That the growth of mediation practice is changing the practice of law is obvious. The inability of many lawyers to understand the conceptual differences between adversarial lawyering and mediation practice strongly suggests the need to develop a theory of "good" representational mediation practice that takes into account competing client interests. On the one hand, lawyers must encourage client voice and participation. At the same time, however, the demands of professionalism require that lawyers guide their clients toward responsible decisionmaking. Representational lawyering in mediation may involve a number of distinct and traditional lawyering functions-- client counseling, negotiation, evaluation and advocacy. In this article, Professor Nolan-Haley focuses primarily on client counseling activities and argues that if mediation client counseling is firmly grounded in a deliberative and problem-solving process, the mediated negotiations that follow will be responsive to clients' real needs and interests. In mediation client counseling, deliberation calls for greater attention to the principle of informed consent. Clients must be informed that deliberative counseling has as its goal, informed decisionmaking, both in the attorney-client relationship and in the mediation process. They should be advised of the roles that both attorney and client will play in it. Clients must also be educated about the mediation process and understand its essential differences from litigation. Finally, clients must have a general knowledge about the relevant law governing their case so that during deliberations they may meaningfully evaluate alternative courses of action. Clients' awareness of their legal rights honors the principle of informed consent. The heart of the deliberative process is the exchange of ideas and debate between attorney and client about ends and means, goals and strategies. In this process of co-deliberation, trust is enhanced and the autonomy of both lawyer and client is honored. Trust, an essential part of all human relationships, provides the foundational structure for the mediation counseling relationship.


Horton Foote s uniquely personal style of screenwriting is at its peak in this collection of two Academy Award winners, To Kill a Mockingbird and Tender Mercies, and The Trip to Bountiful, a film widely named as one of 1985 s best. In an age when the lexicon of cinema is largely visual, noted Samuel G. Freedman in the New York Times Magazine, Foote writes films. He stresses dialogue and character development rather than spectacle or even traditional narrative. Each of the three screenplays sprang from a different origin. One was adapted from the novel by Harper Lee, who later wrote, If the integrity of a film adaptation is measured by the degree to which the novelist s intent is preserved, Mr. Foote s screenplay should be studied as a classic. Tender Mercies was conceived for the screen, and The Trip to Bountiful came from Foote s own stage and television play. While each demanded solutions to different cinematic problems, all are marked by Foote s own mastery of the screenwriting form, as well as his understanding of human relationships. All three show a modern Chekhov at work, revealing the deep currents of American society through the simplest details of daily life."


Allow me to start my lecture by highlighting several important issues from the visit of the UN Special Representative of the Secretary General on the Situation of Human Rights Defenders, Ms. Hina Jilani, during her visit to Indonesia on June 5-12, 2007. After her visit, in a press release, Ms. Hina Jilani stated that the situation in Indonesia has shown the prospect for the promotion of human rights, which in her opinion has vastly developed lately. Ms. Hina Jilani based her opinion on several positive steps taken to strengthen the legal and institutional framework for the promotion of human rights. In regards to the legal framework, Ms. Hina Jilani specifically mentioned the Constitutional amendments in 2000 which contain stipulations that guarantee the fulfillment of human rights and basic freedoms, the passing of Law No. 39, 1999 on Human Rights and the Law on Witness and Victim Protection namely Law No. 13, 2006. Here I would like to add the ratification of main international human rights instruments, namely the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Upon institutional development, Ms. Jilani put forth the establishment of The Commission of Human Rights with a stronger legal basis, namely the Law No. 39, 1999, the establishment of the Commission Anti Violence Against Women , as well as the establishment of Human Rights Court, which was established based on Law No. 26 year 2000 on Human Rights Court as well as the establishment of the Constitutional Court.


Raman microspectroscopy can be used effectively to study very small samples or to study small areas within a transparent sample. With the application of the technique of confocal microscopy to a Raman microscope, the depth resolution of the instrument can be enhanced considerably. Confocal microscopy uses a pinhole, placed in the back image plane of the microscope objective, to block light from outside the focal plane. In this way the signal from the small volume element one wants to study can be better separated from the signals arising from the surrounding material. In this paper we show that the performance of the confocal Raman microscope can be described satisfactorily by geometrical optics. Furthermore, we have performed measurements to determine the depth resolution of our system for different combinations of objectives and pinholes. Finally, we report on the applications of this technique to different polymer systems, such as multilayer foils, fibers, and fiber composites.


A 55-year-old red oak-sweetgum (Quercus spp.- Liquidambar styraciflua) stand on the Delta National Forest in western Mississippi was subjected to a combination of low thinning and improvement cutting in 1997. Special emphasis was placed on removing all red oaks infected with Inonotus hispidus, a canker decay fungus that causes severe degradation and cull. Stand-level growth during the 10 years since thinning has been minimal. Thinning significantly increased diameter growth of residual trees, especially red oaks, but has not yet produced a significant increase in stand-level quadratic mean diameter. Thinning had little influence on the production of new epicormic branches on residual red oaks, but it greatly increased the number of epicormic branches on residual sweetgum trees. Because it removed all red oaks infected with Inonotus hispidus, thinning improved overall forest health. During the 10 years since the thinning operation, thinning has had no adverse effects on the incidence of new infections by a variety of pathogens.


Obesity is a medical condition in which an energy imbalance leads to excessive
accumulation of body fat. Obesity leads to a reduction in life expectancy through its
association with chronic diseases of lifestyle. The prevalence of obesity is rapidly
increasing throughout the world. It is now accepted that most cases of obesity result
from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. This rapid increase in obesity generally leads to an increase in morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoarthritis and cancer of which obesity is a risk factor. There is a lack of information in molecular research to explain how obesity predisposes individuals to these diseases. Proteomics is a molecular tool and a set of techniques used to identify changes at protein level from a diseased state. This study aims to identify differentially expressed proteins in serum of obese rats fed different isocaloric diets using proteomics.


Developmental dyslexia is not just a literacy problem. Dyslexics' reading and spelling difficulties are but two of a much larger number of differences between dyslexic and normal readers. The condition is a wide-ranging, genetically based, neurodevelopmental syndrome. Reading requires fast and accurate processing of transient visual and auditory stimuli, functions for which large neurones, known as magnocellular, are specialized. We review the evidence that many dyslexics have impaired function of the visual magnocellular system, which correlates with their reading impairment, whereas good readers have high magnocellular sensitivity. We discuss possible mechanisms for this relationship. Although there is no such clearly defined magnocellular pathway in the auditory system as there is for vision, there is an analogous set of large auditory neurones which are specialized for following changes in the frequency or amplitude of sounds. We review evidence that the sensitivity of this auditory transient system is reduced in many dyslexics and that this reduction correlates with, hence may cause, their impaired phonological ability. As for the visual magnocellular system we show that auditory transient sensitivity predicts phonological and reading ability not only in dyslexics but also in good readers. Thus the magnocellular hypothesis postulates that dyslexics have lower sensitivity to dynamic visual and auditory stimuli as a result of slightly impaired development of large neurones and that this may explain not only their visual problems when attempting to read, but also their phonological deficit. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


In structure-function relationship studies, stereological methods are applied to quantify structural qualities under investigation. In certain organs, like the brain, it is important to count the number of neurons associated with a particular function or region. The count gives an estimate of the electronic units available for a specific task or are endowed with a quantum of electrical energy. Similar studies can be extended in organs like the kidney, glands and muscles. Therefore, stereological methods enhance our knowledge of optimization of structure to function in biological design. This paper expounds on the methods used in estimation of number of particles in three-dimensional space. It articulates a historical perspective of the development of particle counting techniques to date in stereology showing how the problem was solved and a sound, practical and unbiased method developed. Two approaches are applied in counting particle number. The model based and the design based approach. The model-based approach assumes that the components under investigation are regular geometrical structures whose parameters can be quantified using regular geometrical methods. This counting method is biased, inefficient and difficult to apply in biological tissues. The design based approach applies a three dimensional sampling probe, the dissector and makes no assumptions about shape or size of the components under investigation as in model approach. The Kenya Veterinarian Vol. 29 2005: pp. 33-36


In this paper, we present a new network reliability measure that is useful to evaluate performance of ad hoc networks with imperfect nodes and perfectly reliable links. An ad hoc network is modeled as undirected probabilistic graph. A specific feature of our model is that a network contains initially excessive amount of nodes to properly provide the functioning of the network. Thus, we consider the networks which carry on operating acceptably even if some of the nodes fail. The problem of calculation of the new reliability measure is NP-hard, just like problems of computing other reliability parameters. The method for calculating a new reliability measure has been obtained. It is shown that this method can be used for the optimal sink nodes placement in networks in order to obtain the most reliable version.


A real-time acquisition and processing architecture has been developed for an ultrawideband (UWB) S-band (2–4 GHz) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) phased array radar system that facilitates greater than 10 Hz imaging rates, providing a video-like radar image of what is behind a concrete wall. Video rate imaging enhances the interpretability of range vs. range through-wall and free-space radar imagery. Images are formed without a-priori information. Video framerate imaging is achieved by designing an electronically switched bi-static array using high-performance microwave components, a multi-threaded data pipeline, and efficient hardware-accelerated processing algorithms. Experiments successfully image low radar cross section (RCS) objects, fast moving objects in free-space, and a human behind a 10 cm-thick solid concrete wall.


