Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930 draws together important new work on the Kaiserreich--the period between Bismarck's unification of Germany and the First World War. Work on the Kaiserreich built up impressive momentum during the 1970s and 1980s, when a series of inspiring but divisive controversies called into question the ways in which German historical development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was mainly understood. These discussions focused on issues of continuity between Bismarck and Hitler and the peculiar strength of authoritarianism in German political culture, raising important questions about the deep origins of Nazism and about Germany's alleged differences from the West. The collection purposefully brings certain issues and approaches into the foreground. These include the value of taking gender seriously as a priority of historical work; the emergence of social policy and welfare during the early twentieth century; religious belief and affiliation as a neglected dimension in modern German history; the tremendous importance of the First World War as a climacteric; and the exciting potentials of cultural studies and the new cultural history. A varied group, the contributors embrace different kinds of history and certainly do not subscribe to a common line. Some essays suggest alternative periodizations and focus on the early twentieth century decades rather than the integral unity of the Kaiserreich as such. Together, they take stock of the field, critically synthesizing existing knowledge and laying down agendas for the future. Geoff Eley is Professor of History, University of Michigan.


Climate change scenarios for many Sub-Saharan African countries including Ghana indicate that temperatures will increase while rainfall will either increase or decrease. The potential impact of climate change on economic systems is well-known. However, little has been done to assess its economic impact on road infrastructure. This work assesses the economic impact of climate change on road infrastructure using the stressor-response methodology. Our analysis indicates that it will cumulatively (2020-2100) cost Ghana US$473 million to maintain and repair damages caused to existing roads as a result of climate change (no adapt scenario). However, if the country adapts the designing and construction of new road infrastructure expected to occur over the asset's lifespan (adapt scenario), the total cumulative cost will increase to US$678.47 million. The paper also provides decadal and average annual costs up to the year 2100 for the ten regions through the potential impacts of 54 distinct potential climate scenarios.


Bird migration was recorded by tracking radar and visual observations at 15 study sites, situated between 50°E and 170°E along the Northeast Passage, during a ship-based expedition in July and August 1994. A total of 1087 radar tracks (average duration 220 s) of bird flocks on postbreeding migration were recorded. Migration was dominated by waders and to a certain degree also skuas (especially pomarine skua Stercorarius pomarinus ). Terns, gulls, ducks, and geese were also among the migrants tracked by radar. The radar data revealed a major migratory divide at about 100°E (Taymyr Peninsula), with mainly eastbound migration to the east of this divide, and mainly westbound migration to the west of it. The main stream of eastbound migration was directed toward the sector 90-120° and that of westbound migration toward the sector 240-270°; these directions are broadly in parallel with the coasts of the Arctic Ocean east and west of the Taymyr Peninsula, respectively. There was also important ENE migration, which provided strong indications of long-distance flights along orthodrome-like routes directly between Siberia and North America, across vast expanses of the Arctic Ocean pack ice. Analysis of flight directions in relation to wind indicated complete compensation for wind drift. Mean flight altitude was 1.3 km, and the birds regularly travelled at high altitudes above 3 km (9% of the tracks) up to a maximum height of 4.8 km. They preferred to migrate on occasions and at altitudes with following winds; such conditions provided an average gain in speed of 4.6 m/s. There were also recurrent cases of birds migrating in tailwinds of gale force, between 18 and 24 m/s. The birds' airspeed varied between 8 and 22 m/s, with a mean of 14 m/s. Airspeed was significantly correlated with altitude, wind, and vertical speed and seemed to be intermediate between the speeds for minimum power and maximum range predicted by aerodynamic theory. Key words: Arctic Ocean, bird flight, bird migration, Northeast Passage, orientation, radar, Siberia


This article explores the political dimensions of policy formation for the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine through case studies of six states: California, Indiana, New Hampshire, New York, Texas, and Virginia. Using thematic content analysis of semistructured key informant interviews with policy stakeholders, newspaper articles, and archival materials, we describe the trajectory of public health policy developments for HPV immunization and analyze key influences on policy outcomes through the theoretical lens of the Multiple Streams framework. Specifically, we examine factors influencing the extent to which HPV was perceived as a problem meriting policy action; political forces that facilitated and impeded policy adoption, including interest-group opposition and structural and ideological features of the states' political environments; and factors affecting which policy alternatives received consideration. We find that effective policy entrepreneurship played a critical role in determining policy outcomes. We conclude by discussing lessons from the case of HPV vaccination for future efforts to craft vaccination policies.


Do perceptions of controllability and choice affect the nature and magnitude of discrimination? Many groups of people, who hold seemingly controllable devalued traits, including gay men, the obese and mothers, are discriminated against both in the labor force and in other areas of life. In this paper, I show that perceptions of choice and controllability generate discrimination against individuals with seemingly controllable stigmatized traits. I use a hiring experiment in a highly controlled setting to assess this argument. The results provide strong evidence for a causal relationship between perceptions of choice and labor force type discrimination against gay men, obese men and mothers. When the traits were presented as voluntary, gay men, obese men and mothers were penalized when compared to their equally qualified counterparts in terms of hiring, salary recommendations and competence evaluations. When the traits were presented as non-voluntary, people who hold these traits were placed at an advantage compared with those who do not hold them.


The 'rule of law' we agree—and it is almost a motherhood statement—is vital for any functioning of liberal democracy. But why then is it so hard to establish and consolidate in East Asia? The usual response to this problem is framed in one way or another in terms of the malevolent interests of dominant political actors. However, I want to propose instead that the problem is much more deep-seated and needs to be located in the modalities through which political actors—even those of an oppositional bent—have cognized the foundation of state power and the relationship between the state and the citizen.1 But let me make it clear that in highlighting these factors I do not in anyway seek to deny the capricious and arbitrary use of the legal system by political leaders for short term ends; the recent and most blatant political trial of Anwar with its flagrant abuse of the Malaysian judiciary is ample testimony to the importance of these factors.

What is interesting about the use of state power in East Asia is the constant deployment and justification of executive power in the name of public order and national unity. In pursuit of these 'public order' objectives political and military leaders in the region have suspended even the often rudimentary civil and political rights contained in their constitutions. Quite often these objectives have been enabled by emergency or internal security provisions within the constitution—often a product of the colonial state—give public authorities far-reaching power to suspend normal legal and political processes. In short, to exercise power through exceptional and executive prerogative power.

Carl Schmitt, the deeply conservative jurist who was a critic of the Weimar Republic, is perhaps the most preeminent theorist of the exception: 'Exception' is the capacity of the sovereign to make decisions in terms of its political will rather than be constrained by normative 'law'. Schmitt suggests the exception as something which is '… codified in the existing legal order, can at best be characterized as a state of peril, a danger to the existence of the state, or the like. But it cannot be circumscribed factually and made to conform to preformed law' (Schmitt 1985: 6). Schmitt especially in his early writings he draws a strong link between the power to decide on what constitutes the exception and sovereignty; it is sovereignty which is at the heart of the regime of exception.

Specific emergency constitutional provisions have allowed governments to constitute—in all meaning of that word—a regime of exception. As Loveman (1993) points out in a superb account of Latin American constitutional history, such a regime of exception allows a temporary suspension of existing constitutional provisions in order to give executive authorities far-reaching powers to reorganize the governmental apparatus. The use of such emergency provisions is a familiar aspect of executive power in the region. The beginning of the new order regime, operation cold storage in Singapore, and the May 1969 riots in Malaysia have triggered the initiation of emergency provisions that have resulted not only in the suspension of normal political processes but also a radical reorganization of the apparatus of power which has resulted in extensive centralization of power and increased reinforcement of the coercive powers of the state. This much is familiar enough. Indeed the new order regime provides an excellent illustration of a regime of exception. But what is of more interest here—and this contrasts with Loveman's) analysis of Latin America—is that there has been, particularly in Malaysia and Singapore, no return to a state of normalcy. In fact, regimes of exception have become the norm.


type="main"> This article investigates whether economic growth and income level affect revolution attempts and successful revolutions. The article conducts a statistical analysis, mainly using panel data logit models, on a data set including 150 countries with time series from 1919 to 2003. Low short-term growth increases probabilities of both attempted and successful revolutions. There is some evidence that higher income levels mitigate revolution attempts, but this is not robust and further analysis indicates that any association may stem from oil income more specifically. There is no net effect of income level on successful revolution, but high income seemingly reduces probability of successful revolution more in democracies than in dictatorships. Although revolutions occur more frequently after "J curves" and "decremental deprivation patterns," this is largely due to economic crises and not the more complex growth patterns as hypothesized by, respectively, Davies and Gurr. Low short-term economic growth induces revolutions, whereas the impact of income level is less clear and seemingly contingent on factors such as regime type and source of income.


