Poor, misguided fellow. David Brancaccio, host of public radio's rambunctious and eclectic business program "Marketplace," used to think the big problem with money was getting some. Didn't he understand that during a time of bounty the big problem is knowing what to do with money once you have it? It took a conversation with one of the richest guys in America to set him straight. "I think Warren Buffett's got the problem and Gates has the problem and Bloomberg's got the problem," the billionaire said. "And the problem doesn't just have to be at our level. It can be with people who have just a couple of million bucks." It was the second "just" in that sentence that made tears well up in Brancaccio's eyes. Most of us once thought the problem was getting some money. Now what? Squander: to spend or use something precious in a wasteful way. Squandering ranks even below "leaving it in a passbook savings account" on the list of the greatest personal finance sins of our age, according to Brancaccio, who hit the road to determine the right answer to the question of what to do with money. Brancaccio gets this question from "Marketplace" listeners all the time: What does one do with a lump sum, perhaps the proceeds from some stock options, the profit on the sale of a house, an inheritance, a bonus, a settlement, or even a modest accumulation in a savings account? A natural storyteller, Brancaccio has a clear, intelligent, and delightfully offbeat way of explaining to his listeners the complexities of business, investing, and the economy. He has access to rivers of market information that should help answer this question of what to do with money. But data do not necessarilyequal wisdom, so Brancaccio hit upon the idea of venturing out on a random "walk" to acquire some street smarts. Imagining a windfall of his own and haunted by his own checkered history with money, Brancaccio embarked on a funny and irreverent personal finance pilgrimage. His travels took him from Minnesota's Mall of America to New York City's Wall Street to one of the poorest towns in the West. He encountered entrepreneurs in California, homeowners in New York, retirees in Arizona, and some folks following their lifelong dreams in Texas. A drifter in a desert offered advice. So did a U.S. secretary of the treasury. Along the way, Brancaccio was challenged by a cascade of practical and philosophical issues: If consumption drives the economy, is there something wrong with saving? Is there such a thing as a socially responsible investment? Is charity an investment? If you can't beat a Las Vegas casino, can you beat the stock market? While Brancaccio's journey was a personal one, his eye-opening adventures reveal a great deal about attitudes toward money in America at the dawn of the new century -- and they provide entertaining lessons about how best to spend, invest, and save.


A highly sensitive ultrasound sensor based on an integrated photonics Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) fabricated in silicon-on-insulator technology is reported. The sensing spiral is located on a membrane of size 121  μm×121  μm. Ultrasound waves excite the membrane's vibrational mode, which translates to modulation of the MZI transmission. The measured sensor transfer function is centered at 0.47 MHz and has a -6  dB bandwidth of 21.2%. The sensor sensitivity is linear in the optical input power and reaches a maximum 0.62 mV/Pa, which is limited by the interrogation method. At 0.47 MHz and for an optical power of 1.0 mW the detection limit is 0.38  mPa/Hz1/2 and the dynamic range is 59 dB. The MZI's gradual transmission function allows a wide range of wavelength operation points. This strongly facilitates sensor use and is promising for applications.


This paper explains a fail-safe I/O circuit to control the RESET# pin of DDR3 SDRAM to achieve ultra-low power system operation. Conventional Fail-safe I/O circuits withstand conditions like hot plug, hot-insertion, hot-swapping and ensure IC reliability by limiting the current flowing into the I/O pin. However they do not guarantee the functionality during supply-ramp cycles where the I/O supply is turned off while its output is pulled high externally. In case of RESET#, a small glitch on I/O pin can reset the DRAM chip. The fail-safe I/O circuit explained in this paper ensures smooth transition between ultra-low power suspension mode, where full chip supply is turned off, and normal operation mode.


Human pupil eye detection is a significant stage in iris segmentation which is representing one of the most important steps in iris recognition. In this paper, we present a new method of highly accurate pupil detection. This method is consisting of many steps to detect the boundary of the pupil. First, the read eye image (R, G, B), then determine the work area which is consist of many steps to detect the boundary of the pupil. The determination of the work area contains many circles which are larger than pupil region. The work area is necessary to determine pupil region and neighborhood regions afterward the difference in color and intensity between pupil region and surrounding area is utilized, where the pupil region has color and intensity less than surrounding area. After the process of detecting pupil region many steps on the resulting image is applied in order to concentrate the pupil region and delete the others regions by using many methods such as dilation, erosion, canny filter, circle hough transforms to detect pupil region as well as apply optimization to choose the best circle that represents the pupil area. The proposed method is applied for images from palacky university, it achieves to 100 % accurac


In June 2009, the 5-year multi-national project EURANOS, funded by the European Commission in its 6th Framework Programme, reached its end, achieving most of the objectives addressed in the work programme. Partners from 23 European countries integrating 17 national emergency management organisations with 33 research institutes, aimed to enhance the preparedness for Europe's response to any radiation emergency and long term contamination. Three handbooks to assist national and local authorities in the management of contaminated food production systems, inhabited areas and contaminated drinking water resources in Europe were developed in conjunction with a wide range of European stakeholders. Further guidance was prepared to support the decision making team in the lifting of early phase countermeasures. A governance framework for the sustainable rehabilitation of long term contaminated territories was developed and tested in France and in Norway. Considerable progress was made in developing a consistent set of models for calculating the best estimate of the current radiological situation in both contaminated agricultural and inhabited areas. These models were integrated in both the ARGOS and the RODOS decision support systems. Decision aiding components were improved to support the selection of management options with the help of multi criteria decision analysis procedures. A mass consistent wind field model was implemented together with a particle model for complex terrain. The migration of RODOS (Real-time On-line Decision Support System) to the operating system LINUX was completed. RODOS was completely re-engineered, taking into account the users' recommendations from the demonstration projects and feedback from its operational use. This new version will build the kernel for the operational RODOS release in 2010 and new research activities related to the future improvement of RODOS.


Abstract
The results from the first stage of a project examining the use of computer assisted qualitative data analysis (CAQDAS) and mixed methods teaching in qualitative analysis to promote numeric and technology skills in undergraduate students. Results from a survey of qualitative research teachers carried out as part of the project will be presented.

Overview
This paper will report the preliminary results from an online survey of teachers of qualitative research methods (Survey 2), which has been undertaken as part of a project to determine what barriers there are to the inclusion in undergraduate qualitative methods teaching of skills relating to the use of CAQDAS programs and the use of mixed methods in research designs. The project will also try to discover and summarise good practice and to develop guidelines for such teaching content that can be used at undergraduate level, though the full details of this will not be available until after the conference.
There is little current reference to technology or number in both the use of qualitative methods in social research and especially the teaching of qualitative methods, particularly at undergraduate level. The one exception to this is the discussion of the use of CAQDAS programs in several textbooks aimed at undergraduate users. However, there is no strong evidence that this translates into widespread use of the programs in undergraduate teaching in the UK. Indeed in a web-based survey of teachers of qualitative methods (Survey 2) that I carried out for a previous HEA funded project (REQUALLO) I found only 6% of departments that replied to the survey used CAQDAS at undergraduate level, although much higher proportions used it at postgraduate level. At the moment, at undergraduate level, there is a distinct inequality in software use between qualitative and quantitative research methods teaching. Almost all undergraduate courses on quantitative methods will, at some point, cover the use of statistics and will require students to use software (such as SPSS).
There are two factors that might begin to challenge this comparatively low level of software usage in qualitative methods: the increasing use of CAQDAS in research and the growth of interest in mixed methods approaches. In the case of the former, there is evidence for a strong growth in the use of CAQDAS in social research.
There is also a growth in the popularity of mixed methods designs, not only in the number of published papers using such an approach, but also in the number of PhD students undertaking such projects. To support this, in the last few years, many of the major publishers of CAQDAS programs have included functionality in their software that integrates quantitative data with the qualitative analysis. This includes a range of data mining, keyword in context searches and cluster analysis techniques as well as the ability to import quantitative case attribute data that can be used in the analysis. All this is integrated with the basic thematic coding system the software supports.

There are, however, significant barriers to the increased use of number and software in undergraduate qualitative methods teaching. In Survey 1 I asked teachers why the software was not used at undergraduate level. Common reasons given included, no time (17%), lack of teachers' skills in the software (13%), no funding for site licences or local support for software (12%) and most commonly, that it would take too long to teach (24%). However, significantly, given the antagonism of some qualitative researcher to software use, only 3% said that the software was not used in teaching because it does not support the methodology or the theoretical approach they used.

This situation is changing. Many UK universities now hold site licences for the software (just as they do for statistical software). About a year ago, QSR, the publisher of the market leading NVivo software, told me that 74 UK universities held site licences and there are several who hold similar licence for competing programs.
Nevertheless several barriers remain:
1. Lack of skills in both CAQDAS use and mixed methods amongst qualitative research methods teachers at undergraduate level.
2. There are few good exemplars, usable at undergraduate level, of how software and numeric skills can enhance qualitative analysis.
3. Lack of OERs suitable for undergraduate use that tackle this issue (but there are some QSR videos on this).
This paper will report on the current state of skills teaching and of available resources with a focus on the UK


The Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique was employed to fabricate thzn films of Copper-Tetra-Tert-Butyl Phthalacyanine (CuTTBPc). However, CuTTBPc has a strong tendency to aggregate and hence inhibit the synthesis of uniform layers. It has been found that the incorporation of Arachidic Aczd (AA) can reduce the aggregation effect A study of the isothernis produced for a variety of concentrations of CuTTBPc:AA showed a reduction in the aggregation as the amount of AA was increased. Transfer ratios for such films are predominately Y-type indicating that deposition occurred on both the up- and downstroke

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) was used to image the CuTTBPc.AA LBfilms with a thickness of I - 21 MLs. Good surface coverage was observed. Hezght projile studies of the I ML film indicate that the layer is 1.7 nm in thickness. When the film thickness is increased the topography of the surface conszsts of clusters typically associated with aggregation. The uniforniity of the films was examined by spectroscopic ellipsometiy, whereby zt became evident that films were growing in a unlform layer-by-layer fashion desprte the obvious presence of aggregation. The average layer thzckness, deduced from the ellipsometrzc data, was 2.31nm. The uniform growth would suggest the layers were depositing on both the up- and downstroke making the films Y-type in configuration atid perhaps indicating that the films have a Stranski-Krastanov structure. Scannzng Tunnelling Microscope (STM) zmages of CuTiTPc on Ag/Si(lll)-(4 xJ3)R30° found the molecules to be flat lying. The sulface was htghly ordered aiid densely packed with molecules forming rows, which ran parallel to each other. Scanning Tunnelling Spectroscopy (STS) studies found that the Highest Occupzed Molecular Orbital (HOMO) zs a half-occupied MO of b1g symmetry with mired Cu 3d(x2-y2)and ligand 2p character.

