Abstract A large number of studies have been conducted on the dynamics control of electric vehicles or on the optimization of their energy efficiency but few studies have looked at both of these together. In this study, an integrated dynamics control and energy efficiency optimization strategy is proposed for overactuated electric vehicles, where the control of both longitudinal and lateral dynamics is dealt with while the energy efficiency is optimized. First, considering the trade-off between control performance and energy efficiency, criteria are defined to categorize the vehicle motion status as linear pure longitudinal motion and non-linear motion or turning motion. Then different optimization targets are developed for different motion status. For the pure linear longitudinal motion and cornering motion, the energy efficiency and vehicle dynamics performance are equally important and a trade-off control performance between them needs to be achieved. For the non-linear turning motion, vehicle handling and stability performance are the primary concerns, and energy efficiency is a secondary target. Based on the defined targets, the desired longitudinal and lateral tyre forces and yaw moment are then optimally distributed to the wheel driving and steering torques. Finally numerical simulations are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. The simulation results show that the proposed strategies can provide good dynamics control performance with less energy consumption. Abstract: A large number of studies have been conducted on the dynamics control of electric vehicles or on the optimisation of their energy efficiency but few studies have looked at both of these together. In this study, an integrated dynamics control and energy efficiency optimisation strategy is proposed for over-actuated electric vehicles, where the control of both longitudinal and lateral dynamics is dealt with while the energy efficiency is optimised. First, considering the trade-off between the control performance and energy efficiency, criteria are defined to categorise the vehicle motion status as linear pure longitudinal motion and non-linear motion or turning motion. Then different optimisation targets are developed for different motion status. For the pure linear longitudinal motion and cornering motion, the energy efficiency and vehicle dynamics performance are equally important and a trade-off control performance between them need to be achieved. For the non-linear turning motion, the vehicle handling and stability performance are the primary concerns, and energy efficiency is a secondary target. Based on the defined targets, the desired longitudinal and lateral tyre forces and yaw moment are then optimally distributed to the wheel driving and steering torques. Finally numerical simulations are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. The simulation results show that the proposed strategies can provide good dynamics control performance with less energy consumption.


Many unions that have adopted 'new' organising approaches have tended to see organising as a 'toolbox' of practices rather than as having an underpinning political philosophy or objective. Adopting such an approach has left out the fundamental question of what are we1 organising 'for'? Academics studying these developments have tended to evaluate organising outcomes against whatever objectives unions have set themselves and have not dealt with the question of what organising is and what it is for. It is important to examine the politics and processes underpinning organising activity and to keep in mind these fundamental questions. We (re)examine the political dynamics of organising and argue that there is a need for a more robust notion of power and the centrality of worker self-organisation in organising objectives.


[1] This listing of Internet sites for legal, factual, and other research presents a variety of sources for attorneys, law students, law librarians, and others who use the Web. Initially developed for an Advanced Legal Research course and a continuing education session for legal assistants and paralegals, the listing includes sites for primary authorities, both federal and state, as well as URLs for other types of information such as names of possible expert witnesses and biographical and background information about individuals.


In this paper we present an extension to the
KinectFusion algorithm that permits dense mesh-based mapping of extended scale environments in real-time. This is achieved through (i) altering the original algorithm such that the region of space being mapped by the KinectFusion algorithm can vary dynamically, (ii) extracting a dense point cloud from the regions that leave the KinectFusion volume due to this variation, and, (iii) incrementally adding the resulting points to a triangular mesh representation of the environment. The system is implemented as a set of hierarchical multi-threaded components which are capable of operating in real-time. The architecture facilitates the creation and integration of new modules with minimal impact on the performance on the dense volume tracking and surface reconstruction modules. We provide experimental results demonstrating the system's ability to map areas considerably
beyond the scale of the original KinectFusion algorithm including a two story apartment and an extended sequence taken from a car at night. In order to overcome failure of the iterative closest point (ICP) based odometry in areas of low geometric features we have evaluated the Fast Odometry from Vision (FOVIS) system as an alternative. We provide a comparison between the two approaches where we show a trade off between the reduced drift of the visual odometry approach and the higher local mesh quality of the ICP-based approach. Finally we present ongoing work on incorporating full simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) pose-graph optimisation.


