Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome that causes substantial maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The etiology is incompletely understood, and there is no clinically useful screening test. Current metabolomic technologies have allowed the establishment of metabolic signatures of preeclampsia in early pregnancy. Here, a 2-phase discovery/validation metabolic profiling study was performed. In the discovery phase, a nested case-control study was designed, using samples obtained at 15±1 weeks' gestation from 60 women who subsequently developed preeclampsia and 60 controls taking part in the prospective Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints cohort study. Controls were proportionally population matched for age, ethnicity, and body mass index at booking. Plasma samples were analyzed using ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A multivariate predictive model combining 14 metabolites gave an odds ratio for developing preeclampsia of 36 (95% CI: 12 to 108), with an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.94. These findings were then validated using an independent case-control study on plasma obtained at 15±1 weeks from 39 women who subsequently developed preeclampsia and 40 similarly matched controls from a participating center in a different country. The same 14 metabolites produced an odds ratio of 23 (95% CI: 7 to 73) with an area under receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.92. The finding of a consistent discriminatory metabolite signature in early pregnancy plasma preceding the onset of preeclampsia offers insight into disease pathogenesis and offers the tantalizing promise of a robust presymptomatic screening test.


Detailed post mortem examinations were carried out on 41 harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) found dead on the coast of the United Kingdom. The commonest causes of death were entanglement in fishing gear, and parasitic and bacterial pneumonia. Among the non-fatal conditions parasitoses of various organs were common and there was a very wide variety of other conditions. In total 295 diseases and other lesions were found, an average of 7.2 per animal.


The Rotterdam Rules' will, with a few practical exceptions, allow cargo interests to litigate or arbitrate cargo loss or damage claims at a place convenient for cargo interests. Cargo interests will generally be able to choose to litigate or arbitrate in one of the following places: (i) the domicile of the carrier; (ii) the place of receipt agreed in the contract of carriage; (iii) the place of delivery agreed in the contract of carriage; or (iv) the port where the goods are initially loaded on a ship or the port where the goods are finally discharged from a ship . . . .2 If the contract of carriage contains a choice of court clause, the cargo claimants may choose to litigate in any of the above places or in the place designated in the choice of court clause. If the contract of carriage contains no choice of court or arbitration clause, the cargo claimant may choose to litigate in one of the above places. If the contract of carriage includes an arbitration clause, the cargo claimant must arbitrate but may choose to arbitrate in the place set forth in the arbitration clause, or one of the above places. Cargo claimants may also file suit against a maritime performing party in a place relevant to the maritime performing party.3 There are several exceptions to the above provisions. Practitioners should be familiar with the exceptions to understand the jurisdiction and arbitration scheme of the Rotterdam Rules. Practitioners also should be familiar with the scope of application of the Rotterdam Rules to understand the jurisdiction and arbitration scheme. Parties to contracts not within the scope of the Rotterdam Rules will have freedom to choose any place they wish to litigate or arbitrate. I. SCOPE OF THE ROTTERDAM RULES The scope of application is set forth in Chapter 2, Articles 5, 6 and 7: Chapter 2. Scope Of Application Article 5. General scope of application 1. Subject to article 6, this Convention applies to contracts of carriage in which the place of receipt and the place of delivery are in different States, and the port of loading of a sea carriage and the port of discharge of the same sea carriage are in different States, if, according to the contract of carriage, any one of the following places is located in a Contracting State:4 (a) The place of receipt; (b) The port of loading; (c) The place of delivery; or (d) The port of discharge. 2. This Convention applies without regard to the nationality of the vessel, the carrier, the performing parties, the shipper, the consignee, or any other interested parties. Article 6 Specific exclusions 1. This Convention does not apply to the following contracts in liner transportation: (a) Charterparties; and (b) Other contracts for the use of a ship or any space thereon. 2. This Convention does not apply to contracts of carriage in non-liner transportation except when: (a) There is no charterparty or other contract between the parties for the use of a ship or of any space thereon; and (b) A transport document or an electronic transport record is issued. Article 7 Application to certain parties Notwithstanding article 6, this Convention applies as between the carrier and the consignee, controlling party or holder that is not an original party to the charterparty or other contract of carriage excluded from the application of this Convention. However, this Convention does not apply as between the original parties to a contract of carriage excluded pursuant to article 6.5 It may be simpler to realize that the scope includes, and thus affects, choice of court or arbitration clauses in all contracts in the liner trade except charterparties or other contracts for the use of space on a ship. It does not include any contract in the non-liner (tramp) trade except a transport document or electronic record that is not between parties to a charterparty or other contract for use of space on a ship. …


Seasonal changes in environmental drivers - such as temperature, rainfall, and resource availability - have the potential to shape infection dynamics through their reverberating effects on biological processes including host abundance and susceptibility to infection. However, seasonality varies geographically. We therefore expect marked differences in infection dynamics between regions with different seasonal patterns. By pairing extensive Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) surveillance data - 65 358 individual bird samples from 12 species of dabbling ducks sampled at 174 locations across North America - with quantification of seasonality using remote sensed data indicative for primary productivity (normalised differenced vegetation index, NDVI), we provide evidence that seasonal dynamics influence infection dynamics across a continent. More pronounced epidemics were seen to occur in regions experiencing a higher degree of seasonality, and epidemics of lower amplitude and longer duration occurred in regions with a more protracted and lower seasonal amplitude. These results demonstrate the potential importance of geographic variation in seasonality for explaining geographic variation in the dynamics of infectious diseases in wildlife.


The photosynthetic and photochemical adaptation of grapevine leaves to high UV radiation, under hot and dry summer conditions, was investigated in near-isohydric Cannonau (syn. Grenache) and nearanisohydric Bovale grande (syn. Carignan). From pea-size stage until harvest, vines with mild to moderate water deficit were subjected to UV-blocking treatment (–UV) and compared to a control exposed to sunlight (C). Canopy light and thermal microclimate, growth and density, maximum leaf gas exchange, primary photochemistry (PSII) and phenols were monitored. Average increments in canopy temperature under –UV tunnels during day-time and night-time were 3.3°C and 0.8°C in Bovale grande and 2.6°C and 1.1°C in Cannonau. Cultivars reached similar leaf area, intrinsic water-use efficiency and stem water potential under C and –UV. Cannonau showed lower stomatal conductance, maximum net assimilation and transpiration rates, but also faster recovery of PSII under heat and moderate water stress. UV radiation induced a stronger and longer impact on leaf assimilation, but the duration of elevated temperatures under −UV induced higher photoinhibition and lower photochemical efficiency. A similar degree of correlation between leaf temperature and gas exchange was found among cultivars and treatments. In Cannonau, leaf anthocyanin decreased due to heat-induced long-lasting PSII photoinactivation under C. Conversely, Bovale grande showed higher phenolic content stability, thus higher photoprotection and recovery of PSII functional units. Agronomical practices affecting leaf phenolic accumulation influence canopy acclimation to heat and high sunlight. Vineyard management must avoid excessive canopy sun exposure and duration of elevated temperatures to favour high assimilation, while reducing photoinactivation and heat damage.


In order to understand the marine phytoplanktons role in the global marine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycles it is necessary to derive global information on the distribution of major functional phytoplankton types (PFT) in the world oceans. We use the PhytoDOAS method, the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy used with input of phytoplankton differential absorption spectra, on hyperspectral satellite sensors SCIAMACHY ( Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography) to retrieve information on the distribution and absorption of different phytoplankton groups, in particular cyanobacteria. SCIAMACHY measures back scattered solar radiation in the UV-Vis-NIR spectral region with a high spectral resolution (0.2 to 1.5 nm). We used in-situ measured phytoplankton absorption spectra taken on five meridional transects across the Atlantic Ocean where different phytoplankton groups were representing or dominating the phytoplankton composition in order to identify these characteristic absorption spectra in SCIAMACHY data in the range of 430 to 500 nm. In addition also SCIAMACHY data were analysed with DOAS in the range of 530 to 590 where absorption from cyanobacterial photosynthetic pigment phycoerythrin was identified. Our results show clearly these phytoplankton assemblage absorptions in the SCIAMACHY data. Phytoplankton concentrations have been determined for three monthly periods (Feb-March 2004, Oct-Nov 2005 and Oct-Nov 2007). The information retrieved by DOAS from SCIAMACHY on phytoplankton groups is compared to collocated in-situ measurements and to the global model analysis with the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model (NOBM from http://reason.gsfc.nasa.gov/OPS/Giovanni/) according to Gregg and Casey 2006 and Gregg 2006. Results are of great importance for global modelling of marine ecosystem and climate change studies regarding changes in the ocean. http://oceanopticsconference.org/abstracts/by_session/22


Company Law in Context is an ideal main text for company law and corporate governance courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. In this sophisticated book, David Kershaw combines commentary and explanation (55%) with the primary case and statutory materials (45%). The book places the study of company law in its economic, business, and social context in order to make more accessible and relevant the cases, statutes, and other forms of regulation that make up company law. One technique deployed by the book to contextualise company law is the use of a simple case study that tracks, through the different chapters of the book, the development and expansion of a business - from sole trader to listed company.


