Donald W. Hemingway, Christianity in America be/ ore Columbus? ·Salt Lake City: Hawkes, 1988. 225 pp. $12.95. Reviewed by Bruce W. Warren In Christianity in America before Columbus? Donald Hemingway points out that Christianity originated in the Mediterranean world, but its message eventually spread to Europe, Africa, and Asia in the Old World. But was the message of Christianity taken to the New World before the voyages of Columbus? This question is the subject of the book under review. An attractive gloss cover packages the book. The content of the book is presented in 256 pages of text, 10 pages of references, 8 color plates, and 13 black-and-white illustrations. The descriptive material comes mainly from Mesoamerica, 225 pages, but 27 pages of description come from Peru in South America and 4 pages from North America. All the illustrations are from Mesoamerica. The author, Donald W. Hemingway, "is an attorney, teacher, musician and author. He has practiced law in Nevada and Utah and worked many years in the office of the Staff Judge Advocate in the United States Air Force .... The collecting of original manuscripts dealing with the history and genealogies produced by ancient civilizations has been an avocation of his for many years." Information used in the text comes from authors writing in the sixteenth through twentieth centuries. They are all nonMormon authors. Even his material on the Book of Mormon, pages 240-45, comes from the non-Mormon historian Hubert Howe Bancroft's five-volume series The Native Races published in 1883. Three Mormon writers are listed in the references. One is Charles E. Dibble (an expert on the writings and language of the Aztecs), whose lecture on "The Conquest through Aztec Eyes" is cited; and the other two (Warren and Ferguson) are the coauthors of The Messiah in Ancient America, whose book is used to date a couple of the illustrations from the Maya site of Palenque. Hemingway has divided his book into four main sections: (1) Symbols of Christianity; (2) Practices of Christianity; (3) Beliefs and traditions; and (4) Where did these symbols, practices~ and beliefs come from? There is a lot of fascinating discussion coming from many different authors covering a HEMINGWAY., CHRISTIAN!TY IN AMERICA (WARREN) 99 period of nearly five hundred years. The reader will find this compilation of material useful and conveniently available in one volume. What is lacking in the book is a critical evaluation of the writings consulted. A growing body of literature is available that deals with the efforts of the native Americans and the Spaniards in their attempts to understand and synthesize their respective belief systems. Contemporary historians, anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists have much to contribute to the proper interpretation of the various sources of information. For example, the final four illustrations from the Codex Borgia are interpreted by Lord Edward King Kingsborough in a very suspicious manner~ Kingsborough uses the Old and New Testaments to explain the meaning of these paintings in the light of Christ's death and resurrection. He did not use any of the native writings or ethnographic materials in his efforts. Most scholars are certain Kingsborough went too far in his interpretations. The reader may wish to look more closely at the illustrations and be his own judge. ff that is not satisfactory then one should immerse himself in the appropriate literature. I would think that students of ancient America and the Book of Mormon would want this volume on their bookshelves. It is a handy resource.


The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances establishes the Committee on Enforced Disappearances to oversee its implementation. Its reporting, individual communications and inter-state communications procedures have enhanced features that build on the experiences of other monitoring bodies with similar procedures. Its urgent visit and referral procedures contain novel elements that can promote compliance with the right not to be subjected to enforced disappearance. While issues of duplication, lack of enforcement powers, competence ratione temporis and time and resource constraints set the parameters of what it can and cannot do, the Committee, as part of a system of international and regional bodies, has the potential to induce respect for human rights and to help move states toward the goal of compliance with the right not to be subjected to enforced disappearance.


In this work, the link position tracking control problem of a tendon driven robotic system is studied in the presence of parametric uncertainty and lack of velocity measurements both of links and actuators. A partial state feedback nonlinear adaptive controller is proposed to deal with the unmeasurable states and uncertain dynamical system parameters. A backstepping approach has been utilized to develop the control strategy. The proposed nonlinear tracking controller utilizes online update laws to adapt for parametric uncertainties, and requires only link and actuator position measurements and tendon tension measurements. Need for link velocity measurements are eliminated by using a nonlinear filter, and a set of linear filters is designed to estimate the actuator velocities. Lyapunov based arguments have been applied to prove the stability of the closed-loop system and semi-global asymptotic link position tracking is achieved.


'A passionately reasoned and compelling account of the avoidable cruelties still embedded in the underside of British life - by a writer who has literally worn the clothes, lived in the flats and done the jobs of the poor. Every member of the cabinet should be required to read it, apologise and then act'. - Will Hutton. A frank and breathtaking book, this is journalist and broadcaster Polly Toynbee's account of her courageous intention to live and work on the minimum wage. The 'decent living' wage set by the Council of Europe is set at GBP7.39. The minimum wage in Britain is currently GBP4.10 per hour. And often, people are working for less, their voices unheard, their faces unnoticed. The low-paid are caught in an economic double bind that victimises them and shames the rest of us. Toynbee took whatever jobs she could find, often offered for less than the official minimum wage.Living on an estate in Clapham, she started from scratch and found that if she were truly unemployed, she would not even be able to afford a new job, and that faced with starvation, it's impossible not to sink into debt. In this powerful and compelling book, Polly Toynbee journeys to the inside of Britain today and uncovers that world which is invisible to most. This is a damning portrait of social justice in Britain.


Muscle wasting in various catabolic conditions is at least in part regulated by glucocorticoids. Increased calcium levels have been reported in atrophying muscle. Mechanisms regulating calcium homeostasis in muscle wasting, in particular the role of glucocorticoids, are poorly understood. Here we tested the hypothesis that glucocorticoids increase intracellular calcium concentrations in skeletal muscle and stimulate store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) and that these effects of glucocorticoids may at least in part be responsible for glucocorticoid-induced protein degradation. Treatment of cultured myotubes with dexamethasone, a frequently used in vitro model of muscle wasting, resulted in increased intracellular calcium concentrations determined by fura-2 AM fluorescence measurements. When SOCE was measured by using calcium "add-back" to muscle cells after depletion of intracellular calcium stores, results showed that SOCE was increased 15-25% by dexamethasone and that this response to dexamethasone was inhibited by the store-operated calcium channel blocker BTP2. Dexamethasone treatment stimulated the activity of calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)), and dexamethasone-induced increase in SOCE was reduced by the iPLA(2) inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL). In additional experiments, treatment of myotubes with the store-operated calcium channel inhibitor gadolinium ion or BEL reduced dexamethasone-induced increase in protein degradation. Taken together, the results suggest that glucocorticoids increase calcium concentrations in myocytes and stimulate iPLA(2)-dependent SOCE and that glucocorticoid-induced muscle protein degradation may at least in part be regulated by increased iPLA(2) activity, SOCE, and cellular calcium levels.


The balance of global power is undergoing a tectonic shift, with "developing" countries such as India, Turkey, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, and South Africa now asserting their influence. These countries subtly redefine our notion of "strong" and "weak" economics and the relationship between political stability and international might, changing the rules of the international power grab to an extent unheard of since 1945.

Emerging states share high growth rates and increasing institutional activities, and they equally pursue integration into the world economy. Yet each country differs in its forms of capitalism and overall economic and political trajectories. China has become "the world's factory," while India is known as "the world's back office." In light of these differences, there is now an urgent need to understand how our conception of "emerging states" corresponds to reality and the new configurations of power they might inspire. This richly documented volume, which contains more than one hundred color maps, graphs, and tables, includes the criteria for designating an "emerging" state and describes regional dynamics in several studies. The volume frames the behavior of these new power players and identifies probably challenges that might arise as they enter the world stage.


The authors report the results of a long-term follow-up study of 130 patients with 161 unruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms. Their findings suggest that unruptured saccular aneurysms less than 10 mm in diameter have a very low probability of subsequent rupture. The mean diameter of the aneurysms that subsequently ruptured was 21.3 mm, compared with a diameter of 7.5 mm for aneurysms defined after rupture at the same institution. Part of the explanation for this discrepancy may be that the size of the filling compartment of the aneurysm decreases after rupture. There is also evidence from the present study that intracranial saccular aneurysms develop with increasing age of the patient and stabilize over a relatively short period, if they do not initially rupture, and that the likelihood of subsequent rupture decreases considerably if the initial stabilized size is less than 10 mm in diameter. Consequently, the critical size for aneurysm rupture is likely to be smaller if rupture occurs at the time of or soon after aneurysm formation. There seems to be a substantial difference in potential for growth and rupture between previously ruptured and unruptured aneurysms.


The use of sequence inversions allows all 16 possible logic gates for two inputs to be realized in bacterial cells. [Also see Report by Bonnet et al.] Logic gates evoke images of circuit boards, but cells are arguably equally good in relying on logic computations. A classic example is the Lac operon, which activates itself upon the condition "lactose AND NOT glucose" (1). In recent years, there have been multiple reports on rationally designed, genetically encoded logic gates and circuits in living cells (2). Just like the Lac operon, these gates receive two or more molecular signals (inputs) and generate a product (output) whose level is logically linked to the inputs. Sixteen different logic connections are possible with two inputs and one output, but many of these operations have remained refractory to rational design. The trickiest of these gates usually make general statements about the inputs without referring to their exact values, such as "both inputs are the same" (an XNOR gate) or "two inputs are different" (an XOR gate). Two studies, one on page 599 of this issue by Bonnet et al. (3) and one by Siuti et al. (4), describe approaches that produce any of the 16 gates, including the notorious XNOR and XOR, in a compact manner by making relatively minor tweaks to the gates' genetic building blocks.


