Does economics hold the key to everything or does the recent financial crisis show that it has failed? This book provides an assessment of modern economics that cuts through the confusion and controversy on this question. Case studies of the creation of new markets, the Russian transition to capitalism, globalization, and money and finance establish that economics has been very successful where problems have been well defined and where the world can be changed to fit the theory, but that it has been less successful in tackling bigger problems. The book then offers a historical perspective on how economists have, since the Second World War, tried to make their subject scientific. It explores the evolving relationship between science and ideology and investigates the place of heterodoxy and dissent within the discipline.


Abstract. Accurate estimates of suspended sediment yields depend on effective monitoring strategies. In mountainous environments undergoing intense seasonal precipitation, the implementation of such monitoring programs relies primarily on a rigorous study of the temporal variability of fine sediment transport. This investigation focuses on seasonal and short-term variability in suspended sediment flux in a subhumid region of the Mexican Volcanic Belt. Intensive monitoring was conducted during one year in four contrasting catchments (3 to 630 km2). Analyses revealed significant temporal variability in suspended sediment export over various time scales, with between 63 and 97% of the annual load exported in as little as 2% of the time. Statistical techniques were used to evaluate the sampling frequency required to get reliable estimates of annual sediment yield at the four sites. A bi-daily sampling scheme would be required at the outlet of the 630 km2 catchment, whereas in the three smaller catchments (3–12 km2), accurate estimates would inevitably require hourly monitoring. At the larger catchment scale, analysis of the sub-daily variability of fine sediment fluxes showed that the frequency of sampling could be lowered by up to 100% (i.e. from bi-daily to daily) if a specific and regular sampling time in the day was considered. In contrast, conducting a similar sampling strategy at the three smaller catchments could lead to serious misinterpretation (i.e. up to 1000% error). Our findings emphasise the importance of an analysis of the sub-daily variability of sediment fluxes in mountainous catchments. Characterising this variability may offer useful insights for improving the effectiveness of community-based monitoring strategies in rural areas of developing countries. In regions where historical records based on discrete sampling are available, it may also help assessing the quality of past flux estimates. Finally, the study confirms the global necessity of acquiring more high frequency data in small mountainous catchments, especially in poorly gauged areas.


Objective Surgical complications may affect patients psychologically due to challenges such as prolonged recovery or long-lasting disability. Psychological distress could further delay patients' recovery as stress delays wound healing and compromises immunity. This review investigates whether surgical complications adversely affect patients' postoperative well-being and the duration of this impact. Methods The primary data sources were 'PsychINFO', 'EMBASE' and 'MEDLINE' through OvidSP (year 2000 to May 2012). The reference lists of eligible articles were also reviewed. Studies were eligible if they measured the association of complications after major surgery from 4 surgical specialties (ie, cardiac, thoracic, gastrointestinal and vascular) with adult patients' postoperative psychosocial outcomes using validated tools or psychological assessment. 13 605 articles were identified. 2 researchers independently extracted information from the included articles on study aims, participants' characteristics, study design, surgical procedures, surgical complications, psychosocial outcomes and findings. The studies were synthesised narratively (ie, using text). Supplementary meta-analyses of the impact of surgical complications on psychosocial outcomes were also conducted. Results 50 studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Two-thirds of the studies found that patients who suffered surgical complications had significantly worse postoperative psychosocial outcomes even after controlling for preoperative psychosocial outcomes, clinical and demographic factors. Half of the studies with significant findings reported significant adverse effects of complications on patient psychosocial outcomes at 12 months (or more) postsurgery. 3 supplementary meta-analyses were completed, 1 on anxiety (including 2 studies) and 2 on physical and mental quality of life (including 3 studies). The latter indicated statistically significantly lower physical and mental quality of life (p<0.001) for patients who suffered surgical complications. Conclusions Surgical complications appear to be a significant and often long-term predictor of patient postoperative psychosocial outcomes. The results highlight the importance of attending to patients' psychological needs in the aftermath of surgical complications.


The use of laser therapy is one of the most
effective tools in the prevention and treatment of skin ulcers. It is an
effective treatment choice because it potentiates the trophic regenerative, anti
inflammatory, and painkiller effects. This study aimed to assess the
effectiveness of low level laser therapy in treating induced cutaneous ulcers
in rats. An experimental study using 12 female Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus),
weighing between 150 and 250 g, from the room of animal husbandry at the Center
of Health Sciences of UNIFOR. Rats underwent surgery to induce cutaneous ulcer.
Subsequently, the animals were divided into two randomized groups: 1) Control
group; and 2) Experimental group. They received nine applications of AlGaInP
laser treatment (power of 30 mW) with an intensity of 4 J/cm2, using
the scan method, for 15 seconds over the entire ulcer. The cicatrization
process was evaluated from the 1st to 19th postoperative
(PO) day, but on alternate days. The results showed that animals treated with
laser had less area of cutaneous wound than the control group from the 7th until the 17th postoperative day, highlighting the 7th and the 9th PO with a significant reduction in wound area of 28.8%
(p = 0.00) and 23,5% (p = 0.01), respectively. Treatment with the AlGaInP laser
was effective in the repair of cutaneous wound when compared to the control
group—particularly on the 7th postoperative day.


In document analysis, an important task is to automatically find keywords which best describe the subject of the document. One of the most widely used techniques for keyword detection is a technique based on the term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf) heuristic. This techniques has some explanations, but these explanations are somewhat too complex to be fully convincing. In this paper, we provide a simple probabilistic explanation for the tf-idf heuristic. We also show that the ideas behind explanation can help us come up with more complex formulas which will hopefully lead to a more adequate detection of keywords.


Diet composition and food sources of the limpets Nacella deaurata and Nacella magellanica were studied in a subantarctic rocky-boulder intertidal system in the Magellan Strait, on the basis of gut contents and stable isotope analyses. Green microalgae (32.5 %), brown algae (22.2 %) and red algae (21.3 %) constituted the main food items in N. deaurata while green microalgae (28.3 %), micro-bivalves (27.4 %) and foraminiferans (20.9 %) were dominant food components in N. magellanica. Relative food items contribution indicated a generalist-type trophic strategy in both species, albeit N. deaurata exhibited a more pronounced herbivory. Stable isotope ratios confirmed this omnivorous / grazer lifestyle. Our results coincide with other studies that report green microalgae to be the major food item for other Nacella species but they also contradict the common view that these limpets are herbivorous animals.


Boolean satisfiability (SAT) as a canonical NP-complete decision problem is one of the most important problems in computer science. In practice, real-world SAT sentences are drawn from a distribution that may result in efficient algorithms for their solution. Such SAT instances are likely to have shared characteristics and substructures. This work approaches the exploration of a family of SAT solvers as a learning problem. In particular, we relate polynomial time solvability of a SAT subset to a notion of margin between sentences mapped by a feature function into a Hilbert space. Provided this mapping is based on polynomial time computable statistics of a sentence, we show that the existance of a margin between these data points implies the existance of a polynomial time solver for that SAT subset based on the Davis-Putnam-Logemann-Loveland algorithm. Furthermore, we show that a simple perceptron-style learning rule will find an optimal SAT solver with a bounded number of training updates. We derive a linear time computable set of features and show analytically that margins exist for important polynomial special cases of SAT. Empirical results show an order of magnitude improvement over a state-of-the-art SAT solver on a hardware verification task.


This paper discusses research aimed at identifying key factors influencing the distribution of residential housing renovation employment in metropolitan Melbourne. Using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), employment focused on residential housing renovation is modelled using six parameters representing urban space: distance to the central business district, median household income, distance to highways, the number of nearby shopping centres, distance to public open space and accessibility to railway stations. Of the six different explanatory variables, the estimated value of the Ordinary Least Square model for distance to CBD and open space were statistically significant. Mapping the values of local coefficient estimates of independent variables revealed their extent of influence and variation in residential housing renovation employment.


Air quality is an important problem because it has a direct impact on human health and global warming. For years, governments have been monitoring air quality using fixed stations. However, these stations only examine pollution at specific locations. Therefore, pollution studies can only be created by extrapolation. This situation may be improved by increasing the number of stations or by deploying mobile monitoring networks. When it comes to representing data, a network with fixed stations may show an evolution of measurements in time. In the case of mobile networks, a problem appears when information needs to be represented since they involve physical movement. Due to the novelty of mobile monitoring networks, there is no general consensus on how data must be represented. In this paper, we present a study conducted to determine how environmental data gathered from mobile networks should be represented. We evaluate different methods for environmental data representation according to users' interpretability. We also determine the preferred type of display to access this type of information. Finally, we obtain users' preferences regarding the usefulness of different types of information according to their profile. A total of 110 users have participated in the study and the results show the importance of an adequate representation of data in order to achieve a correct interpretation of the information shown.


Solid phase epitaxy (SPE) techniques have been studied to realize stacked static random memory (SRAM) devices. Among the candidates including epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) and laser epitaxial growth (LEG) techniques, SPE is the most stable and cost-effective scheme since it is fulfilled by the deposition of amorphous silicon layers and the subsequent low temperature annealing using conventional furnace equipment which has been used for several decades in semiconductor fabrication. We introduced silicon seeds for the epitaxial realignment of amorphous silicon within the contact window by the selective epitaxial growth (SEG) of single-crystalline silicon. The role of process variables associated with channel silicon deposition on SPE was investigated. The efficiency of SPE was quantified by electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) measurement, which visualizes the fraction of the <100> orientation in a channel silicon layer. SiH4 ambient during the ramp-up stage in the deposition of amorphous silicon layers showed superior epitaxial realignment to N2 ambient, which was mainly due to the suppression of interfacial layer formation. Electrical characteristics such as on-current distribution and static noise margin indicated SPE to be feasible for high-density stacked SRAM application.


