As Henry Hudson sailed up the broad river that would one day bear his name, he grew concerned that his Dutch patrons would be disappointed in his failure to find the fabled route to the Orient. What became immediately apparent, however, from the Indians clad in deer skins and "good furs" was that Hudson had discovered something just as tantalizing. The news of Hudson's 1609 voyage to America ignited a fierce competition to lay claim to this uncharted continent, teeming with untapped natural resources. The result was the creation of an American fur trade, which fostered economic rivalries and fueled wars among the European powers, and later between the United States and Great Britain, as North America became a battleground for colonization and imperial aspirations. In Fur, Fortune, and Empire, best-selling author Eric Jay Dolin chronicles the rise and fall of the fur trade of old, when the rallying cry was "get the furs while they last." Beavers, sea otters, and buffalos were slaughtered, used for their precious pelts that were tailored into extravagant hats, coats, and sleigh blankets. To read Fur, Fortune, and Empire then is to understand how North America was explored, exploited, and settled, while its native Indians were alternately enriched and exploited by the trade. As Dolin demonstrates, fur, both an economic elixir and an agent of destruction, became inextricably linked to many key events in American history, including the French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and the War of 1812, as well as to the relentless pull of Manifest Destiny and the opening of the West. This work provides an international cast beyond the scope of any Hollywood epic, including Thomas Morton, the rabble-rouser who infuriated the Pilgrims by trading guns with the Indians; British explorer Captain James Cook, whose discovery in the Pacific Northwest helped launch America's China trade; Thomas Jefferson who dreamed of expanding the fur trade beyond the Mississippi; America's first multimillionaire John Jacob Astor, who built a fortune on a foundation of fur; and intrepid mountain men such as Kit Carson and Jedediah Smith, who sliced their way through an awe inspiring and unforgiving landscape, leaving behind a mythic legacy still resonates today. Concluding with the virtual extinction of the buffalo in the late 1800s, Fur, Fortune, and Empire is an epic history that brings to vivid life three hundred years of the American experience, conclusively demonstrating that the fur trade played a seminal role in creating the nation we are today.


First-principles molecular dynamics simulations are used to gain an atomistic-level insight into how the molecular behavior of interfacial water is influenced by specific surface adsorbates. Although the overall hydrophobic versus hydrophilic character of a given surface is widely recognized to be important in determining the behavior of interfacial water molecules, we show that subtle molecular details may also play a role in determining the dynamical behavior of water. By comparing water diffusivity at three different nonpolar surfaces, we find that specific surface features can lead to a suppression of hydrogen bond network ring structures by enhancing hexagonal spatial distributions of water molecules near the surface. Such a distinct molecule-dependent behavior of the interfacial water was found to persist well into the liquid, while most structural properties are noticeably influenced in only the first water layer.


Robots can pose -- or can appear to pose -- a threat to life, property, and privacy. May a landowner legally shoot down a trespassing drone? Can she hold a trespassing autonomous car as security against damage done or further torts? Is the fear that a drone may be operated by a paparazzo or a peeping Tom sufficient grounds to disable or interfere with it? How hard may you shove if the office robot rolls over your foot? This paper addresses all those issues and one more: what rules and standards we could put into place to make the resolution of those questions easier and fairer to all concerned. The default common-law legal rules governing each of these perceived threats are somewhat different, although reasonableness always plays an important role in defining legal rights and options. In certain cases -- drone overflights, autonomous cars, national, state, and even local regulation -- may trump the common law. Because it is in most cases obvious that humans can use force to protect themselves against actual physical attack, the paper concentrates on the more interesting cases of (1) robot (and especially drone) trespass and (2) responses to perceived threats other than physical attack by robots notably the risk that the robot (or drone) may be spying -- perceptions which may not always be justified, but which sometimes may nonetheless be considered reasonable in law. We argue that the scope of permissible self-help in defending one's privacy should be quite broad. There is exigency in that resort to legally administered remedies would be impracticable; and worse, the harm caused by a drone that escapes with intrusive recordings can be substantial and hard to remedy after the fact. Further, it is common for new technology to be seen as risky and dangerous, and until proven otherwise drones are no exception. At least initially, violent self-help will seem, and often may be, reasonable even when the privacy threat is not great -- or even extant. We therefore suggest measures to reduce uncertainties about robots, ranging from forbidding weaponized robots to requiring lights, and other markings that would announce a robot's capabilities, and RFID chips and serial numbers that would uniquely identify the robot's owner. The paper concludes with a brief examination of what if anything our survey of a person's right to defend against robots might tell us about the current state of robot rights against people.


Expansive clay soils are extensively distributed worldwide, and are a source of great damage to infrastructure and buildings. The problem with expansive soils has been recorded all over the world. These soils can cause heavy economic losses, as well as being a source of risk to the population. In monsoon they imbibe water and swell and in summer they shrink on evaporation of water there from. The wetting and drying process of a sub grade layer composed of black cotton soil result into failure of substructures in form of settlement and cracking. And because of this alternative swelling and shrinkage, lightly loaded civil engineering structures like residential buildings, pavements and canal linings are severely damaged. It is, therefore, necessary to mitigate the problems posed by expansive soils and prevent cracking of structures. Many innovative foundation techniques have been devised as a solution to the problem of expansive soils. There are numerous soil stabilization techniques for improving the strength of the in-situ soil, and one of the techniques is using chemical additive. Chemical improvement is a time saving method that enables sub grade or sub-base layer and otherwise unsatisfactory materials in-situ to obtain higher density and strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with borrow material. Surat is located on highly expansive soil. This work is based on an experimental study in the stabilization of an expansive soil in Surat, consisting of the changes of its various properties and its mechanical capacities by the addition of by-products and waste materials of industrial origin such as rice husk ash and marble dust. This may achieve the double objective of reducing the problems of this type of soil, and also of providing a use for the additives, thus eliminating the economic and environmental cost involved in managing them. And also regression analysis for quick prediction of swelling pressure and CBR value of soil with regarding to the other properties of soil is also carried out.


We report on an experimental demonstration of laser wakefield electron acceleration using a sub-TW power laser by tightly focusing 30 fs laser pulses with an 8 mJ pulse energy on a 100 μm scale gas target. The experiments are carried out at an unprecedented 0.5 kHz repetition rate, allowing 'real-time' optimization of accelerator parameters. Well-collimated and stable electron beams with quasi-monoenergetic peaks in the 100 keV range are measured. Particle-in-cell simulations show excellent agreement with the experimental results and suggest an acceleration mechanism based on electron trapping on the density downramp, due to the time-varying phase velocity of the plasma waves.


Introduction: Nursing is a dual profession that involves teaching both in class and at the clinical area. Nurse tutors meet a lot of challenges in their profession through their cognitive, affective and psychomotor nursing performance. The aim of this paper is to determine the challenges of nurse tutor clinical affective, cognitive and psychomotor performance in Malawi. Methods: Mixed methods design was employed. Quantitatively, 129 students and 82 nurse tutors randomly selected were involved for the five ranked Likert Scale questionnaire, and 42 nurse tutors were involved in in-depth. While 8 focus group discussions were conducted in 8 nursing colleges. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used quantitatively for predictive variable of nurse tutor work experience and student study experience to compare with the dependent variables from the 39 cognitive, affective and psychomotor attributes. Results: Both nurse tutors and students are not impressed with nurse tutors cognitive, affective and psychomotor performance during teaching. There is inadequate clinical orientation to students [OR ≤ 0.302; 95%CI (0.096 ± 2.955); p ≥ 0.042] and inadequate funding from college administration [OR ≤ 1.013; 95%CI (0.271 ± 3.793); p ≥ 0.985] as a result it creates much pressure on teaching. Conclusion: There is a need to develop an effective teaching strategy that would be conducive and easy to use for the limited resource environments in Malawi.


RIP ARIAN CORRIDOR VEGETATION STRUCTURE AND SOIL FUNCTION ALONG URBAN, SUBURBAN, AND RURAL STREAMS IN LOUISVILLE, KY, USA R. Jonathan White May 13,2011 Stream riparian zones are ecotones between terrestrial and aquatic environments. Studying these areas in urban environments is important since they lie adjacent to stream water supplies. I conducted a study of riparian woody and groundcover vegetation along urban, suburban, and rural streams (land-use designations based on % impervious surface) to assess how cities are affecting plant community structure. I also studied riparian soil gas flux (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide) in relation to water table depth and groundwater nutrient concentrations spanning a 10-month period (January to October, 2008). I found distinct woody and groundcover communities associated with proportion of impervious surface surrounding the research sites. These communities differed regarding diversity and proportion of native, exotic, and wetland species distributions. The most urban communities generally had lower species richness, more exotic species, and fewer wetland species when compared to rural areas. Urban areas also exhibited the highest streambanks and lowest water tables. Carbon dioxide gas flux rates were higher in urban areas, but methane and nitrous oxide fluxes did not respond uniformly to site differences as classified by proportion of impervious surface.


