Self-employment has traditionally represented and continues to be an important route for immigrants to enter the American economic mainstream and improve their socioeconomic standing. In many metropolitan areas, immigrantowned small businesses have fueled the growth in the minority small business sector, and have become an integral aspect of urban revitalization and community development. This Chicago Fed Letter discusses the factors that influence the self-employment decision and presents an analysis of immigrant self-employment, based on the most recent Census data for 2000.


Heterogeneous catalysts are a critical part of industrial chemistry, primarily as a tool for more economically and ecologically efficient chemical processes. It is thus desirable to develop theoretical methods that can predict trends in catalytic activity and predict active catalyst for industrially important reactions. We have chosen to undertake a benchmarking study of various methods on the dissociation of molecular hydrogen on small gold and silver clusters. The simulation of the reactivity of H2 over small noble metal clusters is interesting both for elucidating the participation of the small clusters and also as a model for the metal-hydrogen interactions in nanoparticles and surfaces. In this study, the mechanism of the dissociation of H2 on Au3 and Ag3 clusters is computed with a high-level of theory, namely CCSD(T)/CBS. Several transition states and isomers with two independent H atoms coordinated to a triatomic cluster have been found. A benchmark study of the performance of DFT methods for the ...


On January 25th 1947, Simone de Beauvoir flew off to America where she would sojourn for four months. In September 1940, Denis de Rougemont settled there for the duration of the war. Two great European and world thinkers discovered the North American continent and the city of New York in particular, thus following in the footsteps of Paul Morand in the 1930s. The protestant and personalist intellectual and the existentialist spokeswoman were to describe their experiences, their joys, but also their doubts in two books which took the form of highly structured travel diaries: Journal des deux mondes (1946) by Denis de Rougemont and L'Amerique au jour le jour (1948) by Simone de Beauvoir.
Despite these two books being written during two different historical periods, with the two intellectuals staying in the United States for different reasons and although they sometimes convey radically divergent views when it comes to the position of men (and women) in the world, somehow, these views find a common ground in a modern form of humanism which tends to be critical of the American reality. This common ground is the topic of this article which will attempt to analyse two consciousnesses and to understand them in their uniqueness.


Here's a marketing puzzle: how do you introduce a consumer in Indonesia (or Bahrain or Fiji) to a brand that has built its success on the use of ingredients they've never heard of? One that has a Portuguese heritage but is South African in origin (all the more complicated since it's likely they don't know where South Africa is?) What strategy do you follow in promoting a brand that has its roots in entrepreneurial passion, but now has a presence in 26 markets worldwide? And how do you make sure that it maintains the fiery spirit that made it special in the first place?


This volume is the first, comprehensive and balanced historical account of the momentous Nigeria-Biafra war. It offers a multi-perspectival treatment of the conflict that explores issues such as local experiences of victims, the massive relief campaigns by humanitarian NGOs and international organizations like the Red Cross, the actions of foreign powers with interests in the conflict, and the significance of the international public sphere, in which the propaganda and public relations war was waged.


Originalism - the view that constitutional provisions should be interpreted as they were understood at the time of the law's enactment - is the ascendant method of constitutional interpretation. In particular, originalists argue that the Constitution's open-ended provisions should be interpreted in light of their generally understood legal meaning at the time of their framing. An originalist view of due process - entitling civil and criminal defendants to those procedures considered due at the time of framing - would accordingly condemn any number of innovations in criminal and civil procedure that infringe framing-era procedural rights, such as the novel systems for administrative adjudication of parking ticket cases now used in many municipalities that this article uses as an example of the problems that inhere in an originalist account of due process. Nevertheless, it seems to have gone unnoticed that in jurisprudence and scholarship about procedural due process, originalism is nearly entirely absent. Originalists have been unable to develop an account of what type of process should be considered due based on a framing-era understanding of due process. Their failure has important implications for originalism as a method of constitutional interpretation. While it is crucial to the originalist project that constitutional provisions have a reasonably ascertainable original meaning, originalists have spent little time defending that assumption. In this article, I challenge that assumption for the Due Process Clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. The article considers the original understanding of procedural due process, and demonstrates that by the time the Fourteenth Amendment's Due Process Clause was ratified, the Supreme Court had decisively rejected the understanding of due process contained in the law of England, which had afforded nearly absolute deference to legislative innovation, but had replaced it with no clear or coherent account. As of 1868, due process operated not as a fixed set of rules - the meaning of due process at the time of the framing was too amorphous to support that view - but instead to delegate to the judiciary responsibility for countermajoritarian oversight of the manner in which persons are deprived of life, liberty, or property. This evolutionary and common-law conception of due process is consistent with the evolutionary character of civil and criminal procedure up until the adoption of the Due Process Clause, as well as the tradition of common law constitutional adjudication that had taken firm root by 1868. In short, the original meaning of the Due Process Clause was nonoriginalist. This account has implications for substantive due process as well. If the concept of due process was intended to evolve through common law adjudication, surely that was equally true for its procedural and substantive components. Indeed, the original meaning of much of the Constitution may be nonoriginalist. It may be that many constitutional provisions, in order to obtain supermajority support, were drafted in broad and relatively abstract terms, in order to minimize objections. Thus, it many be that the original meaning of much of the Constitution is indeterminate, and accordingly can be construed only through a common law process of judicial elaboration.


Blood cultures are frequently obtained in pediatric emergency departments (EDs) from febrile young children at risk for bacteremia and subsequent development of serious bacterial infections. This study of 105 children with occult bacteremia treated in two large urban pediatric EDs describes the follow-up of these patients and the impact that positive blood culture results have on the detection of serious illness. Seventy-seven percent of patients had a follow-up visit in the ED, 8% had follow-up by telephone alone, and 15% were not contacted. Of the patients who returned to the ED, 49% did so because they were notified of the positive blood culture result. The mean time interval for these patients from registration at the initial visit to report of positive blood culture result was 30.0 hours and, from registration at the initial visit to follow-up visit, was 42.7 hours. Thirty-seven percent of those who returned did so because a follow-up visit was scheduled at the initial encounter, and 13% returned because of persistent illness. Ten children (9.6%), five of whom had been notified of the positive blood culture, returned with serious illnesses. Patients whose diagnosis of serious illness was facilitated by blood culture results had shorter delay in identifying cultures as positive than did patients notified of positive results who did not develop serious illness (16.2 vs 31.6 hours; P < 0.05). The delay in follow-up of children with occult bacteremia limits the usefulness of blood cultures in the early detection of serious illness. In our study, most of the delay was attributable to the time it took for cultures to be identified as positive. Techniques that speed the identification of positive blood cultures will be beneficial to outpatients with bacteremia. Although patients usually return promptly after being contacted, many patients with occult bacteremia were not reached. EDs must ensure that children at risk for the complications of bacteremia have prompt follow-up.


Thot Not (coconut palm) trees are an integral part of the Khmer community in Van Giao Commune, Tinh Bien District, An Giang Province, Vietnam. Palm wine can be obtained from the young inflorescence either male (or) female ones palm wine is alcoholic beverage that are made by fermenting the sugary sap from various palm plants. It is collected by tapping the top of the trunk by felling the palm tree and boring a hole into the trunk it is a cloudy whitish beverage with a sweet alcoholic taste and very short shelf life of only one day, the wine is consumed in a variety of flavors varying foam sweet unfermented to sour, fermented and vinegary there are various products. Palm sap can be fermented (or) processed into an alcoholic beverage it just needs the correct yeasts, temperature and processing conditions. In our research, we investigate three yeast strains and decide to choose two strains Rh and C1 to get good sensory quality wine. Between Rh and C1, the first is superior to the later based on both sensory value and fermenting time (14 days for Rh and 18 days for C1). Althoug the strain C1 having longer fermenting time, it creates specific flavor and more CO2 so it's suitable for sparking wine. From yeast strain Sacharomycess cerevisiae, pretreatment 75 ÷ 80 0 C in 15 minutes, initial pH 5.0 ÷ 5.5, dry matter 20 ÷ 22% Brix, fermenting temperature 30 0 C, palm wine is well fermented to 11.5 – 12.5% alcohol.


Program comprehension concerns the ability of an individual to make an understanding of an existing software system to extend or transform it. Software systems comprise of data that are noisy and missing, which makes program understanding even more difficult. A software system consists of various views including the module dependency graph, execution logs, evolutionary information and the vocabulary used in the source code, that collectively defines the software system. Each of these views contain unique and complementary information; together which can more accurately describe the data. In this paper, we investigate various techniques for combining different sources of information to improve the performance of a program comprehension task. We employ state-of-the-art techniques from learning to 1) find a suitable similarity function for each view, and 2) compare different multi-view learning techniques to decompose a software system into high-level units and give component-level recommendations for refactoring of the system, as well as cross-view source code search. The experiments conducted on 10 relatively large Java software systems show that by fusing knowledge from different views, we can guarantee a lower bound on the quality of the modularization and even improve upon it. We proceed by integrating different sources of information to give a set of high-level recommendations as to how to refactor the software system. Furthermore, we demonstrate how learning a joint subspace allows for performing cross-modal retrieval across views, yielding results that are more aligned with what the user intends by the query. The multi-view approaches outlined in this paper can be employed for addressing problems in software engineering that can be encoded in terms of a learning problem, such as software bug prediction and feature location.