Although numerous studies have confirmed that tort victims rarely litigate and that most simply "lump" their losses, we lack an understanding of why this should be so. Why do the vast majority of injured persons choose inaction over action? Explanations relying on rational actor theories on the one hand or cultural determinism on the other have been sharply challenged by recent studies of mind, culture, and cognition, particularly with respect to individual responses to physical trauma and disablement. This article, drawing on a broad interdisciplinary literature dealing with injury victims, proposes a new model of perception and decision by persons who are situated at the threshold of tort law, and it offers some suggestions about why they so seldom cross it. This model takes into account the effects of nonconscious thought, which is grounded in the body itself. It also highlights the role of the social and cultural environment in shaping the interpretation of injurious experiences and the decisions that follow. Finally, it considers the injury victim's interactions with friends, family co-workers, and others, all of whom collaborate in constructing a narrative of the injury and a decision about how to respond.


In 1944, William Faulkner wrote to Malcolm Cowley, "I'm telling the same story over and over which is myself and the world. That's all a writer ever does, he tells his own biography in a thousand different terms."With these words, Faulkner suggests that what changes in the course of his prolific novel-writing career is not so much the content but the style, "the thousand different terms" of his fiction. The essays in Faulkner and the Craft of Fiction, first presented at the 1987 Faulkner and Yoknapatawpha Conference at the University of Mississippi, focus on Faulkner's narrative inventiveness, on how Faulkner, like his character Benjy in The Sound and the Fury, relentlessly kept "trying to say."The contributors, authorities on Faulkner's narrative, offer a wide variety of critical approaches to Faulkner's fiction-writing process. Cleanth Brooks, for example, applies the strategies of New Criticism to Faulkner's rendering of the heroic and pastoral modes; Judith L. Sensibar attempts to locate biographical sources for repeated Faulknerian paradigms; and Philip M. Weinstein draws on the theories of the Marxist Althusser and the French psychoanalyst Lacan. The topics examined are similarly wide-ranging.


Concentrations of particulate phytochelatin, a metal-binding peptide produced by eukaryotic phytoplankton, ranged from 2 to 50 pmol (g Chl a)-' in samples collected from small harbors in southeastern New England. Although there was no obvious relationship between phytochelatin and total Cu concentrations, phytochelatin varied systematically with free Cu concentrations [Cu*+]. Transects in which there was high [Cu*+] revealed high phytochelatin concentrations with a general decrease seaward. In those where [Cu*+] remained low and constant, phytochelatin levels also remained low and constant. Incubation experiments confirmed that Cu rather than Cd is likely responsible for the elevated concentrations of phytochelatin at our field sites, though Zn may also be important. Intracellular phytochelatin concentrations in laboratory cultures of Skeletonema costatum, a coastal diatom, increased with increasing concentrations of Cu and Zn in a metal-specific dose-response relationship. Additions of 12 nM Zn' (inorganic Zn) to Cu-stressed cultures reduced phytochelatin production, suggesting that Zn competitively inhibits uptake of Cu. Antagonistic effects of metals in the field, as well as physiological differences between organisms growing in the field and in the laboratory, can probably explain why phytochelatin concentrations in S. costatum are higher than in particulate field samples at the same [Cu*+]. The concentrations of many trace metals in coastal waters are elevated as a result of anthropogenic inputs. Direct inputs of both domestic and industrial wastes, as well as more subtle inputs such as leaching from pressure-treated wood pilings and antifouling boat paints, are examples of how metals enter the water column. Laboratory studies have demonstrat-


Central nervous system (CNS) drug disposition is dictated by a drug's physicochemical properties and its ability to permeate physiological barriers. The blood–brain barrier (BBB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier and centrally located drug transporter proteins influence drug disposition within the central nervous system. Attainment of adequate brain-to-plasma and cerebrospinal fluid-to-plasma partitioning is important in determining the efficacy of centrally acting therapeutics. We have developed a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of the rat CNS which incorporates brain interstitial fluid (ISF), choroidal epithelial and total cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) compartments and accurately predicts CNS pharmacokinetics. The model yielded reasonable predictions of unbound brain-to-plasma partition ratio (Kpuu,brain) and CSF:plasma ratio (CSF:Plasmau) using a series of in vitro permeability and unbound fraction parameters. When using in vitro permeability data obtained from L-mdr1a cells to estimate rat in vivo permeability, the model successfully predicted, to within 4-fold, Kpuu,brain and CSF:Plasmau for 81.5% of compounds simulated. The model presented allows for simultaneous simulation and analysis of both brain biophase and CSF to accurately predict CNS pharmacokinetics from preclinical drug parameters routinely available during discovery and development pathways.


In this paper, the distributed channel access schemes for ALOHA-based cognitive radio networks are considered. In the considered system, time is divided into frames, which are further divided into sensing phase and transmission phase. We derive channel sensing policy in the sensing phase, and channel access policy in the transmission phase for a secondary user (SU) to maximize its throughput. To mitigate high complexities of the above scheme, we propose a threshold-based channel access scheme. In this scheme, an appropriate threshold is set based on channel occupancy information and channel state information, and only channels providing potentially high throughput will be sensed and accessed. The proposed schemes are fully distributed, i.e., no extra information exchange is needed among SUs, which is a highly desired and beneficial property. Simulation results confirm that the proposed schemes outperform prior random access schemes.


[Abstract]: Interactions amongst individuals and in larger organisations are intimately bound to the
reality of the human being. From the simple fact that all sentient beings feel pleasure and
pain, it follows that they must take action to avoid harm or promote benefit, in ways that
suit their total reality. However, humans have a uniquely flexible mind and a language
capable of communicating subtle or abstract thoughts. As a consequence, humans can ask
questions on these matters with a depth that is revolutionary in terms of existence on this
planet. This revolutionary new capacity must not be squandered by denying the objective
and universal nature of the ethical discussion undertaken by individuals, groups and
societies. Human goods are frequently intangible, but this should not mislead us into
thinking that they are less real than material goods.
In this analysis, ethics is the realm that connects individual human nature to societal realities
such as laws. It does so in various conceptual dimensions. In the domain of willed action it
recognises that human beings are neither infallible nor omniscient, and therefore cannot give
effect to all their plans; so there must be a realm of unenforced obligation between what is
compulsory (law) and what is completely free (personal preferences). In the realm of
planning and understanding, ethics is the connective between the realities of individual
human nature and those of social organisation. These are processes of mutual influence and
feedback determined by reality, whether we understand that reality or not. Weaknesses in
ethical theories can lead to laws and standards that cause great harm. For example,
Aristotle's ethic contained no means of warning him of the evil of slavery - in this
connection we examine one modern redevelopment of Aristotle. However, if there are
ethical truths, grounded in reality, then unanticipated possibilities are opened for positively
influencing human social and individual evolution.
The Principle of Goodness is a new realist ethical theory which acknowledges truths about human nature and the vast web of interactions within which humans live and exercise their wills. Despite its simplicity, it has much to say about how people should act ethically, with
influences both by and upon individuals. The trust and security that follows from treating
every single one ethically as an individual will be conducive to the development of positive
feedback cycles of care, concern, friendship, and compassion throughout the matrix of
human interaction. The challenge, then, for those who desire a world free of inequity,
conflict and insecurity is to re-examine every social field informed by this ethics, which is
grounded in the inescapable reality of the human condition.


The nuclear matrix has been implicated in several cellular processes, including DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing. In particular, transcriptional regulation is believed to be accomplished by binding of chromatin loops to the nuclear matrix and by the concentration of specific transcription factors near these matrix attachment regions (MARs). A number of MAR-binding proteins have been identified, but few have been directly linked to tissue-specific transcription. Recently, we have identified two cellular protein complexes (NBP and UBP) that bind to a region of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) long terminal repeat (LTR) previously shown to contain at least two negative regulatory elements (NREs) termed the promoter-proximal and promoter-distal NREs. These NREs are absent from MMTV strains that cause T-cell lymphomas instead of mammary carcinomas. We show here that NBP binds to a 22-bp sequence containing an imperfect inverted repeat in the promoter-proximal NRE. Previous data showed that a mutation (p924) within the inverted repeat elevated basal transcription from the MMTV promoter and destabilized the binding of NBP, but not UBP, to the proximal NRE. By using conventional and affinity methods to purify NBP from rat thymic nuclear extracts, we obtained a single major protein of 115 kDa that was identified by protease digestion and partial sequencing analysis as the nuclear matrix-binding protein special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1). Antibody ablation, distamycin inhibition of binding, renaturation and competition experiments, and tissue distribution data all confirmed that the NBP complex contained SATB1. Similar types of experiments were used to show that the UBP complex contained the homeodomain protein Cux/CDP that binds the MAR of the intronic heavy-chain immunoglobulin enhancer. By using the p924 mutation within the MMTV LTR upstream of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene, we generated two strains of transgenic mice that had a dramatic elevation of reporter gene expression in lymphoid tissues compared with reporter gene expression in mice expressing wild-type LTR constructs. Thus, the 924 mutation in the SATB1-binding site dramatically elevated MMTV transcription in lymphoid tissues. These results and the ability of the proximal NRE in the MMTV LTR to bind to the nuclear matrix clearly demonstrate the role of MAR-binding proteins in tissue-specific gene regulation and in MMTV-induced oncogenesis.


