The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right, by Colin Schindler. London & New York: I. B. Tauris, 2007. 282 pp. $74.95. Colin Schindler's book, The Triumph of Military Zionism, offers a fascinating, and important, look at the creation of the Israeli right. Schindler reviews the development of the Zionist right during the 1920s and 1930s, and clarifies the complicated process by which a belligerent nationalist concept-termed "Military Zionism" by its supporters-gained control of the Zionist right and rebuffed Vladimir Jabotinsky s comprehensive, non-violent brand of "Political Zionism." The Israeli (and Zionist) right is generally depicted as a monolithic political movement expressing "Maximalist Zionism," i.e., the idea that a sovereign Jewish state should be established on both sides of the Jordan River and conduct a militarist policy against the Arabs in Palestine and the neighboring states. This image of the Zionist right was conceived by Menachem Begin and his followers, as well as by the Zionist center and left. Schindler's book, however, demonstrates that this view of the Zionist right is a misconception. By examining the ideas of leading right-wing figures such as Vladimir Jabotinsky, Abba Achimeir, David Raziel, Avraham Stern, Menachem Begin and others, Schindler shows that the transformation of the Zionist right was not a "simple" teleological process but rather a complicated progression entailing many variants. This is where the importance of Schindler's book lies-not only in historiographical insights, but also in its methodological perspective. Schindler repeatedly demonstrates that history "progresses" by way of tension and contradiction and is invariably more complicated than it generally seems. The book's main argument is that "Military Zionism" was not always the central ideology of the Zionist right, and that its ascendancy in the late 1930s signified a major break from Jabotinskys ideas and policies. Whereas Jabotinsky envisioned a political solution, other right-wing Zionist leaders sought a military answer. While Jabotinsky rejected the use offeree against Palestinian Arabs and the British government (except in the case of self-defense, as set forth in his celebrated article "The Iron Wall," written in 1937), many of his followers preferred a vigorous application of Jewish strength in retaliation for Arab attacks or as a means of ousting the British from Palestine. Indeed, much of the book concentrates on Jabotinskys thought and his Sisyphean efforts to consolidate the militant and moderate groups in his movement. As the Jewish situation in Palestine and Europe (especially in Germany and Poland) deteriorated, it became increasingly difficult to restrain large groups in the Zionist right from "direct action" against the Arabs and British. The book is also intriguing because it depicts Zionist right-wing ideology-especially Jabotinskys convictions-not just as a response to growing external threats, but as an ideology deeply rooted in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century European political thinking. In this light, we can understand Jabotinskys dilemma in harnessing the militant wings in his movement, since they expressed, in essence, the complexity of his own political ideas. …


journal of visual culture [http://vcu.sagepub.com] Copyright © 2006 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi) Vol 5(1): 119–125 [1470-4129(200604)5:1]10.1177/1470412906063220 In 1977, NASA sent 115 images – the so-called 'Golden Record' – into space on board the Voyager space probe. They also included greetings in 55 different languages and a number of audio clips, including (amongst others) Beethoven's 5th Symphony and Blind Willie Johnson's Dark Was the Night. Projected onto a double-sided, cinema-sized screen, these images – but not the audio clips – are the basis of Steve McQueen's solo show 'Once Upon a Time'. The images range from photographs of children being born to family portraits, the monumental (Jupiter) to the miniature (a leaf), and the poetic (a sunset with birds) to the mechanical (a calibration circle). There are ordnance photographs of the Sinai Peninsula and an intimate portrait of a nursing mother. Ethnographic portraits, perhaps inevitably, feature too and, despite the generally auspicious and upbeat tone of the Golden Record, there are also premonitions of more immediate concerns: a picture of rushhour traffic in India, for example, and a so-called (and curiously empty) 'modern highway'. Each of these images in 'Once Upon a Time' slowly dissolves into the other, giving an effect that is both nostalgic and reminiscent of a time when such images were indeed seen by some as 'representative' of life on earth – not to mention a time when images dissolving into one another seemed the height of technology.


This paper describes a Choice Modelling experiment set up to investigate the relationship between distance and willingness to pay for environmental quality changes. The issue is important for aggregation and transfer of benefits. So far the problem has been analysed though the use of Contingent Valuation-type of experiments, producing mixed results. The experiment allows testing distance effects on parameters of environmental attributes that imply different trade-offs between use and non-use values. The distance covariate enters the estimated utility function in a flexible form to accommodate for several possible relationships. The sampling procedure is designed to provide a "geographically balanced" sample. Welfare analysis shows that disregarding distance produces under-estimation of individual and aggregated benefits and losses, seriously hindering the reliability of cost-benefit analyses.


Analyses of protest dynamics in Croatia are rare, partially because until know it was not possible to view them systematically. Relying on the newly collected protest event data 2000-2017, this paper describes the main trends and dynamics of protest activities in Croatia in the observed period. it re-examines Beissinger and sasse's claim about the absence of austerity related protests in Croatia after 2008. The analysis shows that though protests directly addressing austerity were relatively scarce, when the protest set is expanded to protests which demanded free public education, advocated labour rights, and fought for the right to the city, the prevailing thesis about "quietism" in Croatia can be challenged. The paper aims to relate some of the observed protest dynamics to Kerbo's distinction between movements of crisis and movements of affluence. Focusing on the period between the student movement in 2008 until Facebook protests in 2011, it shows that the student movement and "The Right to the City" movement preceded Facebook protests in formulating and expressing socio-economic grievances and articulated anti-systemic sentiment. due to their strong organizational structure, resources and activists' "know-how", these movements resemble Kerbo's movements of affluence. on the other hand, the 2011 Facebook protests lacked organizational structure and continuous engagement and can be seen as movements of crisis.


High-resolution sequence stratigraphy coupled with understanding of diagenetic processes within carbonate strata improves our understanding of platform evolution controls, facies models, and reservoir quality. The Cupido platform (Barremian to Aptian) exhibits well developed cyclicity and provides unparalleled outcrops to investigate platform morphology, depositional settings, sequence stratigraphic development, origin of high-frequency cycles, and possible climatic controls on early dolomitization across the shelf.
High-frequency cycles stack into twelve depositional sequences (A-L) that correlate across the platform, which, in turn, build into the highstand part of composite sequence I, two complete composite sequences (II and III), and the transgressive based portion of composite sequence IV. Cupido platform interior
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cycles show evidence for an allocyclic origin, including (a) symmetric and asymmetric peritidal and subtidal cycles, (b) lateral continuity across facies tracts, and (c) incomplete subtidal cycles.
Spectral analyses of cycle thickness reveal a strong Milankovitch signal when sedimentation rate is assumed constant within cycles and cycles are tuned to orbital precession. High spectral density peaks are present for long and short eccentricity (E) period calculated for the Early Cretaceous times: E1 (264-392 kyr), E2 (89-98 kyr), and E3 (107-126 kyr). Obliquity component with peaks at period (38-59 kyr) are also present. Strong correlation of Milankovitch signals across the platform suggests that the lateral continuity of high-frequency cycles was caused by shelf-wide sea-level fluctuations.
Early dolomitization of the highstand lower Cupido deposits (LCu) possibly occurred in modified seawater within subtidal and supratidal zones, both at high-frequency cycle-scale and depositional sequence-scale. Dolomitization patterns appear to be linked to Milankovitch-induced 4th-order sea-level events. The transgressive portions of depositional sequences are more pervasively or preferentially dolomitized compared to the highstand portions. Thickness and periodicity clusters of completely dolomitized cycles are equivalent to thickness and duration of depositional sequences. The results strengthen arguments for the role of Milankovitch-induced sea-level fluctuations in the development of greenhouse carbonate platforms and its control on early dolomite distribution in specific settings.


This article presents the conclusions that we have drawn from the contributions to the special issue on the substance of EU democracy promotion. The main findings of the articles are summarized in a table that includes values for the components of the embedded democracy framework across the various countries and regions that were examined. Although some variation can be discerned within the embedded democracy framework and across the different countries and regions, the EU's policies remain firmly entrenched within the notion of embedded liberal democracy. In addition, three common observations on the substance of EU democracy promotion can be discerned: (1) the focus on elections has been more limited than expected, (2) the EU has largely focused on the external context conditions, and (3) the links between the latter and the partial regimes of democracy are under-specified. Thus, while the EU's democracy promotion policies suggest that one model suits all, it is not assumed that one size should fit all. More generally, it appears that EU democracy promotion sits uneasily between a 'narrow' and 'shallow' agenda, which can be explained by different factors. At the same time, it reflects the internal democratic condition of the EU.


Patient education is important for successful management of atopic dermatitis; however, due to limited time and resources, patient education remains insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the current state of education provided by Korean dermatologists, pediatric allergists, and allergists to patients with atopic dermatitis. A questionnaire survey consisting of items regarding educational programs for patients with atopic dermatitis was conducted via e-mail. In total, 153 participants responded to the questionnaires, and 26.8% indicated that they have had separate educational programs. The workforce involved in the educational program included nurses, residents or fellows, dieticians, pharmacists, and clinical psychologists. Most education protocols addressed the characteristics and natural course of atopic dermatitis and environmental management. Overall, 96.7% of the participants replied that an additional charge is needed for education; moreover, additional assistance from an academic society or association, in the form of medical staff, organized data, and advertisement, is required to develop and provide a well-structured educational program. A standardized education protocol will effectively provide appropriate education for patients with atopic dermatitis. Arrangement of education fees, covered by the National Health Insurance Service, will lead to the establishment of a structured educational program and participation of an additional medical workforce.