This article addresses the potential to de-radicalize a terrorist, and if so how could this be achieved? The article also outlines the distinction between de-radicalization, counterradicalization and disengagement. In order to understand the potential of de-radicalization techniques, research examines the factors that might lead to initial radicalization. The strategy of some state-based de-radicalization programs, particularly the Saudi Arabian deradicalization program are examined and the importance of unique tailoring in these programs is identified. The relevance of ideology and life skill training within deradicalization programs is also examined. The extensive impact that information communication technology has had on radicalization is also addressed and following on, the potential for de-radicalization and counter-radicalization through information communication platforms is also discussed. The importance of an accurate and appropriately delivered counter-narrative message is examined and the value of such a counter-narrative is discussed in terms of it possibly planting the seed of question in a terrorist, which may eventually support the terrorist questioning of terrorist group ideology. Highly relevant to the future de-radicalization of an 'in organisation' terrorist is the issue of how states might manage the potential return of terrorists who are known to be overseas and whether the best solution is or is not to prevent the terrorist from returning to a homecountry, which is examined within. It could be presumed that a terrorist who is returning to a home-country may face some term of incarceration, as an extension of this issue that states must address, the effect that incarceration might have on a terrorist is also examined. The discussions in this article are relevant to policy-makers, de-radicalization program designers and security sector actors.


In 1954 Leon Festinger, a brilliant young experimental social psychologist in the process of inventing a new theory of human behavior - the theory of cognitive dissonance - and two of his colleagues, Henry Riecken and Stanley Schachter, infiltrated a cult who believed the end of the world was only months away. How would these people feel when their prophecy remained unfulfilled? Would they admit the error of their prediction, or would they, as Festinger predicted, readjust their reality to make sense of the new circumstances? Not only is When Prophecy Fails of great historical importance as the first test of a powerful theory, but it is also a surprisingly touching account of what happens to ordinary people under extraordinary circumstances.


Despite all that has been written about business and its role in American life, contemporary theories about the modern corporation as a social and political institution have failed to explain adequately the pervasiveness and complexity of corporate power in the twentieth century. Through an analysis of history, law, ideology, and economics that spans two centuries, Scott R. Bowman attempts to offer a complete interpretation of the way corporate power has achieved its dominant position in American society today. In The Modern Corporation and American Political Thought, Bowman demonstrates how judge-made and statutory laws have structured and regulated the growth of corporate power while preserving corporate autonomy. The argument unfolds within a historical framework that reconstructs the evolution of the corporation with reference to its two dimensions of power: internal (within the enterprise) and external (in society at large). Bowman examines and revises Marxist, pluralist, and managerial theories to develop his own political theory about class conflict and corporate power and offers fresh interpretations of the political thought of Herbert Croly, Walter Weyl, Thorstein Veblen, Peter F. Drucker, Adolph A. Berle, and John Kenneth Galbraith. Ultimately, this book sets forth the first political theory that adequately accounts for the power of the modern corporation in all its dimensions.


In this paper, I examine the effect of pension policy on the structure of financial systems around the world. In particular, I explore the hypothesis that policies that promote pension savings also promote the development of capital markets. I present a model that endogenizes the extent to which savings are intermediated through banks or capital markets, and derive implications for corporate finance, household finance, banking, and the size of the financial sector. I then present a number of facts that are broadly consistent with the theory and examine a variety of alternative explanations of my findings.


Metal plasticity is controlled by nucleation and motion of dislocations. Key metrics determining the ease of these two events are stacking fault energies (SFEs) and dislocation structures. Here we study screw and edge dislocation structures on the basal, prismatic and pyramidal planes in hexagonal-close-packed magnesium (Mg) using orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT) in order to gain insight into plastic deformation mechanisms in Mg. The accuracy of the method is first benchmarked against the more accurate Kohn–Sham DFT (KSDFT) with emphasis on testing OFDFT's main approximations, i.e. the kinetic energy density functional and the bulk-derived local pseudopotential by comparing predicted equilibrium bulk energies, elastic constants and various SFEs. Then we compare generalized SFEs for the basal, prismatic and pyramidal slip systems calculated by OFDFT versus two mainstream counterparts, KSDFT and the classical potential embedded atom method (EAM). The latter produces spurious minima along the generalized SFE surface on the prismatic plane whereas OFDFT agrees with qualitative experimental observations. Thereafter, we optimize isolated dislocation structures within periodic cells containing a few thousand atoms. We predict that on the basal plane, the screw and edge dislocations separate into partial dislocations with widths of ∼12 and ∼24 Å, respectively. Screw dislocations on the prismatic and pyramidal planes preferentially cross-slip and dissociate on the basal plane although a local minimum exists for a dissociated prismatic screw dislocation with widths of ⩾∼5 Å. By contrast, the edge dislocations on prismatic and pyramidal planes are predicted to remain undissociated. Such cross-slip behavior of screw dislocations is not reproduced by EAM simulations. We propose that the propensity for screw dislocations to remain on or cross-slip to Mg's basal plane, along with the compact nature of edge dislocations on non-basal planes, is likely to be responsible for its limited ductility.


In today's world, the use of computers and networks is growing and the vision of a single infrastructure for voice and data is becoming a reality. However, with different technologies and services using the same networking infrastructure, the realization of this vision requires higher levels of security to be implemented in computer systems. Current security solutions do not address all of the security challenges facing today's computer systems, including clustered platforms, in one comprehensive and coherent fashion. This paper presents the previous work done in the area of access control and then focus on new mechanisms for clustered Linux servers as part of the research project at the Ericsson Open Systems Lab. In this paper, we address the design and implementation of a framework for the mandatory access control in the distributed security infrastructure (DSI). The ongoing work is mainly based on the Flask architecture and the Linux Security Module (LSM) framework with a focus on Linux clustered servers. The paper also addresses the effects of the cluster security on the performance of the distributed system, since enforcing security may introduce degradation in the performance, an increase in administration, and some annoyance for the user. We are implementing cluster-aware access control mechanisms in the Linux kernel. We expect that our work will help position Linux as a secure operating system for clustered servers.


International Labour Organisation during a long time of its existence created and developed the supervising machinery for the observance of provisions of international labour standards, which is widely recognised as one of the most developed and effective systems of standards supervision in the multilateral system. It is based on the Constitution of the ILO and has been further developed through longstanding practice. Its different components interact and complement each other. The two main tracks – regular reporting system and special procedures. Regular reporting on ratified conventions is organised through periodic submission of information according to established rules and in settled report forms, the answers to the Direct requests of the Committee of Experts. Information from time to time is also provided on legislation and practice in the country on unratified conventions. On the basis of a resolution, adopted by the Eight Session of the international Labour Conference in 1926, the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and recommendations and the Conference Committee on the Application of Standards were given responsibility for regular supervision of the observance by Member States of observance of their standards–related obligations. They report to the International Labour Conference, where it is discussed. The report is published and circulated to governments. Governments' attention is drawn to particular points raised by the Committee. Special procedures are established for the examination of representations and complaints as to the observance of ratified conventions and as to the infringement of freedom of association. The tripartite Governing Body's Committee on Freedom of Association (CFA) is the main institution dealing with the complaints alleging infringements of freedom of association of employers and workers. The ILO is unique among world organisations with its tripartite principle –employers' and workers' representatives have an equal voice in shaping its policies and programmes. All issues of international labour standards creation, ratification, denunciation, implementation have to be consulted with the social partners. Although, as it was mentioned above, the existing supervisory system is well functioning, from time to time adjustments are needed to insure that the system continues to provide for an effective tool to identify and address problems in the application of standards. Possible improvements in ILO standards supervisory system are under discussion at the latest Governing Body sessions. Among the reasons, which caused the need of such discussions is a big workload on the Committee of Experts and governments. The main future orientations – that the system should remain independent, objective, impartial and effective.


Assisted colonization—the intentional movement of species as a climate adaptation strategy—has emerged as a divisive controversy in the conservation biology literature. We review selected scientific literature to understand the nature of the controversy, alongside relevant scholarship on the science‐policy interface to highlight ways in which scientists and their work might most effectively and appropriately inform decisions on this management strategy. The scientific literature thus far is problematic in two ways that threaten to undermine the utility of science to actual decision‐making processes: As a collection, it contains abundant and seemingly incommensurable insights about assisted colonization. This is at least in part a product of nature, which is sufficiently diverse to provide examples and case studies that appear to justify any number of policy preferences regarding ecosystem management. This first shortcoming exacerbates the second: Scientific authors thus far have not adequately addressed the value‐based considerations implicit in their own work, nor acknowledged public's legitimate standing in these inherently value‐based decisions. In combination, these attributes of the literature ensure that additional knowledge on assisted colonization will exacerbate public controversy—rather than dispel it—when public attention increases. We propose that if scientists appropriately disentangle value considerations from technical ones, invite public debates over values, and treat proposals individually rather than debating the approach writ‐large, they stand to have the greatest influence over technical aspects of decision processes. Scientists would serve themselves well to acknowledge the limits of science and embrace public dialogue about specific management proposals. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:852–868. doi: 10.1002/wcc.420


The efficiency of the time synchronization service in wireless sensor networks is tightly connected to the design of the radio, the quality of the clocking hardware, and the synchronization algorithm employed. While improvements can be made on all levels of the system, over the last few years most work has focused on the algorithmic level to minimize message exchange and in radio architectures to provide accurate time-stamping mechanisms. Surprisingly, the influences of the underlying clock system and its impact on the overall synchronization accuracy has largely been unstudied.
 In this work, we investigate the impact of the clocking subsystem on the time synchronization service and address, in particular, the influence of changes in environmental temperature on clock drift in highly duty-cycled wireless sensor nodes. We also develop formulas that help the system architect choose the optimal resynchronization period to achieve a given synchronization accuracy. We find that the synchronization accuracy has a two region behavior. In the first region, the synchronization accuracy is limited by quantization error, while int he second region changes in environmental temperature impact the achievable accuracy. We verify our analytic results in simulation and real hardware experiments.


