Iron (Fe) plays a key role in wine oxidation. The reduction potential of the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple in wine conditions allows Fe(II) to react with O2 and Fe(III) to react with polyphenols with the assistance of sulfite. Copper (Cu) accelerates Fe(II) oxidation and thus can greatly accelerate wine oxidation. Some studies suggest that manganese (Mn), which is present at concentrations similar to those of Fe in wine, may also participate in the catalytic process. This study was therefore undertaken to examine the possible interaction of Mn with Fe and Cu in wine. The reduction potential of the Mn(III)/Mn(II) redox couple is considerably higher than that of the Fe couple. As a result, Fe(III), H2O2, and O2 cannot oxidize Mn(II). Furthermore, Mn(III) is a stronger oxidant than Fe(III) and rapidly oxidizes tartaric acid. Thus, Mn cannot redox-cycle in the same way as the Fe couple. Despite this, Mn(II) accelerates Fe(II) oxidation in an air-saturated wine model, and it is proposed that Mn(II) reacts with an intermediate Fe(III)-superoxo complex to generate Mn(III). This accelerates the oxidation of 4-methylcatechol (4-MeC; a model polyphenol) in the presence of Fe and Cu in the model wine. Mn is a powerful catalyst of sulfite autoxidation, involving a radical chain reaction initiated by traces of Fe. As a radical scavenger, 4-MeC prevents chain propagation and, as with Fe, polyphenols prevent Mn-catalyzed sulfite autoxidation in wine. Results show that Mn accelerates the air oxidation of white wine, which is most evident at high Fe and Cu concentrations.


The objective of this paper is to test a new model for farm business management, as a tool for farm management planning for extension and advisory application, and compare it to current practices in Macedonia. The model used is the Farm Business Plan Agriwise, developed by the Swedish Agricultural University (SLU) and adjusted to Macedonian conditions. The plan represents a basis for appraisal of the profitability, capital return and financing from different operating alternatives. Besides exploiting the business plan as an internal tool for self-evaluation and strategic planning, it also functions as a material for external presentation. The proposed decision support system brings data from different disciplines together to an entirety needed in farm business planning. In this context, relevant experiences from the literature are reviewed. The research method includes cases where advisors compare the case farm advisory situation, based on currents methods in contrast to an application of the new Agriwise model. The advisors' conceptions are then summarized in terms of advantages and disadvantages rising from the use of this model for the farm's investment and production structure decisions. The expected outcome is to obtain an assessment of the new model by advisors as well as a foundation for further adaptation of the model to Macedonian conditions and use in the advisor-farmer cooperation.


A study is reported of a simple method for bicarbonate (hydrogencarbonate) alkalinity determination in an anaerobic sewage sludge digest based on the measurement of pressure increase in a constant-volume vessel on acidification of a sludge aliquot. The method provides the basis for a simpler and more robust instrument than the current constant-pressure designs, an important consideration for unattended operation in commerical installations. The factor that has led to the previous dismissal of constant-volume instruments has been the perceived problem of carbon dioxide solubility in water and the proportionality of the solubility with carbon dioxide partial pressure. Pre-saturation of the sample aliquot with carbon dioxide was thus inappropriate for such instruments. In fact the instability of aqueous sodium bicarbonate is shown to give rise to errors in bicarbonate alkalinity determination which are significantly larger than those resulting from failure to pre-saturate with carbon dioxide, provided that carbon dioxide partial pressures do not exceed typically 50 mbar over a 0.08 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, typical of a digester sludge. Furthermore, carbon dioxide pre-saturation is shown to exacerbate significantly the effect of sludge sulfide content on the accuracy of bicarbonate alkalinity determinations. A theoretical basis is presented for this phenomenon and the conclusions are supported by the results of a factorial analysis experiment. A standard additions calibration of carbon dioxide pressure increase resulting from the neutralization of 10 cm–3 of a typical digested sludge, with additions of 6.756 g dm–3 aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution, was linear with a correlation coefficient of greater than 0.999 between sodium bicarbonate concentration and pressure increase. This calibration has been used in the monitoring of a digester by daily triplicate bicarbonate alkalinity analyses which have had an average relative standard deviation of approximately 2.7% over a 2 month period. Comment is made regarding a modification to this prototype instrument that will allow the simultaneous monitoring of sludge sulfide content by means of an electrochemical sensor, the sulfide content measurement to be applied as a correction to the bicarbonate alkalinity determination.


Galactic winds are the primary mechanism by which energy and metals are recycled in galaxies and are deposited into the intergalactic medium. New observations are revealing the ubiquity of this process, particularly at high redshift. We describe the physics behind these winds, discuss the observational evidence for them in nearby star-forming and active galaxies and in the high-redshift universe, and consider the implications of energetic winds for the formation and evolution of galaxies and the intergalactic medium. To inspire future research, we conclude with a set of observational and theoretical challenges.


We propose and demonstrate a passively harmonic mode-locked erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) using carbon nanotubes polyvinyl alcohol (CNTs-PVA) film. The laser allows generation of the pulses with a repetition rate of 580 MHz, which corresponds to the 22nd harmonics of a 26.3 MHz fundamental repetition rate under 323 mW pump power. A particularly noteworthy feature of the pulses is the super-mode suppression ratio (SMSR), which is over 40 dB, indicating a stable operation.


The paper deals with coupled flexural-torsional vibrations of straight prismatic elastic bars made of a linearly elastic isotropic and homogeneous material. One of the aims is to develop an effective method of modelling vibrations of train rails of cross-sections being mono-symmetric, taking into account warping due to torsion as well as transverse shear deformations. The Librescu-Song 1D model has been appropriately adapted to the above research aims by incorporating all the inertia terms corresponding to the kinematic hypotheses. The finite element(FE) program has been written and its correctness has been verified. The results concerning natural vibrations compare favourably with those predicted by 3D FE modelling using dense meshes. The paper proves that neglecting warping due to torsion leads to omitting several eigen-modes of vibrations, thus showing that the popular Timoshenko-like models are useless for the vibration analysis of bars of mono-symmetric cross sections.


In continuing the challenge to improve road safety in Queensland, the Queensland Government commenced a review of the SchoolSafe Guidelines in August 1998. This paper discusses the reasons for the review, the development of new guidelines and the introduction of new initiatives in improving safety for the State's youngest road users. The emphasis of this paper is on the review of the School Zone Guidelines. School zones are only one part of an extensive suite of measures used to improve road safety for children in Queensland. These new guidelines are the latest development of the Safe School Travel (SafeST) Package. The SafeST Package is comprised of a number of initiatives which aim to improve the safety of travel to and from school for primary and high school students in Queensland. SafeST activities include the Safe School Bus Routes Program, Safe Walking and Pedalling Program, Speed Awareness Program, Flashing Lights in School Zone Trial, SafeST Subsidy Scheme, School Crossing Supervisors Scheme, public education and other initiatives. The paper also outlines new applications to increase motorist awareness of school areas, including consistent colour on school warning signs, and flashing lights on school zone signs. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see IRRD abstract no. E202589.


The Purusharthas are the chosen value elements of the Vedas and these are four in number. In order of importance, they are economic stability - Artha; love, sex and entertainment - Kama; the order of universe, be it moral, judicial or societal - Dharma; and finally - Moksha, which means ultimate salvation. It has now also come to mean perfection in all things.

Moksha and Mukti are twin words that respectively refer individual salvation and perfection during life, and after death. A reference to salvation of the many, leading to a perfect society, including good governance, is in the epic Sanskrit poem Ramayana. In modern times, largely homogenous Scandinavia is referred to as an existing Utopia. That however, may not be the ideal model for multiracial societies where differences are unavoidable or even essential for smooth and efficient governance.

Religion and the concept of God have indeed helped to unite society but have also proved to be a weapon to disrupt society, in the hands of fundamentalists and terrorists. Over long periods of history, religion has become a source of glorification of military might. Fundamental differences in religion are difficult to reconcile because of cultural and historic associations. it is not clear that an anthropomorphic god, whether real or created by man, is sufficient to lead us to Moksha. oriental definitions of Dharma mey create a more liberal atmosphere without one's belief in belief in the divine being altered.

The new discoveries of science have to be taken into account in the revised definition of Moksha. Recent studies on quantum entanglement may throw new light on the unification of humanity. it is an old saying of the Vedanta that all minds are entangled. We now know that quantum entanglement is not only a microscopic phenomenon but that it can be created physically n large molecules. This is where modern science can help in the creation of Moksha of the many.


The study aimed to examine whether an experimental imagery intervention, which elicited ecological representations of self, was more effective in enhancing vividness of movement imagery, action control and performance ability than a conventional imagery intervention and/or that ofa standard, instruction intervention. In order to test this hypothesis, a sample of 36 young ballet dancers (11-13 years) were secured from five reputable ballet schools and randomly assigned to three groups (n = 12) for the purposes of conducting a true experiment: a standard control group, an imagery control group and an experimental imagery group. Descriptive statistics and frequencies were conducted for all instruments used to describe and represent single variables ofinterest. Parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures were used to determine whether significant differences existed between the three groups for measures of vividness of movement imagery, action control and performance ability. Additional emerging relationships and trends were explored through bivariate correlational analyses, multiple stepwise regression procedures, a factor analysis as well as MANOVA and ANOVA statistical procedures. The results ofthe study were varied and some interesting trends were observed. Contrary to what was expected, the results revealed significant differences across the three groups for mean difference scores of performance ability, in favour of the standard control group. In particular, the standard control group revealed positive benefits in performance ability while the imagery control and experimental imagery groups revealed deteriorations in performance ability. The experimental imagery group was found to be significantly different from the imagery control group for mean difference measures ofinternal vividness ofmovement imagery. However, the study failed to reveal significant variations in mean difference scores for action control across the three groups. Furthermore, the results indicated that external and internal vividness of movement imagery were found to be significantly correlated with performance ability for the entire sample (N = 36) and across the two imagery groups (N = 24) respectively. Finally, numerous significant and near-significant relationships were observed between measures ofvividness ofmovement imagery, action control and performance ability. The results were discussed in relation to the literature on mental imagery, ecological self, action control and development.