A study of the orientation and molecular ordering of the CurrBPc molecule in a pure CuTTBPc LB film (on SiO J and evaporated films of CuTTBPc(on Si02 and Si(l1 I)) and H,TTBPc (St03 was carrzed out uszng X-Ray Photoemission Spectroscopy (XPS) and Near Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEX4FS) A strong angular dependence was found indzcatzng that the molecule was tilted on the surface. The tilt angle was calculated to be 18.5" to the su&ce normal XPS results revealed that the ordering was strongest in the CuTlBPc LB film, followed by the evaporated films of CuTTBPc and HzTl%Pc on SO2, followed by CuTTBPc on Si(ll1). A study of the electronzc structure of the copper atom in the CuTTBPc was also carried out and the found to be in good agreement with previously published work.


On 26 January 2015, the European Commission requested the Informal Group of Company Law Experts (ICLEG) to consider the issue of the recognition of group interest. In response to this call one member, Pierre-Henri Conac, was charged with producing a report on behalf of the Group. John Armour provided specific input in the preparation of this report. This report sets out the opinion of the ICLEG as to issues that the European Commission may wish to consider. The recognition of the interest of the group has gained further acceptance in the Member States in recent years. However, at the EU level, a specific regime for groups is not developed. The report addresses problems which would be solved and presents advantages, including in relation to more effective group governance and risk management in the banking sector as well as the operation of the Banking Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD).The report includes recommendations. Notably, the Commission could consult on whether there should be an action at the EU level recognizing the interest of the group for 100 % owned and non 100% owned subsidiaries. Such recognition could take the form of a safe harbour and could go along the lines of the "Rozenblum" formula. The consultation should also cover whether an action at the EU level should include, in 100% owned subsidiaries, the right of the parent company to give instructions to the subsidiary and whether this right as well as the recognition of the group interest should be an option for Member States or an option for companies themselves.


Predicting the development of artificial intelligence (AI) is a difficult project – but a vital one, according to some analysts. AI predictions are already abound: but are they reliable? This paper starts by proposing a decomposition schema for classifying them. Then it constructs a variety of theoretical tools for analysing, judging and improving them. These tools are demonstrated by careful analysis of five famous AI predictions: the initial Dartmouth conference, Dreyfus's criticism of AI, Searle's Chinese room paper, Kurzweil's predictions in the Age of Spiritual Machines, and Omohundro's 'AI drives' paper. These case studies illustrate several important principles, such as the general overconfidence of experts, the superiority of models over expert judgement and the need for greater uncertainty in all types of predictions. The general reliability of expert judgement in AI timeline predictions is shown to be poor, a result that fits in with previous studies of expert competence.


Introspection usually arises at times of change in the mundane routine of life or when a crisis occurs that jolt sour complacency. It is a good opportunity to reconsider options and make new plans and no greater occasion presents itself of this than when we undertake that rite of passage to retirement. Such is my position as I contemplate this contribution to the IMFO journal, counting down the days until I formally ride off into the sunset. A career that commenced in November 1967 when I arrived at the Council offices on my Vespa scooter, aged 16 years and a couple of months. I will now ride off on my BMW motor bike, confirming that everything changes, but in many ways stays the same.


Phoma koolunga, Didymella pinodes, and P. medicaginis var. pinodella were detected in DNA extracted from soil following field pea crops across four states in the southeastern and western regions of Australia. P. koolunga was commonly detected in soil from South Australia but rarely in other states whereas D. pinodes plus P. medicaginis var. pinodella were widespread in all regions tested. The quantity of DNA of these pathogens detected in soils prior to growing field pea was positively correlated with ascochyta blight lesions on field pea subsequently grown in infested soil in a pot bioassay and also on field pea in naturally infected field trials. The quantity of DNA of the soilborne pathogens was greatest following a field pea crop and gradually decreased in the following 3 years. The DNA tests were used to quantify the DNA of the pathogens in field pea plants sampled from naturally infected field trials in South Australia over two seasons. The combined results of DNA tests and pathogen isolation from the plants indicated that P. koolunga and D. pinodes were equally responsible for the ascochyta blight symptoms in the diseased trials, while P. medicaginis var. pinodella had a minor role in the disease complex.


Abstract The California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is the only spotted owl subspecies not listed as threatened or endangered under the United States Endangered Species Act despite petitions to list it as threatened. We conducted a meta-analysis of population data for 4 populations in the southern Cascades and Sierra Nevada, California, USA, from 1990 to 2005 to assist a listing evaluation by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Our study areas (from N to S) were on the Lassen National Forest (LAS), Eldorado National Forest (ELD), Sierra National Forest (SIE), and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks (SKC). These study areas represented a broad spectrum of habitat and management conditions in these mountain ranges. We estimated apparent survival probability, reproductive output, and rate of population change for spotted owls on individual study areas and for all study areas combined (meta-analysis) using model selection or model-averaging based on maximum-likelihood estimation. We followed a formal protocol to conduct this analysis that was similar to other spotted owl meta-analyses. Consistency of field and analytical methods among our studies reduced confounding methodological effects when evaluating results. We used 991 marked spotted owls in the analysis of apparent survival. Apparent survival probability was higher for adult than for subadult owls. There was little difference in apparent survival between male and female owls. Model-averaged mean estimates of apparent survival probability of adult owls varied from 0.811 ± 0.021 for females at LAS to 0.890 ± 0.016 for males at SKC. Apparent survival increased over time for owls of all age classes at LAS and SIE, for adults at ELD, and for second-year subadults and adults at SKC. The meta-analysis of apparent survival, which included only adult owls, confirmed an increasing trend in survival over time. Survival rates were higher for owls on SKC than on the other study areas. We analyzed data from 1,865 observations of reproductive outcomes for female spotted owls. The proportion of subadult females among all territorial females of known age ranged from 0.00 to 0.25 among study areas and years. The proportion of subadults among female spotted owls was negatively related to reproductive output (no. of young fledged/territorial F owl) for ELD and SIE. Eldorado study area and LAS showed an alternate-year trend in reproductive output, with higher output in even-numbered years. Mean annual reproductive output was 0.988 ± 0.154 for ELD, 0.624 ± 0.140 for LAS, 0.478 ± 0.106 for SIE, and 0.555 ± 0.110 for SKC. Eldorado Study Area exhibited a declining trend and the greatest variation in reproductive output over time, whereas SIE and SKC, which had the lowest reproductive output, had the lowest temporal variation. Meta-analysis confirmed that reproductive output varied among study areas. Reproductive output was highest for adults, followed by second-year subadults, and then by first-year subadults. We used 842 marked subadult and adult owls to estimate population rate of change. Modeling indicated that λt (λt is the finite rate of population change estimated using the reparameterized Jolly–Seber estimator [Pradel 1996]) was either stationary (LAS and SIE) or increasing after an initial decrease (ELD and SKC). Mean estimated λt for the 4 study areas was 1.007 (95% CI  =  0.952–1.066) for ELD; 0.973 (95% CI  =  0.946–1.001) for LAS; 0.992 (95% CI  =  0.966–1.018) for SIE; and 1.006 (95% CI  =  0.947–1.068) for SKC. The best meta-analysis model of population trend indicated that λ varied across time but was similar in trend among the study areas. Our estimates of realized population change (Δt; Franklin et al. 2004), which we estimated as the product 1 × λˆ3 × λˆ4 × …× λˆk−1, were based on estimates of λt from individual study areas and did not require estimating annual population size for each study area. Trends represented the proportion of the population size in the first year that remained in each subsequent year. Similar to λˆt on which they were based, these Δˆt showed evidence of decline over the study period for LAS and SIE. The best model indicated recruitment of male and female adult and subadults varied from 0.10 to 0.31 new territorial individuals at time t/number of territorial individuals at time t − 1 and similarly among areas. We also conducted a population viability analysis (PVA) based on results of our meta-analysis. This PVA was of limited utility for ELD and SKC study areas because 95% confidence intervals on the probability of decline or increase spanned the interval [0, 1] within 5–10 years. When we restricted inferences to 7 years, estimated probability of a >10% decline for SIE was 0.41 (95% CI  =  0.09–0.78); for LAS the probability was 0.64 (95% CI  =  0.27–0.94). In contrast, estimated probability of a >10% increase in 7 years for SIE was 0.23 (95% CI  =  0.01–0.55) and for LAS was 0.10 (95% CI  =  0.00–0.34). For comparisons, we simulated a PVA for a hypothetical population with mean λ  =  1.0 and the same temporal variation as observed in our owl populations. Our PVA suggested that both the SIE and LAS populations had higher probabilities of declining in a 7-year period than increasing but that it would be difficult to determine if a population was in a slight gradual decline. Our analysis and the repository of information on our 4 study populations provide a data-rich template for managers to monitor impacts of future management actions on the owl. Specifically, our data can be used to evaluate the effect of management strategies on spotted owls that are being implemented by the United States Forest Service to reduce the risk of wildfire in the Sierra Nevada ecosystem. Our information also provides baseline information for evaluating the status of the owl for potential listing as a threatened species by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.