In higher education settings, assessment tasks get the attention of students, but once students submit their work they typically become disengaged with the assessment process. Hence, opportunities for learning are lost as they become passive recipients of assessment outcomes. Future-learning oriented assessment engages students in the assessment process to improve both short- and long-term outcomes by requiring students to make sophisticated judgments about their own learning, and that of their peers. In this paper, we describe and critique three initiatives that experimented with future-learning oriented assessment within a faculty of education. These initiatives involved self- and peer-assessment in a mathematics education subject for first year pre-service teachers; peer assessment of individual contributions in a group project using a Wiki; and self- and peer-assessment to help students learn about leadership. Based on our experiences, we conclude with suggestions of how others might also use selfand peer-assessment to work towards better short- and long-term learning outcomes in higher education.


Video editing applications provide a facility to transition from one video stream to another, or to filter a video stream in some way. New transitions are usually developed using a custom API for the particular package. In this article we present a shading language for specifying transitions and filters on video streams. Video editing is performed by constructing a tree based on the transitions. The shading language is compiled to a virtual machine, but can still be executed efficiently. We provide several examples of transitions which have been successfully applied using our video stream editing software.


The various forms of cross-pollination and encounter between film and philosophy have generated thought experiments which make it possible to think beyond what the two fields can do for each other to what they can do together. My guiding intuition in this thesis is that the distinct historical evolutions of film and philosophy intersect in the speculative domain of the Western metaphysical paradigm, as the film medium technologically and aesthetically reestablishes conditions for "truth" within a contemporary intellectual climate which is often described as politically "post-truth." As the long age of metaphysics comes to a close at the turn of the 19th century, ushered in by Nietzsche's bold declaration "God is dead" and subjected thereafter to standardized modes of critique from both continental and analytical philosophic traditions, I explore how the emergence of film at this time and its representation of what Andre Bazin calls "the world in its own image" marks a migration of metaphysics from rational speculation through concepts to mechanical revelation through images and sounds. The rebirth of the world in its own image in the wake of the death of God is the self-affirmation of life and marks the first principle of a new "cine-metaphysics." I take seriously what appears as a mere historical coincidence (claiming that it is not a coincidence) and seek to analyze its implications for film-philosophy. With the birth of film following the death of God, I suggest that the world's radical exposure and dramatic appearance onscreen and on its own terms, as it were, constitutes the basis not just for a continuation or return but rather a transformation of the philosophical tradition of metaphysics, rendering metaphysics "physical" and yielding a series of ontologically perspicuous figures of cinematic space-time brought to light by various aesthetic incarnations of the world in its own image. Through both theoretical and hermeneutic investigations into the metaphysical legacy of the moving image, one of my main conclusions is that in philosophy metaphysical thinking tends to result in conceptual abstraction or confusion, or is at least accused of such results, whereas cinema, conceived of as enacting the very object of metaphysical thought, can bring about the audiovisual clarity of the everyday.


In this paper, we study the implications of the commonplace assumption that most social media studies make with respect to the nature of message shares (such as retweets) as a predominantly positive interaction. By analyzing two large longitudinal Brazilian Twitter datasets containing 5 years of conversations on two polarizing topics — Politics and Sports, we empirically demonstrate that groups holding antagonistic views can actually retweet each other more often than they retweet other groups. We show that assuming retweets as endorsement interactions can lead to misleading conclusions with respect to the level of antagonism among social communities, and that this apparent paradox is explained in part by the use of retweets to quote the original content creator out of the message's original temporal context, for humor and criticism purposes.


Premature birth is a major risk factor for multiple brain pathologies, notably periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), which is distinguished by bilateral necrosis of neural tissue around the ventricles and a sequela of neurological disturbances. The 2 hallmarks of brain pathologies of prematurity are a restricted gestational window of vulnerability and confinement of injury to a specific cerebral region. Here, we examined the proposition that both of these features are determined by the state of blood vessel immaturity. We developed a murine genetic model that allows for inducible and reversible VEGF blockade during brain development. Using this system, we determined that cerebral vessels mature in a centrifugal, wave-like fashion that results in sequential acquisition of a functional blood-brain barrier and exit from a VEGF-dependent phase, with periventricular vessels being the last to mature. This developmental program permitted selective ablation of periventricular vessels via episodic VEGF blockade within a specific, vulnerable gestational window. Enforced collapse of ganglionic eminence vessels and resultant periventricular neural apoptosis resulted in a PVL-like phenotype that recapitulates the primary periventricular lesion, ventricular enlargement, and the secondary cortical deficit in out-migrating GABAergic inhibitory interneurons. These findings provide an animal model that reproduces the temporal and spatial specificities of PVL and indicate that damage to VEGF-dependent, immature periventricular vessels contributes to PVL development.


We demonstrate the stepwise assembly of a fully addressable polycyclic DNA hexagon nanonetwork for the preparation of a four-ring system, one of the biggest networks yet constructed from tripodal building blocks. We find that the yield exhibits a distinct upper level <100%, a fundamental problem of thermodynamic DNA assembly that appears to have been overlooked in the DNA nanotechnology literature. A simplistic model based on a single step-yield parameter y can quantitatively describe the total yield of DNA assemblies in one-pot reactions as Y = y(duplex)(n), with n the number of hybridization steps. Experimental errors introducing deviations from perfect stoichiometry and the thermodynamics of hybridization equilibria contribute to decreasing the value of y(duplex) (on average y = 0.96 for our 10 base pair hybridization). For the four-ring system (n = 31), the total yield is thus less than 30%, which is clearly unsatisfactory if bigger nanoconstructs of this class are to be designed. Therefore, we introduced site-specific click chemistry for making and purifying robust building blocks for future modular constructs of larger assemblies. Although the present yield of this robust module was only about 10%, it demonstrates a first step toward a general fabrication approach. Interestingly, we find that the click yields follow quantitatively a binomial distribution, the predictability of which indicates the usefulness of preparing pools of pure and robust building blocks in this way. The binomial behavior indicates that there is no interference between the six simultaneous click reactions but that step-yield limiting factors such as topological constraints and Cu(I) catalyst concentration are local and independent.


Politics and political change are the staples of history. This collection shows how the study of past politics can be deepened by theory and practice from political science, sociology, and economics, and how the application of quantitative methods to received assumptions can expand our understanding of all political history. The contributions cross continents and range in time from the medieval period to the modern. The wide-ranging topics include political confessionalism, urban voter fraud, and methods of electing popes.Contributors Sara Alpern, Dale Baum, Allan Bogue, W. Dean Burnham, Jerome Clubb, Joseph Colomer, Jrgen Falter, Gary Fink, Ronald Formisano, James Hilty, Sharon Kettering, Morgan Kousser, Richard Maisel, Loomis Mayfield, Iain McLean, Santa Traugott, Peter Tuckel, Reinhard Zintl.


The purposes of this research are to know the value of investments, investment feasibility, the value of PBP, BEP, and to provide the alternative of potential water use in the future. This research was conducted by using field observations of the location and pipeline layout to distribute the water reservoir in residential area using GPS. The methodsof data collection are question and answer method, study of  literature, and data processing (to determine the value of investment and potential use of water for agriculture, livestock, water treatment) and calculate of economic feasibility analysis using mathematical formulas. The study shows that the use of investment amounting to Rp.276.209.295, the contributions of citizens and the three agencies was declared unfit with a payback more than 20 years. If using the potential use of water is obtained 67861847 NPV more than 0 (feasible), 19,7 % IRR ≥ MARR of 14% (feasible), and BCR value of 5,0 more than 1 (feasible). Investment return in 3,6 years, the BEP occur if residents use as much as 572.418.490 liter of water, coffee mill 101.429.658 liter, 48.189 liters of water treatment, agriculture and animal husbandry of 1.908.061.967 liter. Annual benefit of water treatment. Rp.45.000.000 and livestock farming Rp.11.625.840/year. Keywords : water allocation, investment feasibility, potential water use


Blockchain technology has huge potential to decentralize trust in supply chains and bring measurable benefits and value to the public and private sectors. To unlock this potential, the OriginTrail protocol was designed purposefully to tackle the main challenges which limit the fluent exchange of, and integrity of data in product supply chains. With supply chain data becoming increasingly fragmented, scalability and cost concerns of current decentralized solutions become evident. OriginTrail is a unique solution allowing IT providers in supply chains to set up blockchain supported data sharing in multi-organizational environment. It helps them build transparency beyond the "one step down, one step up" traceability principle. Furthermore, it improves the integrity of product data and drives efficiencies for stakeholders. The first version of the OriginTrail solution is proven and currently deployed in the food industry. The upcoming open source version will be suitable to any product supply chain such as automotive, consumer goods, pharmaceutical etc. Visit our website: www.origintrail.io


Website localisation is the process of adapting the linguistic and cultural content of an internationalised web design for a specific target audience in a specific locale. With the advent of globalisation, website localisation is becoming a powerful way to attract online customers in a global market. Hence, the main driving force behind such moves is financial, but with a strong motivation towards cross-cultural sensitivity. The primary aim of this research therefore is to explore the design of websites for different cultures. It seeks to provide an outline of the current and relevant literature with regard to cultural usability and user interface design. It also aspires to develop and experiment with a Cultural User Interface (CUI) profile. The intention is to create a framework for designing usable localised websites. To achieve these ends, the research employs various methodologies. These include descriptive/interpretive studies of the literature and previous studies by academics and industrial institutions. Furthermore it utilises surveys and case studies among Internet users, web designers, and web production companies in the target cultures (Arab and British). In the process a website has been redesigned according to the guidelines of a newly built framework within the context of an action research approach. Finally, by comparing the original and the redesigned websites, a comparative evaluation has been carried out. The research findings contribute to the general field of software/web localisation and personalisation. They also provide academics and industry with information on the degree to which cultural localisation is needed to ensure usability. In addition, they highlight the extent to which users' cultural background and perceptions influence their preferences and hence the acceptance of the virtual world of online user interfaces. The main findings of this research highlight the necessity to understand both the target culture and the needs of the business commissioning the website. They also show the value of design consistency (navigation, layout, interaction, graphics and colours, etc). Furthermore the researchers were able to identify a drawback in web designers' current practices in the investigated countries, in terms of their limited utilisation of existing guidelines for the exploitation of intercultural usability, accessibility, knowledge, tools and methods.