Organizational researchers doing narrative and discursive research have three choices in how they approach a text: an 'endotextual' approach where the researcher works within a text, an 'exotextual' approach where the researcher works outward from a text to its context(s), or a combined exo/endotextual approach which embeds a textual analysis within contextual inquiry. Although all three methods are now widely used in mainstream organizational research, the merits of combining, sequencing, or separating them have never been systematically considered. After reviewing the advantages and limitations of each perspective, we discuss an experiment in which endo and exo methods were applied to a skit co-written by management and a communications company specializing in organizational theater. The finding that using one approach creates multiple, subtle blind spots towards the other, and even more significantly affects a researcher's capacity to effectively adopt a combined method, is used to construct an alternative 'diatextual' framework. This is used to frame a discussion of how multi-method textual studies of organizations might be conducted in the future.


When a video of comedian Hannibal Buress calling entertainer Bill Cosby a rapist went viral in October 2014, journalists were quick to explain why they had not pursued these rape allegations much earlier. "The absence of social media in 2005" was one of the reasons they gave for dropping the story when Cosby was first charged. This paper examines what features of the discourse on social media made Bill Cosby a newsworthy topic in 2014 in the view of the mainstream news media. A content analysis of tweets on the day the tide of public opinion turned against Cosby and an analysis of the follower networks of influencers who brought voices critical of the comedian out of the Twitter sphere into the mainstream newsrooms, contributes to an understanding of the dynamic of gatekeeping on social media networks and the new, perhaps weakened role of traditional news media outlets as agenda-setters.


In recent years, large-scale data collection efforts have prioritized the amount of data collected in order to improve the modeling capabilities of large language models. This prioritization, however, has resulted in concerns with respect to the rights of data subjects represented in data collections, particularly when considering the difficulty in interrogating these collections due to insufficient documentation and tools for analysis. Mindful of these pitfalls, we present our methodology for a documentation-first, human-centered data collection project as part of the BigScience initiative. We identified a geographically diverse set of target language groups (Arabic, Basque, Chinese, Catalan, English, French, Indic languages, Indonesian, Niger-Congo languages, Portuguese, Spanish, and Vietnamese, as well as programming languages) for which to collect metadata on potential data sources. To structure this effort, we developed our online catalogue as a supporting tool for gathering metadata through organized public hackathons. We present our development process; analyses of the resulting resource metadata, including distributions over languages, regions, and resource types; and our lessons learned in this endeavor.


by AICPA Custom Media Solutions As record numbers of Americans start sprinting toward their retirement years, CPAs are being sought increasingly to help clients develop prudent financial catch-up strategies: many workers finally realize that Social Security and pension benefits may not be waiting for them at the finish line. An astounding 94% of CPAs surveyed in last month's Bay Street Group/CPA Insider[TM] reader poll felt that Baby Boomers--Americans born between 1946 and 1964--are not prepared adequately for retirement, with particular disconnects between how long they'll need to keep working, how much they'll need to save, how long they'll be retired and what kind of investment returns they'll earn on their retirement accounts. Nearly 1,200 AICPA members had responded to the survey at press time. "Assume Social Security will be zero and plan accordingly," advises Richard J. Auld, retired partner of Eide Bailly LLP in Sioux Falls, SD. "Then whatever you get from Social Security will be like finding money in the street." The good news for aspiring retirees is that, increasingly, CPAs are providing financial planning/advisory services to their clients--nearly 20% are doing so today, almost twice as many as were doing so in 2002, according to research conducted by CEG Worldwide; LLC, Bay Street Group, LLC; and the AICPA's PCPS division. Nearly nine in 10 (87%) respondents to the latest Bay Street Group/CPA Insider[TM] poll thought that CPAs would become more involved in financial planning over the next half decade. Many savvy financial service providers have developed CPA alliance programs to build on this momentum. Taking a cue from the AICPA's Financial Literacy Program, members can be particularly effective at helping clients overcome their financial inertia. More than half (53%) of CPAs surveyed told us that Baby boomers in general had unbalanced investment portfolios; 52% said boomers were reluctant to "follow through on retirement planning"; and one in three said Boomers "failed to heed professional advice." "Failing to plan is planning to fail" notes Scott M. Wakerley, CPA, president of a small Newaygo, Michigan firm. Adult workers should be putting "the necessary time and thought into planning, and then stick to it long term. They need to set aside at least 10% of salary for diversified investments utilizing tax advantaged savings." Five out of six (84%) CPAs surveyed indicated that Baby Boomers have significantly under-funded retirement accounts, compounded by the fact that they'll be earning only 6.2% on average, on their retirement funds--and that's pre-tax. Nearly one third of surveyed CPAs said retirees should project annual rates of return of 5% or less (pre-tax) on their retirement savings. Not only must aspiring retirees adjust to a single-digit investment climate, they must also stretch out their time horizons. Nearly two-thirds of CPAs surveyed said boomers are going to have to work longer than they planned, and they're going to have to make their retirement assets last longer. More than seven in 10 (71%) CPAs expected the typical boomer to be retired for at least 21 years, and nearly one third expected the typical boomer to be retired for 26 years or more. "Too many individuals are focused on early retirement instead of working longer and planning a life span of 85 or more years," said Bill Quinn, president of a small firm in Clarksburg, WV. "The question for many should be: 'Would you be willing to postpone your retirement date if you thought you might live to be 85 years old or older?'" "Personal financial planning is by definition a process," notes Daniel G. Corrigan, President of Middletown, Rhode Island-based Corrigan Financial, Inc. To be successful, clients and their financial advisers need to embrace a three step process: "One: Construct a financial framework. Two: Establish an investment policy. …


As a 'general principle,' good faith forms part of the sources of international law. Still not widely examined in relation to rights and obligations, the aim here is to demonstrate the specific characteristics of the principle. In general international law rules such as pacta sunt servanda, abuse of rights, estoppel and acquiescence, and negotiation of disputes are grounded to some extent in good faith. In treaty interpretation, good faith has various manifestations from the time prior to signature through to interpretation. These are outlined here.The contention is that good faith acts to mediate the effects of States' rights in international law, in order to achieve acceptable results when competing interests exist. Fundamentally, good faith is a limitation of State sovereignty, albeit one that is necessary, as it protects other States and their trust and reliance in international law.


The Los Angeles Department of Transportation has proposed a peak period travel restriction aimed at heavy-duty trucks on all Los Angeles streets. The ordinance is designed to reduce the impact of heavy-duty trucks on commute traffic, and decrease the emissions resulting from trucks caught in congested traffic. While at first glance a seemingly straight-forward approach to congestion management and air quality control, this Transportation Control Measure is filled with enormous risk and uncertainty. This study identifies the intent of the TCM, the options it presents to the trucking community and the four key areas of risk and uncertainty: direct costs, congestion and delay, production efficiency and air quality. This study is based on a comprehensive analysis of the proposed impacts of the LA TCM, and due to length constraints, may only present abbreviated analyses. It is the conclusion of this study that the uncertainties associated with each of these factors far outweigh any proposed congestion benefits for the Los Angeles region.


We present comprehensive multiwavelength radio to X-ray observations of GRB 181201A spanning from ≈150 s to ≈163 days after the burst, comprising the first joint ALMA–VLA–GMRT observations of a gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglow. The radio and millimeter-band data reveal a distinct signature at ≈3.9 days, which we interpret as reverse-shock (RS) emission. Our observations present the first time that a single radio-frequency spectral energy distribution can be decomposed directly into RS and forward shock (FS) components. We perform detailed modeling of the full multiwavelength data set, using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling to construct the joint posterior density function of the underlying physical parameters describing the RS and FS synchrotron emission. We uncover and account for all discovered degeneracies in the model parameters. The joint RS–FS modeling reveals a weakly magnetized (σ ≈ 3 × 10−3), mildly relativistic RS, from which we derive an initial bulk Lorentz factor of Γ0 ≈ 103 for the GRB jet. Our results support the hypothesis that low-density environments are conducive to the observability of RS emission. We compare our observations to other events with strong RS detections and find a likely observational bias selecting for longer lasting, nonrelativistic RSs. We present and begin to address new challenges in modeling posed by the present generation of comprehensive, multifrequency data sets.


What we know of Raymond Chandler is shrouded in secrets and half-truths as deceptive as anything in his magisterial novel The Long Goodbye. Now, drawing on new interviews, previously unpublished letters and archives on both sides of the Atlantic, literary gumshoe Tom Williams casts light on this most mysterious of writers. The Chandler revealed is a man troubled by loneliness and desertion from an early age - experiences that fuelled his writing as much as they scarred his life. Born in Chicago in 1888, his childhood was overshadowed by the cruel collapse of his parents' marriage and his father's alcohol-fuelled violence. After his mother fled America, Chandler was schooled in London, but felt constrained by the stuffy English class system, eventually returning to the land of his birth, where - in corruption-ridden Los Angeles - he met his one great love: Cissy Pascal, a married woman 18 years his senior. It was only during middle age, after his own alcoholism wrecked a lucrative career as an oilman, that Chandler seriously turned to crime fiction, although his success was to prove bittersweet. An obsessive attitude towards his craft, unrealised literary ambitions and a suicidal turn after Cissy's death combined to prevent him from recapturing the verve of his earlier writing. But his legacy - the lonely, ambiguous world of Philip Marlowe - endures, compelling generation after generation of crime writers to go down mean streets. In this long-awaited new biography, the most thorough and comprehensive yet written, Tom Williams shadows one of the twentieth century's true literary giants and considers how crime was raised to the level of art.