We propose a new edge preserving image deconvolution model by combining total variation and nonlocal means regularization. Natural images exhibit an high degree of redundancy. Using this redundancy, the nonlocal means regularization strategy is a good technique for detail preserving image restoration. In order to further improve the visual quality of the nonlocal means based algorithm, total variation is introduced to the model to better preserve edges. Then an efficient alternating minimization procedure is used to solve the model. Numerical experiments illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


Chromothripsis is the massive but highly localized chromosomal rearrangement in response to a one-step catastrophic event, rather than an accumulation of a series of subsequent and random alterations. Chromothripsis occurs commonly in various human cancers and is thought to be associated with increased malignancy and carcinogenesis. However, the causes and consequences of chromothripsis remain unclear. Therefore, to identify the mechanism underlying the generation of chromothripsis, we investigated whether chromothripsis could be artificially induced by ionizing radiation. We first elicited DNA double-strand breaks in an oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line HOC313-P and its highly metastatic subline HOC313-LM, using Single Particle Irradiation system to Cell (SPICE), a focused vertical microbeam system designed to irradiate a spot within the nuclei of adhesive cells, and then established irradiated monoclonal sublines from them, respectively. SNP array analysis detected a number of chromosomal copy number alterations (CNAs) in these sublines, and one HOC313-LM-derived monoclonal subline irradiated with 200 protons by the microbeam displayed multiple CNAs involved locally in chromosome 7. Multi-color FISH showed a complex translocation of chromosome 7 involving chromosomes 11 and 12. Furthermore, whole genome sequencing analysis revealed multiple de novo complex chromosomal rearrangements localized in chromosomes 2, 5, 7, and 20, resembling chromothripsis. These findings suggested that localized ionizing irradiation within the nucleus may induce chromothripsis-like complex chromosomal alterations via local DNA damage in the nucleus.


In this study, the changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in brain, muscle, liver and gill tissues of Cyprinus carpio was determined by addition of 0.5 mg/l cyanide into the environment of fish. The fish were exposed to cyanide for 24 and 72 h. As a result of the 24-h exposure, a significant decrease observed in MDA level in muscle and in SOD and CAT activities in brain compared to the control groups. As a result of 72-hour exposure, SOD enzyme activity and MDA levels in brain tissue were increased significantly. The CAT activity in liver was remarkably higher than other tissues of C. carpio. After the exposure, some tissues increased their enzyme activities as a reaction to sodium cyanide while some other tissues were adversely affected. Consequently, we can say that cyanide presence changes the activities of SOD, CAT antioxidant enzymes and MDA levels working as indicators of oxidative stress.


Abstract:  The relations of decadal to multidecadal (D2M) variability in global sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) with D2M variability in the flow of the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) are examined for the years 1906‐2003. Results indicate that D2M variability of SSTs in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, tropical Pacific, and Indian Oceans is associated with D2M variability of the UCRB. A principal components analysis (with varimax rotation) of detrended and 11‐year smoothed global SSTs indicates that the two leading rotated principal components (RPCs) explain 56% of the variability in the transformed SST data. The first RPC (RPC1) strongly reflects variability associated with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the second RPC (RPC2) represents variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, the tropical Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean SSTs. Results indicate that SSTs in the North Atlantic Ocean (RPC1) explain as much of the D2M variability in global SSTs as does the combination of Indian and Pacific Ocean variability (RPC2). These results suggest that SSTs in all of the oceans have some relation with flow of the UCRB, but the North Atlantic may have the strongest and most consistent association on D2M time scales. Hydroclimatic persistence on these time scales introduces significant nonstationarity in mean annual streamflow, with critical implications for UCRB water resource management.


In this paper I argue that to understand minded agency - the capacity we typically find instantiated in instances of human behaviour that could sensibly be questioned by asking "What did you do?" - one needs to understand childhood, i.e. the trajectory of learning to act. I discuss two different types of trajectory, both of which seem to take place during childhood and both of which might be considered crucial to learning to act: a growth of bodily control (GBC) and a growth in taking responsibility (GTR). The discussion of GTR takes up about half of the entire paper. In the final two sections I argue that GTR is the most promising trajectory in terms of which to understand a child's process of learning to act.


This chapter puts forward the idea of interpretative pluralism. It suggests that when EU law and national constitutional law seem to be in tension this should not be resolved through hierarchy, but rather through interpretation. Instead of using constitutions to set limits to EU law, national apex courts should take as their starting point that both EU law and constitutional law must apply, and interpret them to fit. As with privacy and free speech, a structural hierarchy is not necessary to cope with legal provisions that are sometimes in tension with each other, and it is an approach with emphasises conflict and the apartness of legal systems, instead of directing judicial energy towards the more constructive search for sensible meanings.
The apparent obstacle to this is the view that the Court of Justice is the authoritative interpreter of EU law, and that the Treaty is what it says it is - that it 'owns' the Treaties. The Court may take this view, but there is little reason for national courts to agree. For it is a view which is at odds with the principle of conferral, since it allows the EU to determine its own powers, and also with the principle common to many European legal systems that one judge does not bind another.
Rather, each judge faced with European law should interpret it autonomously, taking the views of other judges seriously, but reaching their own conclusion. If this leads to judicial disagreements, that is a normal feature of legal systems. What it encourages is a collective dialogue about what the law means, which is far more constructive than thinking about which law is top.
For those who fear that this would lead to fragmentation of EU law, even its collapse, it may be noted that the possibility of direct actions in Luxembourg provides a good reason for national courts to take the Court of Justice very seriously - it is rather that a central monopoly on interpretation is replaced by a balance of power. In any case, national courts often ignore or misuse EU law now. Fragmentation now is a result of hostility to EU law, not systemic defects. The question is whether we want suspicious national judges to manifest their suspicion by sidelining EU law, or by arguing about its meaning.
Encouraging the latter encourages national courts to take ownership of EU law. In affirming their right to interpret it - to act as judges - it is likely to improve EU law's integration in national legal systems. In making national judges into European judges, rather than clerks for the Court of Justice, it fulfils the promise of van Gend en Loos that EU law would become part of the legal heritage of Europeans.


Software development benefits from systematic testing with respect to implementation, optimization, and maintenance. Automated testing makes it easy to execute a large number of tests efficiently on a regular basis, leading to faster development and more reliable software. Systematic testing is not widely adopted within the computer music community, where software patches tend to be continuously modified and optimized during a project. Consequently, bugs are often discovered during rehearsal or performance, resulting in literal "show stoppers". This paper presents a testing environment for computer music systems, first developed for the Jamoma framework and Max. The testing environment works with Max 5 and 6, is independ from any 3rd-party objects, and can be used with non-Jamoma patches as well.


Abstract Cocoa and chocolate have been acclaimed for several years for their possible medicinal and health benefits. It is only recently, however, that some of these claims have been more clearly identified and studied. Recent epidemiological and clinical studies, for example, have shown that dietary supplementation with flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate may exert a protective effect on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, which has been associated with a reduced risk of developing atherosclerosis. Some of the identified benefits of flavonoid-rich cocoa and chocolate include antioxidant properties, reduced blood pressure via the induction of nitric-oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation in men, improved endothelial function, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased platelet activation and function, as well as modulated immune function and inflammation. Furthermore, chocolate has been reported to release phenylethylamine and serotonin into the human system, producing some aphrodisiac and mood-lifting effects. Since these claims could have implications for the consumption levels of cocoa and chocolate products on the global market, understanding the critical factors involved and their potential benefits are currently thought to be of great importance to consumers.


Abstract Various phenomena related to socio-economic aspects of our daily life exhibit equilibrium densities characterized by a power law decay. Maybe the most known example of this property is concerned with wealth distribution in a western society. In this case the polynomial decay at infinity is referred to as Pareto tails phenomenon (Pareto, Cours d'économie politique, 1964). In this paper, the authors discuss a possible source of this behavior by resorting to the powerful approach of statistical mechanics, which enlightens the analogies with the classical kinetic theory of rarefied gases. Among other examples, the distribution of populations in towns and cities is illustrated and discussed.


In actomyosin extracts from smooth muscle obtained at low ionic strength, an assembly of protein into long ribbon-shaped elements is observed to take place. These ribbons which range up to about 100 nm in width and up to many micrometres in length exhibit a strong repeat period of about 5.6 nm. Optical diffraction analysis shows that they possess a long repeat of 39.1 nm $\pm$ 0.4 nm. Tropomyosin purified from vertebrate smooth muscle can be induced to form the same ribbon-shaped elements. On removal of salt from solution the ribbons dissociate into fine filaments of average diameter about 8 nm which show subfilaments of about 2 to 3 nm diameter. In crude preparations the ribbons occur in solution together with myosin. If such preparations are left to stand for several days, ribbons may be found that show a visible 14 nm period which appears to arise from the presence of a regular arrangement of projections. Smooth muscle myosin alone assembles into cylindrical filaments which exhibit a regular arrangement of projections along their entire length, indicating an absence of polarity. These results indicate, as have those recently obtained from section material, that the myosin-containing component of vertebrate smooth muscle contains a protein that forms the core of the filament, which is responsible for its ribbon-like shape and which probably determines the polarity of the attached myosin molecules. It is proposed that this protein is tropomyosin.