The need for NIR absorbing materials has become a focus of organic photovoltaics. We synthesize three benzannulated aza-BODIPY dyes with heterocyclic substituents, namely N-methyl pyrrole, N-methyl indole and 2-trimethylsilyl thiophene. With one fluorine atom in the BF2 moiety replaced by a cyano group, three corresponding derivatives are further synthesized. As NIR absorbers, these dyes present high molar extinction coefficients (65100–104500 L mol−1 cm−1) in solutions with absorption maxima in the range between 762 and 797 nm. In vacuum-deposited thin films, their absorption bands are further bathochromically shifted peaking from 830 to 849 nm and broadened. CV measurements and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the frontier molecular orbital levels of these compounds are suitable as donor materials in solar cells when combined with C60 as the acceptor. We obtain a PCE of 3.0% and a Voc of 0.61 V, which are rather high values for NIR absorbing vacuum processable small molecular donor compounds, with an absorption onset around 950 nm.


The 27th PLEA conference PLEA2011 - Architecture and Sustainable Development marks the 30th anniversary of PLEA. The topics of the conference tackle a broad range well beyond the subject of energy. Following from the last PLEA conference that was held in Quebec in 2009, we want this celebratory PLEA 2011 in Louvain-la-Neuve to provide a special meeting ground for architects, engineers and researchers to debate the theme of sustainable architecture and the different aspects of sustainable development that range from the scale of the city to those of materials and components. This book of Proceedings presents the latest thinking and research in the rapidly evolving world of architecture and sustainable development through 255 papers which were selected out of more than 750 abstracts that were proposed by authors coming from over 60 countries.


Abstract: In densely populated northwestern Europe, native large mammals are confronted with a very fragmented landscape, and most of the areas they inhabit are island‐like reserves threatened with total isolation from other reserves. The only way to counteract the threat of further decline in the numbers of large‐mammal species is to restore their habitats. The appropriate size of future reserves could be estimated from the habitat requirements of wild ungulates that are considered key species for ecosystem functioning. The species selected to guide the design of large nature reserves in northwestern Europe is the red deer ( Cervus elaphus) because of its widespread distribution, key role in ecosystem functioning, and home‐range size. We describe a network analysis of the Netherlands, Belgium, and adjacent parts of France and Germany, performed with the LARCH landscape ecology model, that was conducted in order to identify the structure of the ecological network for red deer and the spatial connectivity of the landscape. The resulting maps show areas that could support viable populations and indicate habitat areas that will support persistent populations only if they are in a network of linked habitats. The gaps and barriers that prevent connectivity in such networks guide the design of effective corridors to increase spatial connectivity. The results of our analysis can be used for policy decisions on nature conservation and spatial planning, and the method is applicable to other regions and species.


Reservoir characterization deals with the description of the reservoir in detail for rock and fluid properties within a zone of interest. The scope of this study is to model lateral continuity of lithofacies and characterize reservoir rock properties using geostatistical approach on multiple data sets obtained from a structural depression in the bight of Bohai basin, China. Analytical methods used include basic log analysis with normalization. Alternating deflections observed on spontaneous potential (SP) log and resistivity log served as the basis for delineating reservoir sand units and later tied to seismic data. Computation of variogram was done on the generated petrophysical logs prior to adopting suitable simulation algorithms for the data types. Sequential indicator simulation (SIS) was used for facies modeling while sequential gaussian simulation (SGS) was adopted for the continuous logs. The geomodel built with faults and stratigraphical attitude gave unique result for the depositional environment studied. Heterogeneity was observed within the zone both in the faulted and unfaulted area. Reservoir rock properties observed follows the interfingering pattern of rock units and is either truncated by structural discontinuities or naturally pinches out. Petrophysical property models successfully accounted for lithofacies distribution. Porosity volume computed against SP volume resulted in Net to gross volume while Impedance volume results gave credibility to the earlier defined locations of lithofacies (sand and shale) characterized by porosity and permeability. Use of multiple variables in modeling lithofacies and characterizing reservoir units for rock properties has been revisited with success using hydrocarbon exploration data. An integrated approach to subsurface lithological units and hydrocarbon potential assessment has been given priority using stochastic means of laterally populating rock column with properties. This method finds application in production assessment and predicting rock properties with scale disparity during hydrocarbon exploration.


Aim: To evaluate the relationship between vitamin D levels and chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and compare with healthy age and sex matched controls. Material and Methods: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 1 year, in which 110 patients with CSU were recruited along with an equal number of sex and age-matched healthy controls. For each patient, urticaria activity score (UAS) was calculated and autologous serum skin test (ASST) was performed. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-(OH)D] was analyzed by chemiluminescence method. A deficiency in vitamin D was defined as serum 25-(OH)D concentrations <30 ng/mL. The statistical analysis was carried out by using appropriate statistical tests. Results: The mean serum 25-(OH)D levels of CSU patients was 19.6 ± 6.9 ng/mL, whereas in control group, the mean level was 38.5 ± 6.7, the difference being statistically significant (P < 0.001). A significant negative correlation was found between vitamin D levels and UAS. (P < 0.001). The number of patients with ASST positivity was 44 (40%). Conclusion: The patients with CSU had reduced levels of vitamin D when compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between the levels of serum vitamin D and severity of CSU.


The R47H variant in the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell 2 (TREM2) receptor is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To characterize processes affected by R47H, we performed an integrative network analysis of genes expressed in brains of AD patients with R47H, sporadic AD without the variant, and patients with polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy (PLOSL), systemic disease with early-onset dementia caused by loss-of-function mutations in TREM2 or its adaptor TYRO protein tyrosine kinase-binding protein (TYROBP). Although sporadic AD had few perturbed microglial and immune genes, TREM2 R47H AD demonstrated upregulation of interferon type I response and pro-inflammatory cytokines accompanied by induction of NKG2D stress ligands. In contrast, PLOSL had distinct sets of highly perturbed immune and microglial genes that included inflammatory mediators, immune signaling, cell adhesion, and phagocytosis. TREM2 knockout (KO) in THP1, a human myeloid cell line that constitutively expresses the TREM2- TYROBP receptor, inhibited response to the viral RNA mimetic poly(I:C) and phagocytosis of amyloid-beta oligomers; overexpression of ectopic TREM2 restored these functions. Compared with wild-type protein, R47H TREM2 had a higher stimulatory effect on the interferon type I response signature. Our findings point to a role of the TREM2 receptor in the control of the interferon type I response in myeloid cells and provide insight regarding the contribution of R47H TREM2 to AD pathology.


One of the principal determinants of an asset's return is its liquidity - the ease with which the asset can be bought and sold. Liquid assets yield a lower return than do otherwise comparable illiquid assets. This Article demonstrates that an income tax alters the tradeoff between asset liquidity and yield because: (1) high yields from illiquid assets are taxed; (2) imputed transaction services income from liquidity is untaxed; and (3) illiquidity costs are only sometimes deductible. As a result, assets have more liquidity and the price of liquidity in terms of yield is higher than it would be in the absence of an income tax. These distortions foster an excessively large financial sector, which exists in large part to create (tax-favored) liquidity. The tax wedge between liquidity and yield also creates clientele effects, in which low-rate taxpayers, such as nonprofit institutions, hold illiquid assets regardless of their liquidity needs. The liquidity/yield tax distortion also offers a new perspective on fundamental questions in federal income tax, such as the desirability of the realization requirement, preferential capital gains tax rates, and corporate taxation. These elements of the income tax mitigate or even negate the pro-liquidity tax bias identified in this Article.


Edited by BjA¸rn Lomborg, this abridged version of the highly acclaimed Global Crises, Global Solutions provides a serious yet accessible springboard for debate and discussion on the world's most serious problems, and what we can do to solve them. In a world fraught with problems and challenges, we need to gauge how to achieve the greatest good with our money. This unique book provides a rich set of dialogs examining ten of the most serious challenges facing the world today: climate change, the spread of communicable diseases, conflicts and arms proliferation, access to education, financial instability, governance and corruption, malnutrition and hunger, migration, sanitation and access to clean water, and subsidies and trade barriers. Each problem is introduced by a world-renowned expert who defines the scale of the issue and examines a range of policy options.