Soil erosion is a global concern because of its consequences for the environment and the economy of countries. In the Argentine Pampas Region, soil erosion process is a priority issue, although there is little information about sediment concentration (SC) in agricultural catchments. The study aimed at assessing the factors that have a major influence on SC and discussing the dynamics of hydrological and sedimentological connectivity during 2012, a year with precipitation over the mean and significant erosive events. The study was conducted in a watershed of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. A linear regression model, that considered autocorrelation, was obtained. Maximum rainfall intensity in 30 minutes and peak flow were related to SC. An analysis of satellite images was carried out to discuss the hydrological connectivity, and a connectivity index was calculated to assess changes in sedimentological connectivity. The analyses suggested increments in hydrological and sedimentological connectivity, associated with the drainage area expansion and with water erosion rills. Hydrological connectivity is needed for sedimentological connectivity. However, increments in sedimentological connectivity may have been conditioned by the input of energy to detach and to transport particles. This may have been evidenced when flows exceeded a threshold runoff coefficient.


Middle-level leaders in schools have a critical role in mentoring teachers as they work with the teaching-as-inquiry process. One-to-one interactions and professional conversations with each teacher largely determine the quality of inquiry, both for an individual teacher and on a school-wide basis. In this article, an experienced senior secondary school leader explores the conditions necessary for school-wide inquiry to flourish, and explains why mentorship needs to be valued and to operate at a range of levels within the school if effective inquiry is to be initiated and sustained.


Objective: It is well-known that refugee children are under risk of psychiatric problems as a consequence of adverse events experienced in the pre and post-migration period. It is estimated that, as the leading country hosting re-fugees, approximately 1.4 million refugee children are living in Turkey. This study aimed to evaluate emotional and behavioral problems seen among Yazidi children and adolescents who settle in a refugee camp in Turkey. Meth-ods: The researcher contacted the volunteers of the transient education center situated in the camp and reached children attending the center as well as their families. The emotional and behavioral problems were investigated using Arabic form of Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: Our sample consisted of 33 female and 20 male children and adolescents. The mean age was 12.3±1.5 years. The mean residency time in camp was 11.3±2.1 months. The mean number of siblings was 3.9±1.8. 60.4% of fathers and 67.9% of mothers were primary school graduate or less educated. Majority of the children (88.7%) reported that they lost a relative or could not get any information about at least one of them, 58.0% stated they heard the sound of gunshot or explosion, while 39.6% reported they saw the body of a dead or injured person. SDQ scores were higher than threshold for emotional prob- lem in 26.4%, peer problems in 22.6%, hyperactivity problems in 18.8% and conduct problem in 15.0% of children. Total difficulty scores of 15 (28.3%) children were also higher than cut-off value. Conclusion: Results of the study showed that refugee children and adolescents had exposed to many traumatic events and emotional and behavioral problems might be seen in a significant proportion of this group. It is highly recommended to provide psychosocial support in the help and care programs targeting child and adolescent refugees.


An evaluation of the risk to an exposed element from a hazardous event requires a consideration of the element's vulnerability, which expresses its propensity to suffer damage. This concept allows the assessed level of hazard to be translated to an estimated level of risk and is often used to evaluate the risk from earthquakes and cyclones. However, for other natural perils, such as mass movements, coastal erosion and volcanoes, the incorporation of vulnerability within risk assessment is not well established and consequently quantitative risk estimations are not often made. This impedes the study of the relative contributions from different hazards to the overall risk at a site. Physical vulnerability is poorly modelled for many reasons: the cause of human casualties (from the event itself rather than by building damage); lack of observational data on the hazard, the elements at risk and the induced damage; the complexity of the structural damage mechanisms; the temporal and geographical scales; and the ability to modify the hazard level. Many of these causes are related to the nature of the peril therefore for some hazards, such as coastal erosion, the benefits of considering an element's physical vulnerability may be limited. However, for hazards such as volcanoes and mass movements the modelling of vulnerability should be improved by, for example, following the efforts made in earthquake risk assessment. For example, additional observational data on induced building damage and the hazardous event should be routinely collected and correlated and also numerical modelling of building behaviour during a damaging event should be attempted.


Medicinal plants are potential of antimicrobial compounds. The present study deals with the antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Thymus daenensis. Aerial parts of the plant were collected from Alvand mountainside (Hamadan, Iran) in May 2005, air-dried and extracted by methanol. The dried extract was redissolved in methanol to make a 100 mg/ml solution and then filtered. Antibacterial activity of the extract was evaluated against various Gram-positive and Gram-negatives bacteria using disk diffusion technique. Blank paper disks were loaded with 40 microl of the methanol solution and then dried up. The impregnated disks were placed on Mueller-Hinton agar inoculated with bacterial suspension equal to 0.5 McFarland. The extract inhibited the growth Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Entrococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pyogenes, but it showed no activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The most significant effect was seen against S.aureus including MRSA, which are important nosocomial pathogens. MIC90 of the extract was determined against Gram-positive bacteria (3.12 mg/ml) and 11 MRSA strain (1.56 mg/ml).


Coherent many-body quantum dynamics lies at the heart of quantum simulation and quantum computation. Both require coherent evolution in the exponentially large Hilbert space of an interacting many-body system. To date, trapped ions have defined the state of the art in terms of achievable coherence times in interacting spin chains. Here, we establish an alternative platform by reporting on the observation of coherent, fully interaction-driven quantum revivals of the magnetization in Rydberg-dressed Ising spin chains of atoms trapped in an optical lattice. We identify partial many-body revivals at up to about ten times the characteristic time scale set by the interactions. At the same time, single-site-resolved correlation measurements link the magnetization dynamics with inter-spin correlations appearing at different distances during the evolution. These results mark an enabling step towards the implementation of Rydberg atom based quantum annealers, quantum simulations of higher dimensional complex magnetic Hamiltonians, and itinerant long-range interacting quantum matter.


Geochemical and petrographic investigations of Pb-Zn-Ag
mineralization ( 12 orebody) and Cu-Co mineralization (1100 orebody)
from Mount Isa were undertaken. Over one hundred and twenty
carefully selected samples were analyzed for major and minor
elements and for some or all of the following volatile metals: Au,
Ag, Cd, As, Sb, Se, Bi, Co and Tl.
A strong Tl enrichment is observed in (pyritic) unmineralized
lateral equivalents of 12 orebody for several kilometers to the
north of the mine sequence. The Se and As contents, S/Se ratios and
S isotope relationships in the Pb-Zn ores and their host pyritic
shales preclude a magmatic or deep-seated hydrothermal S source.
The data suggest that sulfide S in the Urquhart Shales was derived
from reduction of a ''seawater"/evaporitic/pore water sulfate source.
Lateral variations in the thickness of mineralized intervals, the
nature of the sulfide-gangue textures in the ores, the pervasive K
and Tl enrichment in the host rocks and other chemical features of
the Pb-Zn ores indicate that much of the Mount Isa mineralization
formed epigenetically within the unconsolidated Urquhart Shales.
The Pb-Zn-Ag ores contain very little Au and it is argued that this
feature is best explained by the hydrothermal solutions that formed
the Pb-Zn ores being cool (<<200°C) and moderately oxidized.
The "silica dolomite" (the host to all the Mount Isa Cu
mineralization) formed from "normal" Urquhart Shale as a result of
intense fault-related hydrothermal activity (Perkins, 1984). The
alteration has silicified the shales adjacent to the fault, and
dolomite, phyllosilicates and "immobile" elements liberated during
the silicification have been re-deposited at higher levels up-dip in
the silica dolomite bodies. For the most part primary sulfide
textures have not been preserved.
It is argued that the distribution of several elements (notably Co,
Bi, As, Fe and S) in 1100 orebody and its location down-dip from a
strongly pyritic section of Urquhart Shale are good evidence that
stratiform Co (and Cu) mineralization was present in pyritic
Urquhart Shales prior to formation of the silica dolomite. Chemical
and {sotopic evidence suggests that the Cu mineralization had a similar s-~ource and formed from similar solutions to the Pb-Zn-Ag
ores.
A new co-genetic model for the Mount Isa Cu and Pb-Zn-Ag deposits in
which the mineralization formed from cool oxidized solutions in the
upper few meters of the unconsolidated Urquhart Shales is presented.
The metal-bearing solutions were expelled from their source rocks
(oxidized clastic sediments lower in the Mount Isa Group) during the
course of normal basin compaction and dewatering. Base metal
sulfides were fixed by sulfate reduction processes occuring in the
diagenetic environment of the Urquhart Shales. Weathered mafic
volcanic detritus may have been an important component of the source.