The theory underlying US securities laws is that investors are helpless without reliable information [Zelizer, 2002]. When Enron's collapse and other corporate frauds made it clear that "practically every element of our system of safeguards failed until it was too late to repair the damage," Congress reinforced those laws by passing the Sarbanes-Oxley (SARBOX) Act [O'Malley, 2002]. This new law demands that C-suite executives confirm their confidence in the quality and integrity of information generated by information systems by signing the figures off personally. Under SARBOX, the Securities and Exchange Commission holds executives accountable for reliable internal controls, record retention, and fraud detection. In turn, executives are looking to information systems and to IS auditors to help them meet their regulatory responsibilities. This article discusses SARBOX mandates and the intent of regulatory agencies. That understanding lays the foundation needed to develop holistic SARBOX compliance programs with information technology and business process improvements. Holistic compliance is an enterprisewide and long-term approach that views the new law as opportunities to improve internal controls and public reporting. Holistic compliance stands in contrast to simply complying with the rules or silo compliance; i.e., efforts scattered throughout business silos. We identify SARBOX requirements ("sections") concerning IS and IS research. Research areas to achieve minimal compliance include methods for IS assurance and auditing, risk management, and electronic records management (ERM). Research in business intelligence, data warehousing and mining, and supply chain management are necessary for holistic compliance that improves competitive position. While research efforts in these areas are not new, regulations have made them more compelling and urgent issues for senior management.


This study is the first to compare the integrative complexity of online user comments across distinct democratic political systems and in discussion arenas with different primary use functions. Integrative complexity is a psycho-linguistic construct that is increasingly used by communication scholars to study the argumentative quality of political debate contributions. It captures the sophistication of online user comments in terms of differentiation and integration, mapping whether a post contains different aspects or viewpoints related to an issue and the extent to which it draws conceptual connections between these. This study investigates user contributions on the public role of religion and secularism in society between August 2015 and July 2016 from Australia, the United States, Germany, and Switzerland. In each country, it analyzes user posts from the (a) website comment sections and (b) public Facebook pages of mainstream news media, from the (c) Facebook pages of partisan collective actors and alternative media, and from (d) Twitter. Almost as many user contributions implicitly or explicitly differentiate various dimensions of or perspectives on an issue as express unidimensional, simplistic thoughts. Conceptual integration, however, is rare. The integrative complexity of online user comments is higher in consensus-oriented than in majoritarian democracies and in arenas that are used primarily for issue-driven, plural discussions rather than preference-driven, like-minded debates. This suggests that the accommodative public debate cultures of consensus-oriented political systems and interactions with individuals who hold different positions promote more argumentatively complex over simple online debate contributions.


How best to support children and young people in foster care remains a challenge for child welfare. There has been little Australian research on the outcomes for children and young people placed in therapeutic foster care (TFC). This article aims to address this knowledge gap, presenting the evaluation of a state-wide model of TFC known as the Circle Program operating in Victoria, Australia. Data sources for the study were case assessment analysis; surveys of foster carers, program workers and other stakeholders in the sector; and both focus groups and individual interviews with foster care workers. The evaluation found that the Circle Program lessened the number of unplanned exits of children from foster placements compared with generalist foster care. Another important finding was that the Circle Program positively influenced foster carers' decisions to stay in the carer role. Key components perceived as contributing to outcomes of the Circle Program included enhanced training of foster carers, intensive carer support, specialist therapeutic support to the child and carer, therapeutic service to family members and a network of services to provide support to the child.


Three decades of conductor R&D, prototypes, model coils and actual fusion devices are reviewed with special attention to the drivers of the design. The conductor options are affected by the requirements typical of the fusion devices (large size and stored energy, high field, heat removal rate). The mechanical loads, operating voltage, ac loss and stability further restrict the freedom of the designer. On the other hand, the evolution of the available technologies for cryogenics and superconducting materials opens new frontiers for performance, reliability and cost. The lessons learned from the a dozen superconducting fusion devices are highlighted, starting from T-7, through MFTF, T-15, TRIAM, Tore Supra, LHD till the newest projects in construction, W-7X, EAST, SST-1, KSTAR. Some discussion is also devoted to the lessons that we keep refusing to learn


In the academic literature, two perspectives can be distinguished regarding the climate debate. The dominant consensus‐building perspective problematizes the politicization of climate change as an important barrier to climate action and resultantly sets out to develop depoliticizing communication strategies which foster social consensus and public engagement. In contrast to this, the critical debate perspective problematizes climate change's capture in a depoliticized consensus and calls for its repoliticization to revive democratic debate and citizenship. The aim of this article is twofold. First, we will distinguish both perspectives on the basis of their diverging problem diagnoses and recommendations. Second, we will argue how only the critical debate perspective provides the tools for transformative socioecological change based on both democratic debate and democratic citizenship. We conclude by discussing how this divergence is reflective of a larger split in the social sciences between problem‐solving and critical theory and how social scientists could contribute to democratic debate and citizenship. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:478–485. doi: 10.1002/wcc.405


Software Development Environments (SDE) require sophisticated database transaction models due to the long-duration, interactive, and cooperative nature of the software engineering activities. Such Extended Transaction Models (ETM) have been proposed and implemented by building application-specific databases for the SDEs. With the development of World Wide Web (WWW), there have been a number of efforts to build SDEs on top of the WWW. Using web servers as the databases to store the software artifacts provided us with a new challenge: how to implement the ETMs in such web-based SDEs without requiring the web servers to be customized specifically according to the application domains of the SDEs. This paper presents our experiences of integrating transaction services into web based SDEs. We evolved from the traditional approach of building a transaction management component that operated on top of a dedicated database to the external transaction server approach. A transaction server, called JPernLite, was built to operate independently of the web servers and provide the necessary extensibility for SDEs to implement their ETMs. The transaction server can be integrated into the SDE via a number of interfaces, and we discuss the pros and cons of each alternative in detail. Topics: Middleware, Groupware/CSCW


The first edition of this book was welcomed by probation and mental health personnel as an accessible guide to this complex area of law, covering the spectrum of special provision from the mentally disordered suspect at the police station through to the conditional discharge from hospital of restricted patients, including diversion from the criminal justice system, insanity and allied defences, community orders combining treatment and supervision, mentally disordered prisoners, guardianship orders, etc. Now completely revised and updated, the text considers proposals to reform the Mental Health Act and to introduce measures permitting the indefinite detention of persons with personality disorders considered to pose unacceptable risks to public safety. The book includes illustrative case examples of patient-offenders at point of sentence and their subsequent management from a legal perspective.


This article is on the hidden state interest that article 52(§1) of the Chinese Contract Law protects and the questionable applicability of freedom of contract to Chinese state-owned enterprises (hereafter "SOEs"). In common law, fraud and duress make a contract voidable. In Western civil law jurisdictions, including Louisiana, fraud and duress make a contract relatively null. Article 52(§1) of the Chinese Contract Law renders a contract induced by fraud and duress absolutely null (null and void if using common law terminology) when state interest is harmed. At the same time, according to article 54 of the Contract Law, fraud and duress only make a contract relatively null just like in Western laws. The situation is further complicated by article 58 of General Principles of Civil Law (hereinafter "G.P.C.L."), which renders all civil juristic acts absolutely null when induced by fraud and duress. To understand when a contract is null or annullable one has to reconcile these three statutory provisions and figure out what the state interest article 52(1) refers to. This article attempts to demystify this state interest through a historical survey of the evolution of contract law in the communist regime in China in comparison with the similar path Soviet civil law had gone through. If it simply means public interest, Chinese law is no different than the western counterparts. If it means something different, a secretive enlarged state power to declare nullity and invade freedom of contract might come with this law. Given the principal-agent relationship between the state and SOEs regarding the ownership rights of SOE assets, the absence of a sufficiently competitive market, the incentive incompatibility between the state and SOEs, an enlarged state power over contractual autonomy is therefore implied and justified. This article suggests that such a state interest be state-owned enterprises' financial interest, which is different from public interest. As a result, freedom of contract shall not be applicable to Chinese SOEs when ownership rights and a competitive market are missing, and a different interpretation of nullity law should be adopted to protect SOEs' financial interest.


This section is compiled from reports of recent events sponsored or run in cooperation with ACM SIGAI. In general these reports were written and submitted by the conference organisers.


We have selected the positions of 54 6.7 GHz methanol masers from the Methanol Multibeam Survey catalogue, covering a range of longitudes between 20° and 34° of the Galactic plane. These positions were mapped in the J = 3-2 transition of both the 13CO and C18O lines. A total of 58 13COemission peaks are found in the vicinity of thesemaser positions.We search for outflows around all 13CO peaks, and find evidence for high-velocity gas in all cases, spatially resolving the red and blue outflow lobes in 55 cases. Of these sources, 44 have resolved kinematic distances, and are closely associated with the 6.7 GHz masers, a subset referred to as Methanol Maser Associated Outflows (MMAOs). We calculate the masses of the clumps associated with each peak using 870 I¼m continuum emission from the ATLASGAL survey. A strong correlation is seen between the clump mass and both outflow mass and mechanical force, lending support to models in which accretion is strongly linked to outflow. We find that the scaling law between outflow activity and clump masses observed for low-mass objects, is also followed by the MMAOs in this study, indicating a commonality in the formation processes of low-mass and high-mass stars. © 2014 The Authors.


