Manufacturing in high-income countries is on the decline and Denmark is no exception. Manufacturing employment and the number of firms have been shrinking as a share of the total and in absolute levels. This paper uses a rich linked employer-employee dataset to examine this decline from 1994 to 2007. We propose a different approach to analyze deindustrialization and generate a series of novel stylized facts about the evolution. While most of the decline can be attributed to firm exit and reduced employment at surviving manufacturers, we document that a non-negligible portion is due to firms switching industries, from manufacturing to services. We focus on this last group of firms before, during, and after their sector switch. Overall this is a group of small, highly productive, import intensive firms that grow rapidly in terms of value-added and sales after they switch. By 2007, employment at these former manufacturers equals 8.7 percent of manufacturing employment, accounting for half the decline in manufacturing employment. We focus on the composition of the workforce as firms make their transition. In addition, we identify two types of switchers: one group resembles traditional wholesalers and another group that retains and expands their R&D and technical capabilities. Our findings emphasize that the focus on employment at manufacturing firms overstates the loss in manufacturing-related capabilities that are actually retained in many firms that switch industries.


*Designed for all advanced students. Fully updated in line with the enw CPE exam, this New Edition provides thorough coverage of the structures and vocabulary essential for CAE and CPE exam success. *Detailed grammar content. Clear presentation, an index of structures and a wealth of examples based on the Longman Corpus. *Special focus on vocabulary. Revised vocabulary sections based on user feedback concentrate on words and phrases that are useful in all papers of the exams. *Lots of opportunity to practise. A wide variety of exercises provide graded practice to confirm understanding and prepare for the CAE and proficiency exams, particularly Paper 3. *Continuous testing in exam format. A diagnostic test for each unit and exam practice sections to check progress. *A flexible approach. Can be used in many different ways; clear cross-references point you in the direction of related grammar or vocabulary areas.


Introduction: In order to meet the social accountability, the Minimum capabilities of general practitioners in Iran have been developed by the Council of general medical education. The aim of this study was to evaluate medical interns and family physicians regarding Minimum capabilities of general practitioner by self-evaluation. Methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was performed on family physicians and interns of Jahrom University of Medical sciences in 2011. From the forty participants, 20 interns were selected by census method, and 20 family physicians by simple random sampling. Data gathering tool was a Valid and reliable questionnaire containing 83 items in 8 areas including health promotion, clinical and communication skills, practice procedures, attitudes, medical ethics and Legal Responsibilities, information technology, basic sciences, research and personal development. The results were analyzed using independent T-test of SPSS 16. Results: The mean age of family physicians was 30.7; 45% were male. The mean age of interns was 24.5 and 80% were female. The capabilities of family physicians were evaluated strong except in the area of research that was average. The ability of using Internet was evaluated strong, except in the areas of research, personal development and information technology that were average. Comparing capabilities of interns and family physicians in the eight areas using independent t-test, showed that except in the field of research (P value=0.19), there was a significant difference (PValue <0/05). Conclusion: Improve the ability of medical students in the field of information technology, research, personal development and lifelong learning is essential.


We characterize symmetric transversal designs ${\rm STD}_{\lambda}[k,u]$'s which have a semiregular automorphism group $G$ on both points and blocks containing an elation group of order $u$ using the group ring ${\bf Z}[G]$. Let $n_\lambda$ be the number of nonisomorphic ${\rm STD}_{\lambda}[3\lambda,3]$'s. It is known that $n_1=1,\ n_2=1,\ n_3=4, n_4=1$, and $n_5=0$. We classify ${\rm STD}_6[18,3]$'s and ${\rm STD}_7[21,3]$'s which have a semiregular noncyclic automorphism group of order 9 on both points and blocks containing an elation of order 3 using this characterization. The former case yields exactly twenty nonisomorphic ${\rm STD}_6[18,3]$'s and the latter case yields exactly three nonisomorphic ${\rm STD}_7[21,3]$'s. These yield $n_6\geq20$ and $n_7\geq 5$, because B. Brock and A. Murray constructed two other ${\rm STD}_7[21,3]$'s in 1991. We used a computer for our research.


Phonotactics is the study of restrictions on possible sound sequences in a language. In any language, some phonotactic constraints can be stated without reference to morphology, but many of the more nuanced phonotactic generalizations do make use of morphosyntactic and lexical information. At the most basic level, many languages mark edges of words in some phonological way. Different phonotactic constraints hold of sounds that belong to the same morpheme as opposed to sounds that are separated by a morpheme boundary. Different phonotactic constraints may apply to morphemes of different types (such as roots versus affixes). There are also correlations between phonotactic shapes and following certain morphosyntactic and phonological rules, which may correlate to syntactic category, declension class, or etymological origins.
 Approaches to the interaction between phonotactics and morphology address two questions: (1) how to account for rules that are sensitive to morpheme boundaries and structure and (2) determining the status of phonotactic constraints associated with only some morphemes. Theories differ as to how much morphological information phonology is allowed to access. In some theories of phonology, any reference to the specific identities or subclasses of morphemes would exclude a rule from the domain of phonology proper. These rules are either part of the morphology or are not given the status of a rule at all. Other theories allow the phonological grammar to refer to detailed morphological and lexical information. Depending on the theory, phonotactic differences between morphemes may receive direct explanations or be seen as the residue of historical change and not something that constitutes grammatical knowledge in the speaker's mind.


Here we take an deductive approach rooted in the reason the firm exists Coase's (1937) then work on Williamson (1979), Hart and Grossman (1986), Tirole (1986) and Hernnart (1989) on the basis for that existence followed by most recently the role ICT plays in the process creating corporate boundaries (Holmstrom and Roberts, 1998, Antras 2011, Cantwell 2013). In the emerging knowledge age it is highly pertinent to explore how to articulate the role of the corporation, or more generally enterprise, where knowledge is evidentially key to an enterprise's success, form, distribution of power, both within and without, and its location. Corporate ownership seems highly correlated with all these. Knowledge generation, distribution and location are not prerequisite for corporate existence but necessary artefacts of enterprise defined beyond the boundaries of ownership by any single corporation.


This paper investigates the presence of spillover effects of marketing in mutual fund families. We find that funds with high marketing expenses generate spillovers, and enhance cash inflows to family members with low marketing expenses. In particular, low-marketing funds that are operated by a family with high marketing expenses have substantially larger inflows after positive returns than otherwise similar funds that are operated by a family with low marketing expenses, while they have smaller outflows after negative returns. One way to interpret the spillovers is that they are a by-product of individual fund marketing whereby the entire family is made more visible to investors. An alternative explanation of this observation is that funds with low marketing expenses are directly subsidized by family members with high marketing expenses. We develop and perform a set of tests to evaluate these two alternative hypotheses. The results of all tests support the subsidization hypothesis, and suggest that at least part of the spillovers can be attributed to favoritism. These results suggest that conflicts of interest between investors and fund families have been exacerbated by competition in the mutual fund industry.


Sublitoral marine forests are functionally diverse ecosystems along cold-temperate to polar coastal rocky shores world-wide. They provide habitat and shelter for marine animals and plants and are of great economical and recreational importance. Submarine forests provide a primary production comparable to terrestrial virgin forests and serve as indicators for environmental change (e.g. eutrophication, sedimentation) in international programs such as the European water frame work directive. As these ecosystems are endangered due to global change, the future recording of large-scale changes will be facilitated by operational satellite based monitoring.
Within the frame-work of two research projects (KelpMAP and KlamMAS) the feasibility and limits of airborne and satellite borne hyperspectral remote sensing for classification and quantification of submarine forests is worked out in a case study around the North Sea island of Helgoland. While KlamMAS works on the small-scale (1-2m range) classification of diverse submarine species, KelpMAP operates on satellite scale (30 m) and intends to develop tools for the German hyperspectral sensor EnMAP to be launched in 2014. Both projects are developing semi-automatic techniques to enable a spatio-temporal monitoring of temperate submarine forests.
Firstly the project KelpMAP focuses on the spectral mixture of macro-algae, the estimation of the coastline using bathymetric maps and spectral reflectance characteristics and the suitability of CHRIS-PROBA scenes for the detection and classification of kelps. In addition, the project KlamMAS deals with a water column correction processed by the module MIP (Modular Inversion Program) and a new classification attempt of sublitoral algal communities at Helgoland. Data basis are several hyperspectral scenes taken with the sensor AISA Eagle (400-970 nm, 3nm band resolution) during summer 2010 and 2011 accompanied by extensive ground-truth campaigns and scenes of the satellite borne sensor CHRIS-PROBA. Target is the entire submarine forest at Helgoland approx. covering 2000 ha. We expect to develop practical algorithms for algae and kelp estimation and will present first project results.


Abstract. The Integrated Model to Assess the Global Environment–Global Nutrient Model (IMAGE–GNM) is a global distributed, spatially explicit model using hydrology as the basis for describing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) delivery to surface water, transport and in-stream retention in rivers, lakes, wetlands and reservoirs. It is part of the integrated assessment model IMAGE, which studies the interaction between society and the environment over prolonged time periods. In the IMAGE–GNM model, grid cells receive water with dissolved and suspended N and P from upstream grid cells; inside grid cells, N and P are delivered to water bodies via diffuse sources (surface runoff, shallow and deep groundwater, riparian zones; litterfall in floodplains; atmospheric deposition) and point sources (wastewater); N and P retention in a water body is calculated on the basis of the residence time of the water and nutrient uptake velocity; subsequently, water and nutrients are transported to downstream grid cells. Differences between model results and observed concentrations for a range of global rivers are acceptable given the global scale of the uncalibrated model. Sensitivity analysis with data for the year 2000 showed that runoff is a major factor for N and P delivery, retention and river export. For both N and P, uptake velocity and all factors used to compute the subgrid in-stream retention are important for total in-stream retention and river export. Soil N budgets, wastewater and all factors determining litterfall in floodplains are important for N delivery to surface water. For P the factors that determine the P content of the soil (soil P content and bulk density) are important factors for delivery and river export.