[1] Analyses of field observations and numerical model results have identified that sediment transport in the Hudson River estuary is laterally segregated between channel and shoals, features frontal trapping at multiple locations along the estuary, and varies significantly over the spring-neap tidal cycle. Lateral gradients in depth, and therefore baroclinic pressure gradient and stratification, control the lateral distribution of sediment transport. Within the saline estuary, sediment fluxes are strongly landward in the channel and seaward on the shoals. At multiple locations, bottom salinity fronts form at bathymetric transitions in width or depth. Sediment convergences near the fronts create local maxima in suspended-sediment concentration and deposition, providing a general mechanism for creation of secondary estuarine turbidity maxima at bathymetric transitions. The lateral bathymetry also affects the spring-neap cycle of sediment suspension and deposition. In regions with broad, shallow shoals, the shoals are erosional and the channel is depositional during neap tides, with the opposite pattern during spring tides. Narrower, deeper shoals are depositional during neaps and erosional during springs. In each case, the lateral transfer is from regions of higher to lower bed stress, and depends on the elevation of the pycnocline relative to the bed. Collectively, the results indicate that lateral and along-channel gradients in bathymetry and thus stratification, bed stress, and sediment flux lead to an unsteady, heterogeneous distribution of sediment transport and trapping along the estuary rather than trapping solely at a turbidity maximum at the limit of the salinity intrusion.


ABSTRACT Microsporidia are eukaryotic, obligate intracellular organisms defined by small spores that contain a single invasion organelle, the polar tube, which coils around the interior of the spore. When these parasites infect host cells, the polar tube is discharged from the anterior pole of the spore, pierces the cell, and transfers sporoplasm into the cytoplasm of the host. Three polar tube proteins (PTP1, PTP2, and PTP3) have been identified in this structure. The interactions of these proteins in the assembly and function of the polar tube are not known. This study was undertaken to examine the protein interactions of the Encephalitozoon cuniculi polar tube proteins (EcPTPs). Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed the colocalization of EcPTP1, EcPTP2, and EcPTP3 to the polar tube. Experiments using cross-linkers indicated that EcPTP1, EcPTP2, and EcPTP3 form a complex in the polar tube, which was confirmed by immunoprecipitation using EcPTP1 antiserum. Yeast two-hybrid analysis revealed that full-length EcPTP1, EcPTP2, and EcPTP3 interact with each other in vivo. Both the N and C termini of EcPTP1 were involved in these interactions, but the central region of this protein, which contains a repetitive motif, was not. Further studies of polar tube proteins and their structural interactions may help elucidate the formation of the polar tube during the invasion process.


Occupational therapists assessing young Hmong children with developmental problems must consider their families' cultural beliefs as they affect the design of assessment procedures and practices. Choices that families make about health and educational services are influenced by their beliefs. Developmental status can be affected by unresolved medical problems and the child's general health condition. Assessment components based on cultural awareness may improve the effectiveness of early identification of Hmong children with developmental delay. Appropriate use of interpreters, creation of the most beneficial assessment environment, parental report, and observation of functional skills and play provide needed information when determining the child's eligibility for early intervention services. The author has found that trained interpreters provide the most reliable communication between family members and the therapist. Assessments in the home environment are encouraged due to the child's age and the need for family support and interaction. Parents are an excellent source of information about the child's current and past functional abilities. Observations of the child's interaction with family members, with objects and toys during play, and during functional daily living activities provides the therapist with valuable information about the child's need for intervention.


Structural health monitoring has increasingly become a hot research topic for engineering structures. While much improvement has been made in advances of sensing, communication and computer technologies, identification of structural parameters based on vibration signals is a promising but difficult task due to the ill-conditioned nature of inverse analysis. For offshore structures, the challenge is even greater as they are usually very large and subjected to severe environmental loads including dynamic wave load. This keynote focuses on offshore jack-up, a type of mobile self-elevating drilling unit used in the oil and gas industry. A jack-up rig typically comprises a buoyant hull supported by three lattice legs, each resting on a large inverted conical footing called spudcan. As jack-up peration moves into deeper waters and harsher environments, there has been an increasing demand to model the jack-up structure more accurately by accounting for spudcan fixity (i.e. soil stiffness at spudcan footing). Due to the large size of jack-up rig, a substructure approach is essential so as to reduce the effort of forward analysis and inverse analysis. In view of the difficulty in measuring wave forces, a predictor-corrector procedure is incorporated to compute the input force instead as identification progresses based on an improved genetic algorithm method recently developed by the authors. The performance of the proposed strategy in identification of sudcan fixity is demonstrated by numerical study, using a jack-up operating in the North Sea as an example.


Molecular chaperones of the Hsp70 class are essential for a number of cellular processes. The yeast mitochondrial Hsp70 chaperone Ssc1 plays an indispensable role for the mitochondrial biogenesis. As an essential component of the import motor of the TIM23 transolcase, Ssc1 drives the ATP-dependent translocation of proteins into the mitochondrial matrix. Moreover, it mediates the de novo folding and the assembly of several proteins in the mitochondrial matrix and prevents the formation of protein aggregates. Surprisingly, Ssc1 itself has a propensity to self-aggregate. Thus, it requires a helper protein, the chaperone Hep1 that prevents Ssc1 aggregation and maintains its structure and function. The mechanism of the protective function of Hep1 on Ssc1, however, is not understood.
In the present study, the structural determinants of Ssc1 that make it prone to aggregation and the structural requirements of Ssc1 for its interaction with Hep1 were analysed and provided insights into the mechanism of prevention of Ssc1 aggregation by Hep1. The aggregation studies demonstrate that a variant of Ssc1 consisting of the ATPase domain and the subsequent interdomain linker aggregates in absence of Hep1. In contrast, the PBD and the ATPase domain alone are not prone to aggregation. Moreover, the interaction studies reveal that the aggregation-prone region seems to be the smallest entity within Ssc1 required for the interaction with Hep1. Taken together, the native Ssc1 adopts an aggregation-prone conformation, in which the ATPase domain with the interdomain linker has the propensity to aggregate. Hep1 binds to this aggregation-prone region and thereby counteracts the aggregation process and keeps the native Ssc1 in a functional and active state.
Although Hsp70 chaperones are important for the biogenesis of a multitude of proteins, little is known about the biogenesis of these chaperones themselves. The present study reports on the analysis of the folding process of the mitochondrial Hsp70 chaperone Ssc1. In organello, in vivo and in vitro assays were established and then employed to study the de novo folding of Ssc1. Upon import into mitochondria, Ssc1 folds rapidly with the ATPase domain and the PBD adopting their structures independently of each other. Notably, the ATPase domain requires the presence of the interdomain linker for its folding, whereas the PBD folds without the linker. Moreover, in the absence of Hep1, the ATPase domain with the interdomain linker displays a severe folding defect, which indicates a role of Hep1 in the folding process of Ssc1. Apart from Hep1, none of the general mitochondrial chaperone systems seem to be important for the folding of Ssc1. Furthermore, the folding process of Ssc1 was reconstituted in vitro and the main steps of the folding pathway of Ssc1 were characterised. Hep1 and ATP/ADP are required and sufficient for the folding of Ssc1 into the native, catalytically active form. In an early step of folding, Hep1 interacts with the folding intermediate of Ssc1. This interaction induces conformational changes which allow binding of ATP/ADP. The binding of a nucleotide triggers Hep1 release and further folding of the intermediate into a native Ssc1.
The present study provides the first direct evidence for the requirement of Hep1 for the folding of the Ssc1 chaperone. Thus, it demonstrates for the first time that the de novo folding of an Hsp70 chaperone depends on a specialized proteinaceous factor.
In conclusion, Hep1 fulfils a dual chaperone function in the cell. It mediates the de novo folding of Ssc1 and maintains folded Ssc1 in a functional state during the ATPase cycle. Therefore, the Hep1 chaperone plays a crucial role for the protein biogenesis and homeostasis in mitochondria.


Background Recent nutrition recommendations advocate a reduction in protein from animal sources (pork, beef) because of environmental concerns. Instead, protein from vegetable sources (beans, peas) should be increased. However, little is known about the effect of these vegetable protein sources on appetite regulation. Objective To examine whether meals based on vegetable protein sources (beans/peas) are comparable to meals based on animal protein sources (veal/pork) regarding meal-induced appetite sensations. Design In total, 43 healthy, normal-weight, young men completed this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, three-way, cross-over meal test. The meals (all 3.5 MJ, 28 energy-% (E%) fat) were either high protein based on veal and pork meat, HP-Meat (19 E% protein, 53 E% carbohydrate, 6 g fiber/100 g); high protein based on legumes (beans and peas), HP-Legume (19 E% protein, 53 E% carbohydrate, 25 g fiber/100 g); or low-protein based on legumes, LP-Legume (9 E% protein, 62 E% carbohydrate, 10 g fiber/100 g). Subjective appetite sensations were recorded at baseline and every half hour using visual analog scales until the ad libitum meal 3 h after the test meal. Repeated measurements analyses and summary analyses were performed using ANCOVA (SAS). Results HP-Legume induced lower composite appetite score, hunger, prospective food consumption, and higher fullness compared to HP-Meat and LP-Legume (p<0.05). Furthermore, satiety was higher after HP-Legume than HP-Meat (p<0.05). When adjusting for palatability, HP-Legume still resulted in lower composite appetite scores, hunger, prospective consumption, and higher fullness compared to HP-Meat (p<0.05). Furthermore, HP-Legume induced higher fullness than LP-Legume (p<0.05). A 12% and 13% lower energy intake, respectively, was seen after HP-Legume compared to HP-Meat or LP-Legume (p<0.01). Conclusion Vegetable-based meals (beans/peas) influenced appetite sensations favorably compared to animal-based meals (pork/veal) with similar energy and protein content, but lower fiber content. Interestingly, a vegetable-based meal with low protein content was as satiating and palatable as an animal-based meal with high protein content.


