Purpose The objective of this study was to compare the initial safety and efficacy of a novel 30% ethanol/4% sodium citrate catheter-locking solution to heparin in a hemodialysis population. Methods This was a prospective, randomized, pilot study of 40 hemodialysis patients randomized to a 30% ethanol/4% sodium citrate or heparin 1000 units/mL locking solution. The primary outcome was identification of any serious adverse events over the study duration. Secondary outcomes included the rate per 1000 catheter days for catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI), alteplase use, catheter dysfunction, and catheter removal. Results Three serious adverse events were reported as possibly related to the catheter solutions. Only one CRBSI was observed during the study in the heparin arm. The rate of alteplase use was 1.5/1000 catheter days in the heparin arm compared to 2.8/1000 catheter days in the ethanol/citrate arm (rate ratio = 1.85, 90% CI 0.48, 7.07, p value = 0.45), while the rate of catheter dysfunction was 6.8/1000 catheter days in the heparin arm compared to 1.9/1000 catheter days in the ethanol citrate arm (rate ratio = 0.27, 90% CI 0.10, 0.74, p value = 0.04). Catheter survival to first catheter outcome was longer in the ethanol/citrate group compared to heparin and there were no catheter removals due to bacteremia or thrombosis. Conclusions The ethanol/sodium citrate locking solution was safely used in this study. It appears to prevent CRBSI and may improve catheter survival compared to heparin. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01394458.


The Christian Churches in Australia are not only present in parishes and congregations but are also involved in a wide range of activities in the fields of social welfare, human services and social policy. The historical legacy of this involvement is organisationallydiverse and represents a significant presence in public policy in Australia. With the shift to contracting as a funding technology for social welfare and human services in the 1990s, church-related agencies found themselves engaging in new ways with government. Nearly two decades later there has been relatively little research into the impact of the shift to contracting on these agencies, leaving unanswered the question as to whether, or not, they have now become simply an extension of the state. Driven by that fundamental question, this thesis is a theologically-informed inquiry into the impact of the shift to government contracting for social welfare and human services with 'church-related' agencies in Australia between 1996 and 2013. It has been undertaken to contribute both to the empirical evidence on the impact of contracting with government on these agencies and to assist agencies in reflecting on their mission, in the light of the impact of this pattern of engagement. The inquiry is shaped by its subject, and its institutional, sociological and theological contexts, rather than a specific discipline. The disciplines, and the theoretical insights drawn on for the research and the interpretation of the findings were chosen for both their theoretical utility and analytical relevance, including theology, Australian welfare history, the sociology of religion, the sociology of organisations and public policy. An account of how the movement across disciplinary boundaries is undertaken is laid out at the beginning of the inquiry. Theologically the inquiry commences with articulations and developments of the tensions of exilic identity in seeking the flourishing of the city, the secular and sacred character of the contemporary state and how these are manifested in the maintenance of identity and mission for church-related agencies. The sociological processes of isomorphism, and organisational secularisation, provide the theoretical grounding for exploring how these theological themes are manifested against the distinctive background of the Australian settlement of church-state engagement in social welfare provision. The research involved analysis of publicly-available documentation including annual reports and strategic plans from a range of church-related social welfare and human services agencies, denominational coordinating bodies, as well as extensive interviews with senior staff and board members on the impacts of, and agency responses to, contracting. The analysis explored issues of financial dependency, ecclesial connection, governance and tactics of response and resistance. The findings included the importance of intentionality by leadership and management of agencies in owning the mission and identity of agencies along with settings of governance, funding, communication of theological commitments to staff of agencies that seem to be conducive to maintenance of identity and mission. These findings are reported through a number of narratives that spell out the processes by which some church-related agencies became an extension of the state and, by contrast, tactics of response and resistance that enabled other agencies to retain identity and continue their mission. A significant and unanticipated finding was of the emergence of a sector-level response, through the expansion and development of denominational coordinating agencies that facilitated a continuing policy advocacy role by church-related agencies in their relationship with government.


The study is aimed at developing a method for using a new, organic drug – lithium ascorbate. The aim of the work is to develop a new, more effective and more physiological way to combat all forms of stress in farm animals to increase productivity. Lithium ascorbate is an adaptogen preparation capable of becoming one of the new effective and physiological elements of pork production biotechnology rationalization. The experiment was carried out on 5 groups of pregnant sows of Landrace breed (4 experimental and 1 control sows) with 5 heads each. After 30 days of fruitful insemination of sows 1, 2, 3 and 4 groups received daily with food lithium ascorbate in powder form in the dose of 10; 5; 2; 0.5 mg/kg of live weight, respectively. Weighing was carried out before the introduction of the drug. Repeated weighing was carried out in 2 and 3 months after fertilization and just before farrowing. In the blood plasma was determined dialdehyde, restored glutathione, oxidized glutathione, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, total protein, lipoprotein fraction is HDL, LDL, VLDL, thiol-disulfide ratio (SH/SS); activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. It is established that the introduction of feed sows at a dosage of 10, 5 and 2 mg/kg of body weight, ascorbate, lithium exhibits a pronounced adaptogen and stress-protection properties, supported on a physiological level, the dynamics of cortisol and progesterone during pregnancy. Lithium ascorbate contributes to increase of nonspecific resistance, growth of gestating sows, the tread in relation to technological and spontaneous stressors. The obtained data indicate that lithium ascorbate in sows in all studied parameters was effective, affecting lipid-cholesterol metabolism, glutathione reduction system and as a result, increasing the safety, live weight and reproductive function of sows. The experimental verification of the developed dose, scheme and method of administration, lithium ascorbate based on a set of biochemical and physiological parameters confirmed the validity of the proposed concept on the possibility of creating with its help new methods of effective and physiological management of behavioral reactions, non-specific resistance and productivity of animals.


The purpose of this investigation is to assess the attitudes, expectations and demands, both physical and mental, perceived and experienced by Football Association Premier League referees in England during the 1998-99 season. To this end a mailed self-report questionnaire was completed by 72 per cent of the Premier League referees (n=13) at the time of the investigation. Responses to the questionnaire revealed considerable differences between participants in perceived fitness requirements and actual fitness conditioning undertaken throughout a Premier League season. The results also suggest that mental preparation is a consideration amongst those Premier League referees surveyed but the use of sport psychology to assist this consideration is limited. All those referees surveyed indicated that they had been subjected to a number of violent and abusive situations as a result of officiating in the Premier League. The sample also possessed diverse opinions on the proposed role of the professional full-time referee and also on the use of technology to assist the referee in decision making. A clear lack of published research literature on football officiating in England meant supporting this investigation became increasingly complex. Nevertheless, these data are discussed in terms of providing recommendations that may benefit the Premier League referee and also suggest directions for future research.


Vocal learning in birds is a complex animal behavior with several parallels to vocal learning in humans. Early experiments in the 70s showing that juvenile birds could learn their species' normal song presented only through loudspeakers led to the general notion that social interactions are unnecessary for song learning. These views were soon challenged, and after decades of research we know that different social factors influence song learning. Here, I discuss recent research that is getting us closer to understanding how. Juvenile birds in the wild are exposed to both direct and indirect interactions with singing adults, which can be relevant to different aspects of the learning process. The exposure to a potential living tutor may trigger or enhance the learning process, but direct interaction with a tutor producing the song type that is finally learned or incorporated to the repertoire is not required. Social interactions that the learner witnesses may be more important in determining which songs are included in the final repertoire of an adult bird. Further research is also required to better understand the role of interactions with females, not by providing a model song to imitate but by exhibiting responses contingent to juveniles practicing their songs.


Reluctance step motors are the electromechanical componets to engineering applications stems from their low cost, reliability and controllability. Because torque depends only on the square of the applied stator currents and not on their direction, these machines can be operated from unidirectional drive systems, reducing the cost of the power electronics. The paper deals with mathematical and dynamic model of the reluctance step motor. The model was realised under the assumption that motor works in linear part of magnetization characteristic. the dynamic model was realised by means of the Matlab-Simulink program.


The effects of moisture on nonlinear baroclinic eddies are examined in the context of a horizontally homogeneous two-layer quasigeostrophic model. Using an explicit equation for moisture and a simple parameterization of latent heat release, the present study focuses on how moisture affects the statistically steady state of a baroclinically unstable flow. It is shown that, when latent heating is weak, the flow is dominated by jets and baroclinic waves, just as in the corresponding dry model. In this regime, the concept of an effective static stability can be used, which allows one to interpret some aspects of the moist simulations in terms of an equivalent dry model. It is found that a useful way of diagnosing the effective static stability is by relating it to the eddy fluxes of moisture and moist potential vorticity; no a priori theory for its value is presented here. As the strength of latent heating is increased, the flow rather suddenly becomes vortex dominated, with an asymmetry between strong low-level cyclones and weak anticyclones that has no analog in the dry model. It is argued that this asymmetry develops because of a correlation between low-level vorticity and moisture that results from the correlated horizontal transports of moisture and vorticity. The energetics of the simulations and the efficiency of energy production by latent heat release are discussed.


Globalised interurban competition affects cities of various sizes and cities in various locations. Cities have to find ways to position themselves in global markets by formulating locational policies. To capture this wide range of policies, this paper develops an analytical framework of locational policies that is interdisciplinary informed by theories of economic geography and political science. We compare the cities of Lucerne and Ulm to illustrate the added value of the locational policies framework. We found that these two cities feature very different locational policies agendas. By employing a neo-institutional lens, we suggest that place-specific factors enable and constrain the formulation of locational policies. We outline three possible venues to tentatively explain these different locational policies, namely the economic sector mix, the national tax system, and politics. Beyond these empirical findings, this paper shows that the locational policies framework is able to capture a wide range of policies that aim to enhance the competitiveness of a city. Thus, the locational policies framework is a tool that can be used to reveal how cities face the globalised, and increasingly knowledge-intensive, interurban competition.


