Xhosa (Bantu, South Africa) has a pattern of labial palatalization.  When the passive suffix /-w-/ is added to a stem ending in a labial, the labial becomes palatal (uku-lu m -a → uku-lu ɲ -w-a).  Two main types of analysis have been proposed for this alternation: (i) the 'phonological analysis', which states that the alternation is part of speakers' synchronic phonological grammar, and (ii) the 'lexical analysis', which states that speakers learn the palatalized passive forms as part of their lexical knowledge. To distinguish between the two hypotheses, we conducted a wug test in which speakers of Xhosa were shown nonce verbs and asked to provide their corresponding passive form.  Since the phonological analysis requires there to be a synchronic phonological rule, speakers should passivize nonce forms in the conditioning environment.  Under the lexical analysis, however, speakers are predicted not to palatalize nonce forms, since the real-word palatalized passives they produce are simply stored in the lexicon. Our results show a great deal of inter-speaker variation.  While some speakers produced palatalized nonce forms nearly 100% of the time, other speakers failed to produce any palatalized nonce forms at all.  We argue that labial palatalization may be analyzed in different ways by different speakers.


This study focuses on the capture of Stephanus Francois (Fanie) Hugo during the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) and his captivity in various prisoner-of-war camps in India. To Hugo, war-time violence meant that he was deprived of his personal freedom, that he was held captive in a foreign country and that he was estranged from his family. Fanie Hugo, originally from Dal Josafat near Paarl in the Western Cape, was a naturalised Transvaal citizen when he was taken prisoner as a non-combatant by the British in Klein-Marico in the Western Transvaal on 5 September 1901. Afterwards he was sent to the prisoner-of-war camp in Green Point in Cape Town and from there to India. In India he became one of the last group of prisoners of war to sign the Declaration of Allegiance to the British Crown. The result was that he did not leave India for South Africa before January 1904. From his diary and other correspondence with his family it becomes clear how the tension between him and in particular his parents and brother increased as a result of his repeated refusal to sign the Declaration of Allegiance. Giving his signature would mean that he could be sent back to South Africa, and, as they badly needed him on the farm, his family could not understand his refusal. Not even the illness and death of his father could change his attitude. For his part Fanie Hugo thought that they did not want to understand his situation. The result was that Hugo made a vow never to become involved in politics and never again to talk about the war and his experiences as a prisoner of war. He kept his promise and it was only after his death in 1960 that his children found his diary and other correspondence.


INTRODUCTION
The use of sedative and analgesic medications is directly linked to patient outcomes. The practice of administering as-needed sedative or analgesic medications deserves further exploration. We hypothesized that important variations exist in the practice of administering as-needed medications in the intensive care unit (ICU). We aimed to determine the influence of time of day on the practice of administering as-needed sedative or analgesic medications to children in the ICU.

METHODS
Medication administration records of patients admitted to our pediatric cardiovascular ICU during a 4-month period were reviewed to determine the frequency and timing of as-needed medication usage by shift.

RESULTS
A total of 152 ICU admissions (1854 patient days) were reviewed. A significantly greater number of as-needed doses were administered during the night shift (fentanyl, P = .005; lorazepam, P = .03; midazolam, P = .0003; diphenhydramine, P = .0003; and chloral hydrate, P = .0006). These differences remained statistically significant after excluding doses given during the first 6 hours after cardiovascular surgery. Morphine administration was similar between shifts (P = .08).

CONCLUSIONS
We identified a pattern of increased administration of as-needed sedative or analgesic medications during nights. Further research is needed to identify the underlying causes of this practice variation.


BACKGROUND
In patients with melanoma, early dissemination via lymphatic and hematogenous routes is frequently seen. Thus, besides clinical follow-up examination and imaging, reliable melanoma-specific serological tumor markers are needed.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We retrospectively compared two serum markers for melanoma, S100 and melanoma-inhibitory activity (MIA), for monitoring of patients with metastatic melanoma under either adjuvant or therapeutic vaccination immunotherapy with dendritic cells (DC). Serum was obtained from a total of 100 patients (28 patients in stage III and 72 patients in stage IV, according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer 2002) at regular intervals during therapy, accompanied by follow-up imaging.

RESULTS
When relapse was detected, both markers often remained within normal range. In contrast, in patients with metastatic measurable disease receiving therapeutic and not adjuvant DC vaccination, an increase of both markers was a strong indicator for disease progression. When comparing both markers in the whole study population, MIA showed a superior sensitivity to detect disease progression.

CONCLUSION
S100 and MIA are highly sensitive tumor markers for monitoring of patients with melanoma with current metastases, but less sensitive for monitoring of tumor-free patients. In the current study, MIA had a slightly superior sensitivity to detect progressive disease compared to S100 and seems to be more useful in monitoring of patients with metastatic melanoma receiving immunotherapy.


Abstract. The azimuthal wavenumber m of ultra low-frequency (ULF) waves in the magnetosphere is a required parameter in the calculations of the diffusion rates of energetic electrons and protons in the magnetosphere, as electrons and protons of drift frequency ωd have been shown to radially diffuse due to resonant interaction with ULF waves of frequency ω = mωd. However, there are difficulties in estimating m, due to lack of multipoint measurements. In this paper we use magnetic field measurements at geosynchronous orbit to calculate the cross-spectrogram power and phase differences between time series from magnetometer pairs. Subsequently, assuming that ULF waves of a certain frequency and m would be observed with a certain phase difference between two azimuthally aligned magnetometers, the fraction of the total power in each phase difference range is calculated. As part of the analysis, both quiet-time and storm-time distributions of power per m number are calculated, and it is shown that during active times, a smaller fraction of total power is confined to lower m than during quiet times. It is also shown that in the dayside region, power is distributed mostly to the lowest azimuthal wavenumbers m = 1 and 2, whereas on the nightside it is more equally distributed to all m that can be resolved by the azimuthal separation between two spacecraft.


Sardines have been a major contributor to the pelagic fishery off southern Africa for several decades. The South African and Namibian stocks are separate, and seasonal hydrology, in conjunction with age-related behaviour, produces the observed size-distribution patterns. Sardines are relatively fast-growing and spawn repeatedly over the spring and summer months. Eggs and larvae are transported from the Agulhas Bank to the west coast by the north-flowing jet current at the shelf edge. Sardines are omnivorous, microphagist filter-feeders and are important prey for many piscivorous fishes, birds and mammals. There have been major fluctuations in sardine population biomass in southern Africa which have been associated with environment, regime shifts, recruitment and fishing, South African and Namibian sardine catches peaked in the 1960s, declining dramatically thereafter, and the pelagic fishing industry switched to anchovy. During the 1990s, sardine biomass increased but, although South African catches rose, the Namibian stock collapsed again. The annual South African total allowable catch is set through an operational management procedure that takes into account biomass estimates from comprehensive hydroacoustic surveys and the sardine by-catch in the anchovy fishery.


In recent years, software development has started to transition from centralized version control systems (CVCSs) to decentralized (DVCSs) version control systems. Although CVCSs and DVCSs have been studied extensively, there has been very little research on the transition across these systems. This paper investigates the transition process, from the developer's point of view, in a large company. The paper captures the transition reasons, barriers, and results through ten developer interviews, and investigates these findings through a survey, participated by 70 developers. We found that the majority of the developers need incremental, small commits, and lightweight branches to work efficiently. DVCSs fulfill these developer needs; however the transition comes with a cost depending on the previous development workflow. The paper discusses the transition reasons, transition barriers and outcomes, and provides recommendations for teams planning such a transition. Our analysis showed that lightweight branches and local, incremental commits were the main reasons for developers wanting to move to a DVCS. Further, the main problems with the transition process were identified as: steep DVCS learning curve; tool immaturity; and DVCS scaling issues.


To program parallel systems efficiently and easily, a wide range of programming models have been proposed, each with different choices concerning synchronization and communication between parallel entities. Among them, the actor model is based on loosely coupled parallel entities that communicate by means of asynchronous messages and mailboxes. Some actor languages provide a strong integration with object-oriented concepts; these are often called active object languages. This article reviews four major actor and active object languages and compares them according to carefully chosen dimensions that cover central aspects of the programming paradigms and their implementation.


In this paper, we define and model forward risk-free term rates, which appear in the payoff definition of derivatives, and possibly cash instruments, based on the new interest-rate benchmarks that will be replacing IBORs globally. We show that the classical interest rate modeling framework can be naturally extended to describe the evolution of both the forward-looking (IBOR-like) and backward-looking (setting-in-arrears) term rates using the same stochastic process. In particular, we show that the extension of the popular LIBOR Market Model (LMM) to the backward-looking rates completes the model by providing additional information about the rate dynamics not accessible in the LMM.


For the beta phase of the 11th revision of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), the World Health Organization (WHO) intends to accept public input through a distributed model of authoring. To enable social computation and collaboration among broader communities, it is imperative but remains challenging to have an open-data access solution for ICD-11 contents. The objective of the present study is to describe our experiences and challenges on building the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) compliant Semantic Web RESTful services that aim to support the authoring application development of ICD-11. We propose a framework of building such services, which is composed of four layers: a semantic normalization layer, a semantic repository layer, a semantic services layer and an application layer. For the prototype implementation, we first generated the normalized ICD-11 linked RDF data through utilizing WHO ICD URI scheme and SKOS RDF data model. We used the Linked Data API and developed simple RESTful services for the standardized ICD-11 contents. We performed a preliminary evaluation on the usefulness of the system in terms of the feasibility of the services and its potential in support of building the Common Terminology Services 2 (CTS2) compliant services. In conclusion, we developed an effective framework of building standardized Semantic Web RESTful services on ICD-11 linked data, which would be useful to support ICD-11 revision.