Vegetation is the most important factor influencing the sustainability of rangeland ecosystems. Therefore, it is important to understand the environmental factors and their effect on vegetation and restoration of rangeland ecosystems. The aim of this study was to identify factors influencing on Gundelia tournefortii L. distribution. Accordingly, the information of Gundelia tournefortii L. was determined in six habitats in Isfahan province. Random-systematic sampling was conducted to calculate canopy and density of the species. In each rangeland place, climate, physiography and soil factors were identified. RDA ordination analysis using CANOCO software was used to investigate the vegetation relationship with environmental factors. In the cluster analysis and RDA ordination analysis, six main habitats of the species were classified into three groups. The first axis of ordination showed a very strong correlation with canopy cover and density and the second axis showed a very strong correlation with soil depth. According to study of the habitats of this species, annual precipitation about 250 to 500 mm, altitude 2300 to 2500 meter, slope about 10 to 40 percent and average of annual temperature about 10 ̊ C to 12 ̊ C are appropriate for presence of


In this work, a performance evaluation of AVC Intra and JPEG2000 in terms of rate-distortion performance is conducted. A rich set of test sequences with different spatial resolutions is used in this evaluation. Furthermore, the comparison is made with both the Main and High profiles of AVC Intra. For high spatial resolution sequences, our results show that JPEG2000 is very competitive with AVC High Profile Intra and outperforms the Main Profile. For Intermediate and low spatial resolution sequences JPEG2000 is outperformed by both Profiles of AVC Intra.


This spring the New York Stock Exchange, Inc. (NYSE) completed an historic restructuring. On March 7, 2006, the NYSE completed its merger with Archipelago Holdings Inc. (Archipelago), a publicly traded electronic trading platform. As a result, the old NYSE itself will become the New York Stock Exchange LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of NYSE Group, Inc. (NYSE Group). The former members, or seat holders, of the NYSE will receive one of three forms of consideration: all cash, all stock in NYSE Group, or a package of cash and stock. Then, NYSE Group will allow those former members to offer their shares to the public in a secondary offering.Because the NYSE was a not-for-profit corporation, the merger was also a change in organizational form. The change from nonprofit to for-profit, or demutualization, has mostly been viewed as a long-overdue response to new, on-line competition from electronic communications networks (ECN's). But there has been little assessment of the strengths or efficiencies of the nonprofit form of the exchange. This paper presents the possibility that the NYSE's choice of form was an efficient solution to a classic lemons problem, in which misinformation from bad issuing firms (firms whose shares trade on the exchange) could drive out good issuing firms. We apply a robust theory of nonprofits in which the highest demanding consumers of a nonrival good organize the production of that good. In this case, investment bankers and other financial intermediaries organize to produce liquidity. The resulting nonprofit is the former NYSE, which was able to align issuing firms' incentives to disclose with those of investors. Banker-owners of the NYSE acted as gatekeepers to the exchange, screening issuing firms through an extensive due diligence process, providing capital via underwriting, and connecting issuing firm insiders to one another via initial public offering (IPO) allocations. Over a period of many decades this system maintained an equilibrium in which issuing firms, big and small investors, and exchange members could participate with relative ease, transparency and fairness in the exchange. The shift to a for-profit corporation will have a significant, and potentially deleterious, impact on this equilibrium as it breaks up the longstanding components of the nonprofit system.


JupyterCon 2017 Keynote (15 min) For a nicer viewer, see the slides on SpeakerDeck:https://speakerdeck.com/labarba/design-for-reproducibility Stanford Professor Jon Claerbout, reproducible-research grand master, said that: "interactive programs are slavery unless they include the ability to arrive in any previous state by means of a script." Jupyter was born out of IPython (where the I stands for "interactive") to offer a solution for creating "reproducible computational narratives." The tool is both interactive and supports reproducible research, even if there is tension between the two attributes. In this talk, we explore the question of how we may build into the design of our tools (like Jupyter) an enabling capacity to support reproducible research. With better insights on Design for Reproducibility, we might extend the design to our research workflows, with the machine as our active collaborator.


Past discourses on Asian Americans, specifically Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans, have historically focused on specific racial interactions with white America that fell somewhere between exclusion and assimilation. However, lost in these discussions are the different nonwhite interracial hybridities that did and continue to inhabit Chinese immigrant and Chinese American lives. This study offers a departure from dominant scholarly conversations that reproduce the master narrative of Chinese immigrants coming to the United States, building the railroads, and assimilating just enough to become what white America has termed the " model minority " and shifts the analysis and conversation to look at other experiences, opening up a racial narrative that situates Chinese bodies in proximity to black and nonwhite America. In applying theoretical perspectives from race and ethnic studies, history, visual culture studies, and immigration studies to examine a broad range of texts, I have discovered that Chinese men using racial passing as a tool to cross American borders illegally, Gold Mountain frontier experiences that included significant contact with Native people, husbands and fathers refusing to bow to greater community pressures and disown their black wives and mixed race children in the Mississippi Delta region, and the presence of Chinese women of African descent in local California Miss Chinatown beauty pageants all suggest that how Chinese people saw themselves racially and continue to see themselves was and is more complex and fluid than the master narratives depict and many Americans appear to believe. Beyond the Railroad People contributes to the growing field of Asian American studies by establishing a dialogue between counter-hegemonic discourses and works that give agency and voice to various Chinese Americans whose lived racial realities that included kinship with nonwhite Americans complicate what it means to be Chinese, immigrant, or American. This dissertation also intervenes in the field of American Studies by expanding how we gauge the many ways race, power, and agency shape bodies, relationship, communities, and national identities in the United States.


One challenge in understanding the evolution of the Internet infrastructure is the lack of systematic mechanisms for monitoring the extent to which allocated IP addresses are actually used. In this paper, we advance the science of inferring IPv4 address space utilization by proposing a novel taxonomy and analyzing and correlating results obtained through different types of measurements. We have previously studied an approach based on passive measurements that can reveal used portions of the address space unseen by active approaches. In this paper, we study such passive approaches in detail, extending our methodology to new types of vantage points and identifying traffic components that most significantly contribute to discovering used IPv4 network blocks. We then combine the results we obtained through passive measurements together with data from active measurement studies, as well as measurements from Border Gateway Protocol and additional data sets available to researchers. Through the analysis of this large collection of heterogeneous data sets, we substantially improve the state of the art in terms of: 1) understanding the challenges and opportunities in using passive and active techniques to study address utilization and 2) knowledge of the utilization of the IPv4 space.


Context. Strongly stratified hydromagnetic turbulence has recently been identified as a candidate for explaining the spontaneous formation of magnetic flux concentrations by the negative effective magnetic pressure instability (NEMPI). Much of this work has been done for isothermal layers, in which the density scale height is constant throughout. Aims. We now want to know whether earlier conclusions regarding the size of magnetic structures and their growth rates carry over to the case of polytropic layers, in which the scale height decreases sharply as one approaches the surface. Methods. To allow for a continuous transition from isothermal to polytropic layers, we employ a generalization of the exponential function known as the q-exponential. This implies that the top of the polytropic layer shifts with changing polytropic index such that the scale height at some reference height is always the same. We use both mean-field simulations (MFS) and direct numerical simulations (DNS) of forced stratified turbulence to determine the resulting flux concentrations in polytropic layers. Cases of both horizontal and vertical applied magnetic fields are considered. Results. Magnetic structures begin to form at a depth where the magnetic field strength is a small fraction of the local equipartition field strength with respect to the turbulent kinetic energy. Unlike the isothermal case, in which stronger fields can give rise to magnetic flux concentrations at larger depths, in the polytropic case the growth rate of NEMPI decreases for structures deeper down. Moreover, the structures that form higher up have a smaller horizontal scale of about four times their local depth. For vertical fields, magnetic structures of super-equipartition strengths are formed, because such fields survive downward advection that causes NEMPI with horizontal magnetic fields to reach premature nonlinear saturation by what is called the "potato-sack" effect. The horizontal cross-section of such structures found in DNS is approximately circular, which is reproduced with MFS of NEMPI using a vertical magnetic field. Conclusions. Results based on isothermal models can be applied locally to polytropic layers. For vertical fields, magnetic flux concentrations of super-equipartition strengths form, which supports suggestions that sunspot formation might be a shallow phenomenon.


We examine some of the macro-financial dimensions of sovereign risk and propose a conceptual framework that captures risks other than just the default risk. Morphed under a multi-dimensional notion of sovereign risk, we argue that the existing empirical methodologies to measure sovereign risk cover only partial aspects of sovereign risk and fail to capture its macro-financial dimensions. We highlight a menu of tools that could be used to tackle the broader notion of sovereign risk, and suggest that authorities should actively use them to manage the macro financial dimensions of sovereign risk and before those risks feed into the real economy.