Abstract We present an analysis of the reliability of focal mechanisms obtained through moment tensor inversion at the Irpinia Seismic Network, southern Italy. Our analysis is based on the methods proposed by Zahradnik and Custodio (2012) and Sokos and Zahradnik (2013). We present two different studies: (1) we compute maps of theoretical focal mechanism resolution for the Irpinia region and (2) we study the reliability of the solutions obtained from waveform inversion of five regional earthquakes. Theoretically, we find that when data error is the dominant source of error, focal mechanism resolution is better close to the spots of higher station density rather than at the center of the network. Using real data, we were able to successfully study four of the five regional events, in spite of the large source–station distances (up to ∼280  km) and significant azimuthal gaps (>319°). We used variance reduction, double‐couple percentage, signal‐to‐noise ratio, condition number, and focal mechanism variability index to assess the quality of the solutions. Our quality assessment is validated by comparison with independent focal mechanism solutions.


This paper presents a constitutive modelling of the polycrystalline thin metal strip under a state of combined loading in microflexible rolling. The concept of grained inhomogeneity is incorporated into the classic Chaboche hardening model that accounts for the Bauschinger effect, in order to provide more precise description and analysis of the springback mechanism in the particular forming operation. The model is first implemented in the finite element program ABAQUS to numerically predict the stress-strain relationship of 304 stainless steel specimens over a range of average grain sizes. After validation of the developed model by comparison of predicted curves and actual stress-strain data points, it is further applied to predict the thickness directional springback in microflexible rolling of 304 stainless steel strips with initial thickness of 250 µm and reduction changing from 5 to 10%. The model predictions show a reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements and have proven to be more accurate than those obtained from the conventional multilinear isotropic hardening model in combination with the Voronoi tessellation technique. In addition, the variation of thickness directional springback along with the scatter effect is compared and analysed in regard to the average grain size utilising both qualitative and quantitative approaches in respect of distinct types of data at different reductions.


Although there has been little research examining religiosity in athletes, recent evidence suggests that it may play an important role in the lives of some athletes. The present study investigated the relationship of intrinsic religiosity to substance use in intercollegiate athletes. The Intrinsic Religiosity subscale of the Duke Religion Index, the Alcohol Problems subscale of the Personality Assessment Inventory, and two questions assessing marijuana and other drug use were completed by 105 varsity athletes. Findings indicated that intrinsic religiosity was inversely associated with alcohol, marijuana, and other drug use. Implications of these findings for sport practitioners are discussed.


We investigated the effect of a novel quinazoline derivative (KB-5666), a lipid peroxidation inhibitor, on ischemic neuronal damage using Mongolian gerbils. The animals were sacrificed 7 or 30 days after 5 min of forebrain ischemia induced by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Morphologic changes, a microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) immunohistochemical study and quantitative autoradiographic study using [3H]phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate ([3H]PDBu) were evaluated in the hippocampus after ischemia. KB-5666 (3-50 mg/kg, i.v.) showed protective effects against neuronal death of the CA1 subfield 5 min before ischemia, immediately or 1 hr after ischemia, but not 4 hr after ischemia. KB-5666 (i.p.) also showed protective effects in a dose-dependent manner immediately after ischemia. Furthermore, KB-5666 dose-dependently prevented a marked decrease in microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in the dendritic fields of the CA1 pyramidal cells after ischemia. The [3H]PDBu binding activity in the stratum oriens and the stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the CA1 subfield was reduced by 19 and 30%, respectively, 7 days after ischemia. [3H]PDBu binding sites were unchanged in the stratum oriens in the CA3 subfield. By contrast, in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the [3H]PDBu binding activity increased by 15%. KB-5666 (i.v.) prevented a decrease in the [3H]PDBu binding activity in the stratum oriens and stratum lacunosum-moleculare of the CA1 subfield and an increase in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. These histologic, immunohistochemical and receptor-autoradiographic data indicate that KB-5666 protects the brain from both cellular and functional consequences of ischemia.


Abstract Restorative justice conferencing, in response to youthful offending, has grown in popularity around the world.While there is now substantial empirical evidence that shows offenders and victims are satisfied with outcomes and perceive the process as generally fair, available data on reoffending have produced mixed results. Uncertainty about how conferencing affects future offending may result from how reoffending is analysed. In this paper, I used survival analysis to reanalyse data from the Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Restorative Policing Experiment and assessed two methodological approaches: a standard comparative approach to examine differences in reoffending between offenders in conference and court and a variation analysis to examine differences in reoffending within conference and court groups. Comparative analyses showed that violent offenders referred to conference were less likely to reoffend compared to violent offenders referred to court. There were no differences in reoffending for property offenders in conference and in court. Variation analyses showed that female offenders attending conferences were less likely to reoffend than male offenders in conferences. There were no differences in reoffending for males and females in court. These results suggest that there is value in comparing the effects of traditional and restorative interventions, as well as assessing how variation within interventions is related to future offending.


Ocean Color Imager (OCI) aboard the ROCSAT-1 satellite is a multi-spectral imaging spectrometer for observing pigment distribution in low-latitude oceans. Sensor calibration contributes to characterization of its radiometric response and to the development of a processing segment for recovering the at-sensor radiance data. The major characteristics of OCI are presented. A mathematical model is developed to approximate the radiometric response of OCI and the corresponding parameters are initially identified by pre-flight calibration and adapted in-flight by a method of cross-platform calibration. The procedure of the pre-flight calibration is described and the results are shown. The cross-platform in-flight calibration compares the radiance data with those measured by the vicarious orbital sensor over the cross points so that performance degradation or parameter change in OCI will not bias the sensor calibration. The difficulties in spectral matching, spatial resolution, sun-sensor geometry, radiometric compatibility, and data set registration have been considered. An algorithm of the parameter adaptation and data conversion has been developed and implemented.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to outline ethical implications of the practical challenges facing resource sharing practitioners in the digital age. Design/methodology/approach – The author presents an overview of major ethical challenges related to digital resource sharing using a framework of four key ethical theories: justice as fairness; utilitarianism; rights theory; and common good theory. Findings – When administrators, publishers, lawmakers, or the public dictate policies and rules that are inconsistent with librarian values and norms, librarians should turn to ethical reasoning in defense of their work. Social implications – Resource sharing practitioners everywhere will find the ethical theories useful when presented with questions related to user access to information. Originality/value – Library managers charged with development and assessment of resource sharing policies and practices will benefit from this paper.


Abstract. Increased nutrient loads have resulted in several adverse impacts on surface water quality, including excessive algal growth, fish kills, and drinking water taste and odor issues across the United States and especially in the Ozark ecoregion of northeastern Oklahoma and northwestern Arkansas. The significance of this problem has been highlighted by litigation, with one case even reaching the U.S. Supreme Court (Arkansas et al. v. Oklahoma et al., 503 U.S. 91) which required the upstream state to meet downstream water quality standards. The overarching objective of this line of research was to characterize phosphorus leaching to alluvial aquifers in the coarse gravel floodplains of the Ozark ecoregion, while the specific objective of this paper was to quantify infiltration and hydraulic conductivity across a range of scales (point to 100 m 2 ) to evaluate the effect of the scale of measurement. It is hypothesized that hydrologic heterogeneities (e.g., macropores and gravel outcrops) in the subsurface play an integral role in impacting flow and contaminant transport between the soil surface and alluvial aquifers. Innovative field studies, including plot scale injection experiments, were performed across a range of soil types at each of three floodplain sites in the Ozark ecoregion. Solutes in the injection water included phosphorus, P (highly sorptive), Rhodamine WT (slightly sorptive), and chloride (conservative). Plots maintained a constant head of 2 to 9 cm for up to 52 hours. Effective saturated hydraulic conductivity (K eff ) data, based on plot scale infiltration rates, were high (0.6 to 68 cm hr -1 ) and varied greatly, even within a single floodplain. The K eff was also measured with a double ring infiltrometer and estimated at the point scale using Retention Curve (RETC) along with particle size distribution data. Point scale estimates were significantly lower than plot scale K eff , and also failed to capture the variability of K eff within a field site. The estimated permeability of the limiting layer reported by the U.S. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey was consistent with point scale estimates of K eff , but was lower than plot scale K eff at most sites. Plot scale infiltration tests are recommended over double ring infiltrometer tests or point scale estimates, although only small plots (1 m by 1 m) are necessary.


Increasingly, higher education has called upon arts entrepreneurship to prepare artists for sustainable careers, and to provide a platform for research on artist professional development. In response, teaching in entrepreneurship and arts entrepreneurship education has grown significantly over the past few decades (Fayolle et al., 2016), with an estimated 168 institutions with 372 offerings arts entrepreneurship courses in the US alone (Essig & Guevara, 2016). This is especially true in the field of music, where arts entrepreneurship has been readily embraced due to the entrepreneurial nature of sustaining a livelihood as a musician (Bennett, 2016; Breivik et al., 2015). The amount of research focusing on the teaching of arts entrepreneurship has followed closely behind the growth in arts entrepreneurship education – but what about research on learning arts entrepreneurship? How do arts students actually learn to be entrepreneurial? While research in arts entrepreneurship has been performed to examine curricular efforts (e.g., Beckman, 2005), the similarities and synergies of entrepreneurs and artists (e.g., Gangi, 2015), and arts entrepreneurship education as a comprehensive phenomenon of interest and study (Chang & Wyszomirski, 2015), no work has been performed to connect the field s body of knowledge to extant theoretical work directly related to experiential and entrepreneurial learning (Politis, 2005). Given that most arts entrepreneurship curricula include some form of experiential learning (Essig & Guevara, 2016), I propose a framework to advance the field s investigation of entrepreneurial learning in the arts entrepreneurship classroom. Since understanding arts entrepreneurship is context-specific (Beckman & Essig, 2012), in this article I use the specific case of music performance education in higher music education (HME) to connect empirical and theoretical literature on arts entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial competencies (Bacigalupo et al., 2016), careers in music, and social cognitive career theory (Lent et al., 2002) Synthesizing these streams of literature, I propose a conceptual framework for integrating context-specific entrepreneurial learning activities within arts entrepreneurship education. The framework developed recognizes and address the importance of context, personal agency, student-centered learning, explorative behavior and definitions in arts entrepreneurship educational activities. The framework also provides the means to analyze both mini-cases and examples of entrepreneurial learning activities which may develop entrepreneurial competencies. The article concludes with promising areas and questions for future research and as well as implications for educators.