In this paper we take Do it Together! (DiT), a social complementary currency (CC) project in two Dutch municipalities, as an interesting example to show how action research with actual projects in the field can add greatly to the development and proliferation of CCs. We argue that action research, collaborative learning and actively sharing the lessons learned from the experiences can help CCs become sustainable and attractive models for use as valuable social (policy) tools in the future. We first describe how the participating organisations and businesses in DiT design and implement a social currency that binds the efforts of their different policies and strategies into a unified framework. Through this co-creative design process, the partners support one another in achieving their own objectives through rewarding desired behaviours of citizens and customers. Secondly, we identify challenges at different levels – micro, meso, and macro – to which the project partners have found several creative solutions. These strategies stem from a broad range of disciplines, bringing psychological, organisational, and institutional theories together in the design process and the resulting currency program. Finally, we assert that reflection on the dynamics and underlying mechanisms of these experiences and processes through action research can enrich a comprehensive understanding and improvement of CCs.


Nanoparticles (NPs) have a greater potential to travel through an organism via inhalation than any other larger particles, and could be more toxic due to their larger surface area and specific structural/chemical properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro biological effects of various inhalable metallic NPs (TiO2, Ag, Al, Zn, Ni). Human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) were exposed to various concentrations of NPs for 24 h. The extent of morphological damage was in the order of m-TiO2 > n-TiO2 > m-silica ≫ n-Ni ≈ n-Zn ≈ n-Ag ≈ n-Al and was affected in a dose-dependent manner. The extent of apoptotic damage measured with two-color flow cytometry was in the order of n-Zn > n- Ni > m-silica ≫ n- TiO2 > m- TiO2 > n-Al > n-Ag. The extent of apoptotic damage measured with DNA fragmentation was in the order of n-Zn ≈ m-silica > n- Ni ≫ m- TiO2 ≈ n- TiO2 ≈ n-Al > n-Ag, indicating no significant difference in the damages by both m-TiO2 and n-TiO2. The extents of apoptotic damages were also affected in a dose-dependent manner. Uptake of no other NPs but n-TiO2 and m-TiO2 into the cells was observed after 24 h exposure. The intracellular generation of ROS was significant with n-Zn but not with the other particles. These results demonstrated that various inhalable metallic NPs (TiO2, Ag, Al, Zn, Ni) could cause cell damages directly or indirectly. More detailed studies on the influence of size, structure, and composition of the NPs are needed to better understand their toxic mechanisms.


Efficient discovery of frequent itemsets in large datasets is a crucial task of data mining. In recent years, several approaches have been proposed for generating high utility patterns, they arise the problems of producing a large number of candidate itemsets for high utility itemsets and probably degrades mining performance in terms of speed and space. Recently proposed compact tree structure, viz., UP Tree, maintains the information of transactions and itemsets, facilitate the mining performance and avoid scanning original database repeatedly. In this paper, UP Tree (Utility Pattern Tree) is adopted, which scans database only twice to obtain candidate items and manage them in an efficient data structured way. Applying UP Tree to the UP Growth takes more execution time for Phase II. Hence this paper presents modified algorithm aiming to reduce the execution time by effectively identifying high utility itemsets.


BACKGROUND
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) involving drug-eluting stents is increasingly used to treat complex coronary artery disease, although coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG) has been the treatment of choice historically. Our trial compared PCI and CABG for treating patients with previously untreated three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease (or both).

METHODS
We randomly assigned 1800 patients with three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease to undergo CABG or PCI (in a 1:1 ratio). For all these patients, the local cardiac surgeon and interventional cardiologist determined that equivalent anatomical revascularization could be achieved with either treatment. A noninferiority comparison of the two groups was performed for the primary end point--a major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular event (i.e., death from any cause, stroke, myocardial infarction, or repeat revascularization) during the 12-month period after randomization. Patients for whom only one of the two treatment options would be beneficial, because of anatomical features or clinical conditions, were entered into a parallel, nested CABG or PCI registry.

RESULTS
Most of the preoperative characteristics were similar in the two groups. Rates of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events at 12 months were significantly higher in the PCI group (17.8%, vs. 12.4% for CABG; P=0.002), in large part because of an increased rate of repeat revascularization (13.5% vs. 5.9%, P<0.001); as a result, the criterion for noninferiority was not met. At 12 months, the rates of death and myocardial infarction were similar between the two groups; stroke was significantly more likely to occur with CABG (2.2%, vs. 0.6% with PCI; P=0.003).

CONCLUSIONS
CABG remains the standard of care for patients with three-vessel or left main coronary artery disease, since the use of CABG, as compared with PCI, resulted in lower rates of the combined end point of major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events at 1 year. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00114972.)


Alternative splicing changes are frequently observed in cancer and are starting to be recognized as important signatures for tumor progression and therapy. However, their functional impact and relevance to tumorigenesis remains mostly unknown. We carried out a systematic analysis to characterize the potential functional consequences of alternative splicing changes in thousands of tumor samples. This analysis revealed that a subset of alternative splicing changes affect protein domain families that are frequently mutated in tumors and potentially disrupt protein protein interactions in cancer-related pathways. Moreover, there was a negative correlation between the number of these alternative splicing changes in a sample and the number of somatic mutations in drivers. We propose that a subset of the alternative splicing changes observed in tumors may represent independent oncogenic processes that could be relevant to explain the functional transformations in cancer and some of them could potentially be considered alternative splicing drivers (AS-drivers).


When I look at critical work on Mark Twain, I am struck by the extent to which it has been invested in establishing Twain as the symptomatic American writer. He is seen as the creator of a new national American literary vernacular idiom, promulgator of quintessentially American values such as frontier spirit, and a champion of free speech and social criticism. These virtues in turn are then distilled as the defining elements of national character.
As a non-American national, I find something troubling in this approach. I do not dispute the validity of the established nationalist reading of Mark Twain per se. But I have found that my interest in the texts and the history with which they are involved is continually frustrated by this other insistence on the national parameters of the texts. I have always thought that I enjoy and value the texts, and yet am also aware that I do not value them for this reason. Is my valuation of the texts then invalid? What in any case is the basis for my valuation of them?
The more I have tried to answer this question, the more I have found that the nationalist-symptomatic readings of Twain are enmeshed with a deeply conservative nationalist politics. The nationalist-heroic approach is founded on a selective tradition, keeping the spotlight firmly on those Twain texts which sustain this reading. To question that selection and that reading is to open up an alternative current in the reception of Mark Twain's work, examining how the texts might be valued without necessarily endorsing an extreme form of cultural nationalism.
In the recent political climate in Britain and America, the figure of Mark Twain has been used as a kind of bridging figure. Twain is seen as a comic genius to whom we can all relate, thus creating a kind of fellow-feeling on both sides of the Atlantic and cementing the 'special relationship' between both countries. That this should occur during a period of jointly prosecuted aggressive overseas foreign policy on the two governments has suggestive political implications. In this regard it is interesting that one B.B.C. commentator on the funeral of Ronald Regan compared the up-bringing of President Regan to a Huckleberry Finn style idyll. Britons and Americans were invited to put all differences behind them through this nostalgic appeal to America's most established literary hero. It did not seem to strike anyone as odd that these invocations of nostalgia and rural idyll were greatly in contrast to the very un-idyllic foreign military pursuits being prosecuted by both nations at that very time.
There is a deep irony here, because this attempt at bridging two cultures masks an earlier and much more complicated bridge – in precisely this area of aggressive overseas expansion. Historically, the moment of British High Imperialism in the nineteenth century also signals the point at which America enters the world stage as a militaristic and pseudo-imperial power. When the US joined the European governments at the Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884-85, to negotiate commercial and territorial rights in the Congo basin, it had in effect become as much of an imperial power as Britain. Between these two expanding empires there was a good deal of traffic in commerce, culture, and ideas.
In this paper I wish to demonstrate that there is a political unconscious at work in late nineteenth-century American literature. This unconscious takes the form of a complicated negotiation of the relation between American and British political and imperial interests. I am using Twain as a case in point, to highlight this complexity.
The nineteenth century public sphere in America is one of great anti-imperial activity. This gives rise to the social criticism for which Twain is perhaps best known. Yet this criticism feeds into the established nationalist reading of Twain, where Twain and his characters are somehow taken to embody the voice of a nation's conscience and thus tell the nation all of the best things about itself.
My reading of Twain is more complex. I do not in any way dispute the idea that Twain was an important social critic - there is overwhelming evidence to support this view. But this approach to Twain seems insufficiently historical. There is also evidence to suggest that Twain's work, like much of late nineteenth century America, was inextricably bound up with the practices and ideologies of imperial Britain, even while the man himself was an outspoken critic of imperialism. I do not wish to score points against Twain personally, but I do wish to stress this important historical limiting factor. The historical congruence of British and American imperialism at this time was such that Twain's political criticism could not out flank it. Thus I wish to demonstrate how Twain's work was involved in the structure of American imperial expansion, despite his own egalitarian politics.
Implicitly here I shall be interrogating the concept of freedom – and the uses and abuses to which this word has been recently subject. The established nationalist reading of Twain sets Twain up as the moral mouthpiece of America, endlessly campaigning for freedom and justice. This move implicitly invites us to celebrate the conditions of freedom which enable such public critique in the first place. By highlighting the selective nature of such an appropriation of both freedom and Twain, I hope to bring the analysis up to date with a very urgent contemporary concern. For what Laura Chrisman has called the imperial unconscious binds Britain and America to imperial policies through this ratifying appeal to a notion of freedom. And this imperial unconscious has not yet obsolesced. On the contrary, in Iraq today, it may only just be reaching its zenith.


