Communication tools with end-to-end (E2E) encryption help users maintain their privacy. Although messengers like WhatsApp and Signal bring E2E encryption to a broad audience, past work has documented misconceptions of their security and privacy properties. Through a series of five online studies with 683 total participants, we investigated whether making an app's E2E encryption more visible improves perceptions of trust, security, and privacy. We first investigated why participants use particular messaging tools, validating a prior finding that many users mistakenly think SMS and e-mail are more secure than E2E-encrypted messengers. We then studied the effect of making E2E encryption more visible in a messaging app. We compared six different text disclosures, three different icons, and three different animations of the encryption process. We found that simple text disclosures that messages are "encrypted" are sufficient. Surprisingly, the icons negatively impacted perceptions. While qualitative responses to the animations showed they successfully conveyed and emphasized "security" and "encryption," the animations did not significantly impact participants' quantitative perceptions of the overall trustworthiness, security, and privacy of E2E-encrypted messaging. We confirmed and unpacked this result through a validation study, finding that user perceptions depend more on preconceived expectations and an app's reputation than visualizations of security mechanisms.


Abstract. Since 2004, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is being measured at the High Altitude Research Station Jungfraujoch by the division of Climate and Environmental Physics at the University of Bern (KUP) using a nondispersive infrared gas analyzer (NDIR) in combination with a paramagnetic O2 analyzer. In January 2010, CO2 measurements based on cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) as part of the Swiss National Air Pollution Monitoring Network were added by the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa). To ensure a smooth transition – a prerequisite when merging two data sets, e.g., for trend determinations – the two measurement systems run in parallel for several years. Such a long-term intercomparison also allows the identification of potential offsets between the two data sets and the collection of information about the compatibility of the two systems on different time scales. A good agreement of the seasonality, short-term variations and, to a lesser extent mainly due to the short common period, trend calculations is observed. However, the comparison reveals some issues related to the stability of the calibration gases of the KUP system and their assigned CO2 mole fraction. It is possible to adapt an improved calibration strategy based on standard gas determinations, which leads to better agreement between the two data sets. By excluding periods with technical problems and bad calibration gas cylinders, the average hourly difference (CRDS – NDIR) of the two systems is −0.03 ppm ± 0.25 ppm. Although the difference of the two data sets is in line with the compatibility goal of ±0.1 ppm of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the standard deviation is still too high. A significant part of this uncertainty originates from the necessity to switch the KUP system frequently (every 12 min) for 6 min from ambient air to a working gas in order to correct short-term variations of the O2 measurement system. Allowing additional time for signal stabilization after switching the sample, an effective data coverage of only one-sixth for the KUP system is achieved while the Empa system has a nearly complete data coverage. Additionally, different internal volumes and flow rates may affect observed differences.


Civic participation is a touchstone of American government, yet it has declined steadily over the past 50 years. Alongside changes in the relationship between American citizens and their government has been a stark increase in the levels of income and wealth concentration. While there is strong evidence that income inequality drives down participation at the national level, there have been fewer studies on the effects for local governments. This article studies the relationship between participation in departmental policy making and income inequality at the local level across the United States in a sample of small and mid-sized cities. When accounting for aspects of the government's structure, local department culture, and community demographics, income inequality has a significant, though mixed, effect on civic participation. While changes in a community's income inequality diminish the likelihood of citizens participating in government decision making, the present level of income inequality correlates with higher rates of engagement.


Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition that is characterized by differences in social interaction, repetitive behaviors, restricted interests, and sensory differences beginning early in life. Especially sensory symptoms are highly correlated with the severity of other behavioral differences. ASD is a highly heterogeneous condition on multiple levels, including clinical presentation, genetics, and developmental trajectories. Over a thousand genes have been implicated in ASD. This has facilitated the generation of more than two hundred genetic mouse models that are contributing to understanding the biological underpinnings of ASD. Since the first symptoms already arise during early life, it is especially important to identify both spatial and temporal gene functions in relation to the ASD phenotype. To further decompose the heterogeneity, ASD-related genes can be divided into different subgroups based on common functions, such as genes involved in synaptic function. Furthermore, finding common biological processes that are modulated by this subgroup of genes is essential for possible patient stratification and the development of personalized early treatments. Here, we review the current knowledge on behavioral rodent models of synaptic dysfunction by focusing on behavioral phenotypes, spatial and temporal gene function, and molecular targets that could lead to new targeted gene-based therapy.


Abstract Transcritical flow of a stratified fluid past a broad localised topographic obstacle is studied analytically in the framework of the forced extended Korteweg–de Vries, or Gardner, equation. We consider both possible signs for the cubic nonlinear term in the Gardner equation corresponding to different fluid density stratification profiles. We identify the range of the input parameters: the oncoming flow speed (the Froude number) and the topographic amplitude, for which the obstacle supports a stationary localised hydraulic transition from the subcritical flow upstream to the supercritical flow downstream. Such a localised transcritical flow is resolved back into the equilibrium flow state away from the obstacle with the aid of unsteady coherent nonlinear wave structures propagating upstream and downstream. Along with the regular, cnoidal undular bores occurring in the analogous problem for the single-layer flow modelled by the forced Korteweg–de Vries equation, the transcritical internal wave flows support a diverse family of upstream and downstream wave structures, including kinks, rarefaction waves, classical undular bores, reversed and trigonometric undular bores, which we describe using the recent development of the nonlinear modulation theory for the (unforced) Gardner equation. The predictions of the developed analytic construction are confirmed by direct numerical simulations of the forced Gardner equation for a broad range of input parameters.


This Essay highlights the importance of comparative legal analysis with particular emphasis on the role that this methodology could play for intellectual property scholarship in the United States. In particular, this Essay suggests that U.S. scholars could consider turning with more frequency to comparative legal analysis as an additional methodology to use in their research. Yet, the objective of this Essay is not to suggest that U.S. scholars should engage in comparative legal analysis in lieu of other types of research methodologies. Instead, this Essay simply supports that comparative legal analysis could play a larger role compared to the one that it currently seems to play amongst U.S. intellectual property academics, and that a larger number of U.S. scholars could turn to comparative legal analysis in some instances in conjunction with other research methodologies while conducting research in intellectual property law. This would allow more scholars in the U.S. to consider the experiences of other jurisdictions as additional examples—positive, negative, relevant, or perhaps ultimately not relevant—while elaborating their research questions in the field of intellectual property and developing the answers to these questions. In this respect, this Essay also advocates that, in order for a larger number of scholars to engage in comparative legal analysis in the area of intellectual property law, the barriers to entry to conduct this analysis should be kept low—that is, scholars should not be required to necessarily conduct research in other languages or spend lengthy periods of time visiting foreign institutions, at least initially. In particular, this Essay disagrees with the position of some comparative law scholars who have supported an increasingly complex set of methodologies and requirements in the field of comparative law, Instead, this Essay supports a simpler approach, one based upon incremental steps, in which any U.S. scholar should feel welcome to conduct—and be praised for conducting—some degree of comparative legal analysis as part of her or his research in the area of intellectual property law.


We have developed and implemented a numerical scheme to compute optical forces in two-dimensional (2D) structures based on the boundary integral equations, which are solved by the numerical boundary element method. We demonstrate the efficiency of this method by calculating the optical scattering and radiation pressures exerted on 2D objects under the illumination of both plane wave and cylindrical Gaussian beams. The results are validated by comparing to analytical Mie scattering results on circular cylinders. In the framework of this approach the object can be of arbitrary shape with dimensions either far larger, comparable, or much less than the wavelength concerned, and the constituent components can be either dielectric or metallic. We applied the method to study the resonance enhancement of optical forces and the effect of surface roughness on such enhancement. Surprisingly, we found that a cylinder with "controlled roughness" can give a stronger optical force than a smooth surface at resonance.