Although there is a vast clinical literature on phantom limbs, there have been no experimental studies on the effects of visual input on phantom sensations. We introduce an inexpensive new device - a 'virtual reality box' - to resurrect the phantom visually to study such inter-sensory effects. A mirror is placed vertically on the table so that the mirror reflection of the patient's intact hand is 'superimposed' on the felt position of the phantom. We used this procedure on ten patients and found the following results. 1. In six patients, when the normal hand was moved, so that the phantom was perceived to move in the mirror, it was also felt to move; i.e. kinesthetic sensations emerged in the phantom. In D.S. this effect occurred even though he had never experienced any movements in the phantom for ten years before we tested him. He found the return of sensations very enjoyable. 2. Repeated practice led to a permanent 'disappearance' of the phantom arm in patient D.S. and the hand became telescoped into the stump near the shoulder. 3. Using an optical trick, impossible postures - e.g. extreme hyperextension of the fingers - could be induced visually in the phantom. In one case this was felt as a transient 'painful tug' in the phantom. 4. Five patients experienced involuntary painful 'clenching spasms' in the phantom hand and in four of them the spasms were relieved when the mirror was used to facilitate 'opening' of the phantom hand; opening was not possible without the mirror. 5. In three patients, touching the normal hand evoked precisely localized touch sensations in the phantom. Interestingly, the referral was especially pronounced when the patients actually 'saw' their phantom being touched in the mirror. Indeed, in a fourth patient (R.L.) the referral occurred only if he saw his phantom being touched: a curious form of synaesthesia. These experiments lend themselves readily to imaging studies using pet and fMRi. Taken collectively, they suggest that there is a considerable amount of latent plasticity even in the adult human brain. For example, precisely organized new pathways, bridging the two cerebral hemispheres, can emerge in less than three weeks. Furthermore, there must be a great deal of back and forth interaction between vision and touch, so that the strictly modular, hierarchical model of the brain that is currently in vogue needs to be replaced with a more dynamic, interactive model, in which 're-entrant' signalling plays the main role.


The recent advancement in high- performance semiconductor packages has been driven by the need for higher pin count and superior heat dissipation. A one-piece cavity lid flip chip ball grid array (BGA) package with high pin count and targeted reliability has emerged as a popular choice. The flip chip technology can accommodate an I/O count of more than five hundreds500, and the die junction temperature can be reduced to a minimum level by a metal heat spreader attachment. None the less, greater expectations on these high-performance packages arose such as better substrate real estate utilization for multiple chips, ease in handling for thinner core substrates, and improved board- level solder joint reliability. A new design of the flip chip BGA package has been looked into for meeting such requirements. By encapsulating the flip chip with molding compound leaving the die top exposed, a planar top surface can be formed. A, and a flat lid can then be mounted on the planar mold/die top surface. In this manner the direct interaction of the metal lid with the substrate can be removed. The new package is thus less rigid under thermal loading and solder joint reliability enhancement is expected. This paper discusses the process development of the new package and its advantages for improved solder joint fatigue life, and being a multichip package and thin core substrate options. Finite-element simulations have been employed for the study of its structural integrity, thermal, and electrical performances. Detailed package and board-level reliability test results will also be reported


A switchable polymeric 19F magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent was synthesised whereby the transverse (T2) relaxation times increased as a therapeutic was released from a hyperbranched polymer (HBP) scaffold. The HBP comprised of poly(ethyleneglycol) monomethyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA), a fluorinated monomer (trifluoroethyl acrylate), and a suitable monomer for post-conjugation of a drug molecule. Three different hydrophobic drugs were investigated during design of the theranostic; doxorubicin (DOX) and docetaxel (DTX) were conjugated to the HBPs through an acid-cleavable hydrazone linkage, while camptothecin (CPT) was integrated into the HBP via polymerisation of a self-immolative disulphide-linked monomer. 19F NMR relaxometry measurements showed that the increase in hydrophobicity caused by the incorporation of the therapeutic drug led to a decrease in 19F T2 relaxation times and decrease in image intensity. However, upon drug release, the hydrophobicity of the HBP decreased which in turn led to improved mobility of the fluorinated moieities. This was manifest in a restoration of longer 19F T2 relaxation times and an increased image intensity compared to the drug-loaded polymer. This work provides a basis for a MRI contrast agent capable of quantifying in situ drug release.


We present a general theory of quantum information propagation in chaotic quantum many-body systems. The generic expectation in such systems is that quantum information does not propagate in localized form; instead, it tends to spread out and scramble into a form that is inaccessible to local measurements. To characterize this spreading, we define an information speed via a quench-type experiment and derive a general formula for it as a function of the entanglement density of the initial state. As the entanglement density varies from zero to one, the information speed varies from the entanglement speed to the butterfly speed. We verify that the formula holds both for a quantum chaotic spin chain and in field theories with an AdS/CFT gravity dual. For the second case, we study in detail the dynamics of entanglement in two-sided Vaidya-AdS-Reissner-Nordstrom black branes. We also show that, with an appropriate decoding process, quantum information can be construed as moving at the information speed, and, in the case of AdS/CFT, we show that a locally detectable signal propagates at the information speed in a spatially local variant of the traversable wormhole setup.


Objective1. To determine the prevalence and pattern of unintentional injuries among children2. To study the physical environment of house for various risk factors leading to unintentional injuries.IntroductionInjury and violence are public health problems now-a-days all over the world. Over 950000 children less than 18 years of age die as a result of injuries, 95% of which occur in low and middle income countries (LMIC) including India. Unintentional injuries account for 90% of these cases. The death rate due to unintentional injuries is almost double in LMIC as compared to developed countries. It is seen that most of childhood unintentional injuries occur in and around the home of children.India, with a population of app 1.25 billion, had about 40% children. India is passing through a major socio-economic, epidemiological and technological transition. Migration and rapid urbanization is contributing towards the development and growth. Mechanization is changing the traditional lifestyle and thereby resulting an increase in injuries in India. Despite efforts to understand the burden of injuries, the magnitude in terms of morbidity and mortality is still not clear as injury information did not receive much importance in the health sector.Few small studies have reported the prevalence and causes of childhood unintentional injuries. However, there is lack of proper surveillance data on burden of unintentional injuries among childrenMethodsWe conducted a surveillance study in 30 villages of Ludhiana district of Punjab, India. A total of 900 houses having at least one child below the age of 19 years formed the sample of study. The data pertaining to socio demographic profile, physical environment of house and injury details (in last 5 years) were recorded on the pre designed performa. The data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.ResultsIn the 900 houses, there were 1910 children below the age of 19 years. Of these houses, unintentional injuries to their children was observed in 386(42.9%) houses during the last 5 years. The prevalence of unintentional injuries among children was 20.6%. There were 60.1% children below the age of 5 years who suffered injuries. 67% of injuries occurred among male children. Majority of injuries (63.5%) occurred during evening time, of which 87.2% occurred while the child was playing in and around the home. Fall was the most common (64.5%) mode of injury followed by 12.3% cut injuries due to chopper/fodder cutter or old instruments/machinery lying the courtyard. There were 16 injuries due electric current, 6 cases of dog bite, 4 cases of drowning and 4 cases of unintentional ingestion of poisonous substance. 48.3% of injuries were severe, 35.9% minor, 9.4% trivial and 5.9% very severe. There were 2 fatal death also.ConclusionsThe burden of unintentional childhood injuries in India is substantial but it a neglected health problem. There is a strong need for continuous surveillance of childhood injuries in India using systematic techniques so as to plan for timely intervention.


Featuring stunning images, revealing maps, historic facts, and concise analysis, the "National Geographic Almanac of American History" is carefully balanced to provide readers with a deeper comprehension of United States history. The "Almanac" is unparalleled in its reader-friendly format: the book's four major sections are enhanced by a thorough table of contents, a detailed index, and bibliography, plus a feature on how to use the book. Section 1 explores America's geologic makeup and answers the question, "How was the land responsible for the way in which America developed?" Milestones comprise section 2: Twelve essays discuss how America evolved to become the global leader it is today. Section 3 covers the major eras in America's history, beginning with the earliest Native Americans. The final section of the book covers: Leaders, Wars, Religion and Beliefs, Presidents, and finally, Milestone Documents, including the Declaration of Independence, the Emancipation Proclamation, the Gettysburg Address, and more. With an introduction by Hugh Ambrose, historian and a founding director of The National D-Day Museum, the "National Geographic Almanac of American History" is a timely and essential resource that every American should own.


We investigate Newton-type optimization methods for solving piecewise linear systems (PLS) with non-degenerate coefficient matrix. Such systems arise, for example, from the numerical solution of linear complementarity problem which is useful to model several learning and optimization problems. In this paper, we propose an effective damped Newton method, namely PLSDN, to find the exact solution of non-degenerate PLS. PLS-DN exhibits provable semi-iterative property, i.e., the algorithm converges globally to the exact solution in a finite number of iterations. The rate of convergence is shown to be at least linear before termination. We emphasize the applications of our method to modeling, from a novel perspective of PLS, several statistical learning problems such as elitist Lasso, non-negative least squares and support vector machines. Numerical results on synthetic and benchmark data sets are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of PLS-DN on these problems.