Purpose of this paper It is generally accepted that short lead-times, postponement of processes and production close to the market decrease risk in supply chains. Knit-on-demand is a research project at the Swedish School of Textiles in collaboration with a knitwear manufacturer and a fashion retailer. In the project a business concept for mass customised knitwear has been developed and tested. This paper presents an evaluation of a risk analysis performed in 2007 on the Knit on Demand project. The evaluation in 2011 is made to conclude whether risks decreased with the mass customisation concept and if the expected results were the same as the outcome. Methodology The case study method is used and sources of evidence are interviews, documents, and value stream mapping. The data from the case studies are then converged in a "What-if" analysis. Findings The evaluation revealed how the risk level changes in a supply chain when introducing a mass customisation concept for fashion garments. Practical implications The concept was tested in its business environment for one year and four months. The tools developed for managing supply chain complexity and -risk in the Knit on Demand project are applicable to conventional knitwear production as well.


This paper argues that the half-Cauchy distribution should replace the inverseGamma distribution as a default prior for a top-level scale parameter in Bayesian hierarchical models, at least for cases where a proper prior is necessary. Our arguments involve a blend of Bayesian and frequentist reasoning, and are intended to complement the original case made by Gelman (2006) in support of the folded-t family of priors. First, we generalize the half-Cauchy prior to the wider class of hypergeometric inverted-beta priors. We derive expressions for posterior moments and marginal densities when these priors are used for a top-level normal variance in a Bayesian hierarchical model. We go on to prove a proposition that, together with the results for moments and marginals, allows us to characterize the frequentist risk of the Bayes estimators under all global-shrinkage priors in the class. These theoretical results, in turn, allow us to study the frequentist properties of the half-Cauchy prior versus a wide class of alternatives. The half-Cauchy occupies a sensible "middle ground" within this class: it performs very well near the origin, but does not lead to drastic compromises in other parts of the parameter space. This provides an alternative, classical justification for the repeated, routine use of this prior. We also consider situations where the underlying mean vector is sparse, where we argue that the usual conjugate choice of an inverse-gamma prior is particularly inappropriate, and can lead to highly distorted posterior inferences. Finally, we briefly summarize some open issues in the specification of default priors for scale terms in hierarchical models.


This dissertation addresses the assembly of organizational resources by technology ventures. We study how innovative firms acquire human and financial capital and then organize those resources, and how public policy affects that capability.
In the first chapter, we study the role of information in organizational decision-making for the financing of entrepreneurial ventures. We formally model a decentralized set of agents who vote strategically to allocate resources to a project with unknown outcome; they can each acquire costly information to improve their decision quality. We test our predictions in the setting of venture capital, where partners make their own angel investments outside of their employer. We find that the venture capital partners, acting independently, make riskier investments into younger firms with less educated and younger founding teams, but these investments perform better on some metrics even when controlling for investment size and stage. Geographic distance and liquidity constraints increase the probability the investment is taken up by a partner and not the VC.
In the second chapter, we evaluate the impact of skilled immigration on U.S. innovation by exploiting a random lottery in the H-1B visa program. Proponents argue that immigration allows firms to access technical skills and promote innovation, while opponents argue that firms substitute domestic labor for cheaper but equally or less skilled foreign labor. We find that winning an H-1B immigrant does not significantly increase patent applications or grants at the firm level, and there is pervasive use of the program in industries where patenting is not the main value-appropriation strategy.
In the third chapter, we study how a firm should organize the diversity of technical experience, contained within its pool of inventive human capital, for firm-level innovation. Using a sample of biotechnology start-ups, we examine the implications of alternate firm-level design regimes, drawing on both a firm-year panel structure and an inventor-year difference-in-differences empirical approach. Organizing a firm's human capital with greater across-team diversity yields increased firm-level innovation benefits as compared to organizing with greater within-team diversity. The benefits of across-team diversity stem mainly from the influence of that regime on team stability.


The antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa presents a serious problem in medicine as this pathogenic germ is responsible for many diseases of which certain nosocomial infections. The 22 strains of P. aeruginosa were the target of our study as they have a multi-resistance against β-lactamines and aminosids; on the other hand, they are all sensitive to the ciprofloxacine. They all produce the β-lactamases. 15 strains are in favor of hyperproduction of cephalosporinases and all present a penicillinase phenotype. The cleaning out performed on P.aeruginosa is negative. The transfer by conjugation of the plasmid carrying gene of resistance to the ticarcilline and piperacilline is positive for 12 of the22 studied strains. The experiments of conjugation made it possible to confirm that this resistance could have the plasmidic DNA as a support.


With the rise of 'Internet behemoths' and the surveillance of increasingly personal domains there is a trend toward questioning life online. This paper draws attention to hacking practices that engage with the diverse faces of online veillance. Current debates about hacking surveillance are introduced. Instead of portraying hacking as a digital counterculture, the article complicates dichotomies of power vs. resistance, online vs. off-line, and technological system vs. social practice. Based on qualitative interviews, it introduces the diverse, dialogical and ambiguous hacking practices that answer online surveillance. The article suggests using the concept of dispute to capture these multiplicities and to understand the 'orders of worth' at stake in online environments. The small, continuous and constitutive dynamics of disputing online surveillance not only create political momentum, but call for a re-thinking of the totality of surveillance metaphors used today.


Is America in a period of democratic decline? I argue that there is an urgent need to consider the United States in comparative perspective, and that doing so is necessary to contextualize and understand the quality of American democracy. I describe two approaches to comparing the United States: the first shows how the United States stacks up to other countries, while the second uses the theories and tools of comparative politics to examine relationships between institutions, actors, and democratic outcomes. I then draw on research in three literatures—clientelism and corruption, capitalism and redistribution, and race and ethnic politics and American Political Development—to lay out a research agenda for closing the gap between the subfields of American and comparative politics. In doing so, I also argue for richer engagement between academics and the public sphere, as opportunities for scholars to provide commentary and analysis about contemporary politics continue to expand.


OBJECTIVE
To measure changes in laminar microvascular blood flow (LMBF) over time in healthy horses and horses in the prodromal stage of black walnut-induced laminitis and to determine the effects of glyceryl trinitrate application on LMBF in horses with acute laminitis.

ANIMALS
10 healthy adult horses.

PROCEDURE
Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure LMBF Baseline measurements were obtained, horses were given deionized water via a nasogastric tube, and measurements were obtained hourly for 12 hours. Twenty-four hours later, baseline measurements were again obtained, and horses were given black walnut extract. Measurements were obtained hourly for 12 hours or until development of Obel grade-3 laminitis. At this time, 5 horses were treated with phenylbutazone, and the other 5 were treated with phenylbutazone and glyceryl trinitrate, and measurements were obtained hourly for an additional 12 hours.

RESULTS
LMBF was significantly decreased 1 and 2 hours after administration of the black walnut extract but then returned to near-baseline values for the next 6 hours. Eight hours after extract administration, there was a second significant decrease in LMBF that persisted until the end of the study. Glyceryl trinitrate had no effect on LMBF. Clinical signs of laminitis developed 8 to 12 hours after extract administration.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Results suggest that in horses with black walnut-induced laminitis, there is an early decrease in LMBF followed by reperfusion prior to onset of clinical signs. Treatment with glyceryl trinitrate after development of clinical signs of laminitis did not have a significant effect on LMBF.


Extracted from text ... Grey, M, 2001 - Introducing feminist images of God
Publisher: England: Sheffield Academic Press
Reviewer: Prof Christina Landman (University of South Africa)
This book offers the latest insights of European feminism into the naming and renaming of God.
All women theologians in South Africa, both black and white, have at some stage of their
training and development been exposed to European feminism. Although African women
theologies differ substantially from the theologies of their European sisters, African women
theologians in their writings deal respectfully with European women's spirituality, albeit on an
academic level. This review, then, will deal with the book ..


We present in this paper a new mathematical model for the scheduling of angiogenic inhibitors in combination with a chemotherapeutic agent for a tumor. Our model takes into account the process of angiogenesis and the quality of the vasculature discriminating between stable blood vessels and unstable blood vessels. We characterize theoretically the optimal controls on drug distribution to minimize the number of cancer cells at the end of the treatment in a free horizon time problem with restrictions on the total amount of drug doses. Finally, we solve the optimal control problem by using numerical simulations, obtaining as a result that, despite the number of the tumor cells decrease with anti-angiogenic treatment, the best results are reached at the end of the chemotherapy treatment.


Inactivation technology of viruses by atmospheric pressure discharge plasma has been studied actively. However, the predominant factor in the inactivation is still unclear. Bacteriophages, consisting of only nucleic acids and coat proteins, are suitable for the study of the inactivation mechanism due to their simple structure. In this study, inactivation of bacteriophage φX174, which is resistant to drying stress and has some characteristics similar to influenza virus, was investigated using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) or corona discharge. We exposed wet or dry bacteriophage φX174 to discharge plasma. It is possible to extract the nucleic acids from the bacteriophage and to assay its plaque forming activity by transfection. Therefore, the damage given to the DNA can be separately analyzed. The coat proteins were also analyzed. Both DNA and coat proteins of plasma-treated φX174 phage were damaged, however, the damages of coat proteins were more significant compared to the DNA damages.


Personalised nutrition, the tailoring of nutrition products, services or advice to individual characteristics such as genetics, phenotype, nutritional intake and/or exercise routine, is increasingly attracting the interest of industry, consumers and researchers. This article provides an overview of the current European Union (EU) regulatory framework as applying to personalised nutrition and draws attention to the important role of EU food law in the regulation of this innovative approach to nutrition. It is argued that personalised nutrition challenges the regulatory borderline between health and lifestyle products or services and, furthermore, also pushes the boundaries of current food safety and health claims legislation.