Environmental risk assessment is often challenged by a lack of toxicity data for ecological species. The overall goal of the present study was to employ an avian early‐life stage toxicity test to determine the effects of 4 chemicals (benzo[a]pyrene [BaP], chlorpyrifos, fluoxetine hydrochloride [FLX], and ethinyl estradiol [EE2]) on an ecologically relevant avian species, the double‐crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), and to compare our results with those we previously reported for a laboratory model species, Japanese quail. Chemicals were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and administered via air cell injection to fertilized, unincubated double‐crested cormorant eggs at 3 nominal concentrations, the highest selected to approximate the 20% lethal dose. Of the 4 chemicals, only chlorpyrifos and FLX were detected in liver tissue of embryos at midincubation (day 14) and termination (day 26; 1–2 d prior to hatch); EE2 and BaP were not detectable, suggesting embryonic clearance/metabolism. No apical effects were observed in double‐crested cormorant embryos up to the highest concentrations of chlorpyrifos (no‐observed‐effect level [NOEL] = 25 µg/g) or FLX (NOEL = 18 µg/g). Exposure to EE2 reduced embryonic viability and increased deformities at a concentration of 2.3 µg/g (NOEL = 0.18 µg/g), and BaP decreased embryonic viability (median lethal dose = 0.015 µg/g; NOEL = 0.0027 µg/g). Compared with Japanese quail, double‐crested cormorant were more sensitive with regard to embryolethality and deformities for EE2 and embryolethality for BaP, whereas they were less sensitive to embryonic deformities associated with chlorpyrifos exposure. These data reinforce the idea that standardized toxicity tests using a laboratory model species may not always be protective of wild birds, and thus they stress the importance of developing such alternative testing strategies (e.g., the EcoToxChip Project) for ecologically relevant species to augment risk assessment efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:390–401. © 2020 SETAC


Field measurements of turbulence are presented from two sites in Puget Sound, WA, that are proposed for electrical power generation using tidal current turbines. Time series data from multiple acoustic Doppler instruments are analyzed to obtain statistical measures of fluctuations in both the magnitude and direction of the tidal currents. The resulting turbulence intensities (i.e., the turbulent velocity fluctuations normalized by the deterministic tidal currents) are typically 10% at the hub heights (i.e., the relevant depth) of the proposed turbines. Length and time scales of the turbulence are also analyzed. Large-scale, anisotropic eddies dominate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) spectra, which may be the result of proximity to headlands at each site. At small scales, an isotropic turbulent cascade is observed and used to estimate the dissipation rate of TKE, which is shown to balance with shear production. Data quality and sampling parameters are discussed, with an emphasis on the removal of Doppler noise from turbulence statistics. The results are relevant to estimating the performance and fatigue of tidal turbines.


During the last decade, network monitoring and intrusion detection have become essential techniques of cyber security. Nowadays, many institutions are using advanced solutions for detecting malicious network traffic, discovering network anomalies, and preventing cyber attacks. However, most research in this area has not been conducted specifically for organizational private networks, and their special properties have not been considered. In this paper, we first present a study of traffic patterns in a corporate private network, and then propose two novel algorithms for detecting anomalous network traffic and node behavior in such networks.


Tap into the infinite potential of your subconscious and experience tremendous growth and self-discovery. Grounded in scientific research, this practical step-by-step guide introduces easy, yet highly effective, techniques for harnessing the unlimited power of your subconscious mind. Learn to access this vast storehouse of knowledge and resources to unleash powerful abilities-through dreamwork, creative visualization, positive inner dialogue, past-life regression, meditations, interaction with nature, chakra awareness, and more. Once you begin to train your mind, there is no end to the ways in which you can bring new meaning and enrichment to your life: —Overcome growth blockages—Resolve conflicts —Enhance creativity—Improve mental and physical health—Achieve personal goals—Strengthen your relationships—Advance in your career—Develop psychic skills—Evolve into your highest self This unique guide also explores the different types of natural psychic abilities and provides guidance for helping you to turn them into powerful life-changing skills.


Glucose and related hexoses are very important metabolic substrates. Their most important function is to provide quick fuel for most organisms in all three kingdoms because they are the first substrate for energy production in the form of ATP through glycolysis and the subsequent metabolic pathways. In this paper we review the current information about how glucose and related hexoses are transported across biological membranes to carry out their function either as a metabolic molecule or as energy store in marine invertebrate organisms. In these animals, there are two sugar transport systems that are mediated by the sodium/solute symporter family proteins (SGLT) and the major facilitative super-family proteins (GLUT). The most studied sugar transporters in marine invertebrates are involved with dietary sugar uptake, such as SGLT1, SGLT4, GLUT2 and GLUT5, however more studies need to be done to extend the knowledge about these and other sugar transporters involved in metabolic processes.


Routine use of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7), available since 2000, has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) attributable to serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae contained in the vaccine. However, IPD caused by nonvaccine pneumococcal serotypes has increased, and nonvaccine serotypes are now responsible for the majority of the remaining cases of IPD occurring in children. A 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration, which, in addition to the 7 serotypes included in the original PCV7, contains the 6 pneumococcal serotypes responsible for 63% of IPD cases now occurring in children younger than 5 years. Because of the expanded coverage provided by PCV13, it will replace PCV7. This statement provides recommendations for (1) the transition from PCV7 to PCV13; (2) the routine use of PCV13 for healthy children and children with an underlying medical condition that increases the risk of IPD; (3) a supplemental dose of PCV13 for (a) healthy children 14 through 59 months of age who have completed the PCV7 series and (b) children 14 through 71 months of age with an underlying medical condition that increases the risk of IPD who have completed the PCV7 series; (4) "catch-up" immunization for children behind schedule; and (5) PCV13 for certain children at high risk from 6 through 18 years of age. In addition, recommendations for the use of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for children at high risk of IPD are also updated.


Purpose : Early identification and presentation for childhood cataract surgery remains a major challenge in developing countries. The main aim of this study was to identify potential barriers to childhood cataract services from the perspective of parents' and carers', as a critical step towards achieving the timely uptake of cataract services.

Methods : We used a mixed methods explanatory sequential study and interviewed 572 parents/carers attending tertiary hospitals in 8 states across India for their child's cataract surgery. We collected information on barriers to accessing services using a 12-item questionnaire and for each reported barrier, responses recorded on a 5 point scale ranging from "low to high importance". Based on the quantitative data, in-depth interview questions were prepared and 35 interviews were conducted with randomly selected parents/ carers. Majority of these interviews were conducted at the hospital and /at home for those who did not undergo the surgery. Quantitative questionnaires were completed by the trained interviewer and responses were recorded in a pre-designed format. In-depth interviews were audio taped and transcribed for analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using SPSS 22 while qualitative data were organised with NVivo 11 and a thematic analysis was conducted utilising TDF, an integrative framework of theories.

Results : From the 831 responses the 5 most important barriers were: economic (40%; n=222); child too young for surgery (17%; n=97); the problem was not felt as severe (16%; n=90); distance (14.5%; n=83) and no one to accompany to the hospital (9.5%; n=54). In addition, being advised by a local ophthalmologist to delay the surgery was also reported (n=16). Domains identified by the TDF included "Knowledge", "Beliefs about consequences", "Intentions", "Goals", "Decision processes", "Environmental context and resources", "Social influences and emotion". This comprehensive TDF approach enabled us to understand the parents perceived barriers to access services for the children.

Conclusions : Barriers to accessing childhood cataract services include both practical concerns relating to the family's socio economic status as well as obstacles from the providers. Mapping out the barriers is necessary to design appropriate intervention for achieving positive behaviour change that can have potential social and economic impact.


What exactly is a "civil right?" What is a "civil liberty?" Are they synonymous? To the average American, the term "civil rights" conjures up images of the Jim Crow south, Rosa Parks, the Montgomery bus boycott, James Meredith's integration of the University of Mississippi, Martin Luther King, Jr.'s March on Washington, the Edmund Pettus Bridge, and the Freedom Riders in Mississippi, among other historic events of the 1950's and 60's. Indeed, these are some of the most iconic events in modern U.S. history. They are also among the most important events in the modern civil rights movement. The legal area known as "civil rights" has traditionally revolved around the basic right to be free from unequal treatment based on certain protected characteristics such as race, gender or disability, etc., in settings such as employment and housing. The term "civil rights" emphasizes the individual's rights as a citizen to participate freely and equally in politics and public affairs in order to actively promote his or her preferred public policy alternatives through lobbying policy-makers and/or through personal participation in the electoral process. The term "civil liberties" generally refers more specifically to the protection of the individual's rights to form and express his or her own preferences or convictions and to act freely upon them in the private sphere without undue or intrusive interference by the government. So there is a distinction to be made between "civil rights," i.e., the basic right to be free from unequal treatment, based on certain characteristics which we deem important, like race, gender, and disability, and "civil liberties," which are basic freedoms guaranteed by the Bill of Rights or interpreted through the years by courts and lawmakers. Examples of "civil liberties" include:
• Freedom of Speech • Freedom of the Press • Freedom of peaceful assembly • Freedom of Religion • Right to bear arms • Right to Privacy • Right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures of property • Right to a jury trial • Right to travel freely • Right to be free from self-incrimination • Right to marry • Freedom from cruel and unusual punishments • Right to legal counsel • Right to vote
Some of these rights are directly stated in the Bill of Rights or subsequent amendments, while others were developed over the course of years, decades or centuries of case law.
Civil liberties are freedoms that are due every individual, simply based on the fact that they are human beings. The Declaration of Independence asserts the creed of the American people, as it declares that all men are endowed with certain inalienable rights, such as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Civil liberties are not gifted by governmental action – they are rights of birth. The government cannot take away or change these rights by making or eliminating legislation.
So an essential difference between civil rights and civil liberties revolves around who is being affected and what right is being affected.
We generally consider the birth of modern civil rights as somewhere on or about the mid-twentieth century, when our nation experienced the growing pains of setting on a path from the then normalcy of segregation to a nation where all of its citizens could have equal opportunities in education, housing, employment and socio-economics. The birth of civil liberties in our nation can be found in the very birth of the nation. In fact, the original colonists to the "new world" were motivated in part by a search for civil liberties. One of the most essential of these civil liberties, the one you could in fact call the original civil liberty, was the right to the freedom of religion.
The purpose of this article is to articulate and illuminate the legal and cultural reasons for the original protections of religious freedom and the heightened necessity we now face to create a force field around these rights, as we enter into a period of deep geopolitical unrest and a predictable conflict and controversy between diverse faiths – a diversity that is often highlighted by ethnic differences and myopic nationalism. Ultimately, the article calls for a renewed vigilance by those who respect the foundation on which our nation was built, that of respect for the individual's right to choose if, when, and how they worship – without interference from, or coercion of government forces.