Context: This is a study on "pregnancy outcomes in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and thyroid autoimmunity," as the data from previous Indian studies is inconclusive. Aims: The aims were to evaluate pregnancy outcomes in SCH and to compare outcomes with and without thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs). We also looked at pregnancy outcomes in euthyroid in relation to TPOAb. Design: This is an observational, prospective, cohort study. Subjects and Methods: One Hundred (50 SCH and 50 euthyroid) pregnant women are recruited in the study. Samples are analyzed for thyroid stimulating hormone, free T4, and TPOAb. SCH women are treated with levothyroxine. Pregnancy outcomes that are, miscarriage, pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), gestational diabetes, preterm (PT) delivery, cesarean section (CS), Apgar score, and birth weight are recorded in follow-up. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired t-test and standard error of the difference between proportions are used for statistical analysis. P < 0.05 is considered as significantResults: Pregnancy outcomes between cases and controls, TPOAb positive and negative cases are similar. However, there is a significant increase of PT deliveries (10% vs. 0) and CS (36.73% vs. 15%) in cases when compared to TPOAb negativecontrols. PIH (6.67% vs. 0) is significantly higher in TPOAb positive controls when compared to TPOAb negative controls. Conclusions: Adverse pregnancy outcomes are not significantly higher in treated SCH when compared to euthyroid women, and TPOAb status have not affected the outcomes in SCH. However, there are significantly higher PT deliveries and need for CS in SCH compared to TPOAb negative euthyroid women. Euthyroid women with TPOAb are associated with significantly higher risk of PIH.


A chimeric, 25-mer peptide that targets prohibitin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Prohibitin-targeting peptide 1 (prohibitin-T P01) consists of a fat-targeting motif (CKGGRAKDC), two repeats of a proapoptotic peptide motif (KLAKLAK) and a GG linker. T his peptide binds specifically to prohibitin in the white adipose vasculature; upon receptor-mediated cell internalization, the ligand/receptor complex triggers apoptosis and results in ablation of white fat. Destruction of white fat may potentially have positive consequences for men with prostate cancer since a high level of white fat has been implicated as a critical contributing factor in poor prostate cancer outcome. Prohibitin, a multifunctional membrane-associated protein that is thought to regulate cell survival and growth, has been shown by immunohistochemical analysis to be expressed in the membrane of endothelial cells in white adipose tissue. Qeios · Definition, February 7, 2020


ABSTRACT In the South Indian city of Madurai, young women indicate ambivalent feelings about emblems of food globalization like fried chicken restaurant KFC. Here, the criticism extends beyond the multi-national company into a dichotomy people maintain between industrially produced broiler chicken and the indigenous "country chicken" raised at smaller scales. In this article, I draw on Foucauldian concepts of knowledge, discourse, and power to explore comparisons Tamils in Madurai provided for valuing country chicken over broiler chicken, and the extent to which these comparisons level critiques against globalization. I focus my analysis on women college students, because of the unique salience that concerns about chicken's effects on the body have for them as women of reproductive age. I argue their critiques of broiler chicken reflect discourses based on scientific knowledge, itself a globalized lingua franca, but also in local knowledge. Drawing on both knowledges, young women criticize globalization of the food system and the neoliberal political economy intertwined with it. My deconstruction of the hybridized discourses that they use to formulate their critiques reveals implicit but clear resistance to these processes. However, it also exposes spaces where disciplinary power is exerted on these women and in the rest of Tamil society.


This paper describes the results of using a reactive control software architecture for a mobile robot retrieval task in an outdoor environment. The software architecture draws from the ideas of universal plans and subsumption's layered control, producing reaction plans that exploit low-level competences as operators. The retrieval task requires the robot to locate and navigate to a donor agent, receive an object from the donor, and return. The implementation employs the concept of navigation templates (NaTs) to construct and update an obstacle space from which navigation plans are developed and continually revised. Selective perception is employed among an infrared beacon detector which determines the bearing to the donor, a real-time stereo vision system which obtains the range, and ultrasonic sensors which monitor for obstacles en route. The perception routines achieve a robust, controlled switching among sensor modes as defined by the reaction plan of the robot. In demonstration runs in an outdoor parking lot, the robot located the donor object while avoiding obstacles and executed the retrieval task among a variety of moving and stationary objects, including moving cars, without stopping its traversal motion. The architecture was previously reported to be effective for simple navigation and pick and place tasks using ultrasonics. Thus, the results reported herein indicate that the architecture will scale well to more complex tasks using a variety of sensors.


Acid mine water formation is a wide environmental problem that occurs especially in mines, but also anywhere else where the bedrock minerals produce acid when exposed to oxygenated waters due to excavation. Iron containing sulfide minerals are particularly problematic due to their efficient ability to produce acid. In a favorable case, acid mine drainage and process waters from mining industry can also be valuable sources of metals or other raw materials. Potential methods for the utilization of mine waters were searched from literature for this thesis. Examples of found alternatives were the selective separation of metals by precipitation and refining the components from mine water into construction materials, water purification chemicals or pigments.

The recovery of metals from acid mine water may require concentration of metals, which can be achieved by utilizing the evaporation process described in this thesis. The mechanical vapor recompression (MVR) evaporation process is an energy-efficient alternative method for neutralizing and precipitation of the metals, which are most often performed by chemical neutralization and precipitation. The applicability of the MVR-evaporation process was studied with pilot evaporation experiments for acid mine waters from mines X and Y. The process water from mine X was suitable for evaporation in the pilot plant, whereas mine drainage from mine Y caused remarkable corrosion in the equipment. Hence, based on the results of this study, the evaporation of the mine drainage from mine Y is not feasible with the pilot plant used. The reason for this is the steel grade used to construct the pilot plant equipment. In addition, mine drainage from mine Y formed lots of dregs into the evaporator, which is harmful for heat transfer and requires difficult and time-consuming washing sequences.

Corrosion experiments were conducted with the concentrate that was produced at the pilot evaporation experiment for the process water from mine X. Corrosion rate was defined with two electrochemical methods on the basis of applied currents and potentials. With the concentrate from mine X, the corrosion rate was observed to increase exponentially with temperature. The increase of the concentrate density increased the corrosion rate less than the temperature. In addition to the pilot experiments, the behavior and energy consumption of the evaporation process was evaluated by simulating the evaporation of water-sulfuric acid mixture in conditions corresponding to the pilot process experiments. The evaporation rate was observed to slow down after the sulfuric acid concentration reached of 25 mass-%. The MVR fan and the pumps in the pilot plant were found to be oversized in relation to the evaporator size.

As a conclusion, the applicability of an MVR-evaporation process for acid mine water treatment depends on the properties of the mine water. Pilot-scale evaporation experiments and laboratory-scale corrosion experiments are needed to study the applicability of mine waters for evaporation. The energy…


Green marketing is the marketing of products that are assumed to be environmentally friendly and environmentally safe. Green marketing incorporates a wide range of actions such as production process, product modification, packaging of products, and modifying advertisements. The green marketing movement is growing rapidly across the world. Consumer awareness and motivational campaigners are needed for the development of the green market. However, the mindset of women consumers has changed in recent times and they prefer green products. Compared to other countries, in India, awareness of green products like organic food and ecofriendly products is low. Indian women consumers have very little awareness of issues such as global warming. Green is gradually becoming the representative color of eco-consciousness in India. The growing consciousness of women buyers about the origin of merchandise and global environmental crisis provides a good opportunity for entrepreneurs to attract consumers. With this in mind, data was collected to ascertain the level of concentration, preference, satisfaction, non-usage, and attitudes of consumers towards green marketing. For this study, both primary and secondary data collection and statistical investigation are used to test the hypothesis. The study reveals the relationship between age and awareness, educational qualification and preference, employment status and satisfaction, monthly income and non-usage and media, and marketing of green products.


