Summary form only given. Scheduling policies are proposed for parallelizing data intensive particle physics analysis applications on computer clusters. Particle physics analysis jobs require the analysis of tens of thousands of particle collision events, each event requiring typically 200ms processing time and 600KB of data. Many jobs are launched concurrently by a large number of physicists. At a first view, particle physics jobs seem to be easy to parallelize, since particle collision events can be processed independently one from another. However, since large amounts of data need to be accessed, the real challenge resides in making an efficient use of the underlying computing resources. We propose several job parallelization and scheduling policies aiming at reducing job processing times and at increasing the sustainable load of a cluster server. Since particle collision events are usually reused by several jobs, cache based job splitting strategies considerably increase cluster utilization and reduce job processing times. Compared with straightforward job scheduling on a processing form, cache based first in first out job splitting speeds up average response times by an order of magnitude and reduces job waiting times in the system's queues from hours to minutes. By scheduling the jobs out of order, according to the availability of their collision events in the node disk caches, response times are further reduced, especially at high loads. In the delayed scheduling policy, job requests are accumulated during a time period, divided into subjob requests according to a parameterizable subjob size, and scheduled at the beginning of the next time period according to the availability of their data segments within the disk node caches. Delayed scheduling sustains a load close to the maximal theoretically sustainable load of a cluster, but at the cost of longer average response times. Finally we propose an adaptive delay scheduling approach, where the scheduling delay is adapted to the current load. This last scheduling approach sustains very high loads and offers low response times at normal loads.


We present a new theoretical perspective of data noising in recurrent neural network language models (Xie et al., 2017). We show that each variant of data noising is an instance of Bayesian recurrent neural networks with a particular variational distribution (i.e., a mixture of Gaussians whose weights depend on statistics derived from the corpus such as the unigram distribution). We use this insight to propose a more principled method to apply at prediction time and propose natural extensions to data noising under the variational framework. In particular, we propose variational smoothing with tied input and output embedding matrices and an element-wise variational smoothing method. We empirically verify our analysis on two benchmark language modeling datasets and demonstrate performance improvements over existing data noising methods.


BACKGROUND
Delayed colonic anastomosis after damage control laparotomy (DCL) is an alternative to colostomies during a single laparotomy (SL) in high-risk patients. However, literature suggests increased colonic leak rates up to 27% with DCL, and various reported risk factors. We evaluated our regional experience to determine if delayed colonic anastomosis was associated with worse outcomes.

METHODS
A multi-center retrospective cohort study was performed across three Level I Trauma Centers encompassing traumatic colon injuries from January 2006 through June 2014. Patients with rectal injuries or mortality within 24 hours were excluded. Patient and injury characteristics, complications, and interventions were compared between SL and DCL groups. Regional readmission data were utilized to capture complications within 6 months of index trauma.

RESULTS
Of 267 patients, 69% had penetrating injuries, 21% underwent DCL, and the mortality rate was 4.9%. Overall, 176 received primary repair (26 in DCL), 90 had resection and anastomosis (28 in DCL), and 26 had a stoma created (10 end colostomies and 2 loop ileostomies in DCL). Thirty-five of 56 DCL patients had definitive colonic repair subsequent to their index operation. DCL patients were more likely to be hypotensive; require more resuscitation; and suffer acute kidney injury, pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and death. Five enteric leaks (1.9%) and 3 enterocutaneous fistulas (ECF, 1.1%) were identified, proportionately distributed between DCL and SL (p=1.00, p=0.51). No difference was seen in intraperitoneal abscesses (p=0.13) or surgical site infections (SSI, p=0.70) between cohorts. Among SL patients, pancreas injuries portended an increased risk of intraperitoneal abscesses (p=0.0002), as did liver injuries in DCL patients (p=0.06).

CONCLUSIONS
DCL was not associated with increased enteric leaks, ECF, SSI, or intraperitoneal abscesses despite nearly two-thirds having delayed repair. Despite this being a multicenter study, it is underpowered, and a prospective trial would better demonstrate risks of DCL in colon trauma.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic study, level III.


Dr. Bettina Basrani and a team of prestigious international contributors build upon traditional radiographic techniques and include the latest information available on digital radiographs and cone beam computed tomography. More than an overview of equipment, the book delves into radiographic interpretation, differential diagnosis, technical difficulties and special circumstances when taking radiographs during the endodontic treatment, and how to choose the correct radiographic technique to obtain the desired images. Chapters explain general radiographic techniques; intraoral techniques; standard radiographs and interpretation; digital radiographs and their manipulation, storage, and interpretation; and CBCT principles, techniques, and clinical considerations.


Innate immunity acts as a front-line barrier against invading pathogens, and the majority of the components are widely conserved among species. Regulation of innate immunity is important for overcoming infections and preventing self-damaging sepsis. Using the silkworm (Bombyx mori) as an animal model, we elucidated the activation processes of innate immunity with emphasis on a multifunctional insect cytokine called paralytic peptide. Moreover, we established an ex vivo system using silkworm larval specimens to quantitatively evaluate the immunostimulatory activity of natural compounds. We observed that overactivation of innate immunity in silkworms induces tissue damage followed by host death, resembling sepsis-induced multi-organ failure in humans. Here, we summarize our recent findings and propose the usefulness of the silkworm as an animal model for studying immune regulation and for evaluating compounds with the potential to regulate innate immunity.


Replanning via determinization is a recent, popular approach for online planning in MDPs. In this paper we adapt this idea to classical, nonstochastic domains with partial information and sensing actions. At each step we generate a candidate plan which solves a classical planning problem induced by the original problem. We execute this plan as long as it is safe to do so. When this is no longer the case, we replan. The classical planning problem we generate is based on the T0 translation, in which the classical state captures the knowledge state of the agent. We overcome the non-determinism in sensing actions, and the large domain size introduced by T0 by using state sampling. Our planner also employs a novel, lazy, regression-based method for querying the belief state.


This book examines political rhetoric at the grassroots level. Starting from a position that "Democracy depends on details, or else remains a formal abstraction," editors Karen Tracy, James P. McDaniel, and Bruce Gronbeck argue that a true understanding of the democratic body politic becomes most intelligible through a close study of its parts. An academic preference for grandiose, abstract political theory, the editors contend, undervalues and masks the patterns of social interaction, strategic discourse, and vernacular rhetorical resources - a public language, in short - to be found at the grassroots level and at the core of "ordinary democracy." Each essay focuses on the same local controversy. In 2001, in a predominantly white Colorado community, a third-grade girl submitted an experiment to the school science fair. She asked 30 adults and 30 fifth-graders which of two Barbie dolls was prettier. One doll was black, the other white, and each wore a different colored dress. All of the adults picked the Barbie in the purple dress, while nearly all of the fifth graders picked the white Barbie. When the student's experiment was banned by school administrators from the science fair for violating the district's nondiscrimination policy, an uproar resulted that spread from a local cable channel to a metropolitan newspaper, the Associated Press, and the national media. A series of school board meetings and other public exchanges highlighted the potent intersection of local and national social concerns: education, censorship, science, racism, and tensions between foundation values such as liberty, democracy, and free speech. For the authors of these essays, who focus principally on speech (verbal exchanges as symbolic action), the events surrounding "Barbiegate" illustrate how individual acts and communal interpretations of customs, policies, and ideologies are connected and are fundamental to our understanding of civic judgment in a democratic state. In addition to the introduction and essays, appendixes supply transcripts of fourteen key speeches by citizens and school board members involved in the debates, as well as a URL where speeches may be viewed.


A novel design of a submicron power splitter is presented using plasmonics with the metal insulator metal (MIM) configuration. A simple analytical model is utilized to obtain good initial design. The final optimized design is obtained using finite-difference time domain based optimization. The proposed approach provides a simple and efficient methodology for designing 1xN power splitters using MIM configuration. The proposed power splitters are ultra wide band(~ 2 μm) with negligible imbalance. The approach is utilized to design up to 1 × 4, 1 × 8, and 1 × 16 integrated power splitters with submicron footprint, where all the optimized designs are validated.


Compute-and-Forward is an emerging technique to deal with interference. It allows the receiver to decode a suitably chosen integer linear combination of the transmitted messages. The integer coefficients should be adapted to the channel fading state. Optimizing these coefficients is a Shortest Lattice Vector (SLV) problem. In general, the SLV problem is known to be prohibitively complex. In this paper, we show that the particular SLV instance resulting from the Compute-and-Forward problem can be solved in low polynomial complexity and give an explicit deterministic algorithm that is guaranteed to find the optimal solution.


Supplementing the discussion in our book The Bankers' New Clothes: What's Wrong with Banking and What to Do about It, this paper examines the plausibility and relevance of claims in banking theory that fragility in bank funding is useful because it imposes discipline on bank managers. The assumptions about information and about costs of bank breakdowns underlying these claims are unrealistic and they cannot be generalized without undermining the theory and policy prescriptions. The discipline narrative is also incompatible with the view that deposits and other forms of short-term bank debt contribute to liquidity provision; in this liquidity narrative, the fragility of banks is a by-product of useful liquidity provision and can only be avoided by government support. We contrast both narratives with an explanation for banks' avoidance of equity and reliance on short-term debt that appeals to debt overhang and government guarantees and subsidies for debt. In this explanation, the fragility of banks arises from conflicts of interest and is neither useful for society nor unavoidable.