While the examination of bystanders to the Holocaust has constituted an important part of Holocaust research in the last decades, historians have focused mainly on the two major Western Allied powers, the United States and the United Kingdom. This book broadens this important research area to include the other members of the anti-Hitler alliance and how they helped to shape the attitudes and responses to the Nazi persecution and extermination of European Jewry. Specifically, it looks at the 'Jewish policy' of the various governments-in-exile that were established during the war in London and elsewhere, offering for the first time a comparative perspective on an important topic. The book contains an extensive introductory essay by Antony Polonsky, along with contributions by leading academics, including Tony Kushner, Renee Poznanski, Rainer Schulze, and Dariusz Stola.


Did Roman presence have long-term impacts? I exploit plausibly exogenous differences across the Roman frontier in Northern England. Through a Regression Discontinuity Desing (RDD), I show that zones just South of the Roman wall still have significant advantage in luminosity and connectivity than those just at the North, and possible differences in population and human capital indicators. I argue that this is due to a legacy of infrastructure and urban centers left by the Romans, which influenced progress through all following centuries. To prove this, I show the effect of Roman rule on a number of intermediate outcomes from a rich amount of datasets. Almost all of them were statistically more positive South of the wall, although some differences appear to fade out after the Industrial Revolution period. All these results are robust to bandwidth, polynomial degree and numerous other tests.


ABSTRACT Background: Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) affects 0.4% of the population. It is characterised by disabling fatigue and a combination of self-reported symptoms which include impairments in concentration, short-term memory, sleep disturbances, post-exertional malaise and musculoskeletal pain. There are four categories of severity in the CFS/ME population: mild; moderate; severe; and very severe which are expanded on elsewhere and adopted by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE. Chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephelomyelitis diagnosis and management in adults and children; 2007]. Objective: Identify research relating to those severely and very severely affected by CFS/ME. Methods: We searched electronic databases for relevant studies using pre-defined search terms: 'chronic fatigue syndrome' and 'sever$' which covers 'severe' and 'severely'. Included were English language papers published in full that discretely identified severely and very severely affected CFS/ME populations from the broader CFS/ME population. Results: Over 2000 papers were reviewed and 21 papers met the selection criteria. The capture produced both adult and paediatric populations with a variety of methodologies. Wide differences in illness characterisation, definition and measurement were found. Case studies reported that in extreme presentations very severe CFS/ME individuals may be confined to bed, requiring reduced light and noise exposure. Conclusion: This review highlights the limited research focusing on the severely affected CFS/ME population. The heterogeneity of the condition contributes to the lack of consensus concerning definitive diagnostic criteria and functional measures to assess disability. Focused research to understand the disease characteristics of the most severely ill will help to advance our understanding of possible phenotypes associated with distinct severity categories.


This study presents results from a randomized evaluation of two labor market interventions targeted to young women aged 18 to 19 years in three of Nairobi's poorest neighborhoods. One treatment offered participants a bundled intervention designed to simultaneously relieve credit and human capital constraints; a second treatment provided women with an unrestricted cash grant, but no training or other support. Both interventions had economically large and statistically significant impacts on income over the medium term (7 to 10 months after the end of the interventions), but these impacts dissipated in the second year after treatment. The results are consistent with a model in which savings constraints prevent women from smoothing consumption after receiving large transfers -- even in the absence of credit constraints, and when participants have no intention of remaining in entrepreneurship. The study also shows that participants hold remarkably accurate beliefs about the impacts of the treatments on occupational choice


The research discussed in this paper concerns an investigation of logical dialogue games as a vehicle for enhanced human-computer communication. The need for a dialogue capability in computer systems is argued, and a prima facie case made for dialogue games, in particular Mackenzie's "DC", as a suitable dialogue model. Empirical work concerning DC is outlined, and strategies for adoption by the computer are presented. A user interface, software architecture and conceptualised example are discussed. The hope is that the paper will help bring together two groups of workers-philosophers of dialogue and designers of computer systems-to the mutual benefit of each.


This paper deals with the transfer of Western technologies during Nikita Khrushchev's program of industrial modernization. One of the focuses of this program was on the pulp and paper industry, an important but outdated branch of the Soviet economy. In order to improve the technology as well as to increase production, the Soviet leadership had to apply for Western help. As "a capitalist friend" of the Soviet Union during the Cold War, Finland played a key role in providing the country with Western technologies. In this article, I ask whether technology transfer assisted Russia's modernization goals in the context of the Cold War. I focus on the example of a single factory in its broader context. Examining the activities of Enso/Svetogorsk, initially a Finnish factory annexed by the Soviet Union in 1944, I explore two cases of technology transfer through the lens of Thomas Hughes's theorization of the interaction between social, technological, and resource factors. In Russian, extended summary in English .


Background Final diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) may take years demanding a quick diagnosis measure. We used the facts that PNH cells are damaged in acid, and reagents for measuring reticulocytes in Coulter DxH800 (Beckman Coulter, USA) are weakly acidic and hypotonic, to create a new PNH screening marker. Methods We analyzed 979 complete blood counts (CBC) data from 963 patients including 57 data from 44 PNH patients. Standard criteria for PNH assay for population selection were followed: flow cytometry for CD55 and CD59 on red blood cells (RBCs) to a detection level of 1%; and fluorescent aerolysin, CD24 and CD15 in granulocytes to 0.1%. Twenty-four PNH minor clone-positive samples (minor-PNH+) were taken, in which the clone population was <5% of RBCs and/or granulocytes. Excluding PNH and minor-PNH+ patients, the population was divided into anemia, malignancy, infection, and normal groups. Parameters exhibiting a distinct demarcation between PNH and non-PNH groups were identified, and each parameter cutoff value was sought that includes the maximum [minimum] number of PNH [non-PNH] patients. Results Cutoff values for 5 selected CBC parameters (MRV, RDWR, MSCV, MN-AL2-NRET, and IRF) were determined. Positive rates were: PNH (86.0%), minor-PNH+ (33.3%), others (5.0%), anemia (13.4%), malignancy (5.3%), infection (3.7%), normal (0.0%); within anemia group, aplastic anemia (40.0%), immune hemolytic anemia (11.1%), iron deficiency anemia (1.6%). Sensitivity (86.0%), specificity (95.0%), PPV (52.1%), and NPV (99.1%) were achieved in PNH screening. Conclusion A new PNH screening marker is proposed with 95% specificity and 86% sensitivity. The flag identifies PNH patients, reducing time to final diagnosis by flow cytometry.


We have designed and constructed a versatile magnetic tweezer primarily for intracellular investigations. The micromanipulator uses only two coils to simultaneously magnetize to saturation micron-size superparamagnetic particles and generate high magnitude constant field gradients over cellular dimensions. The apparatus resembles a miniaturized Faraday balance, an industrial device used to measure magnetic susceptibility. The device operates in both continuous and pulse modes. Due to its compact size, the tweezers can conveniently be mounted on the stage of an inverted microscope and used for intracellular manipulations. A built-in temperature control unit maintains the sample at physiological temperatures. The operation of the tweezers was tested by moving 1.28 μm diameter magnetic beads inside macrophages with forces near 500 pN.


Aim/Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate how the facilitation of a vocational lecturer (teacher) influenced the engagement of fifteen carpentry students during their learning. This facilitation occurred while the students used smartphones and mobile applications to create visual assessment ePortfolios.

Background: To encourage independence and peer collaboration, when creating their visual ePortfolios, the lecturer decided to get his students to use BYOD mobile devices, and social media applications to record their learning of technical skills. His intention was to make use of the devices they brought to class, and to enable greater autonomy and flexibility in the learning process by eliminating the need for digital cameras and proprietary software they had previously been using. The lecturer also saw this as an opportunity to provide more frequent and immediate formative feedback, and to encourage students to share their work.

Methodology: A Participatory Action Research design was used with fifteen certificate level students. They were guided in the use of three social media applications (apps) – Facebook, Evernote and Google Plus (G+) that they could use on their Smartphones to develop ePortfolios for assessment. Both quantitative and qualitative data was collected during four Action Cycles, and the outcomes are portrayed as a case study. Several sampling methods were used: a student pre-survey, and post-survey, observations and reflections by the lecturer, focus group interviews with students and an individual interview with the lecturer. For this article, a framework based on established factors of student engagement was used to examine the findings to establish the impact of the teacher.

Contribution: This paper extends the body of research about student engagement with a focus on the importance of the teacher in supporting 21st Century vocational learning and ePortfolio assessment using mobile technologies.

Findings: The majority of students were comfortable with the learning approach using the three applications and their mobile phones, and felt confident with the technologies. Overall, they found the learning approach was more convenient and made the experience easier, as well as enjoyable and fun. Students believed that mobile learning helped their learning and assisted them to connect with others. All three apps were considered easy to access. Facebook was the most preferred app with Google Plus (G+) the least liked. Evernote was favoured for its image editing and annotation features.