Employing a straightforward textual reading of the Commerce Clause, which, unlike various other constitutional clauses, does not expressly mandate uniform regulation, the Supreme Court has recently declared that Congress is free to enact commercial regulations that apply in some states, but not in others, or that explicitly treat some states differently than others. This Article seeks to call that conclusion into question, and in the course of doing so, to explore the proper roles of history and text in constitutional decisionmaking. From a historical perspective, the desire for uniformity was both the precipitating factor in the creation of the federal commerce power and a fundamental limitation upon that power. Fearing that Congress would use the commerce power as a means of discriminating in favor of some states at the expense of others, the Constitutional Convention ratified a provision intended to preclude Congress from enacting nonuniform regulations of commerce. For purely stylistic reasons, that provision was ultimately broken into two different clauses: the Port Preference Clause and the Uniformity Clause, but the framers understood those clauses to be one in purpose, and to have the combined effect of categorically prohibiting the nonuniform exercise of the commerce power. Because the framers narrowly conceived the commerce power as extending only to the imposition of excises and duties and the regulation of navigation and shipping, their decision to divide the mandate against the nonuniform regulation of commerce into two, more narrowly drawn clauses seemed inconsequential. The Uniformity Clause, which requires all excises and duties to be uniform throughout the United States, and the Port Preference Clause, which precludes Congress from enacting regulations of navigation or shipping that favor the ports of one state over those of another, were sufficient in their day to fully protect against the nonuniform exercise of the commerce power. In today's world, however - a world in which the commerce power has achieved a drastically broader ambit - if we continue to read the Uniformity and Port Preference Clauses narrowly and literally, and if we fail to imply a general uniformity constraint on the commerce power, then we fatally undermine the fundamental constitutional principle that pervaded the Constitutional Convention that Congress must not be permitted to use the commerce power to favor some states at the expense of others. This Article contends that we should interpret the Constitution in a manner that preserves this fundamental precept and ensures that it remains relevant and vital in the twenty-first century and beyond.


This 1999 report was commissioned by the London Development Partnership, a body set up to prepare the ground for the Greater London Authority (GLA). It contains the first written proposal for Orbirail, then known as Ringrail and now implemented as the circular element in the Overground - completed on 9 December 2012. That idea had been proposed the previous year in talks by Prof Sir Peter Hall and Drummond Robson at the TCPA to which Michael Edwards contributed. The project was taken up by Nicky Gavron (of LPAC, from 2000 Deputy Mayor of London) and found its way into the London Plan following discussions with DR and Lord Rogers. 1. Infrastructure 1.1 The major likely infrastructure proposals concentrate on improving public transport access in Central London and the corridors east and west of it. 1.2 There is scope to provide significant Inner London improvements largely using existing corridors at lower cost and more quickly than wholly new routes: notably "Ringrail". This will give rise to interchange and other development opportunities and improve orbital services in Inner London. (There is thus scope for improving public transport access between suburban areas where car-dependence is such a problem). 1.3 A reduced-cost version of Crossrail is possible and should be considered. 1.4 There are few planned road improvements; key ones are likely to be removal of bottlenecks on the primary network, such as the North Circular Road. If these can be designed to favour public transport they could transform accessibility between outer suburbs as the ring rail could closer in. 2. Employment 2.1 Locational choices for employment are excessively restricted or prescribed under current policy which has not kept pace with business practice. 2.2 London's labour force is highly diverse with a rich range of skills and people are increasingly mobile between jobs. 2.3 Home to work distances have increased as the result of these two forces to the disbenefit of the economy, environment and citizens. 3. Town Centres 3.1 Town centre growth has polarised towards the central and outer areas of London in the last decade or so with declines in the Inner London area where space is short and access deficient. 3.2 The development of retail employment away from Town and Managed Centres is almost entirely of poor quality sheds in a low grade environment, and entirely car dependent. 3.3 PPG6 policies should restrict further Out of Town Centre growth in and around London. Within the framework of these policies there is scope – and an urgent need – to innovate ways which will give centres and local shops a new lease of life and reduce Londoners' needs to travel.


Previous publications suggest that handwritten anesthesia records are less accurate when compared with computer-generated records, but these studies were limited by small sample size, unblinded study design, and unpaired statistical comparisons. Eighty-one pairs of handwritten and computer-generated neurosurgical anesthesia records were retrospectively compared by using a matched sample design. Systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), and heart rate (HR) data for each 5-min interval were transcribed from handwritten records. In computerized records, the median of up to 20 values was calculated for SAP, DAP, and HR for each consecutive 5-min epoch. The peak, trough, standard deviation, median, and absolute value of the fractional rate of change between adjacent 5-min epochs were calculated for each case. Pairwise comparisons were performed by using Wilcoxon tests. For SAP, DAP, and HR, the handwritten record peak, standard deviation, and fractional rate of change were less than, and the trough and median were larger than, those in corresponding computer records (all with P < 0.05, except DAP median and HR peak). Considering together all the recorded measurements from all cases, extreme values were recorded more frequently in computerized records than in the handwritten records. Implications The discrepancies between handwritten and computerized anesthesia records suggest that some of the data in handwritten records are inaccurate. The potential for inaccuracy should be considered when handwritten records are used as source material for research, quality assurance, and medicolegal purposes.


In the last decade Micromechanical components for communication applications has been fabricated via IC-compatible MEMS technologies. In fact, its most important impact is not at the component level, but rather at the system level, by offering alternative transceiver architectures that reduce power consumption and enhance performance. In this paper a mixer-filter for AM frequency receiver with MEMS based on one clamped-clamped beam resonator is presented. Mixing and filtering functions are achieved by one component. By combining mixer and filter in one component, in addition to size reduction for portable communication devices, power consumption is also reduced. Mixer-filter can down-convert the RF frequency of 1.655MHz to IF frequency of 455 kHz with a bandwidth of 8 kHz by local oscillator frequency of 2.11 MHz. This technique can be used for much higher RF frequencies. The unloaded Q of this device is 7714 and it could be used as narrow band filter, this design has high linearity too with IIP3 13.6dBm. Above all, by integrating this mixer filter with the rest of the circuit it is more economical than other conventional receivers.


To define the term "expropriation" as a legal institute is not an easy task at all, bearing in mind that a legal way to carry out expropriation is both narrower and wider than expropriation in a material sense. On one hand, the legal regime of expropriation represents a method of establishing not only expropriation in a material sense, but also some individual legal institutes that are different from expropriation in a material sense. It means that besides expropriation in a material sense, there is also expropriation in a formal sense. On the other hand, expropriation in a material sense exceeds the framework of expropriation in a formal sense, either as a part of legislative legal regulation of legal relationships in relation to ownership, or as a part of legal regulation of individual legal cases in proceedings before courts-of-law and other bodies.
Bearing this in mind, our doctoral dissertation represents a result of our endeavours to consider the topic as an issue of theoretical and practical jurisprudence in order to adduce to the scientific public the conception of the legal institute of expropriation - as a whole that has arisen from the synthesis of formerly defined terms and forms of expropriation in a positive direction. Expropriation as a legal institute is a conceptual building constructed from expropriation in a formal sense, expropriation in a material sense, and quasi-expropriation. Our opinion is that there is differentia specifica that separates expropriation in a material sense from other legal institutes related to expropriation in a formal sense and from quasi-expropriation and other individual acts of seizure of privately owned property - and this represents the possibility of deexpropriation.
Besides determining the legal and scientific term "expropriation", its legal basis and the legal character of elements of its legal regime, the forms of expropriation and quasi-expropriation in
comparative law and in Serbian law are presented in this paper, as well as historical types of expropriation. Furthermore, in this dissertation, the understanding of the terms "legal system" and "legal institute" is presented; then the standpoint on public and private laws and civic, administrative, political, and judicial matters; as well as the understanding of legal principles as an expression of legal teleology in the substance of expropriation.


The contribution from this study lies in its reflection on the factors that influence market efficiency, which requires a multidisciplinary view to analyze the intervening factors that impact results of the financial system. It also contributes by reflecting on the need for new approaches for training professionals who will go on to work in financial and related areas and preparing them by using different financial analysis techniques; by reflecting on the fact that analytical practices are influenced by social, cognitive, and emotional aspects, enabling the students to be better prepared to act in the financial market; by presenting various technical possibilities and providing more comprehensive knowledge to choose the one that best suits the object of analysis and their preferences; and by reflecting on different ways of perceiving investment opportunities and risk, which can be expanded on in other studies on the segmentation of clients according to their preferences in the investor market. The aim of this study was to analyze how social and psychological aspects influenced the decisions involved in simulated trading operations. The relevance lies in its discussion of the philosophical and epistemological position in finance, which suffers from a vision that only focuses on the rationality of means and does not explain the anomalies verified in the financial market. The study originated from the application of a company game simulating the work of stock market trading desk operators, applied in the Stock Market Operations course and using fundamental, technical, and graphical techniques. The population was intentional and made up of undergraduate and graduate students from one of the four best Brazilian federal universities. The data analysis was performed by analyzing the content of the questionnaires applied and the journal entries made during participant observation.