FusionGAN is a novel genre fusion framework for music generation that integrates the strengths of generative adversarial networks and dual learning. In particular, the proposed method offers a dual learning extension that can effectively integrate the styles of the given domains. To efficiently quantify the difference among diverse domains and avoid the vanishing gradient issue, FusionGAN provides a Wasserstein based metric to approximate the distance between the target domain and the existing domains. Adopting the Wasserstein distance, a new domain is created by combining the patterns of the existing domains using adversarial learning. Experimental results on public music datasets demonstrated that our approach could effectively merge two genres.


Since the SCM agreement was enacted in 1995, the global leadership in the field of STZs has shifted from the OECD to the WTO.
The WTO general agreement includes a broad set of policy goals that goes beyond trade relationships, but its legal framework has been systematically narrowed to the task of assuring market access, non-discrimination, and fairness in trade. Other relevant issues that has impacts on trade, such as for example harmful tax competition or tax base erosion, has not been sufficiently weighted and has been treated as secondary items.
As of today, having passed more than 20 years since the enactment of the first WTO agreements, the WTO overall treatment of STZs appears to be inconsistent with the general policy goals of the organization. While service STZs generally remain free from challenge because there are no formal subsidy rules concerning services, manufacturing STZs with substantial activities have been significantly curtailed by the SCM Agreement. The disparity in the treatment of "goods" and "services" has produced a negative impact on developing countries, as they tend to rely more on manufacturing STZs to achieve economic growth, while benefitting developed countries, which to rely more on offshore banking, technology, and financial services STZs in order and attract investment.
The fairness and distributional concerns raised by this disparity in treatment has also been placed in a secondary position, on the grounds that the objectives of the WTO are limited to market access, freedom, and non-discrimination in trade. This perspective, however, is not consistent with the rationale and general policy goals of the organization, as provided by the main WTO agreement.


Objective
To examine what mothers expect of their romantic relationships and what prevents them from forming and maintaining relationships.

Background
Although there has been research on mothers' attitudes toward and expectations of marriage, there has been limited examination of their dating. It is critical to understand why parents form romantic relationships and what might cause them to cycle in and out of relationships to understand stepfamily formation.

Method
On the basis of semistructured interviews with a convenience sample of 33 single or repartnered Irish mothers, we conducted a thematic analysis guided by a social exchange framework.

Results
Mothers believed that being in a relationship would enable them to enact their preferred relationship roles, give them extra support, and provide a different gender role model for their child(ren). They found forming long-term relationships difficult because of a lack of suitable partners, limited time and support, stepparents' possible negative influences on their child(ren), and their own personal characteristics. Unlike previous studies conducted in the United States, Irish mothers were not focused on the economic viability of partners or on economic benefits associated with repartnering.

Conclusions
Mothers believe that there are several rewards to forming and being in a relationship, but they face many impediments that may prevent them from forming long-term relationships.

Implications
Practitioners may find it useful to focus on tempering mothers' expectations of relationship benefits and on reducing mothers' personal costs when forming and maintaining relationships.


This article undertakes a critical evaluation of the Supreme Court's use of dictionaries. It does so by describing and applying principles of lexicography to show that dictionaries are not as authoritative, precise, or scholarly as we and the Justices often assume. Modern lexicographers see their task as describing how speakers of English use words. They do not seek or claim to prescribe how language should be used. Although modern dictionaries rely in part on other dictionaries' definition, they also develop an ongoing citation file, a collection of potential entries based on a variety of sources. Because of the constant change and growth of language, however, dictionaries are inevitably out of date by the time they are published. Moreover, definitions, which are abstracted from the survey of usages, are subject to stringent constraints on length. Technical vocabulary poses a particular challenge. Legal dictionaries, while they try to fill the gap in general dictionaries regarding specialized use of common terms, have their own limits. Black's Law Dictionary, for example has used judicial opinions as its primary citation source. The article applies such insights from lexicography to the Supreme Court's use of dictionaries in a number of cases, including Chisom v. Romer, National Organization for Women. v. Scheidler, MCI Telecommunications v. American Telephone and Telegraph, and Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities.


A consistent problem with stem/neural progenitor cell transplantation following spinal cord injury (SCI) is poor cell survival and uncontrolled differentiation following transplantation. The current study evaluated the feasibility of enhancing embryonic stem cell-derived neural progenitor cell (ESNPC) viability and directing their differentiation into neurons and oligodendrocytes by embedding the ESNPCs in fibrin scaffolds containing growth factors (GF) and a heparin-binding delivery system (HBDS) in a subacute rat model of SCI. Mouse ESNPCs were generated from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using a 4–/4+ retinoic acid (RA) induction protocol. The ESNPCs were then transplanted as embryoid bodies (EBs, 70% neural progenitor cells) into the subacute model of SCI. ESNPCs (10 EBs per animal) were implanted directly into the SCI lesion, encapsulated in fibrin scaffolds, encapsulated in fibrin scaffolds containing the HBDS, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), or encapsulated in fibrin scaffolds with NT-3 and PDGF with no HBDS. We report here that the combination of the NT-3, PDGF, and fibrin scaffold (with or without HBDS) enhanced the total number of ESNPCs present in the spinal cord lesion 2 weeks after injury. In addition, the inclusion of the HBDS with growth factor resulted in an increase in the number of ESNPC-derived NeuN-positive neurons. These results demonstrate the ability of fibrin scaffolds and the controlled release of growth factors to enhance the survival and differentiation of neural progenitor cells following transplantation into a SCI model.


Rising water temperature (Tw) due to anthropogenic climate change may have serious consequences for river ecosystems. Conservation and/or expansion of riparian shade could counter warming and buy time for ecosystems to adapt. However, sensitivity of river reaches to direct solar radiation is highly heterogeneous in space and time, so benefits of shading are also expected to be site specific. We use a network of high‐resolution temperature measurements from two upland rivers in the UK, in conjunction with topographic shade modeling, to assess the relative significance of landscape and riparian shade to the thermal behavior of river reaches. Trees occupy 7% of the study catchments (comparable with the UK national average) yet shade covers 52% of the area and is concentrated along river corridors. Riparian shade is most beneficial for managing Tw at distances 5–20 km downstream from the source of the rivers where discharge is modest, flow is dominated by near‐surface hydrological pathways, there is a wide floodplain with little landscape shade, and where cumulative solar exposure times are sufficient to affect Tw. For the rivers studied, we find that approximately 0.5 km of complete shade is necessary to off‐set Tw by 1°C during July (the month with peak Tw) at a headwater site; whereas 1.1 km of shade is required 25 km downstream. Further research is needed to assess the integrated effect of future changes in air temperature, sunshine duration, direct solar radiation, and downward diffuse radiation on Tw to help tree planting schemes achieve intended outcomes.


The design of quantum many body systems, which have to fulfill an extensive number of constraints, appears as a formidable challenge within the field of quantum simulation. Lattice gauge theories are a particular important class of quantum systems with an extensive number of local constraints and play a central role in high energy physics, condensed matter and quantum information. Whereas recent experimental progress points towards the feasibility of large-scale quantum simulation of abelian gauge theories, the quantum simulation of non-abelian gauge theories appears still elusive. In this paper we present minimal non-abelian lattice gauge theories, whereby we introduce the necessary formalism in well-known abelian gauge theories, such as the Jaynes–Cumming model. In particular, we show that certain minimal non-abelian lattice gauge theories can be mapped to three or four level systems, for which the design of a quantum simulator is standard with current technologies. Further we give an upper bound for the Hilbert space dimension of a one dimensional SU(2) lattice gauge theory, and argue that the implementation with current digital quantum computer appears feasible.


The Screening and Assessment in TANF/Welfare-to-Work study involved a review of the issues and challenges faced by TANF agencies and their partners in developing strategies and selecting instruments to identify substance abuse and mental health problems, learning disabilities, and domestic violence situations among TANF clients. The issues and challenges identified through that review are presented in Ten Important Questions TANF Agencies and Their Partners Should Consider. The second phase of the study involved case studies of a limited number of localities to further explore how TANF agencies and their partners responded to the issues and challenges identified during phase one. The findings from the case studies are presented in this report.


Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II. By Jonathan Kwitny. (New York: Henry Holt and Company. 1997. Pp. xii, 754. $30.00.) Jonathan Kwitny, for many years a feature writer for the Wall Street Journal, has with Man of the Century: The Life and Times of Pope John Paul II, offered the reading public yet another long and deeply felt biography of the present Holy Father. This is not a finished work of historical scholarship. Nor was it intended to be such. It is a biography; and as Allan Nevins reminds us in The Gateway to History (Garden City: Anchor, 1962), biography can be an important aid to history, especially when it "humanizes the past and enriches personal experience of the present in a way that history can seldom do" (p. 349). There is, however, a danger. Unless biographers are ever alert, they can fall into the trap which Carl G. Gustavson has termed the "Great Man theory," whereby major developments of history are all too easily attributed to individuals who are presented as exerting "an almost superhuman control over the fate of their generation" (cf. A Preface to History [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955], p. 123). In the judgment of this reviewer, Jonathan Kwitny has not escaped the Gustavson trap. He is striving to refute the contention of Carl Bernstein and Marco Politi that Communism crumbled in Europe because of a secret collaboration between Pope John Paul II and President Ronald Reagan (cf. His Holiness [New York: Doubleday, 1996]) and in the process concludes that virtually all of the credit for the crumbling belongs to the Holy Father. Thus, the result is not so much a clear-headed biography as a thesis straing to uncover proofs and often settling for a good deal less. All the same, the book is well worth the time of a reader who wishes to learn more about the extraordinary successor of Saint Peter who has been shepherding the Catholic Church over the past twenty years. It presents the major events in his life gracefully and with immense respect, and it provides a good deal of insight especially into the years before he was elected to the papacy. Finally, it introduces the reader to many persons and groups in Poland who are not well known outside that nation and certainly appear to have exerted considerable influence on the character and outlook of Pope John Paul II. Still, one cannot help but feel that an editor well acquainted with things Catholic ought to have been invited to go through the text in order to remove some of the more unfortunate inexactitudes. To imagine that the Belgian College in Rome can best be described in terms of"an American fraternity house" (p. 97), to define the Order of Malta as "a Church-sponsored anti-Communist group" (p. 184), to reduce the Tribunal of the Roman Rota to "a sort of Vatican supreme court for annulments" (p. 495), and to suggest-if this is what the author intended to suggest-that Fathers Ernesto and Fernando Cardenal of Nicaragua were "cardinals" (p. 466)-all of this, and much more, could have been and should have been corrected. Moreover, it is regrettable that many of the most important achievements of Pope John Paul II in his spiritual leadership of the Church are accorded little or no serious attention. …


This article suggests that in many historical narratives 1492 represents a rupture in space and time, and that this rupture sustains the historicist mythology of modernity. Within these narratives the significance of 1492 is inflated to become the point of origin for the start of a 'New World', a 'global' world of 'modernity', capitalism, and coloniality. This historical narrative is not neutral, but has become hegemonic while all alternative narratives are suppressed. This article introduces the case-study of the 'translocal' Franciscans as an example of an alternative Atlantic world narrative that can challenge the historicist narrative that has dominated the structure of Atlantic world history. Within the Franciscan Atlantic narrative, 1492 becomes a point of continuity as their translocal network extended from the Canary Islands to Hispaniola and mainland America at the end of the fifteenth and beginning of the sixteenth century. The Franciscans offered a significant example of an alternative narrative not simply due to their presence in the Atlantic in this important period, but because they were characterised by their philosophy of poverty rather than capitalism. They suggest an alternative structure for transatlantic histories.


This paper describes the process that lead to the passing of the Act for Patient Safety in the Danish health care system, the contents of the act and how the act is used in the Danish health care system. The act obligates frontline health care personnel to report adverse events, hospital owners to act on the reports and the National Board of Health to communicate the learning nationally. The act protects health care providers from sanctions as a result of reporting. In January 2004, the Act on Patient Safety in the Danish health care system was put into force. In the first twelve months 5740 adverse events were reported. The reports were analyzed locally (hospital and region), anonymized and then sent to the National Board of Health. The Act on Patient Safety has driven the work with patient safety forward but there is room for improvement. Continuous and improved feedback from all parts of the system is essential to maintain the level of reporting.


Boris Cyrulnik is a neuropsychiatrist who is known in France for having developed and popularized the concept of resilience. Born to a Jewish family in Bordeaux in 1937, he lost both his parents during the Second World War and, at the age of 6, escaped deportation himself by hiding during a round-up of Jews organized by the Nazis. His recollections of that event, forty years after the end of the war, provided the foundations for a reflection on post-war traumatic memory. In this interview for the Review, he talks about the relationship between memory, trauma and resilience, both at an individual and a collective level.


Background High attrition during the period from HIV testing to antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is widely reported. Though treatment guidelines have changed to broaden ART eligibility and services have been widely expanded over the past decade, data on the temporal trends in pre-ART outcomes are limited; such data would be useful to guide future policy decisions. Methods We evaluated temporal trends and predictors of retention for each step from HIV testing to ART initiation over the past decade at the GHESKIO clinic in Port-au-Prince Haiti. The 24,925 patients >17 years of age who received a positive HIV test at GHESKIO from March 1, 2003 to February 28, 2013 were included. Patients were followed until they remained in pre-ART care for one year or initiated ART. Results 24,925 patients (61% female, median age 35 years) were included, and 15,008 (60%) had blood drawn for CD4 count within 12 months of HIV testing; the trend increased over time from 36% in Year 1 to 78% in Year 10 (p<0.0001). Excluding transfers, the proportion of patients who were retained in pre-ART care or initiated ART within the first year after HIV testing was 84%, 82%, 64%, and 64%, for CD4 count strata ≤200, 201 to 350, 351 to 500, and >500 cells/mm3, respectively. The trend increased over time for each CD4 strata, and in Year 10, 94%, 95%, 79%, and 74% were retained in pre-ART care or initiated ART for each CD4 strata. Predictors of pre-ART attrition included male gender, low income, and low educational status. Older age and tuberculosis (TB) at HIV testing were associated with retention in care. Conclusions The proportion of patients completing assessments for ART eligibility, remaining in pre-ART care, and initiating ART have increased over the last decade across all CD4 count strata, particularly among patients with CD4 count ≤350 cells/mm3. However, additional retention efforts are needed for patients with higher CD4 counts.


Perturbation theory formulation of Maxwell's equations gives a theoretically elegant and computationally efficient way of describing small imperfections and weak interactions in electro-magnetic systems. It is generally appreciated that due to the discontinuous field boundary conditions in the systems employing high dielectric contrast profiles standard perturbation formulations fail when applied to the problem of shifted material boundaries. In this paper we developed a novel coupled mode and perturbation theory formulations for treating generic non-uniform (varying along the direction of propagation) perturbations of a waveguide cross-section based on Hamiltonian formulation of Maxwell equations in curvilinear coordinates. We show that our formulation is accurate and rapidly converges to an exact result when used in a coupled mode theory framework even for the high index-contrast discontinuous dielectric profiles. Among others, our formulation allows for an efficient numerical evaluation of induced PMD due to a generic distortion of a waveguide profile, analysis of mode filters, mode converters and other optical elements such as strong Bragg gratings, tapers, bends etc., and arbitrary combinations of thereof. To our knowledge, this is the first time perturbation and coupled mode theories are developed to deal with arbitrary non-uniform profile variations in high index-contrast waveguides.


The milu (Père David's deer, Elaphurus davidianus) has become a classic example of how highly endangered animal species can be rescued. However, the mechanisms that underpinned this population recovery remain largely unknown. As part of this study, we sequenced and analyzed whole genomes from multiple captive individuals. Following this analysis, we observed that the milu experienced a prolonged population decline over the last 200,000 years, which led to an elongated history of inbreeding. This protracted inbreeding history facilitated the purging of deleterious recessive alleles, thereby ameliorating associated threats to population viability. Because of this phenomenon, milu are now believed to be less susceptible to future inbreeding depression occurrences. SNP distribution patterns confirmed inbreeding history and also indicated sign of increased and increasing diversity in the recovered milu population. A selective sweep analysis identified two outlier genes (CTSR2 and GSG1) that were related to male fertility. Furthermore, we observed strong signatures of selection pertaining to the host immune system, including six genes (SERPINE1, PDIA3, CD302, IGLL1, VPREB3, and CD53 antigen), which are likely to strengthen resistance to pathogens. We also identified several adaptive features including the over-representation of gene families encoding for olfactory receptor activity, a high selection pressure pertaining to DNA repair and host immunity, and tolerance to high-salt swamp diets. Moreover, glycan biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, and cofactor and vitamin metabolism were all significantly enriched in the gut microbiomes of milu. We speculate that these characteristics play an important role in milu energy metabolism, immunity, development, and health. In conclusion, our findings provide a unique insight into animal population recovery strategies.


Computational models which take into account both linear and nonlinear membrane properties were developed for stellate, bushy, and fusiform cells of the mammalian cochlear nucleus. These single cell models are based on a simplified R-C electrical circuit for the soma, similar to Hodgkin-Huxley formulations. In order to allow these models to reproduce the nonlinear behaviors in the bushy and fusiform cells, as observed from previous in vitro intracellular studies, an additional 'lumped' conductance branch was added. Action potential generation was adapted from previous work of MacGregor. These 'soma' models reproduce the unique current-voltage (I-V) and spike discharge properties of CN cell types and show the potential for modeling many other neurons.
In addition, a unique method for modeling electrotonic dendritic processing was developed which allows rapid computation of spatiotemporal dendritic processing in passive, homogeneous, dendritic cables The method is based on the convolution of the dendritic impulse response function with a synaptic conductance representation, yielding a family of curves representing the current at the soma as a result of synaptic events located at various electrotonic distances from the soma. The results of simulations with this method are similar to those obtained using more computationally intensive compartmental dendrite models. In addition, this new approach allows more traditional neural network studies the ability to incorporate more realistic properties in their individual nodes without sacrificing computational speed.
The soma models, with the above dendrite models added on to them, were used in simulations involving large numbers of modeled neurons. Simulations included step current inputs, simulated auditory nerve (AN) input representing a 5 kHz pure tone stimulus, and interneuronal connectivities. Post-stimulus time histogram (PSTH) subclasses, including Chop-S, Chop-T, O$\sb{\rm c}$, primarylike, pauser, and build-up types were reproduced using both step current and AN inputs. A current-shunting hypothesis is proposed to explain the delay behavior of fusiform cells. Excitatory-inhibitory response area (EIRA) subclasses of CN neurons were also reproduced and found to require particular anatomical constraints on the circuitry.