Abstract Between 1271 and 1246 Ma, dolerite dykes and sills of the Central Scandinavian Dolerite Group intruded into the Fennoscandian Shield during three distinct magmatic pulses. They are distributed around five large magmatic complexes extending from Sweden to western Finland and record large-scale intracratonic tensional stress. Coeval plutonism is observed in the westernmost terrane of the Sveconorwegian orogen in southern Norway, but differs in the sense of a bimodal character and uncertain Fennoscandian ancestry of the host terrane. We report a U–Pb baddeleyite age of 1269 ± 12 Ma for a gabbronoritic member of an E-trending set of dykes, called the Moslätt Dolerites, near Lake Vättern in southern Sweden, much farther to the south than any previously known Central Scandinavian Dolerite Group rock. A similar age of approximately 1275 Ma is obtained for a meta-dolerite sheet in the Børgefjell basement window in the Scandinavian Caledonides in Mid-Norway. The initial epsilon-Hf values for these two dykes are +3.9 and +10.1, respectively, and correspond to the range of values for other occurrences of the Central Scandinavian Dolerite Group (+4.7 to +10.3). They add to the evidence that the Central Scandinavian Dolerite Group is characterized by more positive epsilon values (depleted source) than other mafic Proterozoic suites in Fennoscandia. These results extend the distribution of c. 1270–1245 Ma mafic magmatism in Fennoscandia, particularly when accounting for significant Caledonian shortening. The Central Scandinavian Dolerite Group and coeval bimodal magmatism in S Norway may represent distal magmatic events related to a Mesoproterozoic subduction along the western margin of Fennoscandia rather than hotspot (mantle plume) activity as previously suggested.


In this paper we present a CMOS implementation of a 512×512-cell Associative Content Addressable Memory (ACAM) in 180 nm CMOS. The memory can be operated either as an associative CAM or it can be configured into a Willshaw memory for operating with sparse data. The vector matching operation can use a tunable hit threshold or the strongest hit can be selected with a winner-take-all (WTA) network. Built-in row and column circuitry can perform logic operations on the contents of the row and column memories. The operation of the circuit is verified experimentally with an example on computing with random vectors.


BACKGROUND
There is a need for systematic evaluation of methods before their release to the market. We addressed this problem in novel homocysteine assays as part of an European Demonstration Project involving six centers in four countries.

METHODS
Two immunological methods for measurement of plasma total homocysteine (P-tHcy), the fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) and the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), were compared with two comparison methods, HPLC and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). All laboratories performed the following procedures: (a) familiarization; (b) determination of linearity and precision by analyzing five plasma samples with interrelated concentrations for 20 days; (c) correlation using patients' samples; and (d) assessment of long-term performance.

RESULTS
Both immunological methods were linear for P-tHcy between 5 and 45 micromol/L. The intralaboratory imprecision (CV) was <5% for FPIA and <9% for EIA used with a sample processor. The bias was -2% to 3% for FPIA and 2-4% for EIA used with a sample processor.

CONCLUSIONS
The immunological methods provide results with little bias compared with HPLC and GC-MS. The imprecision of the assays must be considered in the context of their intended use(s).


The thesis is concerned with accelerated procedures to determine asylum claims in the UK. It applies UK Home Office policy and legislation, along with EU law and legislation read in conjunction with the treaties outlining the UK's international obligations to the realities that detainees experience when routed onto the procedure. The study finds that the signing of the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 reignites the debate concerning the meaning and scope of EU principles. It suggests that the resulting strengthened principle of proportionality and necessity renders unnecessary detention allowed currently by the UK procedure a violation of article 5(1)(f)ECHR. A similar conclusion is reached concerning the EU right to an effective remedy, highlighting the short time-limit set by the Government particularly in terms of the appeals procedure, and arguing that it is contrary to the basic principles of EU law. The thesis also highlights other shortcomings within the procedure, pointing to insufficient screening and safeguarding, as well as incorrect use of the set accelerated criteria. The study concludes by noting the general inefficiency of the Home Office to remove failed applicants once the procedure is ended, suggesting that the applicants are often held for a period which is longer than necessary.


Based on Mamluk and Venetian sources, this book offers a thorough analysis of the various conflicts arising around Levant trade. It demonstrates how these conflicts more often than not cut across cultural divides in Late Medieval Mamluk Alexandria.


An ongoing debate persists about whether the European Union is the predictable product or the unintended consequence of intergovernmental agreements. This Article argues that both sides in this debate still miss something important and therefore fail to understand the nature of constitutionalism and democracy in Europe. The current debate embraces a rational actor model, in which different institutions and actors make rival claims based on their respective rational self-interest. This Article, in contrast, maintains that the self-conceptions and principled commitments of individuals making decisions within particular institutional and professional settings have materially shaped European integration. In particular, individual actors have "recalibrated" the European enterprise, shifting the project away from member state governments and toward individuals as the locus of normative concern. Understanding European constitutionalism in this way suggests that constitutionalism is alive and well in Europe - even after the current rejection of the proposed constitutional Treaty. European constitutionalism does not depend on a formal founding moment. Instead, constitutionalism has been woven into the fabric of European integration by repeated acts of interpretation on the part of innumerable participants over many years. Understanding European constitutionalism in this way affects our assessment of European democracy. The European project is not, as the intergovernmental view claims, democratically legitimate by virtue of the Union's narrow scope of activities and dependence on member states. The Union reaches too deeply into national policies to rely on member state governments alone to legitimate the European enterprise. Therefore, in assessing the promise and perils of European democracy, we must also examine critically the supranational forms of democratic engagement to which the Union gives rise. Finally, understanding European constitutionalism and democracy as set forth here has important normative implications. It informs how judges, bureaucrats, politicians, and citizens can and should take democratic values into account when interpreting the current European legal order and building for its future.


Monovalent ions Li+, Na+, and K+, as charge compensators, are introduced into CaYAl3O7: M (M=Eu3+, Ce3+) in this letter. Their crystal phases and photoluminescence properties of different alkali metal ions doped in CaYAl3O7 are investigated. In addition, the influence of charge compensation ion Li+ which has a more obvious role in improving luminescence intensity on CaYAl3O7: Eu3+ phosphor is intentionally discussed in detail and a possible mechanism of charge compensation is given. The enhancement of red emission centered at 618 nm belonging to Eu3+ is achieved by adding alkali metal ion Li+ under 393-nm excitation.


Up one season, down the next: there's never a dull moment at Manchester City and no football club's profile has become higher than City's since the takeover by Middle Eastern investors in 2008. The millions of pounds they have spent on world superstars - and allegedly billions offered to others - has kept the media at the Eastlands doorstep on a daily basis. And their loyal fans have ridden the roller-coaster of English football's wildest ups and downs for so long they hardly know which division they're in, yet they keep coming back for more. It's all recorded in "The Little Book of Man City", a selection of the wit and wisdom of the great characters who have been associated with the club. From managers, such as Malcolm Allison, Kevin Keegan and Roberto Mancini, via garrulous fans such as Radio 1's Mark and Lard and the Gallagher brothers to voluble players such as Francis Lee, Dennis Tueart, Rodney Marsh, Shay Given and Carlos Tevez, here are more than 180 funny and biting quotes for the avid fan of 'the only club in Manchester'. As their chaplain once said, 'Imagine where City would be if I hadn't been praying for them all these years'.


We present a method to decompose a video into its intrinsic components of reflectance and shading, plus a number of related example applications in video editing such as segmentation, stylization, material editing, recolorization and color transfer. Intrinsic decomposition is an ill-posed problem, which becomes even more challenging in the case of video due to the need for temporal coherence and the potentially large memory requirements of a global approach. Additionally, user interaction should be kept to a minimum in order to ensure efficiency. We propose a probabilistic approach, formulating a Bayesian Maximum a Posteriori problem to drive the propagation of clustered reflectance values from the first frame, and defining additional constraints as priors on the reflectance and shading. We explicitly leverage temporal information in the video by building a causal-anticausal, coarse-to-fine iterative scheme, and by relying on optical flow information. We impose no restrictions on the input video, and show examples representing a varied range of difficult cases. Our method is the first one designed explicitly for video; moreover, it naturally ensures temporal consistency, and compares favorably against the state of the art in this regard.


The last gene (pulO) of the pulC–O pullulanase secretion gene operon of Klebsiella oxytoca codes for a protein that is 52% identical to the product of the pilD/xcpA gene required for extracellular protein secretion and type IV pilus biogenesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The PilD/XcpA protein is known to remove the first six amino acids of the signal sequence of the type IV pilin precursor by cleaving after the glycine residue in the conserved sequence GF(M)XXXE (where X represents hydrophobic amino acids). This prepilin peptidase cleavage site is present in the products of four genes in the pulC–O operon (PulG, PulH, Pull and PulJ proteins). It is shown here that PulO processes the pulG gene product in vivo. Processing was maximal within 15 seconds, but experiments in which the expression of pulO was uncoupled from that of the other genes in the secretion operon suggest that processing can also occur post‐translationally. The products of two pulG derivatives with internal in‐frame deletions were also processed by PulO, but the three PulG–PhoA hybrids, two PulJ–PhoA hybrids and the single PulH–PhoA hybrid tested did not appear to be processed. Sucrose gradient fraction‐ation experiments showed that both precursor and mature forms of PulG appear to be associated with low‐density, outer membrane vesicles prepared by osmotic lysis of sphaeroplasts. Neither the xcpA gene nor the Bacillus subtilis gene comC, which is also homologous to pulO and codes for a protein with type IV prepilin peptidase activity, can correct the pullulanase secretion defect in an Escherichia coli strain carrying all of the genes required for secretion except pulO. Furthermore, neither XcpA nor ComC is able to process prePulG protein in vivo.