A polycrystalline sample synthesized through the thermal transformation of zeolite Na-LTA and originally described as standard nepheline was re-investigated. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proved the presence of a structure with a tripled c unit-cell parameter compared to that observed in classical nepheline. Consequently, the theoretical X-ray powder diagrams of all known trinepheline compounds were compared with the experimental powder pattern, leading to the conclusion that the material is actually a mixture of two phases. Rietveld refinement against XRPD data using structural models of (a) classical Na-nepheline (S. G. P 6 3 , a = 9.971(3), c = 8.349(2) A) and (b) monoclinic trinepheline (space group P 112 1 , a = 9.995(4), b = 9.963(4), c = 24.988(7) A, γ = 119.75(3) °) resulted in a satisfying agreement between calculated and observed step intensities (χ 2 = 1.96, R wp = 11.3, R p = 8.77). The additional quantitative analyses of the samples obtained in a temperature range of stability of nepheline (900–1100 °C) showed the presence of both structures, and also a gradual increase of the weight fraction of the monoclinic trinepheline phase with increasing temperature.


This book provides a comprehensive account of conversation in English and its implications for the ELT classroom. After a general overview and definition of conversation it provides the reader with a systematic description of conversational English, from the vocabulary of conversation, to grammar, discourse and genre. This is followed by an informed account of the development of conversation in both first and second language acquisition. It then describes a range of methodological approaches, procedures and techniques for teaching conversation in English. On this basis, an integrated approach to the teaching of conversation is provided, along with practical classroom applications.


The protagonist of Vladimir Nabokov's The Gift playfully dreamed of writing "A Practical Handbook: How to Be Happy." Now, Nabokov's own creative reader Lila Azam Zanganeh lends life to this vision with sly sophistication and ebullient charm, as she shares the delirious joy to be found in reading the masterpieces of "the great writer of happiness." Plunging into the enchanted and luminous worlds of Speak, Memory; Ada, or Ardor; and the infamous Lolita, Azam Zanganeh seeks out the Nabokovian experience of time, memory, sexual passion, nature, loss, love in all its forms, and language in all its allusions. She explores Nabokov's geography-from his Russian childhood to the landscapes of "his" America-suffers encounters with his beloved "nature," hallucinates an interview with the master, and seeks the "crunch of happiness" in his singular vocabulary. This beautifully illuminated book will both reignite the passion of experienced Nabokovians and lure the innocent reader to a well of delights as yet unseen.


Abstract After the ITER/EDA study, Japanese activities in fusion technology have been mainly devoted to DEMO reactors. The paper intends to overview these activities. With respect to the test blanket modules, solid breeder blankets with ferritic steel structure cooled by helium and water are being developed by JAERI in cooperation with universities and NIFS. Advanced blankets are being developed by universities and NIFS. In the area of tritium processing technology, R&D has been focused on the blanket tritium recovery technology. In terms of the superconducting magnet, JAERI has performed basic research for the Fusion Power Demonstration Plant, aiming at realization of toroidal filed higher than 13 T using innovative superconductors, such as Nb3Al and High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). In the R&D of negative ion based NBI technologies, a H- beam of 110 mA has been stably accelerated up to 0.9 MeV, which corresponds to the current density of 80 A/m2. A beam power of 13.1 MW at 180 keV has been injected from three injectors in the LHD N-NBI. With respect to the radio-frequency heating technology, development of 170GHz ITER gyrotron has been progressed to achieve a 500kW for 100 sec operation in JAERI. Long pulse injection for 766 sec with 72 kW at 84 GHz was achieved in a LHD ECH experiment.


The target of this investigation was to decide, if blend of prebiotics (entire wine grape seed flour) and probiotics (kefir-determined lactic corrosive microscopic organisms, LAB) could prompt synergistic synbiotic against corpulence impacts on fat mice. Grape seeds are high in polyphenols, including flavonols, especially proanthocyanidins. Mice were taken care of either with a high fat (HF, 47% fat calorie) or chow diet for five weeks. Mice on the HF diet that were more noteworthy in weight than mice took care of with chow were viewed as diet instigated stout (DIO). The DIO mice were taken care of with the HF or HF diet enhanced with 5% or 10% Chardonnay grape seed (ChrSd) flour in the mix of kefir-determined lactic corrosive microscopic organisms for about two months. Kept taking care of the HF diet enhanced with ChrSd and LAB brought about huge decline in weight increase, liver weight, fat weight, and plasma and hepatic lipid levels. ChrSd and LAB altogether improved insulin affectability. These progressions were increasingly significant by mix of ChrSd and LAB. Conceivable component might be identified with improved bioavailability of proanthocyanidins by activity of probiotic lactic corrosive microscopic organisms in the digestive tract. These outcomes recommend that joined elements of ChrSd and LAB are successful to decrease HF-actuated heftiness and insulin obstruction. These synergistic impacts could take care of an issue that a lot of prebiotics or probiotics consumption requires to apply comparable wellbeing gainful impacts.

Adjustments of intestinal microbiota by synbiotic activity of pre-and probiotics may give medical advantages to the host. In this investigation, high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA was utilized to break down intestinal microbiota in excrement, and the overall wealth of intestinal microscopic organisms was connected with physiological information from an earlier investigation of a synbiotic blend of flavonoid-rich wine grape seed flour (WGF) and two recently confined kefir lactic corrosive microorganisms (LAB) in diet-initiated stout mice. The blend of WGF and LAB improved watched operational ordered units and Chao1 file contrasted with WGF alone, demonstrating an expansion in the microbial network extravagance. The mix fundamentally upgraded wealth of Akkermansia muciniphila and Nocardia coeliaca and their bounty had an opposite relationship with body weight put on and fat weight. Taking everything into account, the synbiotic impacts of WGF and LAB on progress of high-fat-diet-instigated corpulence are firmly connected to redesigning intestinal microbiota. There is a noteworthy decrease of body weight addition and liver loads, plasma insulin focuses, and HOMA-IR in every single trial bunch contrasted with control. All out lipid substance, triglyceride, and low-thickness lipoprotein (LDL)- cholesterol centralizations of the liver are additionally altogether brought down. The mix of GSF and LAB further fundamentally influences cecum propionate content, plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST/GOT), and zonulin fixations, which is essentially connected with hepatic lipid content. Examination of hepatic microarray information uncovers that qualities identified with lipid blend, bile corrosive and cholesterol union, cancer prevention agent exercises, oxidative pressure, aggravation, and liver capacity are fundamentally balanced after the mix of GSF and LAB. End: These information recommend that improvement of HF-prompted hepatic steatosis after utilization of GSF and LAB is somewhat interceded by means of change of cecum propionate and intestinal porousness, which balances hepatic quality articulation. Pre-birth dexamethasone (DEX) introduction and high-fat (HF) admission are connected to hypertension. We inspected whether maternal melatonin treatment forestalls customized hypertension synergistically instigated by pre-birth DEX in addition to postnatal HF in grown-up posterity. We additionally analyzed whether DEX and melatonin causes renal programming utilizing cutting edge RNA sequencing (NGS) innovation. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rodents got intraperitoneal dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg) or vehicle from gestational day 16 to 22.

The circulatory strain was fundamentally expanded and the lipid profiles in serum including triglyceride, absolute cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol were essentially disintegrated. Additionally, hepatic harm was showed by a huge increment in alanine transaminase (ALT and aspartate transaminase (AST in serum. The RPA extricate fundamentally turned around these parameters, which uncovered that it could reduce the liver harm of rodents. In SHR, our outcome recommended that the antihypertensive dynamic of RPA concentrate might be identified with its impact on controlling serum nitric oxide (NO and endothelin (ET levels).


This study intends to investigate a new control structure using a model reference fuzzy controller based on state feedback integral control. Motivated by the fact that most of the controlled systems are nonlinear and subject to uncertainty. Hence, designing control structures which can satisfy these cases is essential. The state feedback control is one of the control methods; however this method does not show an appropriate performance when the non-zero disturbance is applied to the system. To cope with the mentioned drawback, using an integral control with state feedback would be an effective way. The classic state feedback integral control is considered as a beneficial way to control of linear or weakly nonlinear systems. For this reason, this paper concerns state feedback integral control using a model reference fuzzy controller. At the first stage of designed control approach, the nonlinear system is modeled by TS fuzzy. At the second stage, control method is discussed. The proposed controller is applicable to a broad class of nonlinear systems subject to non-zero disturbance. The simulation results applied to control of inverted pendulum, magnetic levitation and Chua's circuit systems, verify the high control accuracy and appropriate performance of the proposed controller.