A sound empirical and quantitative analysis on the relationship between different patterns of urban expansion and the environmental or social costs of mobility is rare, and the few studies available provide at best a qualitative discussion of these issues. Some recent tentative studies on the metropolitan area of Milan have empirically explored whether different patterns of urban expansion generate different levels of land use and heterogeneous impacts of urban mobility. The results confirmed the expectation that a higher environmental impact of mobility may result from more extensive and sprawling urban development, from recent urbanisation processes and from residential specialisation. The present paper extends the previous empirical analysis to seven major Italian metropolitan areas (namely, Bari, Florence, Naples, Padua, Perugia, Potenza and Turin) in order to corroborate the previous tentative results for the Italian context. The novelty of the present paper is threefold. First, we are interested in exploring the changes that have occurred due to the increased intensity of mobility across a ten-year period, from 1981 to 1991, which corresponds to the Italian economic boom years. Secondly, using an econometric analysis of cross-section data, we consider several metropolitan areas simultaneously, and are therefore able to explore whether there are significant differences in the way the model explains variations in the mobility impact across various Italian urban areas. And finally, we offer a structural interpretation of the causal chain in the explanation of the mobility impact intensity by using Causal Path Analysis as a statistical test framework.


As modern GPUs rely partly on their on-chip memories to counter the imminent off-chip memory wall, the efficient use of their caches has become important for performance and energy. However, optimising cache locality system-atically requires insight into and prediction of cache behaviour. On sequential processors, stack distance or reuse distance theory is a well-known means to model cache behaviour. However, it is not straightforward to apply this theory to GPUs, mainly because of the parallel execution model and fine-grained multi-threading. This work extends reuse distance to GPUs by modelling: (1) the GPU's hierarchy of threads, warps, threadblocks, and sets of active threads, (2) conditional and non-uniform latencies, (3) cache associativity, (4) miss-status holding-registers, and (5) warp divergence. We implement the model in C++ and extend the Ocelot GPU emulator to extract lists of memory addresses. We compare our model with measured cache miss rates for the Parboil and PolyBench/GPU benchmark suites, showing a mean absolute error of 6% and 8% for two cache configurations. We show that our model is faster and even more accurate compared to the GPGPU-Sim simulator.


Campylobacter and Salmonella are foodborne pathogens commonly associated with raw poultry. Although there has been much research done on isolating these pathogens from poultry production environments using cloacal swabs, fecal samples, intestinal tract contents and dissection, research involving environmental sampling has been limited. New and/or improved environmental sampling methods may provide an easy, convenient, and less time-consuming way to collect samples. Coupling these sampling methods with PCR may provide a relatively simple, rapid, and robust means of testing for foodborne pathogens in a chicken house or flock prior to slaughter. Air, boot and sponge samples were collected from three commercial chicken grow-out houses located in southwestern Virginia when flocks were three, four, and five weeks old. Air samples were collected onto gelatin filters. Fecal/litter samples were collected from disposable booties worn over investigator's protective shoe coverings. Pre-moistened sponges were used to sample house feed pans and water dispensers on drink lines. A PCR method was used to qualitatively detect Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. Campylobacter jejuni was detected at each farm (house), across all three ages (3, 4, and 5 weeks), and from each sample type. Salmonella was not detected in any of the environmental samples. For all 270 samples, 41% (110/270) were positive for Campylobacter. Collectively, 28% (25/90) of air, 44% (40/90) of sponge, and 50% (45/90) of bootie samples were positive for Campylobacter. The methods used in this study are non-invasive to live animals, relatively rapid and specific, and could enable poultry processing facilities to coordinate scheduled processing of flocks with lower pathogen incidence, as a way to reduce post-slaughter pathogen transmission.


D M Bravata

Dr D M Bravata, Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford, CA, USA; firstname.lastname@example.com

In adult outpatients, does the use of pedometers increase physical activity?

Studies selected assessed pedometer use among >5 adult outpatients. Studies were excluded if participants were admitted to hospital or confined to a research centre, pedometers were sealed so that participants in the intervention group could not see the number of steps, or pedometers were used to measure the effects of a drug on a person's ability to be physically active. Outcome was change in number of steps walked daily.

Medline (to Feb 2007); EMBASE/Excerpta Medica, Sport Discus, …


Key Terms in Logic offers the ideal introduction to this core area in the study of philosophy, providing detailed summaries of the important concepts in the study of logic and the application of logic to the rest of philosophy. A brief introduction provides context and background, while the following chapters offer detailed definitions of key terms and concepts, introductions to the work of key thinkers and lists of key texts. Designed specifically to meet the needs of students and assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, this is the ideal reference tool for those coming to Logic for the first time.


In view of rapidly growing criticism of western police forces, the perceptions of 156 Canadian municipal officers were examined in this quantitative study to determine their views on the state of culturally- and gender-competent practice. Respondents also completed a measure of authoritarianism and three indices of empathy. Regression analyses showed female officers to be less positive in their appraisals than men, especially in how well female officers are treated. Authoritarianism emerged as the sole psychological predictor and then only on the racial equity variable. Discussion focuses on the extent to which findings can be considered in broader discussions of reform.


The U.S. Navy conducted usability testing for the Navy's Human Performance Feedback and Development (HPFD) and ePerformance system to capture both quantitative and objective data as well as qualitative and subjective data from participants to identify potential sources of error and user burden. A total of 57 officer and enlisted supervisors and nonsupervisors took part in usability testing conducted at 3 Navy test sites. Each participant completed a usability test scenario and took part in focus group interview debriefings of their usability testing session to elicit recommendations for improvement and cultural factors that might affect system implementation. Results identified various usability errors, their frequency, and duration, as well as recommendations for improvement. In addition, user ratings of the system and qualitative data from focus group interviews indicate that system users believe the systems worked well. Focus group interview results indicate that the frequency and severity of connectivity problems had a negative effect on user perceptions of the HPFD and ePerformance systems, and there were several cultural factors that were key for the acceptance of a new performance appraisal system. Implications of the findings, study limitations, and recommendations for future research are discussed.


A winning sports season is marred by the illegal, sometimes violent, behavior of two dozen players on the University of Washington's 2000 football team, resulting in their arrest and/or prosecution. A drug-related shooting, domestic abuse, and rape of a sorority girl make for a page-turning tale that reads like a novel, but is tragically true. Scoreboard, Baby: A Story of College Football, Crime, and Complicity is about the 2000 Huskies, but it is also a cautionary tale about the underbelly of elite college sports—in this case, football—and how the obsession to win can corrupt not only the athletic program, but an entire university and beyond. Ken Armstrong and Nick Perry, Seattle Times newspaper reporters, have written a well-researched expose that spares no one involved, including players, coaches, well-heeled boosters, prosecutors, and judges. The authors found complicity in overlooking or covering up crimes that could cause a key player to be suspended from the team or kicked out of the university. One judge, for example, sentenced a player to thirty days in jail, but delayed the start time until after football season. One case involved a star tight end, arrested after a freshman reported she was drugged and raped. Despite credible evidence, including a DNA match to the player, he was not prosecuted. Another player repeatedly beat and terrorized his wife, yet after being convicted of a felony and serving time, he was accepted back on the team, despite other pending charges. The judge, a UW graduate and longtime football season ticket holder, shortened a parole officer's recommendation of eight months in jail to just the fifteen days of time already served. The mentality of winning at all costs and a culture that protects players who bring discredit to a university shows huge problems in the way athletes are recruited and discrepancies in how they are treated compared to the rest of the student body. Scholastic rules are bent; past behavior is ignored, and athletes are accepted into colleges when they are clearly not collegiate material. It's a dismal story that makes a lie out of the term "student-athlete." Scoreboard, Baby begins with a list of characters that make it easy to follow the story. The authors' research is extensive, largely based on public records, media coverage, and hundreds of interviews. An index and forty-two pages of reference notes follow the text. Authors Ken Armstrong and Nick Perry won two prestigious journalism awards for their investigative work on the 2000 Huskies. PENNY HASTINGS (October 16, 2010)


Intracellular pathogens include all viruses, many bacteria and parasites capable of invading and surviving within host cells. Key to survival is the subversion of host cell pathways by the pathogen for the purpose of propagation and evading the immune system. The intracellular bacterium Shigella flexneri, the causative agent of bacillary dysentery, invades host cells in a vacuole that is subsequently ruptured to allow growth of the pathogen within the host cytoplasm. S. flexneri invasion has been classically described as a macropinocytosis-like process, however the underlying details and the role of macropinosomes in the intracellular bacterial lifestyle have remained elusive. We applied dynamic imaging and advanced large volume correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) to study the highly transient events of S. flexneri's early invasion into host epithelial cells and elucidate some of its fundamental features. First, we demonstrate a clear distinction between two compartments formed during the first step of invasion: the bacterial containing vacuole and surrounding macropinosomes, often considered identical. Next, we report a functional link between macropinosomes and the process of vacuolar rupture, demonstrating that rupture timing is dependent on the availability of macropinosomes as well as the activity of the small GTPase Rab11 recruited directly to macropinosomes. We go on to reveal that the bacterial containing vacuole and macropinosomes come into direct contact at the onset of vacuolar rupture. Finally, we demonstrate that S. flexneri does not subvert pre-existing host endocytic vesicles during the invasion steps leading to vacuolar rupture, and propose that macropinosomes are the major compartment involved in these events. These results provide the basis for a new model of the early steps of S. flexneri epithelial cell invasion, establishing a different view of the enigmatic process of cytoplasmic access by invasive bacterial pathogens.


