PURPOSE
Tissue atrophy and excessive fibrosis are prominent histologic features of chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, but the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The current study was undertaken to investigate whether the increase in fibroblasts at the site of pathogenic fibrosis originated from transplanted donor cells in patients with chronic GVHD.

METHODS
Lacrimal gland biopsy specimens were obtained from nine patients with chronic GVHD. The male-specific sequences detected by fluorescein in situ hybridization (FISH) and in situ hybridization (ISH) were used as markers for the donor cells in seven female patients who had received a transplant from male donors. Primary fibroblast cultures were generated from lacrimal gland biopsy specimens and examined for mismatched genetic markers between recipients and donors.

RESULTS
In lacrimal gland specimens obtained from seven female patients who received a sex-mismatched transplant, 13.4% to 26.7% of CD34+ fibroblasts that accumulated in the fibrotic lesion were donor derived, as determined by FISH for the Y-chromosome. The male-specific mRNA was also detected in the lacrimal gland fibroblasts by ISH. Primary lacrimal gland fibroblast cultures were generated from four patients with chronic GVHD and further examined for mismatched genetic markers between recipients and donors. As a result, the presence of donor origin of the fibroblasts was demonstrated by detecting the Y-chromosome sequence and donor-specific microsatellite genetic markers.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings together indicate the chimeric status of accumulated CD34+ fibroblasts in the lacrimal gland of patients with chronic GVHD. Fibroblasts originating from circulating donor-derived precursors may participate in the excessive fibrosis in these patients.


In recent years, thousands of longtime legal residents have been deported based on erroneous interpretations of the 1996 amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act. Their return to the United States is precluded by a pair of Department of Justice regulations barring immigration judges and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) from correcting errors in removal proceedings once a deportee has left the United States. Advocates have begun to take aim at these regulations through litigation and administrative advocacy. This article, the first scholarly work to consider the phenomenon of wrongful deportation and the arguments for and against the "departure bar" on administrative reopening, adds a new dimension to this emerging debate. It argues that repeal or judicial invalidation of the departure bar will not, in itself, provide a meaningful remedy for individuals who have been wrongly deported, as evidenced by recent unpublished decisions in which the BIA has continued to deny relief to deportees even in circuits that have struck down the departure bar. To lay the groundwork for a more comprehensive approach, this Article considers departure from the perspectives of both territoriality and finality, as well as addressing the prudential concerns that the BIA has cited in defense of the departure bar. It draws on a wide range of material within and outside immigration law to argue that neither established doctrine nor prudential concerns justify the Board's view of departure from the United States as inherently transformative.


A comprehensive study of drilling predation by naticid and muricid gastropods on prey species
belonging to the gastropod genus Crepidula was conducted for Plio-Pleistocene mollusc
assemblages from the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, and
from the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain of Florida. Muricid and naticid drilling frequencies in
the study area steadily decreased from the middle Pliocene to the late Pliocene and then rose
significantly into the Pleistocene, following the Plio-Pleistocene mass extinction. Spatial
comparisons of drilling frequencies revealed that drilling predation was more intense in higher
latitudes than in lower latitudes. Drilling frequencies on Crepidula were inversely correlated with
prey effectiveness (the ratio of incomplete drillholes to total attempted drillholes). Prey
effectiveness gradually increased in the Pliocene and decreased significantly following the Plio-
Pleistocene extinction. Prey effectiveness was generally higher in lower latitudes than in higher
latitudes. Temporal and spatial trends in predation intensity and prey effectiveness appear to be
influenced by competition. Low drilling frequencies and high prey effectiveness were correlated
with intense competition because competition increases the likelihood of drilling being
interrupted. Muricids and naticids were highly selective with respect to drillhole site on the
prey's shell for Pliocene and Pleistocene samples in both of the study areas. Predator-prey
interaction between drilling muricid and naticid gastropods and the gastropod genus Crepidula
provided some evidence for escalation, but did not support coevolution.


The Far Northeast, a peninsula incorporating the six New England states, New York east of the Hudson, Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River and Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Maritime Provinces, provided the setting for a distinct chapter in the peopling of North America. Late Pleistocene Archaeology and Ecology in the Far Northeast focuses on the Clovis pioneers and their eastward migration into this region, inhospitable before 13,500 years ago, especially in its northern latitudes. Bringing together the last decade or so of research on the Paleoindian presence in the area, Claude Chapdelaine and the contributors to this volume discuss, among other topics, the style variations in the fluted points left behind by these migrating peoples, a broader disparity than previously thought. This book offers not only an opportunity to review new data and interpretations in most areas of the Far Northeast, including a first glimpse at the Cliche-Rancourt Site, the only known fluted point site in Quebec, but also permits these new findings to shape revised interpretations of old sites. The accumulation of research findings in the Far Northeast has been steady, and this timely book presents some of the most interesting results, offering fresh perspectives on the prehistory of this important region.


Anti-corruption campaigns often include an awareness raising component which highlights the negative consequences of corruption; the idea is that awareness will empower citizens to demand a change. However, experiences from developing countries suggest that messages that highlight corruption's prevalence may actually backfire by adding to the belief that corruption is normal and an intractable collective action problem. In this paper, we present findings from a survey experiment conducted in Port Moresby with over 1500 respondents, to understand how Papua New Guineans might respond to different messages about corruption and anti-corruption. Each respondent was randomly assigned to a group where they either were not exposed to a message about corruption (control group) or had one of four messages read to them and were shown a picture that was tightly associated with the message. The messages, each a separate narrative, emphasised the legal, moral and communal aspects of corruption and anti-corruption in Papua New Guinea, as well as its ubiquity. Findings suggest that respondents are more likely to see corruption as widespread, have favourable attitudes about reporting corruption, and may be more willing to report corruption when they are exposed to anti-corruption messages that emphasise impacts to respondents' local kinship groups. These findings have significant implications for those seeking to increase citizens' willingness to respond to corruption in contexts where corruption resembles a collective action problem.


Neoliberalism is commonly viewed as an economic doctrine that seeks to limit the scope of government. Some consider it a form of predatory capitalism with adverse effects on the Global South. In this groundbreaking work, Aihwa Ong offers an alternative view of neoliberalism as an extraordinarily malleable technology of governing that is taken up in different ways by different regimes, be they authoritarian, democratic, or communist. Ong shows how East and Southeast Asian states are making exceptions to their usual practices of governing in order to position themselves to compete in the global economy. As she demonstrates, a variety of neoliberal strategies of governing are re-engineering political spaces and populations. Ong's ethnographic case studies illuminate experiments and developments such as China's creation of special market zones within its socialist economy; pro-capitalist Islam and women's rights in Malaysia; Singapore's repositioning as a hub of scientific expertise; and flexible labor and knowledge regimes that span the Pacific.

Ong traces how these and other neoliberal exceptions to business as usual are reconfiguring relationships between governing and the governed, power and knowledge, and sovereignty and territoriality. She argues that an interactive mode of citizenship is emerging, one that organizes people—and distributes rights and benefits to them—according to their marketable skills rather than according to their membership within nation-states. Those whose knowledge and skills are not assigned significant market value—such as migrant women working as domestic maids in many Asian cities—are denied citizenship. Nevertheless, Ong suggests that as the seam between sovereignty and citizenship is pried apart, a new space is emerging for NGOs to advocate for the human rights of those excluded by neoliberal measures of human worthiness.


To explain the strategic plan to achieve a new Islamic civilization in its various fields and dimensions, a general and scientific structure must be exploited which in accordance with facts of existence from the universe and of human being. This research believes that this general structure along with its entire steps, resources and the foundations of every single one of those steps has been discussed in depth and is infallible based on doctrines of the divine religion of Islam. Yet still, the structure can be achieved, explained and proven from a scientific, rational and divine dimension and can be further explained and analyzed because it entails facts of the universe (signs of existence) and human being (potential and actual talents, will, authority, works and course of descent and rise of human race) can be explained and analyzed. The research method is based on areas and degrees of wisdom (logical reasoning) and quotations (words of God and traditions of the Imams May peace be upon them) and it is descriptive, exploratory and interpretational. The most significant accomplishment of the research is the explanation of the general structure of human processes, steps and its associated Islamic resources and in particular its bases and principles (strategic-conceptual) and solutions (applicability-practicality) in all steps from the perspective of the Islamic culture. Meanwhile, in each step misguided and incomplete contemporary western practices (modernization and ultra-modernism) are assessed and reviewed. The overall achievements of the research are applicable for all teaching, research and administrative topics and are particularly reliable for exploitation in the fields of art, architecture and urbanism. Journal of Reasearch in Islamic Architecture / No.7 / Summer 2015 3