The addition of aggregates has been one of the most relevant enhancements to the language of answer set programming (ASP). They strengthen the modelling power of ASP in terms of natural and concise problem representations. Previous semantic definitions typically agree in the case of nonrecursive aggregates, but the picture is less clear for aggregates involved in recursion. Some proposals explicitly avoid recursive aggregates, most others differ, and many of them do not satisfy desirable criteria, such as minimality or coincidence with answer sets in the aggregate-free case. In this paper we define a semantics for programs with arbitrary aggregates (including monotone, antimonotone, and nonmonotone aggregates) in the full ASP language allowing also for disjunction in the head (disjunctive logic programming – DLP). This semantics is a genuine generalization of the answer set semantics for DLP, it is defined by a natural variant of the Gelfond-Lifschitz transformation, and treats aggregate and non-aggregate literals in a uniform way. This novel transformation is interesting per se also in the aggregate-free case, since it is simpler than the original transformation and does not need to differentiate between positive and negative literals. We prove that our semantics guarantees the minimality (and therefore the incomparability) of answer sets, and we demonstrate that it coincides with the standard answer set semantics on aggregate-free programs. Moreover, we carry out an in-depth study of the computational complexity of the language. The analysis pays particular attention to the impact of syntactical restrictions on programs in the form of limited use of aggregates, disjunction, and negation. While the addition of aggregates does not affect the complexity of the full DLP language, it turns out that their presence does increase the complexity of normal (i.e., non-disjunctive) ASP programs up to the second level of the polynomial hierarchy. However, we show that there are large classes of aggregates the addition of which does not cause any complexity gap even for normal programs, including the fragment allowing for arbitrary monotone, arbitrary antimonotone, and stratified (i.e., non-recursive) nonmonotone aggregates. The analysis provides some useful indications on the possibility to implement aggregates in existing reasoning engines.


This year (1997) Congress will draft legislation to authorize more than $120 million in federal spending for highways, transit, and other surface transportation programs for the next six years. A critical issue is how to divide among the fifty states the Federal Highway Trust Fund revenues, which come from federal gasoline taxes and other transportation-related taxes. For the past forty years, apportioning trust fund revenues has been analogous to dividing a transportation pie among the states. With the Interstate highway program completed, Congress must now determine how much each state should receive from the trust fund, compared to what it pays in.


A total of 724 Escherichia coli isolates sampled from 38 wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Charleston Harbor area, South Carolina, and the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, were screened for resistance to 25 antibiotics. The percentages of animals harboring at least one resistant isolate differed significantly between sampling locations. No resistance was detected in E. coli from dolphins at either site for six of the 25 antibiotics tested. Resistance to penicillin was most common followed by cephalothin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. Within-animal isolate variability was examined in addition to between sampling locale. Isolates from animals sampled in the Charleston Harbor area exhibited a greater complexity of resistance patterns and within individual diversity compared to isolates sampled from animals in the Indian River Lagoon. Causes related to the observed heterogeneity are discussed.


This empirical paper explores the work of employees in charge of service innovation when firms develop and launch new scale-intensive services by addressing two re- search questions: i) How do employees responsible for service innovation work? and ii) what are the related managerial implications when developing and launching new scale-intensive services? To this end, 21 qualitative, in-depth interviews were con- ducted with employees in five large scale-intensive service firms. The findings suggest that the involvement of internal professionals is an asset when new scale-intensive services are developed, and that internal professionals act as intrapreneurs when they are involved in the development of radically new scale-intensive services. This paper integrates understanding from the innovation management literature with knowledge of professionals from extant literature on professional service firms since we find that professionals in scale-intensive firms act as intrapreneurs. Thus, this pa- per extends the theory on determinants of innovation in scale-intensive service firms, blending insights from both findings and theory.


Duplications at 2q24.3 encompassing the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene cluster are associated with early onset epilepsy. All cases described in the literature have presented in addition with different degrees of intellectual disability, and have involved neighbouring genes in addition to the sodium channel gene cluster. Here, we report eight new cases with overlapping duplications at 2q24 ranging from 0.05 to 7.63 Mb in size. Taken together with the previously reported cases, our study suggests that having an extra copy of SCN2A has an effect on epilepsy pathogenesis, causing benign familial infantile seizures which eventually disappear at the age of 1–2 years. However, the number of copies of SCN2A does not appear to have an effect on cognitive outcome.


IMPORTANCE
Identifying cognitive or physical limitations that contribute to difficulties in instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is critical for adequate intervention with community-dwelling older adults with cognitive decline.

OBJECTIVE
To establish the validity and responsiveness of an IADL scale based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (the ICF-IADL) with respect to both cognitive and physical limitations.

DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.

SETTING
Multiple community care and senior centers.

PARTICIPANTS
Eighty-two older adults.

INTERVENTION
Combination of physical exercise and cognitive training.

MEASURES
Five criterion measures-Lawton IADL Scale, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSS), Word Lists Test (WLT), and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG).

RESULTS
The ICF-IADL's three summary scales-Disability Index (DI), Cognitive Disability Index (CDI), and Physical Disability Index (PDI)-had good concurrent validity with the Lawton IADL Scale. The DI and CDI had moderate to good associations with the MoCA. The DI's and CDI's predictive validity for scores on the Lawton IADL Scale, MoCA, and TUG was moderate to good and that of the PDI was fair. Responsiveness was large for the DI, moderate for the CDI, and small for the PDI.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The ICF-IADL can be used to measure disability in IADLs related to cognitive and physical limitations. The DI and CDI were better than the PDI in predicting outcomes in general cognitive function and dynamic balance and were more responsive to change after intervention than the PDI.

WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS
The ICF-IADL addresses both cognitive and physical limitations and can be a valid assessment of IADLs. Occupational therapists can use it to determine difficulties in IADLs and causes of those difficulties, guide treatment planning, and monitor intervention effectiveness with community-dwelling older adults with cognitive decline.


Although there has been a notable deceleration in the pace of credit growth recently, the run-up in debt in China has been eye-popping, accounting for more than 60 percent of all new credit created globally over the past ten years. Rising nonfinancial sector debt was driven initially by an increase in corporate borrowing, which surged in 2009 in response to the global financial crisis. The most recent leg of China?s credit boom has been due to an important shift toward household lending. To better understand the rise in household debt in China and its implications for financial stability and China?s economic performance, it is important to examine the expansion in household credit, how the rise in debt compares to international experience, and the associated risks.


Drained thermokarst lake basins (DTLBs) are ubiquitous landforms on Arctic tundra lowland. Their dynamic states are seldom investigated, despite their importance for landscape stability, hydrology, nutrient fluxes, and carbon cycling. Here we report results based on high-resolution Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements using space-borne data for a study area located on the North Slope of Alaska near Prudhoe Bay, where we focus on the seasonal thaw settlement within DTLBs, averaged between 2006 and 2010. The majority (14) of the 18 DTLBs in the study area exhibited seasonal thaw settlement of 3–4 cm. However, four of the DTLBs examined exceeded 4 cm of thaw settlement, with one basin experiencing up to 12 cm. Combining the InSAR observations with the in situ active layer thickness measured using ground penetrating radar and mechanical probing, we calculated thaw strain, an index of thaw settlement strength along a transect across the basin that underwent large thaw settlement. We found thaw strains of 10–35% at the basin center, suggesting the seasonal melting of ground ice as a possible mechanism for the large settlement. These findings emphasize the dynamic nature of permafrost landforms, demonstrate the capability of the InSAR technique to remotely monitor surface deformation of individual DTLBs, and illustrate the combination of ground-based and remote sensing observations to estimate thaw strain. Our study highlights the need for better description of the spatial heterogeneity of landscape-scale processes for regional assessment of surface dynamics on Arctic coastal lowlands.


BACKGROUND
The "shared-care model" for patients with cancer involves care coordination between primary care providers (PCPs) and oncologists, with the goal of optimizing survivorship care. However, a high proportion of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors do not have a PCP. Study objectives were to increase the percentage of AYAs with a PCP documented in the electronic medical record (EMR) via the use of a best practice advisory (BPA) or "stopgap" intervention; to increase communication between providers by the number of routed clinic notes; and to assess oncology providers' attitudes/beliefs about the model and intervention.

METHODS
Data were collected for the 6 months before implementation of the BPA to determine the percentage of AYAs with a PCP and the number of notes routed to providers (time point 1 [T1]). The same data were collected at time point 2 (T2) after the BPA had been implemented for 6 months. Oncology providers participated in an education video module and an online survey at T1 and a survey at T2.