This paper pursues two themes. First, it argues that there is a commonality between the general interest in the past, the interest of historians, and interest of legal historians. Second, it shows that several ideas about the past commonly appear in all three contexts. In pursuing this themes, the paper begins by reviewing the initial study of past and the emergence of history and legal history in academia. It explores the various reasons that the early historians and later academic historians and legal historians studied the past and the different ways in which they used it. The paper then pursues in more detail the development of Anglo-American legal history as a scholarly tradition. It identifies three types of academic legal history: classical, liberal, and critical and discusses their natures and different uses of the past. Finally, the paper explores the substantial legal history scholarship and its relevance to scholars who are not legal historians. The paper concludes by stressing the importance of studying the legal past.


The Brazilian northeast is a semiarid area beset by drought and rural poverty. Irrigated agriculture exploits groundwater in the shallow alluvial aquifers in the base of the ribbon valleys. Uncontrolled exploitation and over-irrigation are leading to soil salinization and to degradation of the groundwater. Efforts have been made to promote efficient irrigation methods and to involve the farmers in reducing wastage. However, farm level water resource assessments are not yet undertaken to complement this activity. Farm and community level approaches to monitor and interpret groundwater level and salinity have been proposed. Interpretation has required physical studies to be undertaken in three typical groundwater systems in the region. The studies identify important links between hillslope runoff, groundwater use, subsurface controls and the annual and longer-term variations in water availability and water quality that have important impacts on sustainable groundwater use. Community level management is seen to be essential for sustainability.


This paper explores the current context for decentralised approaches in the provision of urban water services. It examines the recent history of decentralised systems' implementation in Australia and identifies its drivers. The drivers included addressing capacity constraints of centralised systems, mitigating the environmental impact of urban development, and increasing the resilience of urban water systems to episodic droughts and the projected impacts of climate change. The concepts of integrated urban water management and water sensitive urban design were prevalent in many of the innovative approaches used for the provision of decentralised urban water services. However, there remains a degree of confusion among water professionals in the terminology adopted for on-site and decentralised systems. Based on a literature review, consultation with water industry professionals and examination of decentralised urban developments in Australia, this paper has developed a generalised definition of decentralised systems for adoption across the water sector. The definition encompasses the various development scales in which decentralised systems are implemented, and reflects the new functions and characteristics inherent to those systems.


In the decade since the idea of adapting the evidence-based paradigm for software engineering was first proposed, it has become a major tool of empirical software engineering. Evidence-Based Software Engineering and Systematic Reviews provides a clear introduction to the use of an evidence-based model for software engineering research and practice. The book explains the roles of primary studies (experiments, surveys, case studies) as elements of an over-arching evidence model, rather than as disjointed elements in the empirical spectrum. Supplying readers with a clear understanding of empirical software engineering best practices, it provides up-to-date guidance on how to conduct secondary studies in software engineeringreplacing the existing 2004 and 2007 technical reports. The book is divided into three parts. The first part discusses the nature of evidence and the evidence-based practices centered on a systematic review, both in general and as applying to software engineering. The second part examines the different elements that provide inputs to a systematic review (usually considered as forming a secondary study), especially the main forms of primary empirical study currently used in software engineering. The final part provides practical guidance on how to conduct systematic reviews (the guidelines), drawing together accumulated experiences to guide researchers and students in planning and conducting their own studies. The book includes an extensive glossary and an appendix that provides a catalogue of reviews that may be useful for practice and teaching.


High-speed data communication is critical for home networks to support the increasing needs of online multimedia entertainment. Power-line communication (PLC) presents a 'no new wires' solution for home networks. However, power line is a troublesome and noisy platform for home networks. And the traditional approach with PLC is interference-limited and has a small bandwidth. In this paper we propose a new scheme of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to provide better noise-limited PLC networks. This schema is based on loosely synchronous (LS) codes with very nice correlations. Construction criteria of LS codes used in the proposed system are provided and discussed. The capacity properties and spectral efficiency of LS coded OFDM systems over PLC channels are also studied in this paper. We show that the proposed LS coded OFDM can efficiently achieve the diversity provided by power line channels. Such a schema can be employed in PLC to increase data throughput, system capacity and spectral efficiency in home networks


Density functional theory results are presented for elementary steps leading to coke growth within a steam cracking unit. The discussed pathway starts from toluene and ultimately, 1-methylnaphthalene is formed. In order to find the rate determining step for coke formation, the pseudo first-order rate coefficients of the various steps are compared taking into account the concentrations of diverse coke precursors. The influence of the polyaromatic environment is studied for a large set of methylated polycyclic aromatic molecules, by means of carbon–hydrogen bond dissociation enthalpy values. Subsequent hydrogen abstraction reactions at the methylated polyaromatics, by a methyl radical, are also examined. The abstraction is found to preferentially occur at the larger systems and is in general faster compared to abstractions at the analogous non-methylated species.


Attractor properties of a popular discrete-time neural network model are illustrated through numerical simulations. The most complex dynamics is found to occur within particular ranges of parameters controlling the symmetry and magnitude of the weight matrix. A small network model is observed to produce fixed points, limit cycles, mode-locking, the Ruelle-Takens route to chaos, and the period-doubling route to chaos. Training algorithms for tuning this dynamical behaviour are discussed. Training can be an easy or difficult task, depending whether the problem requires the use of temporal information distributed over long time intervals. Such problems require training algorithms which can handle hidden nodes. The most prominent of these algorithms, back propagation through time, solves the temporal credit assignment problem in a way which can work only if the relevant information is distributed locally in time. The Moving Targets algorithm works for the more general case, but is computationally intensive, and prone to local minima.


Case studies have been used in undergraduate science education as a way to develop students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. However, little empirical evidence exists on whether this teaching method is having the desired impact on students in plant pathology courses. This study evaluated the influence of the case teaching method on students' problem-solving and critical thinking skills in an undergraduate plant pathology course. Specifically, the course utilized both traditional lecture-based teaching as well as case study methodology. Students completed a problem-solving test that gave them four problem scenarios similar to two that were taught by lecture and two that were taught by case studies and examined students' ability to critically think and problem solve. We also investigated students' attitudes and feelings toward the case study approach assessed via a 22-item Likert-scale survey. A paired sample t-test comparing the lecture vs. case study method suggested that the case study approach was more beneficial in helping students develop applied problem-solving skills. The survey results demonstrated that students had more positive attitudes toward the case study teaching approach. For the applied plant science students, the diagnosis of plant health problems is one of the most difficult skills to develop. The results from this study indicate that case studies helped students develop critical thinking skills required to diagnose plant health problems while actively engaging them in the course content.


[1] In determining aerosol-cloud interactions, the properties of aerosols must be characterized in the vicinity of clouds. Numerous studies based on satellite observations have reported that aerosol optical depths increase with increasing cloud cover. Part of the increase comes from the humidification and consequent growth of aerosol particles in the moist cloud environment, but part comes from 3-D cloud-radiative transfer effects on the retrieved aerosol properties. Often, discerning whether the observed increases in aerosol optical depths are artifacts or real proves difficult. The paper only addresses the cloud-clear sky radiative transfer interaction part. It provides a simple model that quantifies the enhanced illumination of cloud-free columns in the vicinity of clouds that are used in the aerosol retrievals. This model is based on the assumption that the enhancement in the cloud-free column radiance comes from enhanced Rayleigh scattering that results from the presence of the nearby clouds. This assumption leads to a larger increase of AOT for shorter wavelengths, or to a "bluing" of aerosols near clouds. The assumption that contribution from molecular scattering dominates over aerosol scattering and surface reflection is justified for the case of shorter wavelengths, dark surfaces, and an aerosol layer below the cloud tops. The enhancement in Rayleigh scattering is estimated using a stochastic cloud model to obtain the radiative flux reflected by broken clouds and comparing this flux with that obtained with the molecules in the atmosphere causing extinction, but no scattering.


We discuss a low-cost consistency protocol for replicated metadata in cluster-based storage systems. Our goal in maintaining the consistency is to minimize the efforts for porting applications from single systems to the cluster-based environment. The access patterns to the replicated metadata in recent cluster-based storage systems offer a new opportunity for strong consistency without sacrificing performance in common cases. We design and implement a protocol for the atomicity, serialization and recovery of operations in the face of arbitrary sequences of failures. The correctness of the protocol is checked with randomized failure injections into a prototype implementation. We measure the impact of the consistency protocol on the performance and scalability of an example cluster-based file system. The measurement of micro benchmarks shows that the protocol adds little overhead to common operations; while the measurement of trace-based operation mixes shows a speedup of 15.7 in a cluster of 16 nodes.


