Accidents at sea, with the concomitant loss of life, material costs and pollution problems, are increasing each year as maritime traffic grows. The use of radar has apparently not entirely controlled this dangerous situation. It would appear that radar, assisted with a supplemental navigational aid with day and night imaging capability, would tend to reduce the possibility for groundings and collisions. A passive day/night LLLTV-Rangefinder is proposed to provide imagery and range to objects in the vicinity of the ship. Imagery and range in digital format would be displayed on CRTs located on the Bridge or other convenient location. The system would be helpful in night, close-in navigation by displaying the range and location of buoys, channel markers and landmarks, and be useful in stationkeeping, search, and rescue, etc, and thereby possibly helpful in reducing the number of accidents at sea. With appropriate external optics, the LLLTV camera can be converted into a rangefinder or available rangefinders can be adapted to operate with the LLLTV camera. This paper will also discuss new TV electronics time-scanning circuitry which eliminates operator mechanical manipulation of rangefinder optics to obtain range. The time scanning techniques will provide rapid, continuous digital range in yards or meters to a computer, LED readouts, and other ancillary recorders as well as CRTs.


In this Harvard Law Review Forum response to Professor Gillian E. Metzger's Foreword, Professor Sohoni argues that the dangers to the administrative state are likely greater than Professor Metzger admits. Professor Sohoni draws parallels between the Lochner-era dissenters and the modern dissenters challenging the administrative state, and she argues that the similar dogged persistence of these two groups may signal challenges for the administrative state in the future. She goes on to express her uncertainty about whether Professor Metzger's proposal that the administrative state is constitutionally obligatory can sufficiently guard the administrative state against its critics. Professor Metzger's account would, according to Professor Sohoni, sharply depart from historical and constitutional precedent and require the shaky assumption that delegation is both constitutional and mandatory in practice. Professor Sohoni concludes that while Professor Metzger's account is intriguing, sizeable obstacles and difficult line-drawing problems beleaguer such an ambitious project.


Background Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is the established treatment for end-stage rheumatoid arthritis but improved surgical techniques have resulted in expanded indications. The aim of this study is to review the literature to evaluate the evolution of surgical indications for TEA. Methods A systematic review of PubMed and EMBASE databases was conducted. Case series and comparative studies reporting results after three types of primary TEA were eligible for inclusion. Results Forty-nine eligible studies were identified (n = 1995). The number of TEA cases published annually increased from 6 cases in 1980 to 135 cases in 2008. The commonest indication for TEA throughout the review period was rheumatoid arthritis but its annual proportion reduced from 77% to 50%. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score significantly improved for all indications. Three comparative studies reported statistically improved functional outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis over the trauma sequelae group. Complication and revision rates varied; rheumatoid arthritis 5.2–30.9% and 11–13%, acute fracture 0–50% and 10–11%, trauma sequelae 14.2–50% and 0–30%, osteoarthritis 50% and 11%, respectively. Discussion TEA can provide functional improvements in inflammatory arthritis, acute fractures, trauma sequelae and miscellaneous indications. Long-term TEA survivorship appears satisfactory in rheumatoid arthritis and fracture cases; however, further research into alternative surgical indications is still required.


Abstract Prior research has identified set-based design as a method that accounts for the high level of uncertainty that is associated with the design of innovative products or systems. Rather than precisely specifying a system architecture in the early design stages, set-based design builds on designing a system and its architecture in an evolutionary way. The literature on set-based design has studied how a system's design evolves by moving from a number of optional design ideas to the final system through gradually eliminating unfeasible design ideas and continually developing design ideas for which engineers increasingly establish feasibility. However, little is known about how firms set up the design process and the organization to successfully create new products with set-based design. Our research contributes to closing this gap. First, we study how firms determine the number (i.e., portfolio) of design ideas to pursue, an important step of the early design process. Second, we study how firms organize for set-based design by assigning teams to develop design ideas and eventually design a system's architecture. Our research uses an exploratory case study approach, investigating five cases in three different firms. First, we find that the early design process is characterized by the absence of formal idea evaluation and selection. Instead, firms start to pursue all initially created design ideas, evaluating and selecting them in an evolutionary manner as the design project progresses. Second, we identify two organizational approaches associated with set-based design: assign one team to pursue all ideas or assign one team per design idea.


Most wineries in South Africa dispose of their wastewater through land application. This is carried out by irrigating small areas of cultivated pasture with the wastewater or ponding, with the former being the more general practice. Land application of winery wastewater results in the accumulation of potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) in the soil and leaching of calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium  (Mg2+).This could lead to long term instability of soil structure. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation with winery wastewater on chemical soil properties and potential environmental impacts. Therefore, an existing grazing paddock at a winery near Rawsonville was selected where wastewater had been applied for many years. Due to the high volumes of wastewater irrigation plus rainfall, the inevitable over-irrigation leached large amounts of cations, particular K+ and Na+, beyond 90 cm soil depth at the selected study site. These leached elements are likely to end up in natural water resources in the long run. Irrigation with winery wastewater did not have a pronounced effect on soil pH(KCl). This was probably due to the decomposition of organic matter, and the fact that the applied salts were leached beyond 90 cm depth. The study confirmed that disposal of winery wastewater through land application can only be recommended where wastewater application will not exceed the water requirement of the crop as well as the water holding capacity of the soil which is being irrigated.


Objective: To determine whether women with vasomotor symptoms (VMS) have lower bone mineral density (BMD) than do women without VMS. Methods: We analyzed data from baseline to annual follow-up visit 5 for 2,213 participants in the bone substudy of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. At baseline, women were aged 42 to 52 years, had an intact uterus and one or more ovaries, were not using exogenous hormones, were not pregnant or lactating, and were premenopausal or early perimenopausal. Menopausal stage and VMS were assessed by annual questionnaire. Menopausal stages were premenopausal, early perimenopausal, late perimenopausal, and postmenopausal. Using repeated-measures mixed models, we determined the association between VMS (any vs none) and BMD (by dual x-ray absorptiometry) within each menopause status category. Results: After controlling for age, time within each menopausal stage, race/ethnicity, study site, and baseline menopausal stage, postmenopausal women with any VMS had lower lumbar (0.008 g/cm2 lower, P = 0.001) and lower total hip (0.005 g/cm2 lower, P = 0.04) BMD than did postmenopausal women without VMS. Compared with early perimenopausal women without VMS, early perimenopausal women with any VMS had lower femoral neck BMD (0.003 g/cm2 lower, P = 0.0001). Premenopausal women with any VMS had lower femoral neck BMD (0.003 g/cm2 lower, P = 0.03) compared with premenopausal women without VMS. Conclusions: Even in the earliest menopausal transition stages, women with VMS had lower BMD than did women without VMS. Effects varied by anatomical site, being most evident at the lumbar spine and total hip in postmenopausal women and at the femoral neck among premenopausal and early perimenopausal women.


Everyone agrees on the need to reform Medicare but not on how to do it. Some argue the program is too comprehensive, others that it is not comprehensive enough. Some suggest it pays too much for health care, others, too little. Meanwhile, the financial stakes continue to mount. Medicare spending exceeded $400 billion in 2007, making it more expensive than the entire health systems of most other nations, as well as the largest national public program other than Social Security and national defense. In R eforming Medicare, Henry J. Aaron and Jeanne M. Lambrew deftly guide readers through this complex debate. They identify and analyze the three leading approaches to reform. Updated social insurance would retain the current system while rationalizing coverage and reducing bureaucracy. Premium support would replace the current system with a capped, per-person payment that beneficiaries could use to buy health insurance. Consumer-directed Medicare would have beneficiaries pay for care up to a high deductible from government- supported savings accounts and offer premium-support coverage above the deductible. In addition to rating each option on its ability to promote access to health care, improve the quality of care, and control costs, the authors evaluate each reform's political strengths and weaknesses. Given the heat generated by the Medicare debate, it is unlikely that any single approach will be implemented in full. Consequently, Aaron and Lambrew describe incremental strategies that blend elements of each plan. Their analysis provides essential insight into the types of hybrid policies that Congress will consider in coming years.


Many sequential decision making problems are high-stakes and require off-policy evaluation (OPE) of a new policy using historical data collected using some other policy. One of the most common OPE techniques that provides unbiased estimates is trajectory based importance sampling (IS). However, due to the high variance of trajectory IS estimates, importance sampling methods based on state-action visitation distributions (SIS) have recently been adopted. Unfortunately, while SIS often provides lower variance estimates for long horizons, estimating the state-action distribution ratios can be challenging and lead to biased estimates. In this paper, we present a new perspective on this bias-variance trade-off and show the existence of a spectrum of estimators whose endpoints are SIS and IS. Additionally, we also establish a spectrum for doubly-robust and weighted version of these estimators. We provide empirical evidence that estimators in this spectrum can be used to trade-off between the bias and variance of IS and SIS and can achieve lower mean-squared error than both IS and SIS.


Outside the buildings, the life of paint film is usually thought to have ended when it is faded, dirty, chipped or scratched. This predicament almost found at numerous buildings in Malaysia and as a study case, several buildings in campus UiTM. This problem can cause divan look where the facade of that building is worst and most terrible. This situation ought to come across and try to dodge by many ways either supervise the quality of work or follow the sequence of work in painting. The type of paint chosen may be not suitable for apply to that surface and the usage of equipment may be not practical or standardised. This dissertation would focus on painting and repainting work, whish will refer to study case that focus the following: □ Identifying source of paint defect.
□ Identifying problems in painting process in the selection of material, workmanship and supervision. □ Identifying solution in assuming quality painting by preceding and
guideline proposal. □ Determining the best paintwork, technique and technology. In actual phenomena, all factors related to improve painting work will come out in particular by refer to study case, inspection and observation for each selected building in UiTM campus will be done base on object of study. Here, every single feature and problem is defined by overall inspection to the building The result of analysis will come out with conclusion and recommendation. Substrate must be suitably sound for painting and properly prepared. The appropriate paint system must be specified, it must be applied following manufacturer's recommendations and under suitable
conditions. UiTM Maintenance Department must administer all the contractors' work to make certain improvement in paint quality and to ensure that the facade of building can be more energetic for a longer time without deficiency.