A (subjective) overview of Internet resources relevant to professional astronomers is given. Special emphasis is put on databases of astronomical objects and servers providing general information, e.g. on astronomical catalogues, finding charts from sky surveys, bibliographies, directories, browsers through multi-wavelength observational archives, etc. Archives of specific observational data will be discussed in more detail in other chapters of this book, dealing with the corresponding part of the electromagnetic spectrum. About 200 different links are mentioned, and every attempt was made to make this report as up-to-date as possible. As the field is rapidly growing with improved network technology, it will be just a snapshot of the present situation.


This paper analyses the characteristics of low-income savers in a working class residential area of Cape Town. It uses the Khayelitsha and Mitchell's Plain Survey that was conducted in 2000. The survey was done at both a household and individual level for all adults over 18 years old. These household and individual datasets were merged to form the dataset used in this study. There were 4984 respondents of which 2644 were adults .The KMPS data set is a good foundation for analysing the characteristics of savers in a low income area characterised by high unemployment and poverty. Economic theory defines savings as that part of disposable


A model to predict local abutment scour is presented. The model is based on a large number of laboratory experiments over the past half century. The dependent variable, a ratio that includes local scour depth, is scaled with the contraction scour depth. Independent variate ratios are the approach Froude number, a conveyance ratio and a scaled nonlinear function of depth, width of abutment in the direction of flow and particle size. The model has a low standard error mainly attributed to measurement errors and its predictions need little, if any, safety factor adjustment.


PURPOSE
We have previously described a severe form of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) in the neonatal rat, analogous to human retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), where carbon dioxide is added to the inspired environment (hypercarbic OIR). We studied the time course of emergence and resolution of neovascularization (NV) in normocarbic OIR and hypercarbic OIR and the associated changes in VEGF and IGF-1 mRNA levels in hypercarbic OIR.

METHODS
550 newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were raised in 22 expanded litters of 25. Beginning at day 1 of life, rats were exposed to 7 daily cycles of hyperoxia (80% O2, 20.5 h) and hypoxia (10% O2, 0.5 h) with a gradual return to 80% O2 over 3 h. Inspired CO2 was maintained at 0.2% for 200 rats (normocarbic OIR) and 10% for 100 rats (hypercarbic OIR). Rats were sacrificed after a subsequent 5 day room air recovery period. An additional 250 rats raised in room air served as age matched controls. Retinae from left eyes were dissected and flatmounts were ADPase-stained. The presence and severity of NV was scored in a masked manner. Right eyes in hypercarbic OIR litters and room air controls were processed for analysis of VEGF and IGF-1 mRNA.

RESULTS
In normocarbic OIR, NV started to emerge before room air recovery began at day 8. It was maximal at day 10 and resolved by day 20. In hypercarbic OIR, a similar pattern was seen, with emergence prior to day 8, peak at day 13 and resolution by day 20. In hypercarbic OIR, retinal VEGF mRNA was decreased at day 8 and increased at day 10 compared to room air controls, correlating with maximal NV. Retinal IGF-1 mRNA was not increased at any time in hypercarbic OIR compared to room air controls.

CONCLUSIONS
Neovascularization resulting from normocarbic OIR or hypercarbic OIR occurs before room air recovery. Retinal VEGF mRNA was downregulated and subsequently upregulated prior to maximal NV in hypercarbic OIR. Neovascularization in the hypercarbic OIR model does not appear to be associated with increased retinal IGF-1 mRNA.


We obtain an analytic expression of the weak-field deflection angle of a model galactic halo through the application of the Gauss-Bonnet theorem on the optical metric, a method suggested by Gibbons and Werner. Our model makes use of the Navarro-Frank-White (NFW) density profile up to some galactic halo length scale a. Beyond this radius, the energy density falls proportional to r-n so that the mass function is rendered finite at spatial infinity. We find that the deflection angle is finite for any value of the impact parameter and behaves comparable to the deflection due to a Plummer sphere.


Tertiary educators across the globe are trying to identify the best way for students to complete their studies in a unit that synthesizes learning to date and prepares them to enter the workforce. The final unit, or capstone, has increasingly emerged as a key issue in higher education
 in recent years, and is the subject of a growing body of research. However, researchers have not reached consensus about the most suitable model for a capstone unit. The absence of a uniform approach is pronounced within the field of journalism education, where capstone units are not universal
 and a number of models are being used. In Australia, research has found that most undergraduate journalism programmes include a capstone unit, but that there are three models: the internship, the newsroom simulation and the project. The aim here is not to argue that one model is more effective
 than and preferable to others. Instead, this study contributes to the capstone literature by outlining student responses to a new project model capstone unit for journalism undergraduates at a Western Australian university. It evaluates the unit's effectiveness against the stated purposes
 and principles of a capstone experience, and concludes that the project can achieve the dual aims of enhancing disciplinary skills and developing broader transferable abilities.


This paper presents a study of the use of Virtual Learning environments in the conduct of three undergraduate modules in organisational behaviour and organisational change. The study is embedded within a discussion of social constructionist, or relational, premises on person, knowing and learning. These premises promote the importance of learning relations in a conception of learning as a process of becoming a member of a knowledge community. In particular, co-learning relations are privileged over subject-object relations, evident in conventionally taught courses. The study illustrates the development of such co-learning relations and presents evidence of their impact on the learning of students and tutors involved. Rather than treat the study as complete, it is treated as an open-ended, cyclical process. Consequently, potential future developments that are supported and justified by the reported evidence are presented in place of conclusions.


With the increasing demand for and reliance on plastics as an everyday item, and rapid increase in their production and subsequent indiscriminate disposal, the environmental implications of plastics are of growing concern. Given that plastic polymers are highly resistant to degradation, the influx of these persistent, complex materials is a risk to human and environmental health. Microplastics is described as a truly heterogeneous mixture of particles ranging in size form a few microns to several millimetres in diameter; including particles of various shapes from completely spherical to elongated fibres. Microplastic pollution has been reported on a global scale from the poles to the equator. The main route of concern is currently as a consequence of ingestion, which could lead to physical and toxicological effects on aquatic organisms.
To this end, in order to minimize the negative impacts posed by plastic pollution (microplastics), a plethora of strategies have been developed at various levels to reduce and manage the plastic wastes. The main objective of this paper is to review some of the published literatures on management measures of plastic wastes.


Background: Advanced heart failure is receiving increasing attention from clinicians and policy makers as a major chronic condition associated with poor quality of life in an ageing population.

Aim: To explore how we could tailor health interventions to individual patients with advanced heart failure at the end of life.

Design: (1) A systematic review of national and international chronic heart failure guidelines using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE II) tool and a data extraction framework based on the holistic needs assessment of the Gold Standards Framework (GSF). (2) A longitudinal qualitative study of 15 patients with New York Heart Association grade 3 or 4 heart failure recruited through two community based heart failure services. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patients at 3 monthly intervals for 1 year (n= 52 interviews). A refined 'case-based' method as described by Griffiths et al. was adopted to identify the ideal type categories of adjustment and adaptation and assess how these categories change over time for each patient. This involved understanding individuals as complex systems, subject to internal and external influences, with the potential for transformation. The analysis drew on the theoretical concept of the emergent present - as developed by Adam - the current period of time when all domains of life have expression.

Results: (1) A total of 19 guidelines were included in the review. Across all guidelines the lowest scoring domains were applicability and stakeholder involvement. Qualitative assessment showed that most guidelines adopt a disease-orientated approach to addressing need. In particular, domains on continuity of care and out of hours care were poorly covered. (2) Four distinct patterns of adjustment and adaptation were identified. The largest group was the Stuck and struggling category, which was characterised by participants wanting to move on but being unable to do so. Participants in the integrating group were able to accommodate the problems that they faced from moment to moment despite anticipating an uncertain future. Those in the submerged group were completely immersed in their illness and any expectation of a meaningful future had completely disappeared. The Past reminder group was characterised by a narrative based in the emergent present that was dominated by their experience of previous events. It was shown that some participants transformed from one category to another as a result of the care they received. For others, there was no change over the course of the study.

Conclusion: This thesis identifies important differences between the 'objective' patient represented in clinical guidelines and the 'subjective' experience of the individual. The illness experiences of people living with advanced heart failure are diverse and do not lend themselves to standardised care. This raises important questions for the way knowledge is currently translated into clinical practice. Attending to the emergent present may be a clinically useful approach for supporting health care professionals to tailor care to needs of patients at the end of life.


Several recent studies have shown that vibrations in a two-degree-of-freedom system can be suppressed by using modal coupling based control techniques. This involves making the first two natural frequencies commensurable (e.g, in a ratio of 1:1 or 1:2) to establish a state of Internal Resonance (IR). When the system exhibits IR, vibrations in the two directions are strongly coupled resulting in a beat phenomenon. Upon introducing damping in one direction, oscillations in both directions can be quickly suppressed. In this paper we consider vibration suppression of a flexible two-degree-of-freedom gyroscopic system using 1:1 and 1:2 IR. The possibility of using 1:1 and 1:2 IR to enhance the coupling in the system is established analytically using the perturbation method of multiple scales. The results of IR based control strategy are compared with a new method, which is based on tuning the system parameters to make the mode shapes identical. Results indicate that this new technique is more efficient and easy to implement than IR based control strategies. Another advantage of this method is that there is no restriction on the frequencies as in the case of IR. Finally, a control torque is obtained which on application automatically tunes the system parameters to establish modal coupling.