Acute cellular rejection (ACR) occurs frequently after liver transplantation and can usually be controlled. Triggering of allospecific immune responses and lack of immunoregulation are currently suggested as a cause of ACR, but there are no investigations of intrahepatic immune responses during ACR. Therefore we prospectively analyzed the intrahepatic T cell infiltration pattern in correlation to the severity of ACR in a cohort of patients with graft hepatitis (n = 151). While CD4+ cells dominated the portal infiltrates in mild–moderate ACR, CD8+ cells prevailed in severe ACR. Furthermore portal CD8+ and not CD4+ infiltration correlated with serum transaminases and with the likelihood of subsequent ACRs. Surprisingly, the rise of portal effector T cells density during ACR was surpassed by the increase in portal infiltration of regulatory T cells by a factor of two. Thus ACRs rather showed an increase and not a lack of regulation, as was suggested by analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Despite the pattern of enhanced immunoregulation, patients with severe ACR had a higher risk for subsequent rejections and showed a trend to a reduced survival. Thus, patients with severe rejections might need a modification of their immunosuppression to improve prognosis.


We used an acoustic telemetry system to test the hypothesis that the bonefish Albula vulpes exhibits site fidelity in selection of foraging areas in the northern Florida Keys. Stationary hydrophone receivers with data-logging units were deployed surrounding a discrete bonefish forag- ing area. Individuals were captured, fitted with acoustic transmitters, and then released within the study area. The reception ranges of receiver stations within the array were evaluated by moving a transmitter within the array. These data were used to assess spatial coverage of monitoring and deci- pher fine-scale movement patterns from recorded presence-absence data: 64% of tagged fish were detected by receivers for multiple days following release. Tagged fish frequented the experimental area for periods ranging from 3 to 61 d. Only 2 individuals, tracked for 48 and 61 d, demonstrated site fidelity characterized by daily movements into the study area. Our observations contradict earlier studies that concluded that bonefish range widely throughout available habitats, and suggest that bonefish utilize shallow habitats most, although deep channels may provide refuge from the rapid temperature changes that occur on the shallow flats.


Abstract : Sea surface temperature (SST) measurements are vital to global weather prediction, climate change studies, fisheries management, and a wide range of other applications. Measurements are taken by several satellites carrying infrared and microwave radiometers, moored buoys, drifting buoys, and ships. Collecting all these measurements together and producing global maps of SST has been a difficult endeavor due in part to different data formats, data location and accessibility, and lack of measurement error estimates. The need for a uniform approach to SST measurements and estimation of measurement errors resulted in the formation of the international Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment (GODAE) High Resolution SST Pilot Project (GHRSST-PP). Projects were developed in Japan, Europe, and Australia. Simultaneously, in the United States, the Multi-sensor Improved SST (MISST) project was initiated. Five years later, the MISST project has produced satellite SST data from nine satellites in an identical format with ancillary information and estimates of measurement error. Use of these data in global SST analyses has been improved through research into modeling of the ocean surface skin layer and upper ocean diurnal heating. These data and research results have been used by several groups within MISST to produce high-resolution global maps of SSTs, which have been shown to improve tropical cyclone prediction. Additionally, the new SSTs are now used operationally for marine weather warnings and forecasts.


Abstract In many tectonized regions, evaporites, which served as decollement zones, are brought to the surface, where they are studied as part of the normal sedimentary succession and their internal structures are commonly treated as the primary products of deposition and synsedimentary deformation. Evaporites, however, respond to tectonism in a manner that is vastly different from other rocks in the succession. Associated limestone, dolostone, and siliciclastic beds may remain virtually unaffected by the same degree of deformation that significantly alters evaporites. Even modest differential stresses, with geologically reasonable strain rates applied at low temperatures (20–200°C), result in significant recrystallization, foliation, and flow in evaporites, whereas other rocks (non-evaporites) in the same succession may show little apparent change. The large differences in physical properties between evaporites and both carbonate and siliciclastic lithologies in such tectonized sections result in evaporites that no longer reflect their original sedimentary environment because of recrystallization and plastic deformation. Yet, because their structures and fabrics may not be recognized as secondary, they can be misinterpreted as original features indicative of primary depositional environments.


Herein, we report the synthesis of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative containing 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione and N,N-dimethylaniline. This compound exhibits aggregation-induced emission properties due to its highly twisted conformation and it has three crystalline polymorphs, which exhibit yellow (DHPM-y), orange (DHPM-o), and red (DHPM-r) fluorescence. The different emissions of the polymorphs mainly depend on their molecular conformations due to the weak intermolecular interactions, as revealed by single crystal structural analysis. More importantly, these three crystalline polymorphs show different mechanochromic phenomena under varying pressure. The fluorescent color changes in DHPM-o and DHPM-r upon gentle grinding are attributed to a crystal-to-crystal transformation which alters their molecular conformations, whereas those of DHPM-y and DHPM-o upon strong grinding are ascribed to the transformation from a crystalline state to an amorphous state. Additionally, DHPM-y and DHPM-o also display thermochromic properties. These results will provide useful information for obtaining intriguing multifunctional fluorescent materials by rational modification of classic luminogens.


Abstract In this thesis, a new class of reconfigurable and compact metamaterial unit-cells is
introduced and used to present a novel technique for beam-switching antennas. Two
metamaterial inspired antennas are designed and implemented using this technique at two
different frequency bands i.e. S-band and millimeter-wave band.
The prospective role of reconfigurable unit-cells in the future of metamaterial theory is
investigated and a novel reconfigurable metamaterial unit-cell is designed that can
provide a controllable refractive index. Moreover, a novel miniaturization technique is
introduced that can be applied on any rectangular-shaped metamaterial unit-cell. This
technique is analytically investigated and a step-by-step guideline is provided. A
combination of these two concepts is exploited to design a controllable metamaterial
medium that can be easily integrated in the structure of planar antennas.
As the final objective of this work, the aforementioned artificial medium is embedded on
the substrate of a planar dipole antenna and a radiation-pattern reconfigurable antenna
with a switchable beam in the E-plane is designed and implemented in the S-band. The
same technique is used at millimeter waves and an antenna with deflected beam in this
band is presented.
Both antenna structures are fabricated and measured to validate the simulation results.
Also, the designed unit-cells in the S-band are fabricated and the performance of the unitcells
is verified by a modified version of the well-known free-space measurement
method. Two custom-made dielectric lenses are designed and fabricated for this method.
Furthermore, an analytical model is derived to explain the beam-tilting effect produced
by the metamaterial unit-cells. This model successfully describes the behavior of both
antennas at the vicinity of the metamaterial unit-cells.


[Extract] Ahhh sex. There has been an unusual global confluence of sex and public life in recent weeks, culminating in an extraordinary display by political leaders and aspiring political leaders around the world. This has caused me to ask: what sort of man wants to have or defend non-consensual sex with a woman?


In this paper, different analysis and design techniques are used to analyze the drive motor in the 2004 Prius hybrid vehicle and to examine alternative spoke-type magnet rotor (buried magnets with magnetization which is orthogonal to the radial direction) and induction motor arrangements. These machines are characterized by high transient torque requirement, compactness, and forced cooling. While rare-earth magnet machines are commonly used in these applications, there is an increasing interest in motors without magnets, hence the investigation of an induction motor. This paper illustrates that the machines operate under highly saturated conditions at high torque and that care should be taken when selecting the correct analysis technique. This is illustrated by divergent results when using I-Psi loops and dq techniques to calculate the torque.


Abstract Understanding food choices made for meals in overweight and obese individuals may aid strategies for weight loss tailored to their eating habits. However, limited studies have explored food choices at meal occasions. The aim of this study was to identify the usual food choices for meals of overweight and obese volunteers for a weight-loss trial. A cross-sectional analysis was performed using screening diet history data from a 12-month weight-loss trial (the HealthTrack study). A descriptive data mining tool, the Apriori algorithm of association rules, was applied to identify food choices at meal occasions using a nested hierarchical food group classification system. Overall, 432 breakfasts, 428 lunches, 432 dinners and 433 others (meals) were identified from the intake data (n 433 participants). A total of 142 items of closely related food clusters were identified at three food group levels. At the first sub-food group level, bread emerged as central to food combinations at lunch, but unprocessed meat appeared for this at dinner. The dinner meal was characterised by more varieties of vegetables and of foods in general. The definitions of food groups played a pivotal role in identifying food choice patterns at main meals. Given the large number of foods available, having an understanding of eating patterns in which key foods drive overall meal content can help translate and develop novel dietary strategies for weight loss at the individual level.


We study the light output, light collection efficiency and signal timing of a variety of organic scintillators that are being considered for the upgrade of the hadronic calorimeter of the CMS detector. The experimental data are collected at the H2 test-beam area at CERN, using a 150 GeV muon beam. In particular, we investigate the usage of over-doped and green-emitting plastic scintillators, two solutions that have not been extensively considered. We present a study of the energy distribution in plastic-scintillator tiles, the hit efficiency as a function of the hit position, and a study of the signal timing for blue and green scintillators.


We predict and analyze the formation of photorefractive polymeric solitons, which are supported by both the orientationally enhanced birefringence and the orientationally enhanced electro-optic effects. The formation conditions and characteristics of this new type of optical spatial soliton are discussed.