CONTEXT
Whether intimate partner violence (IPV) screening reduces violence or improves health outcomes for women is unknown.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effectiveness of IPV screening and communication of positive results to clinicians.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
Randomized controlled trial conducted in 11 emergency departments, 12 family practices, and 3 obstetrics/gynecology clinics in Ontario, Canada, among 6743 English-speaking female patients aged 18 to 64 years who presented between July 2005 and December 2006, could be seen individually, and were well enough to participate.

INTERVENTION
Women in the screened group (n=3271) self-completed the Woman Abuse Screening Tool (WAST); if a woman screened positive, this information was given to her clinician before the health care visit. Subsequent discussions and/or referrals were at the discretion of the treating clinician. The nonscreened group (n=3472) self-completed the WAST and other measures after their visit.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Women disclosing past-year IPV were interviewed at baseline and every 6 months until 18 months regarding IPV reexposure and quality of life (primary outcomes), as well as several health outcomes and potential harms of screening.

RESULTS
Participant loss to follow-up was high: 43% (148/347) of screened women and 41% (148/360) of nonscreened women. At 18 months (n = 411), observed recurrence of IPV among screened vs nonscreened women was 46% vs 53% (modeled odds ratio, 0.82; 95% confidence interval, 0.32-2.12). Screened vs nonscreened women exhibited about a 0.2-SD greater improvement in quality-of-life scores (modeled score difference at 18 months, 3.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.47-7.00). When multiple imputation was used to account for sample loss, differences between groups were reduced and quality-of-life differences were no longer significant. Screened women reported no harms of screening.

CONCLUSIONS
Although sample attrition urges cautious interpretation, the results of this trial do not provide sufficient evidence to support IPV screening in health care settings. Evaluation of services for women after identification of IPV remains a priority.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00182468.


Multiple choice questions (MCQ) are the basic fare of e-assessment. MCQs are robust and easy to implement, but are pedagogically not ideal; open questions are preferable but automated marking of free text answers is problematic (although see Butcher & Jordan 2010).

A possible squaring of this circle is to appropriate the technique of confidence-based marking (CBM). In CBM, a student both selects an answer and also their level of confidence: they score full marks for knowing that they know the correct answer, some credit for a tentative correct answer but are penalised if they believe they know the answer but get it wrong (Gardner-Medwin 1995, 2006). There are several motivations for CBM: it rewards care and effort so engendering greater engagement, it encourages reflective learning (Gardner-Medwin & Curtin 2007; Nix & Wyllie 2011).

This project will take CBM and, with one simple change, enrol it for a different end. Here the MCQ is presented in two stages. Initially, the question is presented with no answer options visible; instead the student must set their confidence level that they know the answer. Only then are the possible answers are revealed and the student answers as a normal MCQ. The marking scheme follows standard CBM practice. Mechanically the question remains a simple MCQ: answer matching is trivial and robust, questions are easy to implement, and existing question banks can be reused. However, to the student, the question is effectively transformed from closed MCQ to an open question. They need to formulate an answer first before they can decide their confidence in their answer, so they must decide their answer in the absence of any positive or negative clues, reducing the chance of misconceptions, or working backwards.

The project will trial certainty-first CBM questions in an Open University distance learning course under a controlled experimental design to probe whether students using CBM will engage better with questions, improve their learning, and become more reflective learners (Nicol 2007). Measures of assignment scores and time on task will be collected, together with a survey and/or interview to probe attitudinal aspects.

References

Butcher, PG & Jordan, SE (2010). A comparison of human and computer marking of short free-text student responses. Computers and Education, 55, 489-499.
Gardner-Medwin, AR (1995). Confidence assessment in the teaching of basic science. Association for Learning Technology Journal, 3, 80-85.
Gardner-Medwin, AR (2006). Confidence-based marking - towards deeper learning and better exams. Chapter 12 in C. Bryan, & K. Clegg (Eds.), Innovative assessment in higher education Routledge; London.
Gardner-Medwin, T & Curtin, N (2007). Certainty-based marking (CBM) for reflective learning and proper knowledge assessment. Online conference: REAP07: Assessment Design for Learner Responsibility, Re-Engineering Assessment Practices in Higher Education: Univs. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Glasgow Caledonian. [Online: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/lapt/REAP_cbm.pdf]
Nicol, D. (2007). E-assessment by design: Using multiple-choice tests to good effect. Journal of further and Higher Education, 31, 53-64.
Nix, I & Wyllie, A (2011). Exploring design features to enhance computer-based assessment: Learners' views on using a confidence indicator tool and computer-based feedback. British Journal of Educational Technology, 42, 101-112.


As a result of the last Israeli elections 48 out of 120 members of the previous Knesset will not return for another term something hard to imagine in most democratic countries of the world. Despite this, the coming government will remain firmly on the right. This is explained by the fact that what is commonly considered the center is actually the right (at least with regard to the conflict). This paper analyses the historical conditions that favoured this longestablished political supremacy. It is argued that demographic, regional and Palestinian related factors are relevant aspects for a comprehensive understanding of the issue, but that only a deeper analysis that takes on board the way in which religion, security and international law have been (mis)used can provide a full-fledged explanation.


Various dynamic approaches have been developed to detect or categorize Android malware. These approaches execute software, collect call traces, and then detect abnormal system calls or sensitive API usage. Consequently, attackers can evade these approaches by intentionally obfuscating those calls under focus. Additionally, existing approaches treat detection and categorization of malware as separate tasks, although intuitively both tasks are relevant and could be performed simultaneously. This paper presents DroidCat, the first unified dynamic malware detection approach, which not only detects malware, but also pinpoints the malware family. DroidCat leverages supervised machine learning to train a multi-class classifier using diverse behavioral profiles of benign apps and different kinds of malware. Compared with prior heuristics-based machine learning-based approaches, the feature set used in DroidCat is decided purely based on a systematic dynamic characterization study of benign and malicious apps. All differentiating features that show behavioral differences between benign and malicious apps are included. In this way, DroidCat is robust to existing evasion attacks. We evaluated DroidCat using leave-one-out cross validation with 136 benign apps and 135 malicious apps. The evaluation shows that DroidCat provided an effective and scalable unified malware detection solution with 81% precision, 82% recall, and 92% accuracy.


Objectives Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk of death or myocardial infarction (MI) after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). We assessed whether prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy beyond the recommended 12 months may prevent adverse outcomes in patients with CKD receiving drug-eluting stents (DES) or bare-metal stents (BMS). Methods We studied all Veterans receiving PCI with BMS or first-generation DES in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Healthcare System between 2002 and 2006, classified by CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min) or normal renal function. We used landmark analyses from 12 months after PCI with Cox proportional hazards multivariable and propensity-adjusted models to assess the effect of prolonged clopidogrel (more than 12 months) versus 12 months or less after PCI on clinical outcomes from 1 year to 4 years after PCI. Results Of 23 042 eligible subjects receiving PCI, 4880 (21%) had CKD. Compared with normal renal function, patients with CKD had higher risks of death or MI 1–4 years after DES (21% vs 12%, HR=1.75; 95% CI 1.51 to 2.04) or BMS (28% vs 15%, HR=2.10; 95% CI 1.90 to 2.32). In patients with CKD receiving DES, clopidogrel use of more than 12 months after PCI was associated with lower risks of death or MI (18% vs 24%, HR=0.74; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.95), and death (15% vs 23%, HR=0.61; 95% CI 0.47 to 0.80), but had no effect on repeat revascularisation 1–4 years after PCI. Conclusions In patients with CKD, prolonging clopidogrel beyond 12 months after PCI may decrease the risk of death or MI only in patients receiving first-generation DES. These results support a patient-tailored approach to prolonging clopidogrel after PCI.


Boundary Value Problems for Systems of Differential, Difference and Fractional Equations: Positive Solutions discusses the concept of a differential equation that brings together a set of additional constraints called the boundary conditions. As boundary value problems arise in several branches of math given the fact that any physical differential equation will have them, this book will provide a timely presentation on the topic. Problems involving the wave equation, such as the determination of normal modes, are often stated as boundary value problems. To be useful in applications, a boundary value problem should be well posed. This means that given the input to the problem there exists a unique solution, which depends continuously on the input. Much theoretical work in the field of partial differential equations is devoted to proving that boundary value problems arising from scientific and engineering applications are in fact well-posed. * Explains the systems of second order and higher orders differential equations with integral and multi-point boundary conditions* Discusses second order difference equations with multi-point boundary conditions* Introduces Riemann-Liouville fractional differential equations with uncoupled and coupled integral boundary conditions


Fine-grained scalable (FGS) coding of video streams has been proposed in the literature to accommodate client heterogeneity. FGS streams are composed of two layers: a base layer, which provides basic quality, and a single enhancement layer that adds incremental quality refinements proportional to number of bits received. The base layer uses nonscalable coding which is more efficient in terms of compression ratio than scalable coding used in the enhancement layer. Thus for coding efficiency larger base layers are desired. Larger base layers, however, disqualify more clients from getting the stream. In this paper, we experimentally analyze this coding efficiency gap using diverse video sequences. For FGS sequences, we show that this gap is a non-increasing function of the base layer rate. We then formulate an optimization problem to determine the base layer rate of a single sequence to maximize the average quality for a given client bandwidth distribution. We design an optimal and efficient algorithm (called FGSOPT) to solve this problem. We extend our formulation to the multiple-sequence case, in which a bandwidth-limited server concurrently streams multiple FGS sequences to diverse sets of clients. We prove that this problem is NP-Complete. We design a branch-and-bound algorithm (called MFGSOPT) to compute the optimal solution. MFGSOPT runs fast for many typical cases because it intelligently cuts the search space. In the worst case, however, it has exponential time complexity. We also propose a heuristic algorithm (called MFGS) to solve the multiple-sequence problem. We experimentally show that MFGS produces near-optimal results and it scales to large problems: it terminates in less than 0.5 s for problems with more than 30 sequences. Therefore, MFGS can be used in dynamic systems, where the server periodically adjusts the structure of FGS streams to suit current client distributions.