The Covid-19 pandemic emerged as a global security risk, and national security institutions scrambled to manage a threat, not emanating from states or non-state actors, but from the environment. The pandemic serves as an empirical case to explore "anthropogenic strategic security," or how security doctrines can anticipate and mitigate natural disasters, resulting from humanity's exploitation of ecology and environment. This qualitative study addresses the question as to whether the NATO possesses the imaginative and institutional capacity to manage environmental risks resulting from climate change. By employing constructivist theory, this article argues that the Alliance needs to adopt holistic norms and approaches towards security. By expanding its identity and mission, it should adopt policies that task its constituent parts to serve as a de-facto "Climate Alliance Treaty Organization," particularly in the MENA region, which is extremely vulnerable to environmental risks. A review of past NATO statements, meetings, and institutions provide the key findings, demonstrating that the Alliance's past experience in aiding non-members, such as in the Balkans and South and Central Asia, has endowed the Alliance with the infrastructure, experience, and mechanisms for strategic partnerships with MENA nations on climate mitigation strategies.


This series of three studies examines the effectiveness
of an attributional retraining program for primary school
children, whose performance is detrimentally affected by
failure.

One explanation for impaired performances after failure
suggests that students who attribute lack of success to
inability become academically helpless. This approach,
with its roots in learned helplessness theory and Weiner's
theory of achievement motivation, predicts a 'successful outcome
from attributtonal retraining programs which
encourage students to attribute academic successes and
failures to the presence or absence of effort.

A second explanation suggests that some students
perform more poorly after failure because they 'give up' in
order to protect a sense of self-worth. This is threatened
when failure occurs in conjunction with high levels of
effort. It is predicted that effort attributional
retraining will not influence the performance of students
motivated by such considerations.

The first experiment aimed to improve the persistence
of Grade 5 and 6 children who displayed helpless behaviour
on a puzzle completion task. Attributional retraining
involved observation of a model who was rewarded for
attributing outcomes to effort. At post-testing, increased
persistence was found in female, but not male subjects. One
possible explanation for the sex difference is that the
males were not helpless but were motivated to protect selfworth
and were therefore not willing to expend effort when
failure was likely.
In the second experiment, the effectiveness of training
was compared for two groups of upper primary school children
identified as either helpless or self-worth motivated.
Before training both groups showed impaired performance
after failure on an arithmetic task. In addition, the
latter group demonstrated an improvement in performance in
response to a mitigating circumstance, (a description of the
task as 'very difficult'), which could explain failure
without implicating low ability as the cause. As predicted,
effort attributional retraining, this time using a
participant modelling technique, innoculated the helpless
group against failure, and resulted in an increased emphasis
on effort and decreased emphasis on ability in accounting
for failures. In the self-worth group, there was no change

in performance after failure or in ability attributions
after training, although there was an increased emphasis on
effort.
The effectiveness of the participant modelling
procedure was further established in a third experiment, in
which helpless students again appeared to be innoculated
against failure. This effect was maintained over a two
week post-training period, and there is some evidence that
Improved performance generalised to an anagram task.
The results are discussed in terms of the effective
components of attributional retraining programs, and
implications for the alternative explanations for impaired
performance after failure.


E-books are increasingly common in academic libraries and e-book reading devices such as the Kindle and iPad are achieving huge sales for leisure readers. The authors undertook a small study at Loughborough University Library to explore areas in which a variety of e-book readers might be applied. Areas included: e-books on reading lists, PDFs of journal articles, inter-library loans supplied from the British Library and teaching support for Shakespeare studies. Whilst the e-readers did not offer sufficient advantages to merit integrating them into a service, the study proved useful in developing library expertise in the use of and support for e-readers.


Title: EXPLORING THE GEOGRAPHY OF ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY: A SPATIO-TEMPORAL TEST USING STREET ROBBERY Elizabeth Ruth Groff, Ph.D., 2006 Co-Directed By: Ralph Dubayah, Professor, Geography David Weisburd, Professor, Criminology and Criminal Justice Many social phenomena have a spatio-temporal dimension and involve dynamic decisions made by individuals. Investigations focusing on the spatio-temporal dimensions of human behavior have received a great deal of theoretical attention; however, empirical testing of these theories has been handicapped by a lack of microlevel data and modeling tools that can capture the dynamic interactions of individuals and the context in which they occur. This research presents a methodology for evaluating theory through the implementation of a simulation model; the assumptions of the theory are operationalized in a model, a series of experiments are run, and the outcomes are analyzed to discover if they match what the theory would predict. Specifically, the concepts of routine activity theory (RAT) (Cohen and Felson, 1979) are formalized in a computational laboratory representing Seattle, Washington. The computational environment for implementation, Agent Analyst, merges agentbased modeling (ABM) software with geographic information systems (GIS). A strategy for developing activity spaces is implemented and demonstrates how agents can move along existing street networks, and land use patterns can be used to create representational activity spaces. Three versions of a model of street robbery are developed; each version implements a different level of constraints on agent's routine activities. In one version (Simple), individuals are either at home or not at home. In another, individuals follow a temporal schedule (Temporal). Last, individual's schedules are both temporally and spatially constrained (Activity Space). A series of experiments are conducted which compare the incidence and spatial pattern of street robbery events from each version. The results of the experiments provide strong evidence of the important role routine activities play in street robbery events. The addition of temporal and spatiotemporal schedule constraints reduces the incidence and changes the pattern of street robberies. Support for routine activity theory's premise, as time spent away from home increases street robbery will increase, is found in the Simple and Temporal, but not the Activity Space version of the model. EXPLORING THE GEOGRAPHY OF ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY: A SPATIO-TEMPORAL TEST USING STREET ROBBERY


The feisty warm-hearted "mum" has long figured as a symbol of the working class in Britain, yet working-class history has emphasized male organizations such as clubs, unions, or political parties. Investigating a different dimension of social history, Love and Toil focuses on motherhood among the London poor in the late Victorian and Edwardian years, and on the cultures, communities, and ties with husbands and children that women created. Mothers' skills in managing the family budget, earning income, and caring for their children were critical in protecting households from the worst hardships of industrial capitalism, yet poverty or the threat of it molded intimate relationships and left its imprint on personalities. This book is also a case study demonstrating the larger argument that the concept of "motherhood" is more socially and historically constructed than biologically determined. Shaky household economics, pressure toward respectability, the close proximity of neighbors, the precariousness of infant and child life, and little chance of better lives for their children shaped the work and emotions of motherhood much more than did the biological experiences of pregnancy, birth, and lactation. This beautifully written book, embellished with Cockney slang and music hall songs, addresses fascinating questions in the fields of women's studies, labor history, social policy, and family history.


This paper aims to analyze the economic impact of the legal reserve on the gross margin of different types of farms located in the watershed of the Oricanga River - in Sao Paulo state, Brazil. In order to reach such purpose, a typology of farmers was elaborated for the watershed. Two farmer types were selected for a detailed study: small farmers with low technology and citrus producers. The productive structure of both types was modeled through the recursive programming method, comprising the period between 2002/03 and 2008/09. The current farm system adopted by each type was confronted with two scenarios for legal reserve compensation: I) through the reallocation of productive areas within the farms and sustainable management of natural vegetation recovery in order to explore the production of timber; II) through the spontaneous growth of natural vegetation. Results highlight the importance of policies aimed to obtain a more equitable distribution of environmental conservation costs in the society, as well as the importance of locational adjustments of the legal reserves, in order to reach a better equilibrium between the preservation of biodiversity and the opportunity cost of land.


Mostly teacher competence is strongly associated with teaching, in spite of the fact that modern teachers' every-day activity shows there exists a long list of other activities and responsibilities to be included in teachers' normal routines. Evidently teaching competence cannot be sufficient as qualification and even if it is, a major problem is to define what it is. For one thing, for any teacher education, it must be assumed that the students will increase their teacher competence as an effect of their teacher education. This must include self-efficacy dimension in the sense, that each student teacher at the end of the teacher education should have a feeling of being competent as a teacher. It can therefore be assumed that first semester student teachers differ from those in their final semester regarding their experienced competencies. This topic is outlined and discussed along with findings from a questionnaire study investigating student teachers' feelings of competence and professional control. The questionnaire contained 65 Likert-scale items covering several topics related to teacher competence and teachers' everyday work. The participating student teachers were recruited from several local teacher educations in Sweden. Their responses were analyzed statistically. In the paper the outcome is presented and discussed.