There has been a growing trend in the film industry in the use of three dimensional computer generated images (3D CGI) for special effects. With the popularity of this relatively new medium comes the need for new terminology. This exploration developed a general system of classification for 3D CGI effects for use in film. This system was based on a study of various writings about the significant films, which employ 3D CGI effects. A three-group system of classification system was developed. The three-group system was composed of the Elements Group, Level of Reality Group, and the Kind Group. These terms were developed to aid in the day-to-day production of 3D CGI special effects in the future.


DeltaFosB (a truncated form of FosB) and CREB (cAMP response element binding protein) are transcription factors induced in the brain's reward pathways after chronic exposure to drugs of abuse. However, their mechanisms of action and the genes they regulate remain unclear. Using microarray analysis in the nucleus accumbens of inducible transgenic mice, we found that CREB and a dominant-negative CREB have opposite effects on gene expression, as do prolonged expression of DeltaFosB and the activator protein-1 (AP-1) antagonist DeltacJun. However, unlike CREB, short-term and prolonged DeltaFosB induction had opposing effects on gene expression. Gene expression induced by short-term DeltaFosB and by CREB was strikingly similar, and both reduced the rewarding effects of cocaine, whereas prolonged DeltaFosB expression increased drug reward. Gene expression after a short cocaine treatment was more dependent on CREB, whereas gene expression after a longer cocaine treatment became increasingly DeltaFosB dependent. These findings help define the molecular functions of CREB and DeltaFosB and identify clusters of genes that contribute to cocaine addiction.


In Part One, I give some background of the situation of refugees coming to Europe, especially to Greece. I give a brief outline of the EU policy of Fortress Europe and externalisation of borders. The contribution of Ireland is also discussed. In Part Two, I discuss the challenges and joys of my work in the small refugee camp Pikpa on Lesbos, run by Lesvos Solidarity where I worked for four months in 2017/2018. Other projects, such as the Mosaik Centre are also described. In view of the overall refugee population in the world of 68 million, my contribution seems just a drop in the ocean. The independent camp where I worked has around 120 residents while elsewhere on the island in the notorious "hot spot" camp Moria, 8,000 refugees are confined in a cramped space. Greece has to manage about 60,000 refugees. Still Europe's numbers of refugees with about 0.5 % of the total population of 508 million taken in are small compared to refugees fleeing to countries neighbouring conflict and war zones.


1. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) contributes to the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Infusion of L-arginine produces systemic vasodilatation via stimulation of endogenous NO formation. Vasodilatation is accompanied by an increase in peripheral arterial blood flow. However, it is not known whether capillary nutritive blood flow increases as well. The time course and dose-response pattern of this effect remain to be elucidated. 2. Two groups of ten patients with peripheral vascular disease (PVD) received an intravenous infusion of 8 g or 30 g of L-arginine over a period of 40 min. Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored non-invasively. Muscular blood flow (MBF) of the calf was determined at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 min by positron emission tomography with H215O as flow tracer. Plasma L-arginine and cyclic GMP (cGMP) levels were determined at the same time points. 3. L-arginine induced a dose-related decrease in blood pressure during the infusion period. MBF and plasma cGMP levels during and after the infusion of 8 g of L-arginine did not change significantly. In the patients receiving 30 g of L-arginine, MBF was enhanced significantly from 1.56 +/- 0.14 to 2.09 +/- 0.21 ml min-1 100 ml-1 at 40 min and 2.23 +/- 0.15 ml min-1 100 ml-1 after 80 min (+43.0%). The increase in MBF was paralleled by an increase in plasma cGMP from 4789.8 +/- 392.2 nmol/l at baseline to 9223.2 +/- 1233.6 nmol/l at 40 min. 4. We conclude that intravenous L-arginine enhances nutritive capillary MBF in patients with PVD via the NO-cGMP pathway in a dose-related manner. This effect might be therapeutically beneficial in patients with PVD.


Strategic sourcing (i.e. relationship, sourcing and negotiation strategies) has, by the introduction of the Internet and e-business, get hold of a variety of possibilities supporting the classical sourcing guiding principle, such as electronic marketplaces, reversed e-auctions, online communication tools, software agents and the like. E-business regenerates in addition the negotiation character. By combining the operational and strategic views and care for a cautiously implementation, due to the exclusive demands in the specific company, purchasing and sourcing may improve fundamentally, as might happen in competitive companies as well. Such steps increase the possibilities to get reductions in total costs when managing existing operational processes, and not just achieve some short-term price benefits. Further, this includes the strategic aspects of getting a balance between the need of developing suppliers in emerging markets, local and distant sourcing, and adversarial and relationdriven solutions, thanks to strategic moves interlinked to a professional e-business strategy. Nevertheless, the purchasing and supply fundamentals are ongoing, which purchasing management firmly has to address.The diversity of e-business is also its definitely strength. Applications to generate business value, noticed in this thesis, are connected to geographical range, reduced communication costs, alternative business-information flows, complex bid matching, digitized negotiation models, multi-item negotiations, support interlinks, and/or transparency control. However, what is common with these potentials and directions are that they also may be used to greatly improve classical strategic sourcing. Strongly competing suppliers, foreign sourcing, market pricing, and parallel sourcing are all classical characteristics of the purchasing profession.Nevertheless, I would like to underline fmnly that collaboration strategies are as well central on a number of specific areas, as has also been proven in my research. It is on the other hand important to recall that many needs within the purchase range do not hold the strategic content and consequently must not be solved within a collaboration strategy. Another aspect to emphasize is that e-business improves the possibilities to crossfunctional work and to integrate different levels of the organization; both subjects essential to the internal value transfer from the purchasing and supply function.My research has coped with several fields of assessment where specific requisites have been enlightened, such as supplier involvement attributes, mission-critical supplies, supplier requirements, and complexity in supplies. We may now reflect on which direction that is most favorable. As I recognize, e-business has exposed a breathtaking entry and so far generated more questions than answers. This is why the propositions are formulated as a part of the results.


As East African pastoralists settle around market centers, women often adopt new town-based activities to generate income. While settling in or near towns presents women with new opportunities, household poverty may prevent them from exploiting these opportunities or lead them to adopt environmentally unsustainable survival strategies that contribute to the localized degradation of the natural resource base. A survey of 102 Rendille women in and around Korr town in Marsabit District of northern Kenya was undertaken to understand their income-generating strategies. Strategies analyzed in this study are the sale of milk, based on pastoral production; the collection and sale of firewood, which may be environmentally unsustainable; and income generation through small-scale trading, which has become increasingly important as market integration increases in northern Kenya. The results show that Korr women are by no means all pursuing the same income-generating activities. Potential poverty-alleviation strategies include emphasis on research and investments aimed at improvements in milk marketing opportunities and efficiencies, increasing regional employment opportunities, strengthening collective action by pastoral women, and increasing their level of participation in decision making aimed at sustainable use of natural resources.


During the ARK XXV 1 + 2 expedition in the Arctic Ocean carried out in June–July 2010 aboard the R/V Polarstern , we measured carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and phytoplankton pigments at the sea surface and down to a depth of 100 m. The CO and NMHC sea-surface concentrations were highly variable; CO, propene and isoprene levels ranged from 0.6 to 17.5 nmol L −1 , 1 to 322 pmol L −1 and 1 to 541 pmol L −1 , respectively. The CO and alkene concentrations as well as their sea–air fluxes were enhanced in polar waters off of Greenland, which were more stratified because of ice melting and richer in chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) than typical North Atlantic waters. The spatial distribution of the surface concentrations of CO was consistent with our current understanding of CO-induced UV photoproduction in the sea. The vertical distributions of the CO and alkenes were comparable and followed the trend of light penetration, with the concentrations displaying a relatively regular exponential decrease down to non-measurable values below 50 m. However, no diurnal variations of CO or alkene concentrations were observed in the stratified and irradiated surface layers. On several occasions, we observed the existence of subsurface CO maxima at the level of the deep chlorophyll maximum. This finding suggests the existence of a non-photochemical CO production pathway, most likely of phytoplanktonic origin. The corresponding production rates normalized to the chlorophyll content were in the range of those estimated from laboratory experiments. In general, the vertical distributions of isoprene followed that of the phytoplankton biomass. These data support the existence of a dominant photochemical source of CO and light alkenes enhanced in polar waters of the Arctic Ocean, with a minor contribution of a biological source of CO. The biological source of isoprene is observed in the different water masses but significantly increases in the warmer Atlantic waters.


This research investigates the structural and hydrostatic stability of a barge of two different designs used for deploying wave energy converters (WECs) developed at Uppsala University. The key points examined are structural design, static stability and deployment strategy for WECs. This kind of research is needed for every unique design of a floating vessel to ensure the safety of the vessel. To design vessels and to simulate their structural stability, Solidworks 2014 has been used. The static stability has been analysed with ANSYS AQWA 16.0. The two programs have been used together to answer the questions addressed. We expect that this research will be used as a preliminary study for future development of the deployment vessel.