Summary
Since the 1980s, New Public Management (NPM) and post-NPM reforms have dominated attempts to improve public administration. The literature suggests several reasons for the latter approach. However, these explanations seem to be less relevant to the ongoing civil service reforms in Israel. The Israeli experience is an example where NPM reforms did not occur, but post-NPM reforms were adopted enthusiastically decades later. Our findings demonstrate how under the structural conditions of both non-governability and bureaucratic centralization, post-NPM reforms may provide an attractive layering strategy, offering the option of changing certain features of the system without requiring a drastic, comprehensive overhaul of it. Once Israeli decision makers decided that there was a real public demand for reform, and long-term learning and diffusion processes convinced them that change was needed, the characteristics of the post-NPM approach made it much easier politically for them to adopt. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Retinal image quality assessment (IQA) algorithms use different hand crafted features for training classifiers without considering the working of the human visual system (HVS) which plays an important role in IQA. We propose a convolutional neural network (CNN) based approach that determines image quality using the underlying principles behind the working of the HVS. CNNs provide a principled approach to feature learning and hence higher accuracy in decision making. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of our proposed algorithm over competing methods.


The production and storage of construction and demolition residues (CDR) consist in an important environmental issue because they represent more than 50 % of total solid waste that has been produced in large and medium-sized urban centers. However, as limestone is one of the major raw materials used in cement and hydrated lime products in the preparation of concrete and mortar, recycling this material can, in principle, provide a subproduct with potential to be applied to correct soil acidity. This study aimed to evaluate the use of recycled construction and demolition residues (RCD-R) as soil acidity corrective. The material was collected at a commercial recycling plant and consisted mainly of concrete and mortar (gray material), which was initially characterized by X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. The performance of gray RCD-R for soil pH correction was evaluated by the chemical properties of a medium-textured soil treated with this residue and the dry matter production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa cv. Crioula). Results suggest that the RCD-R used has promising characteristics to be applied as correction material of the soil pH, but at doses higher than 24 t ha-1.


This article is a close reading of Shelley9s Queen Mab in light of the tensions between theories of language as organic-the pervasive view of the English Romantic poets-and theories of language as arbitrary, which can be allied with Locke and the empiricists. The paradox of linguistic expression is recast as a dialectic between free utterance (parole) and language as code or law (langue), because for Shelley freedom is equated with organicism and tyranny with arbitrary linguistic structure. Rousseau9s doubling of Prometheus into two antithetical characters-the bringer of language and the prophet of linguistic doom-in order to preface and explain his Discours sur les sciences et les arts, functions as a commentary on the paradoxical combination of the organic and the conventional, the free and the restricted in verbal communication. Queen Mab, set against the backdrop of this Rousseauvian paradox,is analyzed for the ways in which it thematizes language through various explicit comments about arbitrary or conventionalized language and imaginative or organic uses of language, and also through certain figures for different kinds of verbal expression and reception. The apparent disjunctions in Queen Mab between imagination and reason, affective and rational discourse, are crucial to the aims of the poem: the bringing of reform without the institution of new dogma.


The maize lethal leaf spot 1 (lls1) mutant exhibits enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens. The lls1 resistance to Cochliobolus heterostrophus has two components: (i) lesion number is reduced 40% relative to wild type; and (ii) the lesions that do form often do not contain viable fungus. This lesion sterility is dependent upon leaf maturity and light, whereas reduced lesion number is not. The lls1 lesions express pathogenesis-related proteins at high levels, so lesion sterility likely results from activation of defense systems and necrosis. Reduced lesion number is correlated with a reduction of C. heterostrophus spore germination, hyphal growth, and haustoria formation on the leaf epidermis. The rust pathogen Puccinia sorghi has reduced pustule formation on lls1, and its germination and growth are also slowed on the epidermis. However, after entering the mesophyll through stomata, P. sorghi can form pustules on lls1, and even green islands within necrotic lls1 lesions. In situ mRNA hybridization shows t...


A novel gene that is involved in regulating flower initiation and development has been identified in Arabidopsis. This gene has been designated UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO), with five corresponding nuclear recessive alleles designated ufo[middot]1 to ufo[middot]5. Under short day-length conditions, ufo homozygotes generate more coflorescences than do the wild type, and coflorescences often appear apical to the first floral shoot, resulting in a period of inflorescence development in which regions of floral and coflorescence shoots are produced alternately. ufo enhances the phenotype of weak leafy alleles, and the double mutant Ufo-1 Apetala1-1 produces only coflorescence-like shoots, suggesting that these two genes control different aspects of floral initiation. Floral development was also altered in Ufo plants. Ufo flowers have an altered organ number in all whorls, and organs in the first, second, and third whorls exhibit variable homeotic transformations. Ufo single and double mutant phenotypes suggest that the floral changes result from reduction in class B floral homeotic gene expression and fluctuations in the expression boundaries of class C function and FLO10. Surprisingly, in situ hybridization analysis revealed no obvious differences in expression pattern or level in developing Ufo flowers compared with that of the wild type for any class B or C gene studied. We propose that UFO acts in concert with known floral initiation genes and regulates the domains of floral homeotic gene function.


Cooperation is widespread in human societies, but its maintenance at the group level remains puzzling if individuals benefit from not cooperating. Explanations of the maintenance of cooperation generally assume that cooperative and non-cooperative behavior in others can be assessed and copied accurately. However, humans have a well known capacity to deceive and thus to manipulate how others assess their behavior. Here, we show that hypocrisy - claiming to be acting cooperatively while acting selfishly - can maintain social cooperation because it prevents the spread of selfish behavior. We demonstrate this effect both theoretically and experimentally. Hypocrisy allows the cooperative strategy to spread by taking credit for the success of the non-cooperative strategy


Actuator failures onboard satellites have caused severe and even disastrous consequences on several space missions. In this thesis, the problem of the attitude control of a LEO satellite, subject to actuator failures, is addressed. The three axis stabilisation of a satellite with the two remaining control torques on the principal axes, is a challenging problem since the control system is nonholonomic. Such a system has been proven by Brockett to be non-stabilisable using smooth (continuous and time invariant) control laws. Different non-smooth stabilizing control laws for the underactuated attitude control of a satellite are investigated here using pairs of thrusters, and also using reaction wheels. Using two pairs of thrusters, known singular or time varying approaches are applied with a systematic study of the effects of the torque saturation, PWM, singularity avoidance, noise, external disturbances, sampling and angular velocity tracking that intervene in a realistic case. Using two reaction wheels, a novel control strategy based on a singular nonlinear control approach, is mathematically proven and demonstrated by simulation. The 3-axis stability is proven using Rodriguez parameters and then using quaternions. The study of the symmetrical satellite case using thrusters, and the investigation of the effect of a non-zero total momentum using wheels, are done separately. Practical difficulties of the underactuated attitude control of small satellites using two pairs of on/off thrusters are pointed out. Conversely, using two reaction wheels, the possibility of decisive 3-axis manoeuvres is demonstrated (under realistic assumptions). Indeed, using two wheels, the 3-axis stabilisation is achieved with acceptable torque levels and very satisfactory performance. The activation of the non-smooth controller must be done under small momentum conditions. A complete control strategy, (in case of a high initial bias) including a detumbling phase with magnetorquing, and avoiding the non-smooth controller to start from a singularity, is presented. Following the encouraging results from the SSTL's UoSAT-12 simulator, (accounting for noises and external disturbance torques) in-orbit testing of an underactuated control strategy using two wheels has been successfully achieved on UoSAT-12 (by restricting the attitude to sun tracking due to power consumption problems on UoSAT-12). Another in orbit experiment on UK-DMC, for nadir pointing, has been even more successful. Practical results therefore confirm the possibility of using only two control torques for the 3-axis stabilisation of a satellite. One of many interesting consequences of these results is that a fully redundant 3-axis control can be practically envisaged using a 3-wheel configuration.


This research is a part of a large, multidisciplinary program designed to measure and model the mass balance of congener-specific polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and die&in in Green Bay, western Lake Michigan. In this report, we document the results of our sediment trap study designed to collect representative samples of settling particulate material from five sites within the southern portion of the bay. Measuring the mass collected allowed us to calculate the gross downward flux of particulate matter and particle settling velocities. The mass balance models being applied to Green Bay explicitly require these particle settling velocities and vertical fluxes of mass and particulate organic carbon. Mass and carbon fluxes from sediment traps located 2 m above bottom and distributed throughout southern Green Bay showed that seasonal flux patterns were generally high prior to stratification, declined to minimum values during summer, and then generally reached much higher fluxes during fall overturn. In the epilimnion, seasonal patterns are similar to the near bottom samples although mass flux is approximately 10% of the near bottom flux, and carbon flux is approximately 20%. Settling velocities for epilimnetic samples are approximately 0.5 m/day, similar to open-lake values. Significantly higher settling velocities (4-6 m/day) during the stratified period were calculated for the 2 m above bottom region. These rates imply that a large recharging of the particle pool by either horizontal transport or local sediment resuspension occurs throughout the year. During the unstratified period, settling velocities throughout the water column are approximately 12-18 m/day, more than an order of magnitude higher than during stratification. At this rate, the particle residence time in the water column is only a few days, again implying frequent recharging. Sediment resuspension estimated by a steady state model required to support trap observations is about 10 g/m2/day with scale thicknesses of 5-7 m, and there is little seasonal variation until late September.