RESULTS
At T1, 47.1% of 756 AYAs had a documented PCP in the EMR. At T2, the percentage increased to 55.1% (P<.002). The number of routed notes did not change significantly from T1 to T2. Providers that completed the intervention survey agreed/strongly agreed that the shared-care model is a desirable model of care (T1 = 86%; T2 = 93%) and that a BPA is useful for facilitating PCP referrals (T1 = 76%; T2 = 39%).

CONCLUSIONS
This BPA is feasible for increasing the percentage of AYAs with a PCP documented in the EMR and could potentially lead to increased PCP referral and communication among providers for the benefit of long-term survivorship care. Providers generally agree with the shared-care model; however, the BPA implementation requires modification.


This paper examines the relationship between identities and the bicycle as portrayed in films. The analysis finds that taking the viewpoint of the bicycle emancipates the bicycle from being subjected to closure, as the constructionists would have it, and thus articulates the differences with which the bicycle can communicate to its rider. The paper examines the bicycle as depicted in three films: Premium Rush (Davis Koepp, 2012), A Sunday in Hell (Jørgen Leth, 1977) and Life on Earth (Abderrahmane Sissako, 1998). It engages with the concept of 'interpretative flexibility' and the development of the bicycle, as examined by Wiebe Bijker and others, and argues that the interpretative flexibility of bicycles does not cease just because the high-wheeler was abandoned and the 'safety' bicycle was universally accepted. The fight for the role of the bicycle continues and the bicycle is subject to constant transformations in order to reconstruct it according to human needs. Andrew Feenberg's modified constructivism is applied to re-examine the technical development of the bicycle, claiming that technology is dependent on specific social structures as well as human agency. The paper argues that just as social structures are negotiable and unfixed at any point in time, the bicycle too is never neutral but remains negotiable and unfixed. Consequently, since the bicycle constantly 'speaks' back to the user, there is never closure in the technical development of the bicycle. Drawing on the writings of Bruno Latour and the Deleuzian idea of assemblages, the bicycle and its rider are considered as an organic entity that is constantly forged and un-forged. Understanding the rhetoric of the bicycle machine helps the convergence of a bicycle becoming with becoming a rider, marking the bicycle as equal to its rider. Viewed in this way, the hierarchy of agency collapses and a crystallization emerges out of the rider and bicycle entwinement.


Primates are unique among mammals in possessing a region of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with a well-developed internal granular layer. This region is commonly implicated in higher cognitive functions. Despite the histological distinctiveness of primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the work of Rose, Woolsey, and Akert produced a broad consensus among neuroscientists that homologues of primate granular frontal cortex exist in nonprimates and can be recognized by their dense innervation from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD). Additional characteristics have come to be identified with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, including rich dopaminergic innervation and involvement in spatial delayed-reaction tasks. However, recent studies reveal that these characteristics are not distinctive of the dorsolateral prefrontal region in primates: MD and dopaminergic projections are widespread in the frontal lobe, and medial and orbital frontal areas may play a role in delay tasks. A reevaluation of rat frontal cortex suggests that the medial frontal cortex, usually considered to be homologous to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of primates, actually consists of cortex homologous to primate premotor and anterior cin-date cortex. The lateral MD-projection cortex of rats resembles portions of primate orbital cortex. If prefrontal cortex is construed broadly enough to include orbital and cingulate cortex, rats can be said to have prefrontal cortex. However, they evidently lack homologues of the dorsolateral prefrontal areas of primates. This assessment suggests that rats probably do not provide useful models of human dorsolateral frontal lobe function and dysfunction, although they might prove valuable for understanding other regions of frontal cortex.


This research centers on three dimensions of political alienation – internal efficacy, external efficacy, and trust. Multivariate analysis of the demographic determinants of political efficacy and trust suggests that females, blacks, latinos were more like to exhibit feelings of internal and external efficacy, but trust is significantly higher only among the well-educated and strong partisans. We then look at the behavioral implications of these attitudes on voter turnout and candidate preference in the 2008 presidential election. Logit analysis of American National Election Study data suggests that internal efficacy increases turnout while external efficacy and trust are insignificant. With regard to candidate preference, those individuals exhibiting internal and external efficacy were more likely to vote for Barack Obama, while trust was insignificant.


A widening variety of applications is diversifying geomorphometry (digital terrain modelling), the quantitative study of topography. An amalgam of earth science, mathematics, engineering and computer science, the discipline has been revolutionized by the computer manipulation of gridded terrain heights, or digital elevation models (DEMs). Its rapid expansion continues. This article reviews the remarkable diversity of recent morphometric work in 15 selected topics and discusses their significance and prospects. The quantitative analysis of industrial microsurface topography is introduced to the earth science community. The 14 other topics are Internet access to geomorphometry; global DEMs; DEM modelling of channel networks; self-organized criticality; fractal and wavelet analysis; soil resources; landslide hazards; barchan dunes; harvesting wind energy; sea-ice surfaces; sea-floor abyssal hills; Japanese work in morphometry; and the emerging fields of landscape ecology and image understanding. Closing remarks note reasons for the diversity within geomorphometry, speculate on future trends and recommend creating a unified field of surface representation.


Background. Non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD) is one of the most common differential diagnoses to epilepsy. Due to the impact of misdiagnosis, research has focused on improving differential diagnosis by identifying factors distinguishing the two populations. These factors, though non-specific and common place comprise much of the understanding of the aetiology of NEAD. Theories which adequately explain the processes by which attacks develop and are maintained are lacking. Although it is agreed that psychological processes underpin NEAD, therapeutic approaches targeting specific processes are under developed. In light of the limitations of currently employed structural approaches, a functional approach may improve understanding of possible mechanisms underpinning NEAD development and maintenance.
Aim. This study aimed to use Multiple Sequential Functional Analysis to explore whether behavioural principles of learning, applied to detailed life histories, can be used to understand the developmental pathway of non-epileptic attacks.
Method. Three adult participants were recruited from outpatient Neurology clinics in the East Midlands, UK. Clinical interviews were conducted using a biographical format to collate detailed information around all aspects of the participant's histories, current situation, and non-epileptic attacks. To improve the hypotheses made, interview data was triangulated with data from an interview with a relative and a file review. The MSFA was conducted according to the principles of radical behaviourism and applied functional analysis. Data was utilised in the analysis based on the pragmatic truth criterion of functional contextualism.
Results. The results are three detailed functional analytic case studies that track the development of non-epileptic attacks for each participant from formative experiences to their current attack experiences. The results demonstrate that functional analytic principles can be used to understand the developmental pathway of NEAD in these three adults. Though the participants had very different experiences and presentations, an across-case analysis identifies that attacks have similar functional values for these people. Issues including avoiding/reducing stress and emotional suppression appear to be important factors in the development and maintenance of the behaviour.
Discussion. The findings that non-epileptic attacks hold functional value for this group of people, supports the theorised roles of avoidance and secondary gain in the developmental process. The findings have important implications for future research. A strength of the present methodology is that it identifies subtle differences in the learning histories, which has implications for the development of assessment and treatment approaches for those with NEAD.
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Acknowledgements


For supporting the Brazilian bovine encephalitis surveillance program this study examined the differential diagnosis of Neospora caninum in central nervous system (CNS) by histological analysis (HE staining), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and nested-PCR using a set of primers from the Nc5 region of the genomic DNA and ITS1 region of the ribosomal DNA. A sample of 302 cattle presenting neurological syndrome and negative for rabies, aged 0 to 18 years, from herds in 10 Brazilian states was evaluated for N. caninum from January 2007 to April 2010. All specimens tested negative with IHC and nested-PCR using primers from the ITS1 region of ribosomal DNA, while two positive cases (0.66%) were found using primers from the Nc5 region of genomic DNA: a 20 month-old male and a 72 month-old female, both from São Paulo State. Only the male presented severe multifocal necrotizing encephalitis associated with mononuclear cell infiltration, a pathognomonic lesion caused by parasites of the family Sarcocystidae, and only this case was associated with N. caninum thus representing 0.33% positivity. Future studies should explore the association of IHC and nested-PCR with real-time PCR, a quantitative method that could be standardized for improving the detection of N. caninum in bovine CNS specimens.


The potential impacts of future climate warming on marine ecosystems can be assessed by examining the effects of present-day variation in climate. Here we report how the cross-shelf distributions of seabirds and their potential prey responded to interannual variation in the timing of sea-ice retreat in the southeastern Bering Sea. We expected that in years of early sea-ice retreat, prey resources would be scarce over the shelf and that seabird species would concentrate in frontal regions where availability of zooplankton and forage fish might be enhanced. To test this hypothesis, we used a 40 yr database of the distribution of marine birds and recently available data on the distribution of zooplankton and forage fish. We found that although there were substantial changes in the distribution of seabird species between years with early and late sea-ice retreat, there was no overall shift into frontal regions. Instead, in years with early sea-ice retreat, there was a strong tendency for seabird species that foraged off the shelf to move toward, or onto, the shelf, whereas inshore-foraging species shifted seaward. Further, the cross-shelf centers of abundance of the copepod Calanus mar shal lae/ glacialis shifted seaward, but there was little change in the cross-shelf distributions of Neocalanus spp. copepods, euphausiids (primarily Thysanoessa spp.), and age-0 pollock Gadus chalcogrammus. Shifts in seabird distributions, as demonstrated in this study, indicate the importance of sea-ice retreat for structuring trophic interactions and could present both opportunities and challenges for centralplace-foraging breeding seabirds and long-distance migratory species.