Prokaryotes sense change in environmental oxygen through a two-component signal transduction system and adjust their metabolism accordingly. Surprisingly, oxygen is not the molecular signal that regulates this process, which involves a membrane-associated sensor kinase and a response regulator that modulates gene expression. Georgellis et al. have determined that the redox state of membrane-bound quinones regulates the ArcB sensor kinase of the bacterium Escherichia coli; quinones are carriers in electron transport chains that are linked to metabolic reactions. D. Georgellis, O. Kwon, E. C. C. Lin, Quinones as the redox signal for the Arc two-component system of bacteria. Science 292, 2314-2316 (2001). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Although participation by EFL teachers in research activity is frequently advocated as desirable, involvement of this kind is often lacking in practice. The purpose of this study was to attempt to investigate possible causes of this situation. A review of the non-ELT literature on the subject showed that rates of participation in research activity by academics working in higher education institutions are thought to be affected primarily by a combination of three main factors, i.e., environmental variables, personal variables, and feedback processes. Because of their perceived relevance to exploring them, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TpB) and Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) were used as investigative frameworks for the study of such factors within the research site, a Mexican university setting. The study involved identification and comparison of a number of the perceptions and traits of a group of research active (RA) participants from a variety of non-ELT disciplines within the research setting with those of a number of nonresearch active (NRA) EFL teachers working in the Faculty of Modem Languages in the same research site. The overall research design was two-phase and mixed-methods in nature. In the first phase of the study, quantitative data were generated from both sets of participants by the use of a TpB-based questionnaire. The findings indicated that the two groups were differentiated primarily in terms of self-identity and perceived social factors. In the second main phase of the study, qualitative data were generated via life story interviews with a selection of the same participants, and analyzed from an SCT perspective. The principal finding was that, in contrast to the NRA subjects, RA participants as a group experienced a "'Matthew effect' of accumulated SCT factors", whereby earlier success in research engagement increased the potential for later success. The findings are seen to imply that attempting to increase research engagement by university ELT staff in settings such as the one studied should involve taking into account antecedent factors associated with beliefs affecting research behavior of the kind identified.


This study focuses on the use of vortex generators (VGs) for performance augmentation of the stall regulated A WT -26 wind turbine. The goal was to design a VG array which would increase ann ual energy production (AEP) by increasing power output at moderate wind speeds, without adversely affecting the loads or stall-regulation performance of the turbine. Wind tunnel experiments were conducted at the University of Washington to evaluate the effect of VGs on the AWT-26 blade, which is lofted from National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) S-series airfoils. Based on wind-tunnel results and analysis, a VG array was designed and then tested on the AWT-26 prototype, designated Pl. Performance and loads data were measured for Pl, both with and without VGs installed. The turbine performance with VGs met most of the design requirements; power output was increased af moderate wind speeds with a negligible effect on peak power. However, VG drag penalties caused a loss in power output for low wind speeds, such that performance with VGs resulted in a net decrease in AEP for sites having annual average wind speeds up to 8.5 m/s. While the present work did not lead to improved AEP for the A WT -26 turbine, it does provide insight into performance augmentation of wind turbines with VGs. The safe design of a VG array for a stall regulated turbine has been demonstrated, and several issues involving optimal performance with VGs have been identified and addressed.


We describe a general technique for determining upper bounds on maximal values (or lower bounds on minimal costs) in stochastic dynamic programs. In this approach, we relax the nonanticipativity constraints that require decisions to depend only on the information available at the time a decision is made and impose a "penalty" that punishes violations of nonanticipativity. In applications, the hope is that this relaxed version of the problem will be simpler to solve than the original dynamic program. The upper bounds provided by this dual approach complement lower bounds on values that may be found by simulating with heuristic policies. We describe the theory underlying this dual approach and establish weak duality, strong duality, and complementary slackness results that are analogous to the duality results of linear programming. We also study properties of good penalties. Finally, we demonstrate the use of this dual approach in an adaptive inventory control problem with an unknown and changing demand distribution and in valuing options with stochastic volatilities and interest rates. These are complex problems of significant practical interest that are quite difficult to solve to optimality. In these examples, our dual approach requires relatively little additional computation and leads to tight bounds on the optimal values.


In the United States, witchcraft has become synonymous with Salem. When it comes to the history of witchcraft in the United States the conversation tends to be dominated by Salem, as the words witchcraft and Salem seem to have become synonymous. What is also well known is that the Salem Witch Trials led to the deaths of so many and the imprisonment of dozens more. However, fears of witchcraft and witch hunts and trials have occurred all over the world. There is documentation of witches and persecution of people thought to be witches on every continent that people inhabit. In the last few decades, as the subject of women's history has flourished there has been an abundance of research done on the topic of witchcraft and its impacts in the American colonies. However, a majority of this research and the scholarly writings have focused on the Salem Witch Trials. While this has drawn more of the general population into the topic, there is still far more research that is needed on the other witch trials that occurred in the American colonies. Salem has a well-publicized and understood history when it comes to witchcraft and trials, but there are many trials that preceded and followed those that occurred in the Massachusetts Bay Colony.


The International Plant Proteomics Organization (INPPO) is a non‐profit‐organization consisting of people who are involved or interested in plant proteomics. INPPO is constantly growing in volume and activity, which is mostly due to the realization among plant proteomics researchers worldwide for the need of such a global platform. Their active participation resulted in the rapid growth within the first year of INPPO's official launch in 2011 via its website (www.inppo.com) and publication of the 'Viewpoint paper' in a special issue of PROTEOMICS (May 2011). Here, we will be highlighting the progress achieved in the year 2011 and the future targets for the year 2012 and onwards. INPPO has achieved a successful administrative structure, the Core Committee (CC; composed of President, Vice‐President, and General Secretaries), Executive Council (EC), and General Body (GB) to achieve INPPO objectives. Various committees and subcommittees are in the process of being functionalized via discussion amongst scientists around the globe. INPPO's primary aim to popularize the plant proteomics research in biological sciences has also been recognized by PROTEOMICS where a section dedicated to plant proteomics has been introduced starting January 2012, following the very first issue of this journal devoted to plant proteomics in May 2011. To disseminate organizational activities to the scientific community, INPPO has launched a biannual (in January and July) newsletter entitled 'INPPO Express: News & Views' with the first issue published in January 2012. INPPO is also planning to have several activities in 2012, including programs within the Education Outreach committee in different countries, and the development of research ideas and proposals with priority on crop and horticultural plants, while keeping tight interactions with proteomics programs on model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice, and Medicago truncatula. Altogether, the INPPO progress and upcoming activities are because of immense support, dedication, and hard work of all members of the INPPO community, and also due to the wide encouragement and support from the communities (scientific and non‐scientific).


Three species of Karakaschiceras, K. attenuatus (Behrendsen, 1892), K. neumayri (Behrendsen, 1892), and K. lycoris (Leanza and Giovine, 1949), and one species of Neohoploceras, N. arnoldi (Pictet and Campiche, 1860), are described and figured from the Valanginian strata of the Neuquén basin in west-central Argentina. The large collection of fossils available for study shows wide intraspecific variation regarding ornament and whorl section in Karakaschiceras neumayri and Neohoploceras arnoldi, casting some doubts on the current systematics applied to species of these genera. The biostratigraphic position of the four species in the Neuquén basin corresponds to the Karakaschiceras attenuatus Subzone of the Olcostephanus atherstoni Zone. This subzone is correlated with the Mediterranean Karakaschiceras inostranzewi and Saynoceras verrucosum zones of Europe at the base of upper Valanginian sections.


Objective:The purpose of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of sociocultural influences, specifically pertaining to language and education, on baseline neuropsychological concussion testing as obtained via immediate postconcussion assessment and cognitive testing (ImPACT) of players from a professional baseball team. Design:A retrospective chart review. Setting:Baseline testing of a professional baseball organization. Participants:Four hundred five professional baseball players. Independent Variables:Age, languages spoken, hometown country location (United States/Canada vs overseas), and years of education. Main Outcome Measures:The 5 ImPACT composite scores (verbal memory, visual memory, visual motor speed, reaction time, impulse control) and ImPACT total symptom score from the initial baseline testing. Results:The result of t tests revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) when comparing native English to native Spanish speakers in many scores. Even when corrected for education, the significant differences (P < 0.05) remained in some scores. Conclusions:Sociocultural differences may result in differences in computer-based neuropsychological testing scores.


ABSTRACT Aim: Use of plasma DNA to detect mutations has spread widely as a form of liquid biopsy. The gatekeeper T790M mutation of EGFR has been observed in half of lung cancer patients who acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI). We recently developed a novel sensitive, fully-automated monitoring system, MBP-QP(mutaton-based PCR and quenching probe), to detect T790M using plasma DNA. This study was performed to determine the usefulness of the MBP-QP method for monitoring T790M during treatment with EGFR-TKI. Methods: This was a prospective, multicenter, observational study involving lung adenocarcinoma patients carrying EGFR activating mutations, such as L858R and exon 19 deletions, who were treated with EGFR-TKI. The primary objective was to determine whether T790M could be detected using plasma DNA at the time of progressive disease (PD). The secondary objective was to assess correspondence between T790M measured using plasma and that using cancer specimens. The association between detection of T790M and effect of EGFR-TKI was also investigated as an exploratory objective. Results: Ninety non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with EGFR-TKI were enrolled from seven hospitals in Japan: 92.1% had adenocarcinoma, 62% at stage IV, and 29% had postoperative recurrent disease. According to the investigators' evaluations, T790M was detected in 26% (15/58) of the patients who acquired resistance to EGFR-TKI. A central review showed that the frequency of T790M positives among the patients with PD was 22% (12/55). When EGFR-TKI was discontinued because of PD, T790M was detected in 33% (17/52), whereas any patients who were discontinued for other reasons such as adverse effects did not show T790M positivity. Eight re-biopsy specimens were obtained at the time of occurrence of PD, and the concordane rate was 63%. The frequncy of T790M positive was higher when metastatic lesions were spread compared to enlargement of primary lesions. The cases with T790M positive have been analyzing in detail. Conclusions: T790M was detected in plasma DNA at the time of PD occurrence. Compared to the frequency using re-biopsy reported by other papers, liquid biopsy covered approximately half of the total patiets with PD. The relationship between T790M positivity and detailed characteristics of progression was analyzed. Disclosure: Y. Urata: other substantive relationships(myself):AstraZeneca, Chugai pharmaceutical; M. Satouchi: other substantive relationships(myself):AstraZeneca, Chugai pharmaceutical; K. Aoe: corporate-sponsored research:Elli Lilly(myself). All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.