The purpose of this master thesis is to investigate how and why Norwegian small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), compared to large Norwegian companies, implement Open Innovation strategies. The emphasis is on the companies? approach to Open Innovation, the Open Innovation processes they carry out and the advantages they can obtain trough Open Innovation. Few researchers have focused on Open Innovation in a SMEs context and even fewer have addressed similarities and differences between SMEs and large firms that implement the strategy. In addition there is almost no research conducted about how and why Norwegian companies implement Open Innovation. As 99% of the companies in Norway are SMEs, it is interesting to investigate how and why these companies adapt the strategy and what they gain from the Open Innovation processes. Organizations need to handle an accelerating pace of change, turbulent economic times and greater competition. The Internet makes it easier to share knowledge and ideas hence opportunities are increasing. However, the new knowledge landscape also represents new challenges for companies. To achieve competitive advantage companies must revolutionize their innovation business models in order to stay ahead of competitors. Henry Chesbrough introduced the term Open Innovation in 2003, focusing on how companies should open up their business models to cope with the changing business environment. He emphasized how firms can and should use external ideas as well as internal ideas and paths to market when developing their technologies. Open Innovation is divided into three main processes; outside-in, inside-out and coupled processes, the latter being a combination of outside-in and inside-out. The processes represent different flows of information and knowledge across the firm´s boundaries. The literature presents several advantages that companies may gain through Open Innovation processes. The advantages are presented through nine different processes; employee involvement, customer and user involvement, external networking, external participation, outsourcing RD Statoil ASA and FINN.no AS and two Norwegian SMEs; Rocketfarm AS and Vom og Hundemat AS, represent the four case firms. Empirical evidence has been collected and analyzed in order to investigate both differences and similarities in how Norwegian SMEs and large firms implement Open Innovation processes and which advantages they can gain from these processes. The main empirical findings of how Norwegian SMEs perform Open Innovation compared to large Norwegian companies are connected to the companies´ need for innovation departments and tools, and the companies´ strategic orientations. SMEs do not need innovation departments or tools to manage Open Innovation processes. However, the large companies need this because of their hierarchical structure. The study also shows that the SMEs and large companies have different strategic orientation. SMEs have a defender orientation, while the large companies have an analyzer orientation. The similarities are that both SMEs and large companies perform Open Innovation most frequently through outside-in processes and both need to have an Open Innovation approach including an open culture to succeed. The main empirical findings connected to why Norwegian SMEs perform Open Innovation compared to large companies show that SMEs and large companies gain some different advantages. Large companies gain nine advantages that SMEs do not gain. This is because of the firms large bases of internal resources, which able the firms to interact in several collaborations with various partners in the industry. SMEs gain three advantages that the large companies do not gain. This is because of the companies? closeness to the market, in addition to their less complex processes internally compared to larger companies. However, 26 advantages are gained by both the SMEs and the large companies investigated. The study shows that most advantages are gained through the outside-in processes; employee involvement, customer and user involvement, and external participation. The study implies that both Norwegian SMEs and large companies should use Open Innovation strategies in order to obtain and maintain competitive advantages, and continues growth. As the investigation is limited to four case companies, the results from this study are not generalizable for other than the case firms investigated. However, the study might indicate how other SMEs and large companies perform Open Innovation, and should be further researched.


Recent research has shown that the combination of dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and adaptive body biasing (ABB) yields high energy reductions in embedded systems. Nevertheless, the implementation of DVS and ABB requires a significant system cost, making it less attractive for many small systems. In this paper we demonstrate that it is possible to reduce this system cost and to achieve comparable energy saving to that obtained using combined DVS and ABB scheme through a co-synthesis methodology which is aware of the tasks' power-composition profile (the ratio of the dynamic power to the leakage power). In particular, the presented methodology performs a power management selection at the architectural level, i. e., it decides upon which processing elements to be equipped with which power management scheme (DVS, ABB, or combined DVS and ABB) - with the aim to achieve high energy savings at a reduced implementation cost. The proposed technique maps, schedules, and voltage scales applications specified as task graphs with timing constraints. Detailed experiments including a real-life benchmark are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.


This paper presents estimates of agricultural productivity (net value added per full-time labour unit) for 21 German regions for the years 1880/4, 1893/7 and 1905/9. The estimates are derived from regional accounts for agricultural production and costs. The methods used to draw up these accounts are discussed, and there is also an analysis of Hoffmann's national agricultural accounts. The estimates show that productivity in East-Elbian agriculture was growing rapidly in the period, and tending to converge on the German average. Productivity in southern Germany was not growing so fast. The reasons for this improvement east of the Elbe are examined using a Kreis-level data set. This shows that yield improvements were not limited to large farms and estates, but that smaller holdings also had access to new technology and improved husbandry methods. In short, East-Elbian agriculture should not be seen as backward or bound by tradition: it was a modern sector capable of rapid improvements in techniques and methods of production.


The turn to participation in smart cities was intended to increase the involvement of diverse, often marginalised, citizens in the design and use of networked sensing technologies. However, ideals of activism, citizen engagement and democratisation through the co-design of networked technologies and services have been largely based on an understanding of urban space as separate from nature, and for human inhabitants alone. In current conditions of climate change, pollution, and loss of biodiversity, a human-centred perspective of cities is increasingly problematic. This workshop focuses on an expanded more-than-human perspective for cities, informed by studies in the Anthropocene in fields such as STS, geography, planning and design. We will interrogate how more-than-human perspectives and their resultant ethical, legal, and methodological concerns can shape participatory design practices and policies towards cohabitation, and push forward a cultural change in the agenda of sustainable smart cities, urban informatics, IoT, and design.


The IETF work in IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Network
(6LoWPAN) defines 6LoWPANs such as IEEE 802.15.4. This and other
similar link technologies have limited or no usage of multicast
signaling due to energy conservation. In addition, the wireless
network may not strictly follow the traditional concept of IP subnets
and IP links. IPv6 Neighbor Discovery was not designed for non-
transitive wireless links, as its reliance on the traditional IPv6
link concept and its heavy use of multicast make it inefficient and
sometimes impractical in a low-power and lossy network. This document
describes simple optimizations to IPv6 Neighbor Discovery, its
addressing mechanisms, and duplicate address detection for Low- power
Wireless Personal Area Networks and similar networks. The document
thus updates RFC 4944 to specify the use of the optimizations defined
here. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


Extracted from text ... T
Affirmative action and BEE:
are they unique to South Africa?
48 Management Today May 2006
upliftment of individuals or groups disadvantaged
because of race, national or ethnic
origin, colour, religion or physical disability.
Taking into consideration that the Constitution
was already adopted in 1996, it
is disappointing that the codes of good practice
issued in terms of the Broad Based
Black Economic Empowerment Act have
not yet been finalised as this creates uncertainty.
As a result, mainly big business (listed
companies) have entered into black economic
empowerment transactions whilst
many (white) SMMEs have adopted a wait
and see approach. ..


Since the financial crisis of 2007-2009, policymakers have debated the need for a new toolkit of cyclical "macroprudential" policies to constrain the build-up of risks in financial markets, for example, by dampening credit fueled asset bubbles. These discussions tend to ignore America's long and varied history with many of the instruments under consideration to smooth the credit cycle, presumably because of their sparse usage in the last three decades. We provide the first comprehensive survey and historic narrative of these efforts. The tools whose background and use we describe include underwriting standards, reserve requirements, deposit rate ceilings, credit growth limits, supervisory pressure, and other financial regulatory policy actions. The contemporary debates over these tools highlighted a variety of concerns, including "speculation," undesirable rates of inflation, and high levels of consumer spending, among others. Ongoing statistical work suggests that macroprudential tightening lowers consumer debt but macroprudential easing does not increase it.


A 1-D canopy interface model (CIM) has been developed recently and integrated in the meso-scale meteorological WRF v3.5 model in order to improve the surface representation. One of the objectives of such a model is to prepare for the coupling of micro-scale models with meso-scale models so as to improve building energy consumption estimates at the urban scale as well as improve meteorological variables calculation in urban canyons. The objective of the present study is to evaluate the value of the use of a module able to produce highly resolved vertical profiles of these variables. We will discuss the strategy that will be used to couple the WRF system with the CitySim software. The one-way coupling methodology for the WRF-CIM-CitySim is detailed here. It is expected that the WRF-CIM system can provide enhanced meteorological profiles to CitySim and that this can hence improve the energy consumption calculation at the building scale. This coupled system, could be used by urban planners or architects, as it would provide a significant advantage in the evaluation of building energy use and urban planning scenarios. Future work will focus on a two-way coupling in order to improve the feedback response in the meteorological model.


Several recent papers provide strong empirical support for the view that an expansionary monetary policy disturbance generates a persistent decrease in interest rates and a persistent increase in output and employment. Existing quantitative general equilibrium models, which allow for capital accumulation, are inconsistent with this view. There does exist a recently developed class of general equilibrium models which can rationalize the contemporaneous response of interest rates, output, and employment to a money supply shock. However, a key shortcoming of these models is that they cannot rationalize persistent liquidity effects. This paper discusses the basic frictions and mechanisms underlying this new class of models and investigates one avenue for generating persistence. We argue that once a simplified version of the model in Christiano and Eichenbaum (1991) is modified to allow for extremely small costs of adjusting sectoral flow of funds, positive money shocks generate long-lasting, quantitatively significant liquidity effects, as well as persistent increases in aggregate economic activity.