CdSe molecules are semiconducting nanocrystals that absorb visible light and emit broad wavelengths of light in response. They utilize electromagnetic radiation not only for emitting broad wavelengths of visible light, but for fluorescence, conducting electricity, and vibrational relaxation. The Thermal Lensing technique (TL) can be used to study the lifetimes of the excited state transitions and the various nonradiative processes molecules can undergo in order to better understand the excited state dynamics of semiconducting nanocrystals, and in turn, better understand how these molecules may be applied in solar cells, lasers, and fluorescence labeling. Using known methods, four samples of CdSe semiconducting nanocrystals were synthesized and colloidally suspended in a solution of octadecene. Their UV-Visible absorption spectra were obtained to determine the maximum visible absorption of each sample. The radii of the nanocrystals were calculated from the UV-Visible data, and then TL spectroscopy was performed to determine the lifetime of the excited states (τ). The fluorescence quantum efficiency (η), and fraction thermal load (φ) were meant to be determined, but due to limited data, were not determined successfully.


Once upon a time, there was a place with good soil for plants and good sources of water for wild animals. Many, many plants grew there, and many wild animals made it their home. People liked it too. In fact, so many people wanted it to be their home, they built a city. The world's big cities -that are now full of skyscrapers and wide concrete avenues, and where the only wild animals live in zoos- once looked very different. Many were farms. A few were jungles or swamps. A handful were desert oases. Even today, cities cannot be separated from the natural environment. Natural ecosystems provide the resources that cities need to develop and grow, including water, clean air, soil, food, and energy.


Moving, thrilling, inspirational: the autobiography of Jim Stynes. In July 2009, Jim Stynes was diagnosed with cancer and given less than a year to live. The diagnosis caught him by surprise - he was 42, healthy, fit - and he didn't have time for illness: he was director of a foundation for young people, president of Melbourne Football Club, father of two primary school-aged kids, husband of Sam. Knowing his odds weren't good, but with so much to lose, Jim put everything he had into trying to beat the disease. He was well equipped to beat the odds - he'd been getting the most out of himself in every aspect of life since his childhood in Dublin. Jim's ability to use mind over matter and his will to succeed gave him two extra years on the prognosis. He had more than 25 tumours removed from his brain and stomach, and defied expectations time and time again. This book is Jim's legacy. Unflinching in its detail, Jim talks about what he found out about himself when things were at their worst - about what really counts when you're stacking it all up. It's a moving, inspiring story of a life lived fearlessly. "Remarkable". (Brent Pope, "Irish Independent"). "Enormously moving". ("Sunday Independent"). "A moving, inspiring story of a life lived fearlessly. A superb read from start to finish". ("Evening Echo"). "A great story, well told, and you'll do well not to cry while reading certain chapters". ("Sunday World").


A detailed analysis of electromechanically induced absorption (EMIA) in a circuit nano-electromechanical hybrid system consisting of a superconducting microwave resonator coupled to a nanomechanical beam is presented. By performing two-tone spectroscopy experiments, we have studied EMIA as a function of the drive power over a wide range of drive and probe tone detunings. We found good quantitative agreement between experiment and theoretical modeling based on the Hamiltonian formulation of a generic electromechanical system. We show that the absorption of microwave signals in an extremely narrow frequency band (Δω/2π < 5 Hz) around the cavity resonance of about 6 GHz can be adjusted over a range of more than 25 dB on varying the drive tone power by a factor of 2. Possible applications of this phenomenon include notch filters to cut out extremely narrow frequency bands (< Hz) of a much broader band of the order of MHz defined by the resonance width of the microwave cavity. The amount of absorption as well as the filtered frequency is tunable over the full width of the microwave resonance by adjusting the power and frequency of the drive field. At high drive power, we observe parametric microwave amplification with the nanomechanical resonator. Due to the very low loss rate of the nanomechanical beam the drive power range for parametric amplification is narrow, since the beam rapidly starts to perform self-oscillations.


A micro-probe based on laser trapping has been proposed for the probe system of a nano-coordinate measuring machine. This study focused on the "shadow effect," which is the case wherein a partial beam for laser trapping is shaded by the specimen. A radially polarized beam was introduced to improve the shadow effect. As the result of increasing the trapping efficiency by 3.2 times, this high-efficient laser trapping made it possible to extend the measurable range of the vertical surface under the shadow effect.


This paper compares union wage bargaining outcomes across different types of employers. Five different employer objectives are discussed; profit–, welfare– and output maximization, and two specifications of a Leviathan. The model shows that the ordering of the union wage level across employer types depends on the functional form of product demand. With constant elasticity of product demand, the wage tends to be lowest in the output maximization case, while with a linear product demand, the wage tends to be lowest under welfare maximization.


"Isaac Cruikshank and the Politics of Parody" is a catalog raisonne of Cruikshank's watercolors in the Huntington, the largest group of works by the artist in this medium. All 117 images, called 'drolls' because of their comic themes and characters, are illustrated, along with the artist's notes and sketches on the verso of the originals. Cruikshank was a contemporary of Rowlandson and Gillray, and the father of George Cruikshank, the well-known illustrator of Dickens. Cruikshank catches most of his subjects when they would least like to be observed. Whether the setting is public or domestic, disaster has struck, or is impending: a boat on its way to Vauxhall gardens capsizes near Westminster Bridge; a stampede of pigs en route to Smithfield Market overwhelms strolling shoppers; an inexperienced chef begins to prepare dinner by hurling onions at a live rabbit. The descriptions accompanying each image suggest the social and political background of these amusing depictions of life in eighteenth-century London. Satirical poems that accompanied published versions of the drawings, many of them theatrical after pieces associated with well-known actors, are quoted in full. An introduction by Edward J. Nygren, former director of the Huntington Art Collections, explores the relationship of Cruikshank's satirical art to the contemporary theater.


Translation studies rely more and more on corpus data to examine specificities of translated texts, that can be translated from different original languages and compared to original texts. In parallel, more and more multilingual corpora are becoming available for various natural language processing tasks. This paper questions the use of these multilingual corpora in translation studies and shows the methodological steps needed in order to obtain more reliably comparable sub-corpora that consist of original and directly translated text only. Various experiments are presented that show the advantage of directional sub-corpora.


Photodissociation in the Herzberg continuum of molecular oxygen has been studied at 236, 226 and 204 nm. Using ion-imaging and monitoring of O(3Pj), j=0, 1, and 2 product-atom angular distributions, the amount of parallel character of the transition was measured. In order to interpret these data, analyses of the photoabsorption oscillator strengths and the parallel-perpendicular nature of the Herzberg I, II and III bands, and extrapolation of these properties into the Herzberg-continuum region have been performed. Our measured fine-structure-averaged angular distributions are found to be consistent with this photoabsorption model. In addition, the dynamics of the dissociation process is discussed, based on the O-atom fine-structure distributions.


This book analyses the communication processes of international trade between producers, their suppliers, and traders in Asia, and buyers in other parts of the world. Communication across language and cultural barriers is an indispensable part of, and one of the most practical problems encountered in, international trade and production. The analysis provided in this book is based on a large and unique collection of authentic documents of business communication. It leads to a deeper understanding of the factors, problems and skills associated with successful trading, and develops practical guidelines for overcoming language barriers. These are important both for the success of trading businesses and for the development of trade-oriented nations in Asia. This book is suitable for use by students in polytechnics and advanced undergraduates in international business courses, as well as in graduate programmes in economic theory and in applied linguistics. It will be valuable reading for business managers, import/export managers, and merchandisers in Asia and in Europe/North America/Oceania. Researchers and teachers in transaction cost economics/industrial organisation, international business, business communication & negotiation, applied linguistics, and English for business purposes will also find this book useful.


BACKGROUND AND AIMS
There is a documented link between common psychiatric disorders and substance use in adolescent males. This study addressed two key questions: (1) is there a within-person association between an increase in psychiatric problems and an increase in substance use among adolescent males and (2) are there sensitive periods during male adolescence when such associations are more evident?

DESIGN
Analysis of longitudinal data collected annually on boys selected randomly from schools based on a comprehensive public school enrollment list from the Pittsburgh Board of Education.

SETTING
Recruitment occurred in public schools in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

PARTICIPANTS
A total of 503 boys assessed at ages 13-19 years, average cooperation rate = 92.1%.

MEASUREMENTS
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-oriented affective, anxiety and conduct disorder problems were measured with items from the caregiver, teacher and youth version of the Achenbach scales. Scales were converted to t-scores using age- and gender-based national norms and combined by taking the average across informants. Alcohol and marijuana use were assessed semi-annually by a 16-item Substance Use Scale adapted from the National Youth Survey.

FINDINGS
When male adolescents experienced a 1-unit increase in their conduct problems t-score, their rate of marijuana use subsequently increased by 1.03 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01, 1.05], and alcohol quantity increased by 1.01 (95% CI = 1.0002, 1.02). When adolescents experienced a 1-unit increase in their average quantity of alcohol use, their anxiety problems t-score subsequently increased by 0.12 (95% CI = 0.05, 0.19). These associations were strongest in early and late adolescence.

CONCLUSIONS
When adolescent boys experience an increase in conduct disorder problems, they are more likely to exhibit a subsequent escalation in substance use. As adolescent boys increase their intensity of alcohol use, they become more likely to develop subsequent anxiety problems. Developmental turning points such as early and late adolescence appear to be particularly sensitive periods for boys to develop comorbid patterns of psychiatric problems and substance use.