Since 2015, homicide rates have increased in several U.S. cities, while remaining stable in many others. Examining both recent and long-term trends in homicides and other violent crime across major cities, we find no reason to believe that these increases presage a new homicide epidemic, or that we will return to the era of elevated homicide rates that persisted in many U.S. cities over three decades through the mid-1990s. The homicide spikes may be momentary upticks in the two-decade long-term decline, and may also signal a new era of unpredictable and random surges or declines during an otherwise stable period.
We note that the spikes are generally occurring in smaller cities, with the important exception of Chicago. We then look at the neighborhood conditions in high crime areas in three large cities and show how the intersection of aggressive policing tactics and social contexts likely contribute to small areas of elevated homicide rates in otherwise safe cities. In each place, harsh police tactics, social isolation and disadvantage, and unsolved murders contribute to the withdrawal of citizens and police from the co-production of security. This Essay argues for a shift in policing tactics from order maintenance and proactive police contacts—with their potential to produce injustices and indignities—to a focus on homicide investigations, with the promise both of bringing offenders to justice, creating safe spaces for everyday social interactions, and restoring trust in the police.


Within a fortnight in November 2008, 34 Nigerian children, aged 4 months to 3 years, died and more than 50 others were hospitalised with severe kidney damage after taking the drug "My Pikin" ("my child" in local pidgin), a teething mixture containing paracetamol.1 The outbreak was due to the use of diethylene glycol (DEG)2 as a solvent for the paracetamol. DEG was present because of inadvertent or deliberate substitution of propylene glycol, which is much less toxic than DEG and is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.3 DEG is a colourless and odourless liquid, commonly used in industry, and can be found in commercial products such as resins, antifreeze, inks and glues.4 It is a well-known human toxicant that causes generalised multi-organ failure characterised by acute renal failure (oliguria or anuria) frequently accompanied by severe neurological dysfunction (cranial nerve palsies, acute …


Memory design is a crucial component of VLSI system design from area, power and performance perspectives. To meet the increasingly challenging system specifications, architecture, circuit and device level innovations are required for existing memory technologies. Emerging memory solutions are widely explored to cater to strict budgets. This thesis presents design methodologies for custom memory design with the objective of power-performance benefits across specific applications. Taking example of STTRAM (spin transfer torque random access memory) as an emerging memory candidate, the design space is explored to find optimal energy design solution. A thorough thermal reliability study is performed to estimate detection reliability challenges and circuit solutions are proposed to ensure reliable operation. Adoption of the application-specific optimal energy solution is shown to yield considerable energy benefits in a read-heavy application called MBC (memory based computing). Circuit level customizations are studied for the volatile SRAM (static random access memory) memory, which will provide improved energy-delay product (EDP) for the same MBC application. Memory design has to be aware of upcoming challenges from not only the application nature but also from the packaging front. Taking 3D die-folding as an example, SRAM performance shift under die-folding is illustrated. Overall the thesis demonstrates how knowledge of the system and packaging can help in achieving power efficient and high performance memory design.


In recent years, the International Court of Justice has been increasingly asked to adjudicate upon claims of State responsibility that raise or at least touch upon the possibility of international responsibility of multiple entities. In different substantive contexts, these cases raise the same conceptual question about responsibility incurred not only by the particular respondent State but also by other entities, whether States, international organisations or non-recognised States. Such concerns might be articulated by reference to the concept of 'shared responsibility', that for the present purposes will be taken to refer to responsibility incurred (1) by multiple actors (2) for contribution to a single outcome, (3) with the responsibility distributed separately.The focus of this article is on procedural matters, and in particular on how the shared responsibility may be implemented in the ICJ. The argument will be made in three steps, dealing in turn with the manner in which cases concerning shared responsibility could be brought before the Court, the way how such cases could be handled, and the challenges raised in such cases by absent parties.


Modification of the fusion born alpha particle current by off-axis radiofrequency (RF) heating of energetic alphas with intense localized waves is investigated by Monte Carlo simulations and by an analytical method for tokamak fusion reactors. The alpha current is found to be increased significantly by a prolongation of the slowing down time and the concomitant increase of the hot alpha particle concentration, as well as by the increase of trapped alpha fraction through the elevation of the perpendicular energy content of the magnetized alpha population with the Landau interaction between the alpha particles and lower hybrid waves. For a sufficiently localized wave with a power absorption density comparable to the local alpha power production density, the wave generated bootstrap current turns out to dominate the wave driven alpha current based on momentum transfer, leading to a bidirectional current density profile. The current enhancement is shown to increase with the wave diffusion coefficient, inverse aspect ratio and electron temperature, and is maximized for wave perpendicular phase velocities somewhat below the alpha birth velocity


Kultuuripärandi säilimine kultuurimälus, selle osalus kultuuriidentiteedi väärtustamises ja kultuuri kestlikkuse tagamises sõltub tema meelespidamise viisidest. Tänapäeval on nendeks viisideks transmeedialisus ja digitaalne lugemine. Pärandi vahendajatena ilmuvad raamatute kõrvale digitaalsed platvormid. Nende eesmärk on ühtlasi kultiveerida uusi kirjaoskusi, mis ei põhine üksnes verbaalsel emakeelel, sest kultuuris osalemine eeldab üha enam ka pildiliste ja helilis-pildiliste märgisüsteemide valdamist nii tõlgendamises kui eneseväljenduses. Artikkel põhineb TÜ transmeedia uurimisrühma kogemusel (humanitaar)hariduslike platvormide loomisel, tuues selle pinnalt välja mõned digitaalses keskkonnas eriti selgelt esile tulevad kultuurisemiootilised printsiibid.