We study a physical system for creation of quantum correlations by quantum feedback control. The system is composed of two three-level atoms, each of which interacts with one of two coupled cavities. By appropriately choosing the feedback strength, we show that an arbitrary initial state can be deterministically driven to a steady-state that has a nonzero quantum discord or entanglement. It is also found that the effect of atomic spontaneous emission on quantum correlations is suppressed efficiently by increasing the frequency detuning.


PURPOSE
Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is characterized by progressive thickening and accumulation of various lipid-rich extracellular matrix (ECM) deposits under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). ECM dysregulation probably contributes to the pathologic course of ARMD. By activating estrogen receptors (ERs), estrogens regulate the expression of genes relevant in the turnover of ECM, among them matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2. Estrogen deficiency may predispose to dysregulated synthesis and degradation of ECM, leading to accumulation of collagens and other proteins between the RPE and its basement membrane. The purposes in the current study were to confirm the expression of ERs in human RPE, to elucidate whether these ERs are functional, and to test whether 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) regulates expression of ERs and MMP-2.

METHODS
Expression of ERs was examined in freshly isolated human RPE monolayer and in cultured human RPE cells, by using total RNA for RT-PCR and protein extracts for Western blot analysis. Supernatants were collected from freshly isolated human RPE and from cultured human RPE to assess MMP-2 activity by zymography and protein expression by Western blot. The transcriptional activity of ERs was studied in transfection experiments with an estrogen-responsive reporter construct. All these studies were preformed in the presence or absence of E(2) (10(-11) and 10(-7) M).

RESULTS
Human RPE isolated from female and male individuals expressed both ER subtypes alpha and beta at the mRNA and protein levels. Treatment of cultured RPE cells with 10(-10) M E(2) increased expression of mRNA and protein of both receptor subtypes. E(2) (10(-10) M) also increased MMP-2 activity (approximately 2.2-fold) and protein expression (approximately 2.5-fold). In contrast, there was no change in ER levels and MMP-2 activity at higher E(2) concentrations (10(-8) M), compared with baseline. Preincubation of cells with 10(-7) M pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, abolished the increase in MMP-2 activity and protein expression induced by E(2) at 10(-10) M.

CONCLUSIONS
Both ER subtypes are expressed in RPE and regulated in a dose-dependent fashion by E(2). Estrogens similarly regulate MMP-2. This estrogen-induced effect is, at least in part, mediated through NF-kappaB. These data support the hypothesis that estrogens may exert biological function in RPE through ERs and that estrogen deficiency or excess may cause dysregulation of molecules that influence the turnover of ECM in Bruch's membrane associated with ARMD.


The differential and total cross sections for kaon pair production in the pp -> ppK(+)K(-) reaction have been measured at three beam energies of 2.65, 2.70, and 2.83 GeV using the ANKE magnetic spectrometer at the COSY-Julich accelerator. These near-threshold data are separated into pairs arising from the decay of the phi-meson and the remainder. For the non-phi selection, the ratio of the differential cross sections in terms of the K(-)p and K(+)p invariant masses is strongly peaked toward low masses. This effect can be described quantitatively by using a simple ansatz for the K(-)p final state interaction, where it is seen that the data are sensitive to the magnitude of an effective K(-)p scattering length. When allowance is made for a small number of phi events where the K- rescatters from the proton, the phi region is equally well described at all three energies. A very similar phenomenon is discovered in the ratio of the cross sections as functions of the K(-)pp and K(+)pp invariant masses and the identical final state interaction model is also very successful here. The world data on the energy dependence of the non-phi total cross section is also reproduced, except possibly for the results closest to threshold.


This paper presents a unique museum interactive experience that provides a 'digital repatriation' of the Church of Santa Chiara located in Florence, Italy (deconsecrated in 1808) with its chapel and altars that are located in the recently opened Medieval and Renaissance Galleries at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London. This digital repatriation, for the enjoyment of the cultural heritage tourist, is achieved through a 3D reconstruction of the church, chapel and altars embedded in a touch screen interactive with their associated digital heritage content based around the themes of People involved in the church during the renaissance period, Different Views of the church, and related Altarpiece and Churches from the Florentine renaissance period. The main interactive is based on a 3D reconstruction and photo-realistic rendering available to visitors at the Victoria and Albert Museum, Medieval and Renaissance Galleries; in addition a Wed 3D version (or virtual museum) is also available online for the digital tourist.


Background: The internally displaced children (IDC) are vulnerable groups who have less access to dental services, worse oral health, and bear the inappropriate burden of oral diseases. The inaccessibility of prevention and treatment services directly impact the treatment options and costs. This study was conducted on a group of internally displaced children living in Baghdad governorate camps to measure their gingival health status through assessing the effect of displacement conditions on gingival health. Patients and methods: Samples of 1393 children were selected, 567 were internally displaced children from camps in Baghdad governorate and 826 were school children. Oral health education and questionnaire were conducted, and then oral examination was performed using WHO 2013 criteria. The gingival health was evaluated by CPI probe. Results: Gingival bleeding prevalence (score 1) for IDC was found to be 60.8% which is significantly higher in comparison to school children (33.4%). Boys had a higher prevalence of gingival bleeding than girls for both groups, and more prevalent in IDC than school children in all parent's levels of education with statistical significance for both parents. Self-assessment of children towards their gingival health was significantly associated with both the groups of children. Conclusion: This survey highlighted the need for internally displaced children and those with low socioeconomic status, dental health education programs and preventive measures and give information for monitoring the gingival health which is helpful for performing the health service programs.


A vast number of cancer genes are transcription factors that drive tumorigenesis as oncogenic fusion proteins. Although the direct targeting of transcription factors remains challenging, therapies aimed at oncogenic fusion proteins are attractive as potential treatments for cancer. There is particular interest in targeting the oncogenic PAX3-FOXO1 fusion transcription factor, which induces alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS), an aggressive cancer of skeletal muscle cells for which patient outcomes remain dismal. In this work, we have defined the interactome of PAX3-FOXO1 and screened 60 candidate interactors using siRNA-mediated depletion to identify candidates that affect fusion protein activity in aRMS cells. We report that chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4 (CHD4), an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler, acts as crucial coregulator of PAX3FOXO1 activity. CHD4 interacts with PAX3-FOXO1 via short DNA fragments. Together, they bind to regulatory regions of PAX3-FOXO1 target genes. Gene expression analysis suggested that CHD4 coregulatory activity is essential for a subset of PAX3-FOXO1 target genes. Depletion of CHD4 reduced cell viability of fusion-positive but not of fusion-negative RMS in vitro, which resembled loss of PAX3-FOXO1. It also caused specific regression of fusion-positive xenograft tumors in vivo. Therefore, this work identifies CHD4 as an epigenetic coregulator of PAX3-FOXO1 activity, providing rational evidence for CHD4 as a potential therapeutic target in aRMS. Research Article Oncology


This thesis examines the material culture of middling tradesmen living in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1545 and 1642. The analysis is based on wills and inventories selected from the Durham Probate Records pertaining to Newcastle residents. The thesis has three major themes; people, property and objects and covers five subject areas: these include, firstly, a background discussion of the limitations inherent in working with probate records in material culture studies, and an explanation of the methodology employed in the study; secondly, an analysis of inheritance practices and patterns concerning selected types of bequests, exploring issues such as primogeniture, gender and life-cycle factors; thirdly, a study of the built environment and social demography of the town, including occupational zones, based on descriptions of properties along streets and in specific locations recorded in the documents; fourthly, an extensive analysis of patterns of consumption, production and investment among tradesmen by way of categories of objects associated with the household, household production and objects relating to the practice of a trade; the final chapter explores the size of houses, the function of rooms and the nature of social relations within the home (evidenced by way of objects in named rooms).The thesis shows that probate records provide an unrivalled opportunity for pursuing material culture studies, despite the tremendous difficulties presented by these primary sources. The thesis argues that inheritance practices in northern England conform to a national pattern as early as the mid-16th century, and that although primogeniture is an important factor, the life-cycle stage which families had reached at the death of the head of the household are central to understanding the distribution of estates. The study shows that probate records can be used to recover aspects of the vanished built environment and social geography of pre-Civil-War Newcastle 一 a period of history suffering a paucity of sources, including the problem that very few standing structures from the epoch remain. The analysis also demonstrates marked change in the material culture of middling tradesmen in the early rather than the later decades of the 17"՝ century, and that the transition in material lives is closely linked to the exceptional industrial and commercial growth experienced in the region associated with the coal trade, that ensured Newcastle upon Tynе was among the most advanced regions in the country by the early 17th century.


Dipeptidyl peptidases 4 (DPP4) inhibitors are a new class of oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). They are also called "incretins" because they act by inhibiting the degradation of endogenous incretin hormones, in particular GLP-1, that mediates their main metabolic effects. DPP4 is an ubiquitous protease that regulates not only glucose and lipid metabolism, but also exhibits several systemic effects at different site levels. DPP4 inhibition improves endothelial function, reduces the pro-oxidative and the pro-inflammatory state, and exerts renal effects. These actions are mediated by different DPP4 ligands, such as cytokines, growth factors, neuotransmitters etc. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated that DPP4 inhibitors are efficient in protecting cardiac, renal and vascular systems, through antiatherosclerotic and vasculoprotective mechanisms. For these reasons DDP4 inhibitors are thought to be "cardiovascular protective" as well as anti-diabetic drugs. Clinical trials aimed to demonstrate the efficacy of DPP4 inhibitors in reducing cardiovascular events, independent of their anti-hyperglycemic action, are ongoing. These trials will also give necessary information on their safety.