This opinion addresses the question of the efficacy of current treatment solutions to cure Xylella
fastidiosa diseased plants, and discusses the experimental treatments under evaluation by two
research groups in Apulian olive orchards infected by strain CoDiRO (Complesso del Disseccamento
Rapido dell'Olivo). The increasing problems from newly emerging vascular bacterial diseases and the
limited success to cure plants from such infections have stimulated numerous studies on treatments
with chemical and biological compounds. Under field conditions, various formulations of copper and
zinc as spray or root drench are currently used while further options, for example the application of
bioactive substances, are at an experimental stage. In Apulia, preliminary results from intensive
treatments with such formulations, in combination with the use of good crop management practices,
reported more vigorous new growth of diseased trees. However, results provided so far confirmed the
continued presence of X. fastidiosa after the treatments under evaluation. This is in agreement with
current knowledge that there are no means to cure plants from this bacterial disease, in the sense of
eliminating the pathogen from plant tissues. The reported positive response of the treated olive trees
is most probably due to the effect of micronutrients and other bioactive compounds that, together
with soil cultivation and agronomical practices, improve the vigour of the plants and their resilience to
stress caused by bacterial infections. Notwithstanding the preliminary status of these findings, the
Panel acknowledged the potentially positive effects of such treatments in prolonging the productive
phase of olive trees and their putative relevance for the management of olive orchards, particularly in
the containment area where eradication of the pathogen is considered no longer possible. The
Panel also concluded that long-term studies are needed to confirm that the reported positive effects
on crop performance can be sustained over many years.


By the time Professor Richard Delgado and his colleagues wrote their seminal article on the risk of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) facilitating prejudice, ADR programs were well-established in the United States, supported by legislative and court mandates, private contracts, and U.S. Supreme Court decisions. Fairness and Formality: Minimizing the Risk of Prejudice in Alternative Dispute Resolution and Delgado's subsequent review article, ADR and the Dispossessed: Recent Books About the Deformalization Movement, were cited hundreds of times by scholars and practitioners but did little to stop the movement to substitute mediation, arbitration, and other dispute resolution procedures for public adjudication. Conflict resolution theorists and practitioners celebrated mediation for its relationship-preserving and restorative potential, judges celebrated ADR in its various forms for its potential to reduce court workloads, and institutional defendants publicly welcomed the possibility of reducing legal expenses and delay by relying on mediation and arbitration in lieu of litigation. Informal dispute resolution was touted by all as an antidote to the presumed burdens court procedures imposed on lay litigants. Privately, many corporate defendants hoped that ADR would diminish claiming rates or diminish the settlement value of claims (or both).
Delgado et al. hypothesized that because ADR procedures frequently incorporate features that social science research has identified as facilitating prejudice, the procedures would produce biased outcomes. Although framed in normative terms, their hypothesis is subject to empirical testing. In the three decades following the publication of Fairness and Formality, a small cadre of socio-legal scholars took up this challenge. Using a qualitative content analysis approach, we identified thirty-eight efforts to test empirically the hypothesis that mediation and arbitration create systematic differences in dispute resolution outcomes by gender, race, ethnicity or socio-economic stratum. Using a variety of methods, including laboratory and field experiments, surveys, and analyses of reported outcomes, empiricists have produced contrary and ultimately inconclusive results. Small samples and lack of methodological rigor reduce the reliability of the published findings. In sum, the answer to the question whether informal dispute resolution facilitates prejudice is "we don't know." In an era of increasing economic inequality and ever louder expressions of racial, ethnic, and gender prejudice, we have a responsibility to learn more about how public policies that continue to favor alternative dispute resolution are affecting less powerful groups in U.S. society. At the same time, rather than turning our backs on public adjudication, we should invest in ensuring that our courts truly provide "equal justice for all."


Telework is a rapidly growing work practice but its effects on employees' psychological wellbeing have been little studied. A particular problem for remote workers is the potential loss of social support. Much research shows support from supervisors and co-workers increases employee wellbeing and reduces the negative effects of job demands. How telemediated social support functions in telework, and how much home-based support can replace it, have not so far been studied. A framework for research on social support in telework is presented in this paper. Social support can be provided electronically but how affects workers' wellbeing and performance is an important concern for managers of teleworkers and researchers.


Sports participation imparts a risk of injury. By considering the risk factors involved and taking appropriate action, many injuries can be prevented, or at least their severity minimised. Among the many injuries sustained in sport ankle injury is well substantiated to
be one of the most prevalent, particularly ankle sprain in football. While ankle supports are commonly used in an attempt to decrease the risk of ankle injury, there are concerns over their effect upon performance and the actual mechanism of support. Taping is a universally accepted form of ankle prophylaxis, reportedly protecting the ankle by providing joint stability and enhancing proprioceptive
input. Proprioceptive training is used in rehabilitation to reduce proprioceptive deficits and is beginning to be used as a tool in prevention, again by enhancing proprioception. However, despite their widespread use, the proprioceptive effects of both taping and training are unclear for healthy subjects.
An investigation was undertaken to confirm results from preceding studies in the literature, concerning the prevalence of ankle injury in football. By means of an
injury survey over two football seasons, the high incidence of injury to the ankle was confirmed. This prompted exploration of the influence of taping and training by investigating the consequences of their use upon athletic performance, and their proprioceptive effect upon the ankles of healthy football players.
Neither taping nor training was shown to significantly affect athletic performance, so assuaging concerns over any detriment caused by their prophylactic use. Examination of their proprioceptive effects revealed a slight increase in postural sway with taping and proprioceptive training, though this was not overall
statistically significant. Significance was seen in centre of balance positioning, with taping causing the centre of balance to shift to the left and proprioceptive training to the right in single leg stance and left in double leg stance.
Consideration of electromyography results revealed varying changes in muscle activity due to taping and training dependent upon the muscle examined and its action in postural stability. The conclusion is that both taping and training can be used without concern for impairment of performance but their overall effect on proprioception in the healthy player is still questionable. It may be that the sportsperson is at an optimum level of proprioception that cannot be improved. Nevertheless, knowledge of the proprioceptive level for the individual is useful for rehabilitation and there is still scope to further investigate this phenomenon, particularly in rehabilitation of the injured sportsperson. More importantly, the research paves the way for investigation into the effect of these prophylactic measures on incidence of injury. If either taping or proprioceptively training the healthy ankle can reduce the incidence of ankle injury in football, then their long-term use must
be considered.


Terrorists could acquire nuclear weapons by using weapon-usable nuclear material (WUNM) that was stolen or otherwise diverted from legitimate authorities. Multiple well-documented seizures suggest the existence of a black market that draws on an unknown stock of WUNM that is not under the control of authorities. We estimate the total amount of uncontrolled WUNM based on publicly reported seizures and several different statistical methods and models. We estimate that 90 to 250 kilograms—sufficient for up to a dozen nuclear weapons—remain outside the control of legitimate authorities. While this estimate is subject to large uncertainties and potential bias, governments may have additional information about nuclear material seizures that could be used to improve estimates.


Low prices are one of antitrust law's traditional promises to society. Resale price maintenance (RPM), the practice whereby a manufacturer sets pricing rules for retailers, artificially inflates prices and, thus, allegedly runs afoul of antitrust laws. The practice emerged in the last quarter of the nineteenth century with the rise of advertising and has been one of the most controversial antitrust topics ever since. At the heart of the controversy lies the question of why would manufacturers ever be interested in high retail prices that seem to protect retailers' profits and hurt manufacturers. One of the oldest answers that manufacturers provide is that, for certain branded goods, high prices improve sales, while discounts harm the appeal of brands and adversely affect sales. Courts and scholars have always been aware of this argument, yet kept focusing on other explanations for the practice. This Article examines popular RPM theories, explains why manufacturers frequently use RPM to protect the appeal of their products as status goods, and argues that no per-se rule for RPM is warranted.


Abstract Laminoid, weakly fused sponge spicule networks are intercalated between convex stromatolitic laminae in an upper Cambrian (Furongian) reef. Sponges are small, millimeter to centimeter-sized lithistids that encrusted automicritic laminae and in turn were encrusted by microbial biofilms, eventually leading to columnar, crudely laminated 'stromatolites'. Weakly fused desmas, now replaced with fine, blocky calcite, possess an arcuate geometry along the medial to distal ray axes. Minimal decay and separation of sponge tissue from these spicules produced arcuate, filament-like cavities that obscure the former presence of spicule networks when viewed in cross-section. Further deterioration produced peloidal networks and voids. These observations have important implications when reconstructing middle to late Cambrian reef-building communities. Until recently, these periods were assumed to be virtually devoid of calcified metazoan reefal components. An increasing number of recent studies, however, are demonstrating that metazoan reef-builders were more prevalent. This paper adds a unique element to the nature of framebuilding by demonstrating that lithistid sponge-microbial reef-building communities constructed laminated 'stromatolites,' and thus may have had a flourishing ecology within late Cambrian microbial buildups.


Bioremediation is a promising and cost-effective technology widely used to clean up waste containing organic or inorganic contaminants. Cr(VI), the highest oxidation state of the metal chromium, is widely used in various industries, and is extremely toxic to animals and humans. Utilisation of chromium (Cr) reducing microbes and their products can enhance the efficiency of the process of detoxification of Cr(VI) to Cr(III).This study was conducted to investigate the microbial reduction of chromium [Cr(VI)] in general and the potential for biological treatment of Cr(Vl)-containing wastes in particular. Cr(VI) was transformed to non-toxic Cr(III) by Escherichia coli ATCC 33456. It was observed for the first time that the type I methanotrophic bacterium Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) is able to reduce chromium (VI) to chromium (III), using methane as the carbon and energy source. The reaction occurred over a wide range of chromium (VI) concentrations (10-1,000 mg/1). The reaction was studied by a variety of techniques, including the diphenyl carbazide assay for chromium (VI), ion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectroscopy (ICP-MS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDSX), X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). The results indicate that chromium(VI) reduction to chromium(III) is wholly or partly associated with the cells via coordination to phosphate moieties. BLAST searches using known chromate (Vl)-reducing enzymes from other bacteria indicated the presence of five potential chromate reductases in the genome sequence of M. capsulatus (Bath). Detailed bioinformatic analysis, including molecular modelling, indicates a possible mode of binding of chromium to two of these. The model type II methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b did not reduce chromate (VI) in pure culture, and the future availability of the genome sequence of this organism may give additional clues to the origin of chromate(VI) reduction in M. capsulatus, via comparative genomics. Interestingly, however, mixed cultures of M. trichosporium and E. coli were able to reduce chromate(VI) using methane as the only source of reductant, presumably because the E. coli can scavenge nutrients from the M. trichosporium.