Technological production processes of organic dyes soluble in water, as well as the processes for their application in textile industries, may heavily pollute natural waters, particularly from the point of view of their pronounced colored wastewaters. Reactive dyes are prominent among numerous groups of water-soluble dyes. The bioflocculant was effective in flocculating a kind of reactive soluble dyes (Cibacron yellow FN_2R) in aqueous solution. A bioflocculant– producing bacterium were isolated from wastewater and sediments of Close Drainage Systems (CDS) located at the Prai industrial area.. Compared with conventional chemical flocculants, bioflocculants are biodegradable and nontoxic, and produce no secondary pollution. Sphingomonas paucimobilis was found to produce a bioflocculant with high flocculating activity for Kaolin suspension and water-soluble dyes. The best temperature flocculation performance was 35°C and shaking speed of 160 rpm. The highest flocculating efficiency achieved for Kaolin suspension was 98.4% at 35°C after 48 hours cultivation. Various culture temperatures were tested between 2 hours in order to investigate their effect on the bioflocculant production when the culture temperature was 35°C which the flocculating activity of Sphingomonas paucimobilis was up to 98.4%. It was found that, flocculating rate depends on time and temperatures. Determination flocculating activity was shown Sphingomonas paucimobilis is biodegradable and increase in number of bacteria during the time will confirm that. This study was conducted to biologically treat wastewater discharged from the textile industry using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) technology biological flocculation on COD removal and effects of solids detention times and MLVSS on EPS production.


We present a solution for transport of Internet Protocol (IP) packets over optical networks. The protocol relies heavily on the data link and physical layer of the proposed standard 10-Gbit/s Ethernet. The architecture is able to perform optical multiplexing and forwarding of asynchronous packets such as those generated by classical Ethernet devices.


Rezafungin is a novel echinocandin with exceptional stability and solubility and a uniquely long half-life allowing for front-loaded drug exposure with once-weekly dosing. Rezafungin has been shown comparable to other echinocandins, with activity against Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. including subsets of echinocandin-resistant Candida auris and azole-resistant Aspergillus isolates. Available clinical data show robust safety and promising efficacy. Phase III trials will provide data on efficacy of rezafungin for the treatment of candidemia and invasive candidiasis and for the prevention of invasive fungal disease in blood and bone marrow transplant recipients. Rezafungin is a promising new candidate in the antifungal arsenal that opens up clinical possibilities based on its impressive half-life, such as early hospital discharge for stable patients and use as prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients.


Context. Westerlund I is the richest young cluster currently known in our Galaxy, making it one of the most massive clusters for which we can resolve the individual stars even in the crowded centre. This makes it an ideal target to assess whether massive clusters formed currently will remain bound or will disperse and contribute significantly to the stellar field population. Aims. We measure the radial velocity dispersion of Westerlund I to explore whether the cluster is either currently in virial equilibrium, in the process of collapse, or expanding and dispersing into the field. Methods. We obtained MIKE/Magellan high resolution optical spectra of 22 post main-sequence stars in Westerlund I for 2 or 3 epochs with a maximum baseline of about one year. Radial velocities variations between these spectra are measured by means of cross-correlation. Results. We calculate the velocity dispersion from the cross-correlation of five yellow hypergiants and one luminous blue variable, that show little radial velocity variations between epochs and have many spectral features in common. After taking into account the effect of small number statistics and undetected binaries, we estimate the velocity dispersion for the massive stars in Westerlund I to be 2.1 +3.3 −2.1 km s −1 .F or several different assumptions concerning possible mass segregation and the elongation of the cluster, we find that Westerlund I is subvirial at the 90% confidence level. Conclusions. We can rule out that the cluster is significantly supervirial at the 97% confidence level, indicating that Westerlund I is currently bound. This implies that Westerlund I has survived past the point where any gas expulsion has taken place and is expected to survive for billions of years.


Accurate estimation of the exposure-response relationship between ambient urban particulate matters (PM) and public health is important for regulatory perspective of ambient urban particulate matters (PM). Ambient PM contains various transition metals and organic compounds. PM10 (aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micro m) is known to induce diverse diseases such as chronic cough, bronchitis, chest illness, etc. However, recent evaluation of PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 micro m) against health outcomes has suggested that the fine particles may be more closely associated with adverse respiratory health effects than particles of larger size. This study was performed to evaluate PM2.5-induced oxidative stress in rat lung epithelial cell in order to provide basic data for the risk assessment of PM2.5. PM2.5 showed higher cytotoxicity than PM10. Also, PM 2.5 induced more malondialdehyde (MDA) formation than PM10. In Hoechst 33258 dye staining and DNA fragmentation assay, apopotic changes were clearly detected in PM2.5 treated cells in compared to PM10. Expression of catalase mRNA was increased by PM2.5 rather than PM10. PM2.5 induced higher Mth1 mRNA than PM10. In pBR322 DNA treated with PM2.5, production of single strand breakage of DNA was higher than that of PM10. In Western blot analysis, PM2.5 induced more Nrf-2 protein, associated with diverse transcriptional and anti-oxidative stress enzymes, compared to PM10. Our data suggest that PM2.5 rather than PM10 may be responsible for PM-induced toxicity. Additional efforts are needed to establish the environmental standard of PM2.5.


This paper interrogates the formation and the representation of the English-speaking subject in modern Korea. Who speaks English in modern Korea and why? The paper offers a literary-historical sketch of representative modern Korean subjects in both Korean and Korean American literature. These subjects, I suggest, open up a troubled history of Korean imaginaries of the English language. Whereas English first appears as a marker of colonial modernity, class privilege, and social striving in early twentieth-century Korean literature, it quickly turns into a much more ambivalent and compromising sign of political and national dispossession in the literature of the Korean War. The evolution of the representative English-speaking Korean subject from the male colonial subject to the female 'yanggongju' (western princess) who serves the American military personnel stationed in Korea demonstrates that, in the Korean literary imagination, English has always been deeply connected to national and collective trauma and dispossession, even as it continues to perform as a sign of globalized, elite identity. Recently, we have seen the transnational adoptee emerge in Korean American literature as a prismatic figure embodying, in particularly painful and ironic form, the contradictory identifications demanded by English-language use in contemporary Korea.


How should Christians respond to an oppressive government regime? This question has vexed believers for centuries, including in the best known recent example of an "evil state": Nazi Germany. This Article explores the Christian response to the demands of the apartheid state in South Africa in the late 20th century. This Article particularly focuses upon the way that Biblical text is used – both by the state and against the state. Specifically, governments and ruling Christians in power frequently appeal to Romans 13:1-7 and its command that Christians should submit to the governing authorities, for those authorities have been put in place by God. But disenfranchised, out-of power Christians often look instead to a theme of Biblical resistance to ungodly authority, following the example of Peter in Acts 5:27-30 where the Apostles insist that they must "obey God rather than men." These differing thematic responses to Scripture - submission vs. resistance, authority vs. liberation, order vs. renewal - have come into tension and conflict throughout church history. The Article first explores the New Testament texts that speak to the relationship of Christians to the civil government. It then provides a modern case study of the competing Biblical themes of submission versus resistance: In apartheid South Africa the ruling state explicitly called upon Romans 13 and those resisting the state overtly invoked Acts 5. (The Article assesses the use of scripture by the Kairos theologians, Beyers Naude, and Archbishop Desmond Tutu.) Finally, the Article offers some concluding reflections on what modern Christians can learn from the Biblical texts and the South African experience.


Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks occur in approximately 10% of patients undergoing a translabyrinthine, retrosigmoid, or middle fossa approach for vestibular schwannoma resection. Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea also results from trauma, neoplasms, and congenital defects. A high degree of difficulty in repair sometimes requires repetitive microsurgical revisions-a rate of 10% of cases is often cited. This can not only lead to morbidity but is also costly and burdensome to the health care system. In this case-based theoretical analysis, the authors summarize the literature regarding endoscopic endonasal techniques to obliterate the eustachian tube (ET) as well as compare endoscopic endonasal versus open approaches for repair. Given the results of their analysis, they recommend endoscopic endonasal ET obliteration (EEETO) as a first- or second-line technique for the repair of CSF rhinorrhea from a lateral skull base source refractory to spontaneous healing and CSF diversion. They present a case in which EEETO resolved refractory CSF rhinorrhea over a 10-month follow-up after CSF diversions, wound reexploration, revised packing of the ET via a lateral microscopic translabyrinthine approach, and the use of a vascularized flap had failed. They further summarize the literature regarding studies that describe various iterations of EEETO. By its minimally invasive nature, EEETO imposes less morbidity as well as less risk to the patient. It can be readily implemented into algorithms once CSF diversion (for example, lumbar drain) has failed, prior to considering open surgery for repair. Additional studies are warranted to further demonstrate the outcome and cost-saving benefits of EEETO as the data until now have been largely empirical yet very hopeful. The summaries and technical notes described in this paper may serve as a resource for those skull base teams faced with similar challenging and otherwise refractory CSF leaks from a lateral skull base source.


The human body reveals emotional and bodily states through measurable signals, such as body language and electroencephalography. However, such manifestations are difficult to communicate to others remotely. We propose EmotionActuator, a proof-of-concept system to investigate the transmission of emotional states in which the recipient performs emotional gestures to understand and interpret the state of the sender.We call this kind of communication embodied emotional feedback, and present a prototype implementation. To realize our concept we chose four emotional states: amused, sad, angry, and neutral. We designed EmotionActuator through a series of studies to assess emotional classification via EEG, and create an EMS gesture set by comparing composed gestures from the literature to sign-language gestures. Through a final study with the end-to-end prototype interviews revealed that participants like implicit sharing of emotions and find the embodied output to be immersive, but want to have control over shared emotions and with whom. This work contributes a proof of concept system and set of design recommendations for designing embodied emotional feedback systems.