One basic problem in business-cycle studies is how to deal with nonstationary time series. The market economy is an evolutionary system. Economic time series therefore contain stochastic components that are necessarily time dependent. Traditional methods of business cycle analysis, such as the correlation analysis and the spectral analysis, cannot capture such historical information because they do not take the time-varying characteristics of the business cycles into consideration. In this paper, we introduce and apply a new technique to the studies of the business cycle: the wavelet-based time-frequency analysis that has recently been developed in the field of signal processing. This new method allows us to characterize and understand not only the timing of shocks that trigger the business cycle, but also situations where the frequency of the business cycle shifts in time. Our empirical analyses show that 1973 marks a new era for the evolution of the business cycle.


We provide an analysis that parses out the conditions under which diffusion indices based on disaggregated information are informative about overall economic activity. Building on work by Pinto, Sarte, and Sharp (2015), we highlight the fact that diffusion indices, appropriately scaled, capture contributions of changes in the extensive margin -- e.g. how many sectors are growing or declining rather than by how much individual sectors are growing or declining -- to aggregate growth. In the Fifth Federal Reserve District, for example, this margin captures the bulk of variations in aggregate employment growth. We then show that the Fifth District employment index, produced in real time using firm-level surveys, closely tracks a synthetic diffusion index constructed ex post using observed data. However, we also underscore that diffusion indices have their limitations. In the Fifth District, for example, the growth rate of average wages (relative to its mean) is frequently of a sign opposite to that indicated by changes in the extensive margin. Finally, we explore some of the implications of producing diffusion indices at a more localized level.


Abstract. The performance of the Rossby Centre regional climate model RCA4 is investigated for the Arctic CORDEX (COordinated Regional climate Downscaling EXperiment) region, with an emphasis on its suitability to be coupled to a regional ocean and sea ice model. Large biases in mean sea level pressure (MSLP) are identified, with pronounced too-high pressure centred over the North Pole in summer of over 5 hPa, and too-low pressure in winter of a similar magnitude. These lead to biases in the surface winds, which will potentially lead to strong sea ice biases in a future coupled system. The large-scale circulation is believed to be the major reason for the biases, and an implementation of spectral nudging is applied to remedy the problems by constraining the large-scale components of the driving fields within the interior domain. It is found that the spectral nudging generally corrects for the MSLP and wind biases, while not significantly affecting other variables, such as surface radiative components, two-metre temperature and precipitation.


Person tracking in camera network is still an open subject nowadays. The main challenge for this problem is how to link exactly individual trajectories when people move in a camera FOV (Field of View) or switch to other ones. This refers to solve the problem of person re-identication (Re-ID) in tracking process. A popular method for this is assigning the current position with the previous one based on the minimum distance between them. This is called as person identication by tracking. In this work, we approach tracking by identication, which means the trajectory assignment is done by the person identity (ID) determined at each video frame. In order to improve the accuracy of vision-based person tracking, we focus on accuracy enhancement for person identication by adding ID of the WiFi-enable device held by each person. A fusion scheme of WiFi and visual signals is proposed in this work for person tracking. An optimal assignment and Kalman lter are used in this combination to assign the position observations and predicted states from camera and WiFi systems. The correction step of Kalman lter is then applied for each tracker to give out state estimations of locations. The fusion method allows tracking by identication in non-overlapping cameras, with clear iden tity information taken from WiFi adapter. The experiments on a multi-model dataset show outperforming tracking results of the proposed fusion method in comparison with vision-based only method.


This work develops an approach to efficient reasoning in first-order knowledge bases with incomplete information. We build on Levesque's proper knowledge bases approach, which supports limited incomplete knowledge in the form of a possibly infinite set of positive or negative ground facts. We propose a generalization which allows these facts to involve unknown individuals, as in the work on labeled null values in databases. Dealing with such unknown individuals has been shown to be a key feature in the database literature on data integration and data exchange. In this way, we obtain one of the most expressive first-order open-world settings for which reasoning can still be done efficiently by evaluation, as in relational databases. We show the soundness of the reasoning procedure and its completeness for queries in a certain normal form.


The essays in Theology and the Political —written by some of the world's foremost theologians, philosophers, and literary critics—analyze the ethics and consequences of human action. They explore the spiritual dimensions of ontology, considering the relationship between ontology and the political in light of the thought of figures ranging from Plato to Marx, Levinas to Derrida, and Augustine to Lacan. Together, the contributors challenge the belief that meaningful action is simply the successful assertion of will, that politics is ultimately reducible to "might makes right." From a variety of perspectives, they suggest that grounding human action and politics in materialist critique offers revolutionary possibilities that transcend the nihilism inherent in both contemporary liberal democratic theory and neoconservative ideology.

Contributors. Anthony Baker, Daniel M. Bell Jr., Phillip Blond, Simon Critchley, Conor Cunningham, Creston Davis, William Desmond, Hent de Vries, Terry Eagleton, Rocco Gangle, Philip Goodchild, Karl Hefty, Eleanor Kaufman, Tom McCarthy, John Milbank, Antonio Negri, Catherine Pickstock, Patrick Aaron Riches, Mary-Jane Rubenstein, Regina Mara Schwartz, Kenneth Surin, Graham Ward, Rowan Williams, Slavoj Žižek


Augmentation of the maxillary sinus when severe atrophy and/or pneumatization of the sinus has occurred results in minimal crestal height that will not allow simultaneous implant placement has been a clinical challenge. The lateral sinus augmentation approach has been traditionally utilized in these clinical situations, but there are known complications such as membrane tears and increased post-operative issues that follow use of this technique. This article aims to propose a new technique utilizing specific surgical instruments, making it possible to increase the height of the crestal bone under the maxillary sinus in cases of significant atrophy, without complications using a two-stage crestal approach with a bi-phasic calcium sulphate as the graft material. The article will discuss the technique, present a case example and review 51 cases representing initially 1-3 mm sub sinus crestal bone heights that the technique was utilized with.


To maximize run-time performance, programmers often specialize their code by hand, replacing library collections and containers by custom objects in which data is restructured for efficient access. However, changing the data representation is a tedious and error-prone process that makes it hard to test, maintain and evolve the source code. We present an automated and composable mechanism that allows programmers to safely change the data representation in delimited scopes containing anything from expressions to entire class definitions. To achieve this, programmers define a transformation and our mechanism automatically and transparently applies it during compilation, eliminating the need to manually change the source code. Our technique leverages the type system in order to offer correctness guarantees on the transformation and its interaction with object-oriented language features, such as dynamic dispatch, inheritance and generics. We have embedded this technique in a Scala compiler plugin and used it in four very different transformations, ranging from improving the data layout and encoding, to retrofitting specialization and value class status, and all the way to collection deforestation. On our benchmarks, the technique obtained speedups between 1.8x and 24.5x.


AIMS
To assess the effects of application of an oxalic acid-based desensitizing agent before restoration of noncarious cervical lesions (NCCLs) with either a silorane-based or a methacrylate-based composite resin on decreasing the absolute risk and intensity of dentin hypersensitivity over the course of a 1-year follow-up.

METHODS
NCCLs in 31 patients (age range 24-66 years) were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n = 31 in all groups). In the Z250 and P90 groups, the restorations were performed with a methacrylate-based composite resin (Filtek Z250) and a silorane-based composite resin (Silorane P90), respectively. In the Z250 + OA and P90 + OA groups, the same composite resins were used, but an oxalic acid-based desensitizing agent (Desenssiv, SSWhite) was first applied. All NCCLs were evaluated before restoration (BR) and at 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 days after treatment. Teeth sensitivity to evaporative and tactile stimuli was measured by a visual analog scale (VAS). The results were analyzed with statistical tools including Wilcoxon and Friedman tests for within-group comparisons and ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests for between-group comparisons (P < .05).

RESULTS
Reduction in dentin hypersensitivity was observed for all treatment groups; however, these reductions were more pronounced when oxalic acid was applied before restoring the NCCL (P < .001). Complete elimination of pain was not achieved by any treatment modalities for the first 6 months; afterwards, in the groups that had received application of the oxalate-based desensitizing agent, the absolute risk of dentin hypersensitivity was significantly reduced (P < .01).

CONCLUSION
The restoration of sensitive NCCLs with composite resins reduces dentin hypersensitivity. This reduction is more pronounced if an oxalic acid-based desensitizing agent is applied prior to the restoration. In addition, its application reduces the absolute risk of dentin hypersensitivity after 6 months of treatment.


Deep reef assemblages in south-eastern Australia are poorly described, and have been surveyed by only a few studies conducted over small spatial scales. Here, we characterise
the composition of deep (~30-90 m depth) sessile invertebrate communities from sub-tropical
(27°S) to temperate eastern Australia (43°S). We estimated the cover of 51 preselected invertebrate
types from over 1700 seafloor images collected by an autonomous underwater vehicle from
>105 km of transects across the study region. Seafloor images were assessed using 3 alternative
schemes reflecting different resolution of benthic invertebrate groupings, including the broad-
level Collaborative and Automated Tools for Analysis of Marine Imagery project ('CATAMI') classification
recently developed as a generic scoring approach for seafloor imagery. Ordination using
canonical analysis of principal coordinates indicated a clear latitudinal gradient in benthic community
composition and, particularly when based on individual morphotypes, 3 distinct community
types (sub-tropical, warm temperate and cool temperate). Changes in community structure
mostly correlated with primary productivity and the temperature climatology, while local-scale
variability in community composition was most related to depth. Along with the gradual shift in
deep reef community composition across latitudes, region-specific sessile invertebrates might
serve as useful indicators of change in these deep benthic communities under future changes in
ocean climate in the region, which has been identified as a global hotspot for ocean warming. Our
methodological approach has general applicability for large-scale surveying and monitoring of
benthic communities using underwater imagery.