The problem of assessing the significance of data mining results on high-dimensional 0-1 data sets has been studied extensively in the literature. For problems such as mining frequent sets and finding correlations, significance testing can be done by, e.g., chi-square tests, or many other methods. However, the results of such tests depend only on the specific attributes and not on the dataset as a whole. Moreover, the tests are more difficult to apply to sets of patterns or other complex results of data mining. In this paper, we consider a simple randomization technique that deals with this shortcoming. The approach consists of producing random datasets that have the same row and column margins with the given dataset, computing the results of interest on the randomized instances, and comparing them against the results on the actual data. This randomization technique can be used to assess the results of many different types of data mining algorithms, such as frequent sets, clustering, and rankings. To generate random datasets with given margins, we use variations of a Markov chain approach, which is based on a simple swap operation. We give theoretical results on the efficiency of different randomization methods, and apply the swap randomization method to several well-known datasets. Our results indicate that for some datasets the structure discovered by the data mining algorithms is a random artifact, while for other datasets the discovered structure conveys meaningful information.


Conservation easements have revolutionized land preservation during the past thirty years by permitting nonprofit organizations and governments to hold rights that prevent fee owners from altering the natural and ecological features of their land. There has also been an increase over recent years in the development of new energies, both renewables (solar and wind) and carbon-based (oil and gas) through the use of hydrofracturing combined with horizontal drilling ("fracking"). Questions have begun to emerge whether and how these two major directions — conservation easements and new energy development — are compatible, yielding a variety of reactions and answers. There have been some indications of conflicts coming to the fore such as a few decided cases involving fracking on conservation easement land, reports of differing views among conservation organizations about drilling on easement property; and community debate about siting wind turbines on easement land. This article examines the tension between conservation easements and new energy trends.Specifically, the article explores whether new energy creation can take place on a property that is subject to a conservation easement in light of the parties' express agreement and argues for specific interpretative devices that will best find the parties' intention, while respecting public policy considerations, when that intention is not made clear in the writing. It also analyzes the effect of the Internal Revenue Code and how federal deductibility has driven structuring of transactions and perhaps state policy goals. The article then examines whether a conservation easement subsequently can be amended by the fee owner and easement holder to permit new energy development and who must participate in this process. The article suggests that the rules concerning modification and termination need to be clarified. The current confusion potentially frustrates environmentally rational decisions and the vindication of other public policies. Finally, the article explores non-consensual alterations to conservation easements — by judicial action or eminent domain proceedings — that would permit new energy activities on the land and concludes that they are of limited application. Throughout, the article examines the issue of conservation easements and new energies by juxtaposing "environmentally friendly" renewables and "environmentally threatening" fracking in order to provide a deeper inquiry into the question and to force the various players to search for a result with fewer predispositions about preferred outcomes.


Perennial biomass crops (PBC) are considered a crucial feedstock for sustainable biomass supply to the bioeconomy that compete less with food production compared to traditional crops. However, large‐scale development of PBC as a means to reach greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation targets would require not only the production on land previously not used for agriculture, but also the use of land that is currently used for agricultural production. This study aims to evaluate agricultural market impacts with biomass demand for food, feed, and PBC in four bioeconomy scenarios ("Business as usual," "Improved relevance of bioeconomy," "Extensive transformation to a bioeconomy," "Extensive transformation to a bioeconomy with diet change") to achieve a 75% GHG reduction target in the emission trading sector of the EU until 2050. We simulated bioeconomy scenarios in the energy system model TIMES‐PanEU and the agricultural sector model ESIM and conducted a sensitivity analysis considering crop yields, PBC yields, and land use options of PBC. Our results show that all bioeconomy scenarios except the one with diet change lead to increasing food prices (the average food price index increases by about 11% in the EU and 2.5%–3.0% in world markets). A combination of the transformation to a bioeconomy combined with diet change toward less animal protein in the EU is the only scenario that results in only moderately increasing food prices within the EU (+3.0%) and even falling global food prices (–6.4%). In addition, crop yield improvement and cultivation of PBC on marginal land help to reduce increases in food prices, but higher land prices are inevitable because those measures have only small effects on sparing agricultural land for PBC. For a transition to a bioeconomy that acknowledges climate mitigation targets, counter‐measures for those substantial direct and indirect impacts on agricultural markets should be taken into account.


Genome-wide screens were performed in yeast to identify genes that enhance the toxicity of a mutant huntingtin fragment or of α-synuclein. Of 4850 haploid mutants containing deletions of nonessential genes, 52 were identified that were sensitive to a mutant huntingtin fragment, 86 that were sensitive to α-synuclein, and only one mutant that was sensitive to both. Genes that enhanced toxicity of the mutant huntingtin fragment clustered in the functionally related cellular processes of response to stress, protein folding, and ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolism, whereas genes that modified α-synuclein toxicity clustered in the processes of lipid metabolism and vesicle-mediated transport. Genes with human orthologs were overrepresented in our screens, suggesting that we may have discovered conserved and nonoverlapping sets of cell-autonomous genes and pathways that are relevant to Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.


The feasibility of design and demonstration of a cell control system to function in the fully integrated manufacturing environment independent of the parts produced or the manufacturing processes involved was investigated. A hierarchical control structure was used. Free standing implementations of a cell controller, a workstation controller, and programmable device interfaces were designed. The system is data driven, and was designed to use the manufacturing databases that exist in the computer integrated manufacturing environment. Operation of the cell controller and its interaction with the rest of the system was demonstrated in real-time by simulating the computer integrated manufacturing environment on microcomputers connected to each other via communication links. CHAPTER


Recent legislation has drawn attention to the increasing number of children with disabilities being cared for at home by their parents (the Department of Health estimates 98.5%). These children meet the criteria for 'children in need' in Part III of the Children Act 1989, and for care management introduced under the National Health and Community Care Act 1990. This study undertaken in the early 90's at the cusp of these reforms, seeks to explore the probable gap between the carefully argued and eminently logical proposals of the Department of Health in their policy objectives for children with disabilities and the practice implications for carers. Existing research in this area has concentrated on the impact of having a disabled child on the family and as a financial liability. Evaluation of community care has been directed towards organisational change and the implications for public spending. The intention here is to examine parents' experiences as care managers of their children's health, education and social care provisions, since consumer experiences are integral to the market philosophy underpinning the reforms. Young children with cerebral palsy have been chosen as an example of a severely disabling condition, and attention has been restricted to children of under 8 in the north London area. The research methods used are direct, non-participatory child observation, a postal questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. In total, 58 families participated in this study. In addition, facilities in 3 London boroughs and 2 specialist treatment centres were examined in depth. The findings are discussed in 4 sections (cerebral palsy as a disabling condition, health, education and personal social services) in accordance with the Children Act Guidance Volume 6, which emphasises the contribution of each of these areas and the need to take into account interdisciplinary collaboration. As there is a wide-ranging, relevant literature crossing many professional disciplines and subject areas, literature reviews are included in each of the sections. In conclusion, the findings are discussed in relation to improving service provision; future research potential, and the training needs of professionals involved in 'normalising' the lives of children with cerebral palsy and their families.


On 3 September 2014 the Grand Chamber of the Court of Justice of the European Union ('CJEU') issued its decision in Case C-201/13 Johan Deckmyn and Another v Helena Vandersteen and Others ('Deckmyn'). This was a reference for a preliminary ruling from the Brussels court of appeal, seeking clarification as to the notion of parody under Article 5(3)(k) of Directive 2001/29 (the 'InfoSoc Directive'). This provision allows Member States to introduce into their own copyright laws an exception or limitation to the rights of reproduction, communication and making available to the public, and/or distribution, for the purpose of caricature, parody or pastiche. It does so without providing a definition of these concepts.Having clarified that 'parody' is an autonomous concept of EU law, in its ruling the CJEU held that this must be understood according to its usual meaning in everyday language. A parody has just two essential characteristics: first, to evoke an existing work while being noticeably different from it and, secondly, constitute an expression of humour or mockery. The CJEU also stated that the person who owns the copyright to a work has a legitimate interest in ensuring that this is not associated with the message conveyed by its parody if it is discriminatory/racist.This decision is topical to EU debate on copyright exceptions and limitations in Article 5 of the InfoSoc Directive, as well discourse around activism – rather than mere activity – of the CJEU in this area of the law. Thus, the relevance of the Deckmyn decision is not confined to the sole topic of parody. Similarly to what has happened in relation to other aspects of copyright, e.g. the originality requirement and the notion of work – also in this case the Court might have pursued some sort of de facto harmonization, notably with regard to moral rights.The present contribution is structured as follows. The first part explains the background to this reference, and summarizes the Opinion of Advocate General ('AG') Cruz Villalon on 22 May 2014 and the subsequent findings of the CJEU. The second part discusses specific aspects of the Opinion and the ruling. First, the practical implications of the decision are reviewed. Secondly, the systematic impact of the Deckmyn case is addressed, including the actual harmonizing force of Article 5 of the InfoSoc Directive, as well as whether this ruling has introduced trade marks concepts into EU copyright (notably tarnishment), or even harmonized moral rights.