A study of the Ethical and Moral values held by Registered Valuers in New Zealand. This paper forms part of a series being developed by the authors, dealing with different sectors of the real estate industry within the same cultural setting, as well as across different cultural settings. This study utilises a self-administered survey questionnaire to measure five constructs adapted from those developed by Harris (1990). The constructs are concerned with Deceit, Fraud, Coercion, Influence Dealing, and Self-interest, and are multi-layered in the survey instrument. The results indicate differences between respondent's beliefs and values based upon differences in age, valuation experience, education, type of employment, and relating to whether they had taken a professional ethics course or not.


Review of:Pleasures and Perils: Girls' Sexuality in a Caribbean Consumer Culture. Debra Curtis. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2009. xii + 222 pp. (Paper US$ 23.95)Economies of Desire: Sex and Tourism in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Amalia L. Cabezas. Philadelphia PA : Temple University Press, 2009. xii + 218 pp. (Paper US$ 24.95)Queer Ricans: Cultures and Sexualities in the Diaspora. Lawrence La Fountain-Stokes. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009. xxvii + 242 pp. (Paper US$ 22.50)[First paragraph]Over the last ten years the field of Caribbean Studies has seen a precipitous expansion of work on sexualities, as recent review essays by Jenny Sharpe and Samantha Pinto (2006) and Kamala Kempadoo (2009) have observed. The three books under review here, all based on dissertation research and all published in 2009, make important contributions to this growing literature. While each one approaches sexual politics from a distinctive disciplinary, geographic, and theoretical vantage point, all three ask readers to take seriously the central place that sexual desires and practices occupy in the lives of Caribbean people, both at home and in the diaspora. Caribbean sexuality studies are still sometimes thought of as belonging to a domain outside of, or auxiliary to "real" politics, but these studies demonstrate without hesitation how sexuality functions as an important prism through which we might understand broader debates about ethics, politics, and economics in the region. Building from the insights of feminist theorists who connect the "private" realm to community, national, and global geopolitics, they show that sex is intimately connected to certain freedoms – be they market, corporeal, or political – as well as to their consequences. Taken together, they consider sexual subjectivity, political economy, and cultural production in unexpected ways and point to exciting new directions for the scholarship on sexuality and sexual politics in the region.


The analysis of a portion of a non-directive interview with a young adolescent leads the author to consider the institutional setting as an instance of reflectivity, whose function of limiting desire is not control over the subject but rather a way of helping him to escape from the psychic determinations which alienate him.


River classification is a useful tool for researchers and managers wishing to organise, to simplify and to understand the forms and processes within freshwater systems. Many classifications require surveyors to classify reaches into specific channel types in a field environment. Channel types should be identifiable on the basis of a field surveyor's judgement of channel characteristics and landscape settings; these include channel planform, valley confinement, dominant bed material and/or instream geomorphic features (e.g. gravel bars). An accurate classification of reaches into the correct channel type is important to ensure consistency in management strategies and to assess the impact of engineering activities on the physical and ecological status of rivers. In this article, we examine the variation in professional judgement of geomorphologically based channel types by scientists with different disciplinary backgrounds and varying levels of involvement in classification systems using a photo‐questionnaire. Results indicate that there can be a large level of discrepancy in typing rivers; the choice of the modal channel type for each reach varied between 25.9% and 75.1% of the respondent selections. There were also differences in the level of agreement between earth scientists (with hydrogeomorphological or geological training), ecological scientists (with freshwater biology training) and practitioners involved in river conservation and management. A high level of experience in classification systems translates to a lower number of channel types being chosen per reach. In response to these results, the use of a photographic approach to typing needs to be fully tested and users fully trained before operational use. Furthermore, we advocate that designers of geomorphic typologies should aim to have a representative and workable number of classes within a typology with an emphasis for rationalisation of classes rather than expansion of numbers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Abstract In urban transformation processes, three different types of housing mobility can be observed. For those mobility types, distinct satisfaction parameters come into question. The scope of this research is, to define these satisfaction parameters for different mobility groups. Sarigol, a housing redevelopment site in Gaziosmanpasa, Istanbul, which mainly consists of Roman inhabitants, was chosen as a case study for this research. The site is very suitable for the case study because of its social, economic and geographical dynamics. Housing mobility decisions, which are seen during the redevelopment process, can be classified as the determinants in terms of grouping the users in the site through in-depth interviews. In the study, user groups were conceptualized as: stabiles, departers and new comers. The intense housing mobility occurred during the redevelopment process brought along a change in the population structure as experienced in the fieldwork. Such that, residents who have similar cultural, social and economic backgrounds left the site and people who have distinctive social values settled in their place. People from various cultural, economic and social backgrounds were forced to live within the same social environment. Moreover, the change created various physical, social and economic problems in the site. Those problems created dissatisfaction for different user groups in different contexts. While the inhabitants were psychologically and economically affected during the redevelopment process; changes in the quality of users' lives were observed. As a conclusion, different satisfaction codes emerged for those groups who display distinct housing mobility patterns were presented.


Metropolitan cities with population of more than two million people and various activities i.e. economy, social, culture, education, and tourism, will automatically attract satellite cities. Impact of certain activities, poor land use, and limited infrastructure development physically leads to the increase of travel necessities which then causes traffic congestion almost during the whole day. One of the aspects needed to create a sustainable metropolitan city is good public transportation. The case study is carried out in Bandung. Based on existing conditions found in Bandung's public transportation, with paratransit as common public transportation and a limited number of mass rapid transit, therefore proposed alternative solutions could be as follow: the availability of city regulation, effort to reduce traffic congestion, orderly operation of paratransit, fixed route of medium and large bus operation, adherence of road users to traffic regulation, and good land use management, that involve all stakeholders.


Abstract Introduction: Hurricane Katrina, a Category 3 hurricane, made landfall in August 2005. Approximately 1,500 deaths have been directly attributed to the hurricane, primarily in Louisiana and Mississippi. In New Orleans, Louisiana, most of the healthcare infrastructure was destroyed by flooding, and >200,000 residents became homeless. Many of these internally displaced persons received transitional housing in trailer parks ("villages") under the auspices of the [US] Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Problem: The FEMA villages are isolated from residential communities, lack access to healthcare services, and have become unsafe environments. The trailers that house families have been found to be contaminated with formaldehyde. Methods: The Children's Health Fund, in partnership with the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, began a program ("Operation Assist") to provide health and mental health services within a medical home model. This program includes the Baton Rouge Children's Health Project (BRCHP), which consists of two mobile medical units (one medical and one mental health). Licensed professionals at the FEMA villages and other isolated communities provide care on these mobile units. Medical and psychiatric diagnoses from the BRCHP are summarized and case vignettes presented. Results: Immediately after the hurricane, prescription medications were difficult to obtain. Complaints of headache, nosebleeds, and stomachache were observed at an unusually frequent degree for young children, and were potentially attributable to formaldehyde exposure. Dermatological conditions included eczema, impetigo, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) abscesses, and tinea corporis and capitis. These were especially difficult to treat because of unhygienic conditions in the trailers and ongoing formaldehyde exposure. Signs of pediatric under-nutrition included anemia, failure to thrive, and obesity. Utilization of initial mental health services was low due to pressing survival needs and concern about stigma. Once the mental health service became trusted in the community, frequent diagnoses for school-age children included disruptive behavior disorders and learning problems, with underlying depression, anxiety, and stress disorders. Mood and anxiety disorders and substance abuse were prevalent among the adolescents and adults, including parents. Conclusions: There is a critical and long-term need for medical and mental health services among affected populations following a disaster due to natural hazards. Most patients required both medical and mental health care, which underscores the value of co-locating these services.


Talk is not social in children is the conversation that contains inappropriate things said to the children or the contents of the conversation that is not polite to others in an area, talk to things that are dirty. Gross interpreted here not as something dirty dirty clothes, dirty room. Talk is not socially often get an unpleasant reputation of social adjustment that will cause a sense of anger and indignation in others. People around the child is not like the child who spoke no social. This study aims to determine how the form of social expression did not talk to children and accompanying expression of emotion, not to speak of social resources, why children do not speak of social, responses and actions of people nearby. Types of qualitative research is descriptive. The object of this research is not social talk in children aged 2-5 years in group situations, using informants children aged 2-5 years who did not speak socially in groups, parents and playmates of children. Methods of data collection using observation in children who do not speak of social and free guided interviews with parents and friends of children. While the technical validity of the data used was triangulation. From the results of this study concluded that the expression of social speech in children is not swearing, talking things that are considered dirty, talking things that other people deemed inappropriate spoken by children in a particular area, to exaggerate the facts and give the title to a friend, followed by expression emotion of anger, crying, laughing and scared. The expressions are spoken as a child playing with his friend, wanting attention from others, there are things not as they wish, the toy was taken, and when children are prohibited from doing things she wanted to do. The source did not speak of social influence on children is the environment around the child, from friend to play when playing together, older adults around the children who often do not talk to social and from television he saw. Children do not speak of social without knowing the meaning of the speech. The response of parents is snapped, angry and scold the child who spoke no social. Steps taken by parents of children who speak no social is to prohibit and provide understanding that talking is not worth diucapakan, even some parents to hit children.