Speech transcription of web videos requires first detecting segments with transcribable speech. We refer to this as segmentation. Commonly used segmentation techniques are inadequate for domains such as YouTube, where videos may have a large variety of background and recording conditions. In this work, we investigate alternative audio features and a discriminative classifier, which together yield a lower frame error rate (25.3%) on YouTube videos compared to the commonly used Gaussian mixture models trained on cepstral features (30.6%). The alternative audio features perform particularly well in noisy conditions.


A male mongrel dog, Labrador Retriever crossbreed, about 6 years old, after various therapies by a veterinary dermatologistis sent to behavioral counselling for acral lick dermatitis. Since the dog had not been diagnosed with any organic disease and had a negative neurological examination, the diagnosis and treatment were directed towards an attachment disorder and environmental anxiety with substitutive and ritualistic behaviors. Initially a nutraceutical (Calmex) for 2 weeks was prescribed and, in the meantime, the behavior modification program with the dog trainer began with bi-weekly training sessions at the owner's home. After the first 2 weeks the dog began to interact with the dog trainer without mounting behaviors and he diminished the vocalizations in the absence of the owners but he continued to injure his skin during the night and to destroy the objects of cloth when frustrated. In association with the meetings with the dog trainer, the owners accepted to start the drug therapy and Clomipramine was prescribed in increasing doses starting from 1 mg/kg bid in increments every 15 days up to the dose of 3 mg/kg bid. After about 10 months the dog no longer showed compulsive licking; he learned to manage interactions with children and to move away and relax in his enclosure when he got frustrated instead of manifesting "mounts" and hyperkinesia. Clomipramine administration was discontinued gradually according to custom.


A pivotal issue for the fabrication of electronic devices on epitaxial graphene on SiC is controlling the number of layers and reducing localized thickness inhomogeneities. Of equal importance is to understand what governs the unintentional doping of the graphene from the substrate. The influence of substrate surface topography on these two issues was studied by work function measurements and local surface potential mapping. The carrier concentration and the uniformity of epitaxial graphene samples grown under identical conditions and on substrates of nominally identical orientation were both found to depend strongly on the terrace width of the SiC substrate after growth.


Craniopharyngiomas are epithelial tumors that typically arise in the suprasellar region of the brain. Patients experience substantial clinical sequelae both from extension of the tumors and from therapeutic interventions which damage the optic chiasm, the pituitary stalk, and the hypothalamic area. Using whole exome sequencing we identified mutations in beta-catenin (CTNNB1) in nearly all adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (11/12; 92%) and recurrent mutations in BRAF (V600E) in all papillary craniopharyngiomas (3/3; 100%). Targeted genotyping revealed BRAF V600E in 95% of papillary craniopharyngiomas (36 of 39 tumors) and CTNNB1 mutation in 96% of adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas (51 of 53 tumors). The CTNNB1 and BRAF mutations were clonal in each tumor subtype and no other recurrent mutations or genomic aberrations were detected in either subtype. Adamantinomatous and papillary craniopharyngiomas harbor mutations that are mutually exclusive and clonal. These findings have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of these neoplasms.


It is generally perceived that two cores cannot survive very long within the nuclear regions of a galaxy. The recent HST discovery of a double nucleus in M31 brings this question into prominence. Physical conditions in the nuclear regions of a typical galaxy help a second core survive so it can orbit for a long time, possibly for thousands of orbits. Given the nearly uniform mass density in a core, tidal forces within a core radius are compressive in all directions and help the core survive the buffeting it takes as it orbits near the center of the galaxy. We use numerical experiments to illustrate these physical principles. Modifications to the experimental method allow the full power of the experiments to be concentrated on the nuclear regions. Spatial resolution of about 0.2 parsec comfortably resolves detail within the 1.4 parsec core radius of the second, but brighter, core (P1) in M31. The same physical principles apply in other astronomical situations, such as dumbbell galaxies, galaxies orbiting near the center of a galaxy cluster, and subclustering in galaxy clusters. The experiments also illustrate that galaxy encounters and merging are quite sensitive to external tidal forces, such as those produced by the gravitational potential in a group or cluster of galaxies.


Control strategies are the chief attraction in the field of rehabilitation engineering, and especially in a functional electrical stimulation (FES) system, a reliable control method is important for paralyzed patients to restore lost their functions. In this paper, we have presented a demonstration of the control strategy, which is based on the patient-driven loop, used in a non-invasive FES system for hand function restoration. With the patient-driven loop control, hemiplegic patients could use their residual capabilities, such as shoulder movements in their sound extremities, the myoelectric signals generated from different muscles, etc, to operate the FES system. Here we have chosen the most common and acceptable signals as the input sources, i.e. electromyographic (EMG) signals, to control a non-invasive FES system, generating the electrical stimuli to excite the paralyzed muscles. In addition, EMG signals recorded by the sensors in the electrical stimulator can serve both as the trigger of the system and as the adjustment of the electrical stimulation parameters, thereby improving the system's performance and reliability. From the experimental results, subjects can successfully use their residual capabilities to control the FES system and restore their lost hand functions as well. On the other hand, from the viewpoints of rehabilitation and psychology, hemiplegics will benefit greatly by using their residual capabilities to regain their lost functions. It is believed that the patient-driven loop control is very useful, not only for the FES system in this study, but also for other assistive devices. By the control strategy proposed in this paper, we deeply hope that patients will benefit greatly and regain their self-confidence.


The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the repurposing of Facebook into a tool for learning in teacher training, and how information literacies are enacted in the process. The study is informed by a socio-cultural view on information literacy which implies that learning and literacies are situated, tool-based practices. An ethnographic study of a Facebook Group with two hundred Swedish teacher trainees and two educators is conducted. Five semi-structured interviews contextualize and validate the online material. 201 conversations from the Group during April and May 2012 are analysed using the theoretical concept appropriation and the empirical lens of information literacy. The Facebook Group can be appropriated as a problem-solving tool and a relation-building tool. Depending on the mode of appropriation, different information literacies including different conceptions of credibility are enacted in the Facebook Group. (Less)


Urban expansion has widespread impacts on wildlife species globally, including the transmission and emergence of infectious diseases. However, there is almost no information about how urban landscapes shape transmission dynamics in wildlife. Using an innovative phylodynamic approach combining host and pathogen molecular data with landscape characteristics and host traits, we untangle the complex factors that drive transmission networks of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in bobcats (Lynx rufus). We found that the urban landscape played a significant role in shaping FIV transmission. Even though bobcats were often trapped within the urban matrix, FIV transmission events were more likely to occur in areas with more natural habitat elements. Urban fragmentation also resulted in lower rates of pathogen evolution, possibly owing to a narrower range of host genotypes in the fragmented area. Combined, our findings show that urban landscapes can have impacts on a pathogen and its evolution in a carnivore living in one of the most fragmented and urban systems in North America. The analytical approach used here can be broadly applied to other host–pathogen systems, including humans.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#am


Demographic aging renders workers vulnerable to the inherent uncertainty of unfunded social security systems. This realization has set off a global wave of social security reforms, and numerous countries have now set up Individual Accounts (IA) plans in response. Strengths of IAs are that participants gain ownership in their accounts, and they also may diversify their pension investments; additionally, they produce a capitalized, funded system that enhances old-age economic security. While IAs reduce the risk participants face due to unfunded social security systems, participants holding capital market investments in IAs are exposed to fluctuations in the value of their pension assets. Concern over market volatility has prompted some to emphasize the need for guarantees' of pension accumulations. This paper offers a way to think about guarantees in the context of a social security reform that includes Individual Accounts. When a pension guarantee has economic value to participants, it will have economic costs. We illustrate how these costs can be important and vary significantly with time horizon, investment mix, and guarantee design. Our findings indicate that plan designers and budget analysts would do well to recognize such costs and identify how they can be financed.


A testing program was undertaken at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and an electric utility (Pacific Gas and Electric Co.) to compare the performance of furnace blowers. This laboratory testing program was undertaken to support potential changes to California Building Standards regarding in-field furnace blower energy use. This technical support includes identifying suitable performance metrics and target performance levels for use in standards. Five different combinations of blowers and residential furnaces were tested for air moving performance. Three different types of blower and motor combinations were tested in two different furnace cabinets. The blowers were standard forward--curved impellors and a prototype impeller with reverse-inclined blades. The motors were two 6-pole permanent split capacitor (PSC) single-phase induction motors, a brushless permanent magnet (BPM) motor and a prototype BPM designed for use with a prototype reverse-inclined impellor. The laboratory testing operated each blower and furnace combination over a range of air flows and pressure differences to determine air flow performance, power consumption and efficiency. Additional tests varied the clearance between the blower housing and the furnace cabinet, and the routing of air flow into the blower cabinet.