Twenty-five years ago when Mathew Burrows went to work for the CIA as an intelligence analyst, the world seemed frozen. Then came the fall of the Berlin Wall and the implosion of the Soviet Union; suddenly, unpredictability became a universal theme and foresight was critical. For the past decade, Burrows has overseen the creation of the Global Trends report - the key futurist guide for the White House, Departments of State and Defense, and Homeland Security. Global Trends has a history of making bold predictions and being right: *In 2004, it argued that al-Qaeda's centralized operations would dissolve and be replaced by groups, cells, and individuals - the very model of the 2012 Boston bombings. *In 2008, it included a scenario dubbed October Surprise, imagining a devastating late-season hurricane hitting an unprepared New York City. Now, Burrows - for the first time - has expanded the most recent Global Trends report into a full-length narrative, forecasting the tectonic shifts that will drive us to 2030. A staggering amount of wholesale change is happening - from unprecedented and widespread aging to rampant urbanization and growth in a global middle class to an eastward shift in economic power and a growing number of disruptive technologies. Even our physical geography is changing as sea levels rise and faster commercial shipping routes open up through a warming Arctic region. The book concludes with its most provocative section: four fictional paths to 2030 with imagined storylines and characters based on analysis by the most authoritative figures in the intelligence community. As Burrows argues, we are living through some of the greatest and most momentous developments in history. Either we take charge and direct those or we are at their mercy. The stakes are particularly high for America's standing in the world and for ordinary Americans who want to maintain their quality of life. Running the gamut from scary to reassuring, this riveting book is essential reading.


The Ethos of Love in Gosta Agren's Poems from the 1960s Gosta Agren is one of the most appreciated poets in contemporary Finland-Swedish literature. Nevertheless, his early works dating back to the 60s have been considered (not least by himself) to be of little interest. The common opinion is that his engagement with left-wing politics impoverished the aesthetic aspects of his poetry; when released from these ideological bonds in the late 1970s he became an important poet. The aim of this article is to call into question the reasons put forth by the negligence of his early poetry. Agren is one of the earliest examples of the 1960s left-wing movement in Finland-Swedish poetry, which per se is of literary historical interest. However, he combines his Marxist perspective with ideas recognizable in a broader tradition of history of ideas, which makes his ideological and ethical undertaking complex. In addition, he integrates political and existential aspects in his poems at an early stage. In this article, I examine a central theme in Agren's early poetry from the 1960s: love. I relate his thoughts on the topic to various thinkers such as eodor W. Adorno & Max Horkheimer, R.W. Emerson, C.G. Jung and Rudolf Steiner. Although love between man and woman in many respects is a timeless issue, the contextual aspects of love are important in Agren's poems. Furthermore, in his early poetry dating from the rather dystopic post-war period in Europe love has an emphasized ethical function. In his efforts to find a solution to the problems of a contemporary world in distress, the very concept of "woman" becomes a metaphor for ideas such as peace, hope, love and freedom. Clearly, this is an idealist but also (more surprisingly) a feminist standpoint.


[1] We present the analysis of the strongest North African desert dust (DD) intrusion that occurred over the Iberian Peninsula (IP) during the last decade, as registered by modern remote sensing techniques like Sun photometry. This event took place from 22 July to 3 August 2004. The most relevant features of this exceptional event, originated over the Saharan desert, were its great intensity and duration. We focus on the columnar aerosol properties measured by the AERONET-Cimel photometers at El Arenosillo (southwest) and Palencia (north-center) stations. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) reached a maximum of 2.7 at El Arenosillo during 22 July and 1.3 at Palencia on 23 July, with the Ansgtrom exponent values near zero during the AOD peaks. In addition, PM10 concentration levels are also reported at various sites of the IP in order to establish the impact of this intrusion, reaching daily values as high as 200 μg/m 3 and peaks near 600 μg/m 3 in an hourly basis. The interest of this special event is increased because of the mixing with smoke particles from concurrent forest fires in the IP. Features of the columnar volume particle size distribution and derived microphysical parameters, the single scattering albedo, and a reliable estimation of the radiative forcing under these extreme conditions are also reported. Complementary information, as air mass back trajectories, synoptic charts, images, and AOD maps of satellite sensors (SeaWIFS, MODIS) together with NAAPS prognostic model, is used in the analysis in order to draw a detailed scenario of this dust-smoke event over the IP.


Aims: Family counselling, with its preventative and supportive focus, could offer an important addition to higher intensity family therapy services, improving functioning for families in need. However, a basic question is whether families presenting to such services are, as assumed, less distressed than those presenting to National Health Service (NHS) services. This study therefore examined the levels of distress (child and family functioning) of families seeking help at a national voluntary sector family counselling service (Relate). In addition, the study explored how parents and children describe their families and understand the difficulties that brought them into family counselling. Method: A total of 54 families (60 adults and 15 children) from one local Relate centre completed the 'Systemic Clinical Outcome and Routine Evaluation' Scale (SCORE-15), the 'Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale III' (FACES-III) and the 'Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire' (SDQ) before counselling. The answers to three open SCORE questions (family and problem description) were analysed with a combination of thematic and content analysis. Results: The quantitative results indicate moderate to high levels of distress reported by families when seeking Relate family counselling, comparable with NHS secondary service Child and Adolescent Mental Health contexts. The qualitative data show a broad range of problems at different levels (child-related issues, family conflicts, marital break-down and external pressure). Discussion: The results indicate a potential mismatch between the preventative and low-intensive focus of this kind of intervention and the levels of distress and problem severity in the helpseeking population. Possible implications from these results for further research and therapeutic practice are explored.


Evolution of viruses is considerably more rapid than that of the cellular organisms that they infect. The reach of sequence-based evolutionary studies on viruses is therefore rather limited. The tertiary protein structure is generally conserved over longer time periods than the primary one. Indeed, structural studies proved to be more informative for reconstructing deep evolutionary connections between distantly related viruses. It has become apparent that certain viruses infecting hosts from different domains of life are remarkably similar in their virion assembly and architecture, suggesting a common ancestry for these structurally related viruses. Furthermore, the presence of several distinct architectural principles employed by viruses suggested that the origin of the current virosphere has multiple evolutionary origins. Insights obtained from numerous structural studies may not only be successfully used to refine the existing virus classification scheme, but may also lead to a major shift in our understanding on the origin, evolution and organisation of the viral domain.

Key Concepts:

Tertiary protein structure is conserved over longer periods of time than the primary one and thus allows recognising deep evolutionary connections between viruses that have diverged in a distant past.

The ability to build virions (i.e., presence of capsid proteins) is a hallmark feature of viruses that distinguishes them from other mobile genetic elements, such as plasmids and transposons.

Structural studies suggest that certain viruses infecting bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes are evolutionarily related.

Viral lineage hypothesis predicts a common origin for structurally related viruses, infecting hosts from different domains of life.

There are several different viral lineages of structurally distinct viruses, suggesting that the contemporary virosphere has multiple evolutionary origins.

The molecular virion complexity shared by viruses in different domains of life suggests that at the time of the last universal cellular ancestor (LUCA) viruses were already very sophisticated.

Keywords:

virus evolution;
viral lineage;
viral jelly roll fold;
double β-barrel fold;
virus taxonomy and classification;
membrane-containing viruses;
structural virology;
bacteriophage PRD1


In this paper, we tackle the multicast problem with the consideration of the interference between multicast trees in multi-radio multi-channel wireless mesh networks (MR-MC WMNs). We consider a dynamic traffic model, i.e., multicast session requests arrive dynamically without any prior knowledge of future requests. Each node in the network acts as a Transit Access Point (TAP), and has one or multiple radios tuned to non-overlapping channels. We prove that in MRMC WMNs, the minimum cost multicast tree (MCMT) problem, i.e., finding the multicast tree with minimum transmission cost, is NP-hard. We then formulate the problem by an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model to solve it optimally, and propose a polynomial-time near-optimal algorithm, called Wireless Closest Terminal Branching (WCTB), for the MCMT problem. To alleviate the interference between multicast trees (sessions), we present a polynomial-time algorithm that computes the minimum interference minimum cost path in MR-MC WMNs, and integrate it into WCTB without altering the performance bound of WCTB on the tree cost. The experimental study shows that the tree cost produced by WCTB is very close to the optimal and that the proposed algorithm for interference alleviation is effective. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper that studies the MCMT problem in MR-MC WMNs.


Gross primary productivity (GPP) is a critical flux determining the quantity of carbon entering an ecosystem. Thus, studying GPP at larger spatial and longer time scales is necessary to identifying locations of potential sinks or sources of carbon. This study employs remote sensing techniques to estimate savanna GPP in the Northern Territory (NT), Australia using MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer) data. A light use efficiency algorithm was used with inputs from fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) from the latest (Collection 5) MODIS product, regional specific climate data and field based light use efficiency (LUE) to estimate GPP for the entire savanna region in NT from 2000 to 2007. Results showed that GPP estimated with this approach captured the magnitude of GPP quite well with only 6% error compared to flux tower based GPP. The estimated GPP was then used to describe the spatial and temporal variations across the NT savanna region. The estimated GPP captured the spatial patterns reasonably well with closed forest having six times more GPP than Acacia vegetation. Whilst, in terms of inter-annual variability, arid ecosystems had higher variation (>20%) in GPP than forests ( 30% for arid vegetation versus 19% for forest).These findings are similar to other studies elsewhere and prove that a simple remote sensing based LUE models (with reliable meteorological data) can effectively capture the magnitude and patterns of GPP in savanna ecosystem in northern Australia.