We experimentally investigate the impact of chromatic dispersion (CD), post-filtering effects (PFEs), and backreflection-induced penalties on intensity-remodulation topologies based on self-seeded directly modulated reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) acting as downstream carriers. Optical eye diagrams and power penalties as a function of link reach and reflection tolerances, as well as optical spectra and bit error rate (BER) performance up to 100 km, are measured and directly compared to a conventional prespectrum slicing light (PSSL) injection topology, in order to highlight the advantages and drawbacks of the self-seeding scheme. Downstream and bidirectional reaches up to 80 and 60 km, respectively, with a maximum 2 dB power penalty (for a BER of 10-12) at 1.25 Gb/s operation are demonstrated in our self-seeding configuration, which enables enhanced resilience to CD and PFE effects while surpassing the conventional PSSL scheme in about 40 km.


We propose that the effect of market concentration on firm survival is different according to whether an industry is static (low entry and exit) or dynamic. In our empirical analysis we find support for this hypothesis. Industry concentration rates reduce the survival of new plants but only in markets marked by low entry and exit rates. Specifically, a 10 percent increase in the 5-firm concentration ratio in a dynamic market raises the survival rate of new ventures by approximately 2 percent. Our results have implications for the antitrust/competition law indicating less need for regulation of dominant firms in dynamic industries characterized by high entry and exit rates. We use a unique dataset comprising the population of new ventures that enter the UK market in 1998.


This study identifies and assesses the perspectives of four key stakeholder groups towards solar minigrids in rural India. The stakeholders considered are policymakers, minigrid developers and operators, development organizations, and national grid representatives. Recent state and national policies in India have increased the focus on minigrids and their services. In this study, stakeholder interviews were employed to identify the attitudes towards the recent electricity policy, the underlying context for minigrid development, the role of minigrids in rural electrification, and the inclusion of minigrid systems within the larger framework of electricity sector policies by the recent government minigrid policies. Results indicate that stakeholders agree that minigrids, as a rural electricity service, are currently viable to complement the national grid due to their high reliability, performance in remote regions, and diminishing cost per unit. However, stakeholders disagree on the future outcomes, with diverging views on the priority of minigrids as an electrification tool in the face of the expanding central grid, the ideal implementation strategy for minigrids, and the potential for grid-minigrid interaction. Based on stakeholder feedback, the growth of minigrids in India is likely to be constrained by the confidence in recent policies, necessitating more frequent dialogue among decision makers and a solidified relationship to the national electricity grid.


Following radiotherapy for cervical carcinoma, abnormal cytologic changes have been reported in a number of publications. These reactions occur at varying periods of time following irradiation and do not necessarily reflect the presence of invasive cancer. On the basis of cytologic and histopathologic features, these reactions were determined as postradiation dysplasia (PRD). PRD has been reported to occur in 18.7–26% of patients treated by radiotherapy for cervical cancer. In the literature, it was reported that patients diagnosed with PRD less than 3 years after the initial diagnosis of cervical cancer had a mean survival rate of 33.8% as compared with a 100% 5-year survival rate in patients with a delayed (>3 years) onset of period. We present a case of stage IIIB cervical squamous cell carcinoma with PRD detected 6 months after radiotherapy. The patient is still tumor free 8 years after radiotherapy. In the light of this patient, we review the literature and discuss the relationship of PRD with survival in the cervical carcinomas.


In this paper, we propose a novel sampling method, the thermostat-assisted continuously-tempered Hamiltonian Monte Carlo, for the purpose of multimodal Bayesian learning. It simulates a noisy dynamical system by incorporating both a continuously-varying tempering variable and the Nos\'e-Hoover thermostats. A significant benefit is that it is not only able to efficiently generate i.i.d. samples when the underlying posterior distributions are multimodal, but also capable of adaptively neutralising the noise arising from the use of mini-batches. While the properties of the approach have been studied using synthetic datasets, our experiments on three real datasets have also shown its performance gains over several strong baselines for Bayesian learning with various types of neural networks plunged in.


The 1998 Poso conflict caused many fatalities, hundreds of missing people, loss of property, and the decline of social order and economic life. The conflict has changed the social and economic order of the society, and most people uprooted from their hometown into new places.Thus, this study aims to analyze the degree of social and economic transformation in one decade after the conflict by examining the intervention role of the government, private sector and NGOs on the post-conflict socio-economic transformation in some refugee locations as the District of Poso, Central Sulawesi. By involving 98 household heads as respondents, and using Probit model as the analytical tool, the results reveal that a mass population displacement has caused a sense of prolonged trauma among the minorities.Moreover, the results show that the process of social and economic transformation takes place simultaneously. Statistically, there are no significant impact of natural factors and government intervention on the process of social transformation in the new settlement, while the intervention of the private and non-governmental organizations shows a positive and insignificant influence. In terms of economic transformation, the natural factors and government intervention are proved to have no significant effect on the process of economic transformation, while the private sector and non-governmental intervention is capable of providing a positive and insignificant impact on economic transformation.The study implies for decision makers to make better direction in development planning, and funding for displaced people, and to encourage and provide higher support to the private sector and NGOs.


This article exploits the "binary license" offered by the title of the symposium in which it appears ("Comparative Relativism") as a kind of promise of connection. The author suggests, however tentatively, that in the challenge of heterogeneity, fractality, perspective/-alism, and multiplicities lies the power of the forking pathway: the moment a relation is created through divergence. If we are invited—in the same breath—to consider forms of comparison and forms of relativism (dropping difference and similarity), we are also offered two paths, one based on a world of singularities and multiplicities, and the other on a world of not-quite repetitions. The article asks if the binary is not essential to the epistemic work that Western (Euro-American) scholars might want to do, since we forever reinvent the divide between the modern and the post-/pre-modern. Strathern assumes the anthropologist's license to talk about concepts through persons, and begins by asking how Papua New Guineans who come together in a city compare themselves, and in contrast to ethnic comparisons elsewhere (e.g., contra Sarah Green's Balkan interactions). In talking about persons through concepts, it is worth asking what is entailed in relativizing one scholar's work through that of another. The author says that her "hunch" is that in both cases the analyst might wish to have the liberty of discerning—in the same breath—the multiplicities of what John Law and Annemarie Mol call perspectivalism (their very general alternative to comparison) and Eduardo Viveiros de Castro's radically divergent perspectivism (a self-contained, recursive and above all socially specific relativism).


This research, based in practice, addresses the interplay between person and place, how it is understood, analysed, or indeed, constructed through art-making, addressing the importance of environment in everyday experience. Introducing artistic practices as an aspect of everyday praxis I examine how art-making and viewing disrupts the matrices of association bound with person, site, and sight, positing engagement with image-making and viewing as a dynamic field of inter- and intra-subjective potential. Acknowledging conscious and unconscious dimensions of encounter through quotidian exchange, I explore ideas of affect (after Massumi and Brennan, int. al.), proximity, and distance in art-making and art-viewing, and the relation of affect to memory and imagination. I develop a method where image making and viewing are integral to the conditions of possibility for extended looking, and draw attention to how the method exposes overlooked dimensions of spatial experience and personal agency (after Debord, Coverley, and psychogeographic practices), operates to externalise elements of the unconscious (after Freud, Lacan, Campbell, and other psychoanalytic practices), and explores domestic space as linked to self development and attunement (after Bachelard and Dolto, joining psychoanalytic and poetic perspectives).The thesis contains examples of practice-based activity, charting the use of the method discussed. It is accompanied by a collection of book works and short film works showing the use of the methodology in facilitating transitional space where the complexities of the person/place relation operates outside formal language (after Winnicott, Wright, and Dolto), concretising outcomes. Concluding, I consider how different perspectives explored throughout work together to expose the developmental potential of person and place and how this manifests through artistic production.


The research aims, generally, to produce the effective, valid, and aplicable Models of Thematic Learning; ecspecially, to describe validity and effectiveness of Thematic Models of Learning in various thema. This research use to the developmental risearch design, ecspecially with experimental design for this third year research that run on the first and second grade on elementary school in East Java. The result show that the six thema of Thematic Models of Learning are valid with variouse rate of validity, appicable, and effective to reach learning objective. It's recomended that the thematic models of learning are dessiminated and mass publicated for the first and second grade of elementary school teacher and for student of University of Teacher Education.


This study was designed to review the proposals for road user charging in the Randstad, Stockholm, Oslo and Singapore, to determine the intentions for monitoring of each of these proposed schemes, to assess the implications for the development of policy in London, and to identify any opportunities for obtaining experience which would help in clarifying the uncertainties associated with proposals for road pricing in London. The study reviewed the objectives and operational requirements for road pricing in London and the criticisms levelled against such proposals. On this basis it developed a series of requirements for monitoring and information gathering to help clarify the outstanding uncertainties. These were used as a check list for a series of discussions with those responsible for proposals in the case study cities. Discussions indicated that the proposals in most cities had changed markedly in the period since the study was commissioned. These changes, and the resulting nature of the proposals, meant that only the proposals for Stockholm were sufficiently similar to those in London to justify collaborative monitoring. The report recommends that such collaboration be developed. However, both the Randstad and Oslo schemes offer the opportunity for obtaining information on actual or predicted user response, while the Singapore proposals will provide valuable experience of new technology. It is recommended that all of these are pursued. The discussions highlighted several lessons of direct relevance to the development of policy in London. In particular it is seen as important to keep the specification of the measures simple; to pursue extensive consultation with those who might be affected and with all political parties and government bodies who might be involved in policy decisions; to provide clear guidance on the anticipated uses of the revenue: and to develop a system which is implemented flexibly, so that problems can be remedied as they arise.