Enterprise Systems Engineering (ESE) is an emerging discipline that can be used to more confidently and rapidly create the essential changes for the modern enterprise to survive in these days of enormous economic and social uncertainty. Systems Engineering (SE) could have much to offer in enabling this transformation, but significant enhancements to traditional SE tools and methods must be brought to bear. This paper describes a set of principles and concepts that enables greater benefits when using the systems approach for enterprise transformation. These enhancements include technical activities, of course, but they also address the substantial leadership and managerial challenges at the enterprise level.


Safety management regulation is an important supplement to market forces to establish a sufficient safety level in high-risk industries. The accident statistics in Norwegian maritime passenger transportation display a paradox: personal injuries have decreased while ship accidents have increased in the period during which safety management has been regulated (the International Safety Management Code was effectuated in the late 1990s). We interview regulators, shipping company management, and crewmembers about their practices and opinions regarding safety management regulation and use these data to explore how this regulation influences safety management practices to prevent different types of accidents. This study underlines earlier research showing that regulation serves to 'raise the bar' by heightening the industry levels of safety investments and organizational safety awareness. In addition, our results suggest that safety management regulation in maritime transportation is mostly effective for preventing personal injuries in cases in which the personal have sufficient time and resources available, and the procedures are consistent with seafarers' professional values. For ship accidents, such as groundings, other causal factors come into play. We find that the negative consequences of regulation (proceduralization) in particular influence the performance of safety-critical tasks, such as navigation. This may explain why personal injuries have decreased while ship accident frequencies have continued to increase in spite of the regulations aimed at improving safety.


A survey of epilithic filamentous algae was carried out at 15 sites on 10 streams with a range of mean pH from 4.37 to 6.67 in the Loch Ard area of the Trossachs, between 1986 and 1988. Monitoring of physical and chemical parameters was carried out in parallel. Photosynthetically Available Radiation (PAR) was measured using electronic integrators developed during the course of the study.

Samples of epilithic algae were taken from natural and artificial substrates( microscope slides) to determine the relative contribution of different species to the community structure. Taxa could not be identified to species level in most cases, and are described by genus and cell diameter. Forty-nine taxa were distinguished in the filamentous algal communities found. Relative abundance of taxa was estimated. The mean value of abundance was calculated for use in subsequent statistical analyses. As an alternative, presence-absence(p/a) on each occasion was scored,a nd a mean value (pooled p/a) similarly calculated. Samples were taken also to determine algal biomass, as acetone or methanol extractable pigments (chlorophyll a and carotenoid) and ash-free dry weight (AFDW).

The community structure at the different sites was investigated using statistical ecology computer programs. Using Inverse Association Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis, distinct species assemblages were found in sites with mean pH values towards the extremes of the range encountered. Using Normal Association Analysis, Cluster Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis, it was shown that sites are separable on the basis of the species they contain into groups related by mean pH. Using the results of Canonical Correspondence Analyses carried out by the program CANOCO (Ter Braak, 1988) on one half of the data set, field pH may be inferred from the species data, showing the indicator value of the community structure. In all analyses it was found that the pooled p/a data gave essentially the same result as the relative abundance data.

The effects of changes in the pH and Aluminium content of water on the growth rate of selected species of green algae
was investigated using a laboratory-scale recirculating miniature artificial stream apparatus which allowed six variations to be tested at one time. Algae were grown attached to microscope slides. Growth rates were measured by counting cells in individual filaments over several successive time intervals. Mixed cultures of up to eight species were employed.

Species characteristic of the lower-pH streams such as Hormidium subtile, Geminella 8μm. Stigeoclonium 5μm. and some species of Mougeotia have a pH optimum for growth rate between pH 4.5 and 5.5. Species characteristic of circumneutral streams, Draparnaldia sp. Stigeoclonium 8μm. and Oedogonaum species, have a pH optimum between pH 5.0 and 6.0 or above. Hormidium subtile and Geminella 8μm. can grow at a reduced rate in a monomeric Aluminium concentration of 200 μg litre to the power -1 in which the majority of species tested are rapidly killed. Evidence was found for ecotypes with respect to pH in the genus Stigeoclonium.

Biomass in natural waters was positively correlated with pH in contrast to some previous reports. In mixed cultures in
the laboratory, the maximum biomass developed was in the range pH 4.5 to 5.5. around the pH optimum of the species
present. At higher pH values (5.5 to 6.0) diatoms were predominant giving a brown-coloured periphyton layer which
is less visually obtrusive than the bright green growth of the filamentous chlorophytes. Therefore anecdotal reports of
an increased biomass upon acidification may reflect only a shift to more visible species. Inhibition of diatom growth by
Germanium addition provided no evidence in favour of competition between diatoms and chlorophytes.

Differences in community structure and changes in biomass with pH in laboratory culture cannot be ascribed to changes
in invertebrate grazing or heterotrophic microbial activity. It is concluded therefore that - differences between species
in tolerance towards pH or associated water chemistry variables are sufficient to explain differences in algal community structure in the field.


Abstract. We describe the nitrogen oxide instrument designed for the autonomous operation on board passenger aircraft in the framework of the European Research Infrastructure IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System). We demonstrate the performance of the instrument using data from two deployment periods aboard an A340-300 aircraft of Deutsche Lufthansa. The well-established chemiluminescence detection method is used to measure nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). NOx is measured using a photolytic converter, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is determined from the difference between NOx and NO. This technique allows measuring at high time resolution (4 s) and high precision in the low ppt range (NO: 2σ = 24 pptv; NOx: 2σ = 35 pptv) over different ambient temperature and ambient pressure altitude ranges (from surface pressure down to 190 hPa). The IAGOS NOx instrument is characterized for (1) calibration stability and total uncertainty, (2) humidity and chemical interferences (e.g., ozone; nitrous acid, HONO; peroxyacetyl nitrate, PAN) and (3) inter-instrumental precision. We demonstrate that the IAGOS NOx instrument is a robust, fully automated, and long-term stable instrument suitable for unattended operation on airborne platforms, which provides useful measurements for future air quality studies and emission estimates.


Pfiesteria pisiccida is a microscopic, unicellular organism that is classified as both a mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellate, which has been associated with both fish deaths and a cause of human illness (Burkholder et al., 1992; Glasgow et al., 1995; Burkholder and Glasgow, 1997). This species possesses a complex life cycle that includes motile forms (e.g. zoospores, gametes, amoebae) and a cyst stage that may remain dormant in the sediment (Burkholder et al., 1995b). Pfiesteria piscicida is known to have toxin and non-toxin producing populations, where cyst transformation into the toxic motile zoospores may be initiated by the presence of certain unknown fish excretions, or secretions (Burkholder et al., 1995a; 1999). These zoospores can attack fish and cause their death, then pass through several vegetative and reproductive stages, including the fonnation of amoebae and cysts that may leave the water column and pass to the sediment (Burkholder et al., 1995b; Glasgow et al., 1998). These transitions occur over a relatively short time period, so their concentrations in the water after a fish kill are often greatly diminished. This rather rapid departure into the sediment resulted in this species to be initially labeled the "Phantom dinoflagellate" (Burkholder et al., 1992).


Metadebates concerning how the news media deal with extremism have intensified in the digital media landscape. This article analyzes metajournalistic discourse following a controversial studio interview with the spokesperson of a Norwegian Salafi-jihadist group. To illuminate how boundaries of appropriate public debate are negotiated, the article analyzes how this journalistic performance was debated among journalists and commentators, news sources, and readers in online comments sections. The study demonstrates how editorial legacy media invite a broad metadebate but control and define the debate by positioning themselves as defenders against extremism, evoking normative ideals of the role of journalism in democracy and foregrounding the preventive, clarifying, and cohesive effects of including extremist voices. News sources and online commenters are notably more critical, emphasizing the negative consequences of inclusion and warning that inclusion may serve to consolidate extremist views, amplify threats and prejudice, and make extremists the symbolic representatives of Muslims in general. Theoretically, the article contributes to the literature on media and extremism, media criticism, and mediated negotiations of the boundaries of public debate.


The aim of this work was to determine the effect of noise presence at time to evaluate the pitch, and the study of possible improvements. Several algorithms (Terhardt, Duifhuis, Cepstrum, simple FFT, and visual determination) were studied. These algorithms were applied to different Spanish vowels with a progressively increased noise level; conclusions about the precision of each method are presented. In general, the noise causes a loss of accuracy because time‐domain data are blurred and spurious components appear in the spectrum. At this point the multiresolution analysis (MRA) technique becomes a useful tool to eliminate the effect of elevated noise level. MRA was used to smooth the vowels analyzed and then the algorithms under study were applied another time. With this procedure an accuracy improvement in all methods that work in the frequency domain was observed.