With Baby Boomers leaving the workforce in large numbers ready for retirement, large skill gaps are being created in the workforce. Years of experience present today are gone tomorrow. In highly technical fields, such as NASA, the challenge of how to transfer this knowledge gathered from employees who have years of experience to those with less experience can be daunting. Typically, the method of transferring the information is through hands-on experience over time. However, time is a limited commodity and there is not enough of it to spend before workers who have the knowledge leave. This study attempts to determine if using more experienced employees in training opportunities, using real-world examples, can effectively transfer knowledge and assist employees in self-reflection and career planning. A group of twenty-six newer, less experienced employees at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center participated in four training sessions taught by thirty-three senior leaders and held over a period of several weeks. The content was built around the NASA Life Cycle Process, the backbone of planning, executing, and ending a program or project. Normally, understanding this process takes up to fifteen years. In addition to the training, participants completed feedback forms, a pre and post-survey, a portfolio questionnaire and one-on-one interviews. The data showed the training was highly effective in transferring sophisticated levels of knowledge applied to how work is done. And, though it also showed an impact in an employee's awareness of actions they can take to steer their career, it brings in to question their motivation and initiative to assert self-directed development.


© 2018 by ASME. Gas turbine aero-engines employ fast rotating shafts that are supported by bearings at several axial locations along the engine. Due to extreme load and heat, oil is injected to the bearings to aid lubrication and cooling. The oil is then shed to the bearing chamber before it is extracted out by a scavenge pump. Scavenging oil from the bearing chamber is challenging due to high windage induced by the fast rotating shafts as well as the two-phase nature of the flow. A deep sump has been found to increase scavenge performance due to its ability to shelter the pooled oil from the bulk rotating air flow thus minimizing two-phase mixing. However, in many cases, a deep sump is not an option due to conflicting space requirements. The space limitation becomes more stringent with higher bypass ratio engines as the core becomes smaller. Therefore, it is imperative to have a high performing shallow sump. However, shape modification of a shallow sump is too constrained due to limited space and, therefore, has minimal impact on the scavenge performance. This research presents several alternative concepts to improve scavenge performance of a generic baseline shallow sump by augmenting it with attachments or inserts. These augmentations attempt to exploit two known mechanisms for reducing the residence volume: momentum reduction and sheltering. The experimental results show that some augmentations are able to reduce the residence volume of a shallow sump by up to 50% or more in some cases.


Sir Henry Wellcome, who died on 25 July, 1936, at the age of eighty-three, was by birth an American citizen but transferred his interests to this country after a brief business career in his native land. It was in 1880 that he entered into partnership with Mr. S. M. Burroughs to found the firm of Burroughs Wellcome and Company, which developed rapidly and soon became known throughout the world for its manufacture of fine chemicals, alkaloids, and other medicinal products. Wellcome's connexion with England, the land of his ancestors, was more firmly sealed in 1910, when be became a naturalized British subject. Henry Solomon Wellcome was born in 1853 in a log cabin about 125 miles from Milwaukee and spent his early childhood amongst the Dakota Indians. His father, the Rev. S. C. Wellcome, was an itinerant missionary who with his wife, Mary Curtis Wellcome, travelled throughout Wisconsin and Minnesota in a covered wagon, preaching to the Indians. In 1859 the family trekked westwards to Garden City, Blue Earth County, Minn., where it established its home shortly before the outbreak of the civil war. When young Wellcome was eight years old the great Sioux Indian rebellion occurred and led to the massacre of more than a thousand whites. He assisted in casting rifle bullets for the defence of the settlement and actually helped his uncle, Dr. J. B. Wellcome, in caring for the wounded. Wellcome's early contact with the Indians found expression in a life-long sympathy for the Red Man, a sympathy which in after years led him to spend considerable sums of money and energy in fighting for what he considered to be the rights of a certain Alaskan tribe. In support of this mission he published in 1887 a history of the tribe under the title of The Story of Metlakhatala .


In order to provide personalized patient treatment, a large number of analytical procedures is needed to measure a large variety of drugs in various human matrices. The analytical technique used for this research is Liquid Chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Each patient setting may require a specific matrix. Sweat and hair samples may be used to monitor drug abuse. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) performed with the use of blood and plasma samples may be suitable for in-patients, while dried blood spot (DBS) may be more suitable for outpatients. These alternative matrices make sampling less invasive. In addition, DBS reduces patient travelling time, because sampling can be performed at home. This provides more cost-efficient patient care. The use of DBS is very promising, but the investigated parameters showed not to be underestimated and need to be considered before performing patient analysis. In the near future, personalized patient treatment will not only comprehend personalized dosing of patients, but also a personalized choice of matrix which best suits the patients' circumstances and optimal needs. In summary we can say that the used sample matrix affects the method development and analytical performance with LC-MS / MS. The influence of the matrix can result in altered stability of the substance, formation of complexes with other substances or binding of the substance with the sampling material. More insight in these matrix effects will lead to improved analytical methods and performance, but will above all improve patient care and research.


In this paper, we establish a global Carleman estimate for stochastic parabolic equations. Based on this estimate, we solve two inverse problems for stochastic parabolic equations. One is concerned with a determination problem of the history of a stochastic heat process through the observation at the final time T , for which we obtain a conditional stability estimate. The other is an inverse source problem with observation on the lateral boundary. We derive the uniqueness of the source.


Writing music interaction systems is not easy because their concurrent processes usually access shared
resources in a non-deterministic order, often leading to unpredictable behavior. Using Pure Data (Pure
Data) and Max/MSP, it is possible to program concurrency; however, it is difficult to synchronize processes
based on multiple criteria. Process calculi such as the Non-deterministic Timed Concurrent Constraint
(ntcc) calculus, overcome that problem by representing, declaratively, the synchronization of multiple
criteria as constraints. In this article, we propose the framework Ntccrt, as a new alternative to manage
concurrency in Pure Data and Max/MSP. Ntccrt is a real-time capable interpreter for ntcc. Using Ntccrt
binary plugins in Pure Data, we executed models for machine improvisation and signal processing. We also
analyzed two case studies: one of a machine improvisation system and one of a signal processing system.
We found out that performance of both case studies is compatible with soft real-time music interaction; it
means, a musician can interact with Ntccrt without noticeable delays during the interaction.


We examine contracts used in the North American sugarbeet industry. Though quite similar in many respects, the contracts we study vary across processing firms in the set of quality measures used to condition contract payments to growers. This is somewhat surprising given the homogeneous nature of the processors' finished product (refined sugar). It seems unlikely that processors differ significantly in how they value the various attributes of a sugarbeet, and this is perhaps the most natural reason to expect differences in the structure of quality incentives across processors. Previous attempts to explain the observed variation in sugarbeet contracts have focused on differences in organizational form across firms. In this paper, we provide an alternative explanation that relies on variation across production regions in growers' ability to 'control' the relevant measures of sugarbeet quality. August 28, 2002. The authors gratefully acknowledge funding support from the Food System Research Group, University of Wisconsin, Madison. QUALITY MEASUREMENT AND CONTRACT DESIGN: LESSONS FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN SUGARBEET INDUSTRY BRENT HUETH AND TIGRAN MELKONYAN Abstract. We examine contracts used in the North American sugarbeet industry. Though quite similar in many respects, the contracts we study vary across processing firms in the set of quality measures used to condition contract payments to growers. This is somewhat surprising given the homogeneous nature of the processors' finished product (refined sugar). It seems unlikely that processors differ significantly in how they value the various attributes of a sugarbeet, and this is perhaps the most natural reason to expect differences in the structure of quality incentives across processors. Previous attempts to explain the observed variation in sugarbeet contracts have focused on differences in organizational form across firms. In this paper, we provide an alternative explanation that relies on variation across production regions in growers' ability to 'control' the relevant measures of sugarbeet quality. We examine contracts used in the North American sugarbeet industry. Though quite similar in many respects, the contracts we study vary across processing firms in the set of quality measures used to condition contract payments to growers. This is somewhat surprising given the homogeneous nature of the processors' finished product (refined sugar). It seems unlikely that processors differ significantly in how they value the various attributes of a sugarbeet, and this is perhaps the most natural reason to expect differences in the structure of quality incentives across processors. Previous attempts to explain the observed variation in sugarbeet contracts have focused on differences in organizational form across firms. In this paper, we provide an alternative explanation that relies on variation across production regions in growers' ability to 'control' the relevant measures of sugarbeet quality.


. This is a case study for applying DRAINMOD-GIs, a DRAINMOD based lumped parameter watershed model to Chicod Creek, a 11300 ha coastal plain watershed in North Carolina which is not intensively instrumented or documented. The study utilized the current database of land-use, topography, stream network, soil, and weather data available to the State and Federal agencies. Methods for collecting, evaluating, and formatting watershed data for model input are described. The study demonstrated that the lumped parameter model may be used to characterize the hydrology and water quality of Chicod Creek. Hydrology predictions were within I0/o of the measured data. Predicted mean daily flow weighted concentration compared well with the measured data. Mean annual delivery ratios of each field ranged from 59% to 99% with a watershed mean of 76%. Application of the model to evaluate the effects of changing land are presented.