With globalisation a reality, companies no longer have a choice about whether to do business across borders. But it contains hidden risks - and firms need strategies and tactics for recognising and managing those risks. In "Global Edge", Joel Kurtzman and Glenn Yago offer two breakthrough tools for better managing the hard-to-see perils of going global. Their CLEAR framework explains the specific - and potentially expensive - challenges businesses face overseas: corruption, the legal system, enforcement policy, accounting standards and governance, and regulatory developments.And the Opacity Index (a proprietary tool updated online for readers) measures how countries are ranked relative to each CLEAR factor, so companies can balance their exposure. Drawing on a decade of fieldwork with companies and governments, the authors present a new way to anticipate, analyse, and manage hidden global business risks. In an age when a systematic understanding of global risks is still in its infancy, this insightful and practical guide takes the subject from the realm of academic interest and plants it squarely in management circles.


The article presents relationship between history and management. Methodological inspirations between these disciplines have been shown and also the achievements carried out within the history of business and organizational theory have been described. The author has characterized the "historical turn" in organizational researches in the 1990s of XX century. In the subsequent part of the article, three methodological approaches have been characterized, namely: narrative research and storytelling, business history, and historical perspective in organizational research. The achievements of Polish researchers in the distinguished areas of research were taken into account. At the end, barriers to greater interest of using the historical perspective in the research of organizations, conducted by Polish researchers, have been presented. They are as follows: small share of historical knowledge in the education of management adepts, domination of a historical paradigms in organization and management research, the lack of continuity in the development of Polish organizations and scientific reflection on organizations and management in the 20th century and low historical awareness of Polish entrepreneurs and managers.


ABSTRACT Feline infectious peritonitis and virulent, systemic calicivirus infection are caused by certain types of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) and feline caliciviruses (FCVs), respectively, and are important infectious diseases with high fatality rates in members of the Felidae family. While FCoV and FCV belong to two distinct virus families, the Coronaviridae and the Caliciviridae, respectively, they share a dependence on viral 3C-like protease (3CLpro) for their replication. Since 3CLpro is functionally and structurally conserved among these viruses and essential for viral replication, 3CLpro is considered a potential target for the design of antiviral drugs with broad-spectrum activities against these distinct and highly important viral infections. However, small-molecule inhibitors against the 3CLpro enzymes of FCoV and FCV have not been previously identified. In this study, derivatives of peptidyl compounds targeting 3CLpro were synthesized and evaluated for their activities against FCoV and FCV. The structures of compounds that showed potent dual antiviral activities with a wide margin of safety were identified and are discussed. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacy of 3CLpro inhibitors was evaluated using a mouse model of coronavirus infection. Intraperitoneal administration of two 3CLpro inhibitors in mice infected with murine hepatitis virus A59, a hepatotropic coronavirus, resulted in significant reductions in virus titers and pathological lesions in the liver compared to the findings for the controls. These results suggest that the series of 3CLpro inhibitors described here may have the potential to be further developed as therapeutic agents against these important viruses in domestic and wild cats. This study provides important insights into the structure and function relationships of 3CLpro for the design of antiviral drugs with broader antiviral activities. IMPORTANCE Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is the leading cause of death in young cats, and virulent, systemic feline calicivirus (vs-FCV) causes a highly fatal disease in cats for which no preventive or therapeutic measure is available. The genomes of these distinct viruses, which belong to different virus families, encode a structurally and functionally conserved 3C-like protease (3CLpro) which is a potential target for broad-spectrum antiviral drug development. However, no studies have previously reported a structural platform for the design of antiviral drugs with activities against these viruses or on the efficacy of 3CLpro inhibitors against coronavirus infection in experimental animals. In this study, we explored the structure-activity relationships of the derivatives of 3CLpro inhibitors and identified inhibitors with potent dual activities against these viruses. In addition, the efficacy of the 3CLpro inhibitors was demonstrated in mice infected with a murine coronavirus. Overall, our study provides the first insight into a structural platform for anti-FIPV and anti-FCV drug development.


The visualization of architectural experience is complex and resists description in a single drawing or indeed a set of drawings. As analytical tools, architectural drawings convey information but fall short of representing architectural experience because our perception of a place can only be partially communicated through conventional drawing types. Our experience of architecture is always situated and mediated through our bodies, and so our memories, associations and the broader physical and cultural context of a setting affect how we eventually interpret space. We understand places through movement and physical engagement and so it is not surprising that the richness and subtleties of architectural experience cannot be easily articulated through traditional drawing types. These tend to reduce experience to annotation as a means of conveying information.

In contrast this paper will focus on drawing as a way of thinking, at the initial stages of the design process. It will explore issues of creativity and spontaneity in architectural design in order to engage the material imagination through drawing, for architecture is always a material thing1. As such, reading architectural drawings involves the material imagination, as linear relationships are interpreted in terms of physical space. This approach will contribute to our understanding of the continuity of the architectural design process between the realm of ideas and their material embodiment. Currently we tend to take an uncertain leap when crossing between theory and material articulation. Material effects, fashionable surfaces, novelty or material codification (glass=teransparency=democracy for example) all too often substitute deeper questions of content. As the Italian architect Vittorio Gregotti observed, such superficial approaches to materials can result in "an unpleasant sense of an enlarged model, a lack of articulation of the parts at different scales: walls which seem to be made of cardboard, unfinished windows and openings: in sum a general relaxing of tension from the drawing to the building."


ABSTRACT The Barremian–Aptian (Cretaceous) locality of Bernissart, Belgium, yielded an assemblage of various actinopterygians. Among them, is the pleuropholid Pleuropholis germinalis n. sp., initially described as Pleuropholis sp. by Traquair at the beginning of the 20th century. Here, P. germinalis n. sp. is revised and fully described, and its assignment to pleuropholids confirmed. This new species is supported by a novel combination of characters, i.e. a robust preopercle with the horizontal limb as wide and high as the vertical limb, an entirely smooth posterior edge of the preopercle, a preopercular canal at equal distance from the dorsal and ventral borders of the preopercle ventral branch (autapomorphy of P. germinalis n. sp.), a short and upturned maxilla, a leptolepid notch in the median-dorsal part of the dentary, the quadrato-mandibular articulation lying anteriorly to the orbit, and a smooth posterior edge of flank scales.


Abstract The question of whether to carry out a quinquennial Census is faced by national statistical offices in increasingly many countries, including Canada, Nigeria, Ireland, Australia, and South Africa. We describe uses and limitations of cost-benefit analysis in this decision problem in the case of the 2016 Census of South Africa. The government of South Africa needed to decide whether to conduct a 2016 Census or to rely on increasingly inaccurate postcensal estimates accounting for births, deaths, and migration since the previous (2011) Census. The cost-benefit analysis compared predicted costs of the 2016 Census to the benefits of improved allocation of intergovernmental revenue, which was considered by the government to be a critical use of the 2016 Census, although not the only important benefit. Without the 2016 Census, allocations would be based on population estimates. Accuracy of the postcensal estimates was estimated from the performance of past estimates, and the hypothetical expected reduction in errors in allocation due to the 2016 Census was estimated. A loss function was introduced to quantify the improvement in allocation. With this evidence, the government was able to decide not to conduct the 2016 Census, but instead to improve data and capacity for producing post-censal estimates.


This paper examines the theme of ERP systems and collaborative business. Various approaches for the electronic support of collaborative processes are used in practice. This paper shows in which way the chosen solutions are characterized in practice. Fourteen integration solutions were documented for this purpose in a research project following a specially developed, uniform framework. This was followed by a comparative analysis of the case studies. Through this process, five scenarios were identified: (1) parallel use of different information systems, manual external system access, (2) parallel use of different information systems, EDI with direct partner integration, (3) parallel use of different information systems, EDI provided by an intermediary, (4) joint use of a self-operated, central ERP system, (5) joint use of a central system operated by an intermediary.


A powerful movement toward government devolution is underway in the nation. Frustrated with the limitations and inefficiencies of big bureaucracy, a growing chorus of reformers from different ideological backgrounds calls for the loosening of bureaucratic constraints. Reformers want states and localities to have more control over their affairs and front-line workers to be empowered (Dubnick, 1994). As devolution proposals gain momentum, reformers should consider New York City's 26-year experience with public school decentralization. Although there are differences between contemporary devolution proposals and New York's school decentralization (which emerged during the racial turmoil of the civil rights era), there are also similarities. Both desire to bring government closer to local constituents. Both propose to increase local officials' discretion over hiring and other functions. Both assume that smaller government will spur greater citizen involvement and that enhanced discretion will unleash employees' creativity to better serve the community. The passage of New York's school decentralization law in 1969 marked one of the nation's most ambitious experiments in community government: a radical form of political decentralization that generally involves transferring decision-making authority from bureaucracies to locally elected lay boards (LaNoue and Smith, 1973). The idea of community control, which initially found form in federally funded antipoverty programs that sprang up in the nation's cities in the mid-1960s, was to give inner-city minorities influence over remote, unresponsive bureaucracies staffed largely by whites (Yates, 1973). The hope was that government would be forced to be accountable. States and cities soon followed suit, decentralizing a variety of programs. Foremost among them were the public schools. An important, unintended consequence of political decentralization was corruption. With vast reservoirs of jobs and money, community programs soon became centers for power and patronage, harking back to Tammany Hall (see, e.g., Reeves, Collier, Phallon, and Severo, 1974). The pitfalls of community control are illustrated by New York's experience with school decentralization, where program vulnerabilities in the context of politicized, often poor, urban communities led to unintended widespread and systematic corruption (Segal, 1995). A majority of the city's 32 school boards carved their districts into fiefdoms where jobs were doled out to loyal campaign workers, lovers, and family or sold for cash. The ideological and historical context out of which school decentralization arose in New York created an environment hospitable to corruption. Community control was viewed not merely as a means to an end, but an end in itself. Politically empowering the poor was intended not only to force government to address their needs, but also to give them the political skills and self-esteem to enable them to integrate into mainstream society (Altshuler, 1970). In the school decentralization context, political goals such as ethnic succession and averting a racial crisis were the legislation's immediate aim. Improving pupil competency was only a long-range goal (State Charter Revision Commission, 1974, 32-46). This is only a step away from a world where power is the only goal, and long-term educational goals are lost in the tumultuous fray of local politics. A closer look at what happened in New York shows structural vulnerabilities in decentralization that might occur anywhere if proper safeguards are not in place. Despite the examination of decentralization's pitfalls, it is not the intention of this analysis to advocate centralization, which has its own hazards. Decentralization Hopes and Aspirations Decentralization followed over a decade of turbulence in which minority school enrollment grew dramatically, citywide reading scores plunged, and dropout rates rose. …


Poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH) with pendent N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamate groups (PECH-DDC) was prepared by reaction of PECH with sodium N,N-diethyl dithiocarbamate (DDC) in anhydrous ethanol, before being used as a macrophotoinitiator for the graft polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Photopolymerization was carried out in a photochemical reactor at a wavelength greater than 300 nm. Controlled radical polymerization was confirmed by the linear increase of the molecular weight of polymers with conversion. The polydispersity remained at 1.4–1.6 during polymerization. The formation of PMMA-g-PECH copolymer was characterized by GPC, 1H-NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and DSC. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008


One of various types of application program which could facilitate human activities is known as expert system application program. The concept of the expert system of the application program so important that it requires to be shared to other people by developing a course program called expert system conducted in particular by an institution which specialized in the field of information technology. This course program of expert system which is offered to the students need to be designed in terms of good instructional process to improve its effectiveness. In fact, not all existing course programs conducted based on expert system could run more effectively than it was expected in order to achieve higher quality of learning outcomes. This could be explained as a numerous problems occurred during the process of implementation. In order to discover the extend of program effectivity in the expert system of the course, a through program evaluation is required to be conducted. One model called CSE-UCLA will be recommended in making deeper instructional program evaluation in relation to expert system of course program. Through this model the instructional affectivity of application program of expert system could be measured by involving system assessment, program planning, program implementation, program improvement, and program certification.


Recent work linking the adoption of key organizational practices to productivity raises an important question: if adoption increases productivity so dramatically, why does adoption across an industry take so long? This paper explores this question in the context of one particularly interesting practice, the adoption of science driven drug discovery by the modern pharmaceutical industry. Over the past two decades, the established pharmaceutical industry has slowly shifted towards a more science-oriented drug discovery: (a) adopters experienced substantially higher rates of R&D after the late 1970s and (b) the rate of adoption across the industry was extremely slow. Motivated by the apparent contradiction between large boosts in performance and slow rates of adoption, this paper characterizes the sources of differences in rates of adoption between 1980 and 1993. The principal finding is that adoption of a science-oriented research approach was a function of initial conditions, or subject to 'state dependence': some firms simply began the sample period at a much higher level of science orientation. Moreover, while these effects attenuated over time, our empirical results suggest that it took more than ten years before adoption was unrelated to initial conditions. In addition, consistent with theories developed in the context of technology adoption, we find that relative diffusion rates depend on the product market positioning of firms. More surprisingly, adoption rates are seperately driven by the composition of sales within the firm. This latter finding suggests the potential importance of differences among firms in terms of the internal structure of power and attention, an area which has received only a small amount of theoretical attention.


Some brands take years to mature from a mere trade mark or indicium of origin into a fully fledged promise. This promise can take many forms. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this usually meant a guarantee that branded products are reliable, repairable, durable, cheap, or functionally efficient. Thereafter, the promise has increasingly adopted aspirational content: slogans such as 'Be sociable, have a Pepsi', 'Happiness is a cigar called Hamlet', 'Reach out and touch someone', 'Just do it', and 'Don't be vague. Ask for Haig' tell you nothing about the goods or services in question, but say more about the manner in which the consumer views, values, or wishes to promote himself. Branding is a slow process because it requires time to educate the consumer as to what the brand value means, and then more time for the consumer to assess the full meaning of the brand proposition, to decide if it fits the consumer's wish-list and to try it out. Some forms of branding, for example event brands, can cut corners and accelerate the process of adoption by the public, but usually at the price of their sustainability. Thus Beijing 2008 was an immensely commercial brand proposition for businesses in the years leading up to the Olympic Games held there. Bidding for the right to use it was competitive and laws gave it extra protection. Its core values of international competitiveness and individual excellence were meaningful to consumers and producers alike—yet now the brand is all-but-valueless. London 2012 has replaced it, with Rio 2016 awaiting its turn. Another form of brand that can spring suddenly into a state of commercial viability is that which is born of the moment, a creature of opportunity. British readers will recall how the escape of two intelligent pigs on their way to the abattoir and the way they evaded farmers, policemen, and the public at large for a week before their recapture led to the registration of the 'Tamworth Two' as a trade mark. A far greater event in terms of its global appeal, and far more likely to be exploited on a grand commercial scale, is the 'Los 33' brand, representing the dreadful plight, stalwart resilience, and unprecedented rescue of 33 trapped Chilean miners from what would otherwise have been a slow, dark, and horrific death. But what can one do with the brand? The first thing a trade mark attorney wants to know is what classes of goods and services in the Nice Classification should be made watertight by registration. While some things are unlikely to benefit from such branding it is by examination of the brand's core values that one is likely to reach a commercially realistic conclusion. In this case, the brand's core values appear to have fluctuated violently over a few short weeks of intensive, indeed intrusive, media attention. The 33 miners, first thought to be irretrievably lost, were then reckoned to be subject of a long-term rescue that would leave them in (for most of us) unimaginable discomfort for half a year while a by-no-means-guaranteed rescue was planned and executed. From victims they morphed into heroes as their spirited and positive attitude towards their predicament shone from the suffocating dark and illuminated our own worlds. More recently, it was the seedier (??) side of a Chilean miner's life which riveted the world's attention, as mistresses have combined or battled with lawful spouses in the battle for their bodies and their souls. Trapped, in more senses than one, Los 33 were in no position to explain, to deny, to apologize, or engage in whatever domestic damage limitation is practised to the West of the Andes. Do these contradictory value messages add up to a marketable brand? Or will they relegate 'Los 33' to the realm of key-ring fobs, picture postcards, and other tourist trivia? These are not questions for the trade mark attorney to answer, yet he must be sensitive to them if he is to advise on the extent to which registration is necessary and on the contractual which bring in revenue. He must also be wise as to how the licence revenue is accounted for and shared. But that is a subject for another Editorial. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 2011, Vol. 6, No. 2 EDITORIAL 63


We build a theoretical model of multi-product firms that highlights how market size and geography (the market sizes of and bilateral economic distances to trading partners) affect both a firm's exported product range and its exported product mix across market destinations (the distribution of sales across products for a given product range). We show how tougher competition in an export market induces a firm to skew its export sales towards its best performing products. We find very strong confirmation of this competitive effect for French exporters across export market destinations. Trade models based on exogenous markups cannot explain this strong significant link between destination market characteristics and the within-firm skewness of export sales (after controlling for bilateral trade costs). Theoretically, this within firm change in product mix driven by the trading environment has important repercussions on firm productivity and how it responds to changes in that trading environment.


We study the impact of a new nationally advertised six-month intensive training program to encourage leadership in social entrepreneurship among youth. Program costs were on the order of 12,000 euros per participant. We conduct a randomized field experiment where 50 applicants were randomly allocated to the program and 50 similar applicants were rejected. Despite large training efforts we find no robust treatment effects on leadership motivation, leadership style, social entrepreneurial aspirations and intentions, skills, sustainable behaviour, entrepreneurial actions and venture progression. Those that had made more progress on their venture prior to the start of the program were more likely to make progress afterwards, irrespective of treatment. There were also large Hawthorne effects. Those having the highest expectations before selection to treatment, as measured by their self-ratings on a battery of scores, experienced the biggest drop across all scores after selection, irrespective of treatment. Training people to become entrepreneurs seems to be difficult and costly.


The most important changes to children's services in the last 20 years are set to improve the outcomes of all children from their early years on. The overall aims are to tackle child poverty, improve child protection and the education and childcare for young children, to raise standards, and to provide greater support for parents in bringing up their children. Multiagency approaches will be developed to serve the needs of local children and families. This massive programme of change to children's services follows the Government's publication of the "Children Bill and Every Child Matters: Next Steps". It presents immense challenges and these rest with local government. Key to achieving the declared goals will be the 3500 Children's Centres set up across the country that will integrate provision of education, care, family support, child protection and health services. With its multi-agency focus and underpinning theoretical perspectives, this book will be of special interest to everyone involved in Children's Centres and to the increasing numbers of early years staff involved in multi-agency working and strategies: social workers, child care staff, teachers, health managers, policy makers and advisers, and the people working directly with children and their families. It will be a useful resource for academics and students in higher education. The contributors are all committed to working within a multi-agency framework to secure the well-being of young children and their families.