Coryneform bacteria (with the exception of Corynebacterium diphtheria), is considered to be part of the normal flora of the skin. It was found, in the last twenty years, to be involved in human pathology by identifying pathogenic species such as Turicella otitidis. There are few descriptions in the literature regarding T. otitidis involvement in human pathology, especially in children under 3 years old. We report the first case of bacteraemia in an institutionalized adult patient. We present the case of a 75- years-old Caucasian institutionalized patient, recently hospitalized for two episodes of urinary tract infection, who was in treatment at the last admission for a Proteus mirabilis bloodstream infection, presented himself to the emergency room for fever 38.1°C, intense asthenia, adynamia, confusion, altered general condition, and he is admitted into the Internal Medicine Department. From the blood cultures harvested upon admission, the presence of Gram-positive bacilli has been confirmed; bacilli identified on API® Coryne system kits, as Turicella otitidis. The evolution was favourable under the initiated antibiotic treatment prior to obtaining blood count results, the patient was discharged from the hospital with the recommendation of performing a prevention of recurrent lower urinary tract infections by long-term administration of fosfomycin. Bacteremia with Turicella otitidis , due to previous ear colonization, is possible to occur secondary to local and general immune alterations.


Given a sample from a probability measure with support on a submanifold in Euclidean space one can construct a neighborhood graph which can be seen as an approximation of the submanifold. The graph Laplacian of such a graph is used in several machine learning methods like semi-supervised learning, dimensionality reduction and clustering. In this paper we determine the pointwise limit of three different graph Laplacians used in the literature as the sample size increases and the neighborhood size approaches zero. We show that for a uniform measure on the submanifold all graph Laplacians have the same limit up to constants. However in the case of a non-uniform measure on the submanifold only the so called random walk graph Laplacian converges to the weighted Laplace-Beltrami operator.


The cultural traditions of Mexican women living in the United States make it likely that some women promote their health and manage their symptoms using various herbal therapies, yet we know little about this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare midlife Mexican women living in the U.S. who were or were not using herbal therapies with regard to the extent of their acculturation, beliefs about herbs, and factors associated with their utilization of health services. A convenience sample of 30 Mexican women between the ages of 40 and 56 years completed face-to-face interviews in either English or Spanish. Nearly half reported using herbal therapies. With the exception of positive beliefs about herbs, we found few differences between herbal users and nonusers on acculturation or access to, and satisfaction with, health services. Although acculturation did not appear to influence whether the women used herbal therapies, it did relate to the types of herbs selected. Women most commonly reported using herbs popular in traditional Mexican culture, including manzanilla (chamomile), savila (aloe vera), ajo (garlic), uña de gato (cat's claw), and yerba buena (spearmint).


Current country-based group crop insurance, i.e., Group Risk Plan (GRP), is not an effective risk-reducing tool in counties where natural conditions are different across the area. Using only the historical yield information, a statistical approach is developed to group farmers by their yield similarity rather than linking them based on their association with a particular county. The cases of Washington State wheat farms and Iowa corn farms are the focus of this investigation. Sub-county or cross-county zones (clusters) are identified, and each farm is classified into a cluster where individual farm identification remains unknown. To improve risk-management and cost effectiveness of the crop insurance instrument, we propose implementation of zone-based GRP as a substitute for county-based GRP, where homogeneous zones rather than county boundaries are used for indemnifying yield.


A virus disease showing leaf mottling in groundnuts, Arachis hypogeae cv. V 13, was observed in
experimental plots at the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, West Malaysia, in 1982. The virus is
sap-transmissible and can also be transmitted by the aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, in a non-persistent
manner. The host range is narrow. It produced chlorotic local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolar
Coste & Reyn and systemic chlorotic lesions in Vigna sinensis Sav. Electron microscopic examination
of virus infected groundnut leaves revealed'the presence of long flexuous particles about 800 nm in
length and pinwheel inclusions in tissue sections; therefore, the virus belongs to the potyvirus group.


Current European legislation demands a reduction in the amount of voltaile organic compounds (VOCs) used in industrial processes. The presence of these compounds in the leather industry arises from the chemicals used in the various stages of the leather manufacturing process. An important aim of tanners is to reduce or eliminate. VOCs, without lowering the quality of their leather products. The HS-SPME-GC-MS method is an innovation in leather analysis. The solid phase micro extration (SPME) is a sample preparation technique used for the extraction of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds and is becoming widely accepted as the technique of choice for many applications and that can be connected to gas chrompatography. The main advantages of this technique are speed, sensibility, and the fact that it requires no sample handling or solvent extraction. Other advantages include the fact that the concentration and the extraction are reached simultaneously and that it enables on-site extraction of the analyte, even without the prior destruction of the sample. This paper shows the development of a new HS-SPME-GC-Ms method with a deuterated internal standard for the detection and identification of volatile organic compounds emitted by leather. This method enables us to carry out a simple and rapid determination of the qualitative and semi-quantitative composition of the organic compounds in the samples


The popularity and ubiquity of multimedia associated with spoken documents has spurred a lot of research interest in spoken document retrieval (SDR) in the recent past. Beyond much effort devoted to developing robust indexing and modeling techniques for representing spoken documents, a recent line of thought targets at the improvement of query modeling for better reflecting the user's information need. Pseudo-relevance feedback is by far the most commonly-used paradigm for query reformulation, which assumes that a small amount of top-ranked feedback documents obtained from the initial round of retrieval are relevant and can be utilized for this purpose. Nevertheless, simply taking all of the top-ranked feedback documents obtained from the initial retrieval for query modeling does not always perform well, especially when the top-ranked documents contain much redundant or non-relevant information. In the view of this, we explore in this paper an interesting problem of how to effectively glean useful cues from the top-ranked documents so as to achieve more accurate query modeling. Towards this end, various sources of information cues are considered and integrated into the process of feedback document selection so as to achieve better retrieval effectiveness. Furthermore, we also investigate representing the query and documents with different granularities of index features to work in conjunction with the query and document models. A series of experiments conducted on the TDT (Topic Detection and Tracking) task seem to demonstrate the effectiveness of our query modeling framework for SDR.


Since the 2008 Global Financial Crisis, the financial market has become more unpredictable than ever before, and it seems set to remain so in the forseeable future. This means an investor faces unprecedented risks, hence the increasing need for robust portfolio optimization to protect them against uncertainty, which is potentially devastating if unattended yet ignored in the classical Markowitz model, whose another deficiency is the absence of higher moments in its assumption of the distribution of asset returns. We establish an equivalence between the Markowitz model and the portfolio return value-at-risk optimization problem under multivariate normality of asset returns, so that we can add these excluded features into the former implicitly by incorporating them into the latter. We also provide a probabilistic smoothing spline approximation method and a deterministic model within the location-scale framework under elliptical distribution of the asset returns to solve the robust portfolio return value-at-risk optimization problem. In particular for the deterministic model, we introduce a novel eigendecomposition uncertainty set which lives in the positive definite space for the scale matrix without compromising on the computational complexity and conservativeness of the optimization problem, invent a method to determine the size of the involved uncertainty sets, test it out on real data, and explore its diversification properties. Although the value-at-risk has been the standard risk measure adopted by the banking and insurance industry since the early nineties, it has since attracted many criticisms, in particular from McNeil et al. (2005) and the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in 2012, also known as Basel 3.5. Basel 4 even suggests a move away from the ``what" value-at-risk to the ``what-if" conditional value-at-risk' measure. We shall see that the former may be replaced with the latter or even other risk measures in our formulations easily.


In this study, anatomical and polynological features of Eranthis hyemalis (L.) Salisb. were investigated. For palynological analysis of plant materials, pollen preparations of each taxon were prepared for light microscopy research according to the Wodehouse and Erdtman methods and measurement of the morphological characters of pollen were carried out. For anatomical investigation, transverse sections of root, stem and leaf have been taken from E. hyemalis by scapel. All sections examined by light microscope. In the cross sections of the root, the pith was completely covered by xylem cells. In contrast to this, the pith of the stems is hollow. Leaves have amaryllis type of stomata. They are mesomorphic. The results of the light microscope investigation revealed that the pollen grains of E. hyemalis are tricolpate and exine scabrate. We believe that findings of this study will make contributions to the biodiversity and taxonomy in future.


The legal regulations on environmental issues that arise in the Arctic due to intensive exploitation of its oil and gas resources need to be explored. There are gaps in environmental regulations over the Arctic region both at international and domestic levels. For Russia, at least two basic problems can be seen in the legal norms: the absence of a coherent approach to the Arctic environmental legislation and policy, and the need to develop effective mechanisms of environmental protection in the process of the Arctic development. In recent years, the Arctic states have expanded legislation on the Arctic issues. Currently, the most effective legal instruments targeting the protection of the fragile Arctic environment have been created by the Arctic countries. The introduction of a system of integrated environmental management is the first step that should be taken. Deep scientific research should be the obligatory foundation of any Arctic project. Moreover, much attention should be paid to the analysis of biological diversity preservation schemes. Lastly, special laws are needed in Russia to ensure: the regulation, prevention, and response to pollution by oil and other containments; the protection and rational use of Arctic resources; and the conservation of the Arctic marine areas and natural landmarks. These ideas are based on a comparative analysis of the legal rules contained within the laws of Norway, Canada, and the United States.