In this context, the role of assessment and monitoring is limited. It should not be used to delay decisions; however, once a commitment is made to proceed, experience from elsewhere will be of value in informing the consultations. A carefully designed monitoring programme will be important in assessing and enhancing a scheme once implemented. It is recommended that the monitoring programme should be based on the requirements identified in this report.


Ruesch and Bateson operationalize the intrapersonal level as a "one-person communication system" and describe the function of the communicative agent as a "self-observer." In this article, I seek to establish a theory of intrapersonal communicology. My analysis follows a phenomenological and psychoanalytic consideration of G. H. Mead's concept of the "I" and "me." In doing so, I articulate the ground of intrapersonal communicative experience as the phenomenological embodiment of social and cultural relations. We begin our psychological development in group relations (i.e., in the order of the family) and from the effects of this experience on our capacities for trust, autonomy, and initiative, we can begin to entail our social embodiment in a recognizable identity for the experience and articulation of our adult agency. My argument is that communicative embodiment and intersubjective social experience are simultaneous events.


Oncology care in Europe is facing challenging circumstances. The report aims to derive evidence-based policy recommendations on how to optimize access to oncology care and how to achieve a high-quality standard that is both achievable and sustainable. The report looks at the full cancer patient pathway encompassing primary prevention, screening, diagnostics and treatment. Special emphasis is placed on access to effective screening programs as well as on access to innovative drug treatments. Barriers that prevent access to effective oncology care are identified and determinants of a high-quality standard in care established. The analysis focuses on three common cancer types - colorectal, lung and prostate cancer - and four EU member states - France, Germany, Poland and Sweden. The health-economic burden of cancer is reviewed and countries' performance on the established access and quality principles assessed and compared. This report was commissioned and funded by Janssen Pharmaceutica NV and based on independent research delivered by IHE. Janssen has had no influence or editorial control over the content of this report, and the views and opinions of the authors are not necessarily those of Janssen. (Less)


The 12th and 13th meetings of the African Children's Committee were held in November 2008 and April 2009 respectively. With the African Children's Charter entering its 10th year since entry into force, the real work of the African Committee is now beginning. With the consideration of the first country reports to the African Committee, the benefits of a regionally-specific child rights treaty has begun to become apparent. The recent establishment of a formal grouping of civil society organisations and individuals dedicated to furthering the regional influence of the African Children's Charter (first mooted in 2004!) comes at an opportune time. Despite some of the recurring shortcomings in the work of the Committee, it is hoped that the development of a strategic plan for the Committee's work for the period 2010 to 2014 will lay some of these concerns to rest.


Online social media present a unique opportunity for patients to explore their health issues, share experiential information, and fulfill their need for health. The shared knowledge provides indirect experience of the sensory aspects of a medical treatment that are not available from the description of its tangible aspects alone. In this study, we examine various forms of WOM in online healthcare communities and investigate how patients educate themselves by using other patients' experiences. We find empirical evidence for the existence of social contagion. More important, we find that experiential learning, a concept describing substantive experience-based information seeking and sharing, is a complex process and that, surprisingly, buzz effects outweigh similarity effects in social interactions about medical information. We also examine the opinion leadership concept and the managerial implications of these findings are discussed.


Recent evidence suggests that liquidated-damages clauses provide efficiencyadvantages by crowding out contracting parties' deontological concerns about efficient breach. In this paper we highlight an important downside to damage stipulations by parties. Based on findings obtained in a controlled laboratory experiment, we suggest that express damage stipulations trigger negative reciprocity and moral hazard, reducing performance by contract promisors. Such negative effects are absent when damages are exogenously imposed. Moreover, our results indicate that when stipulating damages, contract parties attain less cooperative surplus than when they are subject to an exogenously imposed remedy. Principals, not agents, bear this loss.


We propose and analyze a finite volume scheme to simulate a non equilibrium two components (water and hydrogen) two phase flow
(liquid and gas) model. In this model, the assumption of
local mass non equilibrium is ensured and thus the velocity of the mass exchange between dissolved hydrogen and hydrogen in the gas phase is supposed finite.
The proposed finite volume scheme is fully implicit in time together with a
 phase-by-phase upwind approach in space and it is discretize
 the equations in their general form with gravity and capillary terms
 We show that the proposed scheme satisfies the maximum principle for the saturation and the concentration of the dissolved hydrogen. We establish stability results on the velocity of each phase and on the discrete gradient of the concentration.
 We show the convergence of a subsequence to a weak
 solution of the continuous equations as the size of the
 discretization tends to zero. At our knowledge, this is the first convergence result of finite volume scheme in the case of two component two phase compressible flow in several space dimensions.


Superficial stellate cells of an unknown origin were detected on the epidermis of juvenile mahi mahi, Coryphaena hippurus L., up to 60 days of age. The cells occurred in large numbers, and were detected in both wild and cultured fish. International authorities were unable to identify the organism and there was no pathology associated with the presence of the cells on the skin. Because of the fine cytoplasmic interdigitations between the organism and the host cell, and the close ecological association with both wild and cultured juveniles examined, it was thought that the cells could possibly be highly modified skin cells. We report here that the spinous cells possess DNA sequences encoding 16S subunit ribosomal RNA genes distinct from those of mahi mahi, and also that restriction enzyme digests of genomic DNA from the spinous cells and from mahi mahi produced distinct patterns after electrophoretic separation. This suggests that the spinous cells are a bizarre commensal organism displaying a close physical and ecological association with the fish host.


Thanks to its rapid development in the last decades, image guided surgery (IGS) has been introduced successfully in many modern operating rooms. Current IGS systems provide their navigation information on a standard computer monitor. Alternatively, one could enhance the direct sight of the physician by an overlay of the virtual data onto the real patient view. Such in situ visualization methods have been proposed in the literature for providing a more intuitive visualization, improving the ergonomics as well as the hand-eye coordination. In this paper, we first discuss the fundamental issues and the recent endeavors in advanced display and visualization for IGS. We then present some of our recent work comparing two navigation systems: 1) a classical monitor based navigation and 2) a new navigation system we had developed based on in situ visualization. As both solutions reveal shortcomings as well as complementary advantages, we introduce a new solution that combines both concepts into one hybrid user interface. Finally, experimental results report on the performance of several surgeons using an external monitor as well as a stereo video see-through head-mounted display (HMD). The experiments consist of drilling into a phantom in order to reach planted deep-seated targets only visible in computed tomography (CT) data. We evaluate several visualization techniques, including the new hybrid solution, and study their influence on the performance of the participant surgeons.


This Article examines several waves of intellectual property (IP) regulation reform in Russia, starting with a specific examination into early Soviet attempts to regulate intellectual property. Historical analysis is useful to illustrate areas of theoretical convergence, divergence and tension between state ideology, positive law, and "law in action.�? The relevance of these tensions for post-Soviet legal reform may appear tenuous. However, insofar as IP enforcement has been one of the largest hurdles for Russia's prolonged accession to the WTO, these historical precedents may help to explain the apparent theoretical or political disconnect between the WTO and Russia. If Russian policymakers and many Western analysts agree that Russia has complied with all necessary structural adjustment reforms for WTO accession (including reforming its IP legislation), then we must search for deeper points of contention between Russia and the West. One point of departure, I posit, is Russia's lingering inability to convey adherence to general international law, broadly conceived. Thus, this Article re-conceptualizes this link between domestic and international legal orders by connecting the IP debate to broader debates over the nature of international law in the Soviet and post-Soviet space. Specifically, part one examines how Soviet theorists were able to reconcile (or not) IP regulation with Marxist ideology and socialist international law. Part two surveys the main IP law reform projects in post-Soviet Russia from 1992 to 2006, with particular emphasis on harmonization with global legal standards. The second part of this Article also provides a brief comparative analysis of Russia's latest IP law (effective 2008) versus copyright protections in U.S. law and the 1971 Berne Convention. The Article concludes with an overview of doctrinal debates within Russia over harmonization, WTO accession and international law. These debates shed light on the development of local resistance to further legal harmonization efforts, an issue of immediate relevance not just for policymakers working with Russia, but for broader law and development debates.


Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies such as Long Range (LoRa) are emerging that enable power efficient wireless communication over very long distances. LPWAN devices typically communicate directly to a sink node which removes the need of constructing and maintaining a complex multi-hop network. However, to ensure efficient and reliable communication LPWAN devices often provide a large number of transmission parameters. For example, a LoRa device can be configured to use different spreading factors, bandwidth settings, coding rates and transmission powers, resulting in over 6720 possible settings. It is a challenge to determine the setting that minimises transmission energy cost while meeting the required communication performance. This paper is the first to present a thorough analysis of the impact of LoRa transmission parameter selection on communication performance. We study in detail the impact of parameter settings on energy consumption and communication reliability. Using this study we develop a link probing regime which enables us to quickly determine transmission settings that satisfy performance requirements. The presented work is a first step towards an automated mechanism for LoRa transmission parameter selection that a deployed LoRa network requires, but is not yet specified within the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) framework.