OBJECTIVE
An estimated 6.5 million Americans engage in nonmedical use (NMU) of prescription medications. Physicians can be important targets for interventions to reduce NMU, but little is known about which individuals engaging in NMU receive medications from a physician versus other sources.

METHODS
Cross-sectional data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2006-2013, were analyzed. The sample included 34,690 persons ages 12 and older who reported prior-year NMU. Individuals identified medications used that were not prescribed to them or that they took only for the experience and feelings that they caused and identified the most recent source of each NMU medication. The sample was stratified into groups by medication obtained for NMU (opioid analgesics, stimulants, tranquilizers or sedatives, and multiple medications) and the proportion receiving each medication from a physician. Logistic regression was used to examine sociodemographic, health status, and substance use correlates of reporting a physician source for NMU medications.

RESULTS
The percentage that received medications from a physician varied by group: opioid analgesics, 23.7%; multiple medications, 20.1%; tranquilizers-sedatives, 11.9%; and stimulants, 10.4%. Across groups, positive correlates of reporting a physician as a source of NMU medications included male gender, non-Hispanic black race, receipt of mental health treatment, and more frequent NMU. Individuals reporting use of illicit drugs were less likely to receive medications for NMU from a physician.

CONCLUSIONS
Among individuals who engaged in NMU, those with the greatest medical vulnerability were more likely to have a physician source. Clinical interventions to identify harmful use can play an important role in reducing NMU.


Analysis of developmental plasticity of bone marrow–derived cells (BMDCs) is complicated by the possibility of cell-cell fusion. Here we demonstrate that epithelial cells can develop from BMDCs without cell-cell fusion. We use the Cre/lox system together with β-galactosidase and enhanced green fluorescent protein expression in transgenic mice to identify epithelial cells in the lung, liver, and skin that develop from BMDCs without cell fusion.


The ability to control the occurrence of rewarding and punishing events is crucial for our well-being. Two ways to optimize performance are to follow heuristics like Pavlovian biases to approach reward and avoid loss, or to rely more on slowly accumulated stimulus-action associations. Although reduced control over outcomes has been linked to suboptimal decision-making in clinical conditions associated with learned helplessness, it is unclear how uncontrollability of the environment is related to the arbitration between different response strategies.This study directly tested whether a behavioral manipulation designed to induce learned helplessness in healthy adults (intermittent loss of control over feedback in a reinforcement learning task; "yoking") would modulate the magnitude of Pavlovian bias and the neurophysiological signature of cognitive control (frontal midline theta power) in healthy adults. Using statistical analysis and computational modeling of behavioral data and electroencephalographic signals, we found stronger Pavlovian influences and alterations in frontal theta activity in the yoked group. However, these effects were not accompanied by reduced performance in experimental blocks with regained control, indicating that our behavioral manipulation was not potent enough for inducing helplessness and impaired coping ability with task demands.We conclude that the level of contingency between instrumental choices and rewards/punishments modulates Pavlovian bias during value-based decision-making, probably via interfering with the implementation of cognitive control. These findings might have implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying helplessness in various psychiatric conditions.


In a globalized economy, the use of natural resources is determined by the demand of modern production and consumption systems, and by infrastructure development. Sustainable natural resource use will require good governance and management based on sound scientific information, data and indicators. There is a rich literature on natural resource management, yet the national and global scale and macro-economic policy making has been underrepresented. We provide an overview of the scholarly literature on multi-scale governance of natural resources, focusing on the information required by relevant actors from local to global scale. Global natural resource use is largely determined by national, regional, and local policies. We observe that in recent decades, the development of public policies of natural resource use has been fostered by an "inspiration cycle" between the research, policy and statistics community, fostering social learning. Effective natural resource policies require adequate monitoring tools, in particular indicators for the use of materials, energy, land, and water as well as waste and GHG emissions of national economies. We summarize the state-of-the-art of the application of accounting methods and data sources for national material flow accounts and indicators, including territorial and product-life-cycle based approaches. We show how accounts on natural resource use can inform the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and argue that information on natural resource use, and in particular footprint indicators, will be indispensable for a consistent implementation of the SDGs. We recognize that improving the knowledge base for global natural resource use will require further institutional development including at national and international levels, for which we outline options.


Thin film electrodes were fabricated by immobilizing titanium dioxide (Ti02) onto
titanium substrate using sol gel dip-coating method. The electrochemical technique
was employed to study the photodegradation process on methyl orange dye. The
effects of various parameters and conditions on electrochemical assisted
photocatalytic degradation process were investigated by monitoring dyes
decolourisation rates using UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
Photosensitivity of the Ti02 thin film electrode was analysed by Linear Sweep
Voltammetry (LSV) and Cyclic Voltamrnetry (CV) techniques combined with
illumination. Sample heat-treated at 500°C showed the best photosensitivity. The TiOz
thin films and the dried gel were also analysed using Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM), X-Ray Diffiactometry (XRD), UV/Vis Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform-Infra
Red (FT-IR), Thennogravimetric Analyser (TGA), Differential Thermal Analyser
(DTA) and CHNS analyser. The photoelectrochemical degradation experiment results
showed that the rate of dye removal increased with external applied potential between
0.0 V and 1.5 V versus AgIAgCl reference electrode. Meanwhile, the photoeletrochemical degradation rate was also affected by initial concentrations, light
intensity, light sources, photocatalysts coated area, repeated use, supporting
electrolyte, solution pH, agitation and solution temperature.
The photoelectrochemical degradation experiment was also camed out on naphtol
blue black, rhodamine 6G, methylene blue, reactive blue 2, direct red 81, mixed dyes
(consists of methyl orange, naphtol blue black, rhodamine 6G, methylene blue,
reactive blue 2, direct red 8 1) and actual textile effluents. The removal efficiency was
evaluated and compared in terms of UV/Vis decolourisation, Total Organic Carbon
(TOC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).


Indonesian Megaliths: A forgotten cultural heritage highlights aspects of Indonesian culture which are currently misunderstood and sometimes threatened by destruction. Although they are relatively recent in origin, the Indonesian megaliths offer similarities to their counterparts in the Middle East and Arabia: they reflect the rise to prominence of local chiefs in a context of acculturation which prompted the need to build megalithic monuments to bury the dead, and to honour, commemorate and communicate with ancestors. In societies of oral tradition, these stones punctuate the landscape to transmit the memory of men and social structure from one generation to the next. Based on scientific documents (articles, archaeological reports) and field visits, this new exploration clarifies various elements of the Indonesian megaliths, including their function in the daily life of the tribes and the use of certain stones for musical purposes (lithophony). In Nias, Sumba and Toraya, the megalith tradition is still alive and ethno-anthropological studies of these three regions provide a unique chance to complement the archaeological perspectives on megalithic monuments abandoned for several centuries in the rest of the Archipelago. The book includes numerous photographs documenting the monuments which were taken during the author's stay in Indonesia (2010-2013).


Religious divisions have long played a primary role in major conflicts throughout much of the world. Intergroup contact may increase trust between members of different religions. However, evidence on how inter-religious contact affects individuals' behavior towards one another is scarce. We examine this question in the setting of a four-year university in Lebanon, a country with a long history of deep divisions and armed conflicts between religious groups. To identify causal effects, we exploit the university's random assignment of first-year students to peer groups. We proxy students' religious backgrounds by whether they attended secular, Christian or Islamic high schools—the last of which have the most religiously homogeneous student body. Results indicate that for students from Islamic high schools, exposure to peers from different religious backgrounds decreases their enrollment in courses taught by instructors with distinctively Muslim names, suggesting that contact improves trust towards members of other religions. Moreover, we show that students from Islamic schools experience improvements in GPA when interacting with those from other groups, while exposure to Islamic students reduces secular students' academic performance.


Problem statement: A steady two-dimensional free convection and mass transfer flow past a continuously moving semi-infinite flat plate is studied theoretically, by taking into account the viscous dissipation effect. Approach: The governing equations are transformed into a set of simultaneous ordinary differential equation by using suitable similarity transformations. The coupled differential equations are integrated using the Runge-Kutta Gill method together with the shooting technique. Results: Numerical results were presented for the distribution of velocity, temperature and concentration profiles within the boundary layer. Conclusion: The effects of varying parameter Gb, the Gebhart number, Sc, Schmidt number and Pr, Prandtl number on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles were displayed graphically for different values of parameters entering into the problem. Significant changes were observed in heat and mass transfer coefficient, due to viscous dissipation in the medium. In addition, the skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number and Sherwood number were shown in a tabular form.