The paper reports the results of a photogrammetric survey made using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) in the archaeological site of the Roman Amphitheatre in Avella (Avellino, Italy). The aim of the study is to verify which modality of image acquisition (if only nadiral images or nadiral plus Oblique images), together with the method of Global Positioning Satellite System (GNSS) survey of the Ground Control Points (GCP) is able to produce the better 3D model, in terms of accuracy, in order to extract traditional graphic drawings (plan, elevation and section), suited to the required representation scales (1:100 and 1:50). The accuracy in georeferencing was evaluated analysing the residues on the GCPs; subsequently, a more detailed analysis of the accuracy of the final 3D model was performed analysing the residuals on the image coordinates, also called re-projection error. The method developed is based on the statistical analysis of the different models, built changing the GCPs survey method and the photogrammetric shots acquired. The results of our analysis show that the photogrammetric survey is more 'stable' using only nadiral images and that the nRTK technique allows results comparable to those obtained with static measurements, both in precision and in reliability. Moreover, if the GCPs are measured in nRTK mode, taking into consideration the graphical error, the maximum representation scale is 1:100, whereas the use of static technique makes it possible to describe major details, at a scale of 1:50.


Taiwan was liberated from strict authoritarian rule in 1987, and freedom of the press was instituted in subsequent years. This was a big step forward for Taiwan, from closed authoritarianism to open democracy. Media had a hand in pushing Taiwan forward into the democratic age. Ten years later, in 1997, cable TV was introduced and the penetration rate of cable TV in Taiwan in 2007 is now the highest in the Asia-pacific region. Soon after cable TV was introduced, the internet emerged providing leading-edge, universal media access. In this information age, the process and pace of Taiwan democracy revolutionized further changes making media, as Helmsman noted, the boat transporting Taiwan to a world of new challenges. Reversing the long-term trend that had downplayed the media environment's importance in Taiwan, media literacy has been gaining increasing interest among educators, government, researchers and observers in recent years. Although gradually adopting western standards, Taiwan media literacy education is nevertheless still in its infancy, focusing more on primary and secondary education rather than higher education. When surveying the literature on media literacy education, still very rare are instances encountered of systematic higher education teaching - either in Taiwan or worldwide - of media literacy education. Media literacy education's introduction in higher education will be a crucial component for media development in Taiwan. Given this context, this research aims to 1) outline the concerns and importance of media literacy education in Taiwan 2) demonstrate how youth consciousness is oppressed and manipulated by ideologies of power in society and the media 3) determine effective methods for improving university students' critical thinking about television. The research method I used applies action research to develop media literacy courses based on critical pedagogy to influence university students' television- viewing critical thinking abilities. I had a group of 13 university students taking general education program courses in their first through fourth year of study in Taiwan. As the teacher, I reflected on how best to beneficially change students' knowledge, attitudes and behaviour during the course; this served to also enhance the relationship between teacher and students. The findings evidenced the effects of teaching/learning on media literacy by showing students' knowledge and critical thinking enhanced based on critical pedagogy; the findings also showed university students changing their media mindset by acquiring deeper internal media knowledge, while furthering their relationship to society and themselves through critical pedagogy; media literacy's teaching/learning effects produced through critical pedagogy were also identified. On the other hand, adoption of critical pedagogy to education - and then their dissemination into country and curriculum - needs further consideration to correspond with cultural issues


A Bayesian Belief Network (BN) is a model of a joint distribution over a finite set of variables, with a DAG structure to represent the immediate dependencies between the variables, and a set of parameters (aka CPTables) to represent the local conditional probabilities of a node, given each assignment to its parents. In many situations, the parameters are themselves treated as random variables -- reflecting the uncertainty remaining after drawing on knowledge of domain experts and/or observing data generated by the network. A distribution over the CPtable parameters induces a distribution for the response the BN will return to any "What is Pr{H/E}?" query. This paper investigates the distribution of this response, shows that it is asymptotically normal, and derives expressions for its mean and asymptotic variance. We show that this computation has the same complexity as simply computing the (mean value of the) response -- i.e., O(n exp(w)), where n is the number of variables and w is the effective tree width. We also provide empirical evidence showing that the error-bars computed from our estimates are fairly accurate in practice, over a wide range of belief net structures and queries.


This thesis reports an investigation into the applicability of Forgas's (1992a, 1992c,
1994a, 1995b) Affect Infusion Model (AIM) to health judgments made by healthy
people. According to the AIM, the extent of mood influence on judgments depends on
the information processing strategy used and the length of processing time. Findings of
mood-congruence for some health judgments (Salovey & Birnbaum, 1989) suggested
that complex stimuli requiring elaborate processing could be expected to be particularly
influenced by mood and hence result in mood-congruent judgments (Forgas, 1994a).
A preliminary experiment established suitable audiovisual and autobiographical
methods of inducing happy, neutral and sad moods. A programme of seven experiments
was conducted which tested the AIM, and more particularly tested the hypothesis that
people in an induced sad mood would take longer to process information and make
more pessimistic judgments than people in an induced happy mood.
In three experiments, happy or sad (and in two of these experiments neutral) moods
were induced and health judgments made. The findings lacked consistency with the
AIM. Possible methodological issues were examined and ruled out as explanations for
lack of affect infusion.
A replication of Salovey and Birnbaum's (1989) Experiment 3 on health judgments was
run with the addition of the health items developed for the experiments reported in this
thesis. There was partial confirmation of Salovey and Birnbaum's findings of reduced
optimistic bias for people in a sad mood making judgments of negative health events. A
final experiment involved the breaking down of the items of this study into four subtypes
to establish under what circumstances affect infused judgments. Processing times
were assessed separately for negative and positive items, enabling testing of the
processing time aspect of the AIM, in relation to Salovey and Birnbaum's finding of mood effects with negative health judgments. Results again provided partial
confirmation of Salovey and Birnbaum's mood-congruence findings. However, even
when mood congruence was demonstrated, this was not associated with differences in
processing time as predicted by the AIM, either for Salovey and Birnbaum's items or
for those developed for this series of experiments.
The lack of finding of an association between processing time and mood congruence,
when it occurred, indicates difficulties for the AIM. The predictions of the model do not
apply in a straightforward way to health judgments made by healthy people. It is
suggested that an optimistic bias might sometimes result in motivated processing
reducing the likelihood of mood effects in health judgments. An examination of
Forgas's model in relation to the Interacting Cognitive Subsystems model (Barnard &
Teasdale, 1991) is proposed as an area for further research.


How are users' experiences of production, sharing, and interaction with the media they create mediated by the interfaces of particular social media platforms? How can we use computational analysis and visualizations of the content of visual social media ( e.g. , user photos, as opposed to upload dates, locations, tags and other metadata) to study social and cultural patterns? How can we visualize this media on multiple spatial and temporal scales? In this paper, we examine these questions through the analysis of the popular mobile photo–sharing application Instagram. First, we analyze the affordances provided by the Instagram interface and the ways this interface and the application's tools structure users' understanding and use of the "Instagram medium." Next, we compare the visual signatures of 13 different global cities using 2.3 million Instagram photos from these cities. Finally, we use spatio–temporal visualizations of over 200,000 Instagram photos uploaded in Tel Aviv, Israel over three months to show how they can offer social, cultural and political insights about people's activities in particular locations and time periods.


The main objective of this research is to improve the comprehension of the processes controlling the formation of caves and karst-like morphologies in quartz-rich lithologies (more than 90% quartz), like quartz-sandstones and metamorphic quartzites. In the scientific community the processes actually most retained to be responsible of these formations are explained in the "Arenisation Theory". This implies a slow but pervasive dissolution of the quartz grain/mineral boundaries increasing the general porosity until the rock becomes incohesive and can be easily eroded by running waters. The loose sands produced by the weathering processes are then evacuated to the surface through processes of piping due to the infiltration of waters from the fracture network or the bedding planes.
To deal with these problems we adopted a multidisciplinary approach through the exploration and the study of several cave systems in different tepuis. The first step was to build a theoretical model of the arenisation process, considering the most recent knowledge about the dissolution kinetics of quartz, the intergranular/grain boundaries diffusion processes, the primary diffusion porosity, in the simplified conditions of an open fracture crossed by a continuous flow of undersatured water. The results of the model were then compared with the world's widest dataset (more than 150 analyses) of water geochemistry collected till now on the tepui, in superficial and cave settings.
All these studies allowed verifying the importance and the effectiveness of the arenisation process that is confirmed to be the main process responsible of the primary formation of these caves and of the karst-like superficial morphologies. The numerical modelling and the field observations allowed evaluating a possible age of the cave systems around 20-30 million of years.


U.S. taxpayers are currently required to pay the greater of their liabilities under the regular income tax and their liabilities under the Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT). Despite its unpopularity, the AMT serves the function of permitting Congress to offer tax preferences for certain activities and expenditures while maintaining a progressive tax system. This paper examines this role of the AMT, and explores the possibility of adding an Alternative Maximum Tax (AMxT) that would augment the impact of the AMT. An AMxT limits a taxpayer's liability to the minimum of the amount due under the regular income tax and the amount due under an alternative regime with the same tax base as the AMT, but higher tax rates. Adopting a coherent AMT/AMxT combination would increase the complexity of the tax system but make it possible to increase the progressivity of the regular income tax while using tax preferences to encourage socially beneficial activities, all without inducing excessive inequities in resulting tax burdens. Although the U.S. Treasury proposed an AMxT when it first advanced its plan for an AMT in 1969, and despite AMxT features of the current U.S. income tax, a comprehensive AMxT has never been enacted.