ABSTRACT
This study bears upon the 'Heidegger case,' that is, the relation of Heidegger's philosophizing to
his political involvements as Rector of the University of Freiburg 1933-4, and his subsequent
silences on the subject of the Holocaust. I use the phrase 'bears upon' for Heidegger's political
involvement will serve as the 'horizon' for the study, my concern being the genesis of Heidegger's
position.
Grounded in a musical 'intuition' and attunement, I take up the Nietzschean cipher for
understanding proposed by Heidegger himself for the self-understanding of the German people: the
Apollonian-Dionysian duality, which I apply to the 'being' of Heidegger's own philosophizing.
Through this approach I hope to make an original contribution to Heidegger scholarship by showing
that Heidegger's fundamental ontology is overdetermined, evolving out of both the phenomenological
demand for a rigorous method in establishing fundamental structures of existence and - at the same
time – out of an Apollonian attempt to 'tame' Dionysian existence, including Heidegger's own.
Inextricably interlinked will be the argument that Heidegger's Auseinandersetzung, his
'confrontation,' with Nietzsche precedes the overt engagement of his 'Nietzsche' lectures of the
1930s, and, further, that this more pervasive concern with Nietzsche figures in the
Apollonian-Dionysian strife within Heidegger's thinking and within his 'being.' Heidegger's
silences in the face of the Dionysian - as well as the Auseinandersetzung with Nietzsche - will be
seen to precede his 'silence' in the face of the actuality and history of the Third Reich. What I
am proposing one might characterize as Heidegger's Auseinandersetzung - through Nietzsche - with

v

Heidegger, in a disclosure of the ontic roots of Heidegger's ontology, an exercise in his own
hermeneutics of facticity.
I will pursue the trace of the Apollonian-Dionysian duality: in the Western philosophical tradition
which Heidegger confronts, using Husserl and Nietzsche as exemplars; in Heidegger interpretation;
in the relation between his texts and his letters; and in the suppressions and intensifications
within Being and Time. And I will propose that the fugue and the mutually generative duality of
suppression and intensification within Heidegger's academic thinking were conditions of the
possibility of Heidegger's 'way' towards political involvement.


Frazer, with Freud, Marx, and Jung, is one of the thinkers who have had a deep and pervasive influence on modern literature. One of the great nineteenth-century syntheses, "The Golden Bough" was the culmination of a century of investigations into myth and ritual. John Vickery locates "The Golden Bough" in the context of its age and shows how, by gathering up many strands of nineteenth-century thought, it embodied the dominant intellectual tradition shaping the modern spirit.The author's intimate acquaintance with an extraordinary range of modern literature enables him to demonstrate the variety of strategies that poets and novelists have used to assimilate "The Golden Bough" in their individual attitudes and preoccupations. The remaining chapters of the book are devoted to extended discussions of the intellectual, thematic, and format impact of "The Golden Bough" on Yeats, Eliot, Lawrence, and Joyce.Originally published in 1973.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


The Australian Great Barrier Reef (GBR) is one of the world's best known natural ecosystems (Devlin and Schaffelke 2012). The catchments that drain into the GBR are best known for productive agricultural land that supports extensive grazing enterprises as well as croplands supporting sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), banana (Musa spp.), vegetables, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and grain industries. The sugar industry is based in closest proximity to the GBR lagoon, with sugarcane farms predominantly located in the coastal areas of these catchments. Sugarcane fields therefore have the potential to impact the quality of water entering the GBR lagoon through off farm movement of nutrients and pesticides, so careful management is warranted to limit any offsite impacts. Recent management practice changes in these coastal cropping systems have led to small but significant reductions in nutrient and sediment loads (Fabricius et al. 2014). Lower nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates have resulted in some reduction in offsite N movement (Webster et al. 2012), but the extent to which further N rate reductions are possible without having an impact on sugarcane productivity has yet to be explored. In this article, we discuss the impact of contrasting management systems on N losses in runoff from sugarcane farming…


Passive tags based on backscattered signals yield low energy consumption for large-scale applications of RFIDs. In this paper, system architectures and protocol enhancements for fast identifications in ISO/IEC 18000-6C systems that integrate UWB technology are investigated. The anti-collision protocol is studied by considering various tag populations. A novel algorithm is proposed to adapt the UHF air interface parameters with the use of UWB ranging information. The results show that the proposed algorithm yields up to 25% potential performance improvement compared to the ISO/IEC 18000-6C standard.


The turn of the twenty first century witnessed important shifts in punishment practices. The most shocking is mass incarceration - the exponential rise in prisoners in state and federal penitentiaries and in county jails beginning in 1973. It is tempting to view these developments as evidence of something new that emerged in the 1970s - of a new culture of control, a new penology, or a new turn to biopower. But it would be a mistake to place too much emphasis on the 1970s since most of the recent trends have antecedents and parallels in the early twentieth century. It is important, instead, to explore the arc of penality over a longer course: to relate recent developments to their earlier kin at the turn of the twentieth century. What that larger perspective reveals is that the pattern of confinement and control in the past century has been facilitated by the emergence and gradual dominance of neoliberal penality. By neoliberal penality, I have in mind a form of rationality in which the penal sphere is pushed outside political economy and serves the function of a boundary: the penal sanction is marked off from the dominant logic of classical economics as the only space where order is legitimately enforced by the state. This essay traces a genealogy of neoliberal penality going back to the emergence and triumph of the idea of natural order in economic thought - back to the Physiocratic writings of Francois Quesnay and other economists during the 1760s. It is precisely their notion of natural order that metamorphosed, over time, into the modern idea of market efficiency that is at the heart of neoliberal penality.


Abstract. In stressful environments many plant species are only able to survive if they benefit from the facilitative effect of "nurse" species. Typically, these nurses are species adapted to the stressful environmental conditions that favor the formation of vegetation patches, where other, less-adapted species can be established. However, ecological interactions can be influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. In this study we quantified the effect of grazing and aridity on the patch structure of gypsophilous plant communities and the role that gypsophytes, species adapted to gypsum soils, play in structuring these communities. Specifically, we created signed networks (networks with positive and negative links) at grazed and ungrazed sites in two areas in the middle Ebro Valley, Spain, that differed in aridity. We built networks connecting plant species with positive and negative links derived from the spatial associations between species. Then, we divided networks in partitions which represented the different vegetation patches present in the community. We found that vegetation patches were more specific (same species always were associated in the same patch type) in high aridity and grazed sites, where environmental conditions were the most stressful and many species persisted by associating with nurse species. Gypsophytes were more important aggregating species than nongypsophytes in grazed high aridity sites. Independently of study sites, gypsophyte shrubs acted as nurses, but small gypsophytes segregated from other species and formed monospecific patches. In conclusion, grazing and aridity influenced the patch structure of gypsophilous plant communities. Gypsophytes played an important role structuring the patch community, but this importance depended on environmental conditions and the identity of gypsophyte.


The construction industry has a stigma for construction projects often being behind schedule, delayed, or delivered late. Many projects that find themselves in this predicament will utilize overtime to make up for the loss in schedule. However, a number of published studies shows evidence that extended overtime produces a decrease in labor productivity. Does the structure of the 40-hour work week have an affect on this loss of production with overtime? This paper will examine the structure of the 40-hour work week with an emphasis on a 4-day, 10-hour day schedule as well as overtime productivity. This study explores the perspectives of industry professionals, working in commercial construction in the Northwest, on the 40-hour workweek structure and overtime. A survey was created to analyze what the industry believes to be the best structure of the 40-hour work week with regards to working overtime. As a result of the survey, 50% of industry professionals considered a five 8-hour days workweek structure is the most productive schedule, while the other 44% of industry professionals considered a 4 10-hour days workweek structure to be more productive.


The more recent waves of regionalism in Latin America have been associated, respectively, with structuralist, neoliberal and post-liberal economic and political experiments in the region. Structuralist regionalism was inaugurated in the 1950s and somehow survived until the 1970s; open regionalism followed in the 1980s and 1990s, and was replaced, to a certain extent, during the next decade by postliberal regionalism. However, the limits, if not demise, of post-liberal experiments in the most important economies of Latin America pose the question of the future of regionalism. In this changing situation, this paper explores several questions that rise about the future of regionalism in Latin America. Will regionalism hold sway in Latin America? Will present integration schemes continue in the region? Will new entities arise? Will there be a convergence in diversity between integration projects in Latin America? Will the new context of global uncertainties lead to a revival of regionalism?


Financial decisions, be they related to asset building or debt management, require the capacity to do calculations, including some complex ones. But how numerate are individuals, in particular when it comes to calculations related to financial decisions? Studies and surveys implemented in both the United States and in other countries that are described in this paper show the level of numeracy among the population to be very low. Moreover, lack of numeracy is not only widespread but is particularly severe among some demographic groups, such as women, the elderly, and those with low educational attainment. This has potential consequences for individuals and for society as a whole because numeracy is found to be linked to many financial decisions. Now more than ever, numeracy and financial literacy are lifetime skills necessary to succeed in today's complex economic environment.