Abstract The devastating eruptions of Mount Tungurahua in the Ecuadorian highlands in 1999 and 2006 left many communities struggling to rebuild their homes and others permanently displaced to settlements built by state and nongovernmental organizations. For several years afterward, households diversified their economic strategies to compensate for losses, communities organized to promote local development, and the state and nongovernmental organizations sponsored many economic recovery programs in the affected communities. Our study examined the ways in which gender and gender roles were associated with different levels and paths of access to scarce resources in these communities. Specifically, this article contrasts the experiences of men and women in accessing household necessities and project assistance through formal institutions and informal networks. We found that women and men used different types of informal social support networks, with men receiving significantly more material, emotional, and informational support than women. We also found that men and women experienced different challenges and advantages when pursuing support through local and extralocal institutions and that these institutions often coordinated in ways that reified their biases. We present a methodology that is replicable in a wide variety of disaster, resettlement, and development settings, and we advocate an inductive, evidence-based approach to policy, built upon an understanding of local gender, class, and ethnic dynamics affecting access to formal and informal resources. This evidence should be used to build more robust local institutions that can resist wider social and cultural pressures for male dominance and gendered exclusion.


A general approach for structural interpretation of local disorder in partially ordered solids is proposed, combining high-resolution two-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and first principles calculations. We show that small chemical shift variations of the order of a ppm can be interpreted in detailed structural terms with advanced density functional theory methods. Focusing on a model system of bisphosphinoamine, we demonstrate that the existence and the spatial range of small amplitude disorder can be probed using quantitative statistical analyses of 2D NMR line shapes obtained from through-space correlation experiments collected using variable mixing times. We show how low-energy vibration modes calculated from first principles can be conveniently used not as a cause of disorder but, instead, to generate a basis set of physically plausible local distortions to describe candidate static distributions of local geometries. Calculations of (31)P NMR isotropic chemical shifts are then used for the first time to simulate 2D correlation lineshapes associated with these distortions, which permit their evaluation as a potential source of disorder by comparison to experimental 2D cross-peaks between phosphorus sites. This new type of structural constraints allows the identification of changes in the bonding geometry that most likely contribute to the local structural disorder. We thus identify at least one type of structural deformation that is compatible with the experimental 2D NMR data and is also within the order of magnitude of the "thermal ellipsoids" associated with the uncertainties on the atomic positions of the X-ray diffraction structure.


A metal-dielectric grating consists of alternating metal and dielectric materials with period less than single wavelength of visible radiations. Optical behaviors of reflection spectra of this grating for s-polarized and p-polarized incident white light are studied systematically. For reflected light, it is the p-polarized light rather than s-polarization shows unusual optical behaviors with characteristics of single-peak spectra, higher peak efficiencies of higher than 75% and lower off-resonant efficiencies. The spectral width of p-polarized light with desirable frequency-selective functions is much wider. There exist two resonant areas for p-polarizations extending toward each other as filling factors increase, and positions of the resonances are mainly determined by grating periods existing linear relationships between them. For making positions of resonances occur in visible wavelengths, filling factors and grating periods should be respectively designed between 0.5 and 0.6 and between 0.25 and 0.45 µm. The newly observed properties of p-polarized lights can be used to exploit novel devices for reflection applications in the fields of optical securities and color filters.


We examine consumer response to label information using a hypothetical choice experiment on red leaf lettuce attribute bundles. Using survey responses, several mixed logit models with random parameters and varying correlation assumptions are estimated that provide estimated of marginal utilities ( and marginal values) of various attributes related to general health claims, specific nutrition and health claims, certification logos, and certified organic claims (relative to the conventional reference group) for this fresh produce product. We find that consumers distinguish between labeling claims, and that attribute bundling effects are present, suggesting the results from main effects (linear) models may be misleading. Furthermore, the results imply that consumers may value both privately and publicly appropriable benefits of alternative technologies, such as organic production.


Most sewage collection systems designed between 19th and early to mid-20th century use single-pipe systems that collect both sewage and urban runoff from streets, roofs and other impervious surfaces. This type of collection system is referred to as a combined sewer system. During storms, the flow capacity of the sewers may be exceeded and the overflow discharged into a receiving water body (RWB) through spillways without any control and remediation. Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) may, therefore, produce serious water pollution and flooding problems in downstream RWBs. Methodologies for a rational management of CSOs quantity and quality share many commonalities, and these two aspects should be considered together in order to maximize benefits and promote local distributed actions, especially in high urban density areas where the space availability for the construction of CSO storage tanks is often a limiting factor. In this paper, a novel strategy to control downstream flow propagation of a CSO as well as to improve its quality is tested on a real case study in the area of the metropolitan city of Milan. The approach is based on the combination of grey, green and blue infrastructures and exploits the integrated storage and self-depuration capacities of a firstflush tank, a constructed wetland and a natural stream to obtain admissible flow rates and adequate water quality in the RWB. The results, evaluated through a modelling framework based on simplified equations of water and pollutants dynamics, show excellent performances for the integrated system, both in terms of flow control and pollution mitigation. The pollution, using biological oxygen demand concentration as a proxy of the whole load, was decreased by more than 90% and downstream flooding situations were avoided, despite the spillway was not regulated. Concerning the economic point of view, from a rough estimate of the costs, the system allows reducing the investment of 30 to 50% in respect to the traditional CSO controls based solely on flow detention tanks. The proposed approach, as well as the modelling framework for its effective implementation, appear strongly scalable in different world contexts and aim to fill the gap between urban and rural environments in the management of stormwater and CSOs, promoting the involvement of the water managers, the irrigation-reclamation agencies and regional authorities.


Purpose: The objective of this study was to understand and learn about in-service teachers' and educational assistants' professional development (PD) experiences for inclusive physical education (IPE), individually and collaboratively. Method: Using a multiple case study design and hermeneutic inquiry, the experiences of three teachers and three educational assistants were investigated. Data sources included semistructured interviews, focus groups, observations, and researcher reflective journals. Results: The practitioners' experiences with PD for IPE revealed the following major themes: (a) it is just not there: IPE-PD is rare, (b) taking initiative: maximizing consultants as IPE-PD, and (c) together we are better: desire for collaborative IPE-PD. Discussion/Conclusions: PD for IPE needs to be developed and implemented for teachers and educational assistants working as an instructional team together. Engaging these practitioners in collaborative IPE-PD can support their learning and the teaching of IPE and acts as a starting point to form communities of practice in IPE.


Abstract : The major features of a proposed approach to radar bomb scoring are discussed. The method uses observed deviations from desired release conditions as a basis for predicting bomb mean point of impact in the target plane. Circular Error Probable (CEP) is estimated using a non-central chi-square approximation of the bomb impact distribution. Contributions of bomb scoring system errors (such as errors in radar location) to the apparent delivery system CEP are discussed.


The plasma membranes of cells are thin viscous sheets in which some transmembrane proteins have two-dimensional mobility and some are immobilized. Previous studies have shown that immobile proteins retard the short-time diffusivity of mobile particles through hydrodynamic interactions and that steric effects of immobile proteins reduce the long-time diffusivity in a model that neglects hydrodynamic interactions. We present a rigorous derivation of the long-time diffusivity of a single mobile protein interacting hydrodynamically and thermodynamically with an array of immobile proteins subject to periodic boundary conditions. This method is based on a finite element method (FEM) solution of the probability density of the mobile protein diffusing with a position-dependent mobility determined through a multipole solution of Stokes equations. The simulated long-time diffusivity in square arrays decreases as the spacing in the array approaches the particle size in a manner consistent with a lubrication analysis. In random arrays, steric effects lead to a percolation threshold volume fraction above which long-time diffusion is arrested. The FEM/multipole approach is used to compute the long-time diffusivity far away from this threshold. An approximate analysis of mobile protein diffusion through a network of pores connected by bonds with resistances determined by the FEM/multipole calculations is then used to explore higher immobile area fractions and to evaluate the finite simulation cell size scaling behaviour of diffusion near the percolation threshold. Surprisingly, the ratio of the long-time diffusivity to the spatially averaged short-time diffusivity in these two-dimensional fixed arrays is higher in the presence of hydrodynamic interactions than in their absence. Finally, the implications of this work are discussed, including the possibility of using the methods developed here to investigate more complex diffusive phenomena observed in cell membranes.