This thesis studies the evolution of the aircraft industry as it emerged from the Second World War and its relationship with the State, running through to the re-evaluation of this State-industry relationship from the late 1950s and into the 1960s.
It takes, for this purpose, major formative events which, it is argued, had a defining influence on the shape of industry and its relationship with government, beginning with the reconstruction plans for the huge war-time industry, formulated within the Ministry of Aircraft Production with a powerful input from Sir Stafford Cripps.
Thus considerable attention is given to the development of the Whittle jet engine and its effect on British aviation. A new assessment stresses the importance of the jet to hopes in Britain for the capability of the industry, but also discusses and uncovers the reasons for the strains in the war-time relationship between Whittle and the MAP which nearly proved fatal to the project.
The role of the government research at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, which was crucial to the industry during the competitive contest of Cold War aeronautical development, is also examined. Detailed case studies of the progress of civil and military engine and aircraft programmes are used in this period to examine the nature of the government/industry relationship and its changing pattern over time.
This study takes the position that the progress of the British aircraft industry in the post-war period must be explained not only in terms of evolving national defence objectives and technological developments, but also in terms of day-today institutionalised government policy and episodic major political shifts. This analysis therefore represents the intersection of a history of technology with a socio-cultural and political account.


The marketing and consumption of green products has grown significantly in recent years. As mediators between producers and consumers, retailing sites play an important role for the distribution of green products. It is through stores and other retail sites that green products are marketed and made available to consumers. But how does retailing work to circulate green products? How are green products made part of specific consumption worlds and practices? And does green retailing facilitate the development of more environmentally sustainable patterns of production and consumption? Green retailing: a socio-material analysis offers a critical account of green retailing. Using practice theory and drawing on an ethnographic study of an outdoors retail chain, this book argues that the understanding of green retailing benefit from the acknowledgement of the complexities involved in retail practices. The book analyses the work done by the Nordic Nature Shop to make their green outdoors products meaningful and functional to consumers. It shows how the retail chain uses its outlets to create a world in where their products are become necessary while simultaneously giving the products the qualities needed to function in this world. Green outdoors products are through the Nordic Nature Shops marketing work framed as tools and problem solvers that mediate between society and nature and protect fragile environments. Through their marketing of green products, the Nordic Nature Shop promises that it is possible to consume the outdoors in a greener way. However, in offering consumers products that resolve the contradiction between wanting to enjoy and wanting to protect the outdoors, the Shop also makes a number of resource intensive outdoors consumption practices possible. This means that while the Nordic Nature Shop contribute to the greening of contemporary consumption practices it simultaneously reproduces consumer culture and discourages the emergence of more reflexive and critical forms of consumption. (Less)


The solution to the problem of transconductance compression in HEMT devices can be found by means of a new continuous drain-source current (Ids) model. The proposed model is able to reproduce the global I/V device behaviour under both static DC and dynamic pulsed operating conditions with an excellent fitting in all I/V regions, even in the case of using low and medium power HEMT devices. Being able of reproducing second and third order derivatives, the proposed model is also adequate for describing the nonlinear small-signal performance of these devices. Comparisons between experimental and simulated results, using the proposed model and other well-known models, demonstrate the validity of the new Ids model for various gate widths, technologies and gate peripheries.


Lignans are phenylpropanoid dimers in which the monomers are linked by the central carbon (C8) atoms. Because many lignans have physiological effects, including antioxidant activity, they are now in demand as components in health foods. However, the lignan biosynthetic pathways in plants are only now being understood. Recently, lariciresinol was detected in Arabidopsis thaliana. This observation indicated the existence of common lignan biosynthetic pathways in A. thaliana, despite a low amount of lignans other than lariciresinol glycosides. In this study, we established a highly sensitive analytical method that enables quantification of both glycoside and aglycone forms of lignans in A. thaliana simultaneously using capillary liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry. Some lignans not previously detected in A. thaliana were quantified in extracts of both roots and shoots. Our method can be used for the comprehensive analysis of lignans in small samples from mutants and transformants. This method will be utilized to elucidate the metabolic pathways and physiological roles of lignans as well as the regulation of their biosynthesis in plants.


Objective Up to 90% of patients treated for pelvic cancers experience chronic gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. This study characterises this patient cohort at a single centre, addressing a paucity of publications reporting 'real-world' experiences. Method Outpatient referrals, from oncology to the gastroenterology and nutrition services, at a tertiary London hospital from 2006 to 2016, were retrospectively identified. Patient characteristics, reported symptoms, investigations, diagnoses, response to therapeutics and follow-up were recorded. Results Of 269 patients referred, 81% were within the latter 5 years. A total of 260 patients had diagnoses of pelvic cancers (prostatic (52%), cervical (19%) and endometrial (19%)). Among 247 treated with radiotherapy, the median time from radiotherapy to symptom onset was 8 months. Common symptoms were rectal bleeding (51%), diarrhoea (32%), faecal urgency (19%) and pain (19%). Patients underwent a median of three investigations including lower GI endoscopy (86%), thyroid function tests (33%) and glucose hydrogen breath test (30%). Diagnoses included radiation proctopathy (39%), colonic polyps (16%), pelvic floor dysfunction (12%), bile acid malabsorption (BAM) (8%), small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) (8%), vitamin D deficiency (7%) and iron deficiency (7%). Among 164 discharged patients, the time to discharge was 7 months, after a median of two appointments. Conclusions This unique patient group reports a complex mix of symptoms and requires specialist review and consideration of often uninvestigated diagnoses (pelvic dysfunction, BAM, SIBO and nutritional deficiencies). Such patients are often overlooked, compared with those suffering many other chronic GI disorders. Further reports from non-dedicated centres treating patients with pelvic radiation disease will aid in understanding of secondary GI diagnoses and variation in practice.


Ecological damage from periodic environmental extremes is often repaired in resilient ecosystems, but the rate of return to a non-damaged state is critical. Measures of recovery of communities include biomass, productivity and diversity, while measures of recovery of individuals tend to focus on physiological conditions and the return to normal metabolic functioning. Transcriptomics offers a window into the entire physiology of the organism under stress and can represent a holistic view of organismal recovery. In this study, we track the recovery of seven colonies of Acropora hyacinthus following a natural bleaching event. We identified a large environmental stress response in the field that involved approximately 20% of the host transcriptome. The transcriptome remained largely perturbed for at least six months after temperatures had cooled and four months after symbiont populations had recovered. Moreover, a small set of genes did not recover to previous expression levels even 12 months after the event, about the time that normal growth rates resumed. This study is among the first to incorporate transcriptomics into a longitudinal dataset of recovery from environmental stress. The data demonstrate large and lasting effects on coral physiology long after environmental conditions return to normal and symbiont populations recover.


This paper examines the effects of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on business performance, using firm-level data obtained through a questionnaire survey in four ASEAN countries (Indonesia, The Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam). Sources of information and new technologies exchanged via ICTs by firms are also explored to investigate the mechanism behind ICT adoption. Empirical results verify that the introduction of ICT to reorganize business processes is significantly correlated with business performance, in particular the development of export markets and improvement of production management. ICTs facilitate access to information and technologies accumulated in in-house departments and joint-venture (JV) affiliates of the respondent firms. There are considerable differences between multinational companies (MNCs)/JVs and local firms. MNCs/JVs make use of information and technologies obtainable via ICTs from their own R&D departments, JVs established with local partners and foreign-owned suppliers/customers to improve factory management, mostly for product quality improvement and production cost reduction. In contrast, local firms interconnect their own R&D departments via ICTs to enhance their business performance in broader areas than MNCs/JVs, including the development of export markets.


We deal with the relation between two well-known topics in signal processing and computational vision: quadrature filters (QF's) and Bayesian estimation with Markov random fields (MRF's) as prior models. We present a new class of complex-valued MRF models such that the optimal estimators obtained with them correspond to the output of QF's tuned at particular frequencies. It is shown that the machinery that has proven to be effective in classical (real-valued) MRF modeling may be generalized to the complex case in a straightforward way. To illustrate the power of this technique, we present complex MRF models that implement robust QF's that exhibit good performance in situations in which ordinary linear, shift-invariant filters fail. These include robust filters that are relatively insensitive to edge effects and missing data and that can reliably estimate the local phase in singularity neighborhoods; we also present models for the specification of piecewise-smooth QF's. Examples of applications to fringe pattern analysis, phase-based stereo reconstruction, and texture segmentation are presented as well.


Analysis of interviews with 275 natural and social scientists at 21 elite U.S. research universities suggests that only a minority of scientists see religion and science as always in conflict. Scientists selectively employ different cultural strategies with regards to the religion-science relationship: redefining categories (the use of institutional resources from religion and from science), integration models (scientists strategically employ the views of major scientific actors to legitimate a more symbiotic relationship between science and religion), and intentional talk (scientists actively engage in discussions about the boundaries between science and religion). Such results challenge narrow conceptions of secularization theory and the sociology of science literature by describing ways science intersects with other knowledge categories.Most broadly the ways that institutions and ideologies shape one another through the agency of individual actors within those institutions is explored.