For introductory courses in Visual Basic Programming, offered in departments of Information Technology, Computer Science or Business.Merging the concept of a lab manual with that of a conventional textbook, the Deitels have crafted an innovative approach that enables students to learn programming while having a mentor-like book by their side. This best-seller blends the Deitel signature Live-Code Approach with their Application-Driven methodology. Students learn programming and Visual Basic by working through a set of applications. Each tutorial builds upon previously learned concepts while learning new ones. An abundance of self assessment exercises are available at the end of most chapters to reinforce key ideas. This approach makes it possible to cover a wealth of programming constructs within the Visual Basic 2010 environment.


Background:Studies outside the United States have described a lower prevalence of diverticulosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in patients without IBD. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of diverticulosis and associated risk factors in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) at a U.S. tertiary care center. Methods:We performed a retrospective review of patients over 50 years of age who underwent screening or surveillance colonoscopy from January 2006 to December 2013. We first assessed the prevalence of diverticulosis in patients with UC compared with patients without IBD. Then, we performed a nested case–control study comparing UC patients with diverticulosis (cases) with UC patients without diverticulosis (controls). Results:We identified 544 patients with UC and 16,705 patients without IBD who underwent colonoscopy. On univariate analysis, 23.5% of patients with UC had diverticulosis, and 46.7% of patients without IBD had diverticulosis, P < 0.01 and relative risk = 0.50 (95% CI, 0.43–0.58). Multivariate analysis adjusting for age and gender found a relative risk of diverticulosis in UC = 1.02 (95% CI, 1.02–1.03). In the nested case–control study, there were no differences between UC cases and UC controls in disease duration (16.7 versus 18.7 yr; P = 0.27), extent of disease (pancolitis 50% versus 60.1%; P = 0.24), obesity (34.5% versus 29.2%; P = 0.40), or ethnicity (86.3% white versus 79.8%; P = 0.20). There was a trend toward history of smoking in patients with UC and diverticulosis (49.5% versus 35.5%; P = 0.09). Conclusions:In this U.S.-based study, patients with UC had a slightly increased of diverticulosis compared with patients without IBD undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy. There were no identified predictors for diverticular disease in patients with UC, but there was a trend toward previous smoking status and development of diverticulosis. These results are different than previously reported data in patients with IBD in other countries and may represent unique dietary differences that contribute to the development of diverticulosis.


The computational modelling of the primary auditory cortex (A1) has been less fruitful than that of the primary visual cortex (V1) due to the less organized properties of A1. Greater disorder has recently been demonstrated for the tonotopy of A1 that has traditionally been considered to be as ordered as the retinotopy of V1. This disorder appears to be incongruous, given the uniformity of the neocortex; however, we hypothesized that both A1 and V1 would adopt an efficient coding strategy and that the disorder in A1 reflects natural sound statistics. To provide a computational model of the tonotopic disorder in A1, we used a model that was originally proposed for the smooth V1 map. In contrast to natural images, natural sounds exhibit distant correlations, which were learned and reflected in the disordered map. The auditory model predicted harmonic relationships among neighbouring A1 cells; furthermore, the same mechanism used to model V1 complex cells reproduced nonlinear responses similar to the pitch selectivity. These results contribute to the understanding of the sensory cortices of different modalities in a novel and integrated manner.


Introduction The UK Government has now spent £7 million to link together every GP practice in Scotland on the NHSnet. The Scottish Health Minister recently stated that "The GP will have at his fingertips a wealth of up-to-date information, new procedures, and the best of current thinking in the NHS". The uptake of this new technology, together with the knowledge of how to put it into practice, is extremely varied amongst Primary Care Staff. A little knowledge can be dangerous and very distressing for the less adept patient faced with the bare facts about their disease. Therefore, it is important to know how people who have access to the Internet use the medical information available to them and the response of the Family Doctors and Practice Nurses in the West of Scotland to caring for people with such information. Methods A structured questionnaire was distributed to Family Doctors and General Practice Nurses in all Primary Care Practices throughout Glasgow. Results Initial results show 86% of GPs and 66% of Practice Nurses access the Internet either from their Practice or from Home. Those clinicians that have not yet accessed, the net highlight "Time Restraints" and "Unsure of Technology" as the most common reasons for stopping them. 67% of patients have presented Internet-based healthcare information that is new to the Doctor or Nurse. Only, 78 % of the information presented by the patient was accurate, while half of the patients had correctly interpreted the information. On the other hand, 90% of clinicians found the consultation with this type of patient to be more interactive than usual, while 78% of clinicians felt their patients had higher expectations. Finally, it was found that 90% of clinicians discovered that, a patient presenting with healthcare information from the Internet participated more actively in their treatment. Discussion Approximately, three quarters of clinicians questioned have seen patients who supplemented their consultation with information obtained from the Internet. Those patients have higher expectations than the average patient and are found to participate, more actively, in their treatment. With the continued proliferation of health sites on the Internet and the fact that more patients are empowered by new PCs and free Internet access, this type of patient consultation can only increase.


PURPOSE. Corneal decellularization has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional tissue-engineering strategies for the creation of corneal replacements for transplantation. However, decellularization methods can lead to swelling of the cornea, limiting its potential use as a scaffold. In this study, we propose the use of a complex polysaccharide, dextran, to reduce this swelling and maintain the native dimensions and architecture of the cornea.
METHODS. Porcine corneal buttons were treated with Triton X-100, SDS and nucleases under constant rotation followed by a washing step. To prevent corneal swelling, the decellularization solution was supplemented with dextran. This solution was added to one group throughout the decellularization process and to a second group during the washing cycle. The resulting acellular scaffolds were systematically evaluated by histological and biochemical analyses, in addition, the ultrastructure of the cornea was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
RESULTS. Results demonstrated that the combination of detergents and nucleases effectively removed the majority of cellular material from the cornea. Furthermore, the addition of dextran prevented significant swelling when used throughout the protocol or only during the washing process. After soaking in glycerol a degree of transparency was returned to all decellularized corneas suggesting maintenance of the extracellular matrix. However, TEM analysis confirmed that dextran must be present throughout the decellularization process to preserve the native ultrastructure of the cornea.
CONCLUSIONS. The findings of this study indicate that the addition of dextran to the decellularization process not only prevents significant corneal swelling but also enhances the maintenance of the native ultrastructure of the cornea.


We propose to use the similarity between the sample instance and a number of exemplars as features in visual object detection. Concepts from multiple-kernel learning and multiple-instance learning are incorporated into our scheme at the feature level by properly calculating the similarity. The similarity between two instances can be measured by various metrics and by using the information from various sources, which mimics the use of multiple kernels for kernel machines. Pooling of the similarity values from multiple instances of an object part is introduced to cope with alignment inaccuracy between object instances. To deal with the high dimensionality of the multiple-kernel multiple-instance similarity feature, we propose a forward feature-selection technique and a coarse-to-fine learning scheme to find a set of good exemplars, hence we can produce an efficient classifier while maintaining a good performance. Both the feature and the learning technique have interesting properties. We demonstrate the performance of our method using both synthetic data and real-world visual object detection data sets.


After reviewing the literature on the concept of total reward and human resource behaviour desired by organisations, this study suggests a model of total reward for retaining human resources in organisations grounded on the WorldatWork model of the research group at A&M Texas University (Boswell et al., 2011). Study participants were the employees, master and doctoral students from Iasi, Romania. The study was conducted to fi nd out the preferred organisational rewards among respondents in employment interviews (for attraction into organisations), and after employment (for retention into organisations). Also, the questions included in the questionnaire referred only to rewards practised in Romania, which are in compliance with the legislation on force. The designed questionnaire was pretested twice: in April and December of 2014 (Hodor, 2015), and was signifi cantly modifi ed. The study results show the fact that the variables that compose total reward – compensation (C), granted benefi ts (B), personal and professional life balance (WLB), performance and recognition (P & R), career opportunities and development (O & D) – become important after the moment of employment. Also, the study reveals that work-life-balance has the highest importance in human resources' retention. Additionally, the presence of such rewards as remuneration, benefi ts, performance and recognition infl uences the decision to remain in the organization. In this paper are also presented other synthetic results of the entire study completed in 2017.


In Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC, a schoolteacher sued her employer for retaliating against her in violation of the American with Disabilities Act (ADA). The success of her ADA claim turned on whether the Supreme Court thought that she was a minister. If she was not a minister, she would have probably won. After all, the school stated in writing that a main reason for her termination was her threatened lawsuit. But because the Supreme Court decided that she was a minister, and that ministers may not sue their religious employers for discrimination under the ministerial exception, she lost. In fact, neither the Free Exercise Clause nor the Establishment Clause necessitated the ministerial exception. Under Employment Division v. Smith, neutral laws of general applicability do not violate the Free Exercise Clause, and no one disputes that the ADA is a neutral law of general applicability. In attempting to distinguish Smith, the Supreme Court not only created an incoherent free exercise jurisprudence but also ignored Jones v. Wolf, which explicitly rejected blanket deference to religious institutions in matters of internal governance. Jones further recognized that a deference approach may cause more establishment problems than a neutral principles of law approach. Indeed, the irony of the Hosanna-Tabor case is that trying to discern whether the schoolteacher was a minister entangled the Court in religious doctrine more than simply adjudicating her retaliation claim would have.