ABSTRACT Background: Severity of spasticity in multiple sclerosis (MS) directly correlates with the level and cost of care required. This study assessed whether a tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol (THC/CBD) oromucosal spray for treatment of moderate-severe MS spasticity is a cost-effective use of healthcare resources in Wales. Methods: A Markov model was developed to compare THC/CBD plus standard of care (SoC) treatments with SoC alone. Results: At 30 years, total incremental cost for THC/CBD plus SoC treatment was estimated at £3,836/patient (ICER: £10,891/quality-adjusted life year [QALY]). Hospital admission costs had the greatest effect on the base case ICER. Inclusion of carer cost led to incremental cost of -£33,609/patient (ICER: -£95,423/QALY). Conclusions: The THC/CBD spray was found to be cost-effective for the treatment of spasticity in MS, and dominant, if home carer costs were included. Use of THC/CBD has the potential to generate cost savings by significantly improving the symptoms of moderate to severe MS spasticity.


PURPOSE
Recently, some surgeons have begun to describe single-institution case series with less invasive surgical approaches to bladder cancer such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted techniques. We report on a multi-institutional, multi-surgeon experience with robotic radical cystectomy with regard to operative and pathologic outcomes and complications to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of this technique in a large cohort of patients.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Two hundred twenty-seven patients (178 males and 49 females) underwent a robotic cystectomy and urinary diversion at one of four institutions. Operative outcomes, pathological results, and complications of this combined case series are herein reported.

RESULTS
Mean age of this cohort was 67.1 years (range, 33-86 years) with a mean American Society of Anesthesiologists score of 2.7 (range, 2-4). One hundred sixty-eight patients (74%) underwent ileal conduit diversion, 58 (26%) underwent orthotopic ileal neobladder, and 1 patient (<1%) had no diversion (end-stage renal disease). The urinary diversion was performed extracorporeally in 97% cases, with 7 patients (3%) undergoing an intracorporeal diversion. Mean operating room time of all patients was 5.5 hours, and mean surgical blood loss was 256 mL. On surgical pathology, 120 (53%) patients had pT2 or less disease, 35 (15%) had pT3/T4 disease, and 46 (20%) had N+ disease. The mean number of lymph nodes removed was 18 (range, 3-52). There was a positive surgical margin in 5 cases--all with pT3-4 disease. Mean time to discharge was 5.5 days (median, 5 days), with 70% of patients discharged on postoperative day 5 or sooner. Sixty-eight patients (30%) experienced complications, with 7% having Clavien grade 3 or higher. On multivariate analysis, decreased age and increased American Society of Anesthesiologists score were predictors of higher Clavien complication score, with younger patients more likely to undergo neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery.

CONCLUSION
A multi-institutional experience with robotic radical cystectomy appears to demonstrate acceptable operative and pathologic outcomes, thus helping to validate the previously reported single-institution case series. Ultimately, oncologic follow-up of these patients will remain as the most important measure of therapeutic success.


The Dutch society of today is multilingual. Structural attention for different kinds of languages at home and in school is important for the development of the language of a child and its identity. In the Dutch province of Drenthe, different varieties of Drents dialect and German play a vital role in the multilingual surroundings of primary schools. To support teachers of primary schools with promoting multilingualism, the website Wiesneus provides information, teaching materials and tools. What are the needs of parents and teachers concerning this website and how do they differ? This research consists of ten in-depth interviews with parents and primary school teachers. These interviews are analysed following the content analyzing method. This method showed that teachers and parents have more common needs and visions on multilingualism than expected. Also they valued the Drents dialect more than they expected of each other. To help bridging this gap, Wiesneus can offer more structural communication to share the different views and common visions via blogs, polls, etc. Teachers also mention the absence of a continuous learning model to help improve Drents on primary schools. This research advises the development of a digital learning method of the Drents language within the Digi+ project.


PurposeThis viewpoint article is concerned with an attempt to advance organisational plasticity (OP) modelling concepts by using a novel community modelling framework (PhiloLab) from the social simulation community to drive the process of idea generation. In addition, the authors want to feed back their experience with PhiloLab as they believe that this way of idea generation could also be of interest to the wider evidence-based human resource management (EBHRM) community.Design/methodology/approachThe authors used some workshop sessions to brainstorm new conceptual ideas in a structured and efficient way with a multidisciplinary group of 14 (mainly academic) participants using PhiloLab. This is a tool from the social simulation community, which stimulates and formally supports discussions about philosophical questions of future societal models by means of developing conceptual agent-based simulation models. This was followed by an analysis of the qualitative data gathered during the PhiloLab sessions, feeding into the definition of a set of primary axioms of a plastic organisation.FindingsThe PhiloLab experiment helped with defining a set of primary axioms of a plastic organisation, which are presented in this viewpoint article. The results indicated that the problem was rather complex, but it also showed good potential for an agent-based simulation model to tackle some of the key issues related to OP. The experiment also showed that PhiloLab was very useful in terms of knowledge and idea gathering.Originality/valueThrough information gathering and open debates on how to create an agent-based simulation model of a plastic organisation, the authors could identify some of the characteristics of OP and start structuring some of the parameters for a computational simulation. With the outcome of the PhiloLab experiment, the authors are paving the way towards future exploratory computational simulation studies of OP.


Gordon Ramsay, Britain's most notorious celebrity chef has demanded 'stringent laws—licensing laws—to make sure produce is only used in season.' In a BBC interview in early May, Ramsay argued that 'fruit and veg should be seasonal. Chefs should be fined if they don't have ingredients in season on their menu.' Ramsay then became yet another prominent chef happy to hypocritically import truffles for their own restaurant yet simultaneously seek to ban the importation of cheap food. Apparently comfortable with this hypocrisy, Ramsay has taken his concerns to the UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown. UK chefs are not alone in plating politics; the launch of the most recent Greenpeace campaign co-opts Australian chefs against genetically modified food. The list of movements which make statements about the relative moral worth of types of food is long: 'fair trade', organic, food miles, anti-GM and slow food are merely the best known of a growing list. What they all share is a demonization of modern farming practices. Of all the modern food movements, slow food is arguably the most seductive. It is also the least well understood. The slow food movement stands in opposition to fast food, to the values of efficiency, mass production, uniformity and speed embedded in fast food corporations such as McDonalds and Starbucks. Indeed, the term 'slow food' was coined in 1989 during protests in Italy against McDonalds opening in Rome. Slow food's slogan is 'good, clean and fair', a global food movement based on what it calls 'eco-gastronomy'; food should taste good, be produced in an environmentally friendly way and food producers should be fairly compensated for their work. The slow food movement emphasises conviviality, the shared table, regional cooking and produce, diversity and taste. Slow food is not, as some assume, simply about cooking food slowly. In Australia the slow food movement has tapped into that affluent group of consumers always looking for 'authentic' experiences. They are more likely to read Gourmet Traveller than Donna Hay; Wallpaper! than Home Beautiful. These are the same people who shun the package holiday, deride McMansions (and their occupants) and reject the four-wheel drive vehicles that often accompany those houses. In short, the typical slow food consumer is a marketer's dream: time-poor, snobbish, a bit green, and very affluent. Increasingly, the unending need to choose the more environmentally sensitive option wracks them with guilt: Is overseas travel unacceptable? What about food miles or ethanol? The personal decisions demanded by the environmental movement are tiring. At the same time, these consumers are time poor because they work hard. Australians work some of the longest hours in the world. For many dual-income professional households time is the great dream missing from their lives. Slow food offers the idea that eating in a certain way, eating certain types of food can slow us down, can create a space outside the rat race. No wonder slow food events are so popular. Similarly, the elevation of food production from work undertaken by poorly educated peasants to a suitable—even enviable—occupation for a tertiary educated 'tree-change' generation makes the slow food movement attractive to the small business proprietors creating gourmet food start-ups all over the developed world. But slow food is not just an epicurean delight—it is a political and ideological movement that rejects modernity and preaches radical environmentalism. The movement is adamant it is much more than a food and wine club. The origins of slow food, in Italy, are political and the movement has never shied away from its goal of claiming good food for the left. The movement's founder, Carlo Petrini summarises slow food as 'a place at the table for the left.' However, it is unlikely that most of the 80,000 global members affiliated with the slow food movement are aware they have joined an organisation formed by Italian communists. Nor would they be aware of the long links between Italy's daily communist newspaper, Il Manifesto and slow food. The original slow food manifesto was published in a food and wine insert in Il Manifesto on November 3 1987. The slow food organisation, supported by memberships and Gordon Ramsay's worst recipes