The paper demonstrates the need for a fundamental revision of reliability concepts and design codes for quasibrittle heterogeneous structures, such as concrete structures failing due to concrete fracture or crushing (rather than reinforcement yielding), or large load-bearing fiber-composite structures for ships or aircraft, sea ice plates, etc. While ductile failure occurs simultaneously along the failure surface and is characterized by absence of size effect and Gaussian distribution of structural strength, quasibrittle failures propagates, exhibits a strong size effect and follows at large sizes extreme value statistics of weakest-link model, which leads to Weibull distribution of structural strength (provided that failure occurs at macro-crack initiation). Based on smalland large-size asymptotic properties recently deduced from cohesive crack model and nonlocal Weibull theory, the transition of cumulative probability distribution function (cdf) of structural strength from small to large sizes is modeled by a chain of fiber bundles, in which each fiber with Weibulltype tail of strength probability corresponds to one dominant micro-bond within a representative volume element (RVE) in a brittle lower-scale microstructure. The cdf of each fiber (or micro-bond) properties can be deduced from Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of the atomic thermal energies, which brings about the rescaling of cdf according to temperature, load duration and moisture content. A fascinating by-product of the analysis, with physical implications, is that the Weibull modulus is equal to the number of dominant (simultaneously failing) micro-bonds in an RVE. The structural strength distribution is based on chain-of-bundles model, for which a composite cdf with a Weibull tail grafted on a Gaussian core is proposed. For the smallsize limit, the core is totally Gaussian, and for the large-size limit totally Weibull. In between, the grafting point moves right as the Gaussian core shrinks with increasing size. This causes that the distance from the mean to a point of tolerable failure probability (such as 10) nearly doubles as the size of quasibrittle structure increases. Consequently, the understrength factor in design codes must be made size dependent. So must the Cornell and Hasofer-Lind reliability indices. Their reformulation (implying replacement of FORM with 'EVRM') is proposed. Inseparable from these effects are further problems due to 'covert' understrength factors implied in brittle failure provisions of concrete design codes, as well as an irrational hidden size effect implied by excessive load factor for self weight acting alone. To improve design safety and efficiency, experts in statistical reliability and fracture mechanics will need to collaborate to tackle these problems comprehensively.


The peculiarities of materials at the nanoscale demand an interdisciplinary approach which can be difficult for students and researchers who are trained predominantly in a single field. A chemist might not have experience at working with cell cultures or a physicist may have no idea how to make the gold colloid they need for calibrating an atomic force microscope. The interdisciplinary approach of the book will help you to quickly synthesize information from multiple perspectives. Nanoscience research is also characterized by rapid movement within disciplines. The amount of time it takes wading through papers and chasing down academics is frustrating and wasteful and our reviewers seem to suggest this work would give an excellent starting point for their work. The current source of published data is either in journal articles, which requires highly advanced knowledge of background information, or books on the subject, which can skim over the essential details of preparations. Having a cookbook to hand to flick through and from which you may select a preparation acts as a good source of contact both to researchers and those who supervise them alike. This book therefore supports fundamental nanoscience experimentation. It is by intention much more user-friendly than traditional published works, which too-frequently assumes state of the art knowledge. Moreover you can pick up this book and find a synthesis to suit your needs without digging through specialist papers or tracking someone down who eventually may or may not be able to help. Once you have used the recipe the book would then act as a reference guide for how to analyze these materials and what to look out for. This title includes 100+ detailed recipes for synthesis of basic nanostructured materials, enables readers to pick up the book and get started on a preparation immediately. It features high fidelity images that show how preparations should look rather than vague schematics or verbal descriptions. It is sequential and user-friendly by design, so the reader won't get lost in overly detailed theory or miss out a step from ignorance. This is a cookbook, by design and structure the work is easy to use, familiar and compact.


Development of Electro-Microbial Carbon Capture and Conversion Systems Israa Salem F. Al Rowaihi Carbon dioxide is a viable resource, if used as a raw material for bioprocessing. It is abundant and can be collected as a byproduct from industrial processes. Globally, photosynthetic organisms utilize around 6'000 TW (terawatt) of solar energy to fix ca. 800 Gt (gigaton) of CO2 in the planets largest carbon-capture process. Photosynthesis combines light harvesting, charge separation, catalytic water splitting, generation of reduction equivalents (NADH), energy (ATP) production and CO2 fixation into one highly interconnected and regulated process. While this simplicity makes photosynthetic production of commodity interesting, yet photosynthesis suffers from low energy efficiency, which translates in an extensive footprint for solar biofuels production conditions that store < 2% of solar energy. Electron transfer processes form the core of photosynthesis. At moderate light intensity, the electron transport chains reach maximum transfer rates and only work when photons are at appropriate wavelengths, rendering the process susceptible to oxidative damage, which leads to photo-inhibition and loss of efficiency. Based on our fundamental analysis of the specialized tasks in photosynthesis, we aimed to optimize the efficiency of these processes separately, then combine them in an artificial photosynthesis (AP) process that surpasses the low efficiency of natural photosynthesis. Therefore, by combining photovoltaic light harvesting with electrolytic water splitting or CO2 reduction in combination with microbiological conversion of electrochemical products to higher valuable compounds, we developed an electro5 microbial carbon capture and conversion setups that capture CO2 into the targeted bioplastic; polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Based on the type of the electrochemical products, and the microorganism that either (i) convert products formed by electrochemical reduction of CO2, e.g. formate (using inorganic cathodes), or (ii) use electrochemically produced H2 to reduce CO2 into higher compounds (autotrophy), three AP setups were designed: one-pot, two-pot, and three-pot setups. We evaluated the kinetic (microbial uptake and conversion, electrochemical reduction) and thermodynamics (efficiencies) of the separate processes, and the overall process efficiency of AP compared to photosynthesis. We address the influence of several parameters on efficiencies and time-space yields, e.g. salinity, pH, electrodes, media, partial pressures of H2 and CO2. These data provide a valuable basis to establish a highly efficient and continuous AP process in the future.


This paper presents a method for localizing an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) using georeferenced aerial images. Easily maneuverable and more and more affordable, UAVs have become a real center of interest. In the last few years, their utilization has significantly increased. Today, they are used for multiple tasks such as navigation, transportation or vigilance. Nevertheless, the success of these tasks could not be possible without a highly accurate localization which can, unfortunately be often laborious. Here we provide a multiple usage localization algorithm based on vision only. However, a major drawback with vision-based algorithms is the lack of robustness. Most of the approaches are sensitive to scene variations (like season or environment changes) due to the fact that they use the Sum of Squared Differences (SSD). To prevent that, we choose to use the Mutual Information (MI) which is very robust toward local and global scene variations. However, dense approaches are often related to drift disadvantages. Here, we solve this problem by using georeferenced images. The localization algorithm has been implemented and experimental results are presented demonstrating the localization of a hexarotor UAV fitted with a downward looking camera during real flight tests.


We consider the question of what performance metric to maximize when designing ad hoc wireless network protocols such as routing or MAC. We focus on maximizing rates under battery-lifetime and power constraints. Commonly used metrics are total capacity (in the case of cellular networks) and transport capacity (in the case of ad hoc networks). However, it is known in traditional wired networking that maximizing total capacity conflicts with fairness, and this is why fairness-oriented rate allocations, such as max-min fairness, are often used. We review this issue for wireless ad hoc networks. Indeed, the mathematical model for wireless networks has a specificity that makes some of the findings different. It has been reported in the literature on ultra wide band that gross unfairness occurs when maximizing total capacity or transport capacity, and we confirm by a theoretical analysis that this is a fundamental shortcoming of these metrics in wireless ad hoc networks, as it is for wired networks. The story is different for max-min fairness. Although it is perfectly viable for a wired network, it is much less so in our setting. We show that, in the limit of long battery lifetimes, the max-min allocation of rates always leads to strictly equal rates, regardless of the MAC layer, network topology, channel variations, or choice of routes and power constraints. This is due to the "solidarity" property of the set of feasible rates. This results in all flows receiving the rate of the worst flow, and leads to severe inefficiency. We show numerically that the problem persists when battery-lifetime constraints are finite. This generalizes the observation reported in the literature that, in heterogeneous settings, 802.11 allocates the worst rate to all stations, and shows that this is inherent to any protocol that implements max-min fairness. Utility fairness is an alternative to max-min fairness, which approximates rate allocation performed by TCP in the Internet. We analyze by numerical simulations different utility functions and we show that the proportional fairness of rates or transport rates, a particular instance of utility-based metrics, is robust and achieves a good tradeoff between efficiency and fairness, unlike total rate or maximum fairness. We thus recommend that metrics for the rate performance of mobile ad hoc networking protocols be based on proportional fairness.


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OBJECTIVE
Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in adults focuses on the initial assessment of the prognostic relevant cytogenetic features as well as a response-guided therapy based on molecular data. We examined the importance of molecular-cytogenetic abnormalities for complete remission (CR) rates and the overall survival (OS) in adult ALLs.