Students responded well to the lecturer's teaching methods and the learning environment he created. He was found to be pivotal to the learning process. As a result of the lecturer's learning and assessment design, students enhanced their achievement rates. He scaffolded their use of mobile technologies through: demonstrating and modelling each app at the start of the cycle of use, use of technologies during their learning, and by providing prompt, frequent and timely feedback on their ePortfolio work. Since he enabled them to use devices familiar to them, that is, smartphones, he helped them to develop autonomy and confidence.

The lecturer was supportive and enthusiastic and encouraged students through structured and well-designed collaborative activities to engage in active learning that challenged them, and encouraged collaboration. He guided them in their learning through regularly interacting with them to provide feedback, and he also added an aspect of competitiveness to the activities to motivate them.

Recommendations for Practitioners: Teaching staff are advised to seek guidance when designing learning activities using mobile technologies, and to access technical support. Cochrane's (2014) six critical success factors for designing learning using mobile devices would assist. Also, it would be useful to carry out a needs analysis with students and other stakeholders beforehand.

Recommendation for Researchers: Participatory Action Research is a robust methodology for trialling innovative learning strategies because when using this approach, researchers can be immediately responsive to the needs of the participants.

Impact on Society: An understanding of the factors associated with student engagement and high self-efficacy for using mobile technologies is essential for teachers tasked with designing contemporary learning activities in today's higher education learning environments. Encouraging the use of mobile devices that students own, and have familiarity using, helps to make learning and teaching more sustainable.

Future Research: Further research is needed to measure the impact of factors associated with student engagement, on the design of student-centred learning using contemporary technologies. It would also be helpful to examine the implications of student engagement measures as predictors of excellence in teaching, and in the development of learner capability (e.g., critical thinking, social justice awareness, reasoning, etc.).


This paper develops a simple but general model of negative-expectedvalue (NEV) suit and settlement given symmetric information. It accounts for the roles of the merits, litigation costs, and bargaining power; incorporates complaints and answers for which parties' investments in pleading detail are endogenously determined; permits strategic default by the defendant; and nests several existing models of NEV litigation as special cases. It generates testable, counterintuitive, empirical predictions and facilitates normative analysis. For example, the model predicts that plausibility pleading standards will have modest effects in deterring low-merit suits but may be harmful to plaintiffs and defendants settling stronger cases.


Abstract. Given the rise and wide adoption of Structure from Motion (SfM) and Multi View Stereo (MVS) in underwater archaeology, this paper investigates the optimal option for surveying ground control point networks. Such networks are the essential framework for coregistration of photogrammetric 3D models acquired in different epochs, and consecutive archaeological related study and analysis. Above the water, on land, coordinates of ground control points are determined with geodetic methods and are considered often definitive. Other survey works are then derived from by using those coordinates as fixed (being ground control points coordinates considered of much higher precision). For this reason, equipment of proven precision is used with methods that not only compute the most correct values (according to the least squares principle) but also provide numerical measures of their precisions and reliability. Under the water, there are two options for surveying such control networks: trilateration and photogrammetry, with the former being the choice of the majority of archaeological expeditions so far. It has been adopted because of ease of implementation and under the assumption that it is more reliable and precise than photogrammetry.This work aims at investigating the precision of network establishment by both methodologies by comparing them in a typical underwater archaeological site. Photogrammetric data were acquired and analysed, while the trilateration data were simulated under certain assumptions. Direct comparison of standard deviation values of both methodologies reveals a clear advantage of photogrammetry in the vertical (Z) axis and three times better results in horizontal precision.


Background: By 2013, the UK government's Migration Advisory Committee had listed sonography as an official 'shortage specialty'.[1,2] As a consequence of the working stresses allied to this shortage, British sonographers have increasingly been reducing hours or leaving clinical practice entirely.[3] Moreover, among those who remain, incidences of reported chronic pain and active injury are also on the increase within a profession that was already synonymous with high rates of work-related musculoskeletal disorder (WRMSD).[4] While contemporary research has described the rates of WRMSD among ultrasound practitioners[5], none has to date extensively explored its personal and professional impacts.

Methods: Using a model of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis with proven facility in medical imaging research,[6,7] extended semi-structured interviews with N=10 experienced sonographers were analysed.

Results: Participants routinely reported a sensation of guilt and depleted self-efficacy that not only permeated any working absence resultant of their own WRMSD, but also to taking legitimate leave when colleagues were suffering from WRMSD. An upshot of this was to recurrently "take one for the team" and work through excessive pain, even when this would likely result in greater prospective physical damage. While the basic shortage of sonographers was the core attribution for such behaviours, participants also cited (1) increasingly obese patients, (2) increasingly unhelpful (i.e. profiteering) equipment manufacturers, and (3) their own paternalism regarding healthcare.

Conclusions: The present situation in ultrasound mirrors a culture of potentially dangerous pain acceptance that been noted in the psychology of sport for some time,[8] albeit for altruistic, rather than egotistic, reasons.

References
1. Migration Advisory Committee. Skilled shortage sensible: Full review of the recommended shortage occupation lists for the UK and Scotland, a sunset clause and the creative occupations. 2013.
2. Parker PC, Harrison G. Educating the future sonographic workforce: Membership survey report from the British Medical Ultrasound Society. Ultrasound 2015;23:231-241.
3. Society and College of Radiographers. Sonographer workforce survey analysis. SCoR; 2014.
4. Harrison G, Harris A. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders in ultrasound: Can you reduce risk? Ultrasound 2015;23:224-230.
5. Bolton GC, Cox DL. Survey of UK sonographers on the prevention of work related muscular‐skeletal disorder (WRMSD). Journal of Clinical Ultrasound 2015;43:145-152.
6. Miller PK, Woods AL, Sloane C, Booth L. Obesity, heuristic reasoning and the organisation of communicative embarrassment in diagnostic radiography. Radiography 2017;23:130-134.
7. Miller PK, Booth L, Spacey A. Dementia and clinical interaction in frontline radiography: Mapping the practical experiences of junior clinicians in the UK. Dementia 2017.
8. Weinberg R, Vernau D, Horn T. Playing through pain and injury: Psychosocial considerations. J Clin Sport Psychol 2013;7:41-59.


This thesis explores the development of midwifery in Glasgow and the West of Scotland between c.1740 and 1840.  It draws upon a wide range of published and archival sources, including personal diaries and correspondence, local newspapers and trade directories, lecture notes and casebooks, and the minutes of numerous institutions.  The first three chapters are concerned with the practices, characteristic and regulation of midwives, who, prior to this period, were neither certified nor examined, and acquired their skills through experience.  An integral part of their role in the birthing chamber was to ensure that certain rituals, believed to mitigate the risks and agony of labour and to protect mother and child against supernatural agencies, were observed, and chapter one is devoted to an exploration of these rituals.  In 1740 the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow (FPSG) imposed a system of compulsory examination and licensing for midwives throughout Lanarkshire, Renfrewshire, Ayrshire and Dunbartonshire, and chapters two and three analyse the impact of this scheme and the personal and professional characteristics of the women thus licensed.

The remaining three chapters consider the development and significance of formal lectures in midwifery for both female and male practitioners, which were advertised in the Glasgow press from the 1750s.  Midwifery lectures were introduced at Glasgow University in the late 1760s, and by 1817 every medical and surgical graduate of the University, and every male licentiate of the FPSG, was obligated to have studied midwifery.

Despite these developments, midwifery in the West of Scotland was not completely transformed by 1840.  The licensing scheme for midwives was difficult to enforce and easily eschewed by those who assisted at childbirth only occasionally, therefore only a minority of midwives were licensed.  As formal instruction became more sophisticated and comprehensive, professed midwives gradually rejected the FPSG's scheme in favour of accreditation through lecture courses, and the licensing regulations were abandoned altogether in the 1830s.


Home care is one of the care alternatives that can be developed in the future

as the effort to give the holistic care on the patient. Home care RSAI intends

to be developed as the superior product. Strategy that can be used to devel-

oped RSAI HC is STP (Segmenting, Targeting, and Positioning Strategy).

This research uses demographic, geographic, and psycographyc factor seg-

mentation on the customer and RSAI HC potential market. Those segmen-

tation result is determined as the data target market determination, and

there is market positioning determination.

This research design is qualitative that supported by quantitative. Analytical

descriptive uses primary data on 100 potential market respondent and also

interview with sources of hospital and patient. It also completed by secon-

dary data which came from RSAI, RSAI HC, Dinkes Kota Bandung, BPPS Kota

Bandung, and the other relative institutions.

Segmentation that being delivered majorly by RSAI HC customers who are

more than 60 years old; male; housewife; more than 1-2,5 million rupiahs

revenue; moslem; coming from Kecamatan Margacinta; occupying VIP room;

having good perception on HC services and also on friendly, polite and com-

petent nurses; getting clear information and useful HC services; paying HC

cost by themselves; choosing HC services; time and cost saving; not being

difficult to go to the hospital; want good services and reached cost.

The potential market segmentation are more than 60 years old; female; high

school education level; housewife; more than 1-2,5 million rupiahs revenue;

moslem; coming from Kecamatan Margacinta; occupying second class room;

coming by themselves; paying by themselevs; need for HC; agree with HC

advantages; choosing HC and want good HC services.

Segmenattion produces patients who are more than 60 years old; coming

from middle up level; having degenerative illness; moslem; coming from East

Bandung, and want good care. The market target pattern that determined

through CDMG with the marketing division is Selective Specialization Pat-

tern. The positioning that being produced as the position is �Islamic Home

Care Service�.