The distribution of Recent and Holocene Cyprideis torosa (Jones, 1850) from brackish estuaries and lagoons of mainland Portugal is presented; older Cenozoic C. torosa are also briefly mentioned. Around 550 specimens were found alive, in Melides lagoon (456) and salt marshes from large estuaries (90). Thousands of empty valves and carapaces, with different ornamentation, were found in the lagoon, the estuaries and in Holocene samples from boreholes, in the latter with higher concentration in sediments deposited in lagoons. The modern C. torosa was found living mainly in Melides lagoon, associated with brackish and freshwater ostracod species, in soft mud or muddy sand sediments from quiet zones, with salinities from 4.1 to 15.1; it is also found in soft mud to muddy sand sediments whose interstitial waters have salinities from 19.0 to 34.1, on salt marshes (tidal flat and low marsh) of large estuaries, similar to lagoons, in low hydrodynamic areas, together with other brackish ostracods. The main parameters controlling the distribution of C. torosa appear to be the substrate, water dynamics and emersion time, whereas water chemistry is more related to the morphology of valves. In general, C. torosa presents the same ecological characteristics in the Holocene and in modern times.


Hire with Your Head Updated with new case studies and more coverage of the impact and importance of the Internet in the hiring process, this indispensable guide has shown tens of thousands of managers and human resources professionals how to find the perfect candidate for any position. Lou Adler's Performance-based Hiring is more powerful than ever! "We have chosen Performance-based Hiring because it's a comprehensive process, it's behaviorally grounded, managers and recruiters find it easy to use, and it works." -Marshall Utterson, Director Staffing, AIG Enterprise Services, LLC "Everyone's looking for the perfect means to make effective hiring decisions. A trained interviewer armed with the right tools is the best solution. Performance-based Hiring is a proven methodology to get these results." -John Ganley, Vice President and Chief Talent Officer, Quest Software "Any staffing director that doesn't send all of their people through Performance-based Hiring training is missing out on top talent, plain and simple. This should be the standard throughout the industry." -Dan Hilbert, Recruiting Manager, Valero Energy Corporation "Performance-based Hiring has been the most successful recruitment tool that we have added to our organization over the past few years. In fact, these tools have not only produced amazing outcomes-in terms of selecting the best fit in an extremely tight labor market-but with a level of success among our operations customers that I have rarely seen with other HR products." -Trudy Knoepke-Campbell, Director, Workforce Planning, HealthEast(r) Care System


The genetic relationships among 192 superior, high-yielding, and disease- resistant sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) accessions from the Ugandan germ- plasm collection were analyzed using 10 fluorescent labeled simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Relatedness among the genotypes was estimated using the Nei and Li genetic distance coefficient, cluster analysis and principle component analysis methods of NTSYS-pc software. The polymorphic information content of the SSR markers used in this study ranged from 0.23 to 0.76 for loci IB-S07 and IB-R12, respectively, with a mean value of 0.62. The number of polymorphic alleles detected per locus ranged from two to six with a mean of four, a confirmation of the effectiveness of microsatellite detection on an automated ABI 3730 sequencer. The mean pairwise genetic distance among the 192 genotypes was 0.57, an indication of moderately high genetic diversity. Cluster analysis divided the accessions into four major groups with no relationship to the district of origin. Two sets of duplicates were identified through SSR genotyping in this study. Up to 190 distinct accessions for use as potential parental genotypes in hybridization schemes for cultivar development in the region were identified.


With perfect information an economically rational market is expected. In the ICT age the introduction of a shopping/price comparison facility (Froogle) by a company with a search reputation as pre-eminent as Google leads to the expectation that it will allow comparison of products in terms not only of price but also of other aspects to an extent that appears to approach perfect information. Telecommunications and media companies and even retailers such as Wal-Mart increasingly see such initiatives as a competitive and strategic threat. This paper proposes a conceptual framework within which to analyse the strategic impact of consumer information channelled through global market search. In this we distinguish between information signals and knowledge indices arguing that the specific properties of information signals as distinct from knowledge indices and the critical role of intangibles place limits on the ability of purely fact-based search to eliminate 'friction' in markets.


The presence of bees (Apis mellifera L.) in urban areas has increased in recent years due to environmental disturbances caused by humans. Bee migration to cities may provoke serious accidents, since some people present allergic reactions to their venoms. In Rio Claro city, Sao Paulo state, Brazil, the number of calls to the fire brigade for removal of bee swarms, and the number admissions in local hospitals due to bee stings were investigated during 2002 and 2003, and a correlation between these data and the average temperature, rainfall and relative humidity was found. The study period was divided into three phases according to the number of times that the fire brigade was called to remove swarms (263 times): January to July 2002 - 51 calls (19.39%); August 2002 to July 2003 - 140 calls (53.23%); and August to December 2003 - 72 calls (27.38%). A significant correlation among the number of calls, the local temperature and rainfall was detected. The number of accidents was not associated with environmental variables. Based on the current results, public activities for prevention of bee attacks may be developed to avoid unwanted contact between humans and these insects, and/or provide the appropriate management of the colonies.


BACKGROUND
This study investigates the use of requests for clarification in conversations between teenagers with a cochlear implant (CI) and hearing peers. So far very few studies have focused on conversational abilities in children with CI.

AIMS
The aim was to explore co-construction of dialogue in a referential communication task and the participation of the teenagers with CI in comparison with individually matched hearing children and teenagers (HC) by studying the use of requests for clarification.

METHODS & PROCEDURES
Sixteen conversational pairs participated: eight pairs consisting of a child with CI and his/her hearing conversational partner (CIP); and eight pairs consisting of an HC and a conversational partner (HCP). The conversational pairs were videotaped while carrying out a referential communication task requiring the description of two sets of pictures depicting faces. The dialogues were transcribed and analysed with respect to the number of words and turns, the time it took for each pair to complete the tasks, and the occurrence and different types of requests for clarification that were used in each type of conversational pair and in each type of dialogue.

OUTCOMES & RESULTS
The main finding was that the teenagers with CI produced significantly more requests for clarification than the HCs. The most frequently used type of request for clarification in all dialogues was request for confirmation of new information. Furthermore, there was a trend for the teenagers with CI to use this type of request more often than the HC. In contrast, the teenagers with CI used significantly fewer requests for confirmation of already given information and fewer requests for elaboration than the HC.

CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS
The deaf teenagers with CI in the study seem to be equally collaborative and responsible conversational partners as the hearing teenagers. The interpretation is that certain conditions in this study facilitate their participation in conversation. Such conditions might be a calm environment, a task that is structured and without time limits and that the partner is well known to the teenager with CI.


Pyropia yezoensis (P. yezoensis) is a marine algae that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and anti-aging activities. In this study, we investigated the effects of the P. yezoensis peptide, PYP1-5, on collagen synthesis in the human dermal fibroblast cell line Hs27. Skin aging is related to reduced collagen production and the activities of multiple enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade collagen structure in the dermis, and tissue inhibitor of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which inhibit the action of MMPs. While collagen synthesis is associated with a number of signaling pathways, we examined the increased collagen synthesis via the upregulation of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway. Using MTS assay, we found that PYP1-5 did not affect cell viability. Moreover, we confirmed that PYP1-5 increased type 1 collagen expression using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot analysis and quantitative PCR. In addition, we identified changes in various enzymes, as well as the mechanisms behind the PYP1-5-induced collagen synthesis. PYP1-5 decreased the MMP-1 protein and mRNA levels, and increased the TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 protein and mRNA levels. In addition, PYP1-5 activated the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, which increased TGF-β1, p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 expression, while inhibiting Smad7, an inhibitor of the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Furthermore, PYP1-5 upregulated transcription factor specificity protein 1 (Sp1) expression, which is reportedly involved in type 1 collagen expression. These findings indicate that PYP1-5 activates the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, which subsequently induces collagen synthesis in Hs27 cells.


Parasites play a central role in the adaptiveness of sexual reproduction. Sexual selection theory suggests a role for parasite resistance in the context of mate choice, but the evidence is mixed. The parasite-mediated sexual selection (PMSS) hypothesis derives a number of predictions, among which that resistance to parasites is heritable, and that female choice favors parasite resistance genes in males. Here, we tested the PMSS hypothesis using the dung beetle Onthophagus taurus, a species that can be heavily parasitized by Macrocheles merdarius mites, which are known to affect adult survival. We investigated the heritability of resistance to M. merdarius, as well as whether female O. taurus impose a mating bias against males susceptible to mite infestation. Female choice for parasite resistance is difficult to disentangle from the possibility that females are simply choosing less parasitized males due to naturally selected benefits of avoiding contracting those parasites. This is especially likely for ectoparasites, such as mites. We tackled this problem by performing a mate choice trial first, and then measuring a male's resistance to mite infestation. Resistance to mite infestation exhibited significant levels of additive genetic variance. Although we found no relationship between mating success and parasite resistance, males with greater resistance to infestation mated for longer. If females control copula duration, given that short copulations often result in mating failure, female choice could act on parasite resistance.