Transition metal carbodiimides MNCN (M = Co, Ni, Co0.9Ni0.1, Mn and Cu), were studied by simultaneous operando Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) with focus on surface oxide detection during electrocatalytic water oxidation. As a proof of concept, easily modifiable screen-printed electrodes were used in this unified operando synchrotron setup for a trade-off between convenience of electrochemical anodization and spectroscopic data acquisition. Monitoring of chemical and structural transformations at the electrode surface during initial anodic electrode polarization shows stability for MNCN with M = Co, Ni, Co0.9Ni0.1 and Mn. While MnNCN is inactive, CoNCN emerges as the most active representative of the series. CuNCN displays pronounced side reactions and the formation of a surface copper oxide layer leading to lower current density attributed to water oxidation, as evident from an irreversible variation of the CuNCN redox behaviour in rotating ring-disc voltammetry. Furthermore, the accompanying structural and vibrational spectroscopy properties of the different MNCN compounds were explored with complementary ex situ analytical methods.


We study an overlapping domain decomposition method for solving the coupled nonlinear system of equations arising from the discretization of inverse elliptic problems. Most algorithms for solving inverse problems take advantage of the fact that the optimality system has a natural splitting into three components: the state equation for the constraints, the adjoint equation for the Lagrange multipliers, and the equation for the parameter to be identified. Such algorithms often involve interiterations between the three separate solvers, and the intercomponent iteration is sequential. Several fully coupled or so-called one-shot approaches exist, and the main challenges in these approaches are that the system has stronger nonlinearity, and the corresponding Jacobian system is more ill-conditioned, in addition to being three times larger. Here we investigate a class of overlapping Newton‐ Krylov‐Schwarz algorithms for solving such coupled systems, obtained with a pointwise ordering of the variables, and show numerically that, with a reasonably large overlap, the algorithm is capable of finding the solution even with noise and discontinuous coefficients. More importantly, we show that this approach is fully parallel and scalable with respect to the size of the problems.


Results of any clustering algorithm are highly sensitive to features that limit their generalization and hence provide a strong motivation to integrate shape information into the algorithm. Existing fuzzy shape-based clustering algorithms consider only circular and elliptical shape information and consequently do not segment well, arbitrary shaped objects. To address this issue, this paper introduces a new shape-based algorithm, called fuzzy image segmentation using shape information (FISS) by incorporating general shape information. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis proves the superiority of the new FISS algorithm compared to other well-established shape-based fuzzy clustering algorithms, including GustafsonKessel, ring-shaped, circular shell, c-ellipsoidal shells and elliptic ring-shaped clusters.


Mycobacterium ulcerans produces an exotoxin in culture which, when inoculated into guinea pig skin, causes inflammation, necrosis, edema, and other histopathological changes resembling those in infections of humans. The toxin was resistant to heat and to alkalies and was moderately acid labile. Toxic activity was destroyed by Pronase, phospholipase, lipase, amylase, and glucosidase but not by trypsin, collagenase, cellulase, lysozyme, hyaluronidase, or neuraminidase. Toxic activity was resistant to treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, urea, guanidine hydrochloride, p-chloromercuribenzoate, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and sodium deoxycholate but was destroyed by sodium m-periodate and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The toxin was precipitated by a wide range of ammonium sulfate concentrations. Extraction with chlorofrom-methanol or petroleum ether destroyed its activity. Isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation in KBr produced a high-density lipoprotein layer with a 24-fold increase in specific activity. The results indicate that this toxin is a high-molecular-weight phospholipoprotein-polysaccharide complex.


How do lawyers resolve ethical dilemmas in the everyday context of their practice? What are the issues that commonly arise, and how do lawyers determine the best ways to resolve them? Until recently, efforts to answer these questions have focused primarily on rules and legal doctrine rather than the real-life situations lawyers face in legal practice. The first book to present empirical research on ethical decision making in a variety of practice contexts, including corporate litigation, securities, immigration, and divorce law, "Lawyers in Practice" fills a substantial gap in the existing literature. Following an introduction emphasizing the increasing importance of understanding context in the legal profession, contributions focus on ethical dilemmas ranging from relatively narrow ethical issues to broader problems of professionalism, including the prosecutor's obligation to disclose evidence, the management of conflicts of interest, and loyalty to clients and the court. Each chapter details the resolution of a dilemma from the practitioner's point of view that is, in turn, set within a particular community of practice. Timely and practical, this book should be required reading for law students as well as students and scholars of law and society.


Neither the effects of information and communication technology (ICT) on culture nor the cultural roles of ICT are widely understood, particularly among marginalized ethno-cultures and indigenous people. One theoretical lens that has received attention outside of Native American studies is the theory of Information Technology Cultures, or "IT Culture," developed by KaarstBrown. This theory was a groundbreaking and foundational way to understand underlying assumptions about IT and the conflicts surrounding IT use. Kaarst-Brown identified five archetypal cultural patterns or sets of "underlying cultural assumptions" about IT that impacted strategic use, conflict, and technology innovation. These dimensions included assumptions about the control of IT, criticality of using IT, value of IT skills, justification of IT investments, and perceived beneficiaries of IT. These dimensions clustered in five archetypal patterns: the Fearful, Controlled, Revered, Demystified, and Integrated IT Culture. The research study described in this thesis builds on Kaarst-Brown's work. This thesis determines the appropriateness and fit of the IT Culture theory and pervasiveness of archetypal patterns within a Native American tribe—the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma. A mixed-method design, rather than traditional ethnography, is used to explore evidence of Kaarst-Brown's five cultural patterns and their dimensions within the Choctaw Nation. By extending this theoretical lens and utilizing a mixed-method approach, this thesis research contributes to an understanding of the assumptions about technology within a subset of culturally respected Choctaw families. This thesis project highlights the challenge of applying a broad IT theory to a specific ICT and context. Even though there was not 100% correlation between the theoretical lens and the data gathered, this theoretical application yielded valuable results. These results offered insights into the nature of the assumptions about ICT found in a multi-generational subset of people, and potential implications for future ICT development. Choctaws deeply invested in the Tribe's cultural heritage preservation and sharing efforts can now understand the potential impact of ICT before a new ICT is even introduced, rather than after the fact. Also while the original IT Culture theory utilized metaphor and symbols to explain the archetypal patterns, this thesis interpreted a new set of symbols from Choctaw folklore better suited to describe assumptions about ICT within the specific ethno-cultural context. In this project, the researcher is a non-Native American embedded in a community of a once-marginalized and long-suffering Native people, and thus, special considerations are discussed. The Choctaw have found their voice in contemporary society and are passionately asserting their self-determination as a proud Nation. As such, this thesis concludes with a discussion of practical implications for the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, as well as implications for Native American, ICT, and mixed-method research. THE IMPACT OF CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT TECHNOLOGY ON CHOCTAW HERITAGE PRESERVATION AND SHARING by Jake A. Dolezal B.S., Southeastern Oklahoma State University, 1998 M. Tech., Southeastern Oklahoma State University, 2002 Dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillments of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Professional Studies in Information Management


Objectives: All individuals need to have the ability of appropriate sensory processing for proper functioning in the environment and participation in daily activities. Moreover, behavioral functions can be affected by sensory processing problems. This study aimed to determine the relationship between behavioral problems and sensory processing in 7 to 10 years old children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods: This descriptive (cross-sectional) study included 60 children with ADHD aged 7 to 10 years, who were referred to a comprehensive psychiatric center. Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) questionnaires were used for assessing the patterns of sensory processing and behavioral problems in the patients. Results: There was a negative correlation between internalizing behavioral problems (r=−0.426) and externalizing behavioral problems (r=−0.465), and the total score of sensory processing in ADHD children (P<0.05). Discussion: The findings of this study showed that some behaviors in children with ADHD could be due to certain defects in their sensory processing. Survey of behavioral problems and sensory processing in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.


Natural killer (NK) activity in the rat and human has been attributed to cells having the morphology of large granular lymphocytes (LGL). However, this association has been less clear in the mouse, largely because of difficulties in obtaining highly enriched populations of LGL from normal spleen and blood. We have previously observed that the administration of the biological response modifier (BRM) maleic anhydride divinyl ether (MVE-2) strongly augmented NK activity in lung and liver, and the augmented NK activity coincided with increased resistance to the formation of experimental metastases in these organs. The degree of NK augmentation was most striking in the liver, an unexpected and previously unreported observation. In the present study, both MVE-2 or Corynebacterium parvum induced a dramatic augmentation of liver NK activity, which reached maximum levels 3-5 d after treatment. This augmentation of NK activity in the liver coincided with a large increase in the number of lymphoid cells with the morphological characteristics of LGL that could be isolated from enzymatically digested suspensions of perfused liver. The yield of LGL per liver following BRM treatment corresponded to a 10-50-fold increase as compared to normal mice. LGL were purified from these enzymatically digested suspensions of perfused liver by depletion of adherent cells on nylon wool columns and subsequent enrichment for low-density lymphoid cells by fractionation on Percoll density gradients. The enrichment of LGL correlated with greatly increased NK activity against YAC-1. Conversely, the higher-density fractions were depleted of both LGL and NK activity. This increase in NK activity in the liver was suppressed by in vivo treatment with anti-asialo GM1 (asGM1) serum. This treatment also resulted in a corresponding reduction in both the total number and percentage of LGL. By flow cytometry analysis, the phenotype of the majority of these highly cytolytic LGL isolated from the livers of BRM-treated mice were asGM1+, Thy-1+, Ly-5+, Qa-5+, Mac- 1+, and Gma-1+, whereas these LGL were Ly-1-, Lyt-2-, L3T4-, and surface Ig-. We conclude that the livers of BRM-treated mice can provide a rich source of highly active mouse LGL that could be used for further characterization of this lymphocyte subset. Further, these studies imply a potential for BRM therapy of neoplastic or viral diseases through augmentation of organ-associated immune responses.