As spring begins, many plants turn to flower under the control of florigen. The molecular nature of florigen has long been unknown, but the signal was known to originate in leaves, and thus had to travel through the plant to the growing buds. Now Corbesier et al. and Tamaki et al. show that it is a protein rather than its coding RNA that is the likely florigen signal that moves within the plant. The florigen RNA and protein are encoded by the FLOWERING LOCUS T gene in Arabidopsis and the Hd3a gene in rice. L. Corbesier, C. Vincent, S. Jang, F. Fornara, Q. Fan, I. Searle, A. Giakountis, S. Farrona, L. Gissot, C. Turnbull, G. Coupland, FT protein movement contributes to long-distance signaling in floral induction of Arabidopsis. Science 316, 1030-1033 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text] S. Tamaki, S. Matsuo, H. L. Wong, S. Yokoi, K. Shimamoto, Hd3a Protein is a mobile flowering signal in rice. Science 316, 1033-1036 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


This thesis gives an overview of the progress made in recent years in the development of low-cost parallel patterning techniques for ceramic materials, silica, and organic-inorganic silsesquioxane-based hybrids from wet-chemical solutions and suspensions on the micrometer and nanometer scale. The emphasis of the discussion is placed on the application of soft- lithographic methods. In general, molding-based patterning approaches and surface modification-based patterning approaches can be distinguished. Lateral resolutions well below 100 nm have been accomplished with some of these methods, but the fabrication of high-aspect ratio patterns remains a challenge.


We explored systematic patterns in predictability of phytoplankton species from 83 lakes over a gradient ranging from subpolar to tropical regions in South America. We estimated the explained variance (proxy of predictability) of the presence and biomass (estimated as biovolume) of species using multiple regressions from commonly measured environmental variables such as nutrient levels, light, mixing depth, temperature, and zooplankton biomass. Both the presence and biomass of species occurring at least in 10 lakes were quite well predicted from the environmental variables, with average values of 35% and 58%, respectively. Predictability was not systematically related to phylogenetic affiliation or particular functional groups as defined by morphology. However, biomass predictability decreased with increasing occurrence, and improved with larger species size (maximum linear dimension). Species that were predictable in terms of biomass (R2 ≥ 0.5, p ≤ 0.05) had, on average, a larger volume, and were relatively more frequent in lakes from warmer regions, with high water temperature, low chlorophyll a, low nutrient concentrations, and low total zooplankton biomass. Although we cannot diagnose the mechanisms involved, our finding that the number of predictable species increases towards warmer regions resembles situations where competition for nutrients and grazing are likely to be less severe, and may imply that in a future warmer world phytoplankton will be easier to predict.


Banana peel, a discarded agricultural waste was used to produce bioadsorbent through easy and environmental friendly processes. This banana peel based biosorbent was evaluated for adsorptive removal of copper from water and its desorption capability. The characterisation results showed this biosorbent had very high specific surface area, potential binding sites and functional groups. The optimal conditions for biosorption were found at pH 6.5, biosorbent size of less than 75µ, dose of 0.5g/100ml and 1-hour contact time. Thermodynamic analysis also indicated that its adsorption was spontaneous. Significant desorption of copper (94%) was obtained when using 0.1N H 2SO 4. Both adsorption and desorption equilibrium data were well described by Langmuir, SIPS and Koble-Corrigan models whilst kinetics data by pseudo-first order, Elovich and Intraparticle diffusion models. Models' parameters were optimised by MATLAB's non-linear modelling. All models had good fitness with the experimental data from high R 2 (0.970-1.00), low non-linear errors - RMSE (0.004-10.00) and low � 2 (0.0004-10.00). The maximum adsorption and desorption capacities were 20.37 and 32.40 mg/g, respectively. The adsorption processes were controlled by chemisorption. Both adsorption and desorption processes could be described by the pseudo-first order kinetic. The potential applicability of banana peel based bioadsorbent could be further examined in a large-scale.


The quasi-block-stochastic matrices are introduced as a generalization of the block-stochastic and the quasi-stochastic matrices. The derivation of theorems is possible which are similar to those derived for block-stochastic matrices by W. Kuich and K. Walk and for quasi-stochastic matrices by Haynsworth. Among other theorems the theorem on the group property, the reduction formula and its application to nonnegative matrices holds in a modified manner. An example illustrates the definitions and theorems.


Abstract. The accelerated rate of increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide and the substantial fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions absorbed by the oceans are affecting the anthropocenic signatures of seawater. Long-term time series are a powerful tool for investigating any change in ocean bio-geochemistry and its effects on the carbon cycle. We have evaluated the ESTOC (European Station for Time series in the Ocean at the Canary islands) observations of measured pH (total scale at 25 °C) and total alkalinity plus computed total dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (CT) from 1995 to 2004 for surface and deep waters, by following all changes in response to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The observed values for the surface partial pressure of CO2 from 1995 to 2008 were also taken into consideration. The data were treated to better understand the fundamental processes controlling vertical distributions in the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean and the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2, CANT. CT at constant salinity, NCT, increased at a rate of 0.85 μmol kg−1 yr−1 in the mixed layer, linked to an fCO2 increase of 1.7±0.7 μatm yr−1 in both the atmosphere and the ocean. Consequently, the mixed layer at ESTOC site has also become more acidic, −0.0017±0.0003 units yr−1, whereas the carbonate ion concentrations and CaCO3 saturation states have also decreased over time. NCT increases at a rate of 0.53, 0.49 and 0.40 μmol kg−1 yr−1 at 300, 600, and 1000 m, respectively. The general processes controlling the vertical variations of alkalinity and the inorganic carbon distribution were computed by considering the pre-formed values, the production/decomposition of organic matter and the formation/dissolution of carbonates. At 3000 m, 30% of the inorganic carbon production is related to the dissolution of calcium carbonate, increasing to 35% at 3685 m. The total column inventory of anthropogenic CO2 for the decade was 66±3 mol m−2. A model fitting indicated that the column inventory of CANT increased from 61.7 mol m−2 in the year 1994 to 70.2 mol m−2 in 2004. The ESTOC site is presented as a reference site to follow CANT changes in the Northeast Atlantic Sub-tropical gyre.


The goal of this study is to explore the relationship between a parent-child acculturation gap and both depression and self-esteem in adolescent children of Mexican immigrant parents. Using linear regression models, I tested the impact of the acculturation gap on adolescent self-esteem, then on adolescent depression. Next, I used a mediation analysis to test the indirect impact of the acculturation gap on self-esteem and depression through intergenerational conflict. Further, I used a mediation analysis to test the effect of the acculturation gap on both self-esteem and depression through conflict and family cohesion simultaneously. Finally, I tested the same constructs in a moderated mediation analysis using the Griffen formula, which specifically measures relational ambivalence (the presence of both simultaneous positive and negative relationship characteristics). I then compared the results of all mediation analyses to determine which model accounted for the greatest variance in the two outcomes. Findings suggested that while the presence of intergenerational conflict significantly strengthened the impact of an intergenerational acculturation gap on depression, the addition of family cohesion-signaling ambivalence-was not more predictive of depression than conflict alone. On the other hand, results indicated that while conflict alone did not predict lower self-esteem in adolescents, the presence of ambivalence did have a significant negative impact on self-esteem.


Abstract As the number of immigrants and refugees grows in the United States, the linguistic and cultural diversity that comprises the middle grades classroom continues to increase. Given the need for resources and specific attention to linguistic and cultural strategies for these populations, this three-year ethnographic study examined the schooling experiences of young adolescent immigrant and refugee students in a small town located in a rural state. Historically a homogeneous area, in the last decade this community became a multilingual/multicultural setting. This study documented the schooling experiences of participants using ethnographic methods including participant observation, interviews, and document analysis. The data describe how immigrant and refugee students internalized middle grades organizational structures such as teaming and multiage grouping. The findings suggest much variability among the students' experiences. Implications for researchers center on expanding the current research base in middle grades practice to include a new set of voices, while implications for practitioners focus on creating a safe environment in which immigrants can express themselves and feel comfortable asking for the level of support needed.


Abstract Decompaction routines are used in basin modelling packages to calculate sediment thickness and material properties such as thermal conductivity. However, compaction in nature is dependent on initial porosity, composition, and effective stress, and a considerable range of porosity-depth trends exists. Simple thermal modelling demonstrates that significant uncertainties (up to VRE ± 0.5) arise in predicted maturities due to this variation. Furthermore, the validity of using porosity loss as a measure of compaction is questionable because changes in solid volume can occur. Chemical reaction may increase or decrease porosity without changing sediment thickness, although an apparently smooth transition occurs from dominantly mechanical processes of porosity loss (e.g. grain rearrangement) at shallow levels to dominantly chemical processes (e.g. grain dissolution/cementation) at depth. That compaction and porosity loss are processes dependent upon effective stress, time and temperature is illustrated by the observation of overpressuring in the subsurface, comparison of experimental and natural compaction rates and analysis of porosity-depth trends for sediments of different ages. Mechanistic models of the processes involved in compaction (e.g. pressure solution) also indicate time dependency. Time-dependent models of compaction can be constructed, but these are difficult to incorporate into basin models as they cannot be run in a simple backstripping mode.