Abstract. Biomass burning smoke is advected over the southeast Atlantic Ocean between July and October of each year. This smoke plume overlies and mixes into a region of persistent low marine clouds. Model calculations of climate forcing by this plume vary significantly, in both magnitude and sign. The NASA EVS-2 (Earth Venture Suborbital-2) ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) project deployed for field campaigns off the west coast of Africa in three consecutive years (Sept., 2016; Aug., 2017; and Oct., 2018) with the goal of better characterizing this plume as a function of the monthly evolution, by measuring the parameters necessary to calculate the direct aerosol radiative effect. Here, this dataset and satellite retrievals of cloud properties are used to test the representation of the smoke plume and the underlying cloud layer in two regional models (WRF-CAM5 and CNRM-ALADIN) and two global models (GEOS and UM-UKCA). The focus is on comparisons of those aerosol and cloud properties that are the primary determinants of the direct aerosol radiative effect, and on the vertical distribution of the plume and its properties. The representativeness of the observations to monthly averages are tested for each field campaign, with the sampled mean aerosol light extinction generally found to be within 20 % of the monthly mean at plume altitudes. When compared to the observations, in all models the simulated plume is too vertically diffuse, has smaller vertical gradients, and, in two of the models (GEOS and UM-UKCA), the plume core is displaced lower than in the observations. Plume carbon monoxide, black carbon, and organic aerosol masses indicate under-estimates in modeled plume concentrations, leading in general to under-estimates in mid-visible aerosol extinction and optical depth. Biases in mid-visible single scatter albedo are both positive and negative across the models. Observed vertical gradients in single scatter albedo are not captured by the models, but the models do capture the coarse temporal evolution, correctly simulating higher values in October (2018) than in August (2018) and September (2017). Uncertainties in the measured absorption Ångstrom exponent were large but propagate into a negligible (<4 %) uncertainty in integrated solar absorption by the aerosol and therefore in the aerosol direct radiative effect. Model biases in cloud fraction, and therefore the scene albedo below the plume, vary significantly across the four models. The optical thickness of clouds is, on average, well simulated in the WRF-CAM5 and ALADIN models in the stratocumulus region and is under-estimated in the GEOS model; UM-UKCA simulates significantly too-high cloud optical thickness. Overall, the study demonstrates the utility of repeated, semi-random sampling across multiple years that can give insights into model biases and how these biases affect modeled climate forcing. The combined impact of these aerosol and cloud biases on the direct aerosol radiative effect (DARE) is estimated using a first-order approximation for a sub-set of five comparison gridboxes. A significant finding is that the observed gridbox-average aerosol and cloud properties yield a positive (warming) aerosol direct radiative effect for all five gridboxes, whereas DARE using the gridbox-averaged modeled properties ranges from much larger positive values to small, negative values. It is shown quantitatively how model biases can offset each other, so that model improvements that reduce biases in only one property (e.g., single scatter albedo, but not cloud fraction) would lead to even greater biases in DARE. Across the models, biases in aerosol extinction and in cloud fraction and optical depth contribute the largest biases in DARE, with aerosol single scatter albedo also making a significant contribution.


An expanding literature on money and identity is built around the assumption that political elites deliberately use currency design to foster national identities. However, the empirical evidence in favor of this assumption has been fragmentary. Drawing on detailed primary sources we demonstrate nationalist intentions of political elites involved in currency design. We also examine how political elites use banknotes as official pronouncements on who is and who is not part of the nation and what the official attitude toward foreigners is. By tracing changes in the inclusive and exclusive messages directed at an intra-state or international audience we document that there is no connection between ingroup (national) love and outgroup (foreigners, minorities, opposition) hate. The amount of exclusive messages to outgroups culminated in conditions of perceived threat when political leaders tried to mobilize pre-existing identities to secure or maintain political power. In contrast, the officials deliberately tried to broaden ingroup boundaries in order to build international communities. Finally, we document that in the case of limited support for the new conception of identity, officials tried to depict the old and the new identity as complementary, embedding the new identity in existing discourses.


The advancement of multicore systems demands applications with more threads. In order to facilitate this demand, parallel programming models such as message passing interface (MPI) are developed. By using such models, the execution time and the power consumption can be reduced significantly. However, the performance of MPI programming depends on the total number of threads and the number of processing cores in the system. In this work, we experimentally study the impact of Open MPI and POSIX Thread (Pthread) implementations on performance and power consumption of multicore systems. Data dependent (like heat conduction on 2D surface) and data independent (like matrix multiplication) applications are used with high performance hardware in the experiments. Simulation results suggest that both implementations of more threads running in a system with more cores have potential to reduce the execution time with negligible or little increase in total power consumption. It is observed that the performance of MPI implementation varies (due to the dynamic communication overhead among the processing cores).


The Cherenkov effect in optically clear media of varying indices of refraction and composition was investigated for quantification of fast neutrons. The ultimate application of the proposed detection system is criticality monitoring. The optically clear medium, composed of select target nuclei, was coupled to a photomultiplier tube. Neutron reaction products of the target nuclei contained within the optical medium emit beta particles and gamma rays that produce Cherenkov photons within the medium which can be detected. Assessed media include quartz (SiO2), sapphire (Al2O3), spinel (MgAl2O4), and zinc sulfide (ZnS), which were irradiated with un-moderated 252Cf. Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code simulations were conducted to quantify the neutron flux incident on the media. High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopic measurements of the samples were conducted to verify the MCNP estimate. The threshold reactions of interest were 28Si (n, p) 28Al, 27Al (n, p) 27Mg, 24Mg(n, p)24Na, and 64Zn(n, p)64Cu which have neutron reaction cross sections in the 1 to 10 MeV range on the order of 0.1 barn. The detection system offers a unique way to measure a criticality event; it can count in place, making retrieval by emergency personnel unnecessary.


This study explores the dynamic process of the now Republic of South Sudan's achievement of independence after years of autonomy, with a focus on the challenges confronting nationbuilding efforts in the world's youngest nation. The author has a special interest in the study because of his direct involvement in the struggle for external self-determination in his Homeland, the former Barotseland. He followed the events prior to, during and after South Sudan's independence with close interest. The hope of attaining independence endured for decades, even when the country was in the grip of one of the most disastrous civil wars. Despite immense challenges and setbacks, South Sudan has managed to rise from the dust of civil war and the limitations of a contradictory autonomy to a new dawn as an independent state. The purpose of this study is fourfold. First, it examines recent national and international processes that contributed to the making of the world's youngest country, the Republic of South Sudan, grounding the discussion on the nation-building theory. Secondly, the study provides a case study analysis of other African and Asian nations that have undergone similar or near-similar nation-building processes. Thirdly, through an empirical investigation using primary data, the study identifies the challenges confronting South Sudan in its nation-building quest, and considers the country's future prospects. Finally, based on the available literature, the study makes a number of recommendations regarding the challenges facing this young, troubled, yet promising nation.


Linear classifiers are much faster to learn and test than non-linear ones. On the other hand, non-linear kernels offer improved performance, albeit at the increased cost of training kernel classifiers. To use non-linear mappings with efficient linear learning algorithms, explicit embeddings that approximate popular kernels have recently been proposed. However, the embedding process is often costly and the results are usually less accurate than kernel methods. In this work we propose a non-linear feature map that is both very efficient, but at the same time highly expressive. The method is based on discretization and interpolation of individual features values and feature pairs. The discretization allows us to model different regions of the feature space separately, while the interpolation preserves the original continuous values. Using this embedding is strictly more general than a linear model and as efficient as the second-order polynomial explicit feature map. An extensive empirical evaluation shows that our method consistently outperforms other methods, including a wide range of kernels. This is in contrast to other proposed embeddings that were faster than kernel methods, but with lower accuracy.


In this book chapter I present a multidimensional entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) scale. The scale builds on three established ESE-scales, but the reliability of it is improved compared to the original three scales as the highly discipline-specific jargon is transformed to a more neutral wording of the items. The scale has been tested in a large scale survey including 445 students from twelve different programmes at three universities in Denmark and one university in Sweden. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has been applied in order to investigate the multidimensionality of the items in the scale, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has been applied to investigate its convergent, discriminatory and nomological validity. The results demonstrate support for a multidimensional ESE-scale with high predictive validity regarding entrepreneurial behaviours and with high reliability as the items are comprehensible to respondents, regardless if they have entrepreneurial experience or not. The scale can thus be used in programme evaluations that include control groups or other type of individuals that lack entrepreneurial experience.


Incidence of upper cervical vertebra injuries in elder population augments in accordance with the increase in mean life expectancy of the general population. These injuries can be easily misdiagnosed since they can be caused by low-accelerated traumas due to the osteo-degenerative changes in elderly patients, and with generally no neurological findings. Odontoid fractures are the most common among these injuries. Treatment algorithms of odontoid fractures are not still well established because of preexisted co-morbidities and high rates of morbidity and mortality in older individuals. We have retrospectively evaluated 16 cases admitted to our clinic in last 3 years, which were older than 65 years of age and which have been diagnosed with C2 fractures. In 13 of these cases (81.3%) odontoid fractures (10 cases with type II and 3 cases with type III), in 2 cases (12.5%) lateral mass fractures and 1 pars interarticularis fracture were identified. 14 of the patients (87.5%) were treated with medical corsets (7 Halo vests, 7 Minerva braces) and 2 patients (12.5%) had undergone surgery. All patients who had rigid cervical immobilization (RCI) were discharged in cured conditions whereas 2 patients, who were treated with surgical intervention, had died in early post-operative period. In patients with RCI bone fusion rate was 63.6% and recovery with stable fibrosis rate was 36.4% for odontoid fractures. At the end of the medical corset application period, all patients were checked with dynamic X-ray imaging and in an unrelated manner to the bone fusion rates no instability, greater than 1 mm, was determined. In the mean follow-up period of 30 months, no complications were seen after the medical corset application for stabilizations. Therefore, we have the conclusion that in patients from the older population, with no certain indications for surgery, a suitable RCI should be tried at first, and recovery with a stable fibrosis can be adequate for this patient group.