The effect of short-term hypoxia (6 days) on the feeding activity of abundant nematode genera was investigated by means of a tracer experiment. Nematodes were sampled from the Paulina intertidal flat in the Westerschelde estuary (south-west Netherlands) and incubated with 13 C pre-labelled diatoms at the sediment-water interface in oxic and hypoxic treatments. In general, specific uptake and uptake of carbon per unit of nematode carbon were low in all studied genera, which indicated that the added diatoms represented a limited food source for the investigated nematode genera. Results from such a low uptake are difficult to interpret; however, there was no significant decrease in feeding activity of all dominant nematodes in the hypoxic treatments. The low carbon uptake might be related to low access of nematodes and their low feeding preference to the added diatoms in the experimental cores.


Abstract. Aerosols have great impacts on atmospheric environment, human health, and earth's climate. Therefore, information on their spatial and temporal distribution is of paramount importance. Despite numerous studies have examined the variation and trends of BC and AOD over India, only very few have focused on their spatial distribution or even correlating the observations with model simulations. In the present study, a three-dimensional aerosol transport-radiation model coupled with a general circulation model. SPRINTARS, simulated atmospheric aerosol distributions including BC and aerosol optical properties, i.e., aerosol optical thickness (AOT), Angstrom Exponent (AE), and single scattering albedo (SSA). The simulated results are compared with both BC measurements by aethalometer and aerosol optical properties measured by ground-based skyradiometer and by satellite sensor, MODIS/Terra over Hyderabad, which is a tropical urban area of India, for the year 2008. The simulated AOT and AE in Hyderabad are found to be comparable to ground-based measured ones. The simulated SSA tends to be higher than the ground-based measurements. Both these comparisons of aerosol optical properties between the simulations with different emission inventories and the measurements indicate that, firstly the model uncertainties derived from aerosol emission inventory cannot explain the gaps between the simulations and the measurements and secondly the vertical transport of BC and the treatment of BC-containing particles can be the main issue in the global model to solve the gap.


Single-source-precursors (SSPs) have been synthesized through chemical modification of poly(methylvinyl)silazane (HTT 1800) with graphene oxide (GO) via an amidation reaction catalyzed by ZnCl2. With the formation of an SSP, the restacking of GO was effectively prevented by the HTT 1800 grafted at the surface of GO. After pyrolysis of warm-pressed green bodies comprising the SSP, GO-HTT 1800, monolithic silicon carbonitride (SiCN) ceramic nanocomposites containing in situ thermally reduced graphene oxide (RGO), namely RGO–SiCN, were successfully prepared. The resultant RGO–SiCN nanocomposites possess versatile electromagnetic (EM) properties ranging from EM absorbing to shielding behavior. With 2.5 wt% GO in the feed, the final RGO–SiCN nanocomposite exhibits an outstanding minimal reflection coefficient (RCmin) of −62.1 dB at 9.0 GHz, and the effective absorption bandwidth reaches 3.0 GHz with a sample thickness of 2.10 mm. With the same GO content, the resultant RGO–SiCN nanocomposite prepared by mechanical blending exhibits a far inferior RCmin of −8.2 dB. This finding strongly supports the advantage of the developed SSP route suitable for the fabrication of RGO–SiCN nanocomposites with significantly enhanced EM properties. With 12.0 wt% GO content in the feed, the obtained RGO–SiCN nanocomposite reveals an excellent shielding effectiveness of 41.2 dB with a sample thickness of 2.00 mm.


This paper looks for firm-level evidence that high rates of protection breed concentration of firm activities into highly protected sectors, endogenously generating vested interests in the maintenance of protection. We combine data on the EU's trade protection for food and agricultural products measured by ad-valorem equivalents (AVEs) with survey data on France's agri-food sector to show that indeed, small and mid-size firms and cooperatives in that sector are heavily concentrated in product lines protected by tariff-rate quotas (TRQs) at high rates. Those firms and cooperatives can be expected to be at the forefront of resistance to multilateral tariff cuts, in particular in the meat and dairy sectors. Overcoming their resistance would call for targeted adjustment assistance.


Rice consumption in Ghana has more than quadrupled in the last 60 years, becoming a common staple food. However, this increasing demand is being met by imports. The rise in rice imports has led to a renewed interest in promoting domestic production of rice to substitute for imported rice. However, it is not clear how current rice development policies are informed by the preferences of consumers for specific quality attributes of rice. This study assesses the preferred rice qualities that drive consumption of local rice in Ghana. Through a review of previous studies on consumer preferences of rice complemented with information collected through interviews with local rice traders, millers, and other stakeholders, this paper describes the types of rice and their sources, the types of rice consumers, and the packaging and quality attributes of local rice in key markets in Ghana. We find that the quality of branded local rice types has improved in recent years. However, unbranded local rice in Ghana is still commonly contaminated with foreign materials, is made up of co-mingled varieties, and has a large share of broken and yellowish grain. In addition, local rice continues to be sold at a lower price than imported rice of same quality. This is largely due to the perceived low quality of local rice by consumers that results in low demand. Marketing campaigns and sensitization to advocate for consumption of local rice are recommended policy options to increase consumer awareness and to build demand for quality local rice in Ghana.


This paper presents a new 300‐year daily series of Mean Sea‐Level Pressure (MSLP) for the city of London. Daily barometer readings recorded in the vicinity of London were digitised from several sources and by joining these data with previously available data, a near‐continuous series was constructed to span the period 1692–2007. The data were quality controlled and then corrected to represent daily means of MSLP at standard modern‐day conditions. This series was then subjected to a statistical homogenisation procedure. The Penalized Maximal t‐test was used with several reference series to identify breakpoints in the series over the period 1780–2007. In the absence of suitable reference series, the homogeneity of the earlier 1692–1779 period was tested using the Penalized Maximal F‐test. Both tests were implemented through the RHtestV2 software on the monthly and annual means derived from the daily data. The majority of the identified breakpoints could be supported by meta‐data and most occur at the juncture of the component series. A major feature of the homogenised series is that the long‐term mean is 1.2 hPa lower than that of the previous monthly series for London created under the EU ADVICE project for the period 1774–1999. The long‐term mean of 1015.2 hPa for the new series is more consistent with other long MSLP series in the UK. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society


This work presents a theory of information cascades, based on the work of Bikhchandi, Hirschleifer, and Welch (1992), to explain fad-like behavior in the adoption of new technology. An information cascade occurs when an individual ignores his or her own private signal about the value of a technology and relies, instead, upon the observed actions of others. This can lead to serious problems if the observed actions in question are based on still other observed actions rather than private signals. The present research provides an operational model to assess information cascade theory and empirically tests the model in the context of the adoption of electronic commerce technologies. The results suggest that information cascades play a large role in the adoption of such technologies.


Productive struggle is a necessary and important part of mathematics learning, occurring when students engage, grapple, and make sense of mathematical ideas and relationships that are not yet apparent. Teachers play a vital role in creating and facilitating opportunities for student struggle, and frameworks have been developed to describe how students struggle in mathematics and how teachers typically respond. However, a better understanding of how teachers respond to students in different classes would help ensure all students are receiving the same opportunities to experience productive struggle. I used the existing frameworks of productive struggle and cognitive demand of tasks to characterize what an episode of struggle looks like in high school mathematics in terms of the type of task used, the student struggle, the teacher response, the outcome of the struggle, and the impact on cognitive demand. Analysis showed a statistically significant relationship existed between the productive struggle elements: struggle and response, struggle and outcome, response and outcome, response and cognitive demand, and the elements outcome and cognitive demand. For all teachers, probing guidance and affordance responses were more likely to lead to productive outcomes when compared to telling and directed guidance responses. Strong correlations were found between the response, outcome and cognitive demand variables. Interestingly, no statistically significant differences existed in the struggle, response, and outcome variables when comparing On-Level and Honors/AP teachers. The results of the study provide mathematics educators with important and relevant information about productive struggle, the impact of specific responses, and how equal opportunities are being given to all students.


Crocodiles and armadillos armor themselves in an exoskeleton of bony plates, but the turtle goes a step further with a shell that is anchored to its rib cage and spine, making it part of its internal skeleton. Just how the developing turtle embryo builds its fortress—a feat unique among vertebrates—is unclear. But two scenarios are now vying to explain this major evolutionary puzzle. Until recently, many biologists thought that the turtle shell takes shape from skin cells adjacent to the ribs that are transformed into bone in the course of development. But Japanese developmental biologists have now weighed in with a new scenario, in which the shell is a direct outgrowth of bones themselves. Researchers trying to reach consensus about how the shell develops have concluded that turtles may have more than one way to build a turtle shell.


Geomagnetic data assimilation is one of the most recent developments in geomagnetic studies. It combines geodynamo model outputs and surface geomagnetic observations to provide more accurate estimates of the core dynamic state and provide accurate geomagnetic secular variation forecasting. To facilitate geomagnetic data assimilation studies, we develop a standalone data assimilation component for the geomagnetic community. This component is used to calculate the forecast error covariance matrices and the gain matrix from a given geodynamo solution, which can then be used for sequential geomagnetic data assimilation. This component is very flexible and can be executed independently. It can also be easily integrated with arbitrary dynamo models.