The diagnostic reference levels form an efficient, concise, and powerful standard for optimizing the radiation protection of a patient. With an aim to contribute toward the establishment of the Indonesian National Diagnostic Reference Levels (NDRLs), a nationwide survey of the entrance surface doses received by adult patients during the most typical X-ray examinations has been performed. A number of 44 hospitals in 21 cities located in Java, Bali, Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi islands were selected randomly to participate in this survey. Eight most common adult X-ray examinations in 13 projections, as well as four children X-ray examinations in six projections, were included in the list of procedures under consideration. Hospitals of different sizes and levels using different X-ray machines were represented in the survey. Standard thermoluminescence dosemeters were applied to measure entrance surface dose (ESD). A total of 1493 patients, consisting of 1208 adults and 285 children, were included in this study. The data were analyzed statistically and the minimum, median, mean, maximum, first quartile, and third quartile values of ESDs were reported. The ESDs calculated (third quartile) for adults varied from 0.18 mGy (for extremities AP) to 5.84 mGy (for lumbar spine LAT), and for children they varied from 0.16 mGy (for chest AP/PA) to 1.46 mGy (for skull AP/PA). Considering the geographic spread and size of Indonesia, those third quartile values calculated can only be regarded as preliminary DRL values for Indonesia. Compared with data from other countries, the calculated ESDs in this study are in general lower than the ESDs in those countries. Received:  16 November 2015 ; Revised:  27 April 2016 ; Accepted:  9 May 2016


A series of some novel (2-naphthyl)-3-(substituted phenyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-yl)methanones have been synthesized by aqueous phase fly-ash catalyzed [4+2] Diels-Alder reaction of 2-naphthyl chalcones and cyclopentadiene according to literature. The yields of the methanones are more than 60%. These methanones were characterized by their physical constants and spectral data. The assigned characteristic infrared and NMR spectral data are correlated using Hammett equation with Hammett substituent constants, F and R Swain-LuptonÂÂÂ's parameters by single and multi-linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analysis, the effect of substituents on the spectral data has been discussed with correlation co-efficient value in all correlations.


Polymers and composites in general, and surfaces, interfaces and adhesion in particular, are important and interesting areas of science with important technological applications. The polymer industry has shown broadly exponential growth since the middle of the last century and aspires to continued growth. Thus the science has contributed to the growth in prosperity and to the cognate problems, in particular environmental problems. There is a crisis which results from depletion of fossil fuels resources as raw materials and energy sources, and from pollution, especially greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper some of the ways are discussed in which these sciences can contribute to reduction of the environmental impact of the associated industries. Much can be done modifying existing procedures for example by replacing the use of organic solvents by aqueous systems, change of blowing agents and pretreatment chemicals. Interest in polymers from renewable resources such as starch, gelatine and natural rubber has intensified and new natural sources are being developed, some by use of fermentation techniques or genetic modification. Novel polymers and co-polymers from polysaccharides and based on polyhydroxyalkonates are being developed. There is much interest in "biorefineries", which can produce organic chemicals of significance to the polymer industry from a biomass feedstock. The management of polymer wastes is a difficult area and recycling while technically feasible, may not be environmentally attractive. In addressing the environmental impact of polymers and composites it is essential to consider the environmental impact from "cradle to grave". Such lifecycle analysis may show that some renewable resources or recycling techniques have a greater environmental impact than the technologies which they aspire to replace. The question remains as to whether these technical solutions, however successfully developed, will be adequate to resolve the environmental crisis described above. In theory, the Laws of Thermodynamics must cause reflection on the concept of indefinite growth within a finite system. In practice, the present global per caput energy usage coupled with projected population growth and global aspirations to a "North American" lifestyle must be compared with plausible estimates of material and energy reserves.


One way of reducing the cost for screw-retained implant-supported dental prosthesis is to avoid the use of prosthetic abutments. However, concerns have been raised that this might lead to complications such as extensive marginal bone loss resorption and implant loss. The aim of the study was to retrospectively evaluate a cohort of consecutive patients treated with implant-level prosthetic constructions after 5 years in function. A total of 49 consecutive patients previously treated with 102 hydrophilic dental implants (Neoss Proactive, Neoss Ltd, Harrogate, UK) in two private dental clinics were included in the study. Fifty-four implants were installed in maxillae and 48 in mandibles to replace single teeth (n = 21), to support partial bridges (n = 26), total maxillary bridges (n = 2), or mandibular overdentures (n = 2). The majority of patients (n = 37) had implants placed in healed sites without any adjunctive procedures. In 12 patients, implants were immediately placed in extraction sockets or in conjunction with maxillary sinus floor augmentation. A submerged healing period of 3 to 4 months was used before healing abutments were connected to the implants. Impressions were taken after 7 to 10 days. Baseline (abutment connection surgery), 1and 5-year intraoral radiographs were used to measure marginal bone levels and calculate bone loss. Two mandibular implants were lost (2%) during the 5 years in function. The average marginal bone loss amounted to 0.7 ± 0.7 mm after 1 year and 0.9 ± 1.1 mm after 5 years. There was no correlation between insertion depth and bone loss. It is concluded that the use of screw-retained implantlevel prosthetic constructions resulted in high implant survival rate and minimal marginal bone loss after 5 years in function.


Crop production and crop yield has been the sole focus of most of the existing agricultural policies and interventions, which has resulted in several undesirable outcomes over a long term. To evaluate any production system holistically, it is necessary to identify a set of indicators accounting for economic, social and environmental dimensions. While the existing indicator selection frameworks help in identification of indicators, they lack a logically structured and transparent process. In this work, we develop a stock and flow based framework for a systematic selection of indicators for evaluating crop production systems. Stock and flow diagrams are used for conceptualization of the system and are sorted with respect to material, energy, and financial flows associated with the system. Various causal flows and their linkages are traced for each of the input-output component, and one representative indicator is selected for each causal flow. The indicators associated with desirable outcomes are taken in terms of input-output efficiency while undesirable outcomes are considered in terms of their absolute values. Using this process, a set of thirteen indicators have been identified for assessing the viability of agricultural practices with respect to socioeconomic and ecological sustainability.


Traditionally, Americans have viewed war as an alternative to diplomacy, and military strategy as the science of victory. Today, however, in our world of nuclear weapons, military power is not so much exercised as threatened. It is,Mr. Schelling says, bargaining power, and the exploitation of this power, for good or evil, to preserve peace or to threaten war, is diplomacy-the diplomacy of violence. The author concentrates in this book on the way in which military capabilities-real or imagined-are used, skillfully or clumsily, as bargaining power. He sees the steps taken by the U.S. during the Berlin and Cuban crises as not merely preparations for engagement, but as signals to an enemy, with reports from the adversary's own military intelligence as our most important diplomatic communications. Even the bombing of North Vietnam, Mr. Schelling points out, is as much coercive as tactical, aimed at decisions as much as bridges. He carries forward the analysis so brilliantly begun in his earlier The Strategy of Conflict (1960) and Strategy and Arms Control (with Morton Halperin, 1961), and makes a significant contribution to the growing literature on modern war and diplomacy. Stimson Lectures.Mr. Schelling is professor of economics at Harvard and acting director of Harvard's Center for International Affairs. "An exemplary text on the interplay of national purpose and military force."-Book Week. "A grim but carefully reasoned and coldly analytical book...One of the most frightening previews which this reviewer has ever seen of the roads that lie just ahead in warfare."-Los Angeles Times. "A brilliant and hardheaded book. It will frighten those who prefer not to dwell on the unthinkable and infuriate those who have taken refuge in the stereotypes and moral attitudinizing."-New York Times Book Review.


The aim of this work was to determine the effect of wild type and functionally modified Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on C fractions in the rhizosphere of pea. The lacZY marked F113 strain produces the antibiotic 2,4 diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) useful in plant disease control. The modified strain of F113 was repressed in production of DAPG, creating the DAPG negative strain F113 G22. The F113 treatment resulted in a significantly lower shoot/root ratio. The F113 G22 treatment had a significantly greater indigenous and total fluorescent Pseudomonas population than the control and F113 (DAPG+) treatment. Both strains significantly increased the water soluble carbohydrates and the total water soluble carbon in the pea rhizosphere soil. Strain F113 significantly increased the soil protein content relative to the control but not in relation to the F113 G22 treatment. The F113 treatment had a significantly greater organic acid content than the control and F113 G22 treatments, whilst the F113 G22 treatment was also significantly greater than the control. Both inocula resulted in significantly lower phosphate contents than the control. The F113 inocula significantly increased alkaline phosphatase, sulphatase and urease activities, and reduced  glucosidase activities indicating increased carbon availability. Both inocula increased C availability, however, antibiotic production by strain F113 reduced the utilisation of organic acids released from the plant resulting in differing effects of the two strains on nutrient availability, plant growth, soil enzyme activities and Pseudomonas populations.


Abstract. During the Cenozoic, land ice and climate interacted on many different timescales. On long timescales, the effect of land ice on global climate and sea level is mainly set by large ice sheets in North America, Eurasia, Greenland and Antarctica. The climatic forcing of these ice sheets is largely determined by the meridional temperature profile resulting from radiation and greenhouse gas (GHG) forcing. As a response, the ice sheets cause an increase in albedo and surface elevation, which operates as a feedback in the climate system. To quantify the importance of these climate–land ice processes, a zonally averaged energy balance climate model is coupled to five one-dimensional ice sheet models, representing the major ice sheets. In this study, we focus on the transient simulation of the past 800 000 years, where a high-confidence CO2 record from ice core samples is used as input in combination with Milankovitch radiation changes. We obtain simulations of atmospheric temperature, ice volume and sea level that are in good agreement with recent proxy-data reconstructions. We examine long-term climate–ice-sheet interactions by a comparison of simulations with uncoupled and coupled ice sheets. We show that these interactions amplify global temperature anomalies by up to a factor of 2.6, and that they increase polar amplification by 94%. We demonstrate that, on these long timescales, the ice-albedo feedback has a larger and more global influence on the meridional atmospheric temperature profile than the surface-height-temperature feedback. Furthermore, we assess the influence of CO2 and insolation by performing runs with one or both of these variables held constant. We find that atmospheric temperature is controlled by a complex interaction of CO2 and insolation, and both variables serve as thresholds for northern hemispheric glaciation.