During the past decade, greatly increased in-service demands on finished products such as gears, bearings, and springs have inspired a wish by steel makers to guarantee the highest level of cleanness in their steels. In order to achieve this, it has been necessary to develop methods of characterization of cleanness which can describe all the nonmetallic inclusion populations endogenous and exogenous contained in the steel. These methods are essentially based on quantitative metallography and ultrasonic tests. Statistical tools have also been developed to maximize the accuracy of measurements in relation to the time taken to make them, and to answer the key question: What is the minimum analyzed volume for which a measurement can be expected to yield a reliable estimate of a specific in-service property? For quantitative metallographic methods, smaller inclusion densities necessitate an increase in the surface area analyzed, and the study of a larger surface is time consuming. Extreme value analysis is a further method for prediction of the expected size of the largest inclusion in a volume. Often, however, the amount of material examined is not sufficient to assess the quality of the heat with complete certainty. Other tools that have been developed utilize high frequency ultrasonic tests over a frequency range from 10 to 100 MHz, which make it possible to detect inclusions with diameters ranging from 15 µm to 1 mm. In all cases, in order to obtain accurate estimates of the densities of nonmetallic inclusions, it is important to know the appropriate settings for the measurement method. In particular, it is very important to estimate the diagnosis error when we rate a product on the basis of measurements. For each of these inspection techniques, statistical models have been developed to assess the main statistical properties of the methods. The results are reported here. They give a basis for comparison of steel heats that takes account of knowledge of the confidence level of the various measurement methods.


This Islamic Finance has attracted an ever-increasing interest over the last forty years and has undergone a remarkable expansion in asset value. Nevertheless, the peculiarity of Islamic financing modes proposed by these institutions may present certain limits in their execution which exposes these banks to risks that emanate from the characteristics of their particular modes of operation. The aim of our article is to analyze the main risk specifically to Islamic financial institutions namely the displaced commercial risk. This risk arises from participatory investment accounts. In other words, this situation occurs when the banks, under pressure from the environment, are forced to give up part of their profits to pay the depositors, in order to prevent massive withdrawals that can be translated into a liquidity crisis later. In order to avoid such a situation, Islamic banks highlight income smoothing mechanisms on participatory investment accounts.


Despite the popularity of real-time monocular face tracking systems in many successful applications, one overlooked problem with these systems is rigid instability. It occurs when the input facial motion can be explained by either head pose change or facial expression change, creating ambiguities that often lead to jittery and unstable rigid head poses under large expressions. Existing rigid stabilization methods either employ a heavy anatomically-motivated approach that are unsuitable for real-time applications, or utilize heuristic-based rules that can be problematic under certain expressions. We propose the first rigid stabilization method for real-time monocular face tracking using a dynamic rigidity prior learned from realistic datasets. The prior is defined on a region-based face model and provides dynamic region-based adaptivity for rigid pose optimization during real-time performance. We introduce an effective offline training scheme to learn the dynamic rigidity prior by optimizing the convergence of the rigid pose optimization to the ground-truth poses in the training data. Our real-time face tracking system is an optimization framework that alternates between rigid pose optimization and expression optimization. To ensure tracking accuracy, we combine both robust, drift-free facial landmarks and dense optical flow into the optimization objectives. We evaluate our system extensively against state-of-the-art monocular face tracking systems and achieve significant improvement in tracking accuracy on the high-quality face tracking benchmark. Our system can improve facial-performance-based applications such as facial animation retargeting and virtual face makeup with accurate expression and stable pose. We further validate the dynamic rigidity prior by comparing it against other variants on the tracking accuracy.


In this research, the effects of some alternative feed additives for antibiotic growth promoters on performance and gut microflora were examined using 500, one-day-old Ross 508 broiler chicks. Commercial corn-soy-based broiler starter and finisher diets were formulated as basal diets for control treatment. Basal diets were supplemented with an antibiotic growth promoter, a probiotic, a prebiotic (mannan oligosaccharide) and a humic-acid-based mixture, respectively. It total, five dietary treatments were employed in the experiment. Live weight, weight gain and feed consumption values were not affected significantly by dietary treatments throughout the experiment (P > 0,05). However, chicks which received diets supplemented with growth promoter, prebiotic, probiotic and humic-acid-based mixture had better feed conversion than the control group in both the 4-6 and 0-6 week periods (P 0.05). Gut microorganism growth was determined in the 2nd and 6th weeks of age by counting the number of aerobic bacteria, total yeast, coliform, E. coli and Entereccoccus. For both periods, no significant differences among the groups were obtained for those microorganisms. Salmonella and Campylobacter were not isolated in any of the samples. In conclusion, prebiotic (mannan oligosccaride), humic-acid-based mixture and probiotic have the potential to be an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diets.


Background:
The use of Lycra Suits in the management of cerebral palsy (CP) is extremely commonplace though little research has being carried out on them and their effect on lower limbs in walking. Using 3D motion analysis techniques the movement of the limbs may be quantified with far greater accuracy in all three planes. The aim of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of Lycra Suits in children with Cerebral Palsy during walking.

Methods:
Eleven children (nine male and two female) aged 2yrs to 9yrs old, with Cerebral Palsy or similar neurological disorders were recruited to participate in the study. The patients were initially tested without the Lycra Suit (NIni) then again when wearing the Lycra Suit for the first time (SIni). The participants then wore the suit daily for twelve weeks, whilst continuing their usual daily activities and physiotherapy treatments. Following this the participants were tested again, firstly whilst wearing the Lycra Suit (S3), then immediately after removing the suit (NS3). Testing involved the patients performing three repetitions of a 10m walking test at their usual walking speed. Joint angles in the sagittal plane were measured at the hip, knee and ankle, and in the transverse plane at the hip. The results were reported as single case studies.

Results:
Joint angles at the hip, knee and ankle all showed varying responses across all conditions, both within and across subjects. All eleven children showed changes in joint angle towards normal age-matched values. In conclusion it is clear that the responses to the lycra garments are as varied and individual as the presentations of Cerebral Palsy itself. With this in mind therapists should ensure continuing observations are carried out during periods of wear, ensuring physical ability both with and without the suit are not being reduced as a consequence.


The 2009–2010 period was marked by an episode of intense drought known as the El Nino Modoki event. Sampling of the Terminos Lagoon (Mexico) was carried out in November 2009 in order to understand the influence of these particular environmental conditions on organic matter fluxes within the lagoon's pelagic ecosystem and, more specifically, on the relationship between phyto- and bacterioplankton communities. The measurements presented here concern biogeochemical parameters (nutrients, dissolved and particulate organic matter [POM], and dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs]), phytoplankton (biomass and photosynthesis), and bacteria (diversity and abundance, including PAH degradation bacteria and ectoenzymatic activities). During the studied period, the water column of the Terminos Lagoon functioned globally as a sink and, more precisely, as a "nitrogen assimilator". This was due to the high production of particulate and dissolved organic matter (DOM), even though exportation of autochthonous matter to the Gulf of Mexico was weak. We found that "bottom-up" control accounted for a large portion of the variability of phytoplankton productivity. Nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry mostly accounted for the heterogeneity in phytoplankton and free-living prokaryote distribution in the lagoon. In the eastern part, we found a clear decoupling between areas enriched in dissolved inorganic nitrogen near the Puerto Real coastal inlet and areas enriched in phosphate (PO4) near the Candelaria estuary. Such a decoupling limited the potential for primary production, resulting in an accumulation of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen (DOC and DON, respectively) near the river mouths. In the western part of the lagoon, maximal phytoplankton development resulted from bacterial activity transforming particulate organic phosphorus (PP) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) to available PO4 and the coupling between Palizada River inputs of nitrate (NO3) and PP. The Chumpan River contributed only marginally to PO4 inputs due to its very low contribution to overall river inputs. The highest dissolved total PAH concentrations were measured in the El Carmen Inlet, suggesting that the anthropogenic pollution of the zone is probably related to the oil-platform exploitation activities in the shallow waters of the southern of the Gulf of Mexico. We also found that a complex array of biogeochemical and phytoplanktonic parameters were the driving force behind the geographical distribution of bacterial community structure and activities. Finally, we showed that nutrients brought by the Palizada River supported an abundant bacterial community of PAH degraders, which are of significance in this important oil-production zone.


The variation of precipitation in South America is characterized by different mechanisms that both initiate and sustain precipitation. Analysis to characterize regional differences is done utilizing datasets derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite as well as National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Reanalysis data. Four regions were studied. These included the Amazon Basin (West), northeast coast (East), location of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), and extreme southeastern Brazil (South). In these regions, variables such as rain rate, feature size, lighting flash counts, updraft strength, and thermodynamic fluxes were analyzed.  Before onset in the Amazon Basin, sensible heat flux increases and is well correlated with increases in lighting flash counts that were observed using TRMM, implying thermodynamic forcing. After onset, the features become less electrified, however their frequency and rain rates increase. The East region experiences similar pre and post-onset behavior, however oceanic influence not only limits the vertical intensity of convection, but also acts to delay the timing of onset by two months, compared to the West.   Fronts are the dominant driver of precipitation in the SACZ region, increasing in frequency as onset approaches. Time series analysis from TRMM illustrates high variability in precipitation and increases in frequency of features here that is consistent with an increase in frontal activity. Also, composite directional wind plots using NCEP 850 mb wind data, reveals interactions between the Tropics and sub-Tropics. Pre-onset MCCs dominate South time series and frontal intrusions drive precipitation in the post-onset period.  Understanding distinct regional mechanisms of precipitation can increase the predictability of monsoon onset all over South America. This is important for those who live there and depend on seasonal rains for their livelihood. Also, knowing what mechanisms are working in different regions at different times of the year and incorporating their respective contributions to the global heat budget, we can increase the accuracy of global models. The next step would be to use these observations to model the observed regional variability and timing, and identify the contributions and long-term implications of heat release from the South American Monsoon System (SAMS) on the global scale.