This study examines the psychosocial processes involved in women's experiences of living with endometriosis. Ten women diagnosed with endometriosis participated in unstructured formal interviews. The researcher discovered that the respondents define endometriosis as a chronic illness and, consequently, they are undergoing a process of learning how to live with endometriosis. Grounded theory methodology was used to determine four stages in the process of learning to live with endometriosis: discovering the cause(s) of menstrual problems, getting treatment, dealing with doctors and living with symptoms. Phases in each stage of the process of learning to live with endometriosis are described. The social construction of endometriosis is also explored through an examination of popular magazine articles and self-help books about endometriosis. Endometriosis is primarily constructed as a fertility problem, whereas the participants regard endometriosis primarily as a chronic illness, and secondarily as a fertility problem. Women's lived realities of the disease, as described by the participants, are not usually included in the popular press. -- Discussion focuses on the disjuncture between the lived realities of endometriosis described by the participants and the social construction of endometriosis in the popular press. By reconstructing endometriosis in a way that includes women's experiences of endometriosis, medical and popular knowledge of endometriosis could reflect women's lived realities of the disease.


The performance of current sentence alignment tools varies according to the to-be-aligned texts. We have found existing tools unsuitable for hard-to-align parallel texts and describe an alternative alignment algorithm. The basic idea is to use machine translations of a text and BLEU as a similarity score to find reliable alignments which are used as anchor points. The gaps between these anchor points are then filled using BLEU-based and length-based heuristics. We show that this approach outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in our alignment task, and that this improvement in alignment quality translates into better SMT performance. Furthermore, we show that even length-based alignment algorithms profit from having a machine translation as a point of comparison.


Surface rotational ground‐motion records that were collected by a network of deep mining exploration monitoring in the Polish region of the Upper Silesian Coal basin are reported. A set of 51 rotation records acquired during the first two months of the recording program is analyzed. The three strongest records are discussed in detail in this article. Thus far, the maximum measured rotation velocity has reached 0.03°/s, whereas the respective maximum rotational acceleration was equal to 2.53°/s2. Based on the maximum horizontal ground velocity of 2  cm/s, this corresponds to the modified Mercalli intensity (MMI = IV). The recorded "time history" records of ground rotations have similar durations to those of their respective translational records. However, their Fourier spectra are shifted to higher frequencies in a characteristic way, as predicted by earlier, theoretical considerations. The long‐term objective of the research program is to acquire robust surface rotation records that correspond to MMIs VI or even VII, since mine tremors with a magnitude of 4 or higher are expected to occur in this area in the near future.


The development of Fusion Protein Technology during the search for new environmentally benign pesticides has prompted further investigation into novel insecticidal proteins from predatory and parasitic insects. Eulophus pennісоrnis is a parasitoid wasp used in biological pest control which causes developmental arrest in its host. E. pennicornis venom gland cDNAs were isolated and sequenced. Searches for sequence similarity in the global databases revealed a splicing factor, serine protease and a neprilysin-like protein as key components besides an already isolated reprolysin-like metalloprotease and juvenile hormone-inducible protein. Attempts were made to express the reprolysin-like metalloprotease in Pichia pastoris as a fusion protein with GNA and with structural truncations. Constructs for the fusion and truncations were produced using recombinant DNA techniques but unfortunately, little success was achieved with the expression. The results presented point towards reprolysin-like metalloprotease perhaps being toxic to the p. pastoris yeast cells. Avidin, another protein with the potential for exploitation in Fusion Protein Technology, was also expressed as a recombinant protein in p. pastoris and successfully purified to almost 100% homogeneity. In this study, bioassays with Mamestra brassicae (cabbage moth) larvae confirmed its transport to the haemolymph and insecticidal activity when delivered orally above a threshold concentration via artificial diet. Fluorescent labelling of recombinant avidin also highlighted the mechanics involved in its transport within M. brassicae larvae and confirmed its suitability for use in Fusion Protein Technology. Avidin-antibody coupling experiments gave inconclusive results for transport to the haemolymph of Sitobion avenae (cereal aphid), but revealed a more permeable gut structure in M. brassicae larvae, potentially opening up new avenues for the control of the larvae of pest lepidopterans using lethal antibodies.


This paper analyzes the determinants of the location choices made by foreign investors at the district level in India to gauge the relative importance of economic geography factors, local business conditions, and the presence of previous foreign investors. We employ a discrete-choice model and Poisson regressions to control for the potential violation of the assumption of Independence of Irrelevant Alternatives. Our sample includes about 19,500 foreign investment projects approved in 447 districts from 1991-2005. We find that foreign investors strongly prefer locations where other foreign investors are. They are also attracted to industrially diverse locations and those with better infrastructure. We conclude that the concentration of FDI in a few locations could fuel regional divergence in post-reform India.


Title of Dissertation: ROLE OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL PARAMETERS ON THE FOLDING OF TETRAHYMENA GROUP I INTRON Sujatha P. Koduvayur, Doctor of Philosophy, 2003 Dissertation directed by: Adjunct Professor Sarah A. Woodson Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Differential elongation rates and pausing patters of polymerases are known to affect cotranscriptional folding of RNAs. The mechanism of coupling is not well studied. This study evaluates whether these factors contribute to the 20-50 fold splicing enhancement seen in vivo for the Tetrahymena group I intron. The splicing rates of T7 and Escherichia coli (E. coli) RNA polymerase (RNAP) transcripts were compared in vitro and in E. coli. T7 RNAP is a rapid and highly processive polymerase, while E. coli RNAP elongates transcripts more slowly. In a collaborative study with Scott Jackson, the splicing of transcripts of eukaryotic polymerase I and II (pol I and pol II) were compared in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As the stability of nascent structures can be altered by changing the sequence of transcribed RNA, I have also studied the effect of rRNA exons on the folding of this RNA by comparing the splicing rates of pre-RNAs with E. coli and Tetrahymena thermophila domain IV rRNA exons in vitro and E. coli. In yeast, S. cerevisiae and T. thermophila rRNA, and GFP mRNA exon sequences were compared. My E. coli and in vitro comparative study reveals that co-transcriptional folding is the reason for the rate enhancement seen in vivo for this RNA. For E. coli RNAP transcripts this is effected by the template-dependant, site-specific pausing of the polymerase along the template. For the pre-RNA with Tetrahymena rRNA exons this is effected by the low stability of nascent structures that enable rapid rearrangement of non-native structures into native ones. In yeast, we find that both the polymerase and the RNA processing events affect folding of this intron. Pol I transcripts splice 10-fold better than their pol II counterparts and mRNA processing events retard splicing of short pol II transcripts by 10-fold. Moreover, in yeast, only mutations that increase the fraction of misfolded intermediates are rescued but not those that destabilize the native structure. This folding facilitation is however not dependant on the presence of longer rRNA exons in yeast as it is in E. coli. This might be indicative of a different folding facilitatory mechanism in yeast from that seen in E. coli EFFECT OF TRANSCRIPTIONAL PARAMETERS ON THE FOLDING OF THE TETRAHYMENA GROUP I INTRON by Sujatha P. Koduvayur Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2003 Advisory Committee: Dr. Sarah Woodson, Chair Dr. Douglas Julin, co-Chair Dr. Neil Blough Dr. John Marino Dr. Steven Mount Dr. David Straney


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 We construct the affine version of the Fomin-Kirillov algebra, called the affine FK algebra, to investigatethe combinatorics of affine Schubert calculus for typeA. We introduce Murnaghan-Nakayama elements and Dunklelements in the affine FK algebra. We show that they are commutative as Bruhat operators, and the commutativealgebra generated by these operators is isomorphic to the cohomology of the affine flag variety. As a byproduct, weobtain Murnaghan-Nakayama rules both for the affine Schubert polynomials and affine Stanley symmetric functions. This enable us to expressk-Schur functions in terms of power sum symmetric functions. We also provide the defi-nition of the affine Schubert polynomials, polynomial representatives of the Schubert basis in the cohomology of theaffine flag variety.


Boleophthalmus boddarti (Pallas, 1770) is one of mudskippers (Gobiidae), an d potential commercial fish in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The study on the goby B. boddarti was investigated in Tran De district, Soc Trang provinc e, Mekong Delta, Vietnam, to establish some basic population biology parameters. A total of 117 individuals were caught in mudflats of Tran De beach by deep net to determine length-weight relati onships of this species. After determining sex by external features, total length ( TL in cm), and body weight ( W in g) of this goby were measured. This study ran for six months, from January 2013 to June 2013. The mean lengths of female significantly differed from value of male, whereas the average body weights of male and female were quite similar. The proportion of male and fema le groups were not substantially different. The length-weight relationships of total fish, male and female were highly correlated with high regression values which were 0.813, 0.866 and 0.767 , respectively. The slope values of this mudskipper was 3.21±0.32 which was not significant higher cubic value (three), suggesting the growth relationship of this species was isometric g owth and could be a potential fish for future aquaculture.