We study the spectral properties of different regions and structures in the energetic neutral atom (ENA) maps at energies from ∼0.5 keV to ∼6 keV from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) mission. We find that (1) an ankle-shaped break (spectrum hardens) between ∼1 keV and ∼2 keV characterizes the polar spectra and the right flank, while a knee-shaped break (spectrum softens) describes the ribbon, nose, and the front region spectra; (2) the spectral indices across full latitudinal range (tail and poles) comprise a dependence reflecting a knee break at mid latitudes and an ankle break at high latitudes. This latitudinal evolution has inflection points at ∼40°S and ∼36°N, and is strongly correlated with the solar wind speed structure obtained by the Ulysses/SWOOPS instrument during its fast latitude scan in 2007. Our study confirms that the ecliptic latitude predominantly orders the spectral signatures of ENA distributions. This ordering may reflect the average solar wind properties that vary characteristically with latitude around solar minimum. We report on the spectral analyses of six regions and two structures in the IBEX maps. We also discuss the spectral asymmetries between the north and the south polar regions, their correlation with solar wind measurements, and the implications of these observations. Thus, we show detailed connections between the IBEX energy spectra and latitudinal properties of solar wind.


The objective of this paper is to assess the effects of adding two modifiers of different chemical nature on the rheological behavior of asphalt–rubber binders: the shale-oil residue and the polyphosphoric acid. Four modified asphalt–rubbers were prepared: asphalt–rubber–PPA (18 % crumb rubber + 1 % PPA), asphalt–rubber–oil (18 % rubber + 10 % shale-oil residue), asphalt–rubber–oil–PPA–1 (18 % rubber + 10 % oil + 1 % PPA) and asphalt–rubber–oil–PPA–2 (9 % rubber + 5 % oil + 0.5 % PPA). A reference asphalt–rubber was prepared using 18 % crumb rubber. The samples were submitted to oscillatory-shear tests to obtain data (complex modulus, G*, and phase angle, δ) to construct master curves. Compared to the base asphalt binder, the pure asphalt–rubber improves the rutting and strain-controlled fatigue resistances. The addition of 1 % PPA enhances even more the rutting resistance and improves slightly the fatigue resistance below 20°C. The most substantial increase in fatigue resistance is obtained when 10 % oil is added to the pure asphalt–rubber, but its rutting resistance is drastically reduced. Mixtures 1 (18 % rubber + 10 % oil + 1 % PPA) and 2 (18 % rubber + 5 % oil + 0.5 % PPA) have lower rutting resistance compared to the base asphalt–rubber, but only mixture 1 has higher fatigue resistance. Compared to the base asphalt binder, all modified asphalt–rubber binders present higher G*/sinδ values (at all rutting temperatures) and lower G*·sinδ values (only below 20°C) when traffic speed reduces. Taking this evidence into account, the asphalt–rubber and the asphalt–rubber–PPA are the most appropriate. Although shale-oil residue has shown opposite results at intermediate and high pavement temperatures (enhancing the fatigue resistance and reducing the rutting resistance), it is able to reduce the viscosity of the asphalt–rubber, enhancing the workability of the HMA mixes during construction.


This article is based on a three-month ethnographic study conducted in a non-governmental organization (NGO) in Beirut, Lebanon. This particular NGO, in conjunction with other organizations, provides educational opportunities for migrant domestic workers: adult language classes for learning English and French. The volunteer teachers have no pedagogical or instructional training, and often no previous teaching experience. By way of participant observation and in-depth interviews, I examine the narratives of volunteer teachers who describe a Freirean pedagogical position that is also evident in their teaching practices. I assert that a Freirean model for NGO functionality can bring about liberatory and transformative education and a successful NGO structure. Concepts, Ideas, People Paulo Freire, Non-governmental organization, Beirut, Lebanon, Transformative education, Migrant domestic workers Epistemologies, Methods, and Theories Participatory Action Research (PAR), Ethnographic Methods, Critical Theory This article is available in Pedagogy & (Im)Possibilities across Education Research (PIPER): https://newprairiepress.org/piper/vol1/iss1/5


In this paper, we examine the value of social question-answering (Q&A) services as a platform for social search. We present a quasi-field study where we instructed 20 study participants to use a social Q&A service, Yahoo! Answers, for a period of one week, and interviewed them about their experience with Yahoo! Answers based on the questions (N=99) they posted to the site. The results indicate that participants turned to a social search system when they needed firsthand information, diverse perspectives, and others' value judgments. Participants also preferred social search systems over web search engines in situations where they could obtain tailored information, access original and non-popular information, filter out information, and interact with real people. Various strategies that participants employed to ensure that their questions would be likely to be answered were also identified. This study contributes to the field of information science by investigating a social Q&A service using the framework of social search from the information seeker's perspective. The results have implications for developers and designers of social search systems.


Abstract Event studies are a popular research paradigm in several fields of business research. They are now beginning to appear in insurance literature. This article enumerates the steps common to all event studies and discusses the guidance that has been provided by others for the problems encountered at each of those steps. Introduction The event study is one of the most popular statistical designs in finance. In 1987 and 1988, 14 event studies were published in the Journal of Finance and another 26 in the Journal of Financial Economics. During that period the Journal of Risk and Insurance published five event studies. The event study will be used more frequently by insurance researchers as they become more familiar with its methodology and better recognize its applicability to insurance issues. The technique is particularly well suited to assessing the impact of insured or uninsured events on individual firms, or measuring the impact of market-wide events such as regulation or legislation on the market as a whole or on individual market (industry) segments. Types of event studies vary. Market efficiency studies assess how quickly and correctly the market reacts to a particular type of new information. Information usefulness studies assess the degree to which company returns react to the release of a particular bit of news. Accounting scholars have used the information usefulness concept to assess the value of accounting information (see, e.g., Foster, 1973 and 1975, or Watts, 1973 and 1978). Such studies have also been used to assess the extent to which market participants were watching the accounting profession's policy making process (see, e.g., Basu, 1981, or Collins, Rozeff and Salatka, 1982). Analogies to each of these topics can be found in recent Journal of Risk and Insurance articles. Sprecher and Pertl (1983) assess the impact that large losses had on shareholders' returns in a number of industries. Davidson, Chandy and Cross (1987) look at the same issue in the airline industry, where insurance is mandatory. Cross, Davidson and Thornton (1988) use the event study to examine the effect of director and officer lawsuits on firm value. Lacey (1988) examines the relationship between excess returns and property-liability firms' income to evaluate a collusion theory of the liability crisis. VanDerhei (1987) assesses the impact of voluntary termination of overfunded pension plans. All these insurance studies follow a recent trend in event studies. They involve what Bowman (1983) calls metric explanation. In a metric explanation study, the event study is only the first step. Early studies explained the metrics (extra returns) by splitting the sample into different subsamples and examining whether the unusual element of returns differed among the subsamples. [1] More recent studies use excess returns as dependent variables in cross-sectional regressions to explain the source of the extra returns. [2] These then are the basic types of event studies: market efficiency, information value, and metric explanation. These classifications are not mutually exclusive. It is quite common for event studies to combine a little of each. There are also methodology studies of the event study design, research that considers how best to run event studies. Event study methodology papers are unusual for business research where econometricians and statisticians typically use statistical theory to define how a test should be run. In event studies, the issues have been tested empirically, not theoretically, to find out what will work given the nature of financial data. Such investigations normally involve simulations. The researcher selects, or creates, [3] a hypothetical sample of securities, injects abnormal returns on arbitrarily defined event dates, and tests competing methodologies to ascertain which is better at detecting the event. This article draws heavily upon the event study methodology literature to identify the problems that a researcher faces and to suggest the solutions that current knowledge provides for these problems. …


Concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in the marine gastropod, Telescopium telescopium, were
determined to provide background information on heavy metal levels in the Straits of Malacca in the Indonesian
side. Samples ofT. telescopium were collected from intertidal Dumai coastal waters at four stations inJuly 2004. The results of the present study showed that metal concentrations in the soft tissue ofT. telescopium varied at
different sampling stations: 0.33 - 0.69 )1g/g; 9.38 - 52.29 )1g/g; 1.73 - 10. 78 )1g/g; 14.69 - 69.87 )1g/g
dry weight far cadmium, copper, lead and zinc, respectively. Samples from Sungai Dumai station accumulated
mare heavy metals when compared to other stations. Smaller T. telescopium accumulate mare metals than larger
ones. Negative carrelations between metal concentrations and size (length and weight) were obseroed (except Cd
and Cu in samples from Sungai Mesjid) with some variation in the carrelation coefficients which indicated metal
regulation lJy the T. telescopiurn. Sungai Dumai showed the highest Metal Pollution Index (MPl) of 12.57 and
Tomlinson Pollution Load Index (PLI) of 34.35 with Lubuk Gaung showing the lowest with 3.26 and 8.89,
respectively. In general, the MPI and PU values indicate that metal pollution in Dumai coastal waters is not
a serious threat yet and no drastic rectification measures are needed. However, as one of the most developing
regions in Sumatera, further studies are necessary to assess temparal variation in metal accumulation and concentration for this species and other possible indicator organisms as well as in sediment from the surrounding
areas in order to gain a better understanding of pollution status in Dumai coastal waters.


Generational Use of New Media examines and contrasts how younger and older people, representing different generations, engage with the new media that they increasingly encounter in everyday life. Exploring the various assumptions about the degrees to which younger and older people are more or less willing to use, or are capable of using, new media, the social circumstances under which they do so and the very design of those media, this book critically examines the gap that is assumed to exist between younger users of new media and older non-users. Thematically organised and offering comparative analyses of the generational use of new media and technology, this timely volume presents the latest research and rich new empirical material gathered in the EU, USA and Hong Kong, to reflect on societal practices and the practical implications of building a more inclusive information society.