Career counselors work with people from varied segments of society. For battered women, some of the challenges they face from intimate partner violence may significantly influence their career exploration and decision making. Social cognitive career theory (SCCT; R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994) is a framework that has important implications for working with these women. In this article, the authors present the unique career needs of battered women terminating abusive relationships, the relevance of SCCT to this population, strategies for using SCCT when working with these women, and a case study illustrating effective use of SCCT.


Welding is broadly defined as a permanent method of material joining. In the field of Remote Handling (RH) however the combined requirements for high quality joints and regular replacement of high value components and plant on magnetic confinement fusion machines have resulted in a situation where welding is customarily treated as a reversible joining method with the use of cutting tools. This atypical usage of welding requires a range of sophisticated tooling for cutting, refurbishment, metrology, alignment and re-welding operations. In the past, on projects where RH has been used extensively such the Joint European Torus (JET) the technical demands of this approach were met by adopting a conservative design rationale; joint designs were simplified to the point where autogenous single pass welds on thin walled pipes could be used. Thin walled pipes also permit the use of thin walled bellows adding compliance to the system and thus assisting joint fit up. The RH pipe jointing requirements of future fusion machines like ITER are such that the conditions described for JET will not necessarily be possible, consequently a more sophisticated suite of RH jointing tooling is anticipated. Larger pipe wall thicknesses have been cited as part of the ITER design; this may necessitate multiple pass welding which has an associated increased risk of producing an unacceptable joint. Pipes with larger wall thicknesses have less compliance which complicates fit-up prior to re-welding. Mechanical cutting methods carry a risk of causing distortion to pipe ends during cutting and release of weld stresses, furthermore larger wall thicknesses make the correction of such deformations more difficult. Other complications associated with mechanical cutting and welding include the refurbishment and inspection of cut edges prior to re-welding and the risk of tool jamming/failure during cutting. Material lost during the cutting process must also be accommodated somehow in subsequent joining operations. This in addition to the need to reweld outside the heat affected zone of the previous weld limits the number of re-welding operations that can be performed for a given component. In response to the problems of applying welding and cutting principals to the pipe jointing requirements of ITER and future fusion machines, this body of research considers a diverse range of alternative pipe jointing technologies applicable to RH. Brazing was selected as the most promising research domain. Following the development of the necessary theory covering the design of a novel pipe joint system used in combination with an exotic brazing technique, this work has resulted in the successful creation of a revolutionary pipe jointing solution. With the strength of a welded joint but without the complication of using inherently risky mechanical cutting processes for disassembly, the fruits of this research offer valuable benefits to the RH engineer and a diverse range of other pipe jointing applications.


Returning athletes to competition following injury often creates a dilemma for athletic trainers and team physicians. Most clinicians gather as much data as possible before deciding whether to return an athlete to competition following injury. The status of the postural control system and balance is important for certain pathologies and therefore should be considered in these clinical decisions. As more high-tech balance systems become available, it is important for clinicians to understand not only what is available but what these devices measure. This paper will review the relationship between the postural control system and the kinetic chain, traditional and contemporary techniques for assessing balance, and ways in which clinicians can bridge the gap between balance research and clinical practice.


The aim of the Swedish Quality Handbook Project is to help Swedish libraries in all parts of the public sector to start conducting systematic quality management, by utilizing performance indicators. The project is intended to serve as a springboard for libraries interested in engaging in quality development. The cooperation is based on the collection of data for the twelve indicators over a period of three years and a comparison of the results over time and with those of other libraries. The most important outcome from the project is that it has led 50 Swedish libraries to start performing systematic quality management. The project is run by The Special Interest Group for Quality Management and Statistics within the Swedish Library Association, which plays an active role in encouraging Swedish libraries to engage in quality development and evaluation.


In this issue, Istre and colleagues report results from an intervention to increase child restraint use in a multi-ethnic Dallas neighbourhood ( see page 3 ).1 This was an impressive undertaking, couched in the theory and principles of community-based prevention interventions. Investigators conducted formative work with community stakeholders, some of which is detailed in a linked, online white paper. Modifications to intervention design based on these qualitative assessments included a focus on schools as points of neighbourhood cohesion and the use of car seats 'blessed' by local religious organisations.

The intervention was studied using a quasi-experimental design not uncommon in community-based efforts. As suggested by Langley et al , the outcomes of interest were not relatively rare injury occurrences, but rather the observed prevalence of important injury-risk reduction behaviours.2 Results were based on almost 10 000 individual child restraint use observations. Analysis accounted for the clustered, multi-levelled nature of the intervention and data collection activities.3

The results are presented as an example of 'the Safe Communities model approach to injury prevention.' The Safe Communities movement is a worldwide effort through which several hundred cities or municipalities have been (or are working to become) certified as safe communities.4 In general, this requires communities to …


Long before there was a U.S. Constitution for the American republic, there were treaties among Indian Nations and between Indian Nations and colonial governments reflecting ideals of consultation and negotiation among self-determining peoples. Indigenous traditions of treatymaking were based upon mutual recognition and respect. These traditions of constitutional negotiation have persisted to this day. Despite the absence of formal constitutional entrenchment for their sovereignty in current U.S. law, Indian Nations have maintained traditions of selfgovernance and continued to negotiate the terms of their association with other peoples. Scholars have argued that Indian treaties and agreements provide constitutional law, or something like it, for governance in Indian Country. Using negotiations between the United States and the states as a point of comparison, this Article works through precisely what it might mean to think about negotiations in Indian Country in constitutional terms. Indian treaties and agreements constitute institutional rules of the game for intergovernmental relationships and express fundamental values about those relationships. In this sense, they help constitute our Tribal republic.


Initial studies on genetic aspects of immunoglobulins were performed on humans and mice but were successfully applied to various other animals such as chicken, rabbit, swine, cattle, and horses, too. Especially in cattle and horses, fundamental research in immunoglobulin genetics still needs more attention to complete previous information such as the number of available gene segments, gene families, and allotypes of different isotypes of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains. Results will enable the analysis and generation of synthetic recombinant antibodies, as well as an alternating treatment of infectious diseases to prevent resistance to antibiotics.
As reviewed in the first publication, the understanding of the organization of equine immunoglobulin genes has increased significantly in the recent years. For equine heavy chains, 52 immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene segments (IGHV), 40 immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity gene segments (IGHD), 8 immunoglobulin heavy chain joining gene segments (IGHJ) and 11 immunoglobulin heavy chain constant region genes (IGHC) are present. Seven of these IGHCs are gamma chain genes. Sequence diversity is increasing between fetal, neonatal, foal and adult age. The kappa light chain contains 60 immunoglobulin kappa light chain variable gene segments (IGKV), 5 immunoglobulin kappa light chain joining gene segments (IGKJ) and 1 immunoglobulin kappa light chain constant region gene (IGKC), whereas there are 144 immunoglobulin lambda light chain variable gene segments (IGLV), 7 immunoglobulin lambda light chain joining gene segments (IGLJ), and 7 immunoglobulin lambda light chain constant region genes (IGLC) for the lambda light chain, which is expressed predominantly in horses. A decrease in IGLVs is noted during age development, although nucleotide diversity and significant differences in gene usage increased. A standardization of the existing nomenclature of immunoglobulin genes is suggested.
The first experimental study focused on the identification of allotypic variants of equine IGLC and differences in the expression of IGLV within and between the two horse breeds Rhenish German Coldblood (RGC) and Hanoverian Warmblood (HW). The two breeds differ in stud book size and breeding goals. After PCR amplification of cDNA and subcloning, 120 samples per breed were isolated and sequenced. Statistical analysis of transcription frequencies were performed applying non-parametric tests. The significant majority of the sequences represented IGLC6/7 in both breeds, whereas IGLC1, IGLC4, and IGLC5 occurred in significant different frequencies per breed. Five allotypic IGLC1 variants, four allotypic IGLC5 variants, and three allelic as well as two allotypic IGLC6/7 variants were identified in breed specific proportions. Eleven out of 144 known IGLV segments were transcribed of which IGLV15 and IGLV17 were preferred significantly. IGLV25 displayed significant differences in the rearrangement between both breeds. In addition, the pseudogenes IGLV101ψ and IGLV74ψ were also identified. Rearrangements with IGLC genes showed significant differences for IGLV15 in both breeds, whereas IGLV25 also revealed significant differences between the breeds. The transcriptional orientation of the functional segments had no influence on the occurrence of the IGLV.
The second experimental study carried out in cattle dealt with two main topics. On the one hand it focused on the third complementarity determining region of the bovine heavy chain (CDR3H) whose exceptional length previously was described as a specificity of bovine IgG and IgM. On the other hand, the genomic organization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus was analyzed with a special focus on the number of IGHV. After isotype-specific cDNA PCR, subcloning of 20 DNA plasmids per immunoglobulin isotype and sequence analyzes of the variable regions, we proved the existence of exceptionally long CDR3H in all five bovine isotypes. The sequences of CDR3H belong to three distinct groups and possess ≤10, 12 to 31 or ≥48 amino acid residues. Hydrophilic amino acid residues dominated in long and intermediate long CDR3H, while short CDR3H possessed hydrophobic amino acid residues, too. All sequences with exceptionally long CDR3H were related to the germline IGHV10. Further, the germline IGHD2, with 148 bp in size, contributes to those CDR3H.
The genomic organization of the bovine immunoglobulin heavy-chain locus was analyzed using the current genome assembly, Bos taurus NCBI build 6.1. A main locus was identified on BTA21. Additional exons coding for immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV), diversity (IGHD), and joining (IGHJ) segments, as well as for the constant regions of different isotypes, were localized on BTA7, BTA8, BTA20, and on unplaced contigs, too. Altogether, 36 IGHV were detected of which 13 are putatively functional. For the phylogenetic analysis, the complete nucleotide sequences of the 36 bovine IGHV segments were aligned with one member of the human IGHV families 1 to 7. Results proved the existence of two bovine IGHV families (boVH1, boVH2). The boVH1 comprises all functional segments. This study substantially improved the understanding of the generation of immunoglobulin diversity in cattle.
The third study aimed to gain more insight into the combinatorial diversity, somatic hypermutations and putative gene conversions of IgG in the four cattle breeds Aubrac, German Simmental, German Black Pied, and Holstein Friesian. For the more detailed analysis of rearranged bovine heavy chain immunoglobulin variable regions, a new bioinformatics framework was developed by combining and refining widely used alignment algorithms. Immunoglobulin heavy chains possessing exceptionally long CDR3Hs can now be analyzed specifically, as well as the dominantly transcribed IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ segments and their recombination.
The use of 15 different IGHV segments, 21 IGHD segments, and 2 IGHJ segments was investigated with significant different transcription levels within the breeds. There are preferred rearrangements within the 3 groups of CDR3H lengths. In sequences of group 1 (≤10 aa) and 3 (≥48 aa) a lower number of recombinations were observed than in sequences of group 2 (11-47 aa). The combinatorial diversity revealed 162 significantly different rearrangements of germline IGHV, IGHD, and IGHJ segments. The few preferably rearranged gene segments within group 3 CDR3H regions are supposed to indicate specialized antibodies because this length is unique in cattle.
The main result of this study enabled by the new bioinformatics framework, is the strong evidence for gene conversion as a rare event using pseudogenes fulfilling all definitions for this particular diversification mechanism.
In conclusion, this thesis contributes to a more detailed understanding of the expressed immunoglobulin repertoire in cattle and horses. Breed and husbandry conditions are supposed to influence the repertoire significantly. This thesis also highlights that the bovine heavy chain diversity is not restricted to the use of a limited number of germline genes although there are preferred rearrangements within the three groups of CDR3H lengths. These results will be of future importance in analyzing seroconversion data after infection or vaccination, as well as determining breed specific differences to select healthy, robust animals.