This thesis addresses the potential of implementing watt-level class-AB Power Amplifier (PA) for WLAN in 65 nm CMOS technology, at 2.4 GHz frequency. In total, five PAs have been compared, where the examined parameters were output power (Pout), linearity, power added efficiency (PAE), and area consumption. Four PAs were implemented using conventional cascode topology with different combination of transistors sizes in 65nm CMOS, and one PA using a high-voltage Extended Drain MOS (EDMOS) device, implemented in the same 65 nm CMOS with no process or mask changes. All schematics were created using Cadence Virtuoso CAD tools. The test benches were created using the Agilent's Advance Design System ( ADS) and simulated with the ADS-Cadence dynamic link.The simulation results show that the EDMOS PA (L=350 nm) has the smallest area, but has harder to reach the required Pout. Cascode no. 3 (L= 500,260 nm) has the best Pout (29.1 dBm) and PAE (49.5 %). Cascode no. 2 (L= 500,350 nm) has the best linearity (low EVM). Cascode no. 1 (L=500,500 nm) has low Pout (27.7 dBm). Cascode no.4 (L=500,60 nm) has very bad linearity.The thesis also gives an overview for CMOS technology, discusses the most important aspects in RF PAs design, such as Pout, PAE, gain, and matching networks. Different PA classes are also discussed in this thesis.


The SIG Aviation Meteorology's goals are to discuss and investigate matters pertaining to aviation meteorology, including safety, whether in flight or on the ground. We have 19 members from a variety of areas of expertise, hence we plan to have sub-groups of commonality within the big umbrella of aviation meteorology to tackle those goals. We intend to have an annual meeting at Society HQ or similar easily accessible venue to discuss the general details of the SIG for the coming year, and individual meetings throughout the year in various locations to discuss or present specific subject areas of interest. Some of these subjects are clear air turbulence, lightning in stratocumulus cloud, forensic meteorology from in-flight turbulence incidents/accidents, and much much more!


Whilst mixed method research is not universally accepted as an appropriate research choice (and in certain situations it is, self evidently, an inappropriate choice), mixed inquiry is now widely embedded in and accepted by many disciplines. Indeed, it might be argued that debates regarding the legitimacy or otherwise of mixed method research have, in some if not all cases, been superseded by detailed discussion about quality or the specific mechanisms by which mixing can best be achieved. Assuming that the 'paradigm wars' are, if not ended, then certainly in armistice, controversy nonetheless remains regarding the relationships that exist, if they do, between methods and the research traditions with which they are associated. And mixed method researchers who attempt to elide or conjoin methods (as tools) that invoke or are coupled with divergent epistemologies and ontologies must continue to grapple with questions of argumentative coherence when those epistemologies/ontologies are brought together. Pragmatism is, unsurprisingly, advanced as one means by which the Gordian knot of theoretical dispute can be cut and critical realists have, in recent years, also asserted that as both a philosophy of science and methodology critical realism can coordinate or structure mixed method inquiry. Both approaches promise much. However, there are different pragmatisms and different critical realisms and here, as elsewhere, conceptual clarity is required if muddle is to be avoided. This paper outlines the potential role and place of Roy Bhaskar's (2003, 1998, 1997) critical realism and Nicholas Rescher's (2002, 2000a, 2000b) realistic pragmatism in mixed method research. Further, focusing on the problematics of event identity and abductive inference, possible limits to the use of these approaches in mixed method research are suggested. Specifically, first, it is argued that difficulties can accompany the mixing of different conceptions of events and event identities when critical realist and non-critical realist perspectives are conjoined; second, it is proposed that kindred problems may accompany the mixing of abductive critical realism with the inductive and deductive inferential forms of alternative research traditions/philosophies. It is not argued that these problems are insurmountable; indeed, they may, depending on definition, not be problems at all. Nonetheless, it is proposed that mixed method researchers who employ critical realist methodologies and/or realist pragmatism should be cognizant of the potential difficulties that invest event identity and abductive inference in order that they can protect the logical coherence of their work.


In this work we investigate pulse laser annealing as an alternative approach to reach high-level incorporation of Sb in substitutional location in crystalline germanium. Laser irradiation is demonstrated to recover also those structural defects, like honeycomb structures, that form during high-fluence heavy-ion implantations in Ge and that cannot be eliminated by conventional thermal treatments. Indeed, concentrations of substitutional Sb higher than 1×1021 at./cm3 have been obtained, well above the solid solubility of Sb in Ge. The strain induced on the Ge host lattice is also investigated, evidencing that the obtained Sb doped Ge layer is pseudomorphic to the Ge substrate while positively strained by the substitutional Sb atoms present within the Ge matrix. The kinetics of this Sb-rich Ge alloy phase is finally investigated, showing that most of Sb goes out of lattice with increasing the annealing temperature up to 488 °C, leading to a decrease in the related lattice deformation. These results are very ...


A main problem in the decision-making of major infrastructure projects is the high level of misinformation about costs decision-makers face in deciding whether to build the project. Reduced public funds and misallocation thereof were the main reasons for the revival of private financing in infrastructure planning. A first systematic study into the relation between project ownership and cost performance of transport infrastructure projects showed that the problem may not be the difference between private and public projects but a certain type of public ownership, i.e. state-owned enterprises. This study concluded that it is not ownership in itself that matters in project performance. Ownership does not reveal which parties are responsible for construction, operation, or maintenance. Consequently, we cannot draw any conclusions on whether private parties' involvement results in better project performance. Based on a case study of the HSL-South, a high-speed railway line in the Netherlands, we found that the contracting strategy and the amount of private financing are better determinants for project performance.


"This paper examines how market institutions can affect links between urban and rural areas with specific emphasis on goods market integration in the national context.Traditionally, development researchers and practitioners have focused either on rural market development or on urban market development without considering the interdependencies and synergies between the two. However, more than ever before, emerging local and global patterns such as the modern food value-chain led by supermarkets and food processors, rapid urbanization, changes in dietary composition, and enhanced information and communication technologies point to the need to pay close attention to the role of markets both in linking rural areas with intermediate cities and market towns and promotion of economic development and poverty reduction. This paper begins with a presentation of a conceptual framework of market integration and then identifies five major factors that increase the transfer costs that subsequently hinder market integration between rural and urban areas: information asymmetry, transaction costs, transport and communication costs, policy induced barriers, and social and noneconomic factors. Five specific cases in five developing countries are examined in this study to demonstrate the primary sources of transfer costs and the aspects of market institutions that are important to market integration and promotion of rural-urban linkages." from Authors' Abstract


The ability of sub-micron-sized organic acid particles to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) has been examined at room temperature using a newly constructed continuous-flow, thermal-gradient diffusion chamber (TGDC). The organic acids studied were: oxalic, mal-onic, glutaric, oleic and stearic. The CCN properties of the highly soluble acids – oxalic, malonic and glutaric – match very closely Köhler theory predictions which assume full dissolution of the dry particle and a surface tension of the growing droplet equal to that of water. In particular, for super-saturations between 0.3 and 0.6, agreement between the dry particle diameter which gives 50% activation and that calculated from Köhler theory is to within 3 nm on average. In the course of the experiments, considerable instability of glutaric acid particles was observed as a function of time and there is evidence that they fragment to some degree to smaller particles. Stearic acid and oleic acid, which are both highly insoluble in water, did not activate at supersaturations of 0.6% with dry diameters up to 140 nm. Finally, to validate the performance of the TGDC, we present results for the activation of ammonium sulfate particles that demonstrate good agreement with Köhler theory if solution non-ideality is considered. Our findings support earlier studies in the literature that showed highly soluble organics to be CCN active but insoluble species to be largely inactive.


The neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) polypeptides are expressed by numerous tissues during embryonic development, where they are involved in cell-cell interactions. In the adult, NCAM expression is confined to a few cell types, including neurons and peptide-hormone-producing cells. Here we demonstrate that the Leydig cells of the adult rat, mouse, and hamster testes express NCAM as well. Western blotting showed that an NCAM of approximately 120 kDa was present in the adult testes of all three species investigated. This form was also found in freshly isolated mouse Leydig cells and in Leydig cells after 2 days in culture. After 4 days in culture, mouse Leydig cells expressed additional NCAM isoforms of approximately 140 and 180 kDa, indicating changes in alternative splicing of NCAM primary transcripts. Also, NCAM mRNA of all isoforms, as detected by S1-nuclease protection assays, increased with time in culture. The expression of the cell adhesion molecule NCAM by adult Leydig cells may explain the aggregation of Leydig cells in clusters in rodent testes, which could be a prerequisite for functional coordination of groups of Leydig cells. Furthermore, the presence of this neural and endocrine marker may indicate a closer relationship between Leydig cells and neural and peptide-hormone-producing cells than is considered to exist at the present time.


What does Carl Schmitt have to offer to ongoing debates about sovereignty, globalization, spatiality, the nature of the political, and political theology? Can Schmitt's positions and concepts offer insights that might help us understand our concrete present-day situation? Works on Schmitt usually limit themselves to historically isolating Schmitt into his Weimar or post-Weimar context, to reading him together with classics of political and legal philosophy, or to focusing exclusively on a particular aspect of Schmitt's writings. Bringing together an international, and interdisciplinary, range of contributors, this book explores the question of Schmitt's relevance for an understanding of the contemporary world. Engaging the background and intellectual context in which Schmitt wrote his major works – often with reference to both primary and secondary literature unavailable in English – this book will be of enormous interest to legal and political theorists. (Less)


This paper studies how corporate research and development (R&D) investment affects labor mobility. We use employer-employee matched data in ordinary least squares and instrumental variables analyses to assess four hypotheses. R&D has no effect on worker retention, exit from employment, or mobility to incumbent firms. Instead, it increases employee departures to entrepreneurship, leading employees to join the founding teams of startups that are venture capital-backed, high tech, high wage, and in different sectors than the parent firm. These high-growth, high-risk startups emerging from R&D benefit from a focused, standalone incentive structure and have poor complementarities to the parent firm's assets.