In this article, we investigate aspects of sentential meaning that are not expressed in local predicate–argument structures. In particular, we examine instances of semantic arguments that are only inferable from discourse context. The goal of this work is to automatically acquire and process such instances, which we also refer to as implicit arguments, to improve computational models of language. As contributions towards this goal, we establish an effective framework for the difficult task of inducing implicit arguments and their antecedents in discourse and empirically demonstrate the importance of modeling this phenomenon in discourse-level tasks.Our framework builds upon a novel projection approach that allows for the accurate detection of implicit arguments by aligning and comparing predicate–argument structures across pairs of comparable texts. As part of this framework, we develop a graph-based model for predicate alignment that significantly outperforms previous approaches. Based on such alignments, we show that implicit argument instances can be automatically induced and applied to improve a current model of linking implicit arguments in discourse. We further validate that decisions on argument realization, although being a subtle phenomenon most of the time, can considerably affect the perceived coherence of a text. Our experiments reveal that previous models of coherence are not able to predict this impact. Consequently, we develop a novel coherence model, which learns to accurately predict argument realization based on automatically aligned pairs of implicit and explicit arguments.


This book assesses the historical significance of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) - commonly called the Tokyo trial - established as the eastern counterpart of the Nuremberg trial in the immediate aftermath of World War II. Through extensive research in Japanese, American, Australian, and Indian archives, Yuma Totani taps into a large body of previously underexamined sources to explore some of the central misunderstandings and historiographical distortions that have persisted to the present day. Foregrounding these voluminous records, Totami disputes the notion that the trial was an exercise in 'victors' justice' in which the legal process was egregiously compromised for political and ideological reasons; rather, the author details the achievements of the Allied prosecution teams in documenting war crimes and establishing the responsibility of the accused parties to show how the IMTFE represented a sound application of the legal principles established at Nuremberg. This study deepens our knowledge of the historical intricacies surrounding the Tokyo trial and advances our understanding of the Japanese conduct of war and occupation during World War II, the range of postwar debates on war guilt, and the relevance of the IMTFE to the continuing development of international humanitarian law.


Tian et al. proposed a novel ultralightweight RFID mutual authentication protocol [4] that has recently been analyzed in [1], [2], [5]. In this letter, we first propose a desynchronization attack that succeeds with probability almost 1, which improves upon the 0.25 given by the attack in [1]. We also show that the bad properties of the proposed permutation function can be exploited to disclose several bits of the tag's secret (rather than just one bit as in [2]), which increases the power of a traceability attack. Finally, we show how to extend the above attack to run a full disclosure attack, which requires to eavesdrop less protocol runs than the attack described in [5] (i.e., 192 << 2).


This paper presents the incestuous relationships as defined in the Holy Quran; they are regarded as the most sensitive aspects in the regulation of family structure and they are important in the people's righteous life. This study aims to link the social and religious concept of incest taboo with the functional-linguistic views by employing Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory (1985). It is an attempt to understand whether incestuous relations are determined by cultural, social or religious constraints. The data analysed in this study include a typical Quranic text selected purposefully from the Holy Quran for its functional and linguistic features. It was concluded that the analysis of the Quranic text is not a matter of displaying the linguistic form, but to arrange certain familial and marriage relations and to differentiate between incestuous relatives and non-incestuous ones and thus defining proper marriages. Moreover, the Authorized Participant Almighty Allah who has the power over the other participants who can be Muslims and non-Muslims as expressed in this Quranic text has imposed regulations and rules on them. The identification of the incestuous relations is based on the analysis of three situational dimensions: field, tenor and mode.


800+ pages of top-notch coverage; perfect for learning the fundamentals of C#!C# is a complex programming language for building .NET-connected software for Microsoft Windows, cloud computing, the Web, and a wide range of devices. Today's developers use it to develop Azure and Windows Phone apps, and Android applications using Mono. Novice programmers can get up and running quickly on C# using this practical guide. Crammed with 800+ pages of information, this all-in-one book helps you quickly create a C# program while learning C# and object-oriented programming fundamentals, Windows and Windows phone programming, and more.Helps novice programmers learn C# programming and create their first C# programExplains how to create Windows applications with C# and Visual StudioDelves into Windows Phone programming, as well as object-oriented programming basicsCovers debugging, errors, comparisons with C++ and Java, classes and arrays, variables, and moreIncludes access to a companion website with sample code and bonus materialsEverything you need to make the move to C# programming is right here, in C# 2012 All-in-One For Dummies.


Bisphenol A (BPA) imprinted poly(ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-N-methacryloyl-L-phenylalanine-vinyl imidazole) [poly(EGDMA-MAPA-VI)] film deposition on a SPR sensor with improved efficiency is described in this paper. The molecularly imprinted SPR sensor was characterized by FTIR-ATR, atomic force microscopy and ellipsometry. A water-compatible molecularly imprinted film has been developed for rapid, sensitive, and label-free detection of BPA in aqueous solutions prepared in Milli Q water, tap water and synthetic wastewater. The real-time response allows the detection of BPA with concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 10 μg L−1 with LOD and LOQ values of 0.02 and 0.08 μg L−1 in Milli Q water, 0.06 and 0.2 μg L−1 in tap water and 0.08 and 0.3 μg L−1 in synthetic wastewater, respectively. A significant increase in sensitivity was therefore expected due to the use of the imprinted poly(EGDMA-MAPA-VI) thin film. The method showed good recoveries and precision for the samples spiked with BPA. The results suggest that the imprinted SPR sensing method can be used as a promising alternative for the detection of BPA. The sensor data fitted well with the Langmuir adsorption model. The selectivity studies showed that the imprinted cavities formed in the polymeric nanofilm recognize BPA preferentially rather than 4-nitrophenol, hydroquinone, phenol and 8-hydroxy quinoline with a relative selectivity coefficient of 2.5, 2.6, 2.7 and 2.5, respectively. The prepared BPA imprinted SPR sensor enables high sensitivity, label-free detection, real-time monitoring, low volume sample consumption, quantitative evaluation, and determination of kinetic rate constants very well. In addition, the SPR based BPA sensor is easy to use and can be a cost effective solution due to the reusability of the prepared sensor. Furthermore, the storage stability will be higher than antibody-based detection methods.


Mass spectrometry analysis of metabolites reveals functional differences in individual cells in the early developing embryo. During early embryonic development, each cell gives rise to a different organ type. Because some early embryonic cells—blastomeres of the 16-cell Xenopus laevis embryo, for example—are transcriptionally and translationally silent, changes in metabolites may contribute to the establishment of specific cell fates. Onjiko et al. employed single-cell CE-µESI-MS (capillary electrophoresis-micro flow electrospray ionization mass spectrometry) to monitor metabolites in three different cell types of 16-cell Xenopus embryos: the midline dorsal-animal cell (D11), which gives rise to the retina and brain; the midline ventral-animal cell (V11), which gives rise to the head and the epidermis of the trunk; and the midline ventral-vegetal cell (V21), which gives rise to the hindgut. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed the molecular identity of 40 of these metabolites. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis of the identified metabolites revealed that each of the cell types could be distinguished by metabolic profile, and cells of different types had different ratios of specific metabolites. Exposure of embryos to ultraviolet (UV) radiation disrupts brain development. Metabolite analysis of UV-treated embryos revealed decreased serine, glycine, and threonine amino acids along with urocanate-hypoxanthine in the D11 cells, suggesting a direct role of these metabolites in brain development. Similarly, microinjection of metabolites into the cell types that would normally have them in lower abundance perturbed the development of their respective tissues. Thus, this study not only provides a methodology for measuring small metabolites in individual cells, but also indicates that metabolite changes play important roles in cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. R. M. Onjiko, S. A. Moody, P. Nemes, Single-cell mass spectrometry reveals small molecules that affect cell fates in the 16-cell embryo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 6545–6550 (2015). [Abstract] [Full Text]


The complexes of Cu(II) and Co(II) with Schiff base derived from 3-(3-substituted)-1- phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carbaldehyde and o-amino phenol have been prepared and characterized by Elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility, Mass IR, UV/Visible spectroscopic technique and thermo gravimetric analysis. The ligand was found to be bidentate ligand. Cu(II) and Co(II) coordinate with the ligand through both oxygen of the phenol group and nitrogen of -HC=N azomethine. The solubility test on the metal complexes revealed their solubility in DMF and DMSO. The molar conductance of the complexes measured is indicating their non-electrolytic nature. Magnetic moment and spectroscopic studies suggested the octahedral geometries of the complexes.