This paper presents an approach to textureless object detection and tracking of the 3D pose. Our detection and tracking schemes are coherently integrated in a particle filtering framework on the special Euclidean group, SE(3), in which the visual tracking problem is tackled by maintaining multiple hypotheses of the object pose. For textureless object detection, an efficient chamfer matching is employed so that a set of coarse pose hypotheses is estimated from the matching between 2D edge templates of an object and a query image. Particles are then initialized from the coarse pose hypotheses by randomly drawing based on costs of the matching. To ensure the initialized particles are at or close to the global optimum, an annealing process is performed after the initialization. While a standard edge-based tracking is employed after the annealed initialization, we employ a refinement process to establish improved correspondences between projected edge points from the object model and edge points from an input image. Comparative results for several image sequences with clutter are shown to validate the effectiveness of our approach.


Pain inadequate treatment is frequent in modern society, with major medical, ethical, and financial implications. In many healthcare environments, pain is quantified prevalently through subjective measures, such as self-reports from patients or health care providers' personal experience. Recently, automatic diagnostic tools have been developed to detect and quantify pain more "objectively" from facial expressions. However, it is still unclear if these approaches can distinguish pain from other aversive (but painless) states. In this article, we analyzed the facial responses from a database of video-recorded facial reactions evoked by comparably-unpleasant painful and disgusting stimuli. We modeled this information as function of subjective unpleasantness, as well as the specific state evoked by the stimuli (pain vs. disgust). Results show that a machine learning algorithm could predict subjective pain unpleasantness from facial information, but mistakenly detected unpleasant disgust, especially in those models relying in great extent on the brow lowerer. Importantly, pain and disgust could be disentangled using an ad hoc algorithm that rely on combined information from the eyes and the mouth. Overall, the facial expression of pain contains both specific and unpleasantness-related information shared with disgust. Automatic diagnostic tools should be guided to account for this confounding effect.


Abstract Eyal Benvenisti has sought to provide an optimistic account of international law through reconceptualizing the idea of sovereignty as a kind of trusteeship for humanity. He thus sketches a welcome antidote to trends in recent work in public law including public international law that claim that international law is no more than a cloak for economic and political interests, so that all that matters is which powerful actor gets to decide. In this Article, I approach his position through a discussion of the debate in Weimar about sovereignty between Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen and Hermann Heller. I try to show that Heller's almost unknown legal theory might be helpful to Benvenisti's position. Heller shared with Schmitt the idea that sovereignty had to have a central role in legal theory and that its role includes a place for a final legal decision. Indeed, much more than Schmitt, Heller regarded all accounts of sovereignty as inherently political. However, in a manner closer to the spirit of Kelsen's enterprise than to Schmitt's, he wished to emphasize that the ultimate decider - the sovereign decision unit of the political order of liberal democracy - is entirely legally constituted. Moreover, Heller argued that fundamental principles of legality condition the exercise of a sovereign power in a way that explains the specific legitimacy of legality and which might supply the link between sovereignty and ideas such as trusteeship and humanity.


Some recent studies revealed that Himalayan glaciers were shrinking at an accelerated rate since the beginning of the 21st century. However, the climatic causes for this shrinkage remain unclear given that surface energy balance studies are almost nonexistent in this region. In this study, a point-scale surface energy balance analysis was performed using in situ meteorological data from the ablation zone of Chhota Shigri Glacier over two separate periods (August 2012 to February 2013 and July to October 2013) in order to understand the response of mass balance to climatic variables. Energy balance numerical modelling provides quantification of the surface energy fluxes and identification of the factors affecting glacier mass balance. The model was validated by comparing the computed and observed ablation and surface temperature data. During the summer-monsoon period, net radiation was the primary component of the surface energy balance accounting for 80 % of the total heat flux followed by turbulent sensible (13%), latent (5%) and conductive (2%) heat fluxes. A striking feature of the energy balance is the positive turbulent latent heat flux, suggesting re-sublimation of moist air at the glacier surface, during the summer-monsoon characterized by relatively high air temperature, high relative humidity and a continual melting surface. The impact of the Indian Summer Monsoon on Chhota Shigri Glacier mass balance has also been assessed. This analysis demonstrates that the intensity of snowfall events during the summer-monsoon plays a key role on surface albedo (melting is reduced in the case of strong snowfalls covering the glacier area), and thus is among the most important drivers controlling the annual mass balance of the glacier. The summer-monsoon air temperature, controlling the precipitation phase (rain versus snow and thus albedo), counts, indirectly, also among the most important drivers.


Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks are comprised of equal "nodes" that function as both clients and servers, as opposed to systems in which data and information are managed through centralized servers. The implications of this architecture go far beyond the technological realm; the ability of individuals to share digital content files, including audio and video material, in real time, facilitates communication and, at a deeper cultural level, promotes community without hierarchy or strict control. As Eli Noam, Lorenzo Pupillo, and their colleagues demonstrate in this timely and incisive volume, P2P has permeated all facets of society, from YouTube and music downloading experiments on college campuses to international policy debates over intellectual property rights. Peer-to-Peer Video is the first book to apply economic principles to analyze and understand the P2P phenomenon, considering such topics as "consumer demand and the commons" and "file sharing and the copyright crisis." Moreover, the authors, who include scholars, consultants, and industry executives, provide numerous contemporary examples from the U.S. and around the world to shed light on the implications of P2P as a mass medium, considering such issues as pricing, licensing, security, and regulation. The result is provocative commentary on a slice of popular culture that will interest scholars and students, policymakers, media industry professionals, and general readers alike.


Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are common carbon and energy storage materials produced by numerous bacterial species when grown in the presence of excess carbon and at least one limiting nutrient essential for growth. PHAs are currently undergoing intensive investigation because of their potential use as biodegradable thermoplastics. PHA synthases are the key enzymes of PHA biosynthesis and catalyse the conversion of 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA substrates to PHAs with the concomitant release of CoA. More than 54 different PHA synthase genes have been cloned and characterised. Multiple alignments of the primary structures of these PHA synthases showed an overall identity of 9-96% with only eight strictly conserved amino acid residues. Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) M145 (whose entire genome has been sequenced) is a wealthy source of antibiotics. However, PHA production in Streptomyces has yet to be studied in detail.
In this work, the polymer from S. coelicolor A3(2) M145, grown in SMM medium, has been isolated and characterised using Nile blue A staining, UV spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas chromatography and GC-MS. Characterization of the polymer using GC and GC-MS reconfirmed the production of PHB by S. coelicolor A3(2) M145. Further, S. coelicolor A3(2) M145 when grown in Kannan and Rehacek medium was found to produce other polyhydroxyalkanoates such as poly-4-hydroxyvalerate. This was confirmed using GC-MS analysis of the polymer.
A correlation study has also been carried out between PHB accumulation and antibiotic production by S. coelicolor A3 (2) M145 which produces mainly three kinds of antibiotics, actinorhodin, gamma actinorhodin, and undecylprodigiosin. This study indicates a possible correlation between the decrease in PHB concentration in the cell and a simultaneous increase in the concentration of actinorhodin, g-actinorhodin and later, undecylprodigiosin. Thus PHB could be one of the possible sources of carbon utilised for antibiotic production. However, further experiments are required to confirm this correlation. Finally, using the recently published putative PHA synthase sequence from S. aureofaciens NRRL 2209 (4), a homologous region has been located in the chromosome of S. coelicolor A3(2) M145. Molecular work is currently underway to probe into the possible role of this fragment in PHA biosynthesis.


BACKGROUND
Alcohol affects many of the brain regions and neural processes that support learning and memory, and these effects are thought to underlie, at least in part, the development of addiction. Although much work has been done regarding the effects of alcohol intoxication on learning and memory, little is known about the effects of acute withdrawal from a single alcohol exposure.

METHODS
We assess the effects of acute ethanol withdrawal (6 hours postinjection with 4 g/kg ethanol) on 2 forms of fear conditioning (delay and trace fear conditioning) in C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice. The influence of a number of experimental parameters (pre- and post training withdrawal exposure; foreground/background processing; training strength; and nonassociative effects) is also investigated.

RESULTS
Acute ethanol withdrawal during training had a bidirectional effect on fear-conditioned responses, decreasing contextual responses and increasing cued responses. These effects were apparent for both trace and delay conditioning in DBA/2J mice and for trace conditioning in C57BL/6J mice; however, C57BL/6J mice were selectively resistant to the effects of acute withdrawal on delay cued responses.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that acute withdrawal from a single, initial ethanol exposure is sufficient to alter long-term learning in mice. In addition, the differences between the strains and conditioning paradigms used suggest that specific learning processes can be differentially affected by acute withdrawal in a manner that is distinct from the reported effects of both alcohol intoxication and withdrawal following chronic alcohol exposure. Thus, our results suggest a unique effect of acute alcohol withdrawal on learning and memory processes.


The most comprehensive book to date on the innovative multimedia artist Doug Aitken. Defying definitions of genre, Doug Aitken has explored every medium, from architecture and film to installations and interventions. While Aitken's work varies in both theme and context, his installations share a common thread in their ability to use technology to evoke meaningful personal reactions from the viewer, encourage audience interaction, and inspire communal gatherings. His films often explore themes of displacement and temporality, and through his keen awareness of motion, sound, and color he creates dreamlike landscapes and the futurist aesthetic for which he has become known. This beautifully designed book features visual essays by the artist and surveys his work in all mediums. The monograph is organized thematically into the four most prevalent ideas connected with his work, inspires thought, and will leave readers examining their own relationship to the world around them.