The vast majority of the countries in the world are developing countries—there are only thirty-four OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries—and yet there is a serious dearth of attention to developing countries in the international and comparative law scholarship, which has been preoccupied with the United States and the European Union. Competition Law and Development investigates whether or not the competition law and policy transplanted from Europe and the United States can be successfully implemented in the developing world or whether the developing-world experience suggests a need for a different analytical framework. The political and economic environment of developing countries often differs significantly from that of developed countries in ways that may have serious implications for competition law enforcement. The need to devote greater attention to developing countries is also justified by the changing global economic reality in which developing countries—especially China, India, and Brazil—have emerged as economic powerhouses. Together with Russia, the so-called BRIC countries have accounted for thirty percent of global economic growth since the term was coined in 2001. In this sense, developing countries deserve more attention not because of any justifiable differences from developed countries in competition law enforcement, either in theoretical or practical terms, but because of their sheer economic heft. This book, the second in the Global Competition Law and Economics series, provides a number of viewpoints of what competition law and policy mean both in theory and practice in a development context.


The year 2011 having been proclaimed by UNESCO and IUPAP "International Year of Chemistry", it seems fitting to have a close look at a physical chemistry instrument, the Polaristrobometer, an early form of polarimeter/saccharimeter, at its inventor, the Swiss physicist Heinrich Wild, at its enthusiastic reception by chemists, and at its principal manufacturer, Hermann & Pfister at Bern. Heinrich Wild (1833-1902) was appointed professor of physics at the University of Bern and director of the (mainly meteorological) Observatory in 1858. Called in 1868 to the direction of the Central Physical (Meteorological) Observatory in Saint Petersburg, he spent the next 27 years in Russia, extending enormously the network of observing stations and working on the improvement and standardisation of meteorological instruments. He retired to Zurich in 1895. His Polaristrobometer, first described in 1865, is built around the very sensitive polariscope invented by Savart a quarter of a century earlier. To achieve the measurement of the angle of rotation of the plane of polarisation of monochromatic light by optically active substances, the polariser is rotated until a network of parallel interference fringes disappears, as opposed to the more modern types of polarimeters where one looks for an equality of tint or of luminosity of two or more adjacent fields. This truly original, precise and practical polarimeter remained the best one available until the end of the 19th century, when it was superseded by instruments less prone to systematic errors and more convenient to use.That the Polaristrobometer was much in demand by chemists and commercially successful is shown by the many citations and images in physics textbooks and, above all, by the long descriptions and detailed instructions appearing in books and articles written by chemists from 1875 onwards, notably by the pioneer of polarimetry H. Landolt. Today, many Polaristrobometers can be found, often unidentified, in remote corners of science museums. Hermann & Pfister (later Pfister & Streit) at Bern became the main, but not exclusive manufacturer of this instrument. A model of reduced size (tubes of 50 mm instead of 220 mm) was first made by J. G. Hofmann at Paris and by Dr. Meyerstein at Gottingen. Both models are still mentioned in the 1896 catalog of Schmidt & Haensch at Berlin.


Many natural la guage questions require recognizing and reasoning with qualitative relationships (e.g., in science, economics, and medicine), but are challenging to answer with corpus-based methods. Qualitative modeling provides tools that support such reasoning, but the semantic parsing task of mapping questions into those models has formidable challenges. We present QUAREL, a dataset of diverse story questions involving qualitative relationships that characterize these challenges, and techniques that begin to address them. The dataset has 2771 questions relating 19 different types of quantities. For example, "Jenny observes that the robot vacuum cleaner moves slower on the living room carpet than on the bedroom carpet. Which carpet has more friction?" We contribute (1) a simple and flexible conceptual framework for representing these kinds of questions; (2) the QUAREL dataset, including logical forms, exemplifying the parsing challenges; and (3) two novel models for this task, built as extensions of type-constrained semantic parsing. The first of these models (called QUASP+) significantly outperforms off-the-shelf tools on QUAREL. The second (QUASP+ZERO) demonstrates zero-shot capability, i.e., the ability to handle new qualitative relationships without requiring additional training data, something not possible with previous models. This work thus makes inroads into answering complex, qualitative questions that require reasoning, and scaling to new relationships at low cost. The dataset and models are available at http://data.allenai.org/quarel.


OBJECTIVES
This study was undertaken to examine if patients exhibit more pronounced metabolic abnormalities after 8-year treatment with clozapine or olanzapine than before, and also to investigate whether there exist any differences between long-term clozapine and olanzapine therapies regarding metabolic side- effects.

METHODS
Fifty psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and on treatment with clozapine or olanzapine were studied during 8 years. Fasting blood or serum samples for glucose, lipids, prolactin and antipsychotic drug concentrations were analyzed. In addition, body mass index was calculated.

RESULTS
More patients treated with olanzapine compared with those treated with clozapine ended with their medication, in most cases because of diabetes mellitus and/or hyperlipidemia, during the 8-year follow-up. Also more patients treated with olanzapine compared with those treated with clozapine developed manifest diabetes mellitus during the 8-year period. Prolactin levels were higher in the patients treated with olanzapine compared with in those treated with clozapine at study start, but there were no differences in the other parameters between the treatment groups at study start. In the patients remaining on their medication all 8 years, the glucose level increased over time in the clozapine group, but not in the olanzapine group, whereas body mass index and lipids were unchanged over time in both treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings point to that both olanzapine and clozapine long-term treatments cause development of hyperglycemia and/or hyperlipidemia. Furthermore, olanzapine long-term treatment seems to more often lead to development of manifest diabetes mellitus than long-term treatment with clozapine.


Abstract Objective: This retrospective observational study aims to review patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumours (MOGCTs) treated at Groote Schuur Hospital over a 15-year period. Method: A medical chart review of adult patients with MOGCTs treated between 1994 and 2008 was conducted. Gathered data were transferred to an electronic spreadsheet. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to obtain fiveyear survival data. Results: Forty patients were treated for MOGCTs. Median age at the time of diagnosis was 30.2 years (a range of 13–63 years). Ten patients (25%) had dysgerminoma and 30 (75%) had non-dysgerminomatous types. The latter group comprised immature teratoma (10 patients), yolk sac tumour (8), mixed germ cell tumour (3), and mature teratoma with malignant transformation (MTMT) (9). Standard staging surgery was performed with fertility-sparing procedures wherever possible. Chemotherapy entailed a three-day modified bleomycin/etoposide/cisplatinum (BEP) regimen during the study period. Excluding the group of nine with monodermal malignant transformation in mature teratoma, complete response to primary treatment was achieved in 24 of 31 patients (77.4%). After a median follow-up of 42.5 months (a range of 2–60), the overall five-year survival rate was 69.1%. The overall five-year survival rate was only 40% in five human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Four of the nine patients with MTMT were alive after five years. Conclusion: The prognosis of MOGCTs is excellent if managed with standard treatment initially. Treatment of MTMT is less well defined. Patients with advanced HIV infection did poorly and should be considered for initiation of antiretroviral therapy prior to chemotherapy.


This paper develops a business cycle model with a financial intermediation sector. Financial wealth is defined as a predetermined state variable. Both, the additional sector of financial intermediaries and predetermination of financial wealth, affect the demand for real financial wealth. If real financial wealth also enters the monetary policy rule, the conditions for stability and uniqueness of the macroeconomic equilibrium path change fundamentally compared to standard New Keynesian business cycle models. Here, real financial wealth is interpreted as a real broad monetary aggregate. Furthermore, different interest rate rules and their consequences for stability and uniqueness of the macroeconomic equilibrium path are considered. Two monetary policy rules are found to be feasible - i.e. if these monetary policy rules are applied there exists a stable and unique macroeconomic equilibrium path. Simulations of the model showed that the monetary policy rule considering inflation and broad money as indicators is optimal.