The accelerator control systems at CERN will be renovated and many electronics modules will be redesigned as the modules they will replace cannot be bought anymore or use obsolete components. The modules used in the control systems are diverse: analog and digital I/O, level converters and repeaters, serial links and timing modules. Overall around 120 modules are supported that are used in systems such as beam instrumentation, cryogenics and power converters. Only a small percentage of the currently used modules are commercially available, while most of them had been specifically designed at CERN. The new developments are based on VITA and PCISIG standards such as FMC (FPGA Mezzanine Card), PCI Express and VME64x using transition modules. As system-on-chip interconnect, the public domain Wishbone specification is used. For the renovation, it is considered imperative to have for each board access to the full hardware design and its firmware so that problems could quickly be resolved by CERN engineers or its collaborators. To attract other partners, that are not necessarily part of the existing networks of particle physics, the new projects are developed in a fully 'Open' fashion. This allows for strong collaborations that will result in better and reusable designs. Within this Open Hardware project new ways of working with industry are being tested with the aim to prove that there is no contradiction between commercial off-the-shelf products and openness and that industry can be involved at all stages, from design to production and


This task focuses on the challenges faced by new democracies. The democratic process through the development of democratic institutions and free and fair elections is often obstructed by remnants of the past authoritarian systems. Focusing on case studies, cross-country analyses and comparative studies, we identify some important issues: clientelism, corruption, fraud, vote-buying practises. Research by the CDD (Ghana), the SALDRU (South-Africa) and the UFRJ (Brazil) give an overview of these challenges, mainly by conducting surveys on specific topics dealing with the perception of the population towards condemnable practices or misallocation of public goods. The first two studies are conducted by the Ghana Centre for Democratic Development. "Perception of Corruption and Quality of Public Services: A Case Study of Health Service Delivery" analyses the perception of the corruption and of the quality of services by the poor based on a survey on health service delivery in Ghana. It evaluates the performance and easiness of access to medical care. We find that while the majority of users are generally satisfied with the quality of health delivery, improvements can be made to raise awareness as well as in the operation of the health programs. The second study "The Voice of the Poor And Democracy: A Case Study of Ghana" aims to measure citizens' opinion on public affairs and the impact on the behavioural response of politicians' overtime in light of citizens' demand for accountability. Although the Ghanaian voters display a noticeable interest in politics, their demand for accountability towards their elected representatives remains weak compared to most democracies. The third sub-task studies the limits of redistribution and clientelism through the South-African scope. "Clientelism and Redistribution in South Africa: Evidence on Perceptions and Attitudes from a Field Survey", conducted by the SALDRU, assesses the perception of citizens in two villages of South Africa towards clientelistic practices and whether politicians allocate public goods equitably and programmatically in order to maximise social welfare or goods are allocated in an opportunistic manner so as to alter electoral outcomes to favour politicians themselves. The survey suggests evidence of a relationship between attitudes towards clientelism (and clientelistic practices) and redistributive preferences. The fourth study, "The Electronic Voting Machine and the Improvement of the Elections in Brazil", sheds light on the experience of the electronic voting Brazil's elections since 1996, and the contribution of this tool in eliminating electoral fraud which remains a concern in newly established democracies. In the end, the electronic voting has provided a very effective basis to increase the participation of low-income voters which are often characterized by a high illiteracy rate. As a result, the simplicity and the security provided by electronic voting may prove useful for new democracies. The results of these studies let us think that citizens are aware of the duties performed by their political leaders but also underline the prevalence of corruption and clientelism in such countries. Nevertheless, some policy recommendations can be addressed to these concerns in order to improve the electoral process and the redistribution, and reduce the corruption in public affairs.


During the last twenty years, the Internet has radically changed pushed by an ever growing interest both from users and operators. This unexpected success has highlighted an important consequence and limitation which is related to the growing complexity associated with the management of communication infrastructures. As systems and networks become more and more interconnected and heterogenous, in fact, operators and designers are less capable to foresee emergent and non linear interactions among components. odern communication and distributed computing scenarios are increasingly being populated with a variety of new heterogeneous communication technologies and computer devices, both wired and wireless, where failure of components are considered the norm. As a consequence, the resultant behaviours cannot be anticipated and potential control strategies are not suitable to be planned in advance. The Autonomic Networking is a novel communication paradigm whose fundamental objective consists in overcoming the growing complexity and heterogeneity of existing communication networks by introducing the concept of self-management. In this thesis we present a proposal for a dynamic network architecture whose main objective consists in providing infrastructures and mechanisms to support the design and development of new forms of applications based on the principles of the autonomic networking paradigm. An application of the proposed architecture to collaborative network security is also presented.


Psychoanalysis can be defined as a praxis and thus we can assume that this constantly unravelling process requires a certain time in which to both extend and unfold. A logic of the psychoanalytic treatment therefore requires certain temporal concepts such as punctuation, historicity and repetition and these will be the focus of this paper. The paper will also examine the formal representations and demonstrations which are used to integrate and illustrate these concepts.

The understanding of time required by the analytic experience is the subject of an ongoing debate among competing analytic orientations, a debate which has had its institutional ramifications. Both the centrality of speech and the status of time in the analytic situation were similarly neglected in the theory of psychoanalysis until the work of Jacques Lacan. There is certainly more at stake in the concept of time than a question of technique, since the manner in which an analyst 'handles' time – the length and frequency of sessions, the timing of interpretation, the length of the analysis as a whole – can only be derived from his or her general theory of psychoanalytic praxis. Needless to say, what emerges from this 'putting into question…the function of the analyst' has not failed to make Lacan's work both challenging and controversial. …


Novel Synthesis and Processing. Colloidal Processing of Silicon Nitride (Eric Laarz, Anders Meurk, and Lennart Bergstrom). Viscoelastic Properties of Concentrated Silicon Nitride Slurries (Xue-Jian Liu, Mei-Fang Luo, Xi-Peng Pu, Li-Ping Huang, and Hong-Chen Gu). Si3N4 Powders Applied for Water-based DCT (Ola Lyckfeldt and Kent Rundgren). Synthesis of Si2N2O Ceramics from Desert Sand (M. Radwan, Y. Miyamoto, H. Kiyono, and S. Shimada). Fabrication and Evaluation of Porous Ca-a SiAlON Ceramics b(unichi Tatami, Takayuki Ohta, Cheng Zhang, Mikinori Hotta, Katsutoshi Komeya, Takeshi Meguro, Mamoru Omori and Toshio Hirai). Microstructures: Development and Characterization. High Resolution Imaging and Microanalysis of Silicon-Based Ceramics (Lena K. L. Falk). Grain-Boundary Relaxation Process in Silicon-Based Ceramics Studied (Mechanical Spectroscopy by Giuseppe Pezzotti and Ken'ichi Ota). High Temperature Stiffness and Damping to Qualitatively Assess the Amount of Glassy Pocket Phase in Silicon Carbide and Nitrides (Gert Roebben and Omer Van Der Biest). High-Temperature Deformation of Silicon Nitride and its Composites (G. A. Swift, E. Ustundag, B. Clausen M. A. M. Bourke H. T. Lin, and C. W. Li). Improved Properties. SiAlON Ceramics: Processing, Microstructure and Properties (Stefan Holzer, Bernd Huchler, Alwin Nagel, and Michael J. Hoffmann). Fracture Behavior of Porous Si3N4 Ceramics with Random and Aligned Microstructure (Jian-Feng Yang, Naoki Kondo and Tatsuki Ohji ). Liquid Phase Sintering of SiC with AlN and Rare-Earth Oxide Additives (M. Balog, P.ajgalik and Z. Lenee, J. Keeke, and J.-L. Huang). Effect of Additives on Microstructural Development and Mechanical Properties of Liquid-Phase-Sintered Silicon Carbide During Annealing (You Zhou, Kiyoshi Hirao, Yukihiko Yamauchi, and Shuzo Kanzaki). Corrosion of Silicon Nitride Materials in Acidic and Basic Solutions and under Hydrothermal conditions (M. Herrmann, J. Schilm, and G. Michael). Applications. Development of High-Temperature Heat Exchangers Using SiC Microchannels (Merrill A Wilson, Raymond Cutler, Marc Flinders, Matt Quist, Darin Ray, Darryl Butt, KY. Kim, and E. L. Pabit). Characterization of Ceramic Components Exposed in Industrial Gas Turbines (M. K. Ferber and H. T. Lin). Gelcasting SiAlON Radomes (Mark A. Janney, Donald M. Kupp, Kevin W. Kirby , and Claudia A. Walls). Effect of Long-Term Oil Immersion Test on Mechanical Reliability of Candidate Silicon Nitride Ceramics for Diesel Engine Applications (H.T. Lin, T.P. Kirkland, A.A. Wereszzczak, and M.J. Andr).


Current antimicrobial resistance in Gram negative bacilli is particularly worrisome due to development of resistance to all available antimicrobial agents. This situation dramatically limits therapeutic options. The microorganisms acquire a multiresistance phenotype as a consequence of different complex processes in which the antimicrobials acts as selective driver of resistance. Dissemination of multiresistant bacteria is driven by the expansion of the high-risk clones. These clones can be selected in the presence of antimicrobials allowing their persistence over time.


In this article we review current research – some of our own and others – on the transition between school and work for young people with intellectual disabilities in Sweden. Two main paths of transition are identified. The first is an introduction to the special needs system of work and occupation within the Swedish welfare state, a continuation of the special needs programme that pupils with intellectual disabilities attend in Sweden. The second path of transition includes more complex self-expectations and belongings both in the special need system and more ordinary life and work. Both paths are discussed in relation to current research and welfare policy. Here, we draw on recent theoretical development in relation to concepts like multidimensional identifications and mixed identities in the fields of international migration and ethnic relations.