This research has evolved from creative practice focused
on inter-disciplinary positioning between the domains of
music and architecture. Through engagement in the theories
and practice of architectural representation and the
computational tools of spatial design, a new form of 3D
spatial drum notation is presented. This notation seeks to
compliment the capacities of traditional drum notation
and overcome issues inherent in a theoretical 'musicoperspectival
hinge' between the notation and the meaning
of the notation. A representational schema of the spatial
drum notation is discussed in the first instance in relation
to the development of a lexicon of referent drum patterns
and phrases and then in the testing of notation on a multilayered
improvised 'drumscape' composition. The paper
culminates in the extension beyond notation into the
realm of music spatialization through 3D printing, digital
fabrication and Virtual Reality.


Polarization independent sum frequency generation (SFG) is proposed in an electro-optic (EO) tunable periodically poled Lithium Niobate (PPLN). The PPLN consists of four sections. External electric field could be selectively applied to them to induce polarization rotation between the ordinary and extraordinary waves. If the domain structure is well designed, the signal wave with an arbitrary polarization state could realize efficient frequency up-conversion as long as a z-polarized pump wave is selected. The applications in single photon detection and optical communications are discussed.


Two-dimensional tungsten diselenide (WSe2) has been used as a component in atomically thin photovoltaic devices, field effect transistors, and tunneling diodes in tandem with graphene. In some applications it is necessary to achieve efficient charge transport across the interface of layered WSe2-graphene, a semiconductor to semimetal junction with a van der Waals (vdW) gap. In such cases, band alignment engineering is required to ensure a low-resistance, ohmic contact. In this work, we investigate the impact of graphene electronic properties on the transport at the WSe2-graphene interface. Electrical transport measurements reveal a lower resistance between WSe2 and fully hydrogenated epitaxial graphene (EG(FH)) compared to WSe2 grown on partially hydrogenated epitaxial graphene (EGPH). Using low-energy electron microscopy and reflectivity on these samples, we extract the work function difference between the WSe2 and graphene and employ a charge transfer model to determine the WSe2 carrier density in both cases. The results indicate that WSe2-EG(FH) displays ohmic behavior at small biases due to a large hole density in the WSe2, whereas WSe2-EG(PH) forms a Schottky barrier junction.


1. Introduction. In the chapter which he devotes to the applications of his principle of individual liberty, Mill considers the question 'how far liberty may legitimately be invaded for the prevention of crime, or of accident'. On the latter topic, he writes:—'… it is a proper office of public authority to guard against accidents. If either a public officer or anyone else saw a person attempting to cross a bridge which had been ascertained to be unsafe, and there were no time to warn him of his danger, they might seize him and turn him back, without any real infringement of his liberty; for liberty consists in doing what one desires, and he does not desire to fall into the river." (Q1)


Previous work showed that at soil P concentrations below 57 mg 0.5 M NaHCO 3 -extractable P (Olsen P) kg -1 soil, little P was found in drainage waters collected from tile drains set 65 cm below the soil surface in soils from the Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment. Above this soil P concentration (termed the Change-Point) both total P and molybdate-reactive P (MRP) in drainage waters were linearly related to soil Olsen P concentrations. We now need to know if the Change-Point measured on Broadbalk occurs on other soils, and if so, whether a common value applies or if it varies depending upon soil type, management, and site hydrology. We investigated the possibility of 0.01 M CaCl 2 -extractable P being an indicator of the Change-Point. In all the soils studied, we found that the dynamics of P solubility in CaCl 2 dosely resembled the dynamics of P solubility in drainage waters of Broadbalk, since very distinct Change-Points occurred under both conditions. However, Change-Points measured following extraction with CaCl 2 varied widely between soils, from 10 to 119 mg Olsen P kg -1 soil. Lysimeter studies showed, with some exceptions, good agreement between Change-Points measured in drainage water and in 0.01 M CaCl 2 . We therefore suggest that this approach may provide a valid indicator of the soil Olsen P concentration at which significant amounts of P begin to leach from soil to water, provided preferential pathways exist in the subsoil to permit P leaching down the soil profile in drainage water.


Those of us who have worked with stack computers for several years have found an unending source of amazement –and some consternation–in how few computer professionals there are who seem aware that there is an entirely different approach to computer architecture from the familiar von Neumann model. Sometimes when such phrases as "zero-address machine" have dropped from my lips, and I see that the phrase had about as much meaning for the listeners as "zero-bit word" might have, I have wished that knowledge of stack machines were more widely spread. Fortunately Jack Grimes, the technical editor of Computer, had the same desire and suggested that an issue be devoted to the subject.


In this paper, a theoretical and numerical analysis of novel in-fiber photonic devices based on a structured chirped fiber Bragg gratings (CFBGs) for sensing and communication applications is presented. The investigated structure consists in a CFBG with single or multiple defects obtained by a deep and localized stripping of the cladding layer along the grating structure. The thinning of the cladding layer, partial or total, changes the core propagation features and thus leads to a significant modification of the grating spectral features. The effect of the local thinning, properly exploited, basically consists in the formation of one or more passbands within the original grating bandwidth and in one or more stopbands out of the original grating bandwidth. In addition, due to spatial encoding of the Bragg wavelength in CFBGs, the spectral position of each channel exclusively depends on the features of its own defect in a well defined location along the grating. Thus, the spectral properties of each channel are not affected by additional defects located elsewhere along the grating structure, enabling the possibility to develop independent multichannel devices by exploiting a single grating element. The spectral behavior exhibited by the microstructured device has been here numerically analyzed in dependence on the thinned region parameters. In addition a simple theoretical model has been extracted in order to easily design the device according to the desired spectral features for specific applications.


As human encroachment in natural habitats increases ubiquitously, understanding its impacts on wildlife is crucial. We investigated the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances (i.e. clearcuts and roads) on the movements of the woodland caribou, a threatened species inhabiting the highly managed southern fringe of the boreal forest. We used GPS telemetry data from 49 females followed between 2004 and 2010 in the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region (Quebec, Canada). Space use was evaluated at a coarser scale using individual home-range size as a function of observed disturbance levels within home ranges. Individuals first expanded their home ranges alongside increases in disturbance levels, yet subsequently shifted their behaviour when certain disturbance thresholds were exceeded by contracting home ranges and potentially trapping individuals in sub-optimal habitats. Fine-scale movements were investigated using a use-availability design contrasting observed and random steps (i.e. straight-line segment between successive locations). Individuals, although mostly avoiding disturbances, nonetheless regularly came in close contact with them. As a consequence, females modulated their movements daily and annually, avoiding disturbances predominantly during periods of higher vulnerability (i.e. calving, early and winter) during the day, while using them in periods of higher energy requirements (i.e. spring, summer and rut) during dusk/dawn and at night. Additionally, individuals altered their behaviour depending on the context in which they were moving, either relocating or remaining in altered habitats as disturbance levels increased. Our results suggest that current disturbance levels observed in the boreal forest cause behavioural shifts that may compel females to use suboptimal habitats, likely threatening the persistence of woodland caribou populations in North-American forests.


Link quality estimation is a fundamental component of the low power wireless network protocols and is essential for routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, accurate link quality estimation remains a challenging task due to the notoriously dynamic and unpredictable wireless environment. In this paper, we argue that in addition to the estimation of current link quality, prediction of the future link quality is more important for the routing protocol to establish low cost delivery paths. We propose to apply machine learning methods to predict the link quality in the near future to facilitate the utilization of intermediate links with frequent quality changes. Moreover, we show that by using online learning methods, our adaptive link estimator (TALENT) adapts to network dynamics better than statically trained models without the need of a priori data collection for training the model before deployment. We implemented TALENT in TinyOS with Low-Power Listening (LPL) and conducted extensive experiments in three testbeds. Our experimental results show that the addition of TALENT increases the delivery efficiency 1.95 times on average compared with 4B, the state of the art link quality estimator, as well as improve the end-to-end delivery rate when tested on three different wireless testbeds.


PANi/ClO4 doped films were developed electrochemically to immobilize DNA as biosensing platform to detect sanguinarine from adulterated mustard oils. The principle of technique was based on the interaction/intercalation of sanguinarine with dsDNA using electrochemical method. Further, it was suggested that sanguinarine intercalates with DNA strands forming complexes, results in the decrease of redox peak currents. In addition, the decrease of the peak current is proportional to the concentration of sanguinarine. The results based on the voltammetric signals decreased in concomitant increase of sanguinarine concentrations due to base pairing in dsDNA. The bioelectrode exhibited the detection limits 2-64 µM. The recovery experiment results found between 89% and 121% from spiked edible mustard oil sources. The correlation found between the current vs. concentration of SA with a correlation coefficient of (r 2 ) of 0.995 at 95% confidence limit. UV-VIS, CV, DPV, AFM, and SEM. characterized the bioelectrodes. Thus, the proposed electrochemical DNA biosensor detected SA and promising for real-time analysis of small molecules of environmental interest. Copyright © 2010 VBRI press.


Background and Purpose: Pistacia atlantica, which belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, grows in the Zagrossian region of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal properties of Pistacia atlantica and olive leaf extracts against different fungal species. Materials and Methods: In this study, we assessed the activities of olive leaf extracts and Pistacia atlantica leaf and fruit extracts against Candida species, including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. In addition, antifungal activities against three filamentous species, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus fumigates, were assessed, using the agar-well diffusion method. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values of fruit and leaf extracts from Pistacia atlantica ranged 6.25-12.5 mg ml-1 and 6.25-25 mg ml-1 against the tested Candida and Aspergillus species, respectively. The olive leaf extracts showed no activity against Candida species or Aspergillus flavus, while they exhibited antifungal potency against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus (MIC: 12.5-25 mg/ml). The MICs of the mixture of selected extracts ranged from 6.25 to 25 mg/ml. Conclusion: Based on the results, the ethanolic extracts of the selected plants exhibited antifungal potency against the tested fungi and could be used as natural antifungal agents.