METHODS
Conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed on bone marrow cells from 33 newly-diagnosed ALL adults. Two karyotype categories [standard- risk group- normal karyotype, hyperdiplody and other structural aberrations, and high-risk group-t(11q23)/MLL, t(9;22)/bcr-abl, t(1;19), t(8;14), C-MYC and complex karyotype] and the biologically and clinically relevant ALL ploidy subgroups were prospectively defined.

RESULTS
Chromosomal abnormalities were found in 52% of the cases with a high rate of poor-risk translocations - t(9;22), t(8q24), t(11q23), t(1;19). The total CR rate was 67% and the median time for achievement 2.33 months. Male sex, an age below 35 years and the absence of high risk translocations might have contributed to the high CR rates. Female patients, hyperdiplody, low white blood cells (WBC), and random cytogenetic aberrations had the longest OS. OS, 3- and 5-years survival periods were significantly shorter for poor-risk than standard risk group (p=.015, p=.001 and p=.005, respectively).

CONCLUSION
This study emphasizes the lack of influence of cytogenetic aberrations on the CR and the time to achieve CR. However, our observations show that these aberrations are an independent prognostic factor in adult ALL - they allow predicting therapy resistance and the OS time after intense treatment.


Standard histories of electronic music tend to trace the lineage of musique concrète as lying mainly in the Futurists' declarations of the 1910s, through Cage's 'emancipation' of noise in the 1930s, to Schaeffer's work and codifications of the late 1940s and early 1950s. This article challenges this narrative by drawing attention to the work of filmmakers in the 1930s that foreshadowed the sound experiments of Pierre Schaeffer and thus offers an alternative history of their background. The main focus of the article is on the innovations within documentary film and specifically the sonic explorations in early British documentary that prefigured musique concrète, an area ignored by electronic music studies. The theoretical and philosophical underpinnings of the documentary movement's members, particularly their leader John Grierson, will be compared with those of Pierre Schaeffer, and the important influence of Russian avant-garde filmmaking on the British (and musique concrète) will be addressed. Case studies will focus on the groundbreaking soundtracks of two films made by the General Post Office Film Unit that feature both practical and theoretical correspondences to Schaeffer: 6.30 Collection (1934) and Coal Face (1935). Parallels between the nature and use of technologies and how this affected creative outputs will also be discussed, as will the relationship of the British documentary movement's practice and ideas to post-Schaefferian 'anecdotal music' and the work of Luc Ferrari.


ROUGHLY A HALF-CENTURY after Rachel Crothers, Susan Glaspell, and Zona Gale revolutionized American theatre with feminist perspectives derived from their midwestern upbringing, a cadre of male playwrights emerged from the heartland in the 1970s, addressing the troubled terrain of American masculinity following the gender revolutions of the 1960s. Lanford Wilson, David Rabe, Sam Shepard, and David Mamet rose to sudden, striking prominence in their depictions of what I have called "decadent, wounded patriarchy" (Radavich, "Man," 79). With the noticeable exception of Wilson, these playwrights have charted the "shifting tectonics of male friendship in a world of fractured relations with women, corrupting work demands, and confused fraternal loyalties." Moreover, plays like Babe's Hurlyburly "enact what Raphael has called a 'freestyle' initiation," in which young men endure ritualized suffering, but without the leadership of older males, clear gender instruction, or reliable outcomes (Radavich, "Collapsing," 148). The confused masculinity of this period in American history has been articulated on stage by four award-wining playwrights through the lens of the Midwest. Lanford Wilson (b. 1937) is the oldest of this group chronologically, but David Babe (b. 1940) was the first to emerge on the national scene with the first of his Vietnam plays, The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel, produced in May 1971 in New York to great acclaim. Sticks and Bones, first produced at Villanova in 1969, followed Pavlo Hummel in New York in November 1971 and moved to Broadway in March of the following year. Rabe's theatrical double-whammy was followed in 1976 by Streamers, third part of what became his Vietnam trilogy, subsequently made into a successful film. As Christoph Houswitschka points out, "the Vietnam War has had the most poignant impact on American society since the Civil War," creating great resonance for Rabe's trio of plays (117). The playwright essentially provides "teichoscopy," a dramatic view of battle scenes from the protected perspective of distance (Mohr, 135). Rabe was born and grew up Catholic in Dubuque, Iowa, an historic town along the Mississippi River. Unlike Mamet, Shepard, and Wilson, who enact cultural interactions of the region, Rabe evokes the Midwest covertly, either as an All-American, geographically deracinated location or through elements related to the playwright's regionally tinged biography. The Basic Training of Pavlo Hummel features the classic Midwestern dichotomies, normality versus abnormality and practical realism versus illusion, but these are not ideas to which he devotes specifically regional attention. Yet the title character, based at least in part on the author, revels in breaking away from his background: "Ain't I bad, man? Gonna eat up Cleveland. Gonna piss on Chicago" (8). The midwestern underpinning surfaces again in the Author's Note at the end: "If the character of Pavlo Hummel does not have a certain eagerness and wide-eyed spontaneity, along with a true, real, and complete inability to grasp the implications of what he does, the play will not work as it can" (110). In Sticks and Bones more iconic Midwestern elements can be seen in the domestic setting of Ozzie and Harriet's idealized home from 1950s television. The playwright inserts some of his own Vietnam experience into the TV character named David, who in Rabe's play arrives home from war blind and emotionally scarred. Unlike the upbeat feel-goodism of Ozzie and Harriet, the family in this play do not understand David's war-time trauma; his situation to them "is all very strange--very spooky" (137). Ozzie erupts in irrational tirades, and David rejects the blessing of Father Donald, assaulting him with his cane. At the end, in a ferocious parody of Midwestern domesticity, Harriet brings "silver pans and towels with roosters on them" to catch David's blood in a family-assisted suicide (222). In this play Midwestern elements are used with savage intensity to mock the pretense of quaint American family nostalgia and denial of reality. …


Summary.  Patients with chronic hepatitis C infection may exhibit neuropsychological symptoms and cognitive impairment. Post‐mortem studies of hepatitis C virus HCV quasispecies and replicative intermediates indicate that the brain might act as a separate compartment for viral replication and microglia may be the locus for infection and subsequent neuroinflammatory activity. We sought to use two independent in vivo imaging techniques to determine evidence of neuroinflammation in patients with histologically mild chronic hepatitis C. Using positron emission tomography (PET) with a ligand for microglial/brain macrophage activation, 11C‐(R)‐PK11195 (PK11195) and cerebral proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we determined whether there was evidence of neuroinflammation in a pilot study of 11 patients with biopsy‐proven mild chronic hepatitis C, compared to healthy volunteers. Patients were characterized by cognitive testing and the fatigue impact scale to assess for CNS impairment. PK11195 binding potential was significantly increased in the caudate nucleus of patients, compared to normal controls (P = 0.03). The caudate and thalamic binding potential were more significantly increased in six patients with genotype 1 infection (P = 0.007) and positively correlated with viraemia (r = 0.77, P = 0.005). Basal ganglia myo‐inositol/creatine and choline/creatine ratios were also significantly elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared to normal controls (P = 0.0004 and P = 0.01, respectively). Using PET, we demonstrated evidence of microglial activation, which positively correlated with HCV viraemia and altered cerebral metabolism in the brains of patients with mild hepatitis C. This provides further in vivo evidence for a neurotropic role for HCV.


Since the late 1970s human remains in museum collections have been subject to claims and controversies, such as demands for repatriation by indigenous groups who suffered under colonization. These requests have been strongly contested by scientists who research the material and consider it unique evidence. This book charts the influences at play on the contestation over human remains and examines the construction of this problem from a cultural perspective. It shows that claims on dead bodies are not confined to once colonized groups. A group of British Pagans, Honouring the Ancient Dead, formed to make claims on skeletons from the British Isles. And ancient human remains, bog bodies and Egyptian mummies, which have not been requested by any group, have become the focus of campaigns initiated by members of the profession, at times removed from display in the name of respect. By drawing on empirical research including extensive interviews with the claims-making groups, ethnographic work, document, media, and policy analysis, Contesting Human Remains in Museum Collections demonstrates that strong internal influences do in fact exist. The only book to examine the construction of contestation over human remains from a sociological perspective, it advances an emerging area of academic research, setting the terms of debate, synthesizing disparate ideas, and making sense of a broader cultural focus on dead bodies in the contemporary period.


In recent years SnO2 has attracted a lot of interest because of its outstanding electrical, optical and electro-chemical properties and these properties has enabled the application of SnO2 in solar cells, catalytic support materials, transparent electrodes and solid state chemical sensors. Very recently, nano-crystalline SnO2 has gained prominence in technological field due to its interesting electrical and optical properties arising out of large surface-to-volume ratio, quantum confinement effect. The synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using plant extract is an alternative method to other chemical and physical methods which has environmental toxicity or biological hazards. Hence it is a challenge to find cost effective, non-toxic natural metal oxide nanoparticles and to synthesize them. Plant extracts will act both as reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of nano particle. In the present study SnO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by using ethanolic extract of the plant Stevia rebaudiana. The tin oxide nanoparticles thus formed was characterized by UV, PL and SEM. The antibacterial activities of SnO2 nanoparticles were studied by using Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus.