OPRE 6301 (SYSM 6303) Statistics and Data Analysis (3 semester credit hours) Introduction to statistical and probabilistic methods and theory applicable to situations faced by managers. Topics include: data presentation and summarization, regression analysis, fundamental probability theory and random variables, introductory decision analysis, estimation, confidence intervals, hypothesis testing, and One Way ANOVA. (Some sections of this class may require a laptop computer). (3-0) S


An important area for study is ovulation (Atwood, James, Keil, Roberts, & Hartmann, P.E. 1991; Biel-Casals, 1968; Chearskul & Visutakul, 1994; Freundl, Bremme, Frank-Hermann, Baur, Godehardt, & Sottong, 1996), including female sexual desire, which appears to be highest during ovulation (Alcock, 1989; Stanislaw & Rice, 1988). As I got interested in this area, I started looking at introductory psychology textbooks to see what they say about ovulation, since it plays such an important part in female sexuality. However, I found that most of the ones I examined do not even mention ovulation. If it is covered at all, it is just briefly mentioned as part of how conception occurs. But, ovulation may have powerful effects on female sexual behavior. For example, in the present study, there is evidence that women often "forgot" to use birth control during ovulation. I believe this is an unconscious motivation to get pregnant, and thus continue the human race, and to send her genes into future generations. Much of what occurs in human sexuality seems to be unconscious (Eisenman, 2001). But, this is not widely accepted, perhaps because there has been such a moving away from Freud, who is most associated with the concept of the unconscious. Of course, to accept that unconscious things occur, one does not have to buy into Freud or psychoanalysis, but simply believe that things happen without awareness. The unconscious would seem to be behind the theory of evolutionary psychology, in which people do things for the purpose of spreading their genes into future generations. They may not realize why they do it, but research in cultures around the world show that sexual and other behavior seems to follow the patterns described by evolutionary psychologists, such as Buss, who shows, for example, sex differences in what men and women want (Buss, 1999). Men should want to impregnate as many women as possible, as this would be the best way to spread their genes into future generations. Since women get pregnant, this strategy would not work for them, so they tend to desire men who have money, power and status, and will invest in them and their children. Men tend to desire youth, beauty, and health in their female sexual partners, according to evolutionary psychology. As I said, these findings hold up in different cultures across the world. But, there is also the unconscious aspect, since man's desire to spread his genes is shown in his desire for many female partners, but not necessarily in actually impregnating many women. In fact, a man may use birth control to try to prevent pregnancy. Grammer found that the closer women in bars were to ovulation, the skimpier the clothing they wore (Grammer, 1996). This would fit again with an explanation about unconscious desire to become pregnant and spread genes to future generations. It is of interest to note that the skimpy dress is a sexual signal sent to men, that indicates the woman's receptiveness to sexual intercourse. She may not even realize she is sending this signal, so, again, it is an unconscious signal. I think the concept of the unconscious is important, but many in evolutionary psychology and other fields avoid it, perhaps because of Freud's usage in his psychoanalytic theory, which they reject. However, if one does not like the word "unconscious" one could use "unaware" or some other term, which indicates that the person does not know why they do something. Human females can be receptive to sexual intercourse at all phases of their menstrual cycle, but desire increases at ovulation (Alcock, 1989; Stanislaw & Rice, 1988). Further, when women have sexual affairs with someone other than the husband or boyfriend, the affair often occurs during ovulation, the woman and her partner typically use no birth control, and the partner chosen by the woman has some quality that the husband/boyfriend lacks (Baker & Bellis, 1993; Bellis & Baker, 1990). …


Gas hydrate is an ice-like nonstochiometric inclusion compound with water molecules forming a three-dimensional network within which small gas molecules (guest) can be trapped. In a collaborative Japan-Canada research project, a 1150 m research well was drilled in the Canadian Arctic to investigate gas hydrates beneath permafrost. The well located in the Mackenzie Delta, N.W.T. was part of a Japanese government-industry program to assess the potential of gas hydrates as an energy source. The primary objectives of the well were to evaluate drilling, coring and geophysical technologies prior to gas hydrate drilling program offshore Japan. The project involved comprehensive downhole measurements and laboratory studies on recovered cuttings and core. This article reports the results of vertical seismic profiling surveys (VSP), which have been used along with downhole log data, to evaluate the effect of gas hydrate on velocity and to estimate gas hydrate concentrations. VSP was recorded for both vertical and offset source positions, using multi-component receiver tools and multi-polarized vibrators. The excellent data quality allows accurate compressional and shear wave velocity profiling, as well as reliable estimation of the gas hydrate effect on sediment elastic properties. Major reflectors, such as the base of the permafrost zone and the hydrate host strata, were clearly seen in the VSP data. Corridor stack of zero-offset P-wave data and VSP-CDP transform of offset data provide good comparisons with the surface seismic data. Velocities in the permafrost section above 620 m are markedly increased by ice bonding and are generally over 2500 m/s. In the largely unfrozen section from 620 m to 890 m, the velocities are lower, and range from 2000 m/s to 2400 m/s. In the main gas hydrate zone below 890 m to the base of the hydrate stability zone at around 1100 m, velocities are increased by hydrate cementation up to 2500-3700 m/s. The estimated hydrate saturations are highly variable, reaching as high as 60% in short sections, with an average of about 20% (~7% of sediment volume for 35% porosity) in the 900-1100 m interval. Poisson's Ratio is ~0.39 in both the permafrost and gas hydrate sections compared to ~0.44 in the unfrozen sections. The seismic properties indicate that the hydrate is located mainly in the sediment pores, rather than cementing the grain contacts, and that commonly used velocity versus hydrate concentration relations are approximately valid. Gas hydrate stiffen the sediment matrix and should cause less seismic attenuation effect, hence a higher seismic quality factor (Q) than that of normal sediment. The power ratio method gave a Q of about 30 in the dominant bandwidth from 50 Hz to 100 Hz, while higher Q value for higher frequency within the normal sediment. The destructive interbed multiples caused by hydrate layers prevented even a rough Q value estimation. 1 CREWES Project, Dept. Geology and Geophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, 2 Japan Petroleum Exploration Co., Ltd. (JAPEX), Tokyo, Japan, 3 CGG Canada, Calgary, Alberta, 4 Pacific Geoscience Center, Geological Survey of Canada, Sidney, B.C., 5 Terrain Sciences Division, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa,


1. Hypertension was induced in rats by substituting 2% (w/v) sodium chloride solution for drinking water. Sodium distribution in isolated mesenteric arterial wall was studied with the aid of 22 Na, which was continuously washed out. Data were analysed by digital computer simulation without recourse to ancillary chemical measurements of extracellular space. 2. A three-compartment model consisting of (i) extracellular, (ii) intracellular and (iii) subcellular space was found to represent adequately the kinetics of 22 Na. Transport rate constants were chosen as primary parameters describing intercompartmental sodium exchanges; the ratio of extra- to intra-cellular sodium compartments was calculated. 3. Results show the following significant changes in mesenteric arterial wall of salt-loaded hypertensive rats: (i) slowed sodium turnover; (ii) a decrease of the transport rate constant, which is presumed to reflect sodium movements from the intra- to the extra-cellular compartment; (iii) an increase of the transport rate constant, presumed to reflect sodium movements from the extra- to the intra-cellular compartment; (iv) a diminution of the extra- to intra-cellular compartment ratio for sodium. 4. The results suggest net movement of sodium into the cells; this change may be relevant to smooth muscle contraction and hence to the pathogenesis of blood pressure elevation in this model.


In Duty Bound is an unprecedented look at Upper Canada's forgotten people and the ways in which their lives were by necessity bound in a mutual relationship of duty and obligation to the Upper Canadian state. This neglected area of Canada's history has been preserved, in part, in the form of personal petitions submitted to the lieutenant-governor and legislature for land, government jobs, pensions, pardons and the lessening of court sentences, for compensation for damages done by, or work done for, the state, and for relief. Using these and other previously unexamined government records, J.K. Johnson illustrates that, popular knowledge aside, Upper Canada was not simply a land of self-sufficient farmers and artisans and that many had to turn to and rely on the state for their livelihoods. The major themes of Upper Canada's history, from war and rebellion to immigration and settlement, are well-documented. In Duty Bound fleshes out the lives of ordinary people in Upper Canada and clarifies how several branches of government worked for, or against, the interests of the population.


Cold triggers a rearrangement of the cspA mRNA that promotes translation. Changes in temperature can cause cellular damage by altering the structure of biological molecules. Therefore, prokaryotes and eukaryotes have developed mechanisms to sense and adapt to changes in temperature in order to survive under changing environmental conditions. In Escherichia coli, cold triggers the induction of a set of cold-shock genes, among which the one encoding CspA is one of the earliest induced through primarily posttranscriptional mechanisms. Giuliodori et al. used enzymatic and chemical accessibility assays, along with temperature gradient gel electrophoresis, to show that cspA mRNA exhibited different structures at 10° or 20°C compared to that at 37°C. They found that the structural differences required the coding region and were not exhibited by truncated versions of the mRNA containing only the 5′-untranslated region. At 37°C, the mRNA adopted a conformation that limited access to the translational start codon and the ribosome binding site (represented by the Shine-Dalgarno sequence), whereas at either 10° or 20°C, these regions were more susceptible to enzymatic cleavage or chemical adduction. Mutational analysis was consistent with the structural models. Furthermore, in vitro ribosome binding assays and translation assays showed that the cold-stabilized mRNA bound ribosomes and start tRNAs more efficiently, as well as translated protein more quickly, than did mRNAs folded at 37°C. Thus, cspA mRNA serves as a cold sensor, allowing its encoded protein CspA to act as a first responder in the adaptive response to cold (see Breaker for commentary). A. M. Giuliodori, F. Di Pietro, S. Marzi, B. Masquida, R. Wagner, P. Romby, C. O. Gualerzi, C. L. Pon, The cspA mRNA is a thermosensor that modulates translation of the cold-shock protein CspA. Mol. Cell. 37, 21–33 (2010). [Online Journal] R. R. Breaker, RNA switches out in the cold. Mol. Cell 37, 1–2 (2010). [Online Journal]


We present Strabon, a new RDF store that supports the state of the art semantic geospatial query languages stSPARQL and GeoSPARQL. To illustrate the expressive power offered by these query languages and their implementation in Strabon, we concentrate on the new version of the data model stRDF and the query language stSPARQL that we have developed ourselves. Like GeoSPARQL, these new versions use OGC standards to represent geometries where the original versions used linear constraints. We study the performance of Strabon experimentally and show that it scales to very large data volumes and performs, most of the times, better than all other geospatial RDF stores it has been compared with.