Turbulent flows play a dominant role in most technical applications, for instance in the automobile industry or in aviation. Therefore, the correct prediction of these flows is a very important task. The numerical simulation of three-dimensional time-depended and chaotic turbulent flows requires a very high computational effort, what remains an essential problem for the simulation of such flows despite the increasing computational power. On this account the hybrid models for the numerical simulation of turbulent flows were developed. These techniques combine advantages of established turbulent basic models, such as Large Eddy Simulation (LES), Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation (RANS) models and direct numerical simulation (DNS), with the goal to produce the correct results with reduced computational effort.
The focus of the present study lies in the investigation of a relatively new hybrid modeling technique, the so-called very large eddy simulation (VLES) strategy, firstly on stationary grids and afterwards on moving grids. This investigation requires an extension of the turbulence modeling part in the in-house code FASTEST, from the Institute of Numerical Methods in Mechanical Engineering at the TU Darmstadt, with the k-e, k-ω and ζ-f VLES models. To ensure the correct performance of the VLES model, the verification of these RANS methods with the method of manufactured solution was realized. After the verification procedure, the newly implemented VLES models were systematically validated on stationary grids. Three different flow configurations were selected to demonstrate the ability of the VLES approach to predict different types of turbulent flows, which occur most frequently in technical applications: a channel flow, a flow with massive separations and a flow over a bluff body. The k −e and ζ −f VLES methods have shown reasonably good agreement with the reference data for all three test cases. The k − ω VLES model yielded very good results for the cylinder flow and for the two-dimensional periodic hills flow, while in the prediction of the fully developed turbulent channel flow this method demonstrated weaknesses. To improve the results of the k − ω VLES model, this method was modified by means of the introduction of a new filter width, the so-called IDDES, in the formulation of the VLES model. This modification leads to a significant improvement of the results already on a quite coarse grid.
After the validation on stationary grids the VLES method was investigated on moving grids. Therefore two test cases were calculated: a flow over a forced oscillating circular cylinder and a flow over a tandem of an oscillating and a static asymmetric airfoil. The VLES method demonstrated the ability to simulate turbulent flows with strongly moving structures. The character of investigated flows was captured very well for both test cases.
The last step was an investigation of the VLES approach in the context of a fluid-structure coupling, where the high computational costs play an essential role. To this end, two FSI test cases were investigated. In both cases, the VLES method demonstrated the capability to capture a variety of turbulent structures in these configurations. Other parameters available from the reference experimental data are captured very well by the VLES model.
In summary, the ability of the VLES model to predict different kinds of turbulent flows correctly was demonstrated by means of different test cases on stationary as well on moving grids. For all simulations, a relatively coarse grid, in comparison to this required for the correct LES calculation, was applied. The application of this hybrid turbulence model is very promising because of its capability to predict flows with mild and massive separations more accurately than RANS methods and due to the reduced computational effort in comparison to LES approaches.


In 1996, South Africa's transformative Constitution inspired human rights activists worldwide by incorporating justiciable economic and social rights (ESRs), including rights to housing, health care, food, water, social security, and basic education. Yet over the past twelve years, problems related to separation of powers considerations, vagueness concerns, and enforcement costs have impeded the South African judiciary's efforts to enforce these crucial rights meaningfully. After surveying these obstacles, this Note offers a two-step proposal for change: increased use of the structural interdict remedy and an enhanced, collaborative role for the South African Human Rights Commission. Used in tandem, these measures can improve judicial enforcement of ESRs in South Africa - and perhaps set a concrete example for the rest of the world.


The purpose of this investigation was to develop fast dissolving tablets of aceclofenac using camphor as a
subliming agent. Orodispersible tablets of aceclofenac were prepared by wet granulation technique using camphor as
subliming agent and sodium starch glycolate together with crosscarmellose sodium as superdisintegrants. Camphor was
sublimed from the granules by exposing the granules to vacuum. The porous granules were then compressed in to tablets. Alternatively, tablets were first prepared and later exposed to vacuum. The formulations were evaluated for weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, wetting time, in vitro and in-vivo dispersion, mouth feel and in vitro dissolution. All the formulations showed low weight variation with dispersion time less than 55 seconds and rapid in vitro dissolution. Sublimation of camphor from tablets resulted in superior tablets as compared with the tablets prepared from granules that were exposed to vacuum. The results revealed that the tablets containing subliming agent had a good dissolution profile. The drug content of all the formulations was within the acceptable limits of the United States Pharmacopoeia XXVII. The optimized
formulation showed good release profile with maximum drug being released at all time intervals. It was concluded that fast dissolving tablets with improved aceclofenac dissolution could be prepared by sublimation of tablets containing suitable subliming agent. This work helped in understanding the effect of formulation processing variables especially the subliming agent on the drug release profile. The present study demonstrated potentials for rapid absorption, improved bioavailability, effective therapy and patient compliance.


Mergers, acquisitions, and internal growth among grocery retailers, largely since 1996, have increased the share of grocery store sales accounted for by the largest 4, 8, and 20 food retailers nationwide. Similar consolidation is occurring among food wholesalers. At the same time, new packaged and branded produce items are gaining acceptance with consumers and vying for shelf space in the supermarket produce department. Growers, shippers, and their trade associations fear the possibility of fewer buyers for their products, particularly if new marketing and trade practices such as volume incentive rebates and slotting fees become widespread. This report uses data from the Censuses of Wholesale Trade and Retail Trade and industry sources to examine changes in produce markets and market channels from 1987 to 1997 in the United States. It is the first in a series of reports that will examine competitive behavior in the produce industry.


We study how to partition a set of agents in a stable way when each coalition in the partition has to share a unit of a perfectly divisible good, and each agent has symmetric single-peaked preferences on the unit interval of his potential shares. A rule on the set of preference profiles consists of a partition function and a solution. Given a preference profile, a partition is selected and as many units of the good as the number of coalitions in the partition are allocated, where each unit is shared among all agents belonging to the same coalition according to the solution. A rule is stable at a preference profile if no agent strictly prefers to leave his coalition to join another coalition and all members of the receiving coalition want to admit him. We show that the proportional solution and all sequential dictator solutions admit stable partition functions. We also show that stability is a strong requirement that becomes easily incompatible with other desirable properties like efficiency, strategy-proofness, anonymity, and non-envyness. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: D71.


This article examines the relationship between the participation of older adult learners in educational activities and successful aging. In partnership with seniors' organizations, focus-group interviews were conducted on seniors' involvement in learning and their perceptions of its influence on successful aging. Successful aging is defined in terms of health, life satisfaction and happiness, and physical and cognitive functioning (Menec, 2003). The study was exploratory, but the results suggest that participation in educational activities has positive effects on successful aging and potentially contributes to both physical and psychological well-being. Connections are also made to activity-theory studies (Menec, 2003), lifespan theory (Baltes, 1997; Heckhausen & Schulz, 1995), and adult education studies on older adults (AARP Survey on Lifelong Learning, 2000; Thompson & Foth, 2002; Withnall, 2002). The authors conclude by suggesting a framework for thinking about older adults' participation in learning activities and successful aging.


Over the past decade, problems in software development and maintenance have increased rapidly. The size of software has grown explosively, complexity of software applications has increased, the nature of software applications has become more critical, and large quantities of software to be maintained have accumulated. During the same time, the productivity of individual software engineers has not improved proportionally.
Software reusability is widely believed to be a key to help overcome the ongoing software crisis by improving software productivity and quality. However, the promise of software reusability has not yet been fulfilled.
We present a multi-faceted software reusability model, a Quintet Web, that enables designers to reuse software artifacts from all phases. The Quintet Web consists of links of five types of reuse support information among existing document blocks: semantic, horizontal, hierarchical, syntactic, and alternative relationships. The five types of reuse support information are named the Semantic Web, the Horizontal Web, the Vertical Web, the Syntactic Web, and the Alternative Web. The Semantic Web defines the operational functionality of each software block. The Horizontal Web links functionally identical blocks of all phases. The Vertical Web identifies hierarchical relationships of software blocks. The Syntactic Web forms a chain from the declaration of each variable to its uses for all variables. The Alternative Web enables software developers to select an alternative algorithm for an identical functionality.
The Quintet Web supports both software development and maintenance. When the Quintet Web is applied to development process, it provides software developers a means to check the consistency of the software being developed. The Quintet Web model is independent of a specific software development method.


In this paper we identify sources of error in global illumination algorithms and derive bounds for each distinct category. Errors arise from three sources: inaccuracies in the boundary data, discretization, and computation. Boundary data consists of surface geometry, reflectance functions, and emission functions, all of which may be perturbed by errors in measurement or simulation, or by simplifications made for computational efficiency. Discretization error is introduced by replacing the continuous radiative transfer equation with a finite-dimensional linear system, usually by means of boundary elements and a corresponding projection method. Finally, computational errors perturb the finite-dimensional linear system through imprecise form factors, inner products, visibility, etc., as well as by halting iterative solvers after a finite number of steps. Using the error taxonomy introduced in the paper we examine existing global illumination algorithms and suggest new avenues of research.