Addressing for the first time Shakespeare's place in counter-cultural cinema, this book examines and theorizes counter-hegemonic, postmodern, and post-punk Shakespeare in late 20thand early 21stcentury film. Drawing on a diverse range of case studies, Grant Ferguson presents an interdisciplinary approach that offers new theories on the nature and application of Shakespearean appropriations in the light of postmodern modes of representation. The book considers the nature of the Shakespearean inter-text in subcultural political contexts concerning the politicized aesthetics of a Shakespearean 'body in pieces,' the carnivalesque, and notions of Shakespeare as counter-hegemonic weapon or source of empowerment. Representative films use Shakespeare (and his accompanying cultural capital) to challenge notions of capitalist globalization, dominant socio-cultural ideologies, and hegemonic modes of expression. In response to a post-modern culture saturated with logos and semiotic abbreviations, many such films play with the emblematic imagery and references of Shakespeare's texts. These curious appropriations have much to reveal about the elusive nature of intertextuality in late postmodern culture and the battle for cultural ownership of Shakespeare. As there has yet to be a study that isolates and theorizes modes of Shakespearean production that specifically demonstrate resistance to the social, political, ideological, aesthetic, and cinematic norms of the Western world, this book expands the dialogue around such texts and interprets their patterns of appropriation, adaptation, and representation of Shakespeare.


Fungi are increasingly recognized as a cause of respiratory infection, particularly affecting individuals with either immune deficiency or localised lung destruction. The normal human host response effectively controls airborne fungi, but specific polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of developing fungal lung infection. Invasive fungal disease (IFD) is associated with neutropenia and haematological stem cell transplants. They are difficult to diagnose with certainty though the use of cross-sectional imaging and biomarkers has allowed targeted patient treatment. Mortality rates, though improving with antifungal therapy, remain unacceptably high. Chronic pulmonary fungal disease is associated with chronic respiratory disorders and is also difficult to diagnose with certainty. Treatment is chronic and often poorly tolerated, and even when successful unable to reverse existing lung damage. Further research is required to improve both diagnostics and therapy to improve outcomes in these infectious diseases.


Numerous outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been linked to the consumption of leafy vegetables. However, up to the present, little has been known about E. coli O157:H7's adaptive responses to survival on actively growing (and thus responsive) plants. In this study, whole genome transcriptional profiles were generated from E. coli O157:H7 cells (isolate Sakai, stx-) one hour and two days after inoculation on the leaves of growing butterhead lettuce, and compared with an inoculum control. A total of 273 genes of E. coli O157:H7 Sakai (5.04% of the whole genome) were significantly induced or repressed by at least two-fold (p < 0.01) in at least one of the analyzed time points in comparison with the control. Several E. coli O157:H7 genes associated with oxidative stress and antimicrobial resistance were upregulated, including the iron-sulfur cluster and the multiple antibiotic resistance (mar) operon, whereas the Shiga toxin virulence genes were downregulated. Nearly 40% of the genes with significantly different expression were poorly characterized genes or genes with unknown functions. These genes are of special interest for future research as they may play an important role in the pathogens' adaptation to a lifestyle on plants. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the pathogen actively interacts with the plant environment by adapting its metabolism and responding to oxidative stress.


We present a local learning approach for clustering. The basic idea is that a good clustering result should have the property that the cluster label of each data point can be well predicted based on its neighboring data and their cluster labels, using current supervised learning methods. An optimization problem is formulated such that its solution has the above property. Relaxation and eigen-decomposition are applied to solve this optimization problem. We also briefly investigate the parameter selection issue and provide a simple parameter selection method for the proposed algorithm. Experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


For long, India hardly regarded the countries of Southeast Asia and South Pacific as priority areas despite the latter's cultural, political, economic and strategic significance. The long spell of mutual alienation understandably gave way to mutual distrust and suspicion. This dark period in India's relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and South Pacific was, however, brought to an end following the reshaping and reorientation of India's foreign policy, manifest in the vigorous pursuit of 'Look East' policy since the last decade of the previous century. Positive factors such as the pursuit of ASEAN and Australia's 'Look West' policy coinciding with the adoption of 'Look East' policy by India, had already registered impressive progress in the field of economy, strategy and cultural relations between India and ASEAN. The leading specialists have critically examined the fruitful synergy in the relations between India and the countries of Southeast Asia and South Pacific.


The Cretaceous to Pliocene erosional history of the NE South American margin depicts the increasing influence of the uplifting Caribbean Mountain belt. Petrographic analyses of 59 Cretaceous to Late Pliocene sandstone samples derived from across the islands of Trinidad and Barbados, demonstrate systematic mineralogical changes whereby Early Cretaceous arkosic arenites gave way to mature quartz arenites by the Late Cretaceous and Caribbean Mountain-derived lithic-rich arenites during the Neogene. Changes in the framework compositions are accompanied by changes in textural attributes, with Caribbean Mountain detritus being notably finer grained than cratonic input. Silica cements predominate in quartzose sandstones and sericitic and clay cements within litharenites. The changing mineralogical compositions record the gradual deformation of the northern South American passive margin and initiation of the Andean–Caribbean Mountain foreland basin system, with incipient orogenic detritus evident from the latest Eocene and unambiguous orogenic input by the Late Oligocene. The preponderance of finer grain sizes within deltaic Pliocene sandstones records the later fill of an established foredeep with sediments sourced primarily from erosion of the Andean hinterland. These interpretations agree with heavy mineral compositional changes and the timing of uplift from geo- and thermo-chronological data across the margin. Supplementary material: Qualitative descriptions, sample coordinates and raw point counts are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3659381


The nervous breakdown of a 22-year-old, young woman was caused by severe sexual abuse in childhood, which was repressed over many years. During therapy, the patient accumulated resources to start the painful integration of these old traumas. Using holistic existential therapy in accordance with the life mission theory and the holistic process theory of healing, she finally was able to confront her old traumas and heal her existence. She seemingly recovered completely (including regaining full emotional range) through holistic existential therapy, individually and in a group. The therapy took 18 months and more than 100 hours of intensive therapy. In the beginning of the therapy, the issues were her physical and mental health; in the middle of the therapy, the central issue was her purpose of life and her love life; and at the conclusion of the therapy, the issue was gender and sexuality. The strategy was to build up her strength for several months, mobilizing hidden resources and motivation for living, before the old traumas could be confronted and integrated. The therapy was based on quality of life philosophy, on the life mission theory, the theory of ego, the theory of talent, the theory of the evil side of man, the theory of human character, and the holistic process theory of healing. The clinical procedures included conversation, philosophical training, group therapeutic tools, extended use of therapeutic touch, holistic pelvic examination, and acceptance through touch was used to integrate the early traumas bound to the pelvis and scar tissue in the sexual organs. She was processed according to 10 levels of the advanced toolbox for holistic medicine and the general plan for clinical holistic psychiatry. The emotional steps she went through are well described by the scale of existential responsibility. The case story of Anna is an example of how even the most severely ill patient can recover fully with the support of holistic medical treatment, making her feel, understand, and let go of her negative beliefs and life-denying decisions.