In order to solve the serious backup roll spalling of roughing mill during ultra-wide stainless steel rolling process, a 3D elastic deformation finite element model of 4-high roll stacks was established for simulating the mechanical behavior during the hot rolling process. The asymmetric contact pressure between backup and work rolls is the key factor for the frequent roll spalling accidents. Based on the principle of homogenizing contact pressure between rolls, minimizing harmful contact zone in different strip widths and considering roll wearing as a whole, SCR (Smart Contact Backup Rolls) was developed. The simulation reveals when using the SMS200 backup roll contour, the peak position of contact pressure keeps consistent with the practical spalling position. Instead, the peak value of the roll contact pressure with SCR technology decreases significantly with various strip widths. The unevenness coefficients of roll contact pressure with SCR technology decline sharply from 1.36 and more to less than 1.18 with different strip widths. The roll consumption decreases from 0.1254kg/t to 0.055kg/t. During the continuous strip production of 20 million tons and more, non-occurring backup roll spalling, uniform roll wear and remarkable decrease in roll consumption have been validated by long-term industrial applications of the 2250 hot strip mill.


Abstract Yellow needles of 'iodolaurionite', Pb(OH)I, and a novel compound Pb2O(OH)I, have been prepared by hydrothermal reactions of PbO and PbI2 at 170°C. The crystal structure of 'iodolaurionite', Pb(OH)I (orthorhombic, Pnma, a = 7.8244(8), b = 4.2107(4), c = 10.4724(10) Å, V = 345.03(6) Å3, Z = 4) has been refined to R1 = 0.041 for 129 independent observed reflections. The structure is based on the OHPb3 triangles sharing common edges to produce single [OHPb]+ chains extending along the b axis and parallel to the ab plane. The three-dimensional integrity of the structure is provided by the Pb-I bonds and the O-H⋯I hydrogen bonding. The structure is isotypic with that of laurionite, Pb(OH)Cl. The crystal structure of Pb2O(OH)I (monoclinic, C2/m, a = 13.711(3), b = 4.0975(10), c = 9.584(2) Å, β = 110.64(1)º, V = 503.9(2) Å3, Z = 4), has been solved by direct methods and refined to R1 = 0.053 for 586 independent observed reflections. In the structure of Pb2O(OH)I, O(1)Pb4 tetrahedra link together by sharing edges and corners to form [OPb2]2+ chains similar to those observed in sidpietersite. The O(2) atoms belong to hydroxyl groups attached to both sides of the chains to produce novel [O(OH)Pb2]+ 1D units. The [O(OH)Pb2]+ units are extended parallel to the b axis and lie within the bc plane. The [O(OH)Pb2]+ units are linked together via hydrogen bonding in the (100) plane and by weak Pb-I bonds in the [100] direction. The [O(OH)Pb2]+ bands can be obtained from the [OPb] layer of OPb4 tetrahedra present in the structure of tetragonal PbO (litharge). The continuous [OPb] layer has to be broken into [O2Pb2] bands containing 3- and 4-coordinated O atoms in the 1:1 ratio with subsequent protonation of the 3-coordinated O sites. Relations of Pb(OH)I and Pb2O(OH)I to known Pb hydroxyand oxyhalides are described briefly.


Machine translation (MT) quality has improved enormously since the arrival of neural machine translation (NMT). The most noticeable improvement compared to statistical MT systems is the increased grammaticality and fluency of the produced MT output. At the lexical level, the quality of NMT systems is less promising. New types of lexical mistakes appear in NMT output, such as the occurrence of non-existing words, i.e. words that are not part of the vocabulary of the target language and were thus invented by the NMT system. For MT use cases in which readers only have access to the MT output without the source text, such non-existing words can affect comprehension as the intended source meaning may not be recovered. To investigate if and to what extent non-existing words in English-to-Dutch NMT output impair comprehension, an experiment was set up in SurveyMonkey. Eighty-six participants were given 15 non-existing words (5 single words and 10 noun compounds) and were either asked to describe the meaning of these words or to select the correct meaning from a predefined list. The words were presented either in isolation or in sentence context. Participants were asked to indicate how confident they were about their answer. Results show that non-existing words indeed impair comprehension as in 60% of the cases the participants gave a wrong answer. Sentence context had a positive impact and made it easier for the participants to determine the meaning of the non-existing word. Participants were also more confident about their answer when the words were presented in sentence context.


Background Although various anesthetic techniques can be used in different kinds of surgeries, spinal anesthesia has received considerable attention for the lower abdomen and lower extremities surgeries and cesarean section. This study aimed at comparing the effect of adding epinephrine 1:1000 and 1:10000 to lidocaine and fentanyl in spinal anesthesia on the prolongation of paralysis, analgesia and hemodynamic changes in pregnant women candidate for cesarean section. Methods A double blind randomized clinical trial was carried out on 66 pregnant women (equally sized control and treatment groups of 33) in 2011. After randomizing the participants into two groups of recipients of epinephrine 1:1000 plus lidocaine 5% and fentanyl (control group) and recipients of epinephrine 1:10000 with lidocaine 5% and fentanyl, (treatment group), the participants' systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before and 1, 3, 5, 10, 15 minutes after procedure. Besides the prolongation of paralysis and analgesia, the presence of postoperative nausea and vomiting were evaluated. The outcome of the study was analyzed using SPSS software and via t test, χ2 test and RMANOVA. Results The mean age (standard deviation) of the participants was 29.3 (4.4) and 28.2 (4.5) in the treatment and control groups, respectively. There were no statistical significance between the participants' prolongation of paralysis, analgesia, the frequency of nausea and vomiting, and the average values of hemodynamic variables between the two groups. Conclusion The use of epinephrine 1:10000 along with lidocaine and fentanyl is recommended in spinal anesthesia in pregnant women candidate for cesarean section. Trial Registration Number: IRCT201012225445N1.


Background Asparaginase is an important component of therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL). However, up to 30% of patients (pts) develop an allergy to Escherichia coli (E coli)– derived asparaginase. In those pts, Erwinia asparaginase ( Erwinia), an antigenically distinct preparation derived from Erwinia chrysanthemi, can be used. Although Erwini a is typically administered intramuscularly (IM), intravenous (IV) asparaginase would offer a more convenient, less painful administration route. In an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, pharmacokinetic (PK) study, we evaluated IV administration of Erwinia in children and adolescents with ALL who developed hypersensitivity to E coli– derived asparaginase.

Methods Pts (aged ≥1 to ≤30 years) with ALL or LBL who developed hypersensitivity (grade ≥2) to E coli– derived asparaginase were eligible for enrollment. Pts received Erwinia IV , 25,000 IU/m2/dose, on a Monday/Wednesday/Friday (M/W/F) schedule for 2 consecutive weeks (6 doses=1 cycle) for each dose of pegaspargase remaining in the original treatment plan. All other chemotherapy was continued per the original treatment plan. Blood samples were collected during the 1st treatment cycle, including predose, 5 min, 48 hrs and 72 hrs postdose. The primary study objective was to determine the proportion of pts who achieved nadir serum asparaginase activity (NSAA) ≥0.1 IU/mL, which has been associated with complete asparagine depletion, at 48 hrs after dose 5 in cycle 1. Secondary objectives included determining the proportion of pts who achieved NSAA ≥0.1 IU/mL at 72 hrs after dose 6 in cycle 1 and the incidence of asparaginase-related toxicities. Only pts who completed 1 cycle of Erwinia were considered evaluable for NSAA assessment.

Results Between November 2012 and June 2013, 30 pts were enrolled from 10 centers; 26 pts completed cycle 1. Twenty-three pts were evaluable for the primary NSAA endpoint (3 pts were not evaluable; 2 for PK data collected outside the protocol-specified window and 1 for nonadherence to the dosing schedule). Median age was 6.5 years (1-17 years), 63% were male, and 83% Caucasian. Predose NSAA levels were below the limit of quantification (defined as 0.0129 IU/mL) for nearly all (91%) pts. Of the 23 evaluable pts who completed cycle 1, 19 (83%) achieved NSAA levels ≥0.1 IU/mL at 48 hrs postdose 5, with mean ±SD NSAA 0.32 ±0.23 ([Table 1][1]). At 72 hrs postdose 6, 9 pts (45%) achieved NSAA levels ≥0.1 IU/mL (mean ±SD 0.088 ±0.076).

View this table:

Table 1
PK for Evaluable Pts who Completed Cycle 1 (n=23)

Four pts discontinued Erwinia treatment before completing cycle 1; 3 for hypersensitivity and 1 for pancreatitis. The toxicity analysis included all 30 enrolled pts. The most common asparaginase-related toxicities reported during cycle 1 were: hypersensitivity (23% of pts), vomiting (20%), nausea (20%), and hyperglycemia (13%). Pancreatitis occurred in 3% and thrombosis in 3% of pts. One pt experienced a transient ischemic attack. The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse event was febrile neutropenia (7%). There were no deaths.

Conclusions The majority (83%) of children and adolescents with ALL or LBL receiving Erwinia IV at 25,000 IU/m2/dose on a M/W/F schedule, achieved NSAA ≥0.1 IU/mL at 48 hrs postdose 5 (considered the therapeutic goal); however the majority did not achieve this goal at 72 hrs post Erwinia dose 6. With IV administration, asparaginase-related toxicities appeared to be consistent with previous reports in children treated with IM Erwinia. Based on these results, we are now evaluating IV Erwinia at 25,000 IU/m2/dose administered every 48 hrs rather than on a M/W/F schedule.

This study was funded by Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc.