Tropical forests in developing countries are increasingly being valued for their role in carbon sequestration. Such interest is reflected in the emergence of international initiatives for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). REDD+ requires addressing both tropical forests as complex social-ecological systems and the multiple sectors involved in tropical forest resources, which may necessitate transformational change away from business-as-usual approaches to forest governance. We studied the potential for REDD+ to mobilize an influential coalition of actors promoting transformational change in forest governance in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a leading proponent of REDD+ internationally. Combining policy network approaches with the advocacy coalition framework, we identified four advocacy coalitions in the REDD+ policy domain in PNG and estimated the influence of each coalition. We found the most influential advocacy coalition is promoting the status quo rather than governance reforms capable of reducing deforestations and forest degradation, leading us to suggest that business as usual is the dominant perspective in the REDD+ policy domain in PNG. This may explain why, despite the large amount of REDD+ rhetoric, there has been only modest change in formal policy or practice in PNG to date. However, we did find influential coalitions calling for transformational change. Although these are currently minority coalitions, we identified several pathways through which they could increase their power to realize transformational change


We aimed to investigate whether delayed treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in incomplete responders to synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) was effective among patients with very early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with poor prognosis factors. We examined 22 patients with very early RA who were positive for anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies or IgM-rheumatoid factor. The mean disease duration at entry was 14.1 weeks. A treat-to-target strategy, aiming at simplified disease activity index (SDAI) remission, was initiated with synthetic DMARDs. SDAI remission was not achieved in 9 of the 22 patients with synthetic DMARDs alone, and TNF inhibitors were added in these patients. SDAI values in these 9 patients were further examined for the following 6 months. The TNF inhibitors (infliximab 8, etanercept 1) were added at a mean interval of 34.1 weeks after the initiation of synthetic DMARDs. SDAI remission was achieved in 4 of the 9 patients (44.4%) at 3 months and in 8 of the 9 patients (88.9%) at 6 months after the introduction of the TNF inhibitors. Radiographic damage had not progressed in these patients. Delayed treatment with TNF inhibitors is effective and tolerable for patients with very early RA with poor prognosis factors.


In a competitive environment, high fashion retailers must become proficient at not only providing quality merchandise, but also at providing value to their customers, in order to be successful. Only high fashion retailers that offer the value their customers demand, are able to increase customer satisfaction levels and remain competitive in the long term. Higher levels of customer satisfaction have been shown to lead to repurchase intention and profitability. Customer value is considered a complex construct and is viewed by many as multidimensional in nature. High fashion retailers' unique nature highlights the fact that their customers have different expectations and may view customer value dimensions differently, as opposed to other clothing retailers. The aim of this article is to propose a multidimensional model of customer value for high fashion retailers, including the interrelationships between customer value, customer satisfaction and repurchase intention. A descriptive research design using quantitative methods was used to collect primary data. A non-probability multistage sampling approach was followed to select respondents, and 620 completed interviewer-administered questionnaires were included for analysis. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was utilised to measure the interrelationships between the three constructs of the study. Results show that high fashion retailers need to focus on sacrifice value, service value, store value, experience value and status value in order to positively influence their customers' satisfaction levels and subsequent repurchase intention.


ICANN has had difficulties in gaining legitimacy. Causes include: (1) its unclear and disputed objectives and powers; (2) disputes over the identity of its beneficiaries and its nonrepresentative governance structure; and (3) its recent proposal to eliminate elected at-large directors. ICANN faces a number of problems relating to its weak accountability and oversight. These include: (1) controversies over its objectives and powers; (2) failure to classify decisions as policy or operational; (3) failure to disclose conflicts of interest; (4) lack of feedback to its constituencies; (5) conflicts among its board members and stakeholders; (6) lack of representation of individual and small business Internet users; (7) lack of a review board for its policy decisions; (8) lack of third-party enforcement mechanisms, such as accountants and lawyers; (9) the reluctance of competitors to claim ICANN's power; and (10) inadequate enforcement by government entities and international organizations. Accountability and oversight are used to attain legitimacy. Because entrusted power is discretionary in various degrees, and its results are not always easily evaluated, tests must be used to distinguish between policy and operational decisions. There are limitations on entrusted powers, such as conflicts of interest. There are three categories of mechanisms to accountability and legitimacy. The first includes methods of communications, oversight and controls, such as transparency and disclosure, self-limiting rules, and formal planning. The second category includes institutional structures and outside relationships, including hierarchical and internal control mechanisms, election mechanisms, the right to sue under the law, market enforcers, and competitors. The third category includes private and public sector organizations such as government entities and international and technical organizations.


Accelerating urbanization worldwide means more urban-centered disasters. Floods, earthquakes, storms and conflicts affecting densely populated areas produce significant losses in lives, livelihoods and the built environment, especially in comparison to rural areas. Poor urban dwellers, almost always the most vulnerable, too often bear the brunt. Aid agencies and urban professionals have been slowly adapting to these new conditions, but older models and practices hinder the most effective engagements. Drawing directly from the experiences of urban disasters in the Philippines, Chile, India, Thailand, Iraq, Haiti and Nepal, among other countries, Urban Disaster Resilience brings to light new collaborations and techniques for addressing the challenges of urban disasters in the coming years. Chapters range from country-specific case studies to more synthetic frameworks in order to promote innovative thinking and practical solutions. Edited by David Sanderson, Jerold S. Kayden and Julia Leis, this book is a crucial read for humanitarian and disaster specialists, urban planners and designers, architects, landscape architects, housing and economic development professionals, real estate developers, private business managers and students interested in the subject, whether based in non-governmental organizations, local, state or national governments, international agencies, private firms, or the academy.


There are good reasons to believe that consumers' behavior is sometimes influenced by systematic misperceptions of legal norms that govern product quality. Consumers might misperceive specific rules, such as those found in food safety regulations, as well as more general standards, such as the unconscionability doctrine or limitations on waivers of default substantive or procedural rights. When demand is affected by systematic misperceptions of legal norms, lawmakers may be able to maximize welfare by deviating from the legal standard that would be optimal in the absence of misperception. We use a formal model to characterize these optimal deviations under different legal regimes (with different types and magnitudes of sanctions). In particular, should the legal standard be adjusted to counteract or confirm the misperception? For instance, if consumers underestimate the level of legal protection is it desirable to raise the legal standard to counteract the misperception? Or should lawmakers lower the legal standard to confirm the misperception?


Aftershock sequences following very large earthquakes present enormous challenges to near‐real‐time generation of seismic bulletins. The increase in analyst resources needed to relocate an inflated number of events is compounded by failures of phase‐association algorithms and a significant deterioration in the quality of underlying, fully automatic event bulletins. Current processing pipelines were designed a generation ago, and, due to computational limitations of the time, are usually limited to single passes over the raw data. With current processing capability, multiple passes over the data are feasible. Processing the raw data at each station currently generates parametric data streams that are then scanned by a phase‐association algorithm to form event hypotheses. We consider the scenario in which a large earthquake has occurred and propose to define a region of likely aftershock activity in which events are detected and accurately located, using a separate specially targeted semiautomatic process. This effort may focus on so‐called pattern detectors, but here we demonstrate a more general grid‐search algorithm that may cover wider source regions without requiring waveform similarity. Given many well‐located aftershocks within our source region, we may remove all associated phases from the original detection lists prior to a new iteration of the phase‐association algorithm. We provide a proof‐of‐concept example for the 2015 Gorkha sequence, Nepal, recorded on seismic arrays of the International Monitoring System. Even with very conservative conditions for defining event hypotheses within the aftershock source region, we can automatically remove about half of the original detections that could have been generated by Nepal earthquakes and reduce the likelihood of false associations and spurious event hypotheses. Further reductions in the number of detections in the parametric data streams are likely, using correlation and subspace detectors and/or empirical matched field processing.


Impala are known to exhibit dietary flexibility, relying primarily on browse in some areas and graze in others. In this study we use stable isotope analysis of faeces and hair to examine the diets of Impala in Kruger National Park. As expected, the data show that Impala are mixed-feeders and highly distinct from grazing buffalo and browsing kudu. Moreover, Impala, Buffalo, and Kudu faeces contain 2.1 %, 1.4 %, and 2.9 % nitrogen respectively, suggesting that Impala diets are of intermediate quality. There are also marked differences between Impala populations in the northern and southern regions of the park. The northern Impala graze less than their southern counterparts. This difference probably reflects decreased availability of herbaceous forage in the mopane-dominated north. Males and females also have different diets, with males grazing more than females.


Abstract During the Eocene, Hahajima Island of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands of the Izu-Mariana Arc in the North Pacific was located near the present-day position of western Pacific Micronesia. We identified 17 Eocene ostracode species from the island, of which are new species and likely endemic to this island or to the West Pacific. These new species are systematically described herein and include: Costa matsumarui n. sp., Cytherelloidea ogasawaraensis n. sp., Havanardia ujiiei n. sp., Jugosocythereis nishii n. sp., Neonesidea boninensis n. sp., Schizocythere antiquimicronesiana n. sp., and Uroleberis hahajimaensis n. sp. The Eocene ostracode fauna has a higher rate of endemism than does the modern Micronesian fauna and contains Tethyan genera. These findings contradict a hypothesis that the Pacific fauna had a higher endemism rate after the Paleogene. The findings support another hypothesis that some genera invaded the Pacific from Tethys during the Paleogene. They suggest that West Pacific species did not disperse to the periphery of the Indo-West Pacific region during the Middle–Late Eocene. The "center of origin" hypothesis cannot be applied to Middle–Late Eocene marine ostracode biogeography.