Written by a consultant to the United Nation's newly established Cambodia Genocide Tribunal, "Tainted Provenance" examines one of the most important legal questions that will face the Tribunal as it begins its trials next year -- whether evidence of the Khmer Rouge command structure that came from interrogation sessions at the infamous Tuol Sleng torture facility should be considered notwithstanding the international exclusionary rule for evidence procured by torture. The issue of whether there should be exceptions to the torture evidence exclusionary rule (and how those exceptions should be crafted to avoid abuse) has significant implications beyond the international tribunal, in particular with respect to the admissibility of statements obtained by torture in cases before military commissions and federal courts in the United States and across the globe. The article analyzes and critiques three possible exceptions to the torture evidence exclusionary rule: (1) that the exclusionary rule should not apply to evidence resulting from preliminary questioning before the application of actual; (2) that the exclusionary rule should not apply to evidence obtained by third-party authorities; and (3) that the exclusionary rule should not apply to evidence used against the leaders of the regime who were ultimately responsible for the acts of torture. To avoid pernicious use of these exceptions and to ensure that they are not applied in a manner that will undermine the purposes of the Torture Convention in future cases, the author proposes and discusses four criteria that should be satisfied before a court can consider evidence that was obtained by torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading methods of interrogation: (1) evidence obtained by torture or cruel, inhuman and degrading means must never be used in a trial where the victim of such abuse is the defendant; (2) such evidence must never be used where the prosecuting authorities were directly or indirectly involved in the acts of ill-treatment; (3) evidence obtained through the use of such ill-treatment must not be considered unless it meets a high level of corroboration; and (4) evidence derived from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment should not be admitted if, with reasonable efforts, the prosecution could obtain non-tainted evidence that would be effective in establishing criminal liability. Finally, drawing by analogy from the debate concerning citations to unethically obtained medical data, the author suggests that if a tribunal or court were to admit evidence in a case that meets these criteria, it should specifically acknowledge that the evidence was obtained through torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and would ordinarily have been excluded because of concerns about reliability, deterrence, and defiling the administration of justice.


In the mid-2000s, molecular phylogenetics turned into phylogenomics, a development that improved the resolution of phylogenetic trees through a dramatic reduction in stochastic error. While some then predicted "the end of incongruence", it soon appeared that analysing large amounts of sequence data without an adequate model of sequence evolution amplifies systematic error and leads to phylogenetic artefacts. With the increasing flood of (sometimes low-quality) genomic data resulting from the rise of high-throughput sequencing, a new type of error has emerged. Termed here "data errors", it lumps together several kinds of issues affecting the construction of phylogenomic supermatrices (e.g., sequencing and annotation errors, contaminant sequences). While easy to deal with at a single-gene scale, such errors become very difficult to avoid at the genomic scale, both because hand curating thousands of sequences is prohibitively time-consuming and because the suitable automated bioinformatics tools are still in their infancy. In this paper, we first review the pitfalls affecting the construction of supermatrices and the strategies to limit their adverse effects on phylogenomic inference. Then, after discussing the relative non-issue of missing data in supermatrices, we briefly present the approaches commonly used to reduce systematic error.


A rise in global temperature has been observed since the 1980s. The objective of the study was to understand the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) responses and yield performances to the changing climate. The study was performed using growing degree day (GDD) model and regression analysis method. Wheat data (1940 to 2016) were obtained from the Southern Regional Performance Nursery (SRPN) experiments at Bushland, Texas. Wheat genotypes were divided into three groups: Kharkof as a check cultivar, the highest yielding cultivar for each year, and all other cultivars. Climate data were obtained from USDA Agricultural Research Service at Bushland and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Temperatures between 1940 and 2016 showed a curvilinear trend with a significant rise since 1980. Mean temperature during wheat growing season (September 15 to June 15) increased at a rate of 0.35°C per decade since 1980. Consequently, seasonal GDD and extreme degree days (EDD) increased at a rate of 69°C d and 19°C d per decade. From 1940 to 2016, wheat heading date has shifted earlier by 16 days for dryland wheat and 11 days for irrigated wheat. Maximum and minimum temperatures in March and April had a negative relationship with heading date, while precipitation had a positive relationship with heading date for both dryland and irrigated wheat. Early heading may have benefits for heat escape but also has the disadvantage of reducing precipitation prior to heading—a loss of 25 mm when heading shifted earlier by 16 days for dryland wheat. The five-year moving average yields increased steadily from about 1960 to 1980, plateaued until the late 1980s, and then declined significantly. However, average genetic yield gains were 505 kg ha−1 under dryland and 1,671.4 kg ha−1 under irrigated conditions for all new cultivars during 1940 to 2016. Yield trends for all three cultivar groups had similar patterns over the years. Increase in maximum temperature, frequencies of maximum temperature greater than or equal to 31°C, and minimum temperature during grain filling period had significant negative effect on grain filling days and yield (except for minimum temperature under dryland conditions). Precipitation during the vegetative growth (November, January, and March) and grain filling (May) had a significant positive effect on dryland wheat yields, but only the January precipitation had significant effect on wheat yield under irrigated conditions. The study indicated that the rising temperature and shifting precipitation timings as a result of early heading are less favorable conditions for winter wheat production in the US southern High Plains.


ABSTRACT Surface characteristics of a cross slope can impact the ease with which a manual wheelchair (MWC) user propels across a surface. The purpose of this research was two-fold. Phase I of this research surveyed MWC users to identify cross slope scenarios that they reported to be more difficult to traverse compared to other common driving obstacles. Our survey results showed that, overall, cross slopes were harder to propel across than narrow and manual doors, and cross-slopes in inclement weather conditions were equal or more difficult than gravel and rough-surfaces. Cross slopes with severe angles and those with compound angles (slope with cross-slope) were the most difficult to traverse. Phase II focused on identifying the responses (e.g., avoid, explore alternative, experience a sense of insecurity, no effect) people had when viewing pictures of various cross-slopes scenarios (e.g., narrow space, compound angles, extreme weather) that wheelchair users encounter. These results showed that people reported that they would avoid or feel insecure on some cross-sloped surfaces, like the weather, that are not within our control, others, like compound angle and curb-cuts on slopes, that can be addressed in the construction of pathways or sidewalks.


Mountainous areas are prone to natural hazards like rockfalls. Among the many countermeasures, rockfall protection barriers represent an effective solution to mitigate the risk. They are metallic structures designed to intercept rocks falling from unstable slopes, thus dissipating the energy deriving from the impact. This study aims at providing a better understanding of the response of several rockfall barrier types, through the development of rather sophisticated three-dimensional numerical finite elements models which take into account for the highly dynamic and non-linear conditions of such events.
The models are built considering the actual geometrical and mechanical properties of real systems. Particular attention is given to the connecting details between the structural components and to their interactions. The importance of the work lies in being able to support a wide experimental activity with appropriate numerical modelling. The data of several full-scale tests carried out on barrier prototypes, as well as on their structural components, are combined with results of numerical simulations. Though the models are designed with relatively simple solutions in order to obtain a low computational cost of the simulations, they are able to reproduce with great accuracy the test results, thus validating the reliability of the numerical strategy proposed for the design of these structures. The developed models have shown to be readily applied to predict the barrier performance under different possible scenarios, by varying the initial configuration of the structures and/or of the impact conditions.
Furthermore, the numerical models enable to optimize the design of these structures and to evaluate the benefit of possible solutions. Finally it is shown they can be also used as a valuable supporting tool for the operators within a rockfall risk assessment procedure, to gain crucial understanding of the performance of existing barriers in working conditions.


Conflict between parents of children with disabilities and school district members has been an ongoing issue for decades. Special education administrators are often designated to address conflict with the intent to find an amicable resolution. Otherwise, conflict can lead to due process hearings that move valuable time and money away from general district funds. Understanding how administrators informally address such conflict can guide leaders as they promote collaboration between the home and school. This paper presents a qualitative interview study of special education directors' experiences with conflict prevention and resolution. Seven key action-based strategies that prevent and resolve conflict with families were identified: establish communication, provide parent support, level the playing field, intervene at the lowest level possible, maintain the focus on the child, find a middle ground, and understand perspectives. Each of these themes is


Background. Varicella virus can cause two different diseases: chickenpox and herpes zoster. In 2005 varicella vaccine has been introduced in the Spanish national vaccination schedule for 10-14 years old non-immune people, in order to reduce the severity of the disease. In 2007 a new surveillance protocol with aggregate data for chickenpox and herpes zoster was approved in order to detect any change in age distribution, severity and complications of the chickenpox and herpes zoster cases. The aim of this study is to know the burden of diseases (in the last ten years). Methods. Number of cases, hospitalization and incidence for chickenpox and herpes zoster were study for two periods 1997-2003 and 2005-2007. Analysis for 1996-2007 fatal cases was done too. We decided to remove year 2004 because the extremely high chickenpox incidence registered. Sources of data: RENAVE (Spanish Surveillance Network), Spanish hospital surveillance system (CMBD), and mortality registries. Results. Chickenpox incidence decreased since 2005, but an increasing trend was detected in hospitalisation with an average of 1,311 hospitalizations every year. For the 32%-36% of hospitalized cases, the main diagnosis was not chickenpox. 4-14 deaths per year have been detected; 80% of them were older than 14 years. Annual rate of herpes zoster hospitalization was 2.5 per 100,000 inhabitants, similar in both sexes. Case fatality rate per year was 0.31 per million inhabitants. No significant changes were detected in age and sex in complicated cases between the two periods. 88% of chickenpox cases were younger than 15 years old and 64% of herpes zoster older than 50 years in 2007. Conclusions. Chickenpox has been decreasing during 2005-2007 in Spain. The impact of vaccination is difficult to asses, because of a peak registered in 2004 but also because the lack of vaccination coverage information for this period and the case-data information is available only for the last year.