This thesis examines the career of the architect Hassan Fathy as a case study for the Egyptian experience of modernity during the mid-twentieth century. I argue that the discussion of modernity has neglected the Middle East and positioned the West as the singular centre of modem life. I challenge this view through a discussion of twentieth century cultural history which looks at how the issues of modernity and culture, as expressed through architecture, developed as part of an interconnected global dialogue. By analyzing Fathy's role constructing the village of New Gourna during the mid-1940s I call into question the implications of his traditionalist mud-brick architectural practice and recast it as an expression of the uniquely modern political, economic and cultural circumstances of Egypt at that time. Furthermore, by arguing that Fathy's traditionalist architecture was based upon essentially modern ideas I challenge his status as a founding father of post-modern architecture.


Poly(phosphoester)s (PPEs) are interesting degradable multi-functional polymers. Here, we present the first synthesis of poly(phosphoramidate)s (PPAs) via acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polycondensation with amidate linkages in side chains. In contrast to conventional polyamides, the P–N-bond in phosphoramidates is more labile than the corresponding esters. Unsaturated PPAs were compared with structural analogues of PPEs: two novel α,ω-dienes, i.e. bis-(undecen-10-yl)-n-butyl-phosphoramidate (1) and bis-(undecen-10-yl)-n-butyl-phosphate (2) have been polymerized by Grubbs-type catalysts to polymers with molecular weights up to ca. 20 000 g mol−1. After hydrogenation polyethylene-like structures were obtained with the phosphoramidate or -ester representing a precisely placed defect. PPAs were compared to their PPE analogues with respect to their thermal behavior and stability by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), showing similar crystallization behavior for the saturated materials, but significant differences for unsaturated PPA vs. PPE. This synthesis of PPAs via ADMET polymerization offers an interesting approach to various PPAs. The hydrolytically labile pendant phosphoramidate further offers the possibility for the development of hydrolytically degradable materials or as processable intermediates for poly(phosphodiester)s which often show limited solubility.


Abstract. Methane (CH4) emissions from human activities are a threat to the resilience of our current climate system, and to the adherence of the Paris Agreement goals. The stable isotopic composition of methane (δ13C and δ2H) allows to distinguish between the different CH4 origins. A significant part of the European CH4 emissions, 3.6 % in 2018, comes from coal extraction in Poland; the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB) being the main hotspot. Measurements of CH4 mole fraction (χ(CH4)), δ13C and δ2H in CH4 in ambient air were performed continuously during 6 months in 2018 and 2019 at Krakow, Poland, 50 km east of the USCB. In addition, air samples were collected during parallel mobile campaigns, from multiple CH4 sources in the footprint area of the continuous measurements. The resulting isotopic signatures from sampled plumes allowed us to distinguish between natural gas leaks, coal mine fugitive emissions, landfill and sewage, and ruminants. The use of δ2H in CH4 is crucial to distinguish the fossil fuel emissions in the case of Krakow, because their relatively depleted δ13C values overlap with the ones of microbial sources. The observed χ(CH4) time series showed regular daily night-time accumulations, sometimes combined with irregular pollution events during the day. The isotopic signatures of each peak were obtained using the Keeling plot method, and generally fall in the range of thermogenic CH4 formation – with δ13C between −55.3 and −39.4 ‰ V-PDB, and δ2H between −285 and −124 ‰ V-SMOW. They compare well with the signatures measured for gas leaks in Krakow and USCB mines. The CHIMERE transport model was used to compute the CH4 and isotopic composition time series in Krakow, based on two emission inventories. The χ(CH4) are generally under-estimated in the model. The simulated isotopic source signatures, obtained with Keeling plots on each simulated peak using the EDGAR v5.0 inventory, indicate that a higher contribution from fuel combustion sources in EDGAR would lead to a better agreement. The isotopic mismatches between model and observations are mainly caused by uncertainties in the assigned isotopic signatures for each source category, and the way they are classified in the inventory. These uncertainties are larger for emissions close to the study site, which are more heterogenous than the ones advected from the USCB coal mines. Our isotope approach proves to be very sensitive in this region, thus helping to evaluate emission estimates.


Contributors to this issue of differences challenge the notion that psychoanalysis should not be used for social critique because of its perceived inability to account for social change. Since psychoanalysis primarily works to navigate the human unconscious, some scholars assert that it can do little for social critique but expose a steadfast psychic determinism: the belief that all human phenomena are inevitably determined by the consequences of the past. Relying on both historical and theoretical approaches to contest this perception, contributors explore how psychoanalysis can be used to address various dynamic processes in society.
One essay looks at Anna Freud's role in the institutionalization of psychoanalytic treatment to show the relevance of psychoanalysis to the democratic political sphere. Another essay explores the writings of Sigmund Freud and Melanie Klein to account for the desensitization of people to the deaths of others in wartime. Using psychoanalysis, one contributor studies a postindustrial society's anxiety over the notion of rational choice. Yet another contributor argues that, far from being ahistorical, Lacanian psychoanalysis and Derridian deconstruction engage with history in largely unrecognized ways.


The m-machine, n-job, permutation flowshop problem with the total tardiness objective is a common scheduling problem, known to be NP-hard. Branch and bound, the usual approach to finding an optimal solution, experiences difficulty when n exceeds 20. Here, we develop a genetic algorithm, GA, which can handle problems with larger n. We also undertake a numerical study comparing GA with an optimal branch and bound algorithm, and various heuristic algorithms including the well known NEH algorithm and a local search heuristic LH. Extensive computational experiments indicate that LH is an effective heuristic and GA can produce noticeable improvements over LH.


Mixed metal oxide CuO/SnO2 was considered as an apt heterogeneous catalyst for carbonyl group protection with phenyl hydrazine, under solvent free condition at room temperature. The catalyst was recovered by easy filtration and reused for further reactions. The catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method and characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, FTIR, and UV-DRS methods.


Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi that may contaminate all stages of the food chain and that are toxic or carcinogenic to animals and humans. In this PhD thesis, several aspects of risk analysis of mycotoxins are treated. In particular the studied mycotoxins included: Patulin (PAT), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Ochratoxin A (OTA), Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), and the attention is focused on hazard for infants and children that represent more sensitive and vulnerable categories respect to adults.
The first study case (chapter 3) treats with risk management to control blue mould on apples whose products of industrial transformation are widely consumed by whole population, above all children. The aim of the study was to test compatibility of the biocontrol yeasts (Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae LS11 and Cryptococcus laurentii LS28) with the recently developed fungicides boscalid (BOSC), cyprodinil (CYPR) and fenhexamid (FENH). The fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ) was used as the control. After 7 days of storage, the integrated treatment based on biocontrol agents (BCAs) with BOSC or CYPR resulted in a significant rot reduction (as much as 98%). Integrated treatments (BCAs + BOSC or CYPR) resulted in lower fungicide residues and PAT contamination in apples.
During apple products manufacturing, the formation of undesirable products like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) that is a marker of thermal processing can occur. In the second topic (chapter 4) apple juice and puree were prepared, artificially contaminated with PAT and submitted to a heat treatment to evaluate PAT's reduction. HMF's level was also detected in both juice and puree. Then, uncontaminated apple products samples (n=7) included juices, nectars and purees belonging to different commercial brands were collected, artificially contaminated with PAT at 50µg/l (limit established for PAT in juices) and 25 µg/kg (limit established for PAT in purees), digested with an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion protocol in children and bioaccessibility values (%) were calculated. After heat treatment, the evidenced PAT's loss was of 1.41 ± 0.52% in purees whereas it was of 62.62 ± 2.53% in the juices. HMF's level was 0.045±0.002µg/ml in puree and 8.3 ± 0.06 µg/ml in the juices. These differences can be related to the major protection of mycotoxin in semi-solid matrix, characterized by a major viscosity. Relatively to results of bioaccessibility, juices with pulp showed values of 70.89 ± 4.93% and 55.69 ± 4.73%, purees showed levels of 67.30 ± 10.76% and 58.15 ± 5.50% whereas nectar and clarified juices showed percentages of 38.88 ± 2.42%, 28.59 ± 0.46% and 25.28 ± 0.61% respectively. The physical structure of clarified products could have favored the action of digestive enzymes.
In the third topic (chapter 5) twenty-seven samples of dried pasta characterized by size, packaging and marketing intended for children consumption were collected and analyzed for OTA, AFB1 and DON determination. The samples that showed the highest amounts of one of the mycotoxins were cooked, digested with an in vitro gastrointestinal protocol and bioaccessibility values were calculated. Seven of the twenty-seven samples exceeded from 120% to 225% the legal limit of 200 µg/kg for DON fixed for processed cereal-based baby foods by an European Regulation; all the collected samples were under the OTA legal limit (0.05 µg/kg) fixed by the European Regulation and none of the samples was contaminated by AFB1 over the instrumental limit of detection of 0.10 µg/kg. The mean value of gastric bioaccessibility verified for the DON resulted of 23.1%, whereas mean duodenal bioaccessibility was 12.1%. Considering only the samples treated with the child digestion the mean DON duodenal bioaccessibility data was of 9.7%. Therefore, the DON could interact with the intestinal epithelium cells at concentrations of 3.4-18.9 µg/kg and these levels are cytotoxic on several cell lines.
The fourth topic (chapter 6) treats with the exposure assessment to AFM1 by breast milk collected from 50 lactating mothers in three senatorial districts of Ogun State, Nigeria. The relationship with dietary AFB1 exposure was also studied. AFM1 was detected in 41 (82%) of breast milk samples ranging from below limit of detection (<LOD) to 92.14 ng/l (mean = 15.9 ng/l). Nine (18%) of the breast milk samples had AFM1 below the detectable limit while eight (16%) of the samples had levels exceeding the European standard limit. The highest AFM1 risk was found in Ogun Central senatorial district. The level of AFB1 contamination in the foods consumed by the mothers were generally low with foodstuffs from Ogun Central senatorial district having a significantly higher (p<0.05) mean (0.33 µg/kg) than those collected from Ogun East senatorial district (0.18 µg/kg) and Ogun West (0.16 µg/kg). There was a significantly (p<0.05) positive correlation between the AFB1 consumed in foodstuffs by the lactating mothers and the AFM1 detected in their breast milk.