Traditional similarity calculation method in collaborative filtering is inaccuracy due to the extreme sparsity of user rating data. To address this problem, we propose a collaborative filtering recommendation algorithm based on user integrated similarity. The algorithm modifies the similarity calculation formula by introducing the common factor. Then it introduces the item category interestingness eigenvector by category of items and distribution of user ratings to construct the user's item category interestingness similarity. Finally, it combines the user rating similarity to construct the integrated similarity, and generates recommendations. The experimental results show that this algorithm can effectively relieve the inaccuracy of traditional similarity calculation method in the case of extreme sparsity of user rating data, and improve the quality of the recommendation of recommender systems.


Persons from the former USSR constitute a significant proportion of the migrant population in contemporary Germany. Current research on their health is scarce and carried out from a medical perspective, mostly focusing on health outcomes and patterns of healthcare utilisation. In contrast, this thesis is based on a sociological approach to health as a phenomenon embedded in a complex system of social stratification and cultural traditions. The research question of this thesis is about the relationship of identity to health beliefs and help-seeking practices, and they ways migration transforms ways people think of themselves and their health. To answer this question, qualitative research needs to establish migrants' own interpretations of health and illness in the biographical context.

Setting out to identify and explain a variety of native conceptualisations of health, this thesis, on the one hand, seeks to establish differences between migrant and non-migrant population, and, on the other hand, to reflect on heterogeneity of health beliefs and help-seeking behaviours across different sub-groups of former Soviet citizens in Germany.

In order to pursue these research objectives, comparative qualitative research design was employed, whereby different groups of migrant population were compared with each other and contrasted to native Germans. The empirical fieldwork was carried out in Berlin in 2009-2010, and included 35 semi-structured interviews (of which 8 were carried out with experts).

This thesis suggests that health beliefs and help-seeking practices of migrants from the former USSR in Germany are highly heterogeneous. Attitudes to health make up components of diverse identities acquired in the sending country and that are transformed throughout the migratory processes. First, these findings argue against generalisations about 'fatalistic' health beliefs resulting from communist ideology, a stereotype appearing in some Western literatures. Second, this thesis draws attention to the effects of socialisation in the sending country on conceptualisations of health in the country of immigration, suggesting prospects for research in future migrant generations. And third, it demonstrates that folk conceptualisations of health are hugely heterogeneous, and diverge greatly from medical views of health as an absence of illness.


Gas turbines are critical to the operation of most industrial plants, and their associated maintenance costs can be extremely high. To reduce those costs and increase the availability of their gas turbines, plant operators have for many years relied on routine preventative maintenance-routinely checking and solving small problems before they grow into major ones. Recently, however, the power industry has moved sharply toward condition-based maintenance and monitoring. In this approach, intelligent computerized systems monitor gas turbines to establish maintenance needs based on the turbine's condition rather than on a fixed number of operating hours. By integrating several AI technologies-including qualitative model-based reasoning-the Tiger system significantly cuts costs and improves performance by using control-system information to perform condition monitoring for gas-turbine engines.


Background: There are wide range of pathology affecting the anterior abdominal wall which range from simple fluid collection to hernias to complex neoplasms. Anterior abdominal wall hernias are the most common lesion of anterior abdominal lesions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate high-resolution sonography and colour Doppler in assessment of complicated anterior abdominal wall hernia. Patients and methods: This study includes (48) patients were referred for sonography due to vomiting and abdominal pain of unobvious cause. Patients were subjected to full clinical examination and high-resolution Ultrasound and Doppler examination and X-Ray for intestinal obstruction if needed. Results: Mean defect size of hernia associated with bowel ischemia was 1.3±0.85 cm while the bowel wall thickness mean was 4.1 ±0.3 mm, in contrary, the mean defect size of hernia with non-ischemic bowel was 2.9 ±0.65 cm and the bowel wall thickness mean was 2.2 ±0.89 mm. Among the studied group, Reduction of viable loops and herniorrhaphy were done in 45.8 % of patients, Reduction of viable loops and hernioplasty in 22.9% of cases, while resection and primary anastomosis were done in (14.6) of cases. The ultrasound finding comparing with the operative data revealed that ultrasound had 100% sensitivity, while accuracy in diagnosis of peristalsis, bowel irreducibility, bowel thickness was ranged from 93.4% to 98.8%. Also Doppler accuracy was 100% Conclusion:High-resolution ultrasonography (US) is non-invasive, safe and effective and simple diagnostic tool for detecting the presence of abdominal wall hernias and accurately detecting the contentand the possible associated complications.


White working-class conservatives have played a decisive role in American history, particularly in their opposition to social justice movements, radical critiques of capitalism, and government help for the poor and sick. While this pattern is largely seen as a post-1960s development, Poor Man's Fortune tells a different story, excavating the long history of white working-class conservatism in the century from the Civil War to World War II. With a close study of metal miners in the Tri-State district of Kansas, Missouri, and Oklahoma, Jarod Roll reveals why successive generations of white, native-born men willingly and repeatedly opposed labor unions and government-led health and safety reforms, even during the New Deal.With painstaking research, Roll shows how the miners' choices reflected a deep-seated, durable belief that hard-working American white men could prosper under capitalism, and exposes the grim costs of this view for these men and their communities, for organized labor, and for political movements seeking a more just and secure society. Roll's story shows how American inequalities are in part the result of a white working-class conservative tradition driven by grassroots assertions of racial, gendered, and national privilege.


Towards a theology of interculturality: A trinitarian perspective The greater interaction of people from diverse cultural orientation in a globalised era and the growth of the christian faith as a truly worldwide phenomenon, and the consequent complications have highlighted the need for a theological response. This paper explores such a proposal for intercultural encounter, especially among people of the same religious orientation. The emphasis is on transcendence, community and identity, or on trinity, church and spirituality. The fundamental assumption is that the trinitarian identification of God, with its concomitant stress on otherness, relationality and love, provides resources to guide intercultural challenges in the church. A consistent trinitarian approach values community; hence the imperative of a communio-ecclesiology, which embraces unity, creativity and social resistance. Identity-formation and spirituality are closely linked. A trinitarian approach advocates transformation which increasingly reflects the virtues of the triune God in the relationship with the culturally Other.


The primary aim of this thesis is to obtain estimated sectoral
price equations for Australia using quarterly data for the period
1960-61 to 1972-73. The secondary aim of the study is to use the
estimated price equations obtained to make a sector by sector comparison
of the determinants of sectoral prices and of the lags with which prices
respond to these determinants. Aggregate price equations are also
estimated and compared with the estimated sectoral price equations in
order to determine whether extra information is gained by estimating
separate price equations for different sectors. In the first chapter
of the thesis some arguments are advanced supporting the view that a
sectoral approach to the study of price determination may be necessary
to obtain a better understanding of the way in which prices are
determined.
Before attempting to accomplish the primary aim of this thesis
two chapters are devoted to a brief review of the most important price
equations studies carried out for overseas countries and for Australia
- Chapter 2 contains a survey of the overseas studies and Chapter 3
contains a survey of the Australian studies. It was found that the
Australian work was less extensive than the overseas work both as
regards the types of disaggregation used and the types of explanatory
variables tested. Chapter 3 concludes with proposals for work to be
carried out in this study, these proposals consisting largely of
proposals for using alternative types of disaggregation and incorporating
variables which have been successfully tested overseas but not in Australia.
The fourth chapter discusses the data available for carrying
out the programme outlined in the preceding chapter. It was found
that little of the required data was available and much of the data
needed in the regression analysis had to be constructed from available
data. As a result of this Chapter 4 contains a rather extensive discussion
of the data used and the series constructed are reproduced in
an appendix. The discussion of the data revealed that three different
types of disaggregation could be used and since the studies reviewed
gave little indication as to which type of disaggregation would be the
most useful, all three types were experimented with.
The regression results for the final demand type sectors are
discussed in Chapter 5, the results obtained for consumer goods sectors
are discussed in Chapter 6 and the results for geographical sectors are
discussed in Chapter 7. It was found that labour costs were the most
important determinant of prices. Various types of labour cost variables
were tried. Some were adjusted for changes in short-run productivity
to form unit labour cost variables and some for changes in long-run
productivity to form "normal" unit labour cost variables. It was
found that the labour cost variables unadjusted for productivity (i.e.,
minimum wage rate and earnings variables) were the most successful.
The only other variable which was consistently significant for all
sectors for which it was used is the sales tax and excise variable.
Materials costs were significant for some sectors only and of the many
types of demand variables tried, none were consistently significant
although several of the preferred equations included a demand variable. In Chapter 8 the results for the three types of disaggregation
are compared and it is argued that additional information concerning
price determination in Australia is indeed obtained by using a sectoral
approach. It is felt that further work in this area is warranted and
that the disaggregation by final demand categories and the disaggregation
by consumer categories are likely to be more useful than the
geographical disaggregation. However, the difficulty of obtaining
suitable sectoral data must be balanced against the advantages of using
the sectoral approach to the study of price determination.