Drug Metabolizing Enzyme (DME) has been a target of natural chemopreventive agents to inhibit, retard and reverse the process of carcinogenesis. Pterostilbene, an analog to resveratrol has been reported to possess various pharmacological benefits including chemoprevention. In our study, benzo[a]pyrene-induced HT-29 colorectal cell line was used as the DME model. The activity of phase I enzyme CYP1A as determined by the 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) assay was found to be inhibited significantly by pterostilbene at 50 µM, 75 µM and 100 µM (p ≤ 0.01, p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01 respectively) compared to the benzo[a]pyrene treated group. Meanwhile, pterostilbene induced glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity significantly (p ≤ 0.01) at 50 µM as compared to the untreated. In addition, However, the protein expression of CYP1A1 and GST in pterostilbene treated group was not significantly affected compared to untreated. On the other hand, pterostilbene at 25 and 75 µM were able to increase the protein expression of transcription factor Nrf2 significantly (p ≤ 0.01). Results indicated that pterostilbene could reduce metabolic activation of procarcinogens and increase the detoxification process which can be potentially developed as chemopreventive agent. DOI :  http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2018-05


This paper suggests an alternate approach to corporate finance in an interest free economy by looking beyond practiced Islamic finance and suggesting alternatives for corporate finance in sourcing funds i.e. i) Ijara with embedded options, ii) limited liability partnership, iii) equity modes like Musharakah and Mudarabah iv) income bonds and v) convertible income bonds. It also suggests alternatives for corporate finance in using funds i.e. i) Islamic income funds, ii) Islamic REITs, iii) Treasury Bonds, iv) income bonds v) convertible income bonds, vi) foreign currency reserves, vii) making strategic expansion, and viii) equity investments in other companies. It also suggests methods of valuation by suggesting an alternate means of pricing capital in interest free economy and use of appropriate discount rate i.e. Nominal GDP growth rate in public finance and corporate finance in CAPM, dividend discount model, project valuation, calculating NPV, valuing income bonds and stocks. It also discusses how the problems of scarcity of capital will be solved and alternatives for insurance in an interest free economy.


The US Endangered Species Act has enabled species conservation but has differentially impacted fire management and rare bird conservation in the southern and western US. In the South, prescribed fire and restoration-based forest thinning are commonly  used to conserve the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis; RCW), whereas in the West, land managers continue to suppress fire across the diverse habitats of the northern, Californian, and Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis subspecies; SO). Although the habitat needs of the RCW and SO are not identical, substantial portions of both species' ranges have historically been exposed to relatively frequent, low-to moderate-intensity fires. Active management with fire and thinning has benefited the RCW but proves challenging in the western US. We suggest the western US could benefit from the adoption of a similar innovative approach through policy, public–private partnerships, and complementarity of endangered species management with multiple objectives. These changes would likely balance long-term goals of SO conservation and enhance forest resilience.


Abstract This paper presents the case of Pakistan, which is also broadly illustrative of the issues concerning federalism and subnational empowerment in developing countries characterized by unconsolidated political systems and enhanced constitutionalism. In the course of the analysis, this paper examines the dynamics and determinants of federalist/subnational politics in Pakistan, the formal constitutional and ordinance frameworks stipulated in support of federalism and subnational governance. The analysis shall be focused on the Local Governments Ordinance of 2001 and the 18th Constitutional Amendment, as these have been the most substantive attempts at subnational constitutionalism that were instituted under opposing political systems, and the extent to which they have enabled greater prospects for a stable federation while also examining the challenges that the radical departure under the 18th Constitutional Amendment put forth.


A simple and sensitive UV Spectrophotometric method have been developed for the estimation of ormeloxifene hydrochloride in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms, using methanol as solvent. This method is based on the UV absorption maximum at 281nm. The absorbance of the UV is measured against the corresponding reagent blank. The method was validated statistically and by recovery studies .The LOD (limit of detection) and LOQ (limit of quantification) for Ormeloxifene hydrochloride were found to be 0.4μg/ml and 1.2μg/ml, respectively. The correlation coefficient value was found to be 0.9999. The % assay was found to be 99.98%. This method have been statistically evaluated and found to be precise and accurate.


This article examines fear and anger content in the political rhetoric of former U.S. President George W. Bush and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair during the period 2001-2003. A total of 49 terrorism-related speeches were coded for content that could plausibly elicit fear or anger in listeners. Although anger and fear inductions were present in the vast majority of coded speeches, the percentage of speeches containing emotional content varied widely over time and between speakers, with the highest levels present in the lead-up to the War in Iraq. The content of Bush's communication was also considered alongside polling data measuring presidential approval and fear of falling victim to a terrorist attack. Results indicate that fear content in political rhetoric was not associated with significant changes in public fear of terrorism. However, the presence of emotional content did coincide with declining presidential approval. This finding is consistent with claims that emotional appeals are selectively deployed at times of declining public support for governments and their counter-terrorism policies. However, the lack of relationship between fear content and fear levels also raises questions about the purpose and effectiveness of alleged fear appeals.


We investigated the effect of PSK, a protein-bound polysaccharide obtained from Coriolus versicolor of basidiomycetes, on antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing mice. PSK prolonged significantly the life span of C3H/He mice bearing syngeneic plasmacytoma X5563 in a schedule- and dose-dependent manner. PSK was most effective when administered at 100 mg/kg every other day ten times starting from the day after tumor inoculation. The administration of PSK enhanced significantly the cytostatic activity of peritoneal exudate plastic-adherent cells and the cytolytic activity of spleen cells after in vitro incubation with mitomycin C-treated tumor cells. In addition, PSK restored the cytokine-producing capacity of spleen cells suppressed in tumor-bearing mice after in vitro incubation with mitogen. Sera from tumor-bearing mice suppressed the activity of such effector cells as well as the interleukin 2-producing capacity of spleen cells, but sera from PSK-treated tumor-bearing mice prevented this suppression. These results suggest that PSK enhances antitumor immunity by reducing immunosuppressive activity of serum from tumor-bearing mice.


Winner of the Templer Medal and the Wolfson History Prize; Sunday Times Top 10 Bestseller Richard Vinen's National Service is a serious - if often very entertaining - attempt to get to grips with the reality of that extraordinary institution, which now seems as remote as the British Empire itself. With great sympathy and curiosity, Vinen unpicks the myths of the two 'gap years', which all British men who came of age between 1945 and the early 1960s had to fill with National Service. This book is fascinating to those who endured or even enjoyed their time in uniform, but also to anyone wishing to understand the unique nature of post-war Britain.


Disturbances are fundamental components of ecological systems which operate at variable frequencies and magnitudes that affect the structures and processes of the system. Multiple disturbance types have functioned in oak (Quercus)-shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata, Mill.) forests including drought, fire, and canopy disturbances that may be natural (wind, ice, insect defoliation) or anthropogenic (logging). To study historic disturbances, dendroecological methods were used to assess the disturbance dynamics across multiple sites in the Missouri Ozarks in order to better understand multiple disturbances and disturbance integration. Increment cores and remnant wood were collected and ring-widths were measured to analyze the patterns of radial growth, used to identify historic disturbances. Growth release analysis (a proxy for canopy disturbance) indicated that species responded to gap openings (1-4 releases), but some trees did not exhibit a growth release suggesting these trees established in large gaps and reached the canopy without a release. An assessment of canopy accession strategies indicated the two most common strategies to reach the canopy were gap origin-no release and gap origin-major release. While some trees did not release, others established in gaps, were subsequently overtopped by adjacent canopy trees and required additional gap openings to reach the canopy. Significant associations (p<0.05) were detected using superposed epoch analysis between


The authors review recent international price comparisons to examine the veracity of claims about "rip-off Britain†. They reach three conclusions. First, methodologically, the data requirements for a meaningful price comparison are very demanding and most of the evidence does not meet these standards. Second, price differences within countries seem, in many cases, to be just as high if not higher than price differences between countries. Third, for most goods, the difference between the UK and the rest of the EU seems to be minor relative to the difference between the EU and the United States. The real puzzle is the comparatively high prices in the EU.


The media industry has been struggling to create sustainable business models for news content in the digital era. While the collapse of the traditional business models can be largely attributed to the rise of information technology, it can also assist in creating new once. Technological advances allow online merchants to offer a variety of personalization features, enabling them to tailor their offerings ever more accurately to the needs and tastes of individual users. We have taken a systematic experimental approach using an online news aggregator to answer the question of how different levels of personalization can affect users' intentions to pay for news content. Results show that only personalization features that allow the users to constantly adapt the content to their needs yield a significant increase in purchase intention. Furthermore, supplementary design personalization may even decrease users' intentions to purchase. Results of a post-hoc study with industry experts confirm the practical contribution of our research, demonstrating that some of our key findings are counterintuitive to professionals. Our findings contribute to the literature on web personalization and media management by experimentally demonstrating the value-add of different levels of personalization and by revealing counterintuitive implications for the media industry.


This paper investigates the mechanical behaviour of a hypercompacted unstabilized earth material manufactured by compressing a moist soil to very high pressures up to 100 MPa. The hypercompaction procedure increases material density, which in turn improves mechanical characteristics. Samples were manufactured at the scale of both small cylinders and masonry bricks. The effect of ambient humidity on the mechanical characteristics of the material was investigated at the scale of cylindrical samples, showing that both strength and stiffness are sensitive to environmental conditions and tend to increase as ambient humidity reduces. The strength of the bricks was instead investigated under laboratory ambient conditions by using different experimental configurations to assess the influence of sample slenderness and friction confinement. Additional tests were also performed to evaluate the influence of mortar joints and compaction-induced anisotropy. Overall, the hypercompacted earth material exhibits mechanical characteristics that are comparable with those of traditional building materials, such as fired bricks, concrete blocks or stabilized compressed earth.