Supporters of the Geneva Initiative have been more modest than its detractors in assessing this unofficial model agreement's role in shifting policy in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over the past year and a half. The debate stimulated by the Geneva Initiative after three years of post-Camp David policy coma in addition to the local and international support that the initiative received spurred Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to take his first political, non-military move since being elected in 2001. Prime Minister Sharon openly acknowledges that the plan to unilaterally withdraw from the Gaza strip and four settlements in the Northern West Bank (GNWB) came against the backdrop of the challenge posed by the Geneva Initiative. Sharon's senior advisor Dov Weisglass, in a revealing interview to the Israeli daily newspaper Ha'aretz, stated that "The Geneva Initiative is one of the factors leading to the pullout plan." [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] All of this could be very gratifying for the architects of the Geneva Initiative. Our intention, however, was to promote an agreed-upon, peaceful, and comprehensive resolution of the conflict--not a unilateral and piecemeal measure that could be designed to postpone and avoid the very goal we desire. Having fallen victim to the law of unintended consequences, then, is the Geneva Initiative still relevant, and is the peace agreement it proposes still attainable? In short, where does the Geneva Initiative fit in the new mix of policy debate and options for the morning after Gaza? The Geneva Initiative The Geneva Initiative is a joint Israeli-Palestinian attempt to show that there is a detailed model for a peace agreement that addresses all contended issues and serves the national interests of both peoples. This model agreement provides workable solutions to a high degree of resolution on all the core issues. It follows the relevant international resolutions, the previous negotiations, the parameters proposed by former US President Bill Clinton, the vision articulated by US President George W. Bush in June 2002, and the Quartet Road Map. The text of the accord and suggested maps were drafted and negotiated over the course of two years by experts, former negotiators, senior reserve security establishment personnel, as well as sitting and former political office holders. By reaching such a detailed model for a possible peace treaty, the initiative seeks to challenge the narrative that took root after Camp David--that there was no partner for negotiation and no plan for Israeli-Palestinian peace. While this narrative has been the subject of keen academic debate, the Geneva Initiative tackled the underlying premise head-on by demonstrating the existence of actual solutions. Many of the architects of the Geneva Initiative were present during the 1999-2001 negotiations and were convinced that an agreement was within reach. Drafting the model accord was an attempt to test this hypothesis and to apply the lessons learned during the negotiating experience. In retrospect, the negotiators, the international community, and the Israeli and Palestinian publics were all insufficiently prepared for what a permanent status agreement would entail. Public education is perhaps the most crucial component to a consensus. What emerged during the negotiations was a gap between official negotiating positions and public rhetoric that could not be easily bridged, leading to a loss of public faith in the process. Consequently, the Geneva Initiative aimed to create broad public awareness among Israelis and Palestinians of the necessary compromises for peace and the reasons why these were in each side's respective interest. Since its launch, the Geneva Initiative has conducted an active educational campaign promoting and explaining the content of the agreement to create a public comfort level with the substance of a future peace accord. Polling data suggests that Israelis and Palestinians, while still distrustful of the intentions of the other side, are ready for the kind of peace deal outlined in the Geneva Initiative model. …


There is a high prevalence of asthma among elite performance athletes, particularly those who train and compete with high ventilation rates in austere environments, such as cross country skiers and swimmers. How best to assess, diagnose, and treat asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in athletes remains controversial. The underlying high cardiorespiratory fitness levels of athletes make the diagnostic process more complex as do a variety of both common and rare alternative diagnoses that must be considered. To add to this, the pathophysiology of EIB in athletes is believed to differ significantly from the exercise-induced asthma seen in clinical patients, with less allergic inflammation and less steroid responsive airways pathology. This review aims to examine the underlying differences in EIB and exercise-induced asthma, to discuss diagnostic testing, and to look at the evidence that suggests how we should direct management and therapy. This discussion raises a number of questions about the diagnosis and treatment of airways symptoms in athletes, and it also suggests how future research should be targeted to answer these questions.


The functional roles of the medial septal area (MSA) and nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) in memory were investigated to determine (1) their relative contribution to working and reference memory, (2) their operation in spatial and nonspatial memory, (3) the temporal dynamics of the neural activity within these nuclei as they relate to mnemonic processes, (4) the neurochemical regulation of their activity, and (5) the importance of ACh for their function. Working memory was tested in a continuous conditional discrimination (CCD), and reference memory was tested in the CCD and a sensory discrimination (SD). Bipolar recording electrodes in the dentate hilus monitored hippocampal EEG (theta rhythm). Immediately prior to behavioral testing, trained rats were infused with tetracaine, scopolamine, or muscimol into the MSA or NBM, and the subsequent behavioral and physiological changes were measured and correlated. MSA infusions of all three drugs reduced the power of hippocampal theta and impaired choice accuracy in the CCD; the magnitude of both effects was greater for larger doses and steadily decreased over time after the infusion, producing a strong positive correlation between the power of theta and choice accuracy in the CCD. These infusions had no effect on measures of reference memory in the CCD or in the SD. The results demonstrate that rhythmic activity along the septohippocampal pathway reflects processing of nonspatial working, but not reference memory. NBM infusions did not affect hippocampal theta but did reduce choice accuracy in the SD and completely disrupted performance in the CCD. The NBM appears to have a critical role in both working and reference memory.


Asynchronous Gibbs sampling has been recently shown to be fast-mixing and an accurate method for estimating probabilities of events on a small number of variables of a graphical model satisfying Dobrushin's condition~\cite{DeSaOR16}. We investigate whether it can be used to accurately estimate expectations of functions of {\em all the variables} of the model. Under the same condition, we show that the synchronous (sequential) and asynchronous Gibbs samplers can be coupled so that the expected Hamming distance between their (multivariate) samples remains bounded by $O(\tau \log n),$ where $n$ is the number of variables in the graphical model, and $\tau$ is a measure of the asynchronicity. A similar bound holds for any constant power of the Hamming distance. Hence, the expectation of any function that is Lipschitz with respect to a power of the Hamming distance, can be estimated with a bias that grows logarithmically in $n$. Going beyond Lipschitz functions, we consider the bias arising from asynchronicity in estimating the expectation of polynomial functions of all variables in the model. Using recent concentration of measure results~\cite{DaskalakisDK17,GheissariLP17,GotzeSS18}, we show that the bias introduced by the asynchronicity is of smaller order than the standard deviation of the function value already present in the true model. We perform experiments on a multi-processor machine to empirically illustrate our theoretical findings.


The Internet is playing a progressively more important part in our day–to–day life, through its power of making information universally available. People with disabilities have particular opportunities to benefit. Using the Internet in conjunction with dedicated assistive technologies, tasks that were very difficult if not impossible to achieve for people with various types of disability can now be made fully accessible — at least, in principle. However, in practice, many online resources and services are still poorly accessible to those with disability due to unsatisfactory Web content design.

Design of accessible Web content is codified in standards and guidelines of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Conformance with W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 (WCAG) (and/or similar, derivative guidelines) is now the subject of considerable activity, both legal and technical, in many different jurisdictions.

This paper presents results of a comparative survey of Web accessibility guidelines and HTML standards conformance for samples of Web sites drawn from Ireland, the United Kingdom, France and Germany. It also gives some recommendations on how to improve the accessibility level of Web content.

A particular conclusion of the study is that the general level of Web accessibility guidelines and HTML standards conformance in all of the samples studied is very poor; and that the pattern of failure is strikingly consistent in the four samples. Although considerable efforts are being made to promote Web accessibility for users with disabilities, this is certainly not yet manifesting itself in improving Web accessibility and HTML validity.


Vitamin D deficiency is very frequently observed among young women. Vitamin D deficiency is high in winter because of reduced exposure to sunlight. The main objective of this study was to Assessment 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in Iranian young women in winter and summer. In this cross-sectional study, 4212 men and women_ aged 20 to 35 years, who attended a single-consultation outpatient clinic, were selected. Who participated in this study toward the end of summer, and in winter Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations were measured. T test and X2 were used for data analysis. 4200subjects (66.4% women, 33.6% men) aged 20 to 35 (mean age ± SD 27.11 ± 12.6) participated in the study. The mean 25-(OH) D concentration in summer was 13.41 ± 13, and in winter it was 11.7 ± 11, and the difference was statistically significant (p< 0.02). The prevalence of 25-(OH) vitamin D deficiency was 87.7% in winter and 78.7% in summer (p < 0.05). Low vitamin D status among Young Men and Women during two consecutive winter seasons, improved vitamin D status during the summer was found. Serum 25(OH)D was strongly associated with parameters related to sun exposure, but only weakly with intake of vitamin D supplements.