Background: The Corona virus disease, first identified in Wuhan city, Hubei province of China, is a respiratory illness caused by Novel Corona Virus also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS Cov.2). The disease is characterised by; dry cough and shortness of breath with difficulty in breathing and at least 2 of the following; fever, chills, muscle pain, headache, sore throat and loss of test and smell. Uganda in general and Mbale in particular has people of diverse culture, religion and ethnic background as well as diverse socio economic activities with various practices. This multi-cultural environment creates differences in perception of information and practices. Most cultures encourage socialisation through social functions like attending weddings, funerals, work places and gatherings and Muslims who have to go for congregation prayers in the mosques 5 times a day among others. This puts such communities at risk of spreading the disease very fast and slow in adapting to control measures Aim: In this study, we aimed at assessing knowledge and practices of the community towards COVID 19 in Mbale municipality. Methods and Materials: A cross section study was used; Data was obtained using a Questionnaires to a sample of 355 respondents and an observation tool was also used to observe behaviour patterns and practices of 776 participants towards the control measures of COVID-19. Results: There was a total of 355 respondents with 208/355 (58.59%) male and 147/355 (41.4%) female. 149/355(42%) possessed good knowledge, 131/355(36.9%) had moderate knowledge and 75/355(21%) had a little knowledge on COVID-19. Participants who were single and aged between 21–30 years were found to be more knowledgeable than other groups (P value=.001 and P value=.003 respectively). The source of COVID 19 information was mainly from television and radios 124/248 (50%) and social media 34/248 (21.8%) and the least source of information being 14/248(5.6%) and 9/248(3.6%) from health workers and Religious leaders respectively. 496/776 (64%) of the respondents observed, washed their hands and only124/776 (16%) of the respondents wore face masks. 98/776 (12.6%) were seen shaking hands and 15/776(2%) were seen hugging. Conclusion: Use of appropriate and well-designed Health education materials on radios, televisions and social media platforms like Facebook and twitter among others can be effective means of communication since they can reach the highest number of people. Ministry of Health should design ways for systematically integrating both political and religious leaders in Health Education Campaigns. Government should provide facemasks and enforce their use. A study to assess the ability of both political and religious leaders in health promotion campaigns should be carried out.


The Astronomical Thermal Emission Camera (AzTEC) 1.1 mm survey of the two SCUBA HAlf Degree Extragalactic Survey (SHADES) fields is the largest (0.7 deg2) blank-field millimetre-wavelength (mm-wavelength) survey undertaken to date at a resolution of ≃18 arcsec and a depth of ≃1 mJy. We have used the deep optical to radio multiwavelength data in the SHADES Lockman Hole East and SXDF/UDS fields to obtain galaxy identifications for ≃64 per cent (≃80 per cent including tentative identifications) of the 148 AzTEC-SHADES 1.1 mm sources reported by Austermann et al., exploiting deep radio and 24 μm data complemented by methods based on 8 μm flux density and red optical–infrared (i − K) colour. This unusually high identification rate can be attributed to the relatively bright mm-wavelength flux density threshold, combined with the relatively deep supporting multifrequency data now available in these two well-studied fields. We have further exploited the optical–mid-infrared–radio data to derive an ≃60 per cent (≃75 per cent including tentative identifications) complete redshift distribution for the AzTEC-SHADES sources, yielding a median redshift of z ≃ 2.2, with a high-redshift tail extending to at least z ≃ 4. Despite the larger area probed by the AzTEC survey relative to the original SCUBA-SHADES imaging, the redshift distribution of the AzTEC sources is consistent with that displayed by the SCUBA sources, and reinforces tentative evidence that the redshift distribution of mm/submm sources in the Lockman Hole field is significantly different from that found in the SXDF/UDS field. Comparison with simulated surveys of similar scale extracted from semi-analytic models based on the Millennium simulation indicates that this is as expected if the mm/submm sources are massive (M > 1011 M⊙) star-forming galaxies tracing large-scale structures over scales of 10–20 Mpc. This confirms the importance of surveys covering several deg2 (as now underway with SCUBA2) to obtain representative samples of bright (sub)mm-selected galaxies. This work provides a foundation for the further exploitation of the Spitzer and Herschel data in the SHADES fields in the study of the stellar masses and specific star formation rates of the most active star-forming galaxies in cosmic history.


Device and system design choices for solar energy conversion and storage approaches require holistic design guidelines which simultaneously respect and optimize technical, economic, sustainability, and operating time constraints. We developed a simulation platform which allows for the calculation of solar-to-hydrogen efficiency, hydrogen price, device manufacture and operation energy demand, and the component degradation and replacement time of photo-electrochemical water splitting devices. Utilizing this platform, we assessed 16 different design types representing all possible combinations of a system: (i) operating with or without irradiation concentration, (ii) utilizing high-performing and high-cost or low-performing but low-cost photoabsorbers, (iii) utilizing high-performing and high-cost or low-performing but low-cost electrocatalysts, and (iv) operating with or without current concentration between the photoabsorber and the electrocatalyst. Our results show that device types exist with a global optimum (a Pareto point), simultaneously maximizing efficiency, while minimizing cost and the energy demand of manufacture and operation. In our examples, these happen to be the device types utilizing high irradiation concentration, as well as expensive photoabsorbers and electrocatalysts. These device types and designs were the most robust to degradation, exhibiting the smallest price sensitivity for increasing degradation rates. Other device types did not show a global optimum, but rather a set of partially optimized designs, i.e. a Pareto front, requiring a compromise and prioritization of either performance, cost, or manufacture and operation energy demand. In our examples, these happen to be the device types using low-cost photoabsorbers. The targeted utilization of irradiation and current concentration predicted that even device types utilizing expensive components can provide competitive solutions to photo-electrochemical water splitting. The quantification of the influence of component degradation on performance allows the suggestion of best practice for device operational time and component replacement. The framework and findings presented here provide holistic design guidelines for photo-electrochemical devices, and support the decision-making process for an integral and practical approach to competitive solar hydrogen production in the future.


Abstract. Ash emitted by volcanic eruptions, even of moderate magnitude, may affect the environment and the health of humans and animals through different mechanisms at distances significantly larger than those indicated in the volcanic hazard maps. One such mechanism is the high capacity of ash to transport toxic volatiles like fluoride, as soluble condensates on the particles' surface. The mobilization and hazards related to volcanic fluoride are discussed based on the data obtained during the recent activity of Popocatepetl volcano in Central Mexico.


This title covers the gender roles and sexual codes of the 'greatest generation'. Throughout World War II, when Saturday nights came around, servicemen and hostesses happily forgot the war for a little while as they danced together in USO clubs, which served as havens of stability in a time of social, moral, and geographic upheaval. Meghan Winchell demonstrates that in addition to boosting soldier morale, the USO acted as an architect of the gender roles and sexual codes that shaped the 'greatest generation.'Combining archival research with extensive firsthand accounts from among the hundreds of thousands of female USO volunteers, Winchell shows how the organization both reflected and shaped 1940s American society at large. The USO had hoped that respectable feminine companionship would limit venereal disease rates in the military. To that end, Winchell explains, USO recruitment practices characterized white middle-class women as sexually respectable, thus implying that the sexual behavior of working-class women and women of color was suspicious. In response, women of color sought to redefine the USO's definition of beauty and respectability, challenging the USO's vision of a home front that was free of racial, gender, and sexual conflict.Despite clashes over class and racial ideologies of sex and respectability, Winchell finds that most hostesses benefited from the USO's chaste image. In exploring the USO's treatment of female volunteers, Winchell not only brings the hostesses' stories to light but also supplies a crucial missing piece for understanding the complex ways in which the war both destabilized and restored certain versions of social order.


In the acknowledgment section of Go to the Sources: Lucy Maynard Salmon and the Teaching of History, I wrote (Bohan, 2004), I know I can never properly express my gratitude to Dr. Davis. He introduced me to fellow leaders in the field of education and carefully edited thousands of pages of my work, and both he and his wife demonstrated sincere concern for my well-being. I count my lucky stars, for I could not have found a better mentor anywhere in the country. Dr. Davis' loyal following of students--his extended family--reminded me of the relationships that Lucy Salmon formed with her students. (p. xiv) INTRODUCTION TO O.L. DAVIS, JR. O.L. Davis, Jr. is undoubtedly one of the most distinguished leaders in the field of curriculum research in the latter half of the twentieth century. He is a prolific author whose publication listings comprise approximately 30 single-spaced pages. A sampling of his work in the late 1990s demonstrates the variety, depth, and breadth of his research. Because he remained an active researcher throughout his 50 plus year career, he was also an outstanding mentor. Indeed, he led by example. Many former students are generally familiar with O.L.'s background but may have forgotten the specific details. A native Texan, O.L. Davis, Jr. was born in Amarillo on November 20, 1928. He attended the University of North Texas in Denton and earned a bachelor of arts degree in government and a master of education degree in public school administration in 1949 and 1950 respectively. After serving as a secondary school English teacher in Ozona, TX, he became an elementary school principal in Burleson, TX. In 1952, he began serving active duty as a seaman apprentice to a lieutenant in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War. Upon completing active duty in 1955, he attended George Peabody College and earned his doctoral degree under the guidance of Harold Drummond. After graduating from Peabody in 1958, he worked for the Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development at the organization's headquarters in Washington, DC. Two years later, he moved to academia. He began working as an associate director of the Fifth Year Program in Teacher Education at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and then moved to Kent State University as an associate professor before returning to his home state and The University of Texas at Austin in 1966 (incidentally, the year I was born). In 1970, he was promoted to professor of curriculum and instruction, and in 2001 he was honored as the Catherine Mae Parker Centennial Endowed Professor (Davis, 2008). Today, he holds an emeritus position at the university. O.L. Davis, Jr.'s Research Interests O.L. Davis, Jr. had an incredibly wide range of research interests, as evidenced by his own writing and leadership as editor of the Journal of Curriculum and Supervision. His editorials for the journal were always timely, well-written, and fostered careful consideration (e.g., Davis, 2005). Dr. Davis organized his extensive research into six general categories: curriculum development with subcategories in practice and theory, curriculum history, and social studies education. In addition, his three additional categories of education research include teaching and teacher education, human communication and educational technology, and miscellaneous (Davis, 2008). During the 1990s, I recall several important publications that Dr. Davis authored and edited. A colleague at work remarked to me recently that he and his students enjoyed, "An Invitation to Think," which he wrote for the Kappa Delta Pi anniversary edition of John Dewey's Experience and Education (Davis, 1998). On a personal note, I recall him driving me to the nursing home of retired professor Clark C. Gill, so we could interview him and create a biographical sketch of his life for the Foundations of the Social Studies Special Interest Group. …