A hierarchical birth-death process is often used as a model for the diversification of species and higher taxa. We evaluate the validity of this null hypothesis by introducing a new measure: the distribution of species within higher taxa. The proportion of monotypic taxa and the number of species in the largest taxon generated by 1000 simulations are compared with extant mammalian data. The initial model is amended to include two sampling patterns, polyphyletic origins as well as ecological and genetic constraints on higher taxon origination rates. Simulated results are extremely variable. For genera, they are found to predict the true distribution of species quite well. For families, however, the null hypothesis is rejected in all its forms. Simulated distributions have both too many monotypic taxa and too large a dominant taxon. The latter finding stands in contrast to previous claims. Interestingly, although polyphyly and constraints slightly improve the fit of the simulations to the data, sampling does not. Finally, Smith and Patterson's dismissal of monotypic taxa is reviewed in light of this model. We argue that while some apparently monotypic taxa are sampling artifacts, this observation has no bearing on the true proportion of monotypic taxa.


This article presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of an applied mindfulness intervention for stress reduction delivered to Paralympic leaders prior to the Paralympic Games. The intervention group of Swedish Paralympic leaders (n = 10) received a mindfulness intervention of eight web-based seminars, while a Norwegian reference group (n = 6) received no intervention. Three assessments were performed for both samples: at baseline, post-intervention and six weeks post-intervention. The evaluation indicated intervention effects of higher psychological flexibility (p = .03), less rumination (p = .02) and lower perceived stress (p = .001), and offers initial support for the applied usefulness of a web-based mindfulness training program as a supplement in stress-reduction programs for elite sport leaders. General challenges from an applied sport psychology perspective related to the implementation of mindfulness interventions in samples with experienced high levels of stress and perceived time-constraints are discussed.


Off-policy reinforcement learning algorithms promise to be applicable in settings where only a fixed data-set (batch) of environment interactions is available and no new experience can be acquired. This property makes these algorithms appealing for real world problems such as robot control. In practice, however, standard off-policy algorithms fail in the batch setting for continuous control. In this paper, we propose a simple solution to this problem. It admits the use of data generated by arbitrary behavior policies and uses a learned prior -- the advantage-weighted behavior model (ABM) -- to bias the RL policy towards actions that have previously been executed and are likely to be successful on the new task. Our method can be seen as an extension of recent work on batch-RL that enables stable learning from conflicting data-sources. We find improvements on competitive baselines in a variety of RL tasks -- including standard continuous control benchmarks and multi-task learning for simulated and real-world robots.


Purpose: The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of AP and PA projections on testis and ovary dose at various tube potentials (kVp).
Methodology: The study was an experimental study. A whole body and RANDO phantom was exposed three times with different kVp techniques by using computed
radiography (CR). The entrance skin doses for testis and ovary were measured by placing the thermoluminescense dosimeters (TLDs). The dose delivered to the testis
was measured by create testes using a balloon filled with water and place approximately at location of male testes. Meanwhile, the measurement for ovary dose was done on RANDO phantom at slice 29 and the suitable place for TLD chips placement is 9cm from the anterior surface of abdomen and 6cm from midline based on ‗average size' woman. After 24 hour, all TLD chips were read by Harshaw 3500 TLD reader to measure the doses.
Result: The descriptive analysis showed that the mean of testis dose is directly proportional to the increase various tube potentials. The mean of ovary dose is inversely proportional to the increase various tube potentials. The mean dose of reduction percentage for ovary is 5.5% which is higher than reduction dose in testis. The mean dose of reduction percentage for testis is about 2.3%. Two-way ANOVA test for reproductive organs doses at various kVp found that there were significant difference between the variables since the p-value is < 0.05 (0.01). The pos-hoc
analysis (Tukey's) recommends that the p-value is <0.05 (0.01) which indicate that there is a significant difference between various tube potentials and doses in two
projections.
Conclusion: Increase in kVp techniques significantly increases the testis dose while the ovary dose was decrease when kVp is increase. The mean dose reduction for
ovary and testis was approximately about 5.5% and 2.3%. The dose reduced much higher in female compare than male when PA projection is applied to the phantom.
Thus, the researcher recommends for the implementation of PA projection for routine lumbar spine examinations.


This study investigates the relationship between preschool experience and the quality of schools subsequently attended as young adolescents. In particular, we differentiate the characteristics of middle-grade schools attended by eighth graders who earlier experienced Head Start, other preschool programs, or did not attend preschool. School quality is defined in terms of social composition, academic rigor, safety, and social relations. After accounting for family background and demographics, we find that former Head Start attendees are educated in middle-grade schools of significantly lower quality than their counterparts who did not attend preschool, and particularly compared to peers who attended other preschools. No matter how beneficial Head Start was initially for its young participants, such benefits are structurally undermined if students are subsequently exposed to schooling of systematically lower quality. The low quality of middle-grade schools attended by former Head Start participants explains, in part, why Head Start effects fade over time.


In this paper, a Fuzzy Multi-Objective Linear Programming (FMOLP) problem having both objective functions and constraints fuzzy parameters is introduced. Theses fuzzy parameters are characterized by trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. The FMOLP problem is converted into the corresponding deterministic MOLP problem through the use of intervals arithmetic operations. Then, a two-phase approach having equal weighted coefficients is proposed to generate an efficient solution for the MOLP problem. The major advantage of the new model is that the proposed approach as long as the weighted coefficients not necessarily equal and generates an efficient solution. A numerical example is given to clarify the obtained results.


This paper describes the development of a comprehensive packaging approach for high-power, high-temperature power electronic systems, which utilize Silicon Carbide (SiC) transistors. The approach is aluminum-based using an aluminum conductor, aluminum nitride (AlN) substrate and an aluminum -silicon-carbide (AlSiC) combination to minimize dissimilar metal interfaces. A cast process is able to pattern and capture the AlN into the AlSiC net-shape structure. Other techniques for selective electrical isolation and device mounting are discussed. The resulting multichip power module allows the SiC transistors to operate up to 350°C while keeping the gate drive below 250°C. Six modules are interconnected in a frame to provide a processed power density of >70W/cu.cm. (>1.1kW/cu.in.) with forced air-cooling in a 150°C ambient, and 19kW/kg with 97% efficient converter.


Continuous efforts to identify and better understand the uncertainties have changed many model parameters and physical phenomena employed in the phenomenological transient models or related computer codes to be estimated by more detailed models. Since their true forms are often not known, however, different modeling assumptions have resulted in various forms of model elements even for a given phenomenon, allowing for different results in the code predictions. In a situation in which there are no rigorous ways to decide the credibility of a specific model element over another, these different model elements can become additional contributors to an overall uncertainty of the physical model predictions. In recent times, most uncertainty analyses of physical models have been focused on the model parameters, without considering the impact of these different model elements. Such levels of uncertainty analysis can only explore a subspace of the true uncertainty space of physical models, and thus the resultant uncertainty tends to underestimate the magnitude of possible uncertainties. Regarding the modeling sources of uncertainty, on the other hand, a model sensitivity analysis has been conventionally utilized to assess the effects of each model element on the code predictions. However, such types of analysis cannot systematically account for synergistic effects of all constituent model elements on the code predictions. A formal procedure is provided for characterizing probabilistically two different sources of uncertainty addressed in the phenomenological transient models (i.e., parametric and modeling sources) and their statistical propagation to obtain the overall uncertainties in the physical model predictions.


The five-year period immediately following the end of the Second World War was a complicated and divisive one in the history of the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), the former national airline of Britain (1939 - 1974). The Corporation encountered major problems concerning the availability of civil aircraft that were fit for purpose which, in turn, had a major impact on the type of passenger experience the airline could offer.
However, despite this, BOAC's own in-flight literature of the time provides a fascinating insight into how the airline positioned itself at the forefront of modernity even though the immediate post-war reality of its aircraft was markedly different. It was the moment when the ability of flight to dramatically reduce time and distance between locations was becoming a reality (on a global scale) and it was this moment of that BOAC wished to be seen at the forefront of.
This paper, using a series of BOAC's inflight magazines published between 1946 and 1948, Wings Over the World and Speedbird, will help to show that BOAC understood that its role went beyond the simple operation of aircraft and the transportation of passengers. It positions itself as an arbiter of modern taste, informing on British fashion, the strength of British industry, new and future modes of transport and the role that air transport in particular would play in the second half of the twentieth century.


A forum on microseismic technology took place on 22–24 January 2013 in Napa, California. It was the second of its kind; the first was held in April 2008 at Ucross, Wyoming, whose purpose was to bring together industry experts and capture the state of the art at the time. This year, the focus was on identifying and understanding the differences between data recorded at or near the earth's surface and data recorded in deep boreholes. To give the field the greatest possible impetus, attendants were selected based on their contribution potential with respect to the scope of the forum. From 160 applicants, a total of 74 attendees was selected, out of which 27 presented orally and eight presented posters. The forum's scope was addressed over two busy days with sessions on case studies, feasibility studies, processing, uncertainties, and the road ahead. Two lunchtime presentations addressed subjects of wide interest not covered in these sessions. No proceedings were planned in order to encourage the sharing of o...