1,4-naphthoquinone structure is common in various natural products and possess a wide spectrum of biological activities. In the present study, a series of 1,4-naphthoquinone compounds were synthesized by reacting substituted naphthoquinones with alkyl or aryl amines in presence of a base, and screened against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) H37Rv. Most of the compounds exhibited significant in vitro antitubercular activities and may serve as a lead for further development as a novel class of antituberculosis agents. Compound 9 has IC90 value of 2.40μg/mL. The objective of our study is to generate new leads, as there is an urgent demand for new and more effective anti-TB drugs possessing new modes of action.


The practice of applying fertilizer in the fall for crops grown the next summer is advantageous to the fertilizer manufacturing and marketing sector as well as saving time for farmers in the spring planting season. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU), NaNO₃, and uncoated urea were applied in field experiments during 1972-74 to compare their efficiency in fall application with spring application for the production of corn (Zea mays L.) grain on a Mountview silt loam soil (Typic Paleudult, fine silty, siliceous, thermic) at Cookeville, Tenn. Two dissolution grades of SCU were compared with NaNO₃ and uncoated urea, at rates of 112 and 224 kg N/ha in 1972–73 and 168 and 224 kg N/ha in 1974. Grain yields were measured and relative efficiency of fall application and response to rates, sources, and dates of application were calculated. Soil concentrations of ammonium and nitrate N were measured on some treatments. Soil temperature at 10 cm depth was recorded during the winter and early spring of 2 years. There were little or no differences in corn grain yields between fall and spring applications of N at the 224 kg/ha rate. At the lower N rates, spring-applied N increased yields compared to fall-applied N. The relative efficiency of fall compared to spring application of the materials, averaged for 3 years, was 0.52 and 0.86 for NaNO₃ at 112 and 224 kg N/ha respectively, 0.49 and 0-95 for uncoated urea, 0.80 and 1.10 for SCU-1, and 0.72 and 1.03 for SCU-2. Nitrates leached to a depth of 45 cm or more during the winter and early spring in plots treated with NaNO₃ and uncoated urea. Conditions were probably favorable for a slow but significant dentrification rate at times during the winter and early spring, leading to the belief that dentrification may have caused some of the decreased efficiency of fall-applied N. Although SCU was more effective than NaNO₃ or uncoated urea, fall-applied N from any fertilizer source would be less effective on subsequent spring and summer growth than spring-applied N under similar soil and climate conditions.


This paper aims to discuss the changing roles and competencies of a teacher in context of prevailing developments accomplished by the vast availability of social software, which have made easy the development of Personal Learning Environments (PLEs). This has been accomplished by an in-depth review of the literature on teacher's socially situated competencies and roles with regard to the tasks and guidance they provide to students shape their PLEs. Review process provides an insight of PLE research studies, constructivist learning theories, and teacher changing roles. The results of this study outline the roles that portray the importance of teacher competencies as role in Planning and Design, Instruction and Learning, Communication and Interaction, Management and Administration, and Use of Technology.


Determination of the total content of metals in soils does not give enough information about their mobility and potential uptake by plants. The influence of heavy metals on plants depends on the type and form of a metal as well as properties of soil. The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of soil type (Rendzic Leptosols, Haplic Luvisols, Haplic Arenosols) on the content and speciation of copper in soil profiles. The research was carried out in two physiographical regions: Lublin Upland and Sandomierska Valley. Samples were collected once from individual genetics horizons, in total from 30 typological differentiated soil profiles, made from chalk marl, loess and sands. Speciation analysis of copper was carried out with the use of a three-stage sequential method of fractionation, which can isolate four fractions with BCR: fraction I – forms soluble in water, exchangeable and bounded with calcium carbonate, extractable with CH3COOH; fraction II – forms bound with free Fe and Mn oxides, extractable with NH2OHHCl; fraction III – forms complexed with organic matter, hot extractable with 30% H2O2 and next the mineralization products reextractable with CH3COONH4; fraction IV – residual forms (residue), i.e. the difference between the total content and the sum of three fractions I – III. The speciation analysis indicated that in all the examined soil types, the residual form showed the largest share of copper in its total content, followed by forms bounded with organic matter and, containing the smallest proportion of copper, the soluble, exchangeable and bound with calcium carbonate forms. In rendzinas and lessive soils, the content of fraction IV in the humus horizons was significantly higher than in the parent rock, whereas in Haplic Arenosols the host rock was richer in this copper form than the humus horizons.


Vulnerability of research populations is a fundamental area of interest and debate in bioethics. Based on mental health research in a humanitarian setting context, I explore vulnerability-related issues and developing enhanced protective practices. Motivated by experience from mental health research among forced migrants, and faced with a lack of guidance in the sharing of ethical lessons, I explore the concept of post-research ethics audit as a mechanism for reflection that researchers working with vulnerable populations can use. Presently, a coherent post-research strategy to critically examine the quality of ethical frameworks, debrief researcher experience and explore ethical challenges in research implementation is unavailable. The more established clinical audit process can be a model for the post-research ethics audit due to conceptual similarities in improving current practices by comparing the ideal versus the real scenario and measuring the effect of implementing changes. The proposed strategy presents a feasible way of identifying discrepancies between existing guidance and actual on-field implementation of research. Such a concept, if supported by empirical evidence based on its applicability, adaptability and feasibility, can become a platform to identify participant community needs, perceive community-specific ethical challenges, identify gaps in ethical oversight, and examine researcher integrity and potential misconduct. However, such activity needs to be researcher- and ethics committee-friendly, easily adaptable and implementable within existing ethical oversight frameworks, to enhance researcher-driven ethical practices and promote participant involvement.


The use of contingent valuation (CV) methods to estimate benefits has become increasingly common in project analysis. Ever since the NOAA Blue Ribbon Panel Report in 1993 (NOAA, 1993) recommended the use of the referendum form of CV, it seems to have become the method of choice in practical settings. Referendum-type questions are thought to be easier to answer than the open-ended variety. But there is a downside: econometric techniques must be applied to the referendum data in order to infer the mean or median willingness to pay (WTP) of the sample and, thus, of the population of potential beneficiaries. This is not, however, just a technical point. Its implications are demonstrated with data obtained from a referendum CV study done for a proposed sewer and wastewater treatment project designed to improve water quality in the Tietê River flowing through the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The results show that: A factor of 4 separates lowest from highest central tendency estimates of WTP, ignoring one implausible outlier that is 14 times larger than the largest of the other figures. This variation is ample enough to make a difference in the cost-benefit analysis results for the project under conservative assumptions. Analysts that use referendum CV data must be sensitive to the problems they buy into, and decide how to deal with the resulting benefits uncertainty in their project analysis. If the principal use of CV survey data is to produce a mean or median estimate of WTP for Cost-Benefit analysis rather than to test for the factors influencing referendum choice responses and, by implication, WTP, nonparametric approaches have the advantage of simplicity over parametric approaches.


The specificity of practice hypothesis and the psychological construct of anxiety are well established bodies of literature within their respective fields of research. The purpose of the current thesis was to design a series of experiments that investigate whether anxiety conforms to the principles of specificity. All experiments within the thesis provide data indicating that a change in anxiety mood state between acquisition and transfer results in a decrement in performance; both if anxiety is added or removed between acquisition and transfer. That is, the optimal performance of movements are linked (directly or indirectly) to the mood state under which they were learnt. Furthermore, the latter half of the experiments aimed to investigate the motor control processes that are affected by the anxiety/mood specificity i.e. whether movement planning (offline processes) and/or adjustment to movements during execution (online processes) are affected. Results support a specificity framework within the construct of anxiety, indicating the motor control mechanisms responsible for this pressure-performance specificity interaction are associated with effortful and non-automatic parameterisation of movement. However, upon further detailed analysis we conclude that any changes in offline processes are a strategy to overcome the reduction in one's ability to utilise online control processes when performing and learning under anxiety. That is, practicing with anxiety conforms to specificity effects and the strategy that is deemed most useful for success under anxiety conditions is to enhance movement planning. This strategy appears to be due to anxiety disrupting the automatic processes associated with the use of online control. Specificity of practice also offers an alternative explanation for choking and raises important theoretical and practical issues within both the motor control domain and sport psychology domain. That is, experimental paradigms used and the conclusions drawn from them need to be considered with knowledge of the Specificity of Practice Hypothesis (Proteau, 1992).


Abstract. We have performed 3 one-dimensional full particle electromagnetic simulations of a quasi-perpendicular shock with the same Alfven Mach number M A ~5, shock normal-magnetic field angle Θ Bn =87° and ion and electron beta (particle to magnetic field pressure) of 0.1. In the first run we used an ion to electron mass ratio close to the physical one ( m i /m e =1024). As expected from previous high mass ratio simulations the Modified Two-Stream instability develops in the foot of the shock, and the shock periodically reforms itself. We have then self-consistently included in the simulation 10% pickup protons distributed on a shell in velocity space as a third component. In a run with an unrealistically low mass ratios of 200 the shock still reforms itself; reformation is due to accumulation of specularly reflected particles at the upstream edge of the foot. In a third run including pickup protons we used a mass ratio of 1024. The shock reforms periodically as in the low mass ratio run with a somewhat smaller time constant. The specular reflection of pickup protons results in an increase of the shock potential some distance ahead of the shock foot and ramp. The minimum scale of the cross shock potential during reformation is about 7 electron inertial length λ e . We do not find any pickup proton acceleration in the ramp or downstream of the shock beyond the energy which specularly reflected ions gain by the motional electric field of the solar wind during their upstream gyration.