Credit to the private sector has been growing very rapidly in a number of Central and Eastern European countries in recent years. The main question is whether this dynamics is an equilibrium convergence process or may rather pose stability risks. Using panel econometric techniques, this paper attempts to identify the equilibrium credit/GDP levels of the new EU countries, disentangling the observed growth into an equilibrium trend and an excess (boom) component. In the paper the pooled mean group estimator was used for its flexibility and efficiency. Using instrumental variable technique we tested whether long run endogeneity affects the consistency. The estimations show that large part of the credit growth in new member states can be explained by the catching-up process, and, in general, credit/GDP ratios are below the levels consistent with macroeconomic fundamentals. However, in Latvia and Estonia credit growth is found to be significantly faster than what would be justified along the equilibrium path.


Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to describe how an adult liaison psychiatry service was established at a hospital introducing the special interest service provision model, which is a cost-effective method of developing new services. Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes a step-by-step process of setting up a new service. Nearly, 20 months after its introduction, the new service was evaluated using a retrospective survey design that involved reviewing the patient referral forms. The authors looked at the demographical data, reasons for referral and the outcome of assessment for patient assessed by this service. Findings – Results revealed that the majority of the referrals (51 per cent, n ¼ 136) were from the medical ward, 56 per cent of the psychiatric assessments were done within 24 hours of the referral, 37 per cent of the assessed patients were provisionally diagnosed with a depressive episode and 24 per cent with substance misuse. Originality/value – The paper describes a new model of service provision. From the above findings it can be extrapolated that this model of service provision is generalisable and can be replicated anywhere in the UK. This paper would interest clinicians and individuals interested in service development and improving patient care.


Through developing of the concept of hitmazrehut, the article highlights avenues for decolonializing and de-orientalizing sociopolitical theory and practice in Israel/Palestine. Hitmazrehut (literally 'becoming of the East') is understood as the transformation of relations between space, identity, and narrative through an intersectionality framework of social movement activism and intellectual counter-discourse. Exposing the intersections among sites of marginality as well as cultivating localized interpretations of identity (delinked from the orientalist positing of Israel in the 'West') would contribute to the possibility of the formation of transformative coalition building across national boundaries. Hitmazrehut is both an outcome and a necessary process for enabling geopolitical reframing. The article begins with the ahistorical and orientalist biases of sociological inquiry into the region. It continues with an analysis of efforts to localize and re-orient Jewish identity as well as the Mizrahi discursive critique of epistemological violence guiding sociological scholarship, double consciousness and patterns of ethnic passing.


We examine anticipatory product standards intended to improve the strategic position of firms in an international patent race where firms do R&D to develop products that are close substitutes. The effects of a standard are shown to depend on the way the standard is specified, which firm develops which product, and on the order in which products are discovered. Simple standards are, in general, time inconsistent because of consumer losses that occur when products ruled out by the standard are discovered before the product set as the standard. A state contingent standard is shown to be time consistent when compulsory licensing by the foreign firm is introduced.


This study departs from mainstream criminology to approach youth conflict and violence from a youth-centered perspective drawn from cultural studies of young people and sociolegal research. To access youth orientations, we analyze experiential stories of peer conflict written by students at a multiethnic, low-income high school situated in an urban core of the western United States. We argue that youth narratives of conflict offer glimpses into how young people make sense of conflict in their everyday lives, as well as insights as to how the images and decisional bases embedded in their storytelling connect to adult-centered discourses found in popular media and formal education. Our analyses identify a range of story types (tales), each marked by a different narrative style, that students fashion as they write about peer conflict: action tales, moral tales, expressive tales, and rational tales. In our study, students wrote a majority of stories in the action-tale narrative style. We propose three alternative explanations for this pattern using class code, moral development, and institutional resistance perspectives. Finally, we discuss the theoretical and policy implications of our work and raise questions for future research


Explanations of productivity differences between men and women in science tend to focus on the academic sector and the individual level. This article examines how variation in organizational logic affects sex differences in scientists' commercial productivity, as measured by patenting. Using detailed data from a sample of academic and industrial life scientists working in the United States, the authors present multivariate regression models of scientific patenting. The data show that controlling for education- and career-history variables, women are less likely to patent than men. However, in biotechnology firms—industrial settings characterized by flatter, more flexible, network-based organizational structures— women scientists are more likely to become patent-holding inventors than in more hierarchically arranged organizational settings in industry or academia. The authors discuss how the organization of scientists'work settings may influence enduring disparities between men and women in science and the implications of these findings for future work.


This project examined residents' perceptions of the implementation of the New Living Project in the locality of Phoenix Rise. The overriding aim of the study was to identify factors that, according to the community, assist with making a locality safe and enhance the quality of life for its residents.

The study has provided an overview of the policy nexus that encompasses urban renewal, crime prevention and community development. It has also outlined the demographic detail of Phoenix Rise and situated these data in relation to the broader local government area of the City of Cockburn. These data demonstrate that, at census time, Phoenix Rise is situated at the lower end of the sociodemographic scale within the area.

In order to explore the residents' perceptions of the New Living Project in Phoenix Rise three surveys were carried out from January 2006 to February 2007. The analysis of survey data found, in general, that there is no significant trend in the residents' perceptions either in positive or negative terms in relation to issues of crime, safety and social networks. The analysis did find, however, that factors such as time of day can make people feel less safe; that people can feel safer in the winter months and importantly, the residents' responses suggest that forms of consultation regarding the New Living Project have significantly declined from the initial stages of implementation.

The project also highlighted several factors that impact on the residents' perceptions of safety and thus can enhance their quality of life. These factors include aesthetics and maintenance, verbal abuse in the local neighbourhood and a decline in anti-social behaviour. The study also found that for some residents there is a perception of an initial loss of social networks when the locality is in stages of transition.

Finally, the study has situated these viewpoints in the policy nexus of crime prevention-urban renewal-community development and provided some recommendations for each of these areas.


The sharing of fixed and especially of mobile networks is needed to address a range of current or emerging European policy requirements. At the same time, 5G networks are expected to address a range of different use cases, many of which have needs that differ greatly from one another (e.g. not only mobile broadband, but also automotive and Internet of Things (IoT)). To make things even more complex, some of these needs vary dynamically over time. Software Defined Networks (SDN) and Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) are two distinct but possibly mutually complementary technologies that might be used, either alone or together, to achieve greater flexibility as to how communication networks are used. The implementation of dynamically configurable networks, however, requires a redefinition of the major hardware and software modules that comprise the networks, the functions performed by each of these modules, their interfaces, and the associated protocols that allow the modules to communicate with each other. To what extent might the use of SDN and/or NFV technology be used to address these varying requirements within a common network? What benefits might be expected, and what costs? What practical, technological, economic, and regulatory policy implications might flow from the use of SDN and/or NFV in this way, and what are the interactions among these different dimensions? Our assessment suggests that any application of SDN and/or NFV to these challenges would raise concerns that would need to be addressed. Challenges of shared management, of information sharing among competitors, and of the maintenance of privacy (with implications for security) between multiple users of the network can be readily addressed, in our view. It is the resource management requirements that give us pause. We believe that the industry is many years away from implementing offering solid, commercially available, multi-vendor platforms that offer reliable solutions to the challenges of resource management in a shared SDN/NFV environment. If intelligently addressed, these resource management challenges might ultimately be viewed not just as a threat, but also as an opportunity. Analogous resource management challenges are already visible in existing non-SDN/NFV sharing scenarios. SDN/NFV potentially enables solutions that are more flexible, more highly automated, and less expensive to implement and to operate.