The sedimentary cover of the North American craton preserved little evidence of the Paleozoic tectonic events that shaped the Appalachian orogen on its eastern side. A notable exception is the NNW-trending Hudson Bay central high, which corresponds to a normal-fault array extending for a minimum length of 500 km. A working hypothesis is proposed in which stresses applied to the continental margin during the Silurian–earliest Devonian Salinian orogeny were transmitted over a distance of >1400 km in the continental interior, where they induced the normal-fault reactivation of older structural discontinuities. The shutdown of tectonic activity along the Hudson Bay central high during the latest Early Devonian to earliest Middle Devonian is interpreted as resulting from a change in the direction of plate convergence during the Acadian orogeny.


"Old while not affluent" situation, together with an unsustainable high investment rate and high dependency on foreign trade, spurs hot debates on the challenges of a fast-aging population and the exploitation of the second demographic dividend in today's China. Literature related to elderly health in countries other than China often starts with medical concepts and then dwells on economic issues, mainly focusing on socioeconomic, behavioral, and environmental factors and their effects on the health of the elderly. This article reviews economic research on these topics and then discusses possible implications for the economic analysis of aging China.


Data-intensive computing has positioned itself as a valuable programming paradigm to efficiently approach problems requiring processing very large volumes of data. This paper presents a pilot study about how to apply the data-intensive computing paradigm to evolutionary computation algorithms. Two representative cases (selectorecombinative genetic algorithms and estimation of distribution algorithms) are presented, analyzed, and discussed. This study shows that equivalent data-intensive computing evolutionary computation algorithms can be easily developed, providing robust and scalable algorithms for the multicore-computing era. Experimental results show how such algorithms scale with the number of available cores without further modification.


A modified superexchange model is used to clarify the physical mechanisms for the formation of nonresonant tunneling conductance in terminated molecular wires. Due to the specific relationship between its key parameters, this model has wider areas of applicability compared to the flat-barrier model and the standard superexchange model, which are widely involved for the physical interpretation of experimental results. Moreover, the results obtained in the two latest models appear in the modified model as characteristic limiting cases. Our estimates show that the exponential decay of conductance, characterized by an attenuation factor β (per repeating unit), is limited by the conditions β ≤ 1.2 and β ≥ 3.7 for the flat-barrier and standard models, respectively. At the same time, the modified superexchange model yields β > 0, which, thus, allows us to analyze the tunneling conductance in molecular wires containing both saturated and conjugated bonds. We also show that for a small number of N repeating wire units (about 3–6 depending on the value of β), the exponential dependence of conductance on N is violated and, accordingly, contact conductance is not identical to conductance at N = 0. Formulas are found which, on the basis of experimental data, make it possible to establish the values of superexchange parameters as well as indicate the conditions of possible hybridization between the orbitals of the anchor groups and the adjacent end units belonging to the interior wire region. One example is the establishment of features in the tunneling conductance of terminated alkane chains caused by the nature of their anchor groups.A modified superexchange model is used to clarify the physical mechanisms for the formation of nonresonant tunneling conductance in terminated molecular wires. Due to the specific relationship between its key parameters, this model has wider areas of applicability compared to the flat-barrier model and the standard superexchange model, which are widely involved for the physical interpretation of experimental results. Moreover, the results obtained in the two latest models appear in the modified model as characteristic limiting cases. Our estimates show that the exponential decay of conductance, characterized by an attenuation factor β (per repeating unit), is limited by the conditions β ≤ 1.2 and β ≥ 3.7 for the flat-barrier and standard models, respectively. At the same time, the modified superexchange model yields β > 0, which, thus, allows us to analyze the tunneling conductance in molecular wires containing both saturated and conjugated bonds. We also show that for a small number of N repeating wire u...


This article describes the history and development of developmental theory from a lay person perspective. It covers some of the main strands of how developmental theory has grown, focusing on ego stage theories and dynamic skill theory as the main examples of soft and hard stage models. It also touches on how measures of these models relate to the theories. Reflections on the relative merits of each strand are considered, as well as implications for broadening the scope of awareness of developmental theory among the larger population of integrally informed practitioners.


A synthesis of the Late Palaeozoic to Cenozoic evolution of the Black Sea region and the southern parts of the East European Platform (EEP) is presented. During Carboniferous to Early Permian times the Cordillera-type Euxinus Orogen evolved along the southern margin of the EEP in response to progressive closure of the Rheic and Palaeotethys oceans and the accretion of Gondwana-derived continental terranes. Permian development of the northdipping Palaeotethys subduction system along the southern Pontides margin of these terranes was accompanied by important compressional intraplate deformation on the EEP. Th e Mesozoic to Palaeogene evolution of the southern parts of the EEP, was goverened by closure of Palaeotethys, accretion of the Gondwana-derived Cimmerian terrane and gradual closure of the Neotethys, involving repeated opening and closure of back-arc basins. Five discrete tectonic subduction-related cycles are recognized, each commencing with back-arc extension and terminated with back-arc compression. Th e timing of these cycles is: (1) latest Permian to Hettangian, (2) Sinemurian to early Callovian, (3) late Callovian to Berriasian, (4) Valanginian to Paleocene and (5) Eocene to Recent. Th e duration of the individual cycles was of the order of 30–50 My. During back-arc extension, rift ed basins developed along the southern margin of the EEP whilst during back-arc compression compressional stresses were exerted on it, albeit at varying levels during the diff erent tectonic cycles. On the EEP, Late Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic intraplate tectonics are expressed by such phenomena as rift ing, extrusion of plateau basalts, inversion of pre-existing tensional basins, gentle lithospheric folding, regional uplift and subsidence.


A simple method to mechanically induce a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) by a grooved plate is improved. The transmission spectra of a grating under different pressures and other types of gratings are experimentally investigated. This method is simple and reconfigurable and offers large spectra tunability. This type of LPFG has potential applications in gain flattening in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA) and will be of particular use in filter design.


During the UNCED conference in Rio de Janeiro 1992 unsustainable consumption and production patterns were identified as one of the key driving forces behind the unsustainable development of the world (Agenda 21, chapter 4). These consumption and production patterns are based on the European model of industrialisation, spread around the globe in the age of colonisation and brought to extremes by the upper-class of industrialised societies, in particular in the United States, but also in a number of countries in the South. Therefore, all states of the world share the task of developing sustainable consumption and production patterns, while particular responsibility rests with the industrialised nations of Europe, North America and Japan. They, and the thriving but small rich elite in the transition countries and in the South, form a global consumer society, with shared products, lifestyles and aspirations. As it is essential to support the transition towards sustainable development by providing the proper information in an operational manner, the UNCED conference has called for the development of suitable means of information, and in particular for the development of sustainability indicators applicable throughout the world (Agenda 21, chapter 40). The UNDESA set of indicators for changing consumption and production patterns offers helpful advice in this regard but still lacks the theoretical underpinning needed to consistently complete it by defining the few still missing indicators. This paper undertakes to suggest such a methodology based on the environmental space concept. It derives a set of science based indicators from this approach which are easily applicable in everyday life and analyses the environmental relevance of the consumption clusters chosen for analysis as well as the relevance of the phenomena characterised by the indicators suggested. As households are just one actor in the field of consumption, a qualitative assessment of influences is performed and the result depicting the key actors for each environmentally relevant consumption cluster is presented as an actor matrix. Finally, the indicators derived are compared to those suggested by UNDESA, finding striking similarities. Based on this convergence in approaches the paper explains how the methodology developed could be used to develop the missing indicators UNDESA has been calling for.


Cartels often act like single dominant firms. Because there are a number of difficulties in determining market effects of single dominant firms, this article proposes that enforcement policy recognize the connection between cartels and firms engaged in monopolization. The resulting insight would be useful to determine whether or not cartel conduct should be viewed with suspicion when engaged in or by a dominant firm in a similar industry. Many cartels do not focus solely on suppressing interfirm rivalry; rather, many operate as two-stage mechanisms: the first stage consists of reaching a consensus on a plan to restrict output and curb rivalry; the second stage consists of using exclusionary behavior often featured in monopolization cases to ensure the effectiveness of its efforts to restrict output. Accordingly, antitrust authorities should look beyond the suppression of interfirm rivalry and investigate monopolization conduct. The focus on cartel applications of monopolization behavior has advantages for empirical investigation that illuminate the competitive significance of conduct by which individual firms are claimed to have monopolized markets. Currently, enforcement agencies often treat anticompetitive behavior of cartels differently than dominant firms because of the tendency to categorize anticompetitive behavior as either a horizontal agreement between competitors to suppress interfirm rivalry or monopolization by a single dominant firm. It may be appropriate to view some cartel behavior as a combination of the two because some cartels exhibit single dominant firm type behavior. This article extends Michael Porter's "Five Forces" to obtain a structure for understanding both the suppression of interfirm rivalry and monopolization conduct by a cartel and to show that monopolization behaviors are common in practicing cartels.Recognizing the analytical and behavioral links between the historically separate areas of cartel and dominant-firm behavior suggests a number of future directions for public enforcement policy and research by competition authorities. This article posits a number of suggestions and open questions for competition agencies in order to help guide antitrust authorities as to where they should direct monopolization resources. It concludes that antitrust authorities should not segregate anticompetitive behaviors into the two categories and should aggressively investigate the presence or absence of monopolization in cartels in order to prosecute and deter anticompetitive behavior.