As dairy farms grow and specialize in milking cows, raising replacement heifers is increasingly outsourced. Perhaps the largest challenge of outsourcing the heifer enterprise involves quality, measured as milk production potential, and the possibility for moral hazard due to hidden action on the part of the custom heifer grower. A principal-agent framework was used to elicit contract terms to provide incentives for the heifer grower to achieve desired growth rates, and enable the return of the heifer to the dairy farm on an accelerated time frame, without sacrificing quality. To mitigate incentive asymmetries, bonuses and deductions are proposed.


Computer graphics advances driven by product development became mature in the late 1980s, and advances driven by arts and entertainment matured in the early 2000s. The graphics industry is at an innovation plateau and is ready for the next wave of innovation. This third wave won't be driven in response to a single industry. Rather, innovative researchers will respond to three drivers: the visual representations necessary to handle emerging application disciplines, display and interaction device advances, and graphics systems design and implementation.


Despite a continued scholarly conversation on Information Systems Security (ISsec) policies and gov-ernance, a perspective that examines these issues at the organisational level has been generally ne-glected. This is of concern as managing ISsec is multi-level in nature for many organisations ranging from the individual level, such as BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) policies, to the strategic level, such as the use of Chief Security Officers (CSOs). This deficiency is also evident for virtual banks as a type of IS (Information System)-led organisation that develop flexible policies due to changing internal and external security environments. In order to focus on the multi-level and flexible nature of ISsec policies of virtual banks, we borrow key concepts from the organisational network perspective to map organisation structure changes through ISsec development phases and shifting meta-policies. The goal of this paper is to develop the theoretical framework and conceptual model needed to examine the multi-level and flexible nature of organisational ISsec policies of virtual banks. We start with build-ing on relevant literature on ISsec meta-policy characteristics and then integrate network concepts from the ARA (actor, resource, activity) framework to map the changing ISsec policies at the individual, meso, and meta-organisational level.


Bolsover Castle in Derbyshire is decorated with more than sixty applied paintings, most of which date to c.1620. Their iconography has long been a puzzle. This paper takes a new approach by comparing the pictures with their print sources, and by considering how the decoration related to the use of the building for entertainments. It notes that Sir William Cavendish (later 1 st Duke of Newcastle) could have sought advice from Ben Jonson when he visited Bolsover during his walk to Scotland in 1618, shortly before the decoration was commissioned. It argues that the paintings may include a depiction of a stage set, as well as portraits of Jonson, Cavendish, and his first wife Elizabeth (nee Bassett). Poetic meanings in the schemes show the influence of Jonson. New links between the paintings and the text of Jonson's Love's Welcome at Bolsover of 1634 are revealed, and it emerges that the Star Chamber on the first floor was probably the location of its performance. There may be hitherto unrecognized site-specific material in Jonson's later plays and works by Cavendish and his daughters which supports this interpretation of the paintings.


The activation of auto-aggressive T cells is crucial for the development of autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). T cell activation relies on stimulation of the T cell receptor by antigen and results in rapid release of calcium (Ca2+) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the cytosol. This process is mediated by IP3 receptors and, possibly by ryanodine receptors (RyRs). The release of Ca2+ from the ER into the cytosol follows a second influx of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane through Ca2+ release activated Ca2+ channels (CRAC). This store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) mediates further signal transduction by the activation of Ca2+ sensitive enzymes, such as calcineurin, which then leads to transcription and production of T cell characteristic cytokines.
Even though EAE in mice is in many aspects a well studied model, the role of RyRs has not yet been addressed in context of the disease. Previous studies using loss-of-function techniques unveiled the importance of RyR1 and RyR3 for NAADP mediated Ca2+ signaling in Jurkat cells, and in rat adoptive transfer EAE by pharmacological antagonism of NAADP, a putative ligand for RyR1.
In the present study we found that the gene encoding for the RyR1 isoform is expressed in antigen-experienced effector, but not in naive mouse T cells. Genetic deletion of Ryr1 studied in fetal liver chimeric mice did not result in overt immune phenotype, however Ryr1 deficient T lymphocytes show diminished Ca2+ signaling and reduced proliferation in response to TCR stimulation. This supported the observation that these animals developed less severe active EAE than control mice.
Although our data indicate that Ryr3 does not play a major role in T cells, yet we observed attenuated clinical EAE and CNS histopathology in mice with a whole-body knockout for the Ryr3 gene. There however, we have excluded that Ryr3 deficiency in T cells is responsible for mitigated neuroinflammation using chimeric mice and T cell transfer experiments. Instead we observed that Ryr3 deficient astrocytes display alteration in stimulated Ca2+ signaling in vitro, produce less chemokines in response to inflammatory stimuli in vitro but also in the inflamed CNS tissue, that limits infiltration of immune cells and associated tissue damage. We also demonstrate that pharmacological inhibition of RyR function has beneficial effects on the EAE disease. Thus, ryanodine receptors seem to play critical roles during autoimmune disease of the CNS (RyR1 in T cells whereas RyR3 in astrocytes) and can be considered as therapeutic targets.


"Perhaps the most important lesson to be gleaned from the academic work in this area is that child labor tends to be a phenomenon related to poverty and difficult social conditions rather than the perverse preferences of the parents." The discussion on child labor is very often, and understandably so, charged with emotional content. Activists throughout the world typically offer a picture of impoverished boys and girls working under hazardous conditions for next-to-nothing wages. This depiction, however, may lead to confusion by mixing issues that need to be analytically differentiated. Exploitation, understood as inhumane working conditions, is something to be avoided per se, regardless of the age of the worker. However, even after eliminating exploitative working conditions for children, child labor still has an effect on a child's lifetime welfare. For all these reasons, the causes and effects of this phenomenon require careful analysis. What are the dimensions of the problem? In absolute numbers, estimates by the International Labor Organization (ILO) show that approximately 250 million children under the age of 12 are working for a salary around the world. (1) For a variety of reasons, such as methodological differences in the collection of data and underreporting of statistics, estimates vary widely. Varying definitions of child labor, the inclusion or exclusion of part-time work, and different data collecting techniques also complicate fixing on a concrete number of child workers. A more relevant variable, however, is the participation rate of children in local labor markets; i.e., what proportion of children under a certain age are indeed working. For children between 10 and 14 years of age, the participation rate in Europe is below 1.5 percent, whereas Africa shows the highest participation rate in the world, with a figure of 27.87 percent. The participation rate in Asia is 15.19 percent, and, in 1995, it was around 15 percent in Latin America. (2) Thus, child labor is far from being a trivial issue. But why worry about child labor? There are both normative and positive reasons to believe that child labor is unacceptable. From the normative perspective, an adequate childhood education and a work-free youth are ethical considerations. As for the more pragmatic reasons, child labor may, under certain circumstances, bring down adult wages and create a vicious cycle of child labor and poverty. Moreover, it has been empirically established that children who start working at a younger age attain a lower level of education, which has an obvious impact on the child's future welfare and ability to generate income. Interestingly enough, both the normative and the positive reasons have been in the debate for a long time. A paper analyzing the results of the US Census of 1900 states that "child labor, of necessity, will affect the conditions under which adults have to work, and to some degree also will affect their chances for wages. It is but fair to assume that in the same measure as females replaced men as factory workers, so child labor, if not restricted, will crowd a proportionate number of adults out of employment. Child labor, therefore, is not desirable and should be restricted." (3) The same article provides data about the state that showed the lowest level of child labor, Minnesota, saying, "this denotes a condition which its citizens should strive to preserve, for it bears with it a great blessing for the young generation. They are much more fortunate than the many other children in other states who have to enter upon factory life at a time when they should build up their bodies and brains for the great struggle of life." (4) Thus both the ethical and practical arguments against child labor have been advanced side-by-side for the past 100 years. Still, difficult questions remain to be analyzed. For example, is child labor in and of itself a phenomenon that negatively affects the welfare of the child, and, if so, for what reasons? …


The level of self-employment among immigrants is often higher than among natives. The purpose of this paper was to test empirically whether selective migration with respect to entrepreneurial characteristics may explain this difference. The relevant hypotheses were tested comparing representative samples of Russian immigrants in Norway and their stay-at-home counterparts. Data from the Russian population came from the 2008 GEM study, while data on Russian immigrants in Norway were collected through a specially designed postal survey. The analysis revealed some demographic dissimilarity between the two groups, as well as a presence of selective migration with respect to entrepreneurial characteristics. This study demonstrates that immigrants (as compared to non-migrants) are more likely to report intentions to start a business. Moreover, they possess relatively large amount of specific human capital, social capital and self-confidence relevant for entrepreneurship. The paper concludes with proposed practical implications and suggestions for further research.


High levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are desirable in milk for its nutritional quality, but make it vulnerable to oxidation. The aim of this trial was to assess the effects of dietary intake of hemp (seeds or cake) on milk production, fatty acid (FA) profile, and oxidative stability when sheep diet included a source rich in PUFAs. The control diet (C), which was composed of hay-based rations and completed with mixed concentrate, was compared with two experimental diets that were designed to provide the same amount of fat via hemp seed (180 g/d) (HS diet) or hempseed cake (480 g/d) (HC diet). The hemp was determined to have significantly increased the yields of milk, energy-corrected milk (ECM), fat corrected milk (FCM) (6.5%), protein corrected milk (PCM) (5.8%) and milk fat. The hemp generated a greater proportion of n-3 FA, notably α-linolenic acid (ALA), which increased by 49–66%. The addition of hemp also led to an increase in C18:1 t 11 (vaccenic acid (VA)) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), particularly isomer c 9,  t 11 CLA (rumenic acid (RA)). The HC group showed a greater content of milk ALA and VA and tended to show a greater content of c 9, t 11 CLA than the HS group. The atherogenic index (AI), thrombogenic index (TI), n-6/n-3 FA ratio and hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio suggest that hemp could be useful in improving milk quality. The results obtained in this study suggest that the inclusion of hempseed cake appears to be more effective in ameliorating these indices than hemp seed. The author determined the concentration of fat-soluble antioxidant (tocopherol and retinol) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and assessed the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) by measuring the ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging capacity and degree of oxidative degradation of lipids – using the classical test based on the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). The TAC was higher in the milk of the HS and HC groups compared with C, being in direct correlation with the higher concentration of α-tocopherol of milk and lower concentration of MDA, the extent of the change being greatest for the animals fed the HS diet. Therefore, hemp seeds and hempseed cake appear to be ideal supplements for improving the FA profile and health lipid indices and preventing lipid oxidation in raw milk. Keywords: α-linolenic acid, α-tocopherol, antioxidant activity, atherogenicity index, malondialdehyde


A goal of transactional analytic psychotherapy is to 'strengthen the Adult': to develop a thinking, analytical part of Self that can manage overwhelming, problematic emotions. However, this understanding misses the layered complexity of what the Adult ego state offers and can also promote an unhelpful dissociation in the client which counters the essence and intention of Integrative Psychotherapy. In this article, I offer a way of conceptualising work with the Adult ego state as nurturing a client's Integrating Adult – the cohesive, 'grown-up' part of our thinking-feeling-experiencing Self in the here-and-now, free of contaminations from old Parent and Child scripts. The article opens with an explicitly theoretical exploration of the TA concept of 'Adult.'  In the second, applied section, I explore how we might work with the Adult ego state in our Integrative Psychotherapy work via three processes: decontaminating the Adult from Parent prejudices; deconfusing the Child; and nourishing the integrating Adult. The final section offers a case study illustration focused on nurturing a client's Integrating Adult.


One method suggested for improving software quality has been that of collecting metric scores for a given design and refactoring in response to what are deemed to be unsatisfactory metric values. In the case of object orientation, a considerable number of metrics have been proposed in the literature, with the intention of highlighting the possible 'misuse' of concepts such as inheritance and polymorphism. The aim is to produce systems which are more easily maintainable than may otherwise be the case (in terms of characteristics such as reduced modification times or increased class reusability).

Subsequent to this, a major requirement for promoting the widescale adoption of such design metrics has been to establish their validity beyond mere intuitive appeal. The theoretical approach to validation has been limited, relying on the use of measurement axioms as an initial filter to rule out inconsistent measures. Given the profusion of possible systems, empirical studies must be seen to represent limited sampling, and taken as a whole seem to produce an excess of (sometimes conflicting) correlations.

The aim as therefore been to establish a complementary approach to the attempts at validation so far undertaken. One aspect of this activity is to examine the theoretical nature of inter-metric dependencies, and a technique for evaluating levels of metric interaction is presented. This addresses a significant issue as highly correlated metrics may imply redundancy, while conflicting measures can cause problems if they are simultaneously applied as part of a suite. To this end, a matrix based technique for metric score generation and comparison is introduced.

In addition, the interaction between metrics and a sample of design patterns is considered, to provide an assessment of whether these two approaches to improving software quality are in fact compatible. Methods of analysis are presented which gauge the effects of applying various patterns on certain metric scores, highlighting cases where viewpoints for the metric, the pattern (or indeed both) could be anomalous.

The results generated suggest that only minor levels of redundancy and conflict exist amongst commonly quoted metrics, although the application of certain design patterns can actually work in opposition to the viewpoints for particular metrics. On this basis, overall recommendations regarding the selection and application of measures for designs are then made.


The study investigated aspects of metacognition, study approaches and reading attitude of university students to enhance reading efficiency in English. A total of 503
students enrolled in the proficiency courses at UPM participated in the study. Three hundred and eighty-five students participated in the questionnaire survey and 118
students were involved in the needs analysis. From this population of 503 students, 40 students took part in the quasi-experimental study and out of this sample, ten students were randomly selected for the unstructured interview. It is also important to note that ten lecturers took part in the students'needs analysis. The results of the needs analysis have shown that factors like metacognition, study approaches and reading attitude are important for reading efficiency. It is noted from the questionnaire survey (metacognition and study approaches) that variables like programme of study, home background, gender and race were not related to reading efficiency among students. The main factor that revealed a significant difference in reading efficiency was students' SPM English grades. Students with distinctions and credits in English at SPM appeared to have a high level of metacognitive awareness, effective study approaches and a positive reading attitude in English. Besides, the questionnaire survey has shown a strong relationship between study approaches and reading attitude. In like manner, metacognition is guided by students' positive reading
attitude. The results of the quasi-experimental study have shown that average readers at the university level can increase their reading rate by about 27%, and their comprehension score by 22%. A pre and post-test administered for both treatment and control groups have shown a convincing improvement for treatment group students. In fact, all participants of the treatment group gained in their overall score after the eight weeks'
(16 hours) of training on reading efficiency. The interview results revealed that both treatment and control group students faced problems in reading. However, most of the treatment group students have learnt to overcome some of these problems. On the other hand, control group students have said that they did not know how to solve their reading problems. Both treatment and control group students have shown elements of metacognitive awareness. However, what were lacking for the control group students were strategies, both reading and metacognitive strategies. The study has proposed a reading efficiency model to enhance speed and comprehension in reading. The reading efficiency model proposed in this study with its three major components that is metacognition, study approaches and reading attitude is felt practical and applicable to students. And finally, the findings of this study have established the need for training in reading efficiency for students taking the English proficiency courses at UPM and similarly placed students elsewhere in the country.


This paper studies how a firm can create and capture value by converting a waste stream into a useful and saleable by-product (i.e., implementing by-product synergy (BPS)). We show that BPS creates an operational synergy between two products that are jointly produced. In essence, BPS is a process innovation that reduces the marginal cost of the original product and/or the by-product. The firm creates value through this process innovation and can capture this value by capturing newly created market opportunities, taking market share from competitors, or licensing the innovation to its competitors. We determine the optimal operating and licensing strategies for the firm and find market conditions under which the firm would benefit most from implementing BPS. We show that the optimal operating and licensing strategies are driven by the size of the cost reduction enabled by the BPS process innovation. We also show that leveraging the synergies between the original product and by-product can lead to counterintuitive profit-maximizing operating strategies such as increasing the amount of waste generated, and strategically increasing the quantity of original product above the business as usual production volume. We present a framework for assessing the environmental impact of BPS that incorporates the impact of the optimal operating and licensing strategies.


Purpose – Nowadays the worker is the most important production factor for knowledge organisations, and thus Corporate Real Estate Managers (CREM) must focus on supporting employees. Modern work environments must be designed to meet their preferences for satisfaction and leveraging talent. But the way employees experience and use the office environment depends on national culture, so implementing a new work environment might require different strategies in different countries. This paper describes research into employee preferences regarding work activities and the work environment in 5 European countries, and the implications of differences that came forward.Design/methodology/approach –Based on literature, hypotheses are formulated about the importance of different activities in and features/facilities of the modern work environment. These are tested with the Leesman database, from which 32,006 employee questionnaires from Sweden, the Netherlands, Great Britain, France and Germany were selected. The data are analysed with principal component analyses and Chi Square or F- Tests to study differences between the importance the employees in these 5 countries attached to 21 workplace activities, 19 workplace features and 18 workplace facilities.Findings – With regard to activities, the Germans value interaction activities, while the Dutch and Swedish employees mention collaboration activities as most important. With regard to workplace features/facilities, the French and Germans find it most important to be able to work place independent, while the Swedish care extra about meeting areas. Building services are only important to British employees. More differences between the countries are discussed, after relating the workplace components to the important activities.Implications –The results of this study make clear, that a one-size-fits-all concept is not always the best way for multinationals to support your employees.Originality value – Previous studies focused on employee satisfaction with the work environment that is offered (pre/post move) or asked designers about influence of culture. In this paper we actually ask employees what their preferences are, regardless of the current work environment. It is the first study that compares and tests differences between preferences of European employees on this scale, and also to study these preferences for the work environment in relation to preferences for certain activities and compare countries.


Cardiac malformation present at birth is an important component of pediatric cardiovas- cular disease. The etiology of congenital heart disease is multifaceted including environmental, genetic and stochastic factors. With the advancement of cardiac diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in the past decade, with relatively low morbidity and mortality, has led to more and more children with congenital heart disease living to adulthood. Therefore the role of prenatal and postnatal genetic counseling becomes even more paramount as there is a higher likelihood of these patients living to adulthood and having families of their own. Prenatal counseling allows for the expectant parents to understand the full ramifications of continuing the pregnancy and possible events after birth. It is a multidisciplinary approach to help parents reach an informed decision on how to best to proceed with the pregnancy. After the birth of the child with congenital heart defects, the course is significantly dependent on the type of cardiac lesion. Postnatally, if the lesion is amenable to surgery, therapeutics intervention is offered. The postnatal counseling session includes the possibility of performing advanced genetic testing to help determine the hereditary potential of the cardiac defect in future offspring.