In "Saddam Hussein: The Politics of Revenge", the author draws on his own knowledge of and extensive contacts within the Arab world to produce both a thorough biography and a penetrating psychological profile of the most powerful and unpredictable man in the world today. He explains why Saddam behaves as he does by suggesting that his life has been marked by a series of personal quests: for recognition after being orphaned and brought up by a destitute uncle; for control of his country; for leadership of the Arab world; for mastery of the technology of destruction, and who now fights for Iraq's survival. This is the chilling story of how the man who, with the encouragement of western governments, made his country the most advanced in the Arab world in the 1970s, and through personal ambition led it to disaster at the end of the 1980s, now fights for its survival.


'When the wheel of sexual ecstasy is in full motion, there is no textbook at all, and no order.' The Kamasutra is the oldest extant Hindu textbook of erotic love. It is about the art of living - about finding a partner, maintaining power in a marriage, committing adultery, living as or with a courtesan, using drugs - and also about the positions in sexual intercourse. It was composed in Sanskrit, the literary language of ancient India, sometime in the third century CE. It combines an encyclopaedic coverage of all imaginable aspects of sex with a closely observed sexual psychology and a dramatic, novelistic narrative of seduction, consummation, and disentanglement. Best known in English through the highly mannered, padded, and inaccurate nineteenth-century translation of Sir Richard Burton, the text is presented here in an entirely new translation into clear, vivid, sexually frank English, together with three commentaries: translated excerpts from the earliest and most famous Sanskrit commentary (13th century) and from a twentieth-century Hindi commentary, and explanatory notes by the two translators. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.


The hydrocarbon reservoir is a porous and permeable structure in the basement that houses a natural accumulation of hydrocarbons in liquid or gaseous form and is separated from the surrounding area by impermeable rocks. In a more concrete description, hydrocarbon reservoirs can be likened to an air-filled kite, in which the shell plays the role of the same impermeable rock, and as soon as this balanced medium is pierced, reservoir fluids, as air exits the kite rapidly by forces. The wells are driven. Of course, the strength of this natural drift decreases simultaneously with the production of the reservoir; Iranian reservoirs are, for example, said to have an average annual 10-8% natural drop in reservoir pressure and drop in production flow from the well - drop in production flow from the well with direct reservoir pressure drop. The correct division of a reservoir requires knowledge of the thermodynamic behavior of the phases in the reservoir, i.e. liquid, gas, solid, as well as knowledge of the forces affecting the production mechanism


The purpose of this ideology critical study is to investigate the hidden content in the reform Gy11 and compare it with the concept new public management. After the clarification of the hidden content, we compare the structure of the organization in Swedish high schools with the structure in public sector called new public management. The main questions of this study are the following: Is it possible to see the foundation of new public management in the Swedish high schools when it comes to the views of knowledge and the formation of goals? Which similarities can we find when we look at the organization new public management and the Swedish high school?The result showed many similarities, both regarding the views of knowledge and the formations of goals. The structure of new public management has been largely implemented in the Swedish high schools and the schools now focus more on instrumental knowledge rather than universal knowledge based on understanding.This is not surprising due to the social progress. In a society where instrumental knowledge is requested with the purpose of being sold on the market, schools are transforming the knowledge that is being taught as well. We have arrived in a society where individuals grow instead of the collective.


We report on stable optical waveguides fabricated by soft-proton exchange in periodically-poled congruent lithium tantalate in the α-phase. The channel waveguides are characterized in the telecom wavelength range in terms of both linear properties and frequency doubling. The measurements yield a nonlinear coefficient of about 9.5 pm/V, demonstrating that the nonlinear optical properties of lithium tantalate are left nearly unaltered by the process.


Context. The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is revolutionising the search for planets orbiting bright and nearby stars. In sectors 3 and 4, TESS observed TOI-402 (TIC-120896927), a bright V = 9.1 K1 dwarf also known as HD 15337, and found two transiting signals with periods of 4.76 and 17.18 days and radii of 1.90 and 2.21 R⊕, respectively. This star was observed prior to the TESS detection as part of the radial-velocity (RV) search for planets using the HARPS spectrometer, and 85 precise RV measurements were obtained before the launch of TESS over a period of 14 yr.
Aims. In this paper, we analyse the HARPS RV measurements in hand to confirm the planetary nature of these two signals.
Methods. HD 15337 happens to present a stellar activity level similar to the Sun, with a magnetic cycle of similar amplitude and RV measurements that are affected by stellar activity. By modelling this stellar activity in the HARPS radial velocities using a linear dependence with the calcium activity index log(RHK′), we are able, with a periodogram approach, to confirm the periods and the planetary nature of TOI-402.01 and TOI-402.02. We then derive robust estimates from the HARPS RVs for the orbital parameters of these two planets by modelling stellar activity with a Gaussian process and using the marginalised posterior probability density functions obtained from our analysis of TESS photometry for the orbital period and time of transit.
Results. By modelling TESS photometry and the stellar host characteristics, we find that TOI-402.01 and TOI-402.02 have periods of 4.75642 ± 0.00021 and 17.1784 ± 0.0016 days and radii of 1.70 ± 0.06 and 2.52 ± 0.11 R⊕ (precision 3.6 and 4.2%), respectively. By analysing the HARPS RV measurements, we find that those planets are both super-Earths with masses of 7.20 ± 0.81 and 8.79 ± 1.68 M⊕ (precision 11.3 and 19.1%), and small eccentricities compatible with zero at 2σ.
Conclusions. Although having rather similar masses, the radii of these two planets are very different, putting them on different sides of the radius gap. By studying the temporal evolution under X-ray and UV (XUV) driven atmospheric escape of the TOI-402 planetary system, we confirm, under the given assumptions, that photo-evaporation is a plausible explanation for this radius difference. Those two planets, being in the same system and therefore being in the same irradiation environment are therefore extremely useful for comparative exoplanetology across the evaporation valley and thus bring constraints on the mechanisms responsible for the radius gap.


A new species of Astyanax belonging to the Astyanax scabripinnis complex is described from dos Touros River, tributary of the Pelotas River, Uruguay River basin. Astyanax taurorum sp. nov. is distinguished from other species of the Astyanax scabripinnis species complex by having two humeral spots, the first vertically elongated; teeth of inner row of premaxilla with three to five cusps; 2–3 (modes 2 or 3) maxillary teeth; 20–23 (mode 22) branched anal-fin rays; 13–15 (mode 14) gill rakers on lower branch of the first branchial arch; 20–23 (mode 21) total gill rakers in first branchial arch; 33–36 (mode 35) perforated lateral line scales. Astyanax taurorum sp. nov. is similar to Astyanax paris; nevertheless, it can be readily distinguished from it by having a smaller head depth (73.6-83.1% vs. 86.4–95.6%) and smaller interorbital width (24.1–28.0% vs. 30.8–32.8%). In addition, it differs from A. paris by the presence a posttemporal hook-shaped posterodorsal margin.


Lockheed Electronics' Data Products Division has shipped the first production order of fifty MAC 16 minicomputers under a contract with lotron Corporation of Bedford, Massachusetts. The MAC 16's are components of lotron's automatic anticollision navigation system for shipboard use. Called DIGIPLOTTM, the minicomputer-controlled system, using conventional ship radar, analyzes all radar returns within 17 miles. The system automatically discriminates between small targets and the edge of land, evaluates over 200 of the closest targets, and plots the 40 "most threatening." The watch officer may preset a warning approach distance and approach time. When any target crosses these thresholds an alarm sounds and that target brightens on the display tube.


The fossorial Florida Sand Skink (Plestiodon [=Neoseps] reynoldsi) inhabits a restricted range of scrub and sandhill fragments on the ridges of central Florida. The high rate of urban and agricultural development in this area necessitates conservation strategies other than land acquisition and management because of the limited remaining Florida Sand Skink habitat available. This study tests the viability of translocation as a conservation strategy for this species and assesses which features of a recipient site contribute to the successful establishment of a population. In 2007, 300 individuals were collected and moved from an intact scrub habitat, individually marked, and moved to a nearby reclaimed site with no existing Florida Sand Skink population. Fifteen 20 m 2 enclosures were constructed at the recipient site, and 20 skinks were randomly assigned to each. These enclosures were divided among five treatments, which represented the range of habitat types at the donor site and differed in the presence or absence of a shade-providing object and coarse woody debris. Translocated skinks were monitored for two years to measure survival and reproduction. While survival and reproduction were apparent in all treatments, survival was significantly greater in enclosures with no shade-providing object and low soil moisture, and reproduction was most evident in enclosures with less light intensity and soil compaction. Common measurement of environmental variables at the donor and recipient sites showed that all of the recipient site enclosures differed from the donor site in the amount of vegetative cover but contained the structural heterogeneity that is associated with Florida Sand Skink presence in the wild. This study indicates that translocation is a practical conservation strategy for this species, and my results can be used to inform protocol for future Florida Sand Skink translocation efforts.


BACKGROUND
Germline BRCA1 mutations confer a substantial lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancer, but whether cancer at other sites is increased is less clear. To evaluate the risks of other cancers in BRCA1 mutation carriers, we conducted a cohort study of 11 847 individuals from 699 families segregating a BRCA1 mutation that were ascertained in 30 centers across Europe and North America.