Privacy has become a common discussed issue involving technological, social, ethical, economic and political complexity. This paper reviews the current state of privacy concepts and theories reflecting scholarly work of diverse disciplines. It argues that in an environment of new technologies and surveillance opportunities with an increased potential of ubiquitous data collection and data combination, traditional privacy theories fall short in mainly concentrating on one single aspect of privacy. Hence, beside a presentation of general theoretical privacy aspects, this paper highlights existing 'multidimensional' privacy approaches considering responses to specific (technological) situations in different contexts. Finally, drawing on a more pragmatic and practical level, diverse short snapshots of concrete privacy management approaches, focusing on an individual, project oriented, organizational as well as legal and governmental level, are presented.


In recent years, politicians, academics, and industry professionals have argued vehemently that copyright protection should extend to cover fashion designs, which are currently excluded under the "useful articles" doctrine. These arguments have proved somewhat successful, as a number of bills have been drafted to expand copyright laws to include fashion, most recently the Innovative Design Protection Act of 2012, and two congressional hearings have been held on the subject. None of bills, however, have managed to gain much traction in Congress, and progress appears to be stalled. My objective in this Note is not to examine the legislation that has been proposed, but to uncover why the supporters of fashion copyright have been so steadfast in their promotion of it. Copyright in the United States is built on economic principles and aims to incentivize innovation. It seems clear that from an economic perspective, copyright is unneeded to incentivize creativity in the fashion industry. After reviewing the legislative history and other arguments made by proponents of fashion copyright, a different picture emerges: supporters of fashion copyright view fashion as "art" and feel a sense of harm when it is cheaply or slavishly copied. Even if designers feel no economic harm from the copying of their creations, they are morally harmed by it. Perhaps then moral rights law, not copyright, provides the appropriate theoretical framework in which to analyze the extension of further protections to fashion design. The stalled debate over fashion copyright might be revitalized by discussing design protection in the more theoretically relevant framework of moral rights laws, which are concerned with reputational — as opposed to economic — harms.


Global governance institutions for climate change, such as those established by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol, have so far failed to make a significant impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Following the lead of Elinor Ostrom, this paper offers an alternative theoretical framework for reconstructing global climate policy in accordance with the polycentric approach to governance pioneered in the early 1960s by Vincent Ostrom, Charles Tiebout, and Robert Warren. Instead of a thoroughly top-down global regime, in which lower levels of government simply carry out the mandates of international negotiators, a polycentric approach provides for greater experimentation, learning, and cross-influence among different levels and units of government, which are both independent and interdependent. After exploring several of the design flaws of the existing set of global institutions and organizations for greenhouse gas mitigation, the paper explores how those global institutions and organizations might be improved by learning from various innovative policies instituted by local, state, and regional governments. The paper argues that any successful governance system for stabilizing the global climate must function as part of a larger, polycentric set of nested institutions and organizations at various governmental levels.


How does the imagination work? How do artists working in different forms move from the very beginning of an idea to something they are ready to share with the world? How do artists - even the most experienced - contend with the possibility of failure? And, how do we develop a robust reflective and creative practice in our creative writing programs? This article doesn't pretend to answer these questions explicitly, rather, in its own elliptical style, it explores the possibilities of creation, how to express the inexpressible, how to share the most nascent of ideas. It introduces the reader to the Artists Talk program that has been developed successfully at the University of Canberra as a model of practice.


Abstract Bayhead deltas exist between the fluvial and central-basin depositional environments of many incised-valley-fill successions. Prior work has shown that tributary junctions in flooded incised valleys provide "pinning points" or locations of stabilization for bayhead deltas during transgression. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of tributary junctions on the behavior of bayhead deltas during regression. This influence is examined by using a simple numerical model that incorporates established relationships for systematic changes in valley geomorphology downstream. In addition, the model incorporates important observations regarding the controls on water depth in wave-dominated estuarine central basins, which in part controls sediment accommodation. Water depth in the central basin of wave-dominated estuaries with high suspended sediment loads is a function of the width of the central basin parallel to the prevailing wind direction (fetch). A direct relationship is observed between the width of the central basin parallel to the prevailing wind direction and water depth based on data from modern estuaries in North America, Europe, and South America. Our model shows that bayhead-delta progradation rates increase at tributary confluences and larger deltas prograde at faster rates than smaller deltas. In the case of two tributary bayhead deltas fed by systems of the same size coming together, the combined bayhead delta progrades 17.6% faster. This study provides one more example of the importance of autogenic processes in influencing stratigraphic architecture and the rate of shoreline changes.


Bacteria of the genus Vibrio are capable of causing epidemics of cholera and human intestinal diseases. However, little is known on the biosafety level of
Vibrio spp. in freshwater fish in Malaysia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biohazard of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in freshwater fish at retail level in Malaysia. A combination technique of most
probable number and polymerase chain reaction (MPN-PCR) method was used to quantify the prevalence and number of total Vibrio spp., pathogenic Vibrio cholerae harboring ctx genes and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus harboring tdh and trh genes, and to enumerate their density in the fish
samples. The biohazard of vibrios was also carried out by phenotypic (antibiotic resistance) and genotypic (virulence genes detection and RAPDPCR) characterization of the isolates from freshwater fish. A kitchen simulation study was also conducted to provide decontamination and crosscontamination data and information for the estimation of the risk of acquiring vibriosis from consumption of freshwater fish and when handled in the local domestic kitchen.
At retail level, 300 samples of two types of freshwater fish, Pangasius hypopthalmus (Catfish) and Oreochromis sp. (Red tilapia) normally available at the wet markets and hypermarkets were collected over a one year period
(June 2009 to June 2010). The vibrios were isolated from the flesh, intestinal tracts and gills of the freshwater fish. By using MPN-PCR method, the prevalences of Vibrio spp., Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were
found to be 100%, 2.67% and 25%, respectively. Vibrio cholerae (OmpW) was mostly detected from the gills of Red tilapia sampled in hypermarkets at 14% followed by 2% in Catfish intestinal tracts. All of the Vibrio cholerae
isolates in this study were the non-01 and non-0139 Vibrio cholerae. However, Vibrio parahemolyticus (toxR) were detected in samples from both types of markets, 28% from Red tilapia gills followed by the intestinal tracts and
flesh at 26%. Vibrio parahemolyticus was frequently found in Catfish gills (30%), followed by flesh (22%) and intestinal tract (18%). Using the MPN-PCR method, the occurrence of total Vibrio cholerae harboring ctx virulent genes were 0.67% and Vibrio parahemolyticus harboring tdh and trh were 4% and 0%, respectively. Even though, the detection of the virulent gene was relatively low but the concentration of total vibrios in the samples ranged from 3 X 104 MPN/g to 1.1X107 MPN/g. A total of 57 isolates (Vibrio cholerae = 8 isolates, Vibrio parahemolyticus = 49 isolates) were recovered by plating method and were confirmed by PCR. All of the isolates showed multi-resistance to as many as 15 antibiotics tested with high resistance to Bacitracin (98%), Furazolidone (88%) and Tetracycline (83%) and were mostly susceptible to Imipenem with only 11% showed resistance. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices detected in the study, ranged from 0.13 to 0.93. RAPD-PCR was used to generate polymorphic genomic fingerprints to determine genetic relatedness among Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates under study. Two primers (OPA10; 5'-GTGATCGCAG-3' and OPAR8; 5'-TGGGGCTGTC-3'), out of the 10 primers used showed the best results and were selected for further study. It was found that all isolates of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio
 parahaemolyticus could be grouped into two major clusters for each primer used. The clustering isolates based on RAPD-PCR profiles suggested that overall, most of the isolates were from both types of markets and clustered
 together into the same group although some isolates from other types of markets were also found clustered in the same group. A simulation study was conducted to imitate the real situation in domestic kitchens as much as possible to give a realistic quantitative data on how vibrios could be reduced by washing and soaking procedures. The eight
procedures of washing and soaking were applied in this simulation study. It was found that the overall mean percent transfer rate for procedure 1 (without washing or soaking), procedure 2 (washed under running tap water), procedure 3 (soaked in 100 ml of sterile distilled water), procedure 4 (soaked in 100 ml of lime juice) and procedure 5 (soaked in 100 ml of tamarind juice) ranged from 0% to >100%, followed by procedure 6 (soaked in 1% NaCl solution) from 3.8% to > 100% and procedure 7 (soaked in 3% NaCl solution) from 80.6% to >100%. It was found that washing by rinsing and soaking the flesh of freshwater fish with tap and distilled water showed a 0 log reduction. By soaking the fish flesh in the lime juice, tamarind juice, 1%, 3% and 10% of NaCl solution could decrease the number of vibrios up to 2.9 log reduction.