The life cycle, life history, feeding biology and ecology of Neurothemis tullia
(Drury) larvae and adults were studied from June 1993 through April 1995 in a rice
field of Bandar Baru District in Kedah, Malaysia. An aquatic net was used to sample
the lar.-ae in the field and the adult ecology was studied using visual counting and
Mark-Release-Recapture (MRR) techniques. The results showed that the egg
incubation period was eight days followed by forty four days of larval developmental
period in the laboratory. Thus, the mean life cycle from egg to adult emergence was
fifty two days. Growth of both head capsule and body length was faster from instar
one to six and slowed gradually at higher instars.
Larval development was asynchronous and a maximum of eight different
instars was found at one sampling occasion. Four emergences were observed in the
year of 1994. The onset of emergence occurred in March, May, July and October, 1994. The size of emerging populations varied according to the availability of water
during larval growth and rice growing phases. Some of the larvae were able to survive
in the rice field during short dry periods of less than four weeks.
The abundance of the larvae was higher in 1994 compared to 1993. Generally
more larvae were found during tiller, mature field and fallow phases of rice
cultivation. No correlation was found between the abundance of the larvae and any of
the water parameters i.e. temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, nitrate,
phosphate, chlorophyll a and height of plants. The availability of water in the field
however, determined the presence or absence of the larvae. Fifty one aquatic animal
taxa coexisted with N. tullia of which the abundance of each of Orthetrum sabina
(Drury), Anisoptera, Anopheles spp., Chironomidae, Corixidae and hemipteran
Veliidae correlated positively with that of N. tullia. A hypothetical trophic
relationship of N. tullia in the rice field is proposed.
The highest estimated population of adults was 2400 individuals per 4.6 ha (-522 adults per ha). The male population peaked slightly earlier than the female
population, possibly an indication of longer maturation period of the females. Adult
populations were high when rice plants were growing in the field but decreased
drastically after harvest. Prolonged drought further reduced the adult population
density . A general pattern of adult abundance was obtained either by MRR technique
or visual count method with the former generating more information than the latter.
Survival rates of both male and female adults of N. tullia were >0.5 throughout
the study. The mean life span durations were 42.4 and 36.5 days and the maximum
life span durations were sixty five and fifty three days, respectively. The populations of N. tullia were unstable because the proportions of age classes varied through time. The
adults were widely distributed within its home range of about 40 m. Their maximum
distance travelled was approximately 130 m. The adults started feeding as early as
0730 hrs with two peaks of heaviest gut weights at 1030 hrs and 1730 hrs. At anytime
of the day, the females guts were significantly heavier than the guts of the males
(ANOVA, P=0.05) reflecting higher feeding activity and nutritive requirement by the
females.


Objective: To investigate whether provision of additional standing practice increases motor recovery and mobility post stroke. Design: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Setting: A stroke rehabilitation unit in the UK. Participants: Seventeen participants, seven women and ten men, age range 51—92 admitted to the unit 6—58 days post stroke. Intervention: Each participant was randomly allocated into a control (conventional physiotherapy) or treatment (conventional therapy plus an additional session of standing practice) group. The period of intervention ranged from 14 to 28 days dependent upon length of stay on the unit. Outcome measures: The Gross Functional Tool Section of the Rivermead Motor Assessment, the Trunk Control Test and the Berg Balance Scale were used on admission to the study, at weekly intervals during the intervention, and at 12 weeks (after discharge). Results: Of the 17 participants recruited, three withdrew from the additional intervention group citing fatigue as a barrier and 15 completed the study. Participants completing additional standing practice demonstrated higher scores in all motor measures at week 12, but this difference was not statistically significant. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the changes in Berg Balance score when comparing week 1 with week 12, in support of the group receiving extra standing practice. Conclusions: A larger study is required to establish the value of additional standing practice after stroke. This pilot demonstrates that the Gross Functional Tool Section of the Rivermead Motor Assessment and the Berg Balance Scale would be useful in such a study. Fatigue may be a significant barrier to ability to participate in more intensive programmes so screening participants for severe fatigue may be useful.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the dental status of 12-year-old children in 2004, an epidemiological survey called 'National pathfinder about children's oral health in Italy' was planned. The present paper describes the clinical calibration method.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Thirty children (20 caries-affected and 10 caries-free) were selected. Seven examiners received 35 hours of training and calibration in making clinical measurements by a single trainer. The trainer's diagnosis was the benchmark validity reference. Increase in sensitivity was tested using paired Student's t-test. Inter-examiner reliability for DMFS was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients and ANOVA. Percent agreement and Kappa statistics were calculated for dichotomous judgments (tooth-by-tooth analysis and caries prevalence).

RESULTS
The raters' sensitivity increased from calibration I to calibration II (p < 0.05). For DMFS a good agreement between raters was found without significant differences among them at both calibration exercises. The Pearson's correlation coefficients between all pairs of raters were significant (p < 0.001) after both calibration exercises. Tooth-by-tooth reliability was high: the strength of agreement was substantial or almost perfect in calibration I (Kappa statistics from 0.81 to 0.95) and almost perfect in calibration II (Kappa statistics from 0.92 to 0.97). Regarding caries prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, percent agreement and Kappa statistics results were high but without significant differences between individual pairs of observations in the two calibration sessions (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that sensitivity measurements should be used for agreement assessments in addition to the other World Health Organization-recommended reliability measurements. Kappa statistics are the eligible measurement of reliability for dichotomous judgments.


In many areas throughout Australia, water use is of prime concern and its management requires a complex grasp of a number of inter-related features. This article reflects upon Australian residential water restrictions in a criminological light. By underemphasising the ecologic and environmental impacts associated with breaches of residential water restriction schemes, the relevant harms are trivialised in scope and provide only a thin understanding of both the harm at issue and the underlying conditions which underpin the restrictions. Such regulatory frameworks operate to (1) frame the harm at issue in overly anthropomorphic terms as well as (2) concentrate on the instrumental impact of water-restrictions rather than providing a multi-dimensional understanding of those harms associated with breaching residential use. In light of such issues, this article discusses what is gained by viewing aspects of excessive water-use in terms of environmental harm. The lavish use of water for residential purposes is eroding in the developed world, particularly here in Australia. Population explosions, irregular rainfall, lowering water-tables, changing weather patterns, the associated prospect of climate change and a range of other related issues make for haunting scenarios over dangerously low reservoirs and future water supply (Cullen 2005). In the main, such scarcities can no longer be ignored without placing at risk basic quality of life issues for future populations. In framing the Australian response, the perceived severity and scope of securing water for residential, commercial and industrial use is a problem requiring sustained regional solutions. These proposed solutions take account of increased internal water demands, shifting demographics underpinning urban planning, the effect of water-use on the economy and, of course, the impact on the ecologic health of the wider Australian landscape. A significant re-think on water supply has been one of the main policy initiatives, with the Coalition of Australian Government's National Water Initiative (NWI) of 2004 reflecting the broad principles upon which issues of water are to be dealt with. One plank of the NWI is that environmental harm is created by not returning environmental flows to waterways and rivers (NWI 2004). Yet with growing urban populations, the demand for residential water has proportionately increased even with the present and future concerns of water scarcity. One common response has been to effect water restrictions. This article explores residential water restrictions in Australia, drawing broadly upon the criminological literature (See Halsey 1997a; Situ and Emmons 2000; Lynch and Stretsky 2003; Beirne and South 2007; White 2003; White 2005). I will argue that the harms which surface in breaches of residential water-restrictions across Australia are dominated by anthropomorphic concerns and a broader emphasis on ecologie health would be of benefit. Regulating water-use raises issues for federal, state and local governments, the range of industries and commercial enterprises that rely upon infrastructures of water, as well as residential users' access to water. Schemes to restrict water-use are only one plank of a larger platform of reforms to address the expanding scope of the water problem; future water allocation, water infrastructures, supply and pricing issues are also relevant. Residential water-restriction schemes are presided over by local government unless otherwise overridden by state governments. These bodies are able to account for the variables of rainfall, population density, weather patterns, local hydro-geologic conditions, water management infrastructures, as well as sensitively respond to the handling of current and future residential, industrial and commercial water-use and demand. Consequently, while remaining a complex governance issue with regional and national waterpriorities at stake, local water authorities are positioned to make informed decisions about the quality and type of restrictions imposed on residential users. …


Modeling human mobility is crucial in the performance analysis and simulation of mobile ad hoc networks, where contacts are exploited as opportunities for peer-to-peer message forwarding. The current approach to human mobility modeling has been based on continuously modifying models, trying to embed in them the newest features of mobility properties (e.g., visiting patterns to locations or inter-contact times) as they came up from trace analysis. As a consequence, typically these models are neither flexible (i.e., features of mobility cannot be changed without changing the model) nor controllable (i.e., the exact shape of mobility properties cannot be controlled directly). In order to take into account the above requirements, in this paper we propose a mobility framework whose goal is, starting from the stochastic process describing the arrival patterns of users to locations, to generate pairwise inter-contact times and aggregate inter-contact times featuring a predictable probability distribution. We validate the proposed framework by means of simulations. In addition, assuming that the arrival process of users to locations can be described by a Bernoulli process, we mathematically derive a closed form for the pairwise and aggregate inter-contact times, proving the controllability of the proposed approach in this case.