Ciliated protozoa are one of the most relevant biological communities in the reactors of wastewater treatment plants. These organisms are excellent tools to asses the biological status of the reactor being used to monitor wastewater treatment plants performance. This book has been designed to simplify identification of ciliates, bearing in mind the difficulties on the manipulation and proper identification of these species. The specific role of ciliates in WWTP is discussed; methods for observation together with a glossary of scientific words and a simple and easy key to the taxonomic groups of ciliates are also provided. Illustrations, drawings, photographs and brief morphological descriptions of the species are included.

Guidelines for the Identification of Ciliates in Wastewater Treatment Plants is the first book to use the new official classification proposed by the Society of Protozoologists (2005). It includes a complete chapter on methodology that is designed to be easy to follow and reproduce. A simple key to classify main taxonomic groups and genera is included, as are detailed descriptions to aid observation and identification of species of ciliates, in addition to drawings and photographs that accurately reproduce ciliate species.

ISBN: 9781780401935 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781843391715 (Print)


A multidisciplinary design study considering the impact of Active Aeroelastic Wing (AAW) technology on the structural wing weight of a lightweight fighter concept is presented. The study incorporates multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) and response surface methods to characterize wing weight as a function of wing geometry. The study involves the sizing of the wing box skins of several fighter configurations to minimum weight subject to static aeroelastic requirements. In addition, the MDO problem makes use of a new capability, trim optimization for redundant control surfaces, to accurately model AAW technology. The response surface methodology incorporates design of experiments, least squares regression, and makes use of the parametric definition of a structural finite element model and aerodynamic model to build response surface equations of wing weight as a function of wing geometric parameters for both AAW technology and conventional control technology. The goal for this design study is to demonstrate a process by which some of the benefits associated with AAW technology can be quantified over the wing geometry design space, so that future conceptual designers may make the best use of the technology.


Persistent archival and user-friendly sharing of knowledge is one of the core components for good scientific practice. Over years, the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), has acquired a wealth of observational data by operating research vessels (Polarstern, Heincke and Uthorn), land-based stations (Neumayer, Kohnen, Koldewey and Dallmann), aircraft (Polar 2 and Polar 4), and, more recently, the ocean-based stations Hausgarten.To optimize mining of research platform related knowledge, a prototype for a vertical portal designed to serve the needs of science-, industry- and outreach-oriented users has been developed. It provides links to AWI publications related to a given expedition/campaign and to data sets extracted from onboard/in situ acquisition systems. Thus, we are taking the first step towards bridging the gap between AWI publications and data archives, f.e. PANGAEA and mass storage systems. In addition, various types of information about past and future expeditions/campaigns are available such as associated technology transfer material, project summary, cruise/campaigns reports, newsletters, press releases, multimedia material, webcam links etc. Knowledge query is made available according to research platform type, geographical location or coordinates, project title and discipline. We offer either a simple, user-friendly table-like interface or a fully graphical one using the OpenGIS MapServer systemThe discovery model presented is extensible and not limited to AWIs in-house data models. We believe that sharing of quality-controlled knowledge on research platforms fosters cross-discipline as well as cross-institutional cooperation and improves the scientific planning of future expeditions/campaigns and long-term observatory programs.We seek support from this community towards the development and consolidation of a web of service-oriented information systems archives and portals which provide a variety of views towards these - which allows for seamless access to distributed repositories worldwide. Such a federated system which would leave the stewardship of publications and data archives with their creators - could be accomplished based on the interoperability architecture of W3C Web Services protocols, combined with further, select standards for metadata, as for example the Dublin Core metadata element set [ANSI/NISO Z39.85-2001, ISSN: 1041-5653] and the richer ISO 19115/TC211 geospatial metadata scheme.


A heat wave with temperatures over 35°C and sunny stagnant meteorological conditions occurred in Shanghai from 27 July to 5 August 2015, leading to a sustained episode of high ozone lasting 12 days. We have conducted a detailed source apportionment of surface ozone, by precursor source category and region, using a photochemical transport model. In this episode, a southwesterly wind prevailed over the Yangtze River Delta, and therefore precursors from the local Shanghai region and the region immediately to the south of Shanghai are the two major contributors (in total 90%) to ozone in Shanghai. The source apportionment reveals that local industrial sources and energy/biogenic sources in neighbouring regions are the principal causes for the high levels of ozone. By examining the contributions from individual physical and chemical processes, we show that ozone concentrations start to rise rapidly in the morning because chemical production dominates as the solar radiation increases, and while there is little removal by deposition when ozone remains low. In general, chemical production, horizontal advection and vertical diffusion contribute to increase ozone concentration during daytime, and deposition and vertical advection reduce ozone concentrations.


We propose FMMformers, a class of efficient and flexible transformers inspired by the celebrated fast multipole method (FMM) for accelerating interacting particle simulation. FMM decomposes particle-particle interaction into near-field and far-field components and then performs direct and coarse-grained computation, respectively. Similarly, FMMformers decompose the attention into near-field and far-field attention, modeling the near-field attention by a banded matrix and the far-field attention by a low-rank matrix. Computing the attention matrix for FMMformers requires linear complexity in computational time and memory footprint with respect to the sequence length. In contrast, standard transformers suffer from quadratic complexity. We analyze and validate the advantage of FMMformers over the standard transformer on the Long Range Arena and language modeling benchmarks. FMMformers can even outperform the standard transformer in terms of accuracy by a significant margin. For instance, FMMformers achieve an average classification accuracy of $60.74\%$ over the five Long Range Arena tasks, which is significantly better than the standard transformer's average accuracy of $58.70\%$.


Introduction: This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of 800μg vaginal misoprostol after wetting alkaline PH vagina with 3% acetic acid in comparison with 800μg vaginal misoprostol alone in the alkaline PH vagina in terminating first trimester pregnancies. Methods: In this clinical trial, a total of 100 healthy women between 20 and 40 years old requesting legal termination of pregnancy before 12 weeks gestation (98 missed cases 50 in group A and 48 in group B and 2 fetus with great anomaly in group B) were randomly assigned to either of the treatment groups to receive 800μg vaginal misoprostol after wetting vagina with three pieces of cotton soaked in 3ml of 3% acetic acid or 800μg vaginal misoprostol alone for induction abortion. Pregnant women with active vaginal bleeding, rupture of membrane, coagulopathy, corticosteroid consumption, previous cesarean section and any contraindication of misoprostol using were excluded. Duration of extraction or expulsion of the pregnancy product, complications, and treatment failure were collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS 19 by descriptive statistics and statistical tests comprising independent t-test and chi-square. Results: Totally 14 patients had complete abortion (7 subjects in each group) and 86 had incomplete abortion (43 patients in each group). The success rate was not significantly different between both groups. The overall median induction-abortion interval was 19±14 hour. Conclusion: Vaginal misoprostol in alkaline PH vagina wetted with 3% acetic acid was not significantly more effective than vaginal misoprostol alone in alkaline PH vagina in first trimester pregnancies.


Today's investment decisions in large-scale onshore wind projects in Germany are no longer determined only by the investment's economic benefit, but also by concerns associated to social acceptance. Despite a mostly positive attitude towards the expansion of wind power, local public concerns often stem from the belief that the proximity to large-scale wind farms may lead to a decrease in property prices. In particular, the change in landscape caused by the construction of a wind farm may have an adverse impact on the view from some properties, and thus may negatively affect their price. To investigate the potential devaluation of properties in Germany due to wind farms, we use a quasi-experimental technique and apply a spatial difference-in-differences approach to various wind farm sites in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia. We adopt a quantitative visual impact assessment approach to account for the adverse environmental effects caused by the wind turbines. To properly account for spatial dependence and unobserved variables biases, we apply augmented spatial econometric models. The estimates indicate that the asking price for properties whose view was strongly affected by the construction of wind turbines decreased by about 10-17%. In contrast, properties with a minor or marginal view on the wind turbines experienced no devaluation.


Understanding the patterns and characteristics of sedimentary deposits on the conjugate Australian‐Antarctic margins is critical to reveal the Cretaceous‐Cenozoic tectonic, oceanographic, and climatic conditions in the basin. However, unraveling its evolution has remained difficult due to the different seismic stratigraphic interpretations on each margin and sparse drill sites. Here, for the first time, we collate all available seismic reflection profiles on both margins and use newly available offshore drilling data to develop a consistent seismic stratigraphic framework across the Australian‐Antarctic basins. We find sedimentation patterns similar in structure and thickness, prior to the onset of Antarctic glaciation, enabling the basinwide correlation of four major sedimentary units and their depositional history. We interpret that during the warm and humid Late Cretaceous (~83–65 Ma), large onshore river systems on both Australia and Antarctica resulted in deltaic sediment deposition offshore. We interpret that the onset of clockwise bottom currents during the early Paleogene (~58–48 Ma) formed prominent sediment drift deposits along both continental rises. We suggest that these currents strengthened and progressed farther east through the Eocene. Coevally, global cooling (<48 Ma) and progressive aridification led to a large‐scale decrease in sediment input from both continents. Two major Eocene hiatuses recovered by the Integrated Ocean Discovery Program site U1356A at the Antarctic continental slope likely formed during this preglacial phase of low sedimentation and strong bottom currents. Our results can be used to constrain future paleo‐oceanographic modeling of this region and aid the understanding of the oceanographic changes accompanying the transition from a greenhouse to icehouse world.