This study was performed to determine the prevalence of Canine parvovirus (CPV) in dogs referred to Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz, Khouzestan province, Iran. Fecal samples were collected from 78 diarrheic dogs between 2005 and 2007. The dogs were divided into two age groups ( 6 months), four different breeds (Terriers, Germanshepherds, Doberman pinschers and Mixed) and another two groups on the basis of clinical signs (hemorrhagic and non-hemorrhagic diarrhea) using Fischer's exact test. Prevalence to CPV (2a or 2b) antigens in these dogs was 16.7% (13 of 78) by means of immunochromatography assay (IC) indicating that this virus is present in ecosystem. The infection had more prevalence in dogs less than 6 months (21.95%; 9 of 41) and in breeds of Terriers (26.31%; 5 of 19) and German Shepherds (21%; 4 of 19), but there were no significant differences between different sexes, age groups and breeds (P>0.05). Nevertheless, infection was significantly higher in hemorrhagic diarrheic dogs (41.38%; 12 of 29) (p<0.05). CBC showed that most infected dogs had leucopenia, lymphopenia and neutropenia.


Abstract Conserving threatened carnivore species increasingly depends on the capacity of local people to cohabit with those species. To examine such capacity we developed a novel psychological framework for conservation in regions of the world where there are human–carnivore conflicts, and used the Endangered tiger Panthera tigris to explore the utility of this framework. Specifically, we tested three hypotheses in Chitwan National Park, Nepal, where increasing human–tiger conflicts potentially jeopardize long-term coexistence. We administered a survey to 499 individuals living < 2 km from the Park and in nearby multiple-use forest, to record preferred future tiger population size and factors that may influence preferences, including past interactions with tigers (e.g. livestock predation) and beliefs and perceptions about tigers. Over 17% of respondents reported that a tiger had attacked their livestock or threatened them directly. Results from a structural equation model indicated that respondents who preferred fewer tigers in the future were less likely to associate tigers with beneficial attributes, more likely to associate tigers with undesirable attributes, and more likely to believe that government officials poorly manage tiger-related risks and that people are vulnerable to risks from tigers. Our framework can help address current and future conservation challenges because it (1) integrates an expansive and generalized set of psychological concepts, (2) enables the identification of conservation interventions that foster coexistence between people and carnivores, and (3) is suitable for broad application.


This paper is called 'Specific gravity' because it wants to suggest that there is a deep import, a weight, a gravitas to the specific details of ordinary cultural practices. It is in four sections.

The first opens up the perennial question 'What is culture?'. It considers this question in terms of how it may or may not be answered, drawing on Wittgenstein's remarks against essentialism, and on (as with Wittgenstein) anecdotes from everyday experiences and their logical consequences. Some comparisons between this outline and two recent contributions to cultural history are then made to set the scene for the promised alternative.

The second section deals with sheer ordinariness as an analytically complex phenomenon. It draws on the work of Alfred Schutz and Harvey Sacks to show how the often-missed ordinariness of everyday affairs may be the key topic for understanding and analysing culture.

The next section goes a little further into this same — routinely overlooked, perhaps because so obvious — territory by rehearsing an example from one of Sacks's lectures on the everyday cultural practice of 'tearing down'. It attempts to draw a distinction between lay and professional analysis that could give cultural analysis a disciplinary footing without resorting to 'positivism' and/or the view that lay reasoning is inferior to its scientific counterparts.

Finally, in the fourth section, I deal with a collection of textual materials, all of which mobilise the term 'culture' and the concept of culture for specific moral purposes. The paper concludes with some hypotheses about ordinary, everyday uses of the idea of culture and how they might be worked with (or on) to form the basis of an alternative specification of culture.


Introduction:
 Hypertension (HTN) causes cardiovascular disease. Despite this, many patients do not achieve blood pressure (BP) control. We hypothesized that non-diabetic hypertensive subjects with difficult-to-control BP will activate predictive signaling pathways.

 Methods:
 We collected demographics and 24-h and first-morning urine collections from 61 subjects enrolled in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT). A validated instrument was administered to asses sugar sweetened beverage intake and converted to grams fructose per day. The BP-Difficult (BPD) group had SBP >140 mmHg or >120 mmHg for intensive group subjects,

 or

 BP at "goal" for the trial group and more than the median number of agents in each group in study as a whole. The "BP Easy" group (BPE) comprised the remainder of subjects. Mean BP from two visits before SPRINT termination established the study BP. Gene expression from transcriptomic sequencing of cellular RNAs of first-morning urine were assessed for differential expression (DE) genes (>1.5-fold change;
 P
 <0.01) by the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test and pathway analysis. 354erd

 Results:
 Recoverable RNA from 51 subjects was present in 33 BPD and 18 BPE subjects. In the BPD group, 338 genes were upregulated and 3 downregulated; pathway analysis identified interferon, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, B cell receptor, and inducible nitric oxide synthase signaling as key upregulated pathways (
 P
 <0.05). Most upregulated genes were components of pro-inflammatory pathways: interferon (IFNAR1), interleukin-2 and -4 (IL2RG, IL4R), tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFRSF1B), and infiltrating B lymphocytes (PIK3AP1). BPD subjects with low 24-h urine sodium (<200 mmol) and fructose intake (<40 g/day) had 59 DE genes: 57 upregulated and 2 downregulated. Significant pathways included STAT3 and Cdc42 signaling pathways (
 P
 <0.05), and IL2RG, MAPK14, TGFB1, and IFNAR1 were components of these pathways.

 Conclusions:
 Urinary cells from a difficult-to-control BP SPRINT cohort demonstrated molecular signatures associated with specific pro-inflammatory pathways and immune mediators.


Background
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in asymptomatic adults might prevent disease but increase health care use without clinical value.

Objective
To describe the effect on clinical care and outcomes of adding WGS to standardized family history assessment in primary care.

Design
Pilot randomized trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01736566).

Setting
Academic primary care practices.

Participants
9 primary care physicians (PCPs) and 100 generally healthy patients recruited at ages 40 to 65 years.

Intervention
Patients were randomly assigned to receive a family history report alone (FH group) or in combination with an interpreted WGS report (FH + WGS group), which included monogenic disease risk (MDR) results (associated with Mendelian disorders), carrier variants, pharmacogenomic associations, and polygenic risk estimates for cardiometabolic traits. Each patient met with his or her PCP to discuss the report.

Measurements
Clinical outcomes and health care use through 6 months were obtained from medical records and audio-recorded discussions between PCPs and patients. Patients' health behavior changes were surveyed 6 months after receiving results. A panel of clinician-geneticists rated the appropriateness of how PCPs managed MDR results.

Results
Mean age was 55 years; 58% of patients were female. Eleven FH + WGS patients (22% [95% CI, 12% to 36%]) had new MDR results. Only 2 (4% [CI, 0.01% to 15%]) had evidence of the phenotypes predicted by an MDR result (fundus albipunctatus due to RDH5 and variegate porphyria due to PPOX). Primary care physicians recommended new clinical actions for 16% (CI, 8% to 30%) of FH patients and 34% (CI, 22% to 49%) of FH + WGS patients. Thirty percent (CI, 17% to 45%) and 41% (CI, 27% to 56%) of FH and FH + WGS patients, respectively, reported making a health behavior change after 6 months. Geneticists rated PCP management of 8 MDR results (73% [CI, 39% to 99%]) as appropriate and 2 results (18% [CI, 3% to 52%]) as inappropriate.

Limitation
Limited sample size and ancestral and socioeconomic diversity.

Conclusion
Adding WGS to primary care reveals new molecular findings of uncertain clinical utility. Nongeneticist providers may be able to manage WGS results appropriately, but WGS may prompt additional clinical actions of unclear value.

Primary Funding Source
National Institutes of Health.


A central problem in machine learning involves modeling complex data-sets using highly flexible families of probability distributions in which learning, sampling, inference, and evaluation are still analytically or computationally tractable. Here, we develop an approach that simultaneously achieves both flexibility and tractability. The essential idea, inspired by non-equilibrium statistical physics, is to systematically and slowly destroy structure in a data distribution through an iterative forward diffusion process. We then learn a reverse diffusion process that restores structure in data, yielding a highly flexible and tractable generative model of the data. This approach allows us to rapidly learn, sample from, and evaluate probabilities in deep generative models with thousands of layers or time steps, as well as to compute conditional and posterior probabilities under the learned model. We additionally release an open source reference implementation of the algorithm.


This paper posits that almost all inspectorates are now following, if to varying degrees, a similar overarching ideology and methodology for school accountability and improvement. The first part of the paper provides an analysis of recent changes to school inspection policies across Frontiers. Using Ireland as a case example, the next part of the paper provides an analysis of Irish school inspection policies and practices that appear to mirror other school inspection systems. To test these assumptions, the paper then provides an analysis of a key informant interview with the Chief Inspector of schools in Ireland. The evidence suggests that there is an increasingly convergent approach to school evaluation discernible across all inspection frontiers. Among the many aspects of this changing landscape is the rapid pace at which schools have accepted school inspection frameworks and the emergence of a genuinely co-professional as opposed to co-existent mode of evaluation between the inspectorate and schools.


This study is a comparison of beach orientation, fetch length, and seawall toe height for 31 pairs of armored/unarmored, mixed sand-and-gravel beaches in southern Puget Sound. Beach profiles from top of berm or toe of armoring to MLW were standardized using NOAA-verified tide tables as a datum for all profiles. Changes in beach profile within each pair were used to evaluate armoring effects. Presumed changes due to armoring were not attributable to a single factor, but there were consistent trends. Fetch length and direction for both prevailing winds and predominant winds were compared. Fetch length, and the angle of the prevailing wind to the beach were compared singly and in groups, but no correlation was found. Comparisons of profiles taken both in spring and in late summer on a small number of beach pairs indicate opposite seasonal trends.