Disclosures: Off Label Use: ERWINAZE (asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi) is indicated as a component of a multi-agent chemotherapeutic regimen for the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)who have developed hypersensitivity to E. coli-derived asparaginase. The recommended dose is 25,000 International Units/m2 administered intramuscularly three times a week (Monday/Wednesday/Friday) for six doses for each planned dose of pegaspargase. Hijiya: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy. Brown: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: advisory board Other. Drachtman: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Honoraria. Messinger: Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Advisory Board Other. Plourde: Jazz Pharmaqceuticals: Employee of Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc, who in the course of this emplyment has received stock options exercisable for, and other stock awards of, ordinary shares of Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc Other, Employment. Silverman: Enzon Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Sigma Tau Pharmaceuticals: Advisory Board, Advisory Board Other; EUSA Pharma: Advisory Board Other.

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Eight strains of Zea mays were used as plant material to estimate the genetic parameters of root morphophysiology character and obtain root morphophysiology characters that can be used as selection criteria on acid soil. Plant is planted in Rhizotron pots. Information about estimation of genetic parameters, covering genetic diversity and heritability, correlations between morphophysiology characters, important in development of adaptive varieties to acid soil, especially aluminium stress. The result showed that the strains were significantly different on some root morphophisiology characters observed (number of root, rooting diameter, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weight). There showed genetic diversity on some root morphophysiology characters observed. Media was also significantly different on root morphophysiology character observed. It showed that acid soil media and optimum media give different influence to character of root morphophysiology. Character of rooting diameter having positive correlation with shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root dry weights. The coefficients of genetic diversity character of rooting diameter (19.78 %), shoot fresh weight (18.77 %), root fresh weight (25.50 %), shoot dry weight (30.15%) and root dry weigh (27.48 %) indicating moderate and wide genetic diversity criteria. Highly heritability indicated by character of rooting diameter (0.87), shoot wet weights (0.70), root wet weights (0.60), shoot dry weight (0.80) and root dry weights (0.54). Character of rooting diameter and shoot dry weight can be used as selection criteria on acid soil condition because having highly heritability value followed by medium to highly genetic variability.


Actuation, sensoring and control in arrays ofMEMS require spatially distributed periodic electronic circuits. For very large sized arrays, say 1000 × 1000MEMS or cells, on the same chip, simulation requirements for electronics are far away from standard algorithm capabilities. One of the authors has shown in a theoretical paper [2], that a homogenization modeling method, previously developed for composite materials, can be extended to arrays of electronic circuits, at least in the linear static case. When it is applied to a set of periodic network equations, the simplified resulting model turns to be a system of few partial differential equations. Its properties are inherited on the one hand from the periodic cell composition, and on the other hand from electric conditions imposed at the boundaries. Its numerical solution, a vector of few mean voltages, is weakly dependent of the array size. Actual voltages, at all nodes of the whole periodic circuit, are computed through a fast post-processing procedure. We present the implementation of the model.


A dynamic computable general equilibrium model provides a tool for analysing the regional economic consequences of a hypothetical plant pest incursion. The model is very detailed at the industry and regional level. It includes a theory of regional labour market adjustment. In our example, a hypothetical Pierce's disease incursion, direct regional economic losses are magnified by consequent depressed investment in downstream wine processing sectors. Following elimination of the disease, it takes a number of years for the region to recover fully.


Background It is commonly acknowledged that the ability to use the ankle–brachial index (ABI), a reliable way to diagnose atherosclerosis, decreases with age in the general population. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between resting ABI and age in different populations. Methods 674 physically active participants with (active high risk, ACTHR) or without (active low risk, ACTLR) cardiovascular risk factors or/and sedentary (SED) subjects, aged 20–70 years. Systolic arterial pressure was recorded at rest and simultaneously with automatic sphygmomanometers at the arms and ankles. ABI was calculated as the ratio of the lowest, highest or mean ankle pressure to the highest arm pressure. Results Proportion of ABImin<0.90 was 10.3% in SEDHR subjects versus 0.5% and 1.2%, respectively, in ACTHR and ACTLR groups. The averaged ABI value of each group was in the normal range in all groups (ABI>0.90) but was significantly lower in SEDHR compared with all active participants (p<0.001). Regression lines from ABImean versus age could lead to approximately +0.05 every 15 years of age in apparently healthy active participants (ACTLR). Conclusion ABI at rest increases with the increase in age in the groups of low-risk asymptomatic middle-aged trained adults. The previously reported decrease in ABI with age is found only in SEDHR subjects, and is very likely to rely on the increased prevalence of asymptomatic arterial disease in this group. The increase of ABI with age is consistent with the 'physiological' stiffness observed in ageing arteries even in the absence of 'pathological' atherosclerotic lesions. Trial registration number NIH clinicaltrial.gov: NCT01812343.


In crystalline materials, plastic deformation is driven by the non-local long-range interaction of dislocations. This interaction is responsible for a series of features that obey scaling laws, such as the formation of fractal cellular structures, the intermittent plastic flow with scale-free avalanches following a power law and the Hall–Petch relation in which the yield stress depends on the sample size following a power law. A phase-field model of dislocations is described. The present theory is able to reproduce the jerky character of dislocation motion as well as size dependence in small-scale plasticity.


In this paper, we show how to exploit real-time communication applications to determine the IP address of a targeted user. We focus our study on Skype, although other real-time communication applications may have similar privacy issues. We first design a scheme that calls an identified-targeted user inconspicuously to find his IP address, which can be done even if he is behind a NAT. By calling the user periodically, we can then observe the mobility of the user. We show how to scale the scheme to observe the mobility patterns of tens of thousands of users. We also consider the linkability threat, in which the identified user is linked to his Internet usage. We illustrate this threat by combining Skype and BitTorrent to show that it is possible to determine the filesharing usage of identified users. We devise a scheme based on the identification field of the IP datagrams to verify with high accuracy whether the identified user is participating in specific torrents. We conclude that any Internet user can leverage Skype, and potentially other real-time communication systems, to observe the mobility and filesharing usage of tens of millions of identified users.


The condominium structure, which facilitates ownership of units in multi-family buildings, was only introduced to the US during the 1960s. We ask whether the subsequent development of condominiums encouraged high-income households to move to central cities. Although we document a strong positive correlation between condominium density and resident income, this association is entirely driven by endogenous development of condos in areas otherwise attractive to high-income households. When we instrument for condo density using the passage of municipal regulations limiting condo conversions, we find little association between condo development and resident income, education or race.


OBJECTIVE To examine the association between total sleep duration and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) in older Chinese. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study (GBCS) was performed. Participants (n = 29,333) were aged ≥50 years. Risk of MetSyn and its components were identified for self-reported total sleep duration. RESULTS Participants reporting long (≥9 h) and short (<6 h) total sleep duration had increased odds ratio (OR) of 1.18 (95% CI 1.07–1.30) and 1.14 (1.05–1.24) for the presence of MetSyn, respectively. The relationship remained in long sleepers (OR 1.21 [1.10–1.34]) but diminished in short sleepers (0.97 [0.88–1.06]) after full adjustment. CONCLUSIONS Long sleep duration was associated with greater risk of MetSyn in older Chinese. Confirmation through longitudinal studies is needed. The mechanisms mediating the link between long sleep duration and MetSyn require further investigation.


BACKGROUND
Sangivamycin, an antibiotic with anti-tumor and anti-herpes virus activities by inhibiting both DNA/RNA synthesis and protein kinase C activity, was reported to suppress selectively DNA synthesis and growth of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and their tube formation in vitro. Here, to address the potential clinical use of sangivamycin in future, we investigated its anti-angiogenic effect in in vivo chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) and mouse dorsal air sac (DAS) assays, and investigated underlying mechanism.

METHODS
The effect of sangivamycin on blood vessel formation in CAM was observed under the microscope after treating for two days. For DAS assays, chambers fulfilled with tumor cells were implanted beneath mouse dorsal skin. After the mice were administered with sangivamycin, tumor-induced angiogenesis was observed under the microscope. The effect of sangivamycin on ATP synthesis on the endothelial cell surface was assayed by measuring ATP production with bioluminescence assay.

RESULTS
Sangivamycin suppressed angiogenesis within CAM down to 94-71%, which was partially blocked by simultaneous addition of a 40-fold excess of adenosine. Sangivamycin also inhibited tumor-angiogenesis in the DAS assay by 61%, and suppressed ATP production on the endothelial cell surface by 75%.

CONCLUSION
Sangivamycin inhibits the in vivo angiogenesis within CAM and tumor-induced angiogenesis within mouse dorsal skin, at least in part via inhibiting endothelial cell surface ATP metabolism in addition to inhibition of DNA/RNA synthesis and/or protein kinase C activity, suggesting a potential clinical use of sangivamycin as a novel anti-cancer reagent capable of targeting not only cancer cells but also endothelial cells.


Dispersal, establishment and survival were studied in a population of Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. growing on an isolated tree (Prunus blireiana L.) at a site in North Seattle, U.S.A. Lichen propagules were trapped daily on adhesive strips pinned to various sites on the tree over a period of 36 days. Both soredia and fragments were deposited on the strips, particularly on the upper branches of the tree, with soredia being considerably more numerous than fragments. Daily variation in total soredia deposited did not correlate with 10 climatic variables including wind speed, relative humidity and average temperature. Establishment and survival of propagules were studied by introducing soredia and fragments into various sites on the bark and by observing the distribution of small thalli in different microsites. Microtopography of bark significantly influenced establishment and survival. Survival was poor on smooth bark compared with survival on algal or lichen crusts and on rough bark. Survival of soredia did not vary significantly at different locations on the tree. It is likely that colonization of the tree by H. physodes occurs largely by soredia. Colonization appears to be limited more by the range of dispersal over the tree than by differential survival over different parts of the tree.