Traditionally, books have been considered as one of the most valuable elements of culture (Kroó 2019, Torop 2019). Mediating unique literary/artistic texts, they also appear as models of culture. The book as a model of culture represents readiness to understand culture as a whole and the same attitude is echoed within the digital book. The changes that digitalization has brought along do not concern merely shifts in formats or new types of texts. From the perspective of cultural heritage, new ways of communicating with literary texts and changes in reading practices matter most. Hereby we suggest that digital reading is reading, watching and listening a conceptualized whole on a platform, where primary and secondary texts (and/or their fragments), interpretations, intersemiotic translations and instructions for users exist together. This conceptual whole has a transmedial nature.
Digital educational platforms may both undermine and facilitate accessibility of education as a common good. However, in the situation of the deluge of digital information, delimiting and systematizing information for educational needs is desperately needed and digital platforms offer a solution. Together with the Transmedia Research Group working at the department of semiotics at the University of Tartu, we have been developing the platform Education on Screen (Haridus Ekraanil) for secondary school students to help cultivate both cultural and digital literacies. In the present article we give an overview of the cultural semiotic principles that have been governing our work and that we suggest are especially relevant in the digital cultural space.
The digital environment allows to overcome spatial limitations of the pre-digital media and highlight the heterogeneity and fluidity of literary experience. Providing almost unlimited storage capacities, it also brings into question the principles of selection and organization of the material, raising new theoretical problems for textual analysis, from the unit for textual analysis to the boundary between text and context etc (Bolin 2010, 74).
We propose the distinction between crossmediality and transmediality as a methodological starting point. The crossmedia aspect hereby refers to the way the publishing of a literary text is increasingly accompanied by other (online) texts that together make up a relatively coordinated whole. In most cases these are compressed and fragmentary versions of the core text such as book trailers, book covers featuring a still frame from a cinematic adaptation, social media profiles etc. Thus, the crossmedia aspect consists in a pragmatic communicative strategy directed towards the receiver and the target text. The transmedia aspect concerns the spontaneous pulverisation of a text into a diversity of texts in different media. The spontaneity refers to the relative unpredictability of the artistic language of the authors of these new texts, which can appear over a very long period of time as we have seen in the continuing adaptations of canonical texts. This is in contrast with the coordinated manner in which most crossmedia texts enter culture over a much more limited time frame. Another distinction between the two is that the transmedia process is dominated by the source text as the individual parts are not coordinated mutually.
Printed book represents the holistic dimension of culture by offering the possibility of complementing the core text with forewords, illustrations, comments etc. Digital book uses the same possibilities in a more dynamic manner, because its multimodality is much richer and audio, audiovisual as well as other modes can be integrated into the whole in an organic manner. While both printed book and digital book are still based on one core text, then digital platform allows for the synthesis of divergence and convergence and creation of a conceptual whole on the basis of a series of fragments and interpretations. Such transmedial whole reflects the value of the canonic literary text in culture and at the same time allows for the experience of analysis of its intersemiotic and multimodal interpretations.


Today's leading SEO Book, SEO Made Simple: Search Engine Optimization Strategies for Dominating the World's Leading Search Engine, 2nd Edition, is a tell-all search engine optimization guide for anyone trying to reach the highly coveted #1 ranking on Google for their website or blog. Updated and expanded with the latest information on search engine optimization (SEO) and including more than 20 new pages of proven search engine optimization techniques. SEO Made Simple is today's top-selling search engine optimization guide. Learn from leading Webmaster, Michael H. Fleischner, the specific SEO techniques that deliver top rankings in less than 30 days. Whether you're a search engine optimization expert or new to website rankings, the techniques revealed in SEO Made Simple will give you everything you need to dominate Google and other leading search engines. Generate tons of traffic to your website absolutely FREE with top search engine placement on Google, Yahoo! and Bing. SEO Made Simple has helped more individuals than another other search engine optimization guide ever printed to achieve top rankings for even the most competitive keywords. This guide has been updated with the latest SEO advice on social media, Google Places, and even a step-by-step link building process that has already produced top results for some of the most sought after keywords. If you are looking for a guide that provides the information you need to achieve top rankings, without all of the useless fluff, this is it. SEO Made Simple is the only resource on search engine optimization that you'll ever need. Learn the techniques that have a direct and significant impact on your website's ranking. This book is ranked #1 for a reason. Read our reviews and see for yourself why SEO Made Simple is your most important resource for acquiring top search engine rankings.