Steel-lined pressure tunnels and shafts are used to convey water from the reservoir to the turbines in high-head hydroelectric power plants. An axisymmetrical multilayer model is of-ten considered by engineers for the design of the steel liner. Stresses and deformations can then be computed with a closed-form analytical solution in isotropic rock. When the rock is anisotropic, the lowest elastic modulus of the rock measured in situ is often considered in the analytical solu-tion, which is regarded as conservative. In this work, the behaviour of steel liners in anisotropic rock was studied systematically by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM). The materials, namely steel, backfill concrete, near-field rock and far-field rock were modelled as linear and elas-tic, and a tied contact was assumed between the layers. The influence of geometrical and material parameters under a quasi-static internal water pressure was studied through an extensive para-metric study. It was observed that, compared to the corresponding results in isotropic rock, maxi-mum stresses in the steel-liner can be reduced up to 25% when anisotropy is considered. On the contrary, the maximum stresses in the far-field rock can be largely underestimated, namely up to 65%.


B7-H1 (PD-L1) and B7-DC (PD-L2) are the ligands for programmed death-1 (PD-1), which is a member of the CD28/CTLA-4 family and has been implicated in peripheral tolerance. We investigated the roles of B7-H1 and B7-DC in a murine OVA-induced allergic asthma model. B7-H1 was constitutively expressed on dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and T cells in the lungs of naive mice, and its expression could be dramatically increased after allergen challenge. In contrast, B7-DC expression was scarcely expressed on dendritic cells in naive mice, but was up-regulated after allergen challenge, although the up-regulation of B7-DC expression on macrophages was minimal. Treatment of mice with anti-B7-DC mAb at the time of allergen challenge, but not at the time of sensitization, significantly increased their airway hyper-reactivity and eosinophilia. Such treatment also resulted in the increased production of IL-5 and IL-13, and decreased IFN-γ production in the lungs and draining lymph node cells. These changes were diminished when mice were depleted of IFN-γ by anti-IFN-γ mAb pretreatment. Interestingly, treatment with anti-B7-H1 or anti-PD-1 mAb did not significantly affect the asthmatic response. These results suggest a unique role for B7-DC in the regulation of asthmatic response through an IFN-γ-dependent, but PD-1-independent, mechanism.


Two irrigation regimes on the growth and yield performance of Thevetia peruviana (Pers) Schum were evaluated during the 2010 and 2011 rainy seasons. The study was carried out at the Research Farms of the Bio-fuel and Alternate Renewable Energy Ltd, Edidi, Kwara State in the southern Guinea savannah of Nigeria. Mature seeds were sown in March and May of both years and transplanted in May (early) and July (late) respectively. During each of the field establishments, early and late of the two years, the treatments consisted of two irrigation regimes (irrigated and non irrigated) and one plant population (2,500 plants ha -1 ), laid out in Randomised Complete Block Design with four replicates. Application of irrigation significantly increased plant height, number of primary branches, stem girth, number of harvested seeds, weight of harvested seeds, seed length, seed diameter but delayed number of days to first and 50% flower appearance at late period of field establishment while the effect of irrigation regimes was not significant on these parameters at early period of field establishment. The plants should therefore be irrigated during the dry season if the field establishment was done late (around July and August) to improve the vegetative growth and yield performance but if transplanting was done early (around May) irrigation may not be necessary. Early field establishment is therefore recommended. Keywords : - Field Establishment, Flowering age, Irrigation, Thevetia peruviana and Yield


The abrasive water jet (AWJ) cutting method has been used widely for the cutting and processing of materials because of its cool, damage-free, and precise cutting technique. Nowadays, the use of AWJ cutting in the natural stone industry is increasing. However, the effectiveness of AWJ cutting of natural stones is dependent on the rock properties and machine operating parameters. In this study, injection-type AWJ cutting was applied to 42 different types of natural stones to investigate the effects of rock properties and operating parameters on the cutting depth. Shore hardness, Bohme surface abrasion resistance and the density of the rocks were the most significant rock properties affecting the cutting depth. The working pump pressure and traverse velocity were the most significant operating parameters affecting cutting, as has been shown previously. The relationships between the rock properties or operating parameters and the cutting depth were evaluated using multiple linear and nonlinear regression analyses, and estimation models were developed. Some of the models included only rock properties under fixed operating conditions, and others included both rock properties and operating parameters to predict cutting depth. The models allow for the preselection of particular operating parameters for the cutting of specific rocks types. The prediction of cutting depth is a valuable tool for the controlled surface machining of rock materials.


Noam Chomsky may justly be considered the most important public intellectual alive, and the most significant of the post-World War Two era. Despite his scholarly contributions to linguistics, at least three generations know him primarily for his political writings and activism, voicing a left-radical, humanist critique of US foreign policy and other subjects.
Given that a human-rights discourse is prominent in Chomsky's political writing, and given that genocide-related controversies have sometimes swirled around him, it is worthwhile to consider the overall place and framing of genocide in his published output. The present paper undertakes such an inquiry. It employs a broad and systematic sampling of Chomsky's published work (including online sources and interviews) to explore:
- How Chomsky understands the concept "genocide," and how this has evolved over the years;
- His skepticism towards the term and and criticisms of its political manipulation;
- Past genocide-related controversies involving Chomsky (the Holocaust, Cambodia, Bosnia/Kosovo, Rwanda);
- Cases of mass violence that Chomsky considers genocides, "near" or "virtual" genocides, and propagandistic non-genocides;
- The place of the Holocaust and Israel in Chomsky's analysis; and
- Structural forms of genocide, especially those linked to contemporary capitalism and neoliberalism.
The attempt is to provide a critical and wide-ranging evaluation of a leading public intellectual's writing and commentary on genocide over the past half-century.


In this paper, we describe Gesture Viewport, a projector-camera system that enables finger gesture interactions with media content on any surface. We propose a novel and computationally efficient finger localization method based on the detection of occlusion patterns inside a virtual sensor grid rendered in a layer on top of a viewport widget. We develop several robust interaction techniques to prevent unintentional gestures from occurring, to provide visual feedback to a user, and to minimize the interference of the sensor grid with the media content. We show the effectiveness of the system through three scenarios: viewing photos, navigating Google Maps, and controlling Google Street View.


In this research, I investigate precontact territorial behavior in the San Juan Islands, Washington and San Nicolas Island, California. Drawing on economic defensibility models, I generate hypotheses for change over time in boundary defense and permeability in the context of Late Holocene climate and settlement pattern change. Defensive characteristics of archaeological sites and lithic procurement patterns should reflect increased boundary defense and smaller territories when resources are adequate to the needs of the community. Extra-local materials should increase in abundance during times of resource scarcity. For the San Juan Islands case study, data on visibility, elevation, and distance to lookouts do not indicate significant changes through time in site location consistent with changes in boundary defense. Dissimilarities between artifacts from the Watmough Bay site (45-SJ-280) on Lopez Island and and nearby beach cobble toolstone suggests lithic procurement beyond the local beach at 1600-1000 cal BP, consistent with predictions for minimal boundary defense due to resource scarcity at that time. I do not find increased use of nearby beach cobbles or slate at 600 cal BP-Contact during a period of predicted increased boundary defense. Data on the spatial and temporal distribution of extra-local materials are insufficient to evaluate hypotheses regarding boundary permeability. For the San Nicolas Island case study, data on elevation and distance to lookouts do not indicate significant changes through time in site location consistent with changes in boundary defense. For the lithic procurement study using data from Tule Creek Village (CA-SNI-25) Mound B and CA-SNI-106, I found few changes through time in material type or artifact dimensions at either site that would indicate shifts in cobble procurement locations. Increases in abundance of chert are correlated with increases in sample size. For both study areas, results indicate potential sample size issues that must be resolved to further investigate my predictions. People may have engaged in boundary defense at a larger scale than the village; community boundaries may have always been permeable to interactions between kin and friends. This study has implications for social complexity studies and research on human adaptations to resource abundance and scarcity.


Synthesis of flame-made nanostructured powders was studied, for the first time, at high production rates (up to 700 g/h) in a turbulent diffusion flame reactor, addressing also the required safety concerns. A commercial hydrogen-air burner was used for synthesis of pure silica and composite silica-carbon particles by oxidation of hexamethyldisiloxane. The product powder was collected continuously in a baghouse filter unit and cleaned periodically by air-pressure shocks. The effect of the fuel (hydrogen) flow rate, powder production rate and total oxidant flow rate on product particle size, morphology, and composition was also investigated. Nitrogen adsorption, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with a mass spectrometer, and a CO2 -analyzer were employed to characterize specific surface area and powder composition. Typically, aggregates of silica-carbon composite particles (0 to 1.4 wt. % carbon) were made on specific surface areas of 75 to 250 m2/g at production rates of 125 to 700 g/h, which correspond to particle concentrations of 17 to 93 g/m3 (2–10% solid fraction by weight).