The coming into operation of the Criminal Procedure Second Amendment Act 85 of 1997 has been received with mixed emotions. It is viewed by the state, as represented by the prosecutors, as a mechanism to make their work relatively easy as regards questions of bail and by defence lawyers as a mechanism designed to render them ineffective in the eyes of their clients when bail is refused on the grounds, inter alia, that there are no exceptional circumstances which, in the interest of justice, permit the accused person's release. I intend to deal with a few provisions of this Act.


In this paper we present an improved version of the Probabilistic Ant based Clustering Algorithm for Distributed Databases (PACE). The most important feature of this algorithm is the formation of numerous zones in different sites based on corresponding user queries to the distributed database. Keywords, extracted out of the queries, are used to assign a range of values according to their corresponding probability of occurrence or hit ratio at each site. We propose the introduction of weights for individual or groups of data items in each zone according to their relevance to the queries along with the concept of familial pheromone trails as part of an Ant Odor Identification Model to bias the movements of different types of ants towards the members of their own family. Its performance is compared against PACE and other known clustering algorithms for different evaluation measures and an improvement is shown in terms of convergence speed and quality of solution obtained.


In this book Robert Brulle draws on a broad range of empirical and theoretical research to investigate the effectiveness of U.S. environmental groups. Brulle shows how Critical Theory--in particular the work of Jrgen Habermas--can expand our understanding of the social causes of environmental degradation and the political actions necessary to deal with it. He then develops both a pragmatic and a moral argument for broad-based democratization of society as a prerequisite to the achievement of ecological sustainability.From the perspectives of frame analysis, resource mobilization, and historical sociology, using data on more than one hundred environmental groups, Brulle examines the core beliefs, structures, funding, and political practices of a wide variety of environmental organizations. He identifies the social processes that foster the development of a democratic environmental movement and those that hinder it. He concludes with suggestions for how environmental groups can make their organizational practices more democratic and politically effective.


The amount of ecological data available electronically is increasing at a rapid rate, e.g., over 15,000 data sets are available today in the Knowledge Network for Biocom-plexity (KNB) alone. Using the existing search capabilities of these online data repositories, however, scientists struggle to quickly locate data that are relevant to their needs or that will integrate with their current data sets. Semantic technologies aim at addressing many of these problems and hold the promise of enabling more powerful "smart" searches of online data archives. We describe new semantic search features within the Metacat meta-data system, which is used by many ecological research sites around the world for archiving their data using a standardized metadata format. Our semantic search sys-tem adds to Metacat the ability to store OWL-DL ontologies in addition to semantic annotations that link data set attributes to ontology terms. Our approach also extends Metacat to improve metadata search in multiple ways: (i) by expanding standard keyword searches with ontology term hierarchies; (ii) by allowing keyword searches to be applied to annotations in addition to traditional meta-data; and (iii) by allowing more structured searches over annotations via ontology terms. We describe our implementation of these extensions, and compare and contrast these different types of search for a corpus of annotated documents. As data repositories continue to grow, these tools will be instrumental in helping scientists precisely locate and then interpret data for their research needs.


ABSTRACT:Sixty two million girls are being denied education worldwide (Yousafzai, 2015). Unfortunately, this is not a new trend. Neither is it a diminishing one. In the UAE, although on an average more girls are enrolled in schools than boys, with approximately 126000 girls to 112000 boys, about 1100 girls dropped out of school when compared to 460 boys between years 2013-2014 (Hanif, 2015). There have been host of initiatives within the country by government and non-government agencies to increase awareness towards female education and particularly towards STEM higher education and employment opportunities. However, these initiatives do not often reach the schools that target low-income families in the country. This paper reports findings from the phase one of a pilot study carried out with 235 female students belonging to low-income expatriate families living in the UAE. Using qualitative and quantitative methods, based on Microsoft Corp. survey on students that commissioned Harris Interactive to carry out two national surveys of K-12 parents and students on STEM education (Microsoft Corp., n.d.), a five-year plan is followed in this study. As a result, it highlights the significant gap in knowledge and understanding of parents in lower income bracket towards STEM education for girls. It also reports on the successful transition of 43% of the girls into STEM school education all the way to STEM higher education through dedicated summer workshops and internships provided through consulate grounds and local universities, as opposed to typical choices between completing high school and getting married, or going into non-STEM field such as social/fashion/business studies/etc. This research result highlights the strength of holistic, non-profit initiatives and approaches that can still bring in the desired results in increasing number of girls from low-income families pursuing STEM education and career, which can definitely be incorporated into educational policies of a country.


PB cac / accr 31st annual conference, jasper 2005 Abstract Feathers are amongst the most complex epidermal derivatives found in vertebrates. They have complex branched structures, grow from their bases by a unique mechanism, and come in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, structures, and colours. Not only do feathers impart cover, insulation, waterproofing of the body, contribute to flight, tactile sensations or protection of sensory organs, even storing water, they are also involved in myriad aspects of communication and display in birds, and characteristically rather ornately. Underlying this diversity of colours and patterns found in birds is a variety of pigments (melanins, carotenoids, psittacofulvins, porphyrins, etc.), pigment-bearing structures and molecules, and complex microand macrostructures. Given the great structural and functional diversity of feathers it should come as no surprise that their conservation should require a multifaceted approach. Accordingly, a brief review of feather anatomy, including the arrangement of feathers on the skin (pterylosis), chemical composition, even the native fauna of feathers (e.g., lice, mites, bacteria)will be provided, emphasizing aspects of feathers that may be of relevance to conservators. Since cleaning methods are well covered by other speakers, my focus will be on the preventive conservation of feather and fur colour from light. I will show how even pigment systems that seem biochemically homogenous—like the melanins of mammals—show surprisingly complex and species-specific responses to light. For example, in pilot fading experiments, mink, but not marten, fur darkened initially upon exposure to light. Attempts to quench free radicals likely generated by light irradiation did not appear to slow fading down. Considerations in the Conservation of Feathers and Hair, Particularly their Pigments


Satellite remote sensing at Mantinea and Elis in the Peloponnese has identified an extensive network of near-surface orthogonal streets and sections of city blocks. This new and valuable information reveals the general organization of urban space and its parameters, showing that Mantinea and Elis were planned settlements at some point in time. In presenting the evidence for buried archaeological features, the report describes the wider urban layout of each city and outlines a partial reconstruction of an orthogonal network of streets. As Peloponnesian settlements, Mantinea and Elis are considered more broadly within the traditions of Greek town planning. In particular, the report highlights the evidence for planned settlements in the Peloponnese and in doing so challenges the misconception that the region was disinclined to adopt trends in Greek town planning. Finally, an argument is made for the wider integration of satellite remote sensing applications in archaeological fieldwork projects throughout Greece, where until now they were generally lacking. Additional figures can be found under this article's abstract on AJA Online.


The necessity to have a precise time and a limited place where the group processes could take place, is a fundamental requirement for the survival of the group. This is to say that a stable setting with clear limited space must to be respected and offered to the group and to the therapeuthic couple's mind. The group allows some important dynamic movements for the adolescent, allowing the displacement of the infantile unsolved dependence conflicts in regard to their parents on the group of peers. This permits the working-through of the objectrelationships in function with the relationships connected with actual experiences and unsolved conflicts with parental figures. The experience permits, thanks to the peers' presence, the re-elaboration and a way towards a groupal and individual identity.


Author(s): Thyagarajan, Siva Viswanathan | Advisor(s): Niknejad, Ali M | Abstract: The ubiquitous use of electronic devices has led to an explosive increase in the amount of data transfer across the globe. Several applications such as media sharing, cloud computing, Internet of things (IoT), big-data applications demand high performance interconnects to achieve high data rate communication. The mm-wave/terahertz band offers several gigahertz of spectrum for high data rate communication applications. This thesis explores millimeter-wave/terahertz circuits and terahertz systems for various applications in CMOS technology. Some of them include links for personal area networks, wireless backhauls, chip to chip communication (short-range) links in form factor constrained devices (wireless in a box) and also for long-range high-speed communication (using phased arrays or lenses). In particular, this research explores the feasibility of millimeter-wave/terahertz systems and also the performance of critical blocks such as power amplifiers. A linear power amplifier is designed in a deeply scaled technology node (28 nm) and the various challenges in the design process are discussed. The performance is validated using measurement results and compared across various technology nodes. Non-linear millimeter-wave switching power amplifiers are also explored due to their high efficiencies and a prototype is fabricated to verify the modeling and simulation results. The ideas and modeling strategies from the individual blocks are used in the design of mm-wave/terahertz transceivers. Simple modulation schemes such as on-off keying, binary phase shift keying and quadrature phase shift keying are used for transmission of data. Two transceiver prototypes with different transmitter and receiver architectures are fabricated in bulk CMOS technology. The system level considerations and architecture choices are discussed. Theoretical analysis of critical blocks with design choices are explained along with their implementation details. The system level measurements from the two transceivers confirm the feasibility of such links at millimeter-wave/terahertz frequencies. The work from this thesis demonstrates the world's first fully functional link at frequencies greater than 200 GHz in CMOS technology.


The objective of this paper is to study the Chilean labor market and determine the presence or absence of gender discrimination. In order to transcend the limitations of earlier works, an experimental design is used, the first of its kind in Chile. This study also allows socioeconomic discrimination associated with names and places of residence to be addressed. The study consists of sending fictitious Curriculum Vitae for real job vacancies published weekly in the Santiago newspaper El Mercurio. A range of strictly equivalent CVs in terms of qualifications and employment experience of applicants are sent out, varying only in gender, name and surname, and place of residence. The results show no significant differences in callback rates across groups, in contrast with what is found in other international studies.