The important section of image analysis is the image segmentation, and the first study of image segmentation is the determination of segmentation number. The best segmentation number has comparatively effect on results of image segmentation and image analysis. This article was based on image segmentation and studied calculation model of its best segmentation image. This text summarized that on the basis of image segmentation technique and clustering analysis to talk about principle of GS AND FGS model and application in image segmentation. And this text put forward the method to determine the best image segmentation number based on improved FGS model. Through the contractive analysis of model principal, we can know that improved model has more obvious robustness on the description of image compactness than GS model and FGS model. Through image of Matlab software system and its achievement platform, the better superiority of improved model on determination of best image segmentation number than GS model and FGS model. In addition, this text did cases analysis on the effects of improved model about noise and smoothing system value to get the conclusion that noise has better effect on application of improved model, and smoothing system value has more obvious superiority on improved model than FGS model.


A trailed type transplanter that runs by a 4-wheel tractor with at least 63.4 kW for
field transplanting of oil palm seedlings had been designed, developed and tested.
AutoCAD 2000 software was used to produce the 3-D conceptual design of the
proposed machine system. Computations were made to determine required total
hydraulic pressure to operate all actuators within the hydraulic system of the
transplanter. The machine configuration consists of the main chassis, seedling bin,
seedling planting assembly, operator compartment, and associated hydraulic system.
Two operators are required in the involved transplanting operation; a driver for the
tractor and an operator for transplanter. The driver drives the tractor-transplanter in
the field while the operator on the transplanter operates the hydraulic control system
to integrate all operational activities. The involved operational activities includes the
preparations of planting hole, placement of seedling in the prepared hole, covering of
the seedling in the prepared hole, and compacting of the soil around the planted
seedling. An area size of 200 m length and 56 m width at the university farm was
chosen to be the test plot for the five days field evaluations duration. A special time and motion study was conducted on the 6th day of the field evaluation to include
additional activity concerning removal of plastic polybag from seedling before
planting. The test plot soil is from Serdang series with sandy clay loam texture
classification. A triangular planting pattern with density of 160 palms/ha, planting
distance of 850 cm and row distance of 736 cm were employed in the test plot.


For over a decade, there has been agreement among legal educators that assessments are a critical tool to improve students' learning. We are beginning to understand that the types of assessments we use have the greatest influence on how and what students learn. As a result of recent ABA accreditation requirements, there is now a scramble in law schools to adopt assessments that improve students' learning and bar passage rates so as to satisfy these new requirements. Nevertheless, there has been no clear methodology to assist doctrinal faculty in creating an effective assessment program. After twenty-seven years of developing assessment programs that have improved students' learning and bar passage rates, this article is an attempt to provide faculty and administrators a blueprint for incorporating an effective assessment program.

The article is divided into four parts. Part one recounts how the assessments the author has used over the years have evolved to become an assessment program to help students improve their learning skills, perform better in law school, and pass the bar exam. Part two describes how to design assessments that relate to course learning objectives and help students in developing critical analytical and self-learning skills. Part three describes the difference between general and individual feedback, explains why individual feedback is the most important feature of an effective assessment program, and enumerates the characteristics of effective individual feedback. Part four includes specific steps that faculty, administrations, and academic achievement professionals should take in order to create an assessment program to improve students' self-learning and analytical skills.


During the execution of object-oriented applications, several millions of objects are created, used and then collected if they are not referenced. Problems appear when objects are unused but cannot be garbage-collected because they are still referenced from other objects. This is an issue because those objects waste primary memory and applications use more primary memory than what they actually need. We claim that relying on operating systems (OS) virtual memory is not always enough since it is completely transparent to applications. The OS cannot take into account the domain and structure of applications. At the same time, applications have no easy way to control nor influence memory management. In this dissertation, we present Marea, an efficient application-level virtual memory for object-oriented programming languages. Its main goal is to offer the programmer a novel solution to handle application-level memory. Developers can instruct our system to release primary memory by swapping out unused yet referenced objects to secondary memory. Marea is designed to: 1) save as much memory as possible i.e., the memory used by its infrastructure is minimal compared to the amount of memory released by swapping out unused objects, 2) minimize the runtime overhead i.e., the swapping process is fast enough to avoid slowing down primary computations of applications, and 3) allow the programmer to control or influence the objects to swap. Besides describing the model and the algorithms behind Marea, we also present our implementation in the Pharo programming language. Our approach has been qualitatively and quantitatively validated. Our experiments and benchmarks on real-world applications show that Marea can reduce the memory footprint between 25% and 40%.


The WorldFish Center and FAO are implementing a regional programme entitled "Fisheries and HIV/AIDS in Africa; investing in sustainable solutions", funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) and the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In DR Congo, the main project site is Kasenga area situated in Katanga Province. The Department of Fisheries and National AIDS Council are the main stakeholders who will utilize the results of the research to influence policy. Research institutions and NGOs will implement the research and pilot interventions in the Katanga Province as agreed during the workshop. The Workshop objectives are 1) To agree on the research focus for the DR Congo component within the overall project framework 2) To develop a detailed annual work plan for 2008, and an overall work plan to the end of the project in March 2010 3) As part of these work plans, to agree on milestones, deliverables and identify indicators 4) To identify linkages with related projects and agree how these linkages will be managed.


The evolution of the right to water can be traced to the developments of the early 1970s. This Study analyzes the resolutions and declarations of the various conferences and forums that have been held since that time, and the ways in which they have confronted the issue of the right to water. The Study then discusses the evolution of the international legal regime for the protection and promotion of human rights, and pays particular attention to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, as well as to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The role of each of the committees established to oversee the implementation of the two Covenants is considered in some detail. Particular attention is given to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, its evolution, and its strengthening, and the practice of issuing General Comments. The last two parts of the Study are devoted to General Comment No. 15, which recognizes the human right to water. These parts analyze the extent to which the Comment recognizes a legal right to water, and highlights some policy aspects that are related to, and may affect, this right. The core thesis of this book is that there exists, within the legal framework of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, a human right to water because it is a right that inheres in several other rights, and a right without which key provisions of the Covenant would be rendered ineffectual. This conclusion is buttressed also by the interpretative authority that lies with the Committee having evolved from its initial form as a Working Group, to what is now undeniably, a fully-fledged entity, with significant formal authority and legitimacy. Although this conclusion acknowledges that General Comments do not create new rights, it recognizes that General Comment No. 15 extrapolates the normative and practical bases of a human right to water within the fabric of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Together with a number of General Assembly resolutions on the issue, including the Millennium Development Goal related to water, as well as the voluminous body of soft law provisions, the General Comment arguably provides further evidence that there is an incipient right to water evolving in public international law today. Moreover, the Comment has offered a new momentum to efforts aimed at translating those soft law commitments into substantive, precise, and legally binding obligations.


Although average effective vehicle length (AEVL) has been recognized as one of the most popular methods for detecting data errors, how to set proper thresholds so as to prevent false alarms and missed detections remains a challenging ongoing issue. This study proposed a sequential screening algorithm that employed multiple comparisons with the best statistics to compare concurrently the estimated AEVLs between lanes and stations for assessment of the data quality of a target detector. With both the temporal and spatial information, the proposed method can reliably generate a confidence interval and determine whether the target detector is malfunctioning or in need of calibration. The proposed algorithm was tested with 2 weeks of detector data from Ocean City, Maryland. The analysis results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed sequential screening algorithm and its potential for field applications.


PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (PAC) in patients with advanced thymoma with respect to response rate, duration of remission, and overall survival.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Assessable patients with thymoma (n = 29) or thymic carcinoma (n = 1) with metastatic or locally progressive recurrent disease following radiotherapy were treated with intravenous cisplatin (50 mg/m2), doxorubicin (50 mg/m2), and cyclophosphamide (500 mg/m2) with normal saline hydration. Courses were repeated every 3 weeks for a maximum of eight cycles of therapy.

RESULTS
Toxicity, which was primarily hematologic, was mild, with only one patient developing a fever associated with neutropenia. Three complete responses (CRs) and 12 partial responses (PRs) were observed (CR+PR rate, 50%; 95% confidence interval, 31.3% to 68.7%). Ten patients had stable disease. The median duration of response was 11.8 months (range, 0.9 to 70.5+), the time to treatment failure 18.4 months (range, 0.8 to 91.9+), and median survival time 37.7 months (range, 2 to 91.9+).

CONCLUSION
This trial demonstrates that objective response rates and prolonged survival can be achieved in patients with advanced thymoma.