We present a new, approximate method of calculating the column density of ammonia in mapping observations of the 23 GHz inversion lines. The temperature regime typically found in star-forming regions allows for the assumption of a slowly varying partition function for ammonia. It is therefore possible to determine the column density using only the (J=1, K=1) inversion transition rather than the typical combination of the (1,1) and (2,2) transitions, with additional uncertainties comparable to or less than typical observational error. The proposed method allows column density and mass estimates to be extended into areas of lower signalto-noise ratio. We show examples of column-density maps around a number of cores in the W3 and Perseus star-forming regions made using this approximation, along with a comparison to the corresponding results obtained using the full two-transition approach. We suggest that this method is a useful tool in studying the distribution of mass around young stellar objects, particularly in the outskirts of the protostellar envelope where the (2,2) ammonia line is often undetectable on the short time-scales necessary for large-area mapping. © 2012 The Authors Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society.


ATI 201 HP is a 200-series, Cr-Mn-Ni austenitic stainless steel. It is comparable to the Cr-Ni stainless steel types 301, 304, and 304L in many respects, and can even provide some advantages over the 18-8 grades in certain applications. Because it possess a very desirable combination of economy plus good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, it has been used in a wide variety of consumer and transportation applications. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, hardness, elasticity, and tensile properties. It also includes information on corrosion resistance as well as forming, heat treating, and joining. Filing Code: SS-1332. Producer or source: ATI.


The synthesis of tris(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(III) in high yield is presented. The effect on the magnetic properties of titanium trichloride of introducing successively one, two, and three cyclopentadienyl ligands is examined. CpTiC12 behaves as a magnetically dilute compound whose susceptibility follows a Curie-Weiss law, and the susceptibility (mu eff = 1.69 +/- 0.05 B.M.) indicates little if any spin-spin interaction. With two cyclopentadienyl groups present (cp2TiCl), spin-spin interaction through chlorine bridges becomes evident. The susceptibility of Cp3Ti was determined between 100 and 320 K and was found to be independent of temperature over this range. After correcting for T.I.P. and applying a Weiss constant, mu eff was found to be 1.71 B.M. The
volatility and solubility of Cp3Ti are strong indications of its monomeric nature. Infrared and electronic spectra of the solid cyclopentadienyl species and titanium trichloride were measured over the range 250-30,000 cm-1


A non isotropic turbulence model is extended and applied to three dimensional stably stratified flows and dispersion calculations. The model is derived from the algebraic stress model (including wall proximity effects), but it retains the simplicity of the "eddy viscosity" concept of first order models. The "modified k-e" is implemented in a three dimensional numerical code. Once the flow is resolved, the predicted velocity and turbulence fields are interpolated into a second grid and used to solve the concentration equation. To evaluate the model, various steady state numerical solutions are compared with small scale dispersion experiments which were conducted at the wind tunnel of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, in Japan. Stably stratified flows and plume dispersion over three distinct idealized complex topographies (flat and hilly terrain) are studied. Vertical profiles of velocity and pollutant concentration are shown and discussed. Also, comparisons are made against the results obtained with the standard k-e model.


We confirm and characterize the exoplanetary systems Kepler-445 and Kepler-446: two mid-M dwarf stars, each with multiple, small, short-period transiting planets. Kepler-445 is a metal-rich ([Fe/H] = +0.25 ± 0.10) M4 dwarf with three transiting planets, and Kepler-446 is a metal-poor ([Fe/H] = −0.30 ± 0.10) M4 dwarf also with three transiting planets. Kepler-445c is similar to GJ 1214b: both in planetary radius and the properties of the host star. The Kepler-446 system is similar to the Kepler-42 system: both are metal-poor with large galactic space velocities and three short-period, likely rocky transiting planets that were initially assigned erroneously large planet-to-star radius ratios. We independently determined stellar parameters from spectroscopy and searched for and fitted the transit light curves for the planets, imposing a strict prior on stellar density in order to remove correlations between the fitted impact parameter and planet-to-star radius ratio for short-duration transits. Combining Kepler-445, Kepler-446, and Kepler-42, and isolating all mid-M dwarf stars observed by Kepler with the precision necessary to detect similar systems, we calculate that 21% of mid-M dwarf stars host compact multiples (multiple planets with periods of less than 10 days) for a wide range of metallicities. We suggest that the inferred planet masses for these systems support highly efficient accretion of protoplanetary disk metals by mid-M dwarf protoplanets.


Based on data from the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English, this paper argues that the vocalizations [ə(:)] and [ə(:)m]), usually transcribed uh and um, can be regarded as pragmatic markers, rather than as undesirable disfluencies or hesitation markers. It is shown that they are especially frequent in registers and contexts that require more planning by speakers, like narrative passages in conversation and in task-related contexts, especially in long turns. The term planner is therefore proposed as an appropriate designation. Co-occurrences of uh and um with other pragmatic markers such as well, you know, I mean and like as well as with and and but are shown to support this view.


Hirohiko Araki is the author of one of the longest-running and most beloved manga of all time, the epic fan favorite JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. According to him, manga is the ultimate synthesis of all forms of art, and in this book he reveals the secrets behind how to make the magic happen using concrete examples from his own work. Read all about his "golden ratio" for drawing, the character histories he draws up for each of the characters he creates, his methodology for storytelling inspired by the great Ernest Hemingway, and many more aspects of manga creation in this how-to guide penned by an industry legend.


We develop a statistical framework for the simultaneous, unsupervised segmentation and discovery of visual object categories from image databases. Examining a large set of manually segmented scenes, we show that object frequencies and segment sizes both follow power law distributions, which are well modeled by the Pitman-Yor (PY) process. This nonparametric prior distribution leads to learning algorithms which discover an unknown set of objects, and segmentation methods which automatically adapt their resolution to each image. Generalizing previous applications of PY processes, we use Gaussian processes to discover spatially contiguous segments which respect image boundaries. Using a novel family of variational approximations, our approach produces segmentations which compare favorably to state-of-the-art methods, while simultaneously discovering categories shared among natural scenes.


Previous stable isotope studies of modern and archaeological faunal samples from sites around Lake Mývatn, within the Mývatnssveit region of northeast Iceland, revealed that an overlap existed between the δ15N ranges of terrestrial herbivores and freshwater fish, while freshwater biota displayed δ13C values that were comparable with marine resources. Therefore, within this specific ecosystem, the separation of terrestrial herbivores, freshwater fish, and marine fish as components of human diet is complicated when only δ13C and δ15N are measured. δ34S measurements carried out within a previous study on animal bones from Skútustaoir, an early Viking age settlement on the south side of Lake Mývatn, showed that a clear offset existed between animals deriving their dietary resources from terrestrial, freshwater, and marine reservoirs. The present study focuses on δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S analyses and radiocarbon dating of human bone collagen from remains excavated from a churchyard at Hofstaoir, 5 km west of Lake Mývatn. The results demonstrate that a wide range of δ34S values exist within individuals, a pattern that must be the result of consumption of varying proportions of terrestrial-, freshwater-, and marine-based resources. For that proportion of the population with 14C ages that apparently predate the well-established first human settlement of Iceland (landnám) circa AD 871 ± 2, this has enabled us to explain the reason for these anomalously old ages in terms of marine and/or freshwater 14C reservoir effects.


Accuracy of English Speakers Administering Word Recognition Score Tests in Mandarin Kaylene Barrett Polley Department of Communication Disorders Master of Science The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of English-speakers in determining the word recognition score of native Taiwan Mandarin-speakers. Digitally recorded Mandarin word lists were presented to 10 native Mandarin-speakers from Taiwan (five male, five female), from whom oral and written responses were collected. Oral responses were scored by 30 native English-speakers, 15 of which had no experience with Mandarin and 15 with two to three years of college-level Mandarin courses or equivalent knowledge of Mandarin. The judges who had experience with Mandarin were able to score the WRS tests with 97% accuracy (with scores ranging from 10% below to 4% above the actual score of the test). The judges without experience with Mandarin scored the WRS tests with 88.8% accuracy (with scores ranging from 34% below to 26% above the actual score of the test). An analysis of variance found that there was a significant difference between a judge's knowledge of Mandarin and his or her ability to accurately score the oral responses. An inspection of the performance of the judges in respect to the five different Mandarin tones indicated that there are some tone combinations that are more difficult to score correctly than others. While it is apparent that tone combination may play a role in the ability to accurately score WRS words in Mandarin, the implications of this for a clinical setting are uncertain because words with these tone combinations were not heard often. Tone perception training for the judges or simply making clinicians aware of this difficulty in tone identification may be of benefit in overcoming this obstacle.


Provenance systems can produce enormous provenance graphs that can be used for a variety of tasks from determining the inputs to a particular process to debugging entire workflow executions or tracking difficult-to-find dependencies. Visualization can be a useful tool to support such tasks, but graphs of such scale (thousands to millions of nodes) are notoriously difficult to visualize. This paper presents the Provenance Map Orbiter, a tool for interactively exploring large provenance graphs using graph summarization and semantic zoom. It presents its users with a high-level abstracted view of the graph and the ability to incrementally drill down to the details.


We present a novel information theoretic approach to make network coding based storage secure against pollution attacks in sensor networks. The approach is based on a new decoding algorithm which makes it possible to find adversarial blocks using one more encoded block than strictly necessary for decoding. Our scheme fits well to the requirements of sensor networks, because it operates with adding very low computational and communication overhead to source and storage nodes, only the collector node needs to perform some additional computation. Our approach does not apply cryptography, hence it works in environments where no pre-shared keys, secure channels or PKI are available, which is often the case in sensor networks.


We describe the histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings of a cutaneous tumour composed of ganglion cells, without any other proliferating component. As ganglion cells are not normal components of the skin, we propose the term "ganglion cell choristoma" for this lesion. The differential diagnosis of related lesions such as cutaneous ganglioneuroma, well‐differentiated metastases from neuroblastoma, autonomic ganglia entrapped by neuroflbroma, and reactive processes, and the possible histogenesis of ganglion cell choristoma are discussed.