Computer-based learning materials differ from classroom practice in that they seldom explicitly offer opportunities for collaboration. Despite this, students do collaborate, helping one another through the content and affordances of computer materials. But, in doing so, students meet with challenges. Paradoxically, these challenges can either inspire or discourage learning and second-language acquisition. This paper, based on research with twenty Hong Kong university students in a controlled experiment, evaluates challenges to collaboration at the computer as evidenced by discourse. The students were videotaped and their discourse transcribed and evaluated both qualitatively and quantitatively, according to a set of discourse markers created to describe collaborative, non-collaborative and ambiguous strategies. The paper begins by exploring the differences between collaboration and similar terms such as teamwork and cooperative learning then goes on to define collaboration in the context of computer-assisted learning. It ends by presenting practical suggestions for software designers, teachers and students to enhance collaboration at the computer.


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A Comet in the Sun In 2011, comet Lovejoy plunged into the solar atmosphere and survived its flight through a region of the Sun that has never been visited by spacecraft. Downs et al. (p. 1196) used spacecraft observations of this Sun-grazing comet, combined with advanced magnetohydrodynamic simulations, to constrain the magnetic field of the solar atmosphere—a quantity that has been very difficult to measure directly. Observations of a comet's motion through the solar corona constrain this region's magnetic field and plasma properties. On 15 and 16 December 2011, Sun-grazing comet C/2011 W3 (Lovejoy) passed deep within the solar corona, effectively probing a region that has never been visited by spacecraft. Imaged from multiple perspectives, extreme ultraviolet observations of Lovejoy's tail showed substantial changes in direction, intensity, magnitude, and persistence. To understand this unique signature, we combined a state-of-the-art magnetohydrodynamic model of the solar corona and a model for the motion of emitting cometary tail ions in an embedded plasma. The observed tail motions reveal the inhomogeneous magnetic field of the solar corona. We show how these motions constrain field and plasma properties along the trajectory, and how they can be used to meaningfully distinguish between two classes of magnetic field models.


Paul Maharg presents a critical inquiry into the identity and possibilities of legal education, and an exploration of transformational alternatives to our current theories and practices of teaching and learning the law. His work takes the view that bodies of interdisciplinary theory and knowledge of the history of legal education are important to all stages of legal education. He also argues that new learning designs - such as transactional learning - need to be developed to help students, educators and lawyers deal with the transitions and challenges facing them now and in the foreseeable future. Throughout, discussions of theory are spliced with case studies of academic and professional legal learning, particularly in the field of technology-enhanced learning. Transforming Legal Education makes the case for substantial change in the ways law is studied. In a wide-ranging critique of current educational practices in our law schools and in society, the book argues for a contemporary adaptation of John Dewey's concept of pragmatic and experiential learning, for a wider interdisciplinary approach to teaching and learning, and for greater engagement with technology-enhanced learning. In Part 1 of the book Maharg argues the case for deeper and more sustained interdisciplinary educational practice, drawing upon problem-based learning, rhetorical theory and practice, and approaches to education in other disciplines such as music and literature. The book also argues for a more profound understanding of the history of legal education. In the three case studies that comprise Part 2, Maharg explores three historical episodes in legal educational practice - the formation of the realist curriculum at Columbia in the 1920s; ethical education at Edinburgh University in the later eighteenth century; and thirteenth century glossed texts. Part 3 consists of an extended case study of technology and experiential learning, incorporating aspects of the approaches analysed in Parts 1 and 2. Throughout, the book holds that Dewey's critique of education in his day is still relevant to legal education today. His solutions, based upon variants of experiential learning, are taken by Maharg and applied in the extended case study of simulation learning in Part 3. The book's conclusion states the case for collaboration between legal educational institutions, and for a more experientially-grounded approach to theory and practice; and ends with a hubristic account of several hours of a student's study time in 2047.


In this paper I trace sanitation, education, and cultural enlightenment practices in early Soviet Tajikistan, and reassess the role of red teahouses in addressing drug use and other health issues in the country. I examine the assertions of Soviet historians and physicians by drawing on extensive archival records from Russia and Tajikistan and local newspapers published in Tajikistan in the 1930s, and in doing so accentuate an alternative account that illustrates the limits of Soviet undertakings and the appalling gaps between the aspirations of Soviet leaders and reality. Red teahouses failed both to focus on health challenges and to tackle the use of narcotic intoxicants in early Soviet Tajikistan. The majority of these new Soviet facilities functioned as commercial socio-gastronomic entities until the late 1930s and beyond, rather than spreading health propaganda and engaging in the cultural construction and enlightenment of the Tajik people.


This chapter describes the results of a series of pedestrian observation studies carried out in Norwich, Rouen and Koblenz as part of the Spatial Metro project. The goal of these studies was to observe pedestrian behaviour and to investigate pedestrian movement and experience in the city centres. The cities are engaged in improving the physical conditions and the experience of their city centres by investing in landscaping and engineering of public spaces, city beautification, wayfinding and in communication and information technology. The Spatial Metro project brings together a transnational group of partners, enabling them to co-operate with a view to improving city centres for pedestrians. The theme of spatial metro is 'Discovering the city on Foot'. The project aims to make city visits more enjoyable for pedestrians by making them easier to navigate, easier to walk around and easier to understand and appreciate. The project has been allocated European Regional Development Funding through the INTERREG IIIB Community Initiative. A group of ten organizations participate in Spatial Metro: The lead city of Norwich (UK) and the cities of Rouen (F), Koblenz (D), Bristol (UK), Biel/Bienne (CH), as well as academics from the University of East Anglia (UK), the Delft University of Technology (NL), the University of Koblenz (D) and the Swiss Pedestrian Association. The main role of the chair of Urban Design was to develop instruments to evaluate visitor experience and to observe the use of public space. The purpose of the observation studies was to evaluate the use of space in relation to investments, (rather than using the outcome as a design tool to pinpoint) opportunities and threads in the city; the outcome focuses on a comparison between the actual situation and real use. For the observation of the public space, a specific method using Global Positioning System (GPS) devices capturing the movement of pedestrians was developed and put into practice. The recording of pedestrian behaviour was accompanied by a questionnaire adding background information on the participants. This article will focus on the differences and similarities in pedestrian behaviour in three historic cities in three countries based on quantitative and qualitative research. Do people behave different in these three historic European cities? Can we distinguish different spatial patterns based on the origin and familiarity of the visitor and the purpose and duration of the visit? After this introduction, the set-up and implementation of the fieldwork will be explained in 'Way of Working'. Here, the methods for processing the data and the criteria employed in connection with the analysis will be clarified. Following this, the results will be described and illustrations provided for each location. The chapter concludes with a synthesis comparing the findings of the different cities.


Policies such as tax surcharges on gasoline and reductions in transit fare were examined for their potential effectiveness in conserving gasoline. Individual level preference functions to predict work-trip modal choice (auto, public transit, or car pool) were estimated through conjoint analysis using attributes such as travel cost and additional ride time. Respondents' preferences for each travel mode were computed using the modified attribute values corresponding to each policy option. The preferences were then used to forecast potential shifts to transit or car pool and the resulting gasoline savings.


Grounded in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 2000), the present study explored whether Physical Education (PE) students' psychological needs and their motivational regulations towards PE, predicted mean differences and changes in effort in PE, exercise intentions and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) over the course of one UK school trimester. One-hundred and seventyeight students (69% male) aged between 11 and 16 years completed a multi-section questionnaire at the beginning, middle and end of a school trimester. Multilevel growth models revealed that students' perceived competence and self-determined regulations were the most consistent predictors of the outcome variables at the withinand between-person levels. The results of this work add to the extant SDT-based literature by examining change in PE students' motivational regulations and psychological needs, as well as underscoring the importance of disaggregating withinand between-student effects.


Semiconductor superlattice micro-/nanowires could greatly increase the versatility and power of modulating electronic or excitonic, and photonic transport, and related optical properties. In this paper we report the synthesis of alloyed semiconductor superlattice microwires (SMs) of CdS1-xSex/Sn: CdS1-xSex based on the mciro-environmental controlled co-evaporation technique. The alloyed SMs can produce color-tunable multimode emission with wavelength from 513 nm to 596 nm by controlling the composition x from 0 to 0.4. In addition, the alloyed segments in the superlattices form many optical microcavities in queue which can lead to the coupled optical cavities which confine both excitons and photons, producing multiple cavity emission modes. This structure may be used in color-tunable nonlinear optical devices, and study light-matter interaction.


Patellar tendinopathy is prevalent among athletes, and most likely associated with a high jumping load. If methods for estimating jump frequency were available, this could potentially assist in understanding and preventing this condition. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility of using peak vertical acceleration (PVA) or peak resultant acceleration (PRA) measured by an accelerometer to estimate jump frequency. Twelve male elite volleyball players (22.5 ± 1.6 yrs) performed a training protocol consisting of seven typical motion patterns, including jumping and non-jumping movements. Accelerometer data from the trial were obtained using a tri-axial accelerometer. In addition, we collected video data from the trial. Jump-float serving and spike jumping could not be distinguished from non-jumping movements using differences in PVA or PRA. Furthermore, there were substantial inter-participant differences in both the PVA and the PRA within and across movement types (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that neither PVA nor PRA measured by a tri-axial accelerometer is an applicable method for estimating jump frequency in volleyball. A method for acquiring real-time estimates of jump frequency remains to be verified. However, there are several alternative approaches, and further investigations are needed.