There are a number of competing theories about the origins of the Himalayan peoples. These theories are largely based on linguistic and/or archaeological findings, sometimes supported by the results of small-scale genetic studies. A large-scale, ethnolinguistically-informed genetic study of the greater Himalayan region might provide a definitive model for historical population events in this region, and that is why the current study was undertaken.The geographical area of the present-day states of Nepal and Bhutan could have served as ancient corridors for human migration through the Himalayas despite their geographical position immediately south of the highest land barrier. The findings also raise the question as to whether the southern slopes of the Himalayas could have harboured a myriad of refuge areas for the ancestral Tibeto-Burman population(s) during the last glacial maximum. Alternatively, if the multitude and diversity of language communities found in these countries is a reliable indication, they could be an ancient source of genetically differentiated populations and languages. A detailed genetic study of the Himalayan region, therefore, may not only provide insights into the uniqueness and antiquity of its residents, but may also shed light on the peopling of the Himalayas and eastern Asia in general.Using genetic data from 15 autosomal Short Tandem Repeat (STR) loci, we provide evidence that there is clear congruence between language and genetics. Populations speaking a language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman language family are genetically more similar to each other than to populations speaking a language belonging to the Indo-European language family. On the basis of language differences we can draw a linguistic boundary roughly running from east to west, just south of the border between India and Bhutan and through southern Nepal. A genetic boundary can be reconstructed along nearly the same route. We conclude from all these analyses that the populations of Nepal and Bhutan are likely to have originated outside their current locations, in regions where their language families are spoken, but need further work to suggest more precise origins.


Abstract In 2006 the Ugandan government attempted to give a large portion of Mabira Forest Reserve to the Sugar Corporation of Uganda Limited. The government argued the rainforest "give away" would contribute to economic development and create the opportunity for biofuel production. The proposal faced massive opposition from Ugandan civil society, which countered that deforestation would increase hunger and poverty. In order to help resolve the debate, this study examines the livelihoods of villagers living near a sugar factory and forest reserve in rural Uganda. We interviewed 821 households seeking to explore possible links between poverty and participation in sugarcane production at both the village and household level. Villages closest to the factory appeared wealthier than villages closer to the reserve. However, households pursued different livelihood strategies and invested in different components of wealth. It is therefore unclear whether the benefits of sugar or biofuel production outweigh the environmental costs of forest loss.


The article presents research results of theoretical and methodological basis of financial strategy formation and mechanisms for implementation of Russian industrial enterprises to ensure their strategic development. The necessity of developing the industrial enterprise's financial strategy based on comprehensive evaluation of its strategic potential. The authors propose a methodological approach to developing a financial strategy based on the analysis of the enterprise's strategic potential by calculating the integrated index (SPt), which allows not only to analyze and evaluate the influence of factors internal and external environment, financial position and internal capacity of the enterprise, its strategic capabilities and competitiveness, but also to determine the best type of financial strategy. The results of the analysis showed that depending on the value of this indicator identifies five basic levels of strategic potential development (absolute, high, stable, unstable and critical levels) and the most appropriate types of financial strategies: aggressive or accelerated growth, moderate growth, conservative or defensive, crisis or financial stabilization strategy, survival or elimination. Under the proposed methodological approach, the method of comprehensive evaluation of the industrial enterprise's strategic potential, outlining the priority areas for the implementation of the financial strategy.


ilver- Poly vinyl alcohol Ag/ PVA nanocomposite films were prepared by casting method at room temperature with different amount of AgNO3 solution (0.001, 0.0015, and 0.002ml). The prepared nanocomposites were characterized using UV–VIS spectrophotometer and the optical properties were investigated in the wavelength range 300-800 nm. The absorption peaks showed a shift towards higher wavelength with increasing AgNO3 concentration while the energy band gap and absorption edges shifted towards lower energies with the increase of AgNO3 concentration.


The recent ban on pork exports from Taiwan resulting from an outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in March 1997 will significantly alter future world trade patterns in pork. This study provides an in-depth analysis of the price and trade effects of this export ban. The analysis uses the Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute (FAPRI) model of world agricultural production and trade to simulate the removal of Taiwan's pork exports from world markets. The model enables examination of the interaction among pork, other meats, feed grains, and protein meal feeds.


Today, the government relies on machine learning and AI in predictive policing analysis, family court delinquency proceedings, parole decisions, and DNA and forensic science techniques, among other areas, producing a fundamental conflict between civil rights and automated decisionmaking. Ground zero for this conflict, I argue, has become the murky, messy intersection between software, trade secrecy, and public governance. In many cases of automated decisionmaking, algorithms – and the source code that informs them, are hidden from public view, even though they implicate core constitutional protections of due process, individualized justice and equal protection. However, because they are often protected as trade secrets, they can remain entirely free from public scrutiny.

This article argues that the constitutionally-inflected conflict that we now face is, in no small part, attributable to a core failure of our system of intellectual property to address, definitively, the boundaries of software protection and the implications for source code secrecy. In a world of privatized decisionmaking, the largely consistent move towards closed code in software sectors, has a number of deleterious results for the public, particularly in the age of algorithmic dominance. However, this Article argues that source code also carries a paradoxical character that is peculiar to software: the very substance of what is secluded often stems from the most public of origins, and often produces the most public of implications. And it is the failures of intellectual property law that has made this possible. First, as I show, courts have shifted the boundaries of protection for software under both copyright and patent law, further amplifying the attractiveness of trade secrecy. Second, the law has been willing to entertain an unique – and paradoxical-- overlap between copyright, patent, and trade secrecy, even though the three regimes have opposing public goals. Copyright and patent law are oriented towards disclosure, trade secrecy the opposite. While this overlap of protection in software seemed, at first glance, to be a good thing for innovation policy, it has proven deleterious for the larger public, particularly criminal defendants and lower income populations, who are now increasingly governed by an invisible hand that they can no longer investigate or question. But, as I argue, it may also be deleterious for other innovators, as well. The Article concludes with a brief discussion of ways to offer greater transparency through a "controlled disclosure regime," offering areas of reform in intellectual property, contract law, and discovery.


The simplest statistical-mechanical model of crystalline formation (or alloy formation) that includes electronic degrees of freedom is solved exactly in the limit of large spatial dimensions and infinite interaction strength. The solutions contain both second-order phase transitions and first-order phase transitions (that involve phase separation or segregation) which are likely to illustrate the precursor physics behind the static charge-stripe ordering in cuprate systems. In addition, we find that the spinodal-decomposition temperature satisfies an approximate scaling law.


Landslide susceptibility assessment is essential for disaster management. The aim of this study is to select a reliable and accurate model for loess slide susceptibility assessment. We use a frequency ratio model and artificial neural network to develop loess slide susceptibility maps. We analysed the relationships between loess slide frequency and conditioning factors including elevation, slope gradient, aspect, profile curvature, thickness of loess, rainfall, topographic wetness index, valley depth, distance to rivers and land use. We developed a landslide inventory consisting of 223 loess slides by the interpretation of remote sensing images from earlier published or unpublished reports and from intensive field surveys. From these 223 loess slides, 178 (80%) were selected for training the models and the remaining 45 (20%) slides were used for validating the developed models. The validation was carried out by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. From the analysis, it is seen that both the frequency ratio model and artificial neural network performed equally well, although the frequency ratio method is much easier to apply. The loess slide susceptibility maps can be used for land use planning and risk mitigation in loess terrain.


Chorea is an involuntary movement disorder characterized by brief, abrupt, non-repetitive, non-rhythmic movements with dance-like appearance, moving from one body part to another. When chorea involves half of the body then the term hemi-chorea is used, which usually signify structural pathology in the contralateral Basal ganglia. Use of Oral contraceptive pills, is a well-established but a rare cause of hemi-chorea. Mechanism includes either re-activation of Sydenham's chorea or drug induced lupus erythematosus. Although our case does not have any systemic manifestation of lupus but ANA positivity likely favors later mechanism. We described a case of a young girl who developed right sided hemi-chorea after 2 months of oral contraceptive pills which were prescribed for delayed menarche. Other causes of hemi-chorea were excluded on the basis of extensive blood workup and normal MRI brain. Her pills were stopped immediately and she received dopamine receptor antagonists. Follow up in clinic showed significant clinical improvement after 4 weeks.


We estimate inequality including Gini coefficients using a lognormal parametric model for an investigation of persistent inequality. The asymptotic theory of selected order statistics enables us to construct a linear model based on grouped data. We extend the linear model to a dynamic model in terms of a stochastic volatility (SV) model. Using Japanese data we estimate the SV model by the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and exploit a model comparison to choose a best model, concluding that the model with SV is better fitted to the data than the model without SV. It indicates the persistent inequality.