Future geological CO2 sequestration in the Gippsland Basin is contingent upon an effective regional top seal; potentially provided by the late Oligocene–early Miocene Lakes Entrance Formation. This study integrates various top-seal assessment methodologies into a workflow to estimate the efficiency of the Lakes Entrance Formation as a top seal. Factors related to, for example, top-seal lithology, shale volume, carbonate content and fracture density, and factors relating to the faults that cut the top seal, fault-zone shale content, strain, slip-tendency, etc., are compared to hydrocarbon leakage and seepage indicators reported in the study area. The factors that best correlate with reported leakage indicators are combined to map the spatial risk variation. While the study indicated that the ultimate control on top-seal efficiency is the formation's membrane seal capacity; it also highlighted the spatial correlation between leakage indicators and some fault-related factors, suggesting that faults are key to top-seal bypass in much of the Gippsland Basin. Fault-zone shale content proved the dominant fault-related factor; as such, it can be concluded in the Gippsland Basin, at least, that a fault-zone shale content of less than 0.3 is the dominant factor with regard to faults enabling fluids to bypass top seals.


Food insecurity affects over 10 million older adults in the United States. Older adults who experience food insecurity are at greater risk for malnutrition, which can lead to chronic disease and functional decline. Two-thirds of older adults already have two or more chronic disease, placing food-insecure older adults at even greater risk for increased health care costs and hospitalization. To promote successful aging, older adults need resources to help them overcome the barriers they encounter when attempting to access healthy foods. Select government programs have been established to help older adults obtain and consume nutritious meals, but further efforts are needed to validate the effectiveness and importance of these nutrition programs. Examination of government nutrition programs can be enhanced through a social cognitive perspective. This paper will review constructs of the social cognitive theory (SCT) that help explain the dietary habits of food-insecure older adults and will use the SCT to explain how senior nutrition programs can help facilitate healthy eating behaviors.


The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the factors associated with the impact of oral health on the quality of life in a sample of 504 Brazilian independent elderly. Data collection included oral examinations and structured interviews. The simplified form of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) was used to measure OHRQoL. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, use of dental services, and subjective measures of health was collected. Poisson regression within a hierarchical model was used to data analyses. The following variables were associated with a negative impact on OHRQoL: female gender (PR = 1.40; CI 95%: 1.11–1.77); lower class (PR = 1.58; CI 95%: 1.13–2.20); up to 3 occluding pairs of posterior teeth (PR = 1.88; CI 95%: 1.13–3.14); at least one untreated caries (PR = 1.28; CI 95%: 1.06–1.54); curative reasons for the last dental appointment (PR = 1.52; CI 95%: 1.15–2.00); poor self-perception of oral health (PR = 2.49; CI 95%: 1.92–3.24); and poor perception of dental care provided (PR = 1.34; CI 95%: 1.12–1.59). The younger elderly also noticed this negative impact. These findings showed that the clinical, sociodemographic, and subjective factors evaluated exerted a negative impact on OHRQoL in elderly people. Health authorities must address all these factors when planning interventions on oral health for this population.


This practice-based thesis is a study of the uneven geographical development of
Chilean copper mining industry and the circulation of copper in Britain.
My research examines three key historical moments in a pattern of 'denationalisation,'
a term identified by Sassen (2003), of the copper resources of
Chile: (1) 1840–1880; (2) 1904–1969; and (3) 1981–today, in which resources
have been transferred from public to private management. In my research, I use
a combination of photographic and historical methodologies to explore the
impact of those processes on the extractive ecologies of Chile and to connect
them to the global geographies of London, Liverpool and Swansea. My thesis
considers how photography can be used to propose a re-mapping of the
relationship between the global and the local, the national and the transnational,
making visible the hidden geopolitical forces that shape the mobile and unequal
geographies of copper.
My doctoral investigation explores the global circulation of copper and
its agency to produce geographical and political change. With the aim of
revealing their close connections and networks, it examines the notion of
'unequal geography' established by Baran (1957) and the newer 'mobility
paradigm' proposed by Sheller and Urry (2006). I follow the flow of copper, in
Held's words, 'across space and time' (1999), creating a constellation of
photographs and texts about the transformation and mutation of copper as it
traverses the world, exploring traces of extraction, smelting, manufacture,
transport and trade processes across geographies. In doing so, I open ways of
thinking about how landscape carries traces of those processes, bringing to the
fore the significance of photographic intervention in highlighting them.
The photographic research conducted during this investigation is
organised in three lines of inquiry: Global mobility of copper; Post-industrial
landscapes; and Contemporary mining industry and its relation to London. The
first, Global mobility of copper comprises four visual essays presented together
this written thesis: Sulphiric Acid Route (2012), Metallic Threads (2010-2015),
High Rise (2012) and Hidden Circuits (2015). These works explore the
mutation and transformation of hard-rock mining, back and forth from Chile to
Britain from raw material to capital; through ore, smelted commodity, stock
market exchanged value, assembled material and waste. The second, Post
industrial landscapes, is explored through two case studies. The first of these is
Coquimbo & Swansea (2014), which studies forgotten historical mining
connections between Coquimbo, Chile and the Lower Swansea Valley, Wales
between 1840 and 1880. This is followed by Miss Chuquicamata, the Slag
(2012), which examines the Chuquicamata corporate town, Antofagasta Region,
Chile and its contested history. The third line of inquiry, Contemporary mining
industry and its relation to London involves two case studies. It opens with
Antofagasta plc, Stop Abuses! (2010–14), which connects contemporary
struggles of the inhabitants of Pupio Valley with the City of London, the
world's centre for mining investment. This line of investigation concludes with
the site-specific studies LME Invisible Corporate Network (2011–15), which
examines the London Metal Exchange within the City of London, using
mapping methodologies. These case studies can also be used to map the three
periods of denationalisation of copper resources in Chile.
My photographic work is based on extensive photographic fieldwork in
each geographical location, conducted over the last four years, as well as my
two years as an activist photographer. Through my written thesis I seek to make
visible the historical conditions that are central to the formation of the
geographies of copper. Both aspects of my work are informed by the notion of
'critical realism' coined by Georg Lukacs (1963) and developed later by Allan
Sekula (1984). Alongside these case studies, my written thesis contains
photographic examples of my practice so as to give insight into my research
process.
This thesis has been produced as part of Traces of Nitrate: Mining
history and photography between Britain and Chile, a research proyect
developed in collabotation with Art and Design historian Louise Purbrick and
photographer Xavier Ribas, based at the University of Brighton and funded by
with the generous support of the Arts and Humanities Research Council
(AHRC).


We first show in the context of sequential multi-unit auctions under complete information that a seller's revenue may increase or decrease as the number of buyers increases, even when the additional bidders win an object. We use data from the Quebec daily hog auction to empirically analyze the effect of invitations extended to bidders from Ontario. Our estimation accounts for the endogenous timing of these rare invitations, but we nevertheless uncover a negative "invitation" effect. We attribute this anti-competitive effect to the fact that the addition of bidders increases competition in late rounds, but not necessarily in early ones.


A novel cDNA encoding the nonselective type of endothelin (ET) receptor was isolated from a rat brain cDNA library. The cloned cDNA encoded a 442-amino acid protein with seven putative transmembrane domains. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the rat brain cDNA differed from the cloned rat lung nonselective ET receptor (ETB) cDNA by three extra nucleotides in its coding regions, which produced an encoded protein with four amino acid substitutions. In addition, both the 5' and 3' noncoding sequences of the rat brain cDNA were divergent from those of rat lung cDNA. Expression of the rat brain cDNA in COS-1 cells demonstrated that the encoded receptor displayed equal affinity toward the three ET isopeptides. However, Southern blot analysis indicated a single-copy gene for the rat ETB receptor. Further genomic cloning and sequence analysis demonstrated that rat brain cDNA encoded the authentic protein sequences of the rat ETB receptor. Moreover, the 5' noncoding sequences in rat brain cDNA that were divergent from those in rat lung cDNA were encoded by a distinct region, an upstream exon, in the rat ETB genome. All the findings suggest that rat brain cDNA represents an alternative transcript of the rat ETB gene. Preliminary Northern blot analysis indicated that the expression of this ETB cDNA sequence might be not only in the brain but also in other tissues, whereas its expression might be somehow tissue-specifically regulated.


We investigate the r-process nucleosynthesis during a purely magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) explosion in a massive star of 13 M☉. The two-dimensional MHD simulations have been carried out from the onset of the core collapse to the shock propagation to the silicon-rich layers (~500 ms after bounce). Thereafter, using the compositions during the explosion, we calculate the r-process nucleosynthesis in the later phase by employing the two kinds of time extrapolations of the temperature and density. With these computations, we show that the jetlike explosion formed due to the combined effects of rapid rotation and strong magnetic field lowers the electron fraction significantly in the iron core, contrary to the spherical explosion. We demonstrate that the ejected material with low Ye in the jet coming out from the silicon layers is good for reproducing the third peak of the solar r-element pattern. In addition, we investigate the effects of fission using the full nuclear reaction network and the differences of two kinds of mass formulae on the r-process peaks obtained in the above MHD models. As a result, we find that both of them can reproduce the global abundance pattern up to the third peaks, although the detailed distributions are rather different. Finally, we discuss the effects of neutrino absorption reactions, which are not coupled to the above MHD simulations, on the possible reduction of Ye obtained in the above computations. We point out that there should be variations in the r-process nucleosynthesis in the supernova explosion if the MHD effects play an important role.