METHODS
The observed cancer incidence was compared with the expected cancer incidence based on population cancer rates. Relative risks (RRs) of each cancer type in BRCA1 carriers relative to risks for the general population were estimated by weighting individuals according to their estimated probability of being a mutation carrier. All statistical tests were two-sided.

RESULTS
BRCA1 mutation carriers were at a statistically significantly increased risk for several cancers, including pancreatic cancer (RR = 2.26, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.26 to 4.06, P =.004) and cancer of the uterine body and cervix (uterine body RR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.69 to 4.16, P<.001; cervix RR = 3.72, 95% CI = 2.26 to 6.10, P<.001). There was some evidence of an elevated risk of prostate cancer in mutation carriers younger than 65 years old (RR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.01 to 3.29, P =.05) but not in those 65 years old or older (RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.53 to 1.33, P =.45). Overall, increases in the risk for cancer at sites other than the breast or ovary were small and evident in women (RR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.93 to 2.75, P =.001) but not in men (RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.12, P =.58).

CONCLUSIONS
In carriers of BRCA1 mutations, the overall increased risk of cancer at sites other than breast and ovary is small and is observed in women but generally not in men. BRCA1 mutations may confer increased risks of other abdominal cancers in women and increased risks of pancreatic cancer in men and women.


This paper contains the results of a survey of 126 doctoral programs in Information Systems in the USA and Canada. Each educational institution's website was searched for applicable information about its doctoral program for information systems. This paper summarizes the similarities and differences of the programs of study, such as which college or school houses the program, prerequisites, foundational courses such as statistics and research methods, the number of core or concentration courses required, minor requirements, exam requirements, etc. The information gathered will be useful for institutions desiring to start a program or modify their existing PhD in Information Systems program, and for schools wishing to compare their program with other programs.


Deep convolutional classifiers linearly separate image classes and improve accuracy as depth increases. They progressively reduce the spatial dimension whereas the number of channels grows with depth. Spatial variability is therefore transformed into variability along channels. A fundamental challenge is to understand the role of non-linearities together with convolutional filters in this transformation. ReLUs with biases are often interpreted as thresholding operators that improve discrimination through sparsity. This paper demonstrates that it is a different mechanism called phase collapse which eliminates spatial variability while linearly separating classes. We show that collapsing the phases of complex wavelet coefficients is sufficient to reach the classification accuracy of ResNets of similar depths. However, replacing the phase collapses with thresholding operators that enforce sparsity considerably degrades the performance. We explain these numerical results by showing that the iteration of phase collapses progressively improves separation of classes, as opposed to thresholding non-linearities.


This review presents the existing research on the role of the Internet in radicalization processes. Using a systematic literature search strategy, our paper yields 88 studies on the role of the Internet in a) right-wing extremism and b) radical jihadism. Available studies display a predominant interest in the characteristics of radical websites and a remarkable absence of a user-centred perspective. They show that extremist groups make use of the Internet to spread right wing or jihadist ideologies, connect like-minded others in echo chambers and cloaked websites, and address particularly marginalized individuals of a society, with specific strategies for recruitment. Existing studies have thus far not sufficiently examined the users of available sites, nor have they studied the causal mechanisms that unfold at the intersection between the Internet and its users. The present review suggests avenues for future research, drawing on media and violence research and research on social identity and deindividuation effects in computer-mediated communication.


The avant-garde writer and director Bertolt Brecht left the West for good in 1949, returning to East Berlin and founding the Berliner Ensemble. While he quickly became identified internationally as the cultural figurehead of the young socialist state, his relationship with the authorities was always complex, and he was increasingly marginalized by restrictive and authoritarian structures of power. It was only after his death that the regime sought to elevate him as a socialist classic -- a shift that entailed the selective appropriation of his legacy and the development of authorized modes of interpretation and performance. Poets, theorists, dramatists, and directors soon reacted against what they saw as the stagnation of Brecht's critical impetus: they began to subject his work to his own treatment, using his texts as a source of material and taking his methods to more radical conclusions. Edinburgh German Yearbook 5 explores the multiple, contradictory impulses behind these broad paradigm shifts and behind Brecht's activities in the GDR. It investigates the tensions engendered by his co-option as a socialist classic, and the range of creative responses his works have inspired, both in the GDR itself and in reaction to its demise. ~ ~ ~ ~ CONTRIBUTORS: David Barnett, Laura Bradley, Joy Calico, Paula Hanssen, Patrick Harkin, Loren Kruger, Karen Leeder, Moray McGowan, Stephen Parker, David Robb, Erdmut Wizisla. ~ ~ ~ ~ VOLUME EDITORS: LAURA BRADLEY is Senior Lecturer in German at the University of Edinburgh. KAREN LEEDER is Professor of Modern German Literature and a Fellow of New College, University of Oxford.


The Jones matrix based polarimetric method suitable for the spatially resolved analysis of the thermally induced birefringence and dichroism in complex high-power laser optical systems is proposed. The measurement allows the characterization of the complete local Jones matrix of the optical components, or their sets. The method of extraction of the particular contributions of the linear and circular birefringence and dichroism is also suggested in order to recognize the phenomena and effects contributing to the total induced polarization state distortions. The whole procedure is demonstrated on the simulated experiment which analyses a very general inhomogeneous polarization distorting piece of material.


A central component in all contemporary intrusion detection systems (IDSs) is their pattern matching algorithms, which are often based on constructing and traversing a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) that represents the patterns. While this approach ensures deterministic time guarantees, modern IDSs need to deal with hundreds of patterns, thus requiring to store very large DFAs, which usually do not fit in fast memory. This results in a major bottleneck on the throughput of the IDS, as well as its power consumption and cost. We propose a novel method to compress DFAs by observing that the name used by common DFA encoding is meaningless. While regular DFAs store separately each transition between two states, we use this degree of freedom and encode states in such a way that all transitions to a specific state are represented by a single prefix that defines a set of current states. Our technique applies to a large class of automata, which can be categorized by simple properties. Then, the problem of pattern matching is reduced to the well-studied problem of Longest Prefix Match (LPM), which can be solved either in ternary content-addressable memory (TCAM), in commercially available IP-lookup chips, or in software. Specifically, we show that with a TCAM our scheme can reach a throughput of 10 Gb/s with low power consumption.


This is the second edition of Travis Oliphant's A Guide to NumPy originally published electronically in 2006. It is designed to be a reference that can be used by practitioners who are familiar with Python but want to learn more about NumPy and related tools. In this updated edition, new perspectives are shared as well as descriptions of new distributed processing tools in the ecosystem, and how Numba can be used to compile code using NumPy arrays. Travis Oliphant is the co-founder and CEO of Continuum Analytics. Continuum Analytics develops Anaconda, the leading modern open source analytics platform powered by Python. Travis, who is a passionate advocate of open source technology, has a Ph.D. from Mayo Clinic and B.S. and M.S. degrees in Mathematics and Electrical Engineering from Brigham Young University. Since 1997, he has worked extensively with Python for computational and data science. He was the primary creator of the NumPy package and founding contributor to the SciPy package. He was also a co-founder and past board member of NumFOCUS, a non-profit for reproducible and accessible science that supports the PyData stack. He also served on the board of the Python Software Foundation.


We show that, in a coherent two-level optical amplifier with Kerr nonlinearity and linear loss, any weak seed pulse evolves into a fixed powerful linearly chirped pulse with quasi-parabolic shape. This process is associated with a transition from the incoherent into the coherent amplification regime, thus enabling in practice the generation of pulses with a spectrum wider than the linear gain bandwidth.


ABSTRACT This paper explores the underlying aspects surrounding emotional labor in everyday life inside newsrooms and how these aspects contribute to discursively (de)stabilize journalism as an institution. In order to do this, we apply the literature on affect and emotion in journalism as well as on discursive institutionalism to the analysis of a particular moment of crisis: the fraud scandal around Claas Relotius, an award-winning German reporter for the news magazine Der Spiegel. The discovery of his massive fake feature stories caused a fierce and controversial discussion on the media about structural problems in journalism as well as the use of emotion in feature stories and exclusion mechanisms inside the newsroom. In our textual analysis of 138 articles on this case published in German and selected international media between December 2018 and December 2019, we uncovered four main areas in which the role of emotions is discursively negotiated (1) Form: feature stories and their use of emotions, (2) Actor: emotional attributions to Relotius, (3) Practice: emotions as part of editorial practices, understood here as emotional labor in the newsroom, and (4) Institution: the description of the event and its affective implications for journalism as a whole.


Background: Although the unit of care in palliative care is defined as the patient and their family, there are few rigorous studies on how to improve support for family and friends as they take on the role of caregiver for someone at the end of life. Aim: Separate to patient evaluation and care, this pilot study aimed to define the feasibility and possible outcome measures to evaluate routine assessments and supports specifically for caregivers. Design: In a quasi-experimental design, two communities were included: one received standard specialist palliative care support and one additionally was allocated to a community network facilitator who assessed caregivers' needs and helped mobilize the caregiver's own support network or initiated contact with other community supports in three planned visits. Data were collected at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks using three caregiver assessment tools. Within group comparisons were made using Wilcoxon signed rank test and between group using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Participants: Sixty-six caregivers participated. Results: At 8 weeks, participants in the intervention arm showed significant within-group improvement in caregiver fatigue, sufficient support from others, decreased resentment in the role, greater confidence in asking for assistance and were better able to find resources and support. No between-group changes were seen in this pilot study. Conclusions: There were objective measures of improved support within the intervention group over time for caregivers through the active engagement of the community network facilitator. This pilot supports the case for an adequately powered study.