We survey research of recent years on the supervised training of feedforward neural networks. The goal is to expose how the networks work, how to engineer them so they can learn data with less extraneous noise, how to train them efficiently, and how to assure that the training is valid. The scope covers gradient descent and polynomial line search, from backpropagation through conjugate gradients and quasi Newton methods. There is a consensus among researchers that adaptive step gains (learning rates) can stabilize and accelerate convergence and that a good starting weight set improves both the training speed and the learning quality. The training problem includes both the design of a network function and the fitting of the function to a set of input and output data points by computing a set of coefficient weights. The form of the function can be adjusted by adjoining new neurons and pruning existing ones and setting other parameters such as biases and exponential rates. Our exposition reveals several useful results that are readily implementable.


This paper reports comprehensive experimental results on a femtosecond code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication system test bed operating over optical fiber in the 1.5 /spl mu/m communication band. Our test bed integrates together several novel subsystems, including low-loss fiber-pigtailed pulse shapers for encoding-decoding, use of dispersion equalizing fibers in dispersion compensated links for femtosecond pulse transmission and also in femtosecond chirped pulse amplification (CPA) erbium doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), and high-contrast nonlinear fiber-optic thresholders. The individual subsystems are described, and single-user system level experimental results demonstrating the ability to transmit spectrally encoded femtosecond pulses over a 2.5-km dispersion compensated fiber link followed by decoding and high contrast nonlinear thresholding are presented.


Both the venerable British Westinghouse decision and the current New Flamenco case have been analyzed in terms of mitigation. Properly understood, in neither is mitigation relevant. Although in the former, the House of Lords came to the right result, the replacement of the substandard turbines with new superior ones was not to mitigate damages — the buyer would have installed the new turbines even had the Westinghouse turbines met the contractual specifications. Even if Westinghouse's failure accelerated the replacement (which it almost certainly did not) it would have been a mistake to compensate the buyer for the cost of the new (Parsons) turbines.The New Flamenco involved the anticipatory repudiation of a time charter with two years remaining. An identical substitute charter was not "available." The owner sold the ship before the market meltdown of 2008 for over $23 million and by 2009 its value had fallen to $7 million. The Court of Appeal held that because it avoided this loss, the owner suffered no harm. However, the damages would be the change in the value of the charter at the time of the repudiation. By selling the ship, the owner in effect allowed the new owner to put the ship to its highest and best use. Damages should reflect the fact that the new owner expected to use the ship for at least part of the remaining two years. The subsequent fall in the value of the ship had nothing to do with the damages suffered by the original owner.


Consider a linear [n,k,d]q code C. We say that the ith coordinate of C has locality r , if the value at this coordinate can be recovered from accessing some other r coordinates of C. Data storage applications require codes with small redundancy, low locality for information coordinates, large distance, and low locality for parity coordinates. In this paper, we carry out an in-depth study of the relations between these parameters. We establish a tight bound for the redundancy n-k in terms of the message length, the distance, and the locality of information coordinates. We refer to codes attaining the bound as optimal. We prove some structure theorems about optimal codes, which are particularly strong for small distances. This gives a fairly complete picture of the tradeoffs between codewords length, worst case distance, and locality of information symbols. We then consider the locality of parity check symbols and erasure correction beyond worst case distance for optimal codes. Using our structure theorem, we obtain a tight bound for the locality of parity symbols possible in such codes for a broad class of parameter settings. We prove that there is a tradeoff between having good locality and the ability to correct erasures beyond the minimum distance.


After a prolonged debate and preparation, the controversial issue of opening up the gaming industry at Matsu, Taiwan has come to a conclusion with the pass of the referendum on the seventh of July, 2012. The gaming industry brings positive economic benefits as well as negative environmental and social impacts. Due to the limited land space and natural resources, the development of integrated resort brings a lot of conflicts between four major aspects, i.e., geographic, social, transportation, and eco-awareness. There is a need for efficiently solving the problems that may occur during the process of the introducing tourism and gaming business to Matsu. To better identify the conflicts and solve the problems, many of problem identification and innovative problem solving tools are created. Among those, TRIZ (The theory of inventive problem solving) is getting most attention due to its high efficiency. TRIZ provides a complete tool set ranging from problem identification to problem solving. While it was originally used in solving engineering problems, recent researches have modified and applied it to various areas, such as management and education. Cause-effect chains analysis, one of TRIZ problem identification tools, is now modified to identify service and business problems, namely RCA+ (conflict root cause analysis+) and BFD (Business Function Diagram). In any business body, conflicts usually exist between business goals and resources when trying to meet stakeholders'' needs. Only by solving the conflicts appropriately can a business achieves excellence. After reviewing the factors that affect running a successful integrated resort, RCA+ and BFD are applied to identify the conflicts and problems in Matsu. Then, the fundamental TRIZ tool, modified contradiction matrix for management, is used to solve the conflicts and provides constructive suggestions. An important contribution of this research is evaluating the usefulness of TRIZ based tools in the gaming industry.


The Allied landings on the coast of Normandy on June 6, 1944, have assumed legendary status in the annals of World War II. But in overly romanticizing D-day, Olivier Wieviorka argues, we have lost sight of the full picture. "Normandy" offers a balanced, complete account that reveals the successes and weaknesses of the titanic enterprise.In addition to describing the landings with precision and drama, Wieviorka covers the planning and diplomatic background, Allied relationships, German defensive preparations, morale of the armies, economics and logistics, political and military leaders, and civilians' and soldiers' experience of the fighting. Surprisingly, the landing itself was not the slaughter the general staff expected. The greater battle for Normandy - waged on farmland whose infamous hedgerows, the bocage, created formidable obstacles - took a severe toll not only in lives lost, but on the survivors who experienced this grueling ordeal.D-day, Wieviorka notes, was a striking accomplishment, but it was war, violent and cruel. Errors, desertions, rivalries, psychological trauma, self-serving motives, thefts, and rapes were all part of the story. Rather than diminishing the Allied achievement, this candid book underscores the price of victory and acknowledges the British, American, and Canadian soldiers who dashed onto the Normandy beaches not as demigods, but as young men.


The use of progestagen for 14 days in protocols for estrus synchronization has been reported to affect conception rate in sheep. We evaluated the effects of progestagen treatment on the growth pattern and follicular function of preovulatory follicles (PF) and their implication for subordinated follicles (SF). Adult female sheep were randomly assigned to the following estrus synchronization groups: 1) FGA (n = 7), which received an intravaginal device of fluorogestone acetate sponges (Chronogest®, Intervet International, Boxmeer, the Netherlands) for 14 days, or 2) PGF (n = 7), which received 3 i.m. administrations of 125 μg of cloprostenol (Estrumate®, Mallinckrodt Vet GmbH, Friesoythe, Germany) 10 days apart. The third cloprostenol administration in the PGF group was given at the same time of sponge withdrawal in the FGA group (Day 0 = day of sponge withdrawal). Ultrasonographic examinations of the ovaries for assessment of follicular development were carried out daily from Days 0 to 2 by using a scanner (Aloka SSD500) equipped with a 7.5-MHz transducer adapted for transrectal examinations. Follicular function was evaluated in terms of estradiol secretion, and blood samples were taken every 12 h to determine plasma estradiol concentration from Days 0 to 2. Ovaries from all females in both groups were recovered by ovariectomy on Day 2 to determine apoptosis by immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3 in granulosa cells from SF of 3 to 5 mm in diameter. Additionally, SF were histologically classified as healthy, early, or advanced atretic. Data were analyzed by Student t-test and Pearson correlation. The total number of PF observed on Day 2 was 15 and 12 for the PGF and FGA groups, respectively. The 90.9 and 93.3% of PF recorded in the PGF and FGA groups, respectively, on Day 2 was retrospectively identified on Day 0. The 33.6 and 46.6% of those follicles from the PGF and FGA groups, respectively, corresponded to follicles >5 mm in diameter. Although mean diameter of PF was higher in the FGA group than in the PGF group (5.4 ± 0.4 mm v. 4.5 ± 0.4 mm, respectively; P < 0.01) on Day 0, PF diameter was similar between groups on Day 2. Plasma estradiol concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the PGF group on Day 1 (3.1 ± 0.2 pg/mL v. 1.7 ± 0.2 pg/mL in the FGA group) but did not differ between groups on Day 2. The growing pattern of the PF in the PGF group significantly (P < 0.05) affected the total number of SF, and there was a tendency (P = 0.08) for an increase of the total number of healthy follicles in the same group. In addition, advanced atretic follicles from the FGA group were significantly higher than those observed in the PGF group (P < 0.001). Additionally, caspase-3 immunoreactivity was higher in the FGA group than in the PGF group (P < 0.05) and it was associated with the largest SF in both groups. All of these finding are indicative of the presence of aged follicles with an extended permanence in the ovary. We concluded that the use of progestagen for 14 days in protocols for estrus synchronization in sheep affects the growth pattern and functionality of the preovulatory follicle during the follicular phase and may have a deleterious consequence on oocyte competence. CYCITAGL2005-02669 and DID-D-2007-03 UACh.


Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study the possible existence of day-of-the-week effects and month-of-the-year effects in the Singapore stock market over the period January 1st 1993 to December 31st 2011. The findings are analysed with the intention of developing investment strategies and to investigate if behavioural finance can help to explain the existence of seasonal anomalies. Background: A number of previous studies have found evidence of seasonal anomalies in global stock markets, and by challenging the core assumptions of market efficiency, such anomalies may make it possible to predict the movement of stock prices at certain periods during the year. Consequently, there may be substantial profit-making opportunities that clever investors can benefit from, raising two important questions: (1) can such anomalies be strategically used to outperform the market and (2) why do such cyclical return patterns exist? Method: Daily closing prices from the Singapore Straits Times Index (STI) are used to compute average daily and monthly returns, which are further analysed through the use of statistical significance analysis and hypothesis testing to identify the possible existence of day-of-the-week effects and month-of-the-year effects in the Singapore stock market. The results of the statistical investigation are used to develop investment strategies that are designed to take advantage of both positive and negative effects, and the theories of behavioural finance are applied to help explain why seasonalities occur at certain points in time. Conclusions: This study finds evidence of several seasonal anomalies in the Singapore stock market. Both day-of-the-week effects and month-of-the-year effects are present in the STI over the full sample period. Many of these effects can be explained by behavioural finance, and used to develop investment strategies that outperform the market.


John Platt's article "Strong Inference" (1964) suggested a general and effective method of scientific investigation. It describes a disciplined strategy of falsification of multiple, clearly formulated hypotheses that is used more regularly in some scientific fields than in others. Platt urged that strong inference be more widely and more systematically applied, particularly in slower-moving fields of science. The article has influenced integrative biological fields since its publication, ranging from ecology to psychology, and has had a substantial following in some of the social sciences. It has also evoked severe criticism for its idealization of certain fields as exemplars and for its imperfections in historiography and philosophy of science. I argue here that the article was more an inspirational tract than the development of a formal scientific methodology. Although both Platt's critics and his adherents appeared to take the article far too seriously, its influence has transcended its limitations.


The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Seoul Agenda for Arts Education (2010) calls for ensuring equitable access to arts education for all, strengthening the quality of arts education and harnessing its potential to contribute to resolving social and cultural challenges. In both South Africa and Denmark, a practice–policy gap exists between what the curricula prescribe in the area of arts education and what is experienced to be happening in the everyday life at schools. This gap contributes to creating inequality in terms of access to arts education. It is therefore important to find ways that might give access to arts education to a broader range of children, and to find out how their participation might contribute to advancing their future opportunities. This paper explores how arts education policies can be enacted within schools in both Denmark and South Africa. It takes as its point of departure a project that investigates the potential of an educational practice that integrates dance with visual arts and involves multicultural groups of children, teachers and artists in two school classes in South Africa and Denmark. It focuses on what importance arts education might have, especially to those children in the two classes who are 'at risk', by illuminating their experiences and opportunities for learning through integration of dance and visual arts. In this study, a phenomenologically inspired concept of learning, which includes enhanced awareness, theories of multi-modal experience in the arts and Todres' concept of 'soulful space' contribute to illuminate educational potential of the artistic-educational approaches that were developed in the project. Through a hermeneutic phenomenological methodology, children's experiences were elicited through reflective group dialogues involving 'stimulated recall' based on photographs of them engaged in different activities and drawings that they had created, which reflected their experiences.


TOPIC
Hospital-acquired pneumonia commonly develops after 48 hours of hospitalization and can be divided into non-ventilator-acquired and ventilator-acquired pneumonia. Prevention of non-ventilator-acquired pneumonia requires a multimodal approach. Implementation of oral care bundles can reduce the incidence of ventilator-acquired pneumonia, but the literature on oral care in other populations is limited.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Use of noninvasive ventilation is increasing owing to positive outcomes. The incidence of non-ventilator-acquired pneumonia is higher in patients receiving noninvasive ventilation than in the general hospitalized population but remains lower than that of ventilator-acquired pneumonia. Non-ventilator-acquired pneumonia increases mortality risk and hospital length of stay.

PURPOSE
To familiarize nurses with the evidence regarding oral care in critically ill patients requiring noninvasive ventilation.

CONTENT COVERED
No standard of oral care exists for patients requiring noninvasive ventilation owing to variation in study findings, definitions, and methods. Oral care decreases the risk of hospital-acquired pneumonia and improves comfort. Nurses perform oral care less often for nonintubated patients, as it is perceived as primarily a comfort measure. The potential risks of oral care for patients receiving noninvasive ventilation have not been explored. Further research is warranted before this practice can be fully implemented.

CONCLUSION
Oral care is a common preventive measure for non-ventilator-acquired pneumonia and may improve comfort. Adherence to oral care is lower for patients not receiving mechanical ventilation. Further research is needed to identify a standard of care for oral hygiene for patients receiving noninvasive ventilation and assess the risk of adverse events.


Surrealist painting flourished in Yogyakarta around the middle of the 1980s to early 1990s. It became popular amongst art students in Yogyakarta, and formed a significant style of painting which generally is characterised by the use of casual juxtapositions of disparate ideas and subjects resulting in absurd, startling, and sometimes disturbing images. In this thesis, Yogyakartan Surrealism is seen as the expression in painting of various social, cultural, and economic developments taking place rapidly and simultaneously in Yogyakarta's urban landscape. Significantly, the structure of Yogyakartan Surrealist painting has been aligned with forms of Yogyakatan language patterns, in particular the punning which was fashionable in the same period. Yogyakartan Surrealism has affinities with Andre Breton's Surrealism. Many Yogyakartan artists were influenced visually by seeing colour reproductions of paintings by the major European Surrealists, which were printed in a number of art books coming from America and Europe. However, it is more appropriate to consider that seeing reproductions of Surrealist works triggered out surrealistic tendencies which had already been an important part of Yogyakartan life. Surrealism has been a state of mind in Yogyakarta's recent situation, as its cityscape increasingly looks like a collage with disparate, even conflicting ideas and subjects that mingle in an apparently casual ways. Beyond this, Yogyakartan Surrealism is also a variation of a realism which has continuously re-emerged through different forms in modern Indonesian art and which has been associated with independence and nationalism. In particular, realism has emerged in specific moments in Indonesian history: the impetus of nationalism, as seen in the painting The Capture of Prince Diponegoro by Raden Saleh; nationalism of the 1930s and 1940s as articulated largely by S. Sudjojono; national identity of the 1950s and 1960s, which was a period of a fierce art debate; the intention to contextualise art socially, culturally, politically, and economically; and recently, 'postnationalism' which realistically reflected Yogyakartan 'surreal' life. With respect to the recent situation, Yogyakartan Surrealism can also be seen as a mechanism to deal with circumstances under which people were conditioned not to express the 'real' direcdy or assertively in much of the daily life. With its absurd images and logic Yogyakartan Surrealism can be also seen as a forgetting mechanism, or an imaginary space in which people could escape conditions which were becoming repressive in many respects.


Evidence from civilian athletes raises the question of whether reproductive dysfunction may be seen in female soldiers as a result of military training. Such reproductive dysfunction consists of impaired ovulation with or without long term subfertility. We critically review pertinent evidence, which points towards reduced energy availability as the most likely explanation for exercise-induced reproductive dysfunction. Evidence also suggests reproductive dysfunction is mediated by activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, with elevated ghrelin and reduced leptin likely to play an important role. The observed reproductive dysfunction exists as part of a female athletic triad, together with osteopenia and disordered eating. If this phenomenon was shown to exist with UK military training this would be of significant concern. We hypothesise that the nature of military training and possibly field exercises may contribute to greater risk of reproductive dysfunction among female military trainees compared with exercising civilian controls. We discuss the features of military training and its participants, such as energy availability, age at recruitment, body phenotype, type of physical training, psychogenic stressors, altered sleep pattern and elemental exposure as contributors to reproductive dysfunction. We identify lines of future research to more fully characterise reproductive dysfunction in military women, and suggest possible interventions which, if indicated, could improve their future wellbeing.


Objective: 4-methoxy-N, N-dimethyl-6-(phenylthio) pyrimidin-2-amine, 4-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylthio)-6-methoxy-N,N-dimethylpyrimidin-2-amine, 4-(4-(1,2,3-selenadiazol-4-yl)phenoxy)-6-methoxy-N,N 2-amine and 4-(4-(1,2,3-thiadiazol-4-yl)phenoxy)-6-methoxy-N,N 2-amine have been synthesized. Method: The prepared compounds were synthesized by nucleophilic displacement of chloride substituted in pyrimidine heterocyclic ring. Results: The synthesized compounds were being identified by different methods included TLC technique, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectrophotometers. All compounds confirmed by elemental analysis. The biological activity of these new compounds investigated against some fungi like Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus niger, the results was Aspergillus terreus more effected by antifungal compare with Aspergillus niger, the effect ration 0.98, 1.32 with 200μM respectively and the compound number (2) has more effect than other compounds. Conclusion: It is concluded that synthesized dimethylpyrimidin-derivatives are biologically active and developed into useful Antifungal agents. Key words: Pyrimidine, Dimethylpyrimidin-derivatives, Heterocyclic compound, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger.


We investigate the transformation of the agricultural service organizations in the post-Soviet period of transition. By means of an in-depth study of three types of agricultural service organizations in Uzbekistan's Khorezm province, and a careful mapping of their regional and national environments, we demonstrate how the complex succession of collective farms, in combination with a series of inconsistent policies, created a situation in which organizations are forced to transform themselves and their methods of mobilizing resources in order to adapt to the new environment. In this process, reliance on hierarchies, family, clan, and administrative boundaries can help the organization to sustain itself, but in the long run, leaves the organization vulnerable. In such an environment it is extremely difficult for organizations to introduce the economic transparency and western-style accounting that would enable them to practice western-style capitalism