Throughout the centuries, irrespective of the nature of the society or culture, social history seems to have been narrated or written by the victor glorifying his/her own cause. 1 The voice of the ordinary person is rarely captured in standard historical works and consequently research in this area is certainly warranted and has currently become a vibrant field of research. With this article the author intends to fill one of these gaps in the narrative of social history and focuses specifically on the experiences of teachers who taught under a previous education system in South Africa, namely Bantu Education. As part of their studies in a History of Education honours course, students were required to conduct interviews with retired teachers (or teachers who had a significant number of years' experience in Bantu Education) as part of their practical research. The interviews aimed to determine these teachers' experiences and perceptions of teaching in the Bantu Education system. The collected data was analysed following Tesch's method of qualitative data analysis. Although there was consensus among all the interviewees that Bantu Education was morally wrong and unjustifiable, the majority of the interviewees also identified positive experiences which call for consideration and reflection. The role of and need for conducting oral history interviews to provide a personalised perspective of past events is clear.


Dredging has been prohibited in the harbor of Oslo in the past 15 years as a result of serious sediment contamination. Through a joint effort of the Oslo Harbor Authorities, the Norwegian Road Administration, and the Norwegian Pollution Control Authorities, a remediation plan for the redevelopment of the old harbor of Oslo has been implemented. The plan, which will be completed in 2009, includes dredging of the shallow parts of the harbor down to 15 m of water depth (approximately 450,000 m3), capping of the deeper parts of the harbor (1,000,000 m2), as well as construction of a deep water confined aquatic disposal facility for the dredged material at 70-m depth in the inner Oslofjord. To prevent uncontrolled contaminant transport, an on-line monitoring system is operated that consists of buoys with turbidity loggers and a water current velocity meter. Passive samplers are used for time-integrated sampling of organic contaminants. In addition, periodic sampling and analysis of water and suspended solid samples are carried out. To document the environmental benefit from the remediation, contaminant transport is quantified before, during, and after remediation using flux measurements based on in situ diffusion chambers. Monitoring results show that remobilization of contaminants has been very limited and do not exceed the amounts defined in the environmental permit from the pollution control authorities (environmental budget). Capping resulted in more than 90 % reduction in contaminant flux.


BACKGROUND
 Medical education, research, and healthcare practice continue to grow with minimal co-production guidance. We suggest the Commons approach to medical education as modeled by Ostrom and Williamson where we share how adapting these models to multiple settings can enhance empathy, increase psychological safety and provide robust just-in-time learning tools for practice. We show learning examples across age groups and cultures.

 OBJECTIVE
 To describe patient and public co-production in diverse areas within health care using the Commons philosophy across populations, cultures, and generations.

 METHODS
 We present an exploratory, descriptive, mixed-methods participatory action manuscript. We adopted an Everyone Included perspective and sought to identify its use in continuing medical education, citizen science, marginalized groups, publishing, and student internships.

 RESULTS
 Overall, we outline co-production at the point of need, and we report on strategies that improved engagement.

 CONCLUSIONS
 This work demonstrates co-production with the public across multiple settings and cultures, showing that even with minimal resources and experience, this partnership can improve medical education and care.

 CLINICALTRIAL
 Not a Trial


The announcement of a trial of a National level internet filter in Australia has caused renewed interest in the arena of internet censorship. Whilst details on the schemes being tested have been fairly sparse the announcement of the trial itself, has drawn wide condemnation from privacy advocates throughout the world. Given this announcement it was decided to test and compare three of the most popular free tools available that allow for the bypassing of internet censorship devices such as those used within China. Tests were conducted using three software packages, Freegate, GPass and GTunnel which were analysed through packet capture to determine their likely effectiveness against the speculated methods to be employed by the Australian trials. The tests clearly showed that all three applications provide an easy means of subverting any likely filtering method with GPass and GTunnel the more suitable candidates as Freegate still allowed for plain-text DNS requests.


ABSTRACT Objective: Evidence points to an association between social and leisure activity (SLA) engagement and cognitive outcomes, but the mechanisms underlying this link remain unknown. We aimed to investigate three potential mechanisms: Vascular function, Perceived Stress, and Cognitive Reserve. Methods: With data from 8163 adults aged over 50 in the Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing, we used a structural equation model to evaluate Vascular Function and Perceived Stress as potential mediators, and Cognitive Reserve as a potential antecedent in the relationship between SLA at baseline (2009), and cognitive outcomes collected at a two-year follow-up point (2011). Results: Cognitive Reserve was strongly associated both with cognitive outcomes (β = 0.306; p < 0.001) and with SLA (β = 0.694; p < 0.001). Perceived stress (β = 0.018) acted as a significant mediator in the relationships between SLA and cognitive outcomes (p < 0.001), although Vascular Function did not (β = 0.000). Conclusion: These results indicate that SLA may protect cognitive function partly because of its association with cognitive reserve, and partly through its impact on perceived stress. Results have policy implications for those interested in facilitating SLA to protect cognitive outcomes among older adults.


Biliary atresia (BA) is characterized by rapidly progressive inflammation and fibrosis of the biliary tract which usually progresses despite surgical intervention (Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy). Lysyl oxidase-like (LOXL2) is an extracellular matrix enzyme that catalyzes the cross-linking of fibrillar collagen and elastin and is thought to play a crucial role in tissue fibrosis; anti-LOXL2 drugs have been shown to be anti-fibrotic in animals.

OBJECTIVES
to investigate the presence of LOXL2 in BA livers and hepatic and extrahepatic control tissues.

METHODS
Liver wedge biopsies from infants with BA (n = 20) were obtained at Kasai, and were compared to non-BA livers (n = 20). Liver fibrosis was scored using the Ishak scale and immunohistochemistry was performed using a commercially available polyclonal anti-LOXL2 antibody. The expression of LOXL2 was scored for intensity and for distribution of bile duct staining by a pathologist blinded to the diagnosis. Staining of LOXL2 in pediatric control tissue, muscle (n = 5), heart (n = 5), and bone (n = 10) was performed.

RESULTS
Tissue from patients with BA abundantly expressed LOXL2 (intensity score 2.0 vs 1.4 (p ≤ 0.001) for non-BA and distribution of bile duct staining score of 3.0 vs. 2.8 (p = 0.001) for non-BA. Fibrosis score of all BA samples was 4.2 vs 3.1 for non-BA. Non-hepatic pediatric tissue displayed minimal to no LOXL2 staining.

CONCLUSIONS
There is significant overexpression of LOXL2 in BA hepatic tissue with minimal expression in extra-hepatic tissue. The over expression noted in human hepatic tissue at Kasai suggests the rationale for further investigation of anti-LOXL2 therapeutics in BA.


The Shia Hazaras in Pakistan are one of the most persecuted religious minorities. According to a 2019 report produced by the National Commission for Human Rights, a government formed commission, at least 509 Hazaras have been killed since 2013 (NCHR 2018: 2). According to one of the Vice Chairs of the Human Rights Commission Pakistan, the country's leading human rights watchdog, between 2009 and 2014, nearly 1,000 Hazaras were killed in sectarian violence (Butt 2014). The present population of Shia Hazaras is the result of three historical migrations from Afghanistan (Hashmi 2016: 2). The first phase of migration occurred in 1880 1901 when Abd al Rahman Khan came to power in 1880 in Afghanistan and declared war against the Hazaras as a result of a series of revolts they made against the regime.


Developed initially in a weather forecasting framework, in this study the forced sensitivity (FS) technique is applied in a climatological context. This technique makes it possible to provide a dynamically consistent description of weather under a prescribed persistently anomalous large‐scale atmospheric circulation. Optimal model tendency perturbations are computed using the FS technique and applied in the EC‐Earth Global Climate Model. These tendency perturbations are calculated subject to the requirement that the model circulation reproduces the prescribed circulation after an optimization time of the order of a few days. The time‐averaged large‐scale atmospheric circulation is shown to be consistent with the large‐scale circulation pattern of interest, while maintaining variability on the synoptic scale. This is demonstrated by forcing the model to reproduce, on average, a pattern characterized by a more persistent westerly circulation over the North Atlantic sector (positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO)). The dipole pattern in surface pressure over the North Atlantic is spatially fairly well reproduced, albeit with a slight shift southwards and a larger amplitude. The net average surface‐temperature field shows the characteristic quadrupole pattern associated with a NAO event, although a slight shift is observed. The amplitude of the net response exceeds the characteristic values associated with a NAO event. On the synoptic scale, the mean sea‐level pressure (MSLP) closely resembles the typical MSLP pattern observed in a NAO+ event.


Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) failures continue to be discussed mostly off the record, with professionals the world over repeating one another's mistakes. Failure is difficult to talk about, but WASH failures have negative impacts – money is wasted and sometimes people are harmed. We need to acknowledge that not everything we try will succeed, but that if we learn from one another, we can continuously improve our work. Since 2018, we have attempted to foster this change through the 'WASH Failures Movement'. This issue of 'Frontiers of Sanitation' is a compilation of what we've learned about why WASH failures happen, how we can address them, and how we can facilitate a culture of sharing and learning from failure in the WASH sector.


A number of studies point to the influence of culture and ethnicity on the presentation and course of schizophrenia. In general, a relatively powerful influence of environmental factors is identified. This article reviews the literature on schizophrenia among Hispanics in the United States and uses the results of this review as a basis for identifying directions for future study. Research is divided into three major areas: epidemiology, phenomenology, and illness course and outcome. Ethnic comparisons suggest similar prevalence rates of schizophrenia. However, differences in illness phenomenology between certain subgroups of Hispanics are also observed. Moreover, culture can affect various aspects of the illness process, including illness definition, help- seeking behavior, response to treatment, and post-treatment adjustment. Proposed guidelines to direct future research ventures include (1) better delineation of the sociocultural attributes of the group under study, (2) validation of assessment instruments across ethnic groups, (3) use of innovative approaches to assess incidence and prevalence, (4) incorporation of qualitative methodology, (5) use of illness behavior models to provide a conceptual framework to guide investigations, and (6) integration of cross-cultural and biological studies.