The purpose of this article is to describe the design, development and process evaluation of a preconception counselling resource (a DVD) for women with pre-gestational diabetes.

DVD design and development centred on two key stakeholders ('DVD user group' and 'professional advisory group') working alongside a professional multimedia company. The DVD user group provided feedback on preferred DVD style, and informed modifications and improvements. The professional advisory group prepared the script, and ensured content and face validity. Evaluation of the DVD's acceptability and usefulness was assessed among women with diabetes via a postal questionnaire.

Development phase: the resulting DVD is a 45-minute programme with three parts, featuring eight women with diabetes sharing their views and experiences, alongside an evidence-based commentary. The programme focuses on the importance of preventing an unplanned pregnancy (highlighting contraception) and on essential planning advice.

Evaluation phase: 97 women (89 with type 1 and 8 with type 2 diabetes) evaluated the DVD using a rating scale of 0–10. Mean (SD) scores were: 9.1 (1.3) for quality; 9.0 (1.4) for content; 8.8 (1.5) for interest; 8.7 (1.8) for usefulness; 7.8 (2.2) for knowledge acquisition; and 8.0 (2.1) for knowledge confirmation.

This combined user and multi-professional advisory group approach has produced an innovative and highly acceptable preconception counselling resource for women with diabetes. The development process and outcome evaluation are an important point of reference for future educational programmes. Future research will evaluate the impact of this preconception counselling resource on pregnancy planning indicators and pregnancy outcome. Copyright © 2013 FEND. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This datasheet on Peromyscus fraterculus covers Identity, Overview, Distribution, Dispersal, Diagnosis, Biology & Ecology, Environmental Requirements, Natural Enemies, Impacts, Prevention/Control, Further Information.


A sero-prevalence survey of Toxoplasmosis
in domestic animals (camels, cattle, sheep and goats) was conducted in the Benadir
region of Somalia from January to July 2014 to determine the status of the disease.
A total of 151 sera were tested, 64 camels; 28 cattle; 29 sheep and 30 goats, for
the presence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using Latex Agglutination Test (LAT). Totally
about 15.9% (24/151) of studied animals showed sero-positive. The sero-prevalence
was found in 6.3% of 64 camels, 7.1% of 28 cattle, 34.5% of 29 sheep and 26.7% of
30 goats. The antibody titres to T. gondii positive sera were 2 (8.3%), 9 (37.5%), 4 (16.7%), 4 (16.7%), 4 (16.7%), 1 (4.2%)
and 0 (0%) by dilution of 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64 and 1:128 respectively.
Out of 151 domestic animals (45 male and 106 female), 8 (5.3%) males and 16 (10.6%)
females were infected with T. gondii.
The study recommends the need for further researches in the whole country using
different serological tests and to determine the impact of these findings on the
human population. It would be important to increase public awareness on zoonotic
potential of Toxoplasmosis.


The Foucault influenced Opium and the People (1981) has generated considerable interest in its dealing with the construction of the medico-legal persona of the addict and has come to dominate many different interdisciplinary areas of study. An important critique of this work can be found in Henry Bryan Spear's response to criticisms of civil servant Sir Malcolm Delevigne. These points reveal the operation of the repressive hypothesis in drugs discourse. The limitations of Opium and the People call for a fuller genealogical analysis of the subject of addiction. Discipline and Punish (1991a) and History of Sexuality Part One (1998) are the publications closely associated with the genealogical period of Foucault's thought. The earlier publication of History of Madness (2006a) and Foucault's lecture series also enable further interesting insights into the hermeneutics of addiction. One minor area for Opium and the People is the emergence of injection drug use and this phenomenon represents the focus of this thesis. It is through the story of the hypodermic syringe that we can see with more detail how the hermeneutic processes that were intended to eradicate opium use for pleasure ultimately led to the spread of intravenous injection. Beginning with the structural elision of the pain controlling from the pleasure producing elements of opium we can see the unexpected consequences of utopianism in the form of an outbreak of intravenous knowledge in the 1920s New York City following the imposition of a total prohibition on opiates. Through the tale of the hypodermic we can see the creation of the modern day 'Tom Thumb horror', the influence of confessional technology and the importance of resistance to bio-technico power in the creation of the phenomenon of intravenous injection drug use.
In Part One: 'Self and Truths' I outline the methodological project, the role of Friedrich Nietzsche's thought upon Foucault's idea of history. Here we will establish the core elements of Foucault's genealogical method with a specific emphasis on the importance of the repressive hypothesis as outlined in The History of Sexuality Part One (1998) for the creation of the pejorative archetype of the junkie.
In Part Two: 'Structure, Monsters and Poets' the importance of Descartes' thought on the experimental enquiry into the control of pain are considered along with the inability to include the euphoria that opium induces. The importance of the History of Madness (2006a) is developed in this section as a key problem in our comprehension of the prohibitive response to the pleasures that are associated with opium. This section considers the importance of juridical process in the creation of the 'Tom Thumb horror', a process whereby legal case law is linked to broader medical and legal processes, thus enabling the creation of medico-legal persona that are related to specific jurisprudence. The importance of the creation of the idea of inebriety and the link developed between opium and alcohol enables us to observe this ongoing process. I consider the role of Thomas DeQuincey and Samuel Taylor Coleridge in the creation of the opium eater and the mysterious process whereby these musings became established as legal and medical facts. The significance of DeQuincey's Stoic method of introspection and its impact on the creation of a new medical condition is developed.
In Part Three: 'The Needle, Inebriety and Resistance', I explore the invention of the hypodermic and its spread across the globe. I look at the ongoing legal process that led to the abolition and the creation of an industry around a new medico-legal identity of the opium eater. The decline of the opium trade and the eventual prohibition are set against a paradoxical response of a small proportion of opium users that provides clear empirical evidence of a phenomenon that Foucault termed resistance. The importance of the relationship between hermeneutics, public policy and resistance in the creation of the conditions that led to the spread of the knowledge of intravenous injection forms the basis of the main conclusion of this study. In the final section I explore the implications of this study in the present-day and consider a Cynic alternative to the Stoic view of opium addiction.


Author(s): Cooper, Kyle | Abstract: Obesity turns out to be the most common problems among people in big cities. As compared to men, women feel more distressed when they fail to reduce their weight, even after several months of strict diet plan.If you are one of those women, who end up feeling disappointed because of your failure in losing weight, don't get downhearted as you are not alone. The only thing that you need to learn and try is the The Fat Decimator System. What Is This Product All About? You must be wondering how this product can offer the best solution for your weight loss problem, which may have last for years now.There are hundreds of similar e-books, which claim to be the best theory in shedding pounds. What makes this product special is its extraordinary theories about a healthy lifestyle.It is especially created for people, who are older than 30 years old. 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The contemporary crafts movement was a phenomenon in the Western world, including
Australia, from the 1940s.
Its roots were in the philosophies of the British Arts and Crafts movement of the late 19th
century, and in the simultaneous expression of ideals of a new democracy through
community life that included aspirations towards self-suffiency through crafts production.
It was encouraged by progressive education policies from the 1920s and the related model
of expressive individualism in the United States from the 1940s. It also reflected post-war
responses to ideals of economic 'progress', to domestic consumerism, to new industrial
products and processes and to the development of Modernism in art, design and industry.
The leaders of the contemporary crafts movement used the terms 'the crafts' or 'craft' as
an umbrella for a wide range of practices under which to present a perception of cohesive
identity and political force. In the early 1970s the movement gained the support of
government funding, influenced the inclusion of crafts courses in educational institutions
and developed a wide popular marketplace.
The contemporary crafts movement's early ideals and values placed an emphasis on the
revival or re-invention of traditions of skilfully making beautiful, utilitarian objects by
hand from natural materials. From the late I 960s, however, in seeking the status of art
and artists, an increasing number of craftspeople started to pursue instead, the ideals
followed by the fine arts at that time, ideals that themselves shifted during the 1970s and
;.vere contrary to crafts traditions.
This thesis will review the historical background of the Australian contemporary crafts
movement's pursuit of art ideals, discuss the tensions that developed between different
philosophies of crafts practice and account for the parallel relationship with design and
industry. In particular, it will review the subsequent effect of the crafts movement's
pursuit of art ideals.
While the influence of art ideals clearly served to successfully challenge conservative
aspects of crafts traditions, I will argue that the pursuit of these ideals also contributed to
a loss of identity in crafts practice, a loss that has been under review from the mid-I 980s.
I will argue that craftspeople should have confidence in acknowledging and valuing the
wider histories and traditions that underlie their contemporary practice, including, but not
without critical appraisal of, the influence of contemporary art values.