Small, manually assembled corpora may be available for less dominant languages and dialects, but producing web-scale resources remains a challenge. Even when considerable quantities of text are present on the web, finding this text, and distinguishing it from related languages in the same region can be difficult. For example less dominant variants of English (e.g. New Zealander, Singaporean, Canadian, Irish, South African) may be found under their respective national domains, but will be partially mixed with Englishes of the British and US varieties, perhaps through syndication of journalism, or the local reuse of text by multinational companies. Less formal dialectal usage may be scattered more widely over the internet through mechanisms such as wiki or blog authoring. Here we automatically construct a corpus of Hiberno-English (English as spoken in Ireland) using a variety of methods: filtering by national domain, filtering by orthographic conventions, and bootstrapping from a set of Ireland-specific terms (slang, place names, organisations). We evaluate the national specificity of the resulting corpora by measuring the incidence of topical terms, and several grammatical constructions that are particular to Hiberno-English. The results show that domain filtering is very effective for isolating text that is topic-specific, and orthographic classification can exclude some non-Irish texts, but that selected seeds are necessary to extract considerable quantities of more informal, dialectal text.


"A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch" is a classic "Worst Witch" story by Jill Murphy. "A Bad Spell for the Worst Witch" is the third of Jill Murphy's classic, much-loved "The Worst Witch" series, the original story of life at a magical boarding school, perfect for 5-9 readers. Loveable but accident-prone Mildred Hubble is possibly the worst witch ever to go to Miss Cackle's Academy for Witches ...A new term spells disaster for Mildred! Mildred is determined to lose her embarrassing reputation as the worst witch the Academy has ever seen - but things rapidly get out of hand! Jill Murphy started putting books together (literally with a stapler), when she was six. "The Worst Witch" was first published in 1974 and this much-loved classic has been enjoyed by readers for more than 30 years. Jill Murphy also written and illustrated several award-winning picture books for younger children. If you'd like to read more of Mildred's disastrous adventures at Miss Cackle's Academy "The Worst Witch", "The Worst Witch Strikes Again", "The Worst Witch All at Sea", "The Worst Witch Saves the Day" and "The Worst Witch to the Rescue" are also available from Puffin and are perfect for children aged 5-9.


Extracted text; Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and illness in the United States and worldwide. Smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration and secretion of extracellular matrix materials are key components of adverse vascular remodeling which is associated with this disease pathology. Cell attachment mediates adherent cell migration and is largely dependent upon integrin binding, matrix metalloprotease balance, and extracellular matrix expression at the leading and lagging edges of migrating cells. Intracellular Smad3 is an important signaling factor that is associated with pro-growth phenotypes and that is involved in a number of vascular growth disorders including atherosclerosis and fibrosis. Because uncontrolled SMC migration and deposition of extracellular matrix are critical components of CVD, the broad purpose of this project is to determine Smad3 as a possible key mediator of growth factor-stimulated vascular fibrosis. Early findings from our lab using the pharmacologic cyclic GMP agonist BAY 41-2272 (BAY) have led us to theorize a promising mechanism through which pathologic vascular SMC growth can be regulated. Preliminary data in rat primary vascular SMCs suggest that BAY not only decreases migration but also decreases total and active Smad3 expression. In light of these findings, in the current proposal my hypothesis is that BAY induces vascular protection in the form of preventing cell migration and by altering matrix balance and that this occurs in a Smad3-dependent fashion. To test this hypothesis, I used two genetic approaches to overexpress or knock-down intracellular Smad3 and then performed cell migration assays and attachment assays in the presence or absence of BAY. Using this approach, we will be able to accurately determine if Smad3 is responsible for our observed BAY-mediated growth protective phenotype. Results displayed that overexpression of Smad3 significantly enhanced vascular SMC attachment after 1 hour and does not appear to impact cell diameter as a function of cell attachment. Early wound healing experiments failed to produce net positive percent recoveries after 10 hours, so further investigation of the role Smad3 plays in BAY41-mediated cell migration protection is necessary. Conclusions from this study will increase our understanding of vascular biology and will also highlight a potential therapeutic target in Smad3 as capable of combating cell migration as a foundation of CVD.


In the criminal justice system, therapeutic jurisprudence is transforming the way justice is "done" by providing a framework for innovative, non-adversarial practical pursuits such as problem-solving courts. Drug courts are one manifestation of therapeutic jurisprudence in the problem-solving court arena. They exist in many criminal justice systems worldwide and their numbers continue to expand. The claims that proponents of therapeutic jurisprudence make – such as focussing on promoting individual well-being and an ethic of care – might appear to make it a good fit for women offenders. Furthermore, since women offenders frequently have compounded drug and mental health issues, drug courts as a vehicle for therapeutic jurisprudence might appear very promising for women. Women offenders are on the margins of the criminal justice system and Indigenous women offenders even more so. However, very little consideration has been given to how gender is understood in contexts that apply therapeutic jurisprudence. This article reports on preliminary findings from a larger comparative study of drug courts. The findings from observations carried out at two Canadian drug courts and one Australian drug court point to the courts being both gendered and gendering and that in response to this, women participants variously conform to, resist and negotiate the constructions of gender placed on them. The article goes on to discuss the effects of these heterogeneous responses to gendering and the impact these have on the capacity to realise normative goals of therapeutic jurisprudence.


Classic science fiction author H. G. Wells's most memorable and compelling novel was arguably The War of the Worlds, made even more famous by the notorious Mercury Theater radio production starring Orson Welles that became the "Night That Panicked America." But what if the Martian invasion was not entirely the product of H. G. Wells's vivid imagination? What if Wells witnessed something that spurred him to write The War of the Worlds not as entertainment but as a warning to the complacent people of Earth? International bestselling author Kevin J. Anderson, writing here as Gabriel Mesta, explores that tantalizing theory in this unique, thrilling novel that expertly evokes the Victorian era. From drafty London flats to the steamy Sahara, to the surface of the moon and beyond, The Martian War takes the reader on an exhilarating journey with Wells and his companions -- and is pure delight from start to finish.


There is growing acknowledgement of the interaction between animals and the river bed on which they live and the implications of biological activity for geomorphic processes. It has been observed that signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) disturb gravel substrates, potentially promoting sediment transport and impacting ecological communities. However, the mechanisms involved and the extent of their impact remain poorly understood, especially in relation to other processes that affect grain mobility in gravel‐bed rivers. A series of flume experiments, using loose and water‐worked gravel beds of narrowly graded grain sizes that were exposed to 6 h of crayfish activity under low‐velocity flows, showed a substantial increase in the number of grains entrained by subsequent higher‐velocity flows when compared with control runs in which crayfish were never introduced. Crayfish alter the topography of their substrate by constructing pits and mounds, which affect grain protrusion. When walking and foraging, they also alter gravel fabric by reorienting and changing the friction angle of surface grains. In water‐worked surfaces, this fabric rearrangement is shown to lead to a statistically significant, partial reversal of the structuring that had been achieved by antecedent flow. For these previously water‐worked surfaces, the increase in entrainment arising from disturbance by crayfish was statistically significant, with grain transport nearly twice as great. This suggests that signal crayfish, an increasingly widespread invasive species in temperate latitudes beyond their native NW North America, have the potential to enhance coarse‐grained bedload flux by altering the surface structure of gravel river beds and reducing the stability of surface grains. This study illustrates further the importance of acknowledging the impact of mobile organisms in conditioning the river bed when assessing sediment entrainment mechanics in the context of predicting bedload flux. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Environmental problems caused by human activities are increasing; biodiversity is disappearing at an unprecedented rate, soils are being irreversibly damaged, freshwater is increasingly in short supply, and the climate is changing. To reverse or even to reduce these trends will require a radical transformation in the relationship between humans and the natural environment. Just how this can be achieved within, at most, a few decades is unknown, but it is clear that academia must play a crucial role. Many believe, however, that academic institutions need to become more effective in helping societies move toward sustainability. We first synthesize current thinking about this crisis of research effectiveness. We argue that those involved in producing knowledge to solve societal problems face three particular challenges: the complexity of real-world sustainability problems, maintaining impartiality when expert knowledge is used in decision making, and ensuring the salience of the scientific knowledge for decision makers. We discuss three strategies to meet these challenges: conducting research in interdisciplinary teams, forming research partnerships with actors and experts from outside academia, and framing research questions with the aim of solving specific problems (problem orientation). However, we argue that implementing these strategies within academia will require both cultural and institutional change. We then use concepts from transition management to suggest how academic institutions can make the necessary changes. At the level of system optimization, we call for: quality criteria, career incentives, and funding schemes that reward not only disciplinary excellence but also achievements in inter-/transdisciplinary work; professional services and training through specialized centers that facilitate problem-oriented research and reciprocal knowledge exchange with society; and the integration of sustainability and inter-/transdisciplinary research practices into all teaching curricula. At the level of system innovation, we propose radical changes in institutional structures, research and career incentives, teaching programs, and research partnerships. We see much value in a view of change that emphasizes the complementarity of system innovation and system optimization. The goal must be a process of change that preserves the traditional strengths of academic research, with its emphasis on disciplinary excellence and scientific rigor, while ensuring that institutional environments and the skills, worldviews, and experiences of the involved actors adapt to the rapidly changing needs of society.