Atmospheric humidity, clouds, precipitation, and evapotranspiration are essential components of the Arctic climate system. During recent decades, specific humidity and precipitation have generally increased in the Arctic, but changes in evapotranspiration are poorly known. Trends in clouds vary depending on the region and season. Climate model experiments suggest that increases in precipitation are related to global warming. In turn, feedbacks associated with the increase in atmospheric moisture and decrease in sea ice and snow cover have contributed to the Arctic amplification of global warming. Climate models have captured the overall wetting trend but have limited success in reproducing regional details. For the rest of the 21st century, climate models project strong warming and increasing precipitation, but different models yield different results for changes in cloud cover. The model differences are largest in months of minimum sea ice cover. Evapotranspiration is projected to increase in winter but in summer to decrease over the oceans and increase over land. Increasing net precipitation increases river discharge to the Arctic Ocean. Over sea ice in summer, projected increase in rain and decrease in snowfall decrease the surface albedo and, hence, further amplify snow/ice surface melt. With reducing sea ice, wind forcing on the Arctic Ocean increases with impacts on ocean currents and freshwater transport out of the Arctic. Improvements in observations, process understanding, and modeling capabilities are needed to better quantify the atmospheric role in the Arctic water cycle and its changes.


Background and Objectives: Nephrotoxicity has characterized the use of isoniazid–rifampicin (INH-RIF). Selenium (Se) has potential to protect tissues from damage. This study evaluated the protective activity of Se against INH-RIF-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: Forty-five adult male albino rats (200-230 g) randomized into nine groups of n = 5 were used. Group A (placebo control) and Group B (solvent control) were treated with normal saline (0.2 mL/day/per oral [p.o]) and corn oil (0.2 mL/day/p.o) for 21 days, respectively. Groups C–E were treated with Se (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/day/p.o, respectively) for 21 days. Group F was treated with INH-RIF (50/100 mg/kg/day/p.o) for 21 days. Groups G–I were supplemented with Se (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg/day/p.o, respectively) before treatment with INH/RIF (50/100 mg/kg/day/p.o) for 21 days. After treatment, the rats were anesthetized. Blood samples were collected and evaluated for serum renal function markers (creatinine, urea, uric acid, total protein, and albumin). Kidneys were assessed for histology, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). Results: Body weight was decreased whereas kidney weight was increased significantly (P < 0.01) in INH-RIF-treated rats when compared to control. INH-RIF caused significant (P < 0.001) increases in serum renal function markers and kidney MDA level when compared to control. INH-RIF caused significant (P < 0.001) decreases in kidney antioxidants when compared to control. Kidneys of INH-RIF-treated rats showed tubular necroses and widened Bowman's space. INH-RIF-induced nephrotoxicity was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent fashion in rats supplemented with Se (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg) at P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively, when compared to INH-RIF. Se may clinically protect against INH-RIF-induced nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: This study showed that Se may clinically prevent INH-RIF-related nephrotoxicity.


BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY
The approach to mitral valve endocarditis is a surgical challenge, and the optimal procedure remains a matter of debate. In this condition, mitral valve repair appears feasible, but its long-term effects--as opposed to more often practiced valve replacement--have not yet been determined. Herein, the authors' experience of surgical treatment of infective mitral valve endocarditis is presented, with reference to surgical replacement or reconstruction.

METHODS
A retrospective analysis was performed of all patients with infective native mitral valve endocarditis treated surgically at the University Hospital Zurich and the City Hospital Triemli Zurich between 1980 and 1996. Of 154 patients, 97 (63%) underwent mitral valve replacement, and 57 (37%) mitral valve reconstruction.

RESULTS
The 30-day mortality was 3.2% (5/154); 4% (4/97) after replacement and 1.7% (1/57) after reconstruction (p = 0.67). Survival (Kaplan-Meier) was 93%, 81% and 61% after one, five and 10 years, respectively. There was no significant difference between valve replacement and reconstruction in terms of long-term survival (p = 0.15), but there was a trend towards better survival after reconstruction than replacement if only cardiac deaths were considered (p = 0.1). At follow up, reconstruction patients were significantly less frequently symptomatic (NYHA class III/IV) than replacement patients (0% versus 29%; p = 0.002), had a lower incidence of atrial fibrillation and need for pacemaker implantation (29% versus 47%; p = 0.04), and tended to have less dyspnea in daily life (20% versus 38%; p = 0.07). Reoperation in patients surviving more than 30 days was more common in replacement than in reconstruction patients.

CONCLUSION
The present data suggest a trend for better clinical outcome after mitral valve reconstruction than after replacement when treating mitral valve endocarditis. These results encourage mitral valve reconstruction in mitral valve endocarditis, but recommendations to clinicians undertaking surgery on mitral valve endocarditis must be made with caution.


C. elegans is used as a model organism to study a wide range of topics in molecular and cellular biology. Conventional C. elegans assays often require a large sample size with frequent manipulations, rendering them labor-intensive. Automated high-throughput workflows may not be always the best solution to reduce benchwork labor, as they may introduce more complexity. Thus, most assays are carried out manually, where logging and digitizing experimental data can be as time-consuming as picking and scoring worms. Here we report the development of CeAid, C. elegans Application for inputting data, which significantly expedites the data entry process, utilizing swiping gestures and a voice recognition algorithm for logging data using a standard smartphone or Android device. This modular platform can also be adapted for a wide range of assays where recording data is laborious, even beyond worm research.


The 2017 General Election will likely be remembered as the campaign where the once dominant forms of TV and print journalism were challenged by digital platforms. This chapter analyses this development while also acknowledging that social media networks do not operate in isolation from their more traditional counterparts and content is often shared between them. That said, digital networks did provide Labour Party supporters with significant opportunities to challenge and rebut claims made by the Conservative-dominated press during this campaign. A significant amount of this material focused on the merits (or not) of the two major rival parties and most especially their leaders. In comparison, other politicians received considerably less attention than in 2015.
The 2017 media campaign was not expected to showcase the kinds of innovation or generate the many surprises it subsequently provided. Its unexpected calling meant there was minimal time for campaign planning. In media terms, the rival platforms were often portrayed as though they were operating in parallel universes. So-called traditional media, especially newspapers, were seeking to appeal to older core voters and seen as relentlessly negative, anti-Jeremy Corbyn and pro-Conservative. By contrast, social media was viewed as a vibrant sphere dominated by young, left-leaning voices with a heavily pro-Corbyn agenda. In the aftermath, it could be argued that 2017 marked a watershed moment, one where social media finally proved its electoral worth and the power of the press was significantly challenged. Intriguingly, the media election was not, however, solely characterized by innovation given it too would hark back to an era of two-party politics. Thus the campaign proved to be a highly presidential affair dominated by both of the main parties and their leaders. These factors will be in turn considered in assessments of the role and nature of traditional, as well as social, media in this election.


This chapter is dedicated to national-level systems of education in Eurasian states and their unification within a framework of international regional organizations, where these states participate. The Eurasian states participate not only in CIS but also in other international regional organizations, but researchers do not always consider this fact. The subjects of this research are (a) the elements of the education system and links between them, (b) state bodies and other state entities which regulate the educational relations, and (c) innovation politics in education in every state: network universities and digital technologies. The last one is more relevant due to differences of the intended role of network universities, and the use of digital technologies varies from one legal system to others. The methods of implementation and use of digital technologies are also significantly different.


Abstract In this paper, we argue that closer engagement with the field of new institutional economics (NIE) has the potential to provide researchers with a new theoretical toolbox that can be used to study economic and social practices that are not readily traceable in material culture. NIE assumes that individual actions are based on bounded rationality and that the existence of rules (institutions) and their enforcement – the institutional framework – influences agents' actions by providing different incentives and probabilities for different choices. Within this theoretical framework, we identify a number of concepts, such as collective identity and mobile jurisdictions, that seem to fit what we know of Viking age economic systems. In applying these models to the available archaeological and textual data, we outline the ways in which further research could provide a new understanding of economic interaction within a rapidly evolving context of diaspora and change.


Alternatives to petroleum-based fuels for transportation are sought to address concerns over climate change and energy security. Key semiconductor, software, and battery technologies have sufficiently progressed over the past few decades to enable a mass-market-viable plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) alternative. In this paper, the various PEV architectures are described, including market availability, technologies and trends, practical ranges, battery replacement and power costs, implications for grid operations, and other developments. Manufacturers' recently announced prices and EPA standardized test data are used (where available) to increase the accuracy of cost comparisons for competing vehicles. Results indicate that in relatively low fuel-cost regions, like the U.S., PEVs enjoy a positive discounted net present value, thanks to tax credits and assuming that the original battery does not need replacement by owner. Even without the tax credits, PEVs offer financial payback for those residing in higher fuel-cost regions, as long as their batteries last the vehicle's lifetime or are replaced by manufacturers (under warranty).