Most women do it at home; men, it seems, do it everywhere. Some consider it a health treatment, others as love for themselves. Yet despite everyone doing it, no one actually talks about it - masturbation is still taboo, and even today the subject is not discussed at dinner parties or soirees. To help the world overcome its diffidence towards solo sex, Mels van Driel has written With the Hand. Consulting theologians, historians, classicists, doctors, sexologists, connoisseurs, artists, philosophers, writers, poets, musicians, feminists and chauvinists, Van Driel answers questions about what masturbation actually is, and describes the latest discoveries and developments in the field. Covering a great number of topics, from the physical, to the mythical, to the mythological, to the artistic, this book explores masturbation in all its astonishing variety. From statistics of age, location and frequency, to the effects of circumcision, to multiple orgasms, he also explores masturbation in art, literature, poetry, song, religion and philosophy. Frequently astounding, often humorous and always informative, With the Hand refutes the many myths and confusion surrounding this universal, yet unmentionable pursuit. Making an unusual gift, this is perhaps the ultimate bedtime book.


Recently, a neural oscillator network based on biologically framework named LEGION (Locally Excitatory Globally Inhibitory Oscillator Network), which each oscillator has excitatory lateral connections to the oscillators in its local neighbourhood as well as a connection with a global inhibitor, has been applied to segmentation field. The extended LEGION approach is constructed to extract buildings digital surface model (DSM) generated from LiDAR data. This approach is with no assumption about the underlying structures in DSM data and no prior knowledge regarding the number of regions. Instead of using lateral potential to find a major oscillator block in original way, Gray Level Co-occurence Matrix (GLCM) homogeneity measuring DSM height texture is applied to distinguish buildings from trees and assist to find LEGION leaders in building targets. Alongside the DSM height texture attribure, extended LEGION can extract buildings close to trees automatically. Then a solution of least squares with perpendicularity constraints is put forward to determine regularized rectilinear building boundaries, after tracing and connection the rough building boundaries. In general, the paper presents the concept, algorithms and procedures of the approach. It also gives experimental result of Vaihingen A2 region by the ISPRS text project and another result based on a DSM data of suburban area. The experiment result showed that the proposed method can effectively produce more accurate buildings boundary extraction.


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60 Management Today June 2005
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Aggregation of values that need to be kept confidential while guaranteeing the robustness of the process and the correctness of the result is necessary for an increasing number of applications. Various kinds of surveys, such as medical ones, opinion polls, referendums, elections, as well as new services of the Internet of Things, such as home automation, require the aggregation of confidential data. In general, the confidentiality is ensured on the basis of trusted third parties or promises of cryptography, whose capacities cannot be assessed without expert knowledge.

The ambition of this thesis is to reduce the need for trust in both authorities and technology and explore methods for large-scale data aggregations, that ensure a high degree of confidentiality and rely neither on trusted third parties nor solely on cryptography. Inspired by BitTorrent and Bitcoin, P2P protocols are considered.

The first contribution of this thesis is the extension of the distributed aggregation protocol BitBallot with the objective to cover aggregations in P2P networks comprising adversarial peers with fail-stop or Byzantine behaviour. The introduced changes allow eventually to maintain an accurate result in presence of an adversarial minority.

The encountered scalability limitations lead to the second contribution with the objective to support large-scale aggregations. Inspired by both BitBallot and BitTorrent, a novel distributed protocol called ADVOKAT is proposed.

In both protocols, peers are assigned to leaf nodes of a tree overlay network which determines the computation of intermediate aggregates and restricts the exchange of data. The partition of data and computation among a network of equipotent peers limits the potential for data breaches and reduces the need for trust in authorities. The protocols provide a middleware layer whose flexibility is demonstrated by voting and lottery applications.


Two different real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection approaches based on SYBR Green I dye and Taqman probe based assays were developed for the detection and differentiation of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) subtypes. Both approaches were able to detect and differentiate IBDV subtypes based on the use of subtype-specific primers or subtype-specific probes where the primers were designed based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) concept. After optimization of the primer combinations and PCR parameters, very virulent-specific primer, IF & IVIR, and classical-specific primer, IF & RCLA were used in