Why is GDP growth so much more volatile in poor countries than in rich ones? We identify four possible reasons: (i) poor countries specialize in more volatile sectors; (ii) poor countries specialize in fewer sectors; (iii) poor countries experience more frequent and more severe aggregate shocks (e.g. from macroeconomic policy); and (iv) poor countries' macroeconomic fluctuations are more highly correlated with the shocks of the sectors they specialize in. We show how to decompose volatility into these four sources, quantify their contribution to aggregate volatility, and study how they relate to the stage of development. We document the following regularities. First, as countries develop, their productive structure moves from more volatile to less volatile sectors. Second, the level of specialization declines with development at early stages, and slowly increases at later stages of development. Third, the volatility of country-specific macroeconomic shocks falls with development. Fourth, the covariance between sector-specific and country-specific shocks does not vary systematically with the level of development. We argue that many theories linking volatility and development are not consistent with these findings and suggest new directions for future theoretical work.


This paper addresses the problem of camera self-calibration, bundle adjustment and 3D reconstruction from line segments in two images of poorly-textured indoor scenes. First, we generate line segment correspondences, using an extended version of our previously proposed matching scheme. The first main contribution is a new method to identify polyhedral junctions resulting from the intersections of the line segments. At the same time, the images are segmented into planar polygons. This is done using an algorithm based on a binary space partitioning (BSP) tree. The junctions are matched end points of the detected line segments and hence can be used to obtain the epipolar geometry. The essential matrix is considered for metric camera calibration. For better stability, the second main contribution consists in a bundle adjustment on the line segments and the camera parameters that reduces the number of unknowns by a maximum flow algorithm. Finally, a piecewise-planar 3D reconstruction is computed based on the segmentation of the BSP tree. The system's performance is tested on some challenging examples.


In this paper we explore heuristic attacks against graphical password generators. A new trend is emerging to use user clickable pictures to generate passwords. This technique of authentication can be successfully used for - for example - operating system authentication. We report on the development of a generic tool for password generation using such a graphical click-driven interface. This stand-alone tool can be used for generating passwords on the fly. We describe the approach and the usability of such a project. The project is available as an open-source project. Next we investigate heuristic attacks against such generated passwords. By using a classifier methodology it is possible to develop specific attack-scenarios based on the category. Specific heuristic attacks are used to reduce the key-space such that brute-force cracking approaches become feasible. We report on these heuristic attacks and their success. Lastly we give criteria for images that should be used in such password generation applications to avoid these types of heuristic attacks.


A nationally selected random sample of Roman Catholic secular priests was investigated using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y. Additionally, a Self-Report Inventory requested information regarding participants' demographics as well as four categories of predictor variables (i.e., Vocational Satisfaction, Social Support, Spiritual Activities, Physical Environment) potentially associated with depression and anxiety. The study yielded a return rate of 64%. Secular clergy reported significantly greater depression and anxiety (both state and trait) than are reported in the general population. Low Vocational Satisfaction was found to be predictive of depression as well as both state and trait anxiety. Additionally, low Social Support was found to be predictive of state and trait anxiety. When the significant predictor variables were conceptually collapsed, it appeared that both people and place were significantly related to Roman Catholic secular priests' experience of depression and anxiety.


Using the case study of Derry~Londonderry and its designation as 'UK City of Culture 2013', the primary objective of this research paper is to critically analyse the challenges associated with the production of a year-long cultural programme in a culturally and politically divided place. Given that Northern Ireland's second largest city has been understood in terms of a conflict between 'two traditions', Irish/Catholic and British/Protestant, we critically assess the dialogue and policy negotiations with reference to public places as well as representations of collective memory and traditional music during the year. Fieldwork over two years has enabled us to investigate how culture and identity politics are played out in the context of a city undergoing a process of reconciliation. Placing our case study in a strongly comparative context, we argue that cultural concerns are pivotal points of (re-)negotiation in any society transitioning from conflict to 'peace' and that this issue, therefore, is of vital concern to academics and policymakers alike internationally.


Stability analysis is an important research direction in evolutionary game theory. Evolutionarily stable states have a close relationship with Nash equilibria of repeated games, which are characterized by the folk theorem. When applying the folk theorem, one needs to compute the minimax profile of the game in order to find Nash equilibria. Computing the minimax profile is an NP-hard problem. In this paper, we investigate a new methodology to compute evolutionary stable states based on the level-k equilibrium, a new refinement of Nash equilibrium in repeated games. A level-k equilibrium is implemented by a group of players who adopt reactive strategies and who have no incentive to deviate from their strategies simultaneously. Computing the level-k equilibria is tractable because the minimax payoffs and strategies are not needed. As an application, this paper develops a tractable algorithm to compute the evolutionarily stable states and the Pareto front of n-player symmetric games. Three games, including the iterated prisoner's dilemma, are analyzed by means of the proposed methodology.


The Texas Folklore Society has been publishing a regular volume of folklore research (our PTFS series) for the past several decades. Most of these books are what we call miscellanies, compilations of the works of multiple folklorists, and they feature articles on many types of lore. We've also published over twenty "Extra Books," which are single-author manuscripts that examine a more focused topic.

Folktales from the Helotes Settlement by John Igo is Extra Book #25. It's a collection of personal memories from our longest active member, who first joined the Society over fifty years ago. Here we find legends, customs, and beliefs of the people of the Helotes Settlement near San Antonio. These stories capture the lore of a place similar to lots of other places—our places. They're familiar to us all because, when we get right down to it, the Helotes Settlement is not very different from wherever we're from.


At the 1995 Beijing Conference on Women, the delegation from the Holy See succeeded in ensuring that religious views of women were placed prominently on the UN agenda. Yet the situation was not without conflict in the Catholic ranks. The Vatican's recent involvement in this field challenged the authority and influence of long-time Catholic women's organizations, such as the World Union of Catholic Women's Organizations, who had, since the birth of the UN, often single-handedly represented the Catholic perspective on women. This article explores how the participation of this NGO in the World Conferences on Women encouraged Catholic women to take an active part in the global women's movement and to promote a more secular-influenced understanding of women's rights. It also describes how the growth of discussion on reproductive rights in the 1990s engendered a reconsideration of their "moderate" feminism under the pressure of John Paul II's "new feminism" and the emerging women's human rights movement.


The following text is taken from the publisher's website.
"N.T. Wright takes us on a fascinating journey through ancient beliefs about life after death, from the shadowy figures who inhabit Homer's Hades, through Plato's hope for a blessed immortality, to the first century, where the Greek and Roman world (apart from the Jews) consistently denied any possibility of resurrection. We then examine ancient Jewish beliefs on the same subject, from the Bible to the Dead Sea Scrolls and beyond. This sets the scene for a full-scale examination of early Christian beliefs about resurrection in general and that of Jesus in particular, beginning with Paul and working through to the start of the third century.

Wright looks at all the evidence, and asks: Why did the Christians agree with Jewish resurrection belief while introducing into it - across the board - significant modifications? To answer this question we come to the strange and evocative Easter stories in the gospels and ask whether they can have been late inventions. Wright seeks the best historical conclusions about the empty tomb and the belief that Jesus really did rise bodily from the dead, recognizing that it was this belief that caused early Christians to call Jesus 'Son of God'. In doing so, they posed a political challenge as well as a theological one. These challenges retain their power in the twenty-first century."


In light of the existing preliminary evidence of a link between Covid-19 and poor air quality, which is largely based upon correlations, we estimate the relationship between long term air pollution exposure and Covid-19 in 355 municipalities in the Netherlands. Using detailed secondary and administrative data we find compelling evidence of a positive relationship between air pollution, and particularly PM2.5 concentrations, and Covid-19 cases, hospital admissions and deaths. This relationship persists after controlling for a wide range of explanatory variables. Our results indicate that a 1 μ/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations is associated with 9.4 more Covid-19 cases, 3.0 more hospital admissions, and 2.3 more deaths. The relationship between Covid-19 and air pollution withstands a number of sensitivity and robustness exercises including instrumenting pollution to mitigate potential endogeneity and modelling spatial spillovers using spatial econometric techniques.


A 2 × 2 MIMO antenna based on meta-material is designed and analyzed for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The antenna is designed on 1.6mm thick FR4 substrate having small dimensions of 40mm × 40 mm. The leaf shape antenna structure with Full Ground (FG) is chosen which provides three wide bands from 0.1 GHz to 1.2 GHz, 1.2 GHz to 6.3 GHz and 6.5 GHz to 15.3 GHz. The composition of ground is varied from FG to Partial Ground (PG) to eventually PG with meta-material (PG with MM). The effect of PG with MM layer on the leaf structure shows that the return losses become smoother in nature with merging of first two bands into one, i.e., 0.1 GHz to 6.2 GHz. The structure designed provides good amount of isolation between four antenna elements. The compact size of antenna provides applications in portable UWB, X-band and Ku-band.


The Donation of Constantine is the most famous forgery in European history. Written in the eighth century, it was allegedly a fourth-century document by which the Emperor Constatine the Great gave extensive privileges and property to Pope Sylvester I. This document was accepted as genuine for seven centuries and was cited by at least ten popes in contentions for the recognition of papal control. Lorenzo Valla's 1440 treatise established the Donation of Constatine was forged, and made him a pioneer of modern historical criticism. The reprint is of the 1922 edition of Valla's treatise and presents the Latin text and English translation of it and the forged donation document on facing pages.