Given data with noisy labels, over-parameterized deep networks can gradually memorize the data, and fit everything in the end. Although equipped with corrections for noisy labels, many learning methods in this area still suffer overfitting due to undesired memorization. In this paper, to relieve this issue, we propose stochastic integrated gradient underweighted ascent (SIGUA): in a mini-batch, we adopt gradient descent on good data as usual, and learning-rate-reduced gradient ascent on bad data; the proposal is a versatile approach where data goodness or badness is w.r.t. desired or undesired memorization given a base learning method. Technically, SIGUA pulls optimization back for generalization when their goals conflict with each other; philosophically, SIGUA shows forgetting undesired memorization can reinforce desired memorization. Experiments demonstrate that SIGUA successfully robustifies two typical base learning methods, so that their performance is often significantly improved.


Comparison is a valuable and widely touted analytical technique in social research, but different disciplines and fields have markedly different notions of comparison. There are at least two important logics for comparison. The first, the logic of juxtaposition, is guided by a neopositivist orientation. It uses a regularity theory of causation; it structures the study by defining cases, variables, and units of analysis a priori; and it decontextualizes knowledge. The second, the logic of tracing, engages a realist theory of causation and examines how processes unfold, influenced by actors and the meanings they make, over time, in different locations, and at different scales. These two logics of comparison lead to distinct methodological techniques. However, with either logic of comparison, three dangers merit attention: decontextualization, commensurability, and ethnocentrism. One promising research heuristic that attends to different logics of comparison while avoiding these dangers is the comparative case study (CCS) approach. CCS entails three axes of comparison. The horizontal axis encourages comparison of how similar policies and practices unfold across sites at roughly the same level or scale, for example across a set of schools or across home, school, religious institution, and community organization. The vertical axis urges comparison across micro-, meso-, and macro-levels or scales. For example, a study of bilingual education in the United States should attend not only to homes, communities, classroom, and school dynamics (the micro-level), but also to meso-level district, state, and federal policies, as well as to factors influencing international mobility at the macro-level. Finally, the transversal axis, which emphasizes change over time, urges scholars to situate historically the processes or relations under consideration.


Aim The study aims at determining the possible effects of Carica papaya leaf juice and hydrocortisone in increasing the platelet count in thrombocytopenia similar to dengue fever. Methodology The study was carried out on 24 Long Evans Norwegian strain healthy rats to investigate the comparative platelet increasing effect of Carica papaya leaf juice and hydrocortisone in experimentally induced thrombocytopenic rats. Thrombocytopenia was induced by 3 doses of cyclophosphamide (100mg/kg body weight) given subcutaneously. The rats were divided into 4 groups comprising of six animals in each group. These groups included a normal control and a cyclophosphamide induced thrombocytopenic control and the remaining two cyclophosphamide induced thrombocytopenic groups were administered Carica papaya leaf juice and hydrocortisone respectively. The duration of study was 15 days. The clotting time was determined on the 15th day although blood samples were obtained from the rat tails at various time intervals to determine the platelet count. Collected data was tabulated and Statistical analysis was performed by using appropriate significant test. A probability value P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Result Average platelet counts of the test and control groups were (6.89)×10 5 /?L and (6.75)×10 5 /?L respectively before the experiment. In the experiment there was no significant difference in the platelet counts during the first 3 days in either group. However, platelet counts within the test group started to fall after Day 3 and remarkable thrombocytopenia developed after 7days and the average value was (2.68)×10 5 /?L. From day 11 Carica papaya leaf juice and Hydrocortisone was given in two test groups following cyclophosphamide and platelet counts observed to reach a peak level at Day 14 (7.83)×10 5 /?L in case of following Carica papaya leaf juice, and (4.05)×10 5 /?L in case of following Hydrocortisone. The clotting time was determined on day 15 and it was found to be considerably lower (95.5 ± 2.762 sec) in case of Carica papaya leaf juice than (129±3.124 sec) in Hydrocortisone. Conclusion Carica papaya leaf juice has more platelet increasing effect than hydrocortisone and this study also reflects that Carica papaya leaf juice may be a potential candidate for further research leading to the development of a herbal therapeutic agent for thrombocytopenia manifested in diseases such as dengue. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpp.v30i2.22681 Bangladesh J Physiol Pharmacol 2014; 30(2): 32-40


Assessment feedback is an important part of students' learning experiences; however, text-based feedback has limitations. This article proposes an alternative in the form of individualised video recordings of the lecturer discussing each assignment. This research reports on 126 undergraduate and postgraduate students' reactions to 5-minute videos recorded by their teachers. The findings confirm that the majority of students valued the video feedback over text-based forms. In particular, video-based feedback was reported by students as being individualised (specific) and personalised (valorising identity and effort); supportive, caring and motivating; clear, detailed and unambiguous; prompting reflection; and constructive, which led to future strategising. Several potential weaknesses were also identified, including an initial anxiety about watching the videos, and the difficulty in matching the comments in the video-based feedback to the text-based assignment. Like the students, the teachers also reported that they valued the video feedback process, particularly in terms of being more time-efficient, facilitating quality especially in the form of feed forward comments, and rejuvenating teacher enthusiasm. The article concludes with implications for future research.


This article examines the incised drawings of Early Phrygian Gordion, and in particular those of Megaton 2. Aspects of their iconographic and archaeological contexts are taken in to consideration, as well as literary sources and especially the story of the Gordian knot. The focus of the study is a series of incised labyrinths, which have hitherto not been recognized as such, but which are of particular interest for the analysis of this building. The myth of Theseus and the Minotaur in the labyrinth helps to throw light on both the images of Megaton 2 but also on the story of the Gordion knot, and how these are interlinked with each other. It is suggested that Ariadne's ball of thread and the Gordian knot are two different expressions of a similar concept; both represent sovereignty provided by a Goddess. Megaron 2 seems to have been a building that was intimately connected with both the king and the Phrygian Mother Goddess.


The aim of this study was to investigate multiprofessional collaboration as well as collaboration between professionals and challenging students and their parents in which the focus for these collaborations was on handling the challenging students' academic and social behavior. A grounded theory study of collaboration between a prereferral resource team and teachers, principals, challenging students, and their parents was conducted. Qualitative interview and focus group methods were used. The findings presented a grounded theory of collaborative synchronizing in relation to challenging students around two ideal types, human resource synchronizing and human resource desynchronizing.


The No Unmeasured Confounding Assumption is widely used to identify causal effects in observational studies. Recent work on proximal inference has provided alternative identification results that succeed even in the presence of unobserved confounders, provided that one has measured a sufficiently rich set of proxy variables, satisfying specific structural conditions. However, proximal inference requires solving an ill-posed integral equation. Previous approaches have used a variety of machine learning techniques to estimate a solution to this integral equation, commonly referred to as the bridge function. However, prior work has often been limited by relying on pre-specified kernel functions, which are not data adaptive and struggle to scale to large datasets. In this work, we introduce a flexible and scalable method based on a deep neural network to estimate causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding using proximal inference. Our method achieves state of the art performance on two well-established proximal inference benchmarks. Finally, we provide theoretical consistency guarantees for our method.


This book addresses issues related to managing data across a distributed database system. It is unique because it covers traditional database theory and current research, explaining the difficulties in providing a unified user interface and global data dictionary. The book gives implementers guidance on hiding discrepancies across systems and creating the illusion of a single repository for users. It also includes three sample frameworksimplemented using J2SE with JMS, J2EE, and Microsoft .Netthat readers can use to learn how to implement a distributed database management system. IT and development groups and computer sciences/software engineering graduates will find this guide invaluable.


ABSTRACT In 1872, the British yachtsman and explorer Benjamin Leigh Smith led his second expedition to the Arctic. Seeking to further the impressive oceanographic and geographic research of his first expedition in the summer of the previous year, Leigh Smith first explored Jan Mayen and then sailed to Svalbard. There, after investigating Moffen, adverse ice conditions precluded effective continuation of the voyage and almost wrecked his research vessel, Sampson. During a brief meeting with Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld's Swedish polar expedition, a bond was formed between the two explorers with fortuitous benefits for the Swedish expedition the following year as it struggled to escape from the north coast of Svalbard. Leigh Smith was forced to make for England in September 1872, without sailing nearly as far to the north or east as during his first expedition. His 1872 experiences led him to reconsider his method for Arctic exploration, and consequently, for his third expedition in 1873, he decided to include a chartered steamer as his primary research vessel with Sampson relegated to the role of support vessel.


Aboriginal parent and community participation in the education process has been identified as a priority for educators of Aboriginal children in Western Australia. The priority is one strategy aimed at addressing the inequity of student outcomes for Aboriginal children. This study set out to investigate the opinions of school staff and Aboriginal parents regarding the opportunity for, and value of Aboriginal parental involvement in the education process. Also, similarities and differences of opinion between school staff and parents were identified and discussed. The study employed qualitative methodology and included triangulation for internal validity. Semi-structured interview schedules were used to collect the data from participants who comprised school staff and parents of Aboriginal children from five metropolitan schools. It was found that participants agree that schools are making an effort to encourage Aboriginal parental involvement in the education process but that parental involvement at school is still limited. However, many school staff believed that Aboriginal families do not value or support the education process at home, while Aboriginal parents expressed their value of education and reported involvement to varying degrees, in their children's learning at home. Additionally, it was found that both school staff and parents value parental involvement at school. However, school staff value parental involvement that engages parents as agents of the school, while parents value involvement that allows them to monitor the safety and performance of their children at school. The findings of this study support the view that Aboriginal parents, not only wish to be involved, but are already involved in the education of their children. However, frequently involvement occurs in ways that are not recognised by school staff. Furthermore, Aboriginal parents can be empowered towards greater involvement when school staff acknowledge and accommodate the perspectives of Aboriginal parents. Recommendations are offered to assist schools in this endeavour.