Optical waveguides are becoming increasingly important in the developing area of broadband communications. The field of electronics is advancing rapidly, leading to further demands for larger data storage, smaller components and a better design of integrated optical circuits. The integration of optical interconnects on printed circuit boards (PCBs) requires precise technologies to make this emerging field possible. A promising new microfabrication technique, two-photon photopolymerisation (2PP) can be used to produce three dimensional structures in the sub-micron region. Near-infrared lasers can be used to create 3D optical waveguides by initiating the photopolymerisation of high refractive index monomers in polymeric matrix materials. Terminal silanol groups are intermediates for room temperature vulcaniseable (RTV) silicones and can be cross linked with functional silanes to produce flexible, transparent polymeric materials with high thermal stabilities. A silanol terminated polysiloxane; cross linked with a methyl substituted acryloxy silane has been developed as a suitable material for the fabrication of optical waveguides by two-photon absorption (TPA). A higher refractive index is achieved upon polymerisation of the acrylate functional groups. The material has been shown to be suitable in the fabrication of 3D optical waveguides with a high refractive index contrast. The cured material is fully flexible and exhibits high thermal stability and optical transparency. The material was characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), simultaneous thermal analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (STA-MS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Waveguides were observed by phase contrast microscopy, cut back measurements and were additionally directly integrated onto specially designed PCBs by correctly positioning waveguide bundles between optoelectronic components using TPA.


According to various sources, 27 million people worldwide are enslaved, hundreds of thousands are trafficked across international borders, and each year 15,000 to 17,000 people are trafficked into the United States. In response, anti-trafficking activists, academics, and others have sought to use the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery to understand and combat this modern form of exploitation. The form of use varies: Either "the old slavery" is compared to "the new slavery" with respect to, for example, the egregiousness of abusive treatment of the enslaved, the level of interconnection of the phenomenon with the global economy, or the race or ethnicity of the victims in order to distinguish the new slavery from the old. Often, the implicit hypothesis is that modern slavery is more widespread and awful, and involves more victims and, by extension, more human degradation than did the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Still others invoke the trans-Atlantic slave trade and slavery to assume a mantle of self-righteousness, and distance themselves, their political and economic system, their state and its efforts, from the repugnant phenomenon.I claim that those who have used the analogy have failed to explore it other than superficially, or to adequately map out the similarities and differences between the two phenomena. As a consequence, the ability to effectively combat the modern traffic in human beings has been compromised both internationally and domestically. The analogy is underutilized as currently deployed because it does not illuminate the essential similarities or differences in the phenomena. Instead, the trans-Atlantic slave trade is too often invoked in appeals to emotions to serve particular ends of the user. The analogy to the trans-Atlantic slave trade can be relevant if explored more deeply – there are similarities not merely in individual plights but in the deeper structures of the world economic system and the factors that cause and foster the rise in the phenomena.


UNLABELLED
The aim of this study was to evaluate the test-retest variability of standardized uptake values (SUVs) in normal tissues and the impact of various methods for measuring the SUV.

METHODS
SUVs were determined in 70 cancer-free patients (40 female and 30 male) on 2 occasions an average of 271 d apart. Mean values for body weight and height, blood glucose level, injected dose, and uptake period did not change between the 2 groups of studies. Four regions of interest (ROIs) were placed-on the liver, lung, mediastinum, and trapezius muscle. Mean and maximum SUVs normalized for body weight were obtained, and normalizations were then applied for lean body mass (LBM), LBM and blood glucose level, body surface area (BSA), and BSA and blood glucose level.

RESULTS
In the lungs and muscle, metabolic activity within the ROIs was significantly different in the 2 studies, no matter which method was used for the SUVs. The differences ranged from 0.02 to 0.1 for SUV normalized for body weight and SUV normalized for LBM and from 0.001 to 0.002 for SUV normalized for BSA. In the liver, results were similar for all SUVs, except for maximum SUV corrected for LBM and maximum SUV corrected for LBM and blood glucose level. The metabolic activity measured in the mediastinum was also comparable in the 2 studies, regardless of the type of SUV. When investigating whether any normalization method for SUVs reduces variability and improves test-retest concordance, we found no significant superiority for any. The best intraclass correlation coefficients were obtained with the SUV normalized for body weight, in both the liver and the mediastinum, but the coefficients of variation were similar for all 3 mean SUVs that were not corrected for glucose level (range, 10.8%-13.4%). However, normalizing for blood glucose level increased the variability and decreased the level of concordance between studies.

CONCLUSION
The SUVs measured in normal liver and mediastinum in cancer-free patients are stable over time, no matter which normalization is used. Correcting for blood glucose level increases the variability of the values and should therefore be avoided. Normalizing for BSA or LBM does not improve the reproducibility of the measurements.


The results of treating 105 patients with urinary stress incontinence using anterior colporrhaphy have been reviewed. When polyglycolic suture material and a suprapubic catheter were used, the cure rate was 90.9%, which is comparable to other procedures that are associated with greater morbidity. The problem of comparing the results of one procedure with those of another and results from one center with those of another is discussed. The authors maintain that the surgical objective in treating urinary stress incontinence is to create differentially better support to the urethra, or to a portion of the urethra, so that a mechanical kinking effect can occur synchronously with stress in the urethra to offset pressure increase in the bladder, thereby maintaining urinary continence.


One particular approach in the context of Animal Computer Interaction (ACI) is auditory enrichment for captive wild animals. Here we describe our research and the methodology used to design musical instruments and interfaces aimed at providing auditory enrichment for grey parrots living in captivity. The paper is divided into three main phases: a project review and classification, sonic experiments at the parrot shelter and the design of musical instruments. The overview of recent projects that involve animals in the interaction and music-generation process highlights the costs and benefits of projects of this kind and provides insights into current technologies in this field and the musical talents of animals. Furthermore, we document a series of sonic experiments conducted at a parrot shelter to develop acoustically enriched environments through the use of musical instruments. These investigations were intended to provide a better understanding of how grey parrots communicate through sound, perceive and respond to auditory stimuli and possibly generate sound and music through the usage of technological devices. Based on the cognitive, physiological, and auditory abilities of grey parrots, and their intrinsic interest in sonic and physical interactions, we finally developed and tested various interactive instrument prototypes and here we present our design results for auditory enrichment in the context of ACI and artistic research.


Epigraphy is a method of inferring and analyzing historical data by means of inscriptions found on ancient artifacts such as stones, coins, and statues. It has proven indispensable for archaeologists and classicists, and has considerable potential for the study of ancient history at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Epigraphy and the Greek Historian is a collection of essays that explore various ways in which inscriptions can help students reconstruct and understand Greek History. In order to engage with the study of epigraphy, this collection is divided into two parts, Athens and Athens from the outside. The contributors maintain the importance of epigraphy, arguing that, in some cases, inscriptions are the only tools we have to recover the local history of places that stand outside the main focus of ancient literary sources, which are often frustratingly Athenocentric. Ideally, the historian uses both inscriptions and literary sources to make plausible inferences and thereby weave together the disconnected threads of the past into a connected and persuasive narrative. Epigraphy and the Greek Historian is a comprehensive examination of epigraphy and a timely resource for students and scholars involved in the study of ancient history.


Humans have had a long history of interconnectedness with the sea and ocean due to the use of natural resources available in the coastal areas. These interactions have influenced the natural landscape and played a crucial role in the formation of coastal cultural heritage. Coastal cultural heritage, a continuum of land and sea, is an important part of our cultural resources in the coastal areas. Presently, coastal cultural heritage has not been well-integrated into coastal management plans as a cultural resource. the values of cultural heritage have theoretically been recognized in benefiting people and its role in sustainable development. However, the qualitative and comparative analysis of coastal management experiences show that many valuable cultural heritage assets have been overlooked as resources in coastal management schemes. Acknowledging the significance of cultural heritage in Brunswick Country coastal area, the current study address three topics: 1) assessment of the impact of natural and environmental factors on coastal cultural heritage and identifying the heritage items that have been marginalized for variety of different reasons; 2) considering a new evaluation of a selected marginalized cultural heritage (fishing cultural heritage) and assessing the role of cultural heritage for fishing communities wellbeing; and 3) finally exploring the feasibility of developing a cultural tourism in Brunswick County directed at fishing communities. The study applies a multidisciplinary approach for data collection, analysis and evaluation purposes. A synthesis approach is applied and data from different sources on cultural and archaeological resources, and natural-environmental factors are compiled. ArcGIS software is used for analyzing data and creating risk maps for cultural heritage. In addition, several interviews and photo elicitation methods are used for understanding the viewpoints of local fishing communities regarding their cultural heritage resources. Content analysis, a series of graphs and quantitative analysis are applied to understand the state of cultural tourism in Brunswick County on fishing communities. The result of the first part of study shows that there are several sites that are in potential risk zones. However, more site-specific data are required for better assessment. The second section concluded that fishing communities respect their material culture. There are sites, buildings and objects related to fishing that are of sociocultural significance for fishing communities in Brunswick County. However, many of these items are suffering lack of attention and also abandonment. The study on tourism revealed that although there is interest in visiting fishing heritage, lack of information and proper publicity on fishing cultural heritage resulted in overlooking fishing cultural heritage sites as a tourist attraction. The study concludes that a balanced integrated and interdisciplinary evaluation of different cultural resources can enhance our understanding of the holistic values of cultural heritage as a resource to benefit people. Passing this understanding to managers and policy makers will help to improve future planning aimed at sustainable development. Better decisions require concrete evidence that demonstrates how re-evolution of cultural capital in regards to different aspects of communities and society can lead to outcomes that improve human well-being in the short and long term. This evidence should combine natural-environmental, cultural, economic, and social data.