising new forms of advocacy and implementation.


While invasive fish management is heavily focussed on containment measures when introductions occur, examples from invasive species management in terrestrial systems suggest that there may also be considerable conservation benefits in implementing localized control programmes. We conducted a field-based experiment to assess the effectiveness of removing a globally significant invasive fish, eastern gambusia Gambusia holbrooki, from natural wetland habitats of south-eastern Australia. With recent work suggesting the impacts of eastern gambusia may be minimal for species with generalist life-history strategies, we hypothesized that the removal of eastern gambusia will reduce localized population growth of the invasive species, but will have little influence on the population growth of more generalist sympatric wetland fish species. We used a predictive modelling approach to investigate changes in eastern gambusia populations following removal activities, and how sympatric fish species responded to such changes. Although eastern gambusia rapidly populated habitats, we demonstrated that control actions substantially reduced the rate of population increase over the four-month study period. This suggests that control may be an effective localized strategy to suppress eastern gambusia densities. There was however, no evidence of any response to the removal actions by any of the three sympatric fish species investigated – carp gudgeon (Hypseleotris spp.), Australian smelt (Retropinna semoni) and the invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio). These results support previous work which suggests that the flexible life-history strategies and behavioural traits of all three species allow co-existence with eastern gambusia. The study highlights the importance of understanding the potential outcomes of control options which is particularly pertinent for established aquatic invasive species where information on control effectiveness, population dynamics and/or ecosystem response is currently lacking.


A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF POSTGRADUATE STUDIES,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE IN
GEOGRAPHY. DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE,
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA.


We employ ptychography, a phase-retrieval imaging technique, to show experimentally for the first
time that a partially coherent high-energy matter (electron) wave emanating from an extended source
can be decomposed into a set of mutually independent modes of minimal rank. Partial coherence
significantly determines the optical transfer properties of an electron microscope and so there has
been much work on this subject. However, previous studies have employed forms of interferometry to
determine spatial coherence between discrete points in the wavefield. Here we use the density matrix
to derive a formal quantum mechanical description of electron ptychography and use it to measure a
full description of the spatial coherence of a propagating matter wavefield, at least to the within the
fundamental uncertainties of the measurements we can obtain.


This phenomenological study explored adolescent perceptions of affirming and disaffirming relational encounters within the school setting. The meanings students constructed about their interpersonal experiences with teachers, counselors, and support staff were examined in relation to Buber's existential I-Thou relational encounter. In addition to the work of phenomenological philosopher Merleau-Ponty, existential educators Maxine Greene and Donald Vandenberg and the writings of relationaland care-oriented educators such as Nel Noddings also informed the conceptual framework of the study. The voices of individual youth and how they perceive, attach meaning to, and integrate relational encounters into their understandings of the world around them are scant in the educational literature. Yet, as a social encounter, school is first and foremost a lived relational experience of consequence. The purpose of this dissertation, therefore, was to explore these lived experiences, to add student voices to the extant literature on relationality, and to illuminate how such experiences might mediate the lives and perceptions of students in schools. An attempt to understand the lived experiences and meanings of students in connection with relational encounters was sought through the interview process. The four phenomenological dimensions—the temporal, spatial, relational, and corporeal—were utilized to further refine how these experiences were understood and felt by individual participants. Participants' narratives of their school memories and recollection of lived experiences formed the core data of the study. Open-ended, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a diverse group of 18 male and female students in SE Michigan between February and May of 2013. A final group of ten diverse participants was selected to complete two total interviews lasting from 50-90 minutes. Interviews VOICES OF ADOLESCENTS vi were transcribed, coded, and interpreted using a flexible blend of multilayered models for phenomenological analysis. Significant themes emerged from participants' narratives, each of which is suggestive of the degree to which encounters with relationality can transform student perceptions of alienation and marginalization within the school setting. Themes included a) the power of individual relationships, b) the perception of mattering and marginalization, c) the perception of active support, and d) the value of voice. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed. VOICES OF ADOLESCENTS vii


The present Bulletin which includes catalogues of molluscs, prawns, stomatopods
and marine algae is in continuation of the two earlier ones dealing with other groups in
the Reference Collections of the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Of the
molluscs 366 species have been listed representing Gastropoda, Bivalvia and
Cephalopoda. A good number of them is of interest to amateur conchologists; there is
a fair representation of economically important species, and a few are rare or little
known forms of scientific interest.
Ninety-five prawn species are catalogued, the majority of which support the
important prawn fisheries of the country. Among those included here is a number of
hitherto unrecorded deep sea prawns from grounds discovered by exploratory trawling
in recent years. The collection is a very valuable one for reference purposes in view of
the great economic importance of this group.


Globally, there is limited research on how deaf and hard of hearing adults experience higher education and work. The purpose of the present study is to examine hard of hearing (HH) adults' experiences of social interactions and social relationships in higher education, the workplace and leisure time. Data were obtained from semistructured interviews with 16 individuals (aged 24–31 years) from diverse cultural backgrounds (10 males and 6 females) with severe-to-profound hearing loss. Participants were selected based on previous expressed interest in participating in further studies after having been involved in an earlier study. The interviews were subjected to a qualitative thematic data analysis. According to the results, people with a hearing loss experience communication barrier in higher education, at work and in leisure time. These communication barriers lead to difficulties achieving social inclusion, and in some circumstances to social exclusion. Assistive technology (AT) and information and communication technologies (ICT) were important facilitators of moving from social exclusion towards social inclusion.


"Many thousand colonies of bees occur in the region where the tulip-tree is abundant but the honey crop from tulip-tree flowers inconsiderable. Too few beekeepers in this region have modern equipment, it is true, but the greatest loss comes from the fact that they do not care for their bees so as to have them ready to gather the abundant nectar from this early-blooming tree. In this bulletin a methods is given for the management of the apiary so that the full honey crop from this source may be obtained." -- p. 2


In this article, design issues for scalable operating systems suited to support efficient multiprogramming in large Transputer clusters are considered. Shortcomings of some current operating system approaches for Transputer based systems concerning efficiency, scalability, and multiprogramming support are discussed. After a brief overview of the new operating system COSY, the emphasis is laid on the design of the kernel entry mechanism which plays a key role for efficiency and which has not yet received the attention it deserves in the operating system literature. The kernel entry layer is an appropriate place to isolate most of the hardware dependent parts of a kernel. Its design is discussed in the context of an implementation on Transputers.