In this work, we found that rotavirus infection induces an early membrane permeabilization of MA104 cells and promotes the coentry of toxins, such as alpha-sarcin, into the cell. This cell permeability was shown to depend on infectious virus and was also shown to be virus dose dependent, with 10 infectious particles per cell being sufficient to achieve maximum permeability; transient, lasting no more than 15 min after virus entry and probably occurring concomitantly with virus penetration; and specific, since cells that are poorly permissive for rotavirus were not permeabilized. The rotavirus-mediated coentry of toxins was not blocked by the endocytosis inhibitors dansylcadaverine and cytochalasin D or by the vacuolar proton-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1, suggesting that neither endocytocis nor an intraendosomal acidic pH or a proton gradient is required for permeabilization of the cells. Compounds that raise the intracellular concentration of calcium ([Ca2+]i) by different mechanisms, such as the calcium ionophores A23187 and ionomycin and the endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin, did not block the coentry of alpha-sarcin or affect the onset of viral protein synthesis, suggesting that a low [Ca2+]i is not essential for the initial steps of the virus life cycle. Since the entry of alpha-sarcin correlates with virus penetration in all parameters tested, the assay for permeabilization to toxins might be a useful tool for studying and characterizing the route of entry and the mechanism used by rotaviruses to traverse the cell membrane and initiate a productive replication cycle.


Salience Estimation aims to predict term importance in documents.Due to few existing human-annotated datasets and the subjective notion of salience, previous studies typically generate pseudo-ground truth for evaluation. However, our investigation reveals that the evaluation protocol proposed by prior work is difficult to replicate, thus leading to few follow-up studies existing. Moreover, the evaluation process is problematic: the entity linking tool used for entity matching is very noisy, while the ignorance of event argument for event evaluation leads to boosted performance. In this work, we propose a light yet practical entity and event salience estimation evaluation protocol, which incorporates the more reliable syntactic dependency parser. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive analysis among popular entity and event definition standards, and present our own definition for the Salience Estimation task to reduce noise during the pseudo-ground truth generation process. Furthermore, we construct dependency-based heterogeneous graphs to capture the interactions of entities and events. The empirical results show that both baseline methods and the novel GNN method utilizing the heterogeneous graph consistently outperform the previous SOTA model in all proposed metrics.


Background and Aims: An estimated 275 per 100,000 individuals (UK) sustain an acquired brain injury (ABI) requiring hospital admission. Survivors may suffer from; depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and an increased risk of suicide. From 2002/3- 2011/12, UK admissions for head injuries have risen by 33.5% with traumatic brain injury (TBI) considered the most common cause of disability and death in young adults aged 18-25yrs. The aim of this research was to gain insight into the lived experience of young adults with an ABI and to consider the implications for counselling psychologists.

Methods: The research was split into two parts. Stage one: data was collected from five participants (aged 18-30yrs) who had experienced an ABI; this formed the focus group. The focus group participated in eight semi-structured questions, broadly exploring the lived experience of ABI which informed the development of stage two. Stage Two: data was collected from nine different participants (aged 18-30yrs) who had experienced an ABI. They took part in individual interviews involving a narrative exercise called the 'Train of Life' followed by four semi-structured questions which provided stage two of the results.

Results: Thematic Analysis was utilised for both stage one and stage two of the research process. Focus group emerging themes were- negotiating relationships; growing stronger; and experience of self in the world. Individual Interviews generated the master themes- hidden consequences; discovering a different world; and piecing together a new narrative. Master themes comprised of eleven sub-themes - making sense of what could have been; change as a challenge; coping strategies; person in context; identity; connecting; rejection; surviving in a hostile world; moving beyond ABI; appreciating life and the paradox of survival.

Conclusions: Young adults with ABI more frequently access general psychological services. To effectively work within this field, counselling psychologists should have an increased awareness of ABI and its consequences in planning services, policies and work practices.

Key words: Acquired brain injury; young adults; Thematic Analysis; narrative exercise and lived experience.


This paper examines the effects of predatory lending laws in the cities of Chicago and Philadelphia. The level of mortgage activity in each of the cities is compared during the pre- and post-legislative periods relative to other parts of the state to assess the impact of localized legislation. In Chicago, where the predatory lending law focused on banks, a subprime origination in the city was found to be more likely to be made by a nonbank after the passage of the law. In Philadelphia, however, where the predatory legislation was aimed at all financial service providers, a decline was observed in the likelihood of a subprime loan being originated in the city during the post-legislation period, with the minority and low-income market segments experiencing the largest reduction.


This paper presents a compact- and a macro-model for estimating and simulating the perturbations induced in the substrate by high-voltage transistors switching inductive loads. On one hand, it allows the designer to predict the amount of switching noise generated by a particular topology. On the other hand, it enables a wise choice of the positioning of sensitive low-voltage circuits around the noisy devices, as well as the choice of appropriate shielding structures. The models proposed are validated by measurements on a prototype circuit at 25degC.


Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. Phytochemicals have become a research hotspot in recent years as cancer prevention and treatment agents due to their low toxicity and limited side-effects. Ellagic acid (EA), a natural phenolic constituent, displays various biological activities, including anticancer effects. However, the detailed anticancer mechanisms of EA remain unclear. In the present study, we found that EA inhibited the growth of HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Moreover, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by microarray profiling of HCT-116 cells treated with EA. A total of 857 DEGs (363 upregulated and 494 downregulated) were identified with a >1.5-fold change in expression after treatment with EA for 72 h. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that a large number of cellular functions were modified by EA including proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle and angiogenesis. Interaction network analysis using DEGs provided details of their interactions and predicted the key target pathways of EA. To verify the result of cDNA microarray, 10 selected DEGs related to proliferation, apoptosis or cell cycle were further confirmed by real-time RT-PCR. Based on microarray data, we identified several crucial functions of EA. These results provide important new data for EA in anti-CRC research.


Within the Master of Teaching Program at the University of Calgary, two teacher educators collaborated in facilitating an inquiry-based project with a group of preservice teachers in examining real-world issues related to English as Second Language students. A learning environment was created and modeled, where preservice teachers were challenged to think about teaching and learning with technology, the relationship between technology and learning, and to become designers of learning with digital media and network technologies. This article describes one teacher educator's perceptions of the project and presents her insights into planning and facilitating a learning environment that purposefully integrated technology to foster a rich, deep learning experience.


Hannah Appel's notion of "modularity" in her analysis of contemporary transnational oil operations exquisitely captures the work required to create the illusion that petroleum production is removed from and uncompromised by local entanglements. Her study belies the notion (peddled by the industry) that the extraction of crude oil is a technoscientific wonder detached from disruptive inequalities and tumultuous political conditions that too frequently haunt places where oil development occurs. In this commentary, I sketch two directions for further research inspired by Appel's work that could extend the disentangling calculus of corporate profit, liability, and risk. One centers on the corporate form and the other on the financialization of risk.


We perform a detailed study of the interdiffusion of two miscible liquids of different viscosities, water and a water/glycerol mixture, flowing side by side within a pressure-driven microfluidic flow. Using Raman imaging, we measure cartographies of the concentration in glycerol for different imposed flow rates. The analysis of these experimental data confirms a classical diffusive mixing since the extent of the diffusion layer follows a power law regime with the streamwise coordinate x. However, the interdiffusion layer is not located in the center of the microchannel, and its mean position ym evolves with x during the mixing. We also derive a theoretical model and present analytical arguments to explain the above results. We demonstrate that the displacement of the interdiffusion zone ym(x) is due to the coupling between hydrodynamics and the mixing through the dependence of the viscosity with the glycerol concentration. Eventually, we perform numerical simulations of the theoretical model and compare the solutions with the experimental data in order to estimate quantitatively an interdiffusion coefficient.


Cellular aging is linked to deficiencies in efficient repair of DNA double strand breaks and authentic genome maintenance at the chromatin level. Aging poses a significant threat to adult stem cell function by triggering persistent DNA damage and ultimately cellular senescence. Senescence is often considered to be an irreversible process. Moreover, critical genomic regions engaged in persistent DNA damage accumulation are unknown. Here we report that 65% of naturally occurring repairable DNA damage in self-renewing adult stem cells occurs within transposable elements. Upregulation of Alu retrotransposon transcription upon ex vivo aging causes nuclear cytotoxicity associated with the formation of persistent DNA damage foci and loss of efficient DNA repair in pericentric chromatin. This occurs due to a failure to recruit of condensin I and cohesin complexes. Our results demonstrate that the cytotoxicity of induced Alu repeats is functionally relevant for the human adult stem cell aging. Stable suppression of Alu transcription can reverse the senescent phenotype, reinstating the cells' self-renewing properties and increasing their plasticity by altering so-called "master" pluripotency regulators.


This paper presents a monitoring system for tree-structured passive optical access networks. The emitted light of a superluminescent LED is utilized as the monitoring source. The light signal that propagates along the fiber to the customer site is then reflected by a uniform or phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating (FBG), which is employed near the end of the customer site. The wavelength optimization concept was demonstrated, where one center wavelength or Bragg wavelength is shared by two types of monitoring FBGs. Each FBG represents the distinct location of the optical network unit (ONU)to bemonitored. This technique improves the number of monitored ONUs twofold, since a single Bragg wavelength can be utilized to monitor two independent customers. The results were analyzed using a digital signal processing board that displays the reflection spectra of the FBGs. After identifying the faulty branch, an optical time domain reflectometer can be activated for fault localization. The system is capable of monitoring up to 128 customers while maintaining the bit error rate at 10-9. This real-time, centralized monitoring system demonstrates a low-power and cost efficient monitoring system with low bandwidth requirements.


Background A significant body of scholarship has highlighted the importance of improvisation in teaching, particularly the interactional and responsive creativity that is required for teachers to co-construct meaning with students. However, recent efforts inside and outside university-based teacher education have pushed against novice teacher learning through improvisation, preferring to focus on the "practicing" of identifiable components or discrete techniques of teaching. Purpose Based on an expansive view of practice, I argue that improvisation is inextricably connected to practice and illustrate that the marginalization of improvisation limits opportunities for novice teachers to learn the relational aspects of teaching. I develop the concept of principled improvisation: improvisation that is purposefully oriented toward justice and that accentuates each moment of teaching as political, ethical, and consequential. I describe the design of a learning environment for preservice teachers that was organized around principled improvisation and demonstrate its unique affordances for particular forms of novice teacher learning. Research Design Based on a close reading of novice teachers' weekly reflections and audio recordings and field notes from the whole-class discussions, I highlight five examples of practice guided by principled improvisation that span a diversity of participants, contexts, and scale. These illustrative cases are not meant to systematically characterize all instances of practice guided by principled improvisation in the course; rather, they are meant to be invitations to grapple with new pedagogical and learning possibilities (and limitations) that emerge when teacher education is organized around principled improvisation. In particular, I explore how learning to listen played prominently in teacher practice guided by principled improvisation and examine how the opportunity to narrate, re-narrate, and re-envision experiences allowed novice teachers to learn and collectively build place-relevant theory. Conclusions The opportunities to learn to recognize emotion, listen, see race in place, consider political expression, and make sense of power across scales were significant aspects of the relational work of teachers that were learned by organizing novice teacher learning around principled improvisation. These forms of learning could not have taken place if the experiences of the novice teacher were only organized around the rehearsal of components of teaching. It required teaching in a complex space that connects self and interactions in place to larger structures and ideologies in society.


During the Bush-Kerry presidential election of 2004, both candidates sought and received endorsements from retired high-ranking military officers. At the Democratic National Convention, Senator John Kerry "surrounded himself not only with former Navy colleagues but also with prominent retired military brass." Retired Army General (and former candidate) Wesley Clark spoke at the convention, describing Kerry as "a leader, a fighter, and he will make a great commander-in-chief." (1) Twelve retired generals and admirals endorsed Kerry, including such notables as Admiral William Crowe, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and General Merrill McPeak, former Air Force Chief of Staff. McPeak subsequently appeared in television advertisements defending Kerry and his service in Vietnam in response to critical television advertisements from the Swift Boat Veterans for Truth. Retired Army General Tommy Franks, the architect of the successful invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq, publicly endorsed President George W. Bush and later spoke in support of the President before a national audience at the Republican National Convention. Similarly, during the 2008 Obama-McCain presidential campaign, retired military leaders actively endorsed and campaigned for candidates. One of America's most respected retired officers, former Secretary of State Colin Powell, crossed party lines and endorsed candidate Barack Obama on national television. E-mails from "General Wesley Clark" sought campaign contributions for then-candidate Obama. (2) This was followed by Clark's devaluation on national television of Senator John McCain's war record in Vietnam, prompting then-Senator Obama to disavow Clark's criticisms. (3) In reporting the event, one article referred to Clark as a "prominent Democratic general." (4) The public endorsement of presidential candidates by retired general officers reflects a disturbing trend toward the politicization of the American military, and concomitantly, a gradual departure from the nonpartisan professional military ethic. This modern trend began subtly with the candidacy of Dwight D. Eisenhower but has taken a very disturbing and public turn as prominent retired officers began to endorse candidates. What was once considered inappropriate behavior has now become commonplace. This article will review the history of the development, and gradual erosion, of a professional military ethic of political neutrality. Further, the article will examine the current state of permissible military participation in the political process. Finally, the authors posit that active and public participation of retired military officers in partisan politics, in their capacity as retired military officers, should be discouraged as potentially damaging to the US armed forces in both material and philosophical ways. If the military of a democracy is politically partisan, it is, in effect, damaging to democracy itself in that the military does not serve in the fullest, most impartial manner. The Development of a Politically Neutral Military Although the historical tradition of an "apolitical" military is generally accepted among most Americans, many might feel uncomfortable when contemplating the rather large number of men who have parlayed military achievements into political success. Prior to the Civil War, George Washington, Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, and Zachary Taylor all ascended to the presidency after successful military careers. Lieutenant General Winfield Scott more frequently, if less prosperously, attempted to secure the presidency, while simultaneously serving as Commanding General of the Army. Scott's political ambitions date at least to the 1840 presidential campaign, which Harrison, a former general, won. In 1852, Commanding General Scott ran unsuccessfully for President as the Whig Party candidate, garnering more than 40 percent of the popular vote but losing heavily in the electoral vote. …


The presence of iron has important consequences for hydrogen diffusion in many minerals, allowing charge compensation during hydrogen extraction by a redox mechanism. Here we present new experimentally determined diffusion data for hydrogen in synthetic orthopyroxenes in the system MgSiO 3 – FeSiO 3 derived from hydrogen extraction experiments. Results confirm the previously made assumption that hydrogen extraction is rate limited by hydrogen self diffusion, if a threshold value for x Fe is exceeded. Our best estimate for this threshold value is x Fe = 0.12 (±0.02). Natural orthopyroxenes from ultramafic rocks exhibit small, but significantly higher diffusivities than the synthetic samples, leading to the conclusion that other factors such as the concentration of M-site vacancies or the presence of other cations also may influence the rate of hydrogen extraction.


A pyrotechnically pumped Nd glass laser is demonstrated by the use of pyrotechnic flashlamps composed of several chemical materials arranged in a stable plane concave resonator cavity. The flashlamp was made of chemical mixture with oxidant, fuel, and binder. The emission spectrum of pyrotechnic flame covered most of the absorption bands of Nd3+ in phosphate glass. Under 4.56-g chemical mixture pumping, long pulse output power of about 5.5 W was achieved.


Systematic reviews of meta-analysis can provide helpful insights in several aspects of meta-analysis: quality of published meta-analyses, statistical methods, publication bias and its determinants, and on the causes of heterogeneity. However, they present limitations, mostly derived from the current statistical procedures applied to detect some facts, such as publication bias and heterogeneity.

Systematic review of meta-analyses can be defined as the study working with meta-analysis as the unit of analysis. During the past years meta-analysis has been a growing field, more and more papers appearing on it with time. For instance, the number of references in a PubMed search using the keyword meta-analysis has steadily increased: 329 in 1990, 769 in 1995, 1649 in 2000, and 2545 in 2004. With such amount of papers it is not strange that the number of papers using meta-analysis itself as unit of analysis has also increased. From time to time the term "meta-meta-analysis" has appeared in scientific literature. The first time I read it in epidemiological literature was in an excellent editorial by Spitzer1 criticising the limitations of pooling data from observational studies. To follow properly the terminology currently applied the term meta-meta-analysis should be reserved for the combination of several meta-analyses in just one estimate. Katerndahl and Lawler2 used this procedure to analyse the variability of 23 meta-analyses of the benefits of cholesterol reduction in coronary heart disease. They concluded that methodologically better meta-analyses showed a trend to report more beneficial odds ratios and the main fact supporting cholesterol reduction was the statistical significance of the odds ratios for cardiovascular mortality. Grissom3 applied it to study in psychology the superiority of experimental treatments compared with placebo and control treatments, suggesting that there is more to therapeutic success than placebo effects and that placebo is typically better than do-nothing control …


Humans excel in solving complex reasoning tasks through a mental process of moving from one idea to a related one. Inspired by this, we propose Subgoal Search (kSubS) method. Its key component is a learned subgoal generator that produces a diversity of subgoals that are both achievable and closer to the solution. Using subgoals reduces the search space and induces a high-level search graph suitable for efficient planning. In this paper, we implement kSubS using a transformer-based subgoal module coupled with the classical best-first search framework. We show that a simple approach of generating $k$-th step ahead subgoals is surprisingly efficient on three challenging domains: two popular puzzle games, Sokoban and the Rubik's Cube, and an inequality proving benchmark INT. kSubS achieves strong results including state-of-the-art on INT within a modest computational budget.


This article evaluates the protections against 'arbitrary' and 'unlawful' detention aff orded to nonnationals on having entered the territory of a State party to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Focussing on Article 5 ECHR and the various permissible exceptions therein, the article examines leading decisions of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and, in so doing, illuminates and explores tensions arising from the juncture at which Contracting States' capacity to detain entry-seeking non-nationals, without criminal charge or trial, intersects with the requisites of Article 5(1)(f ) ECHR, as construed by the ECtHR. It argues that the ECtHR's interpretative standpoint regarding the 'lawful' administrative detention of 'unauthorised' non-nationals gives disproportionate preference to Contracting States' interest in managing migration flows. It also argues that in consequence States' obligations in international human rights law, the strictures of Article 5 ECHR and the credibility of the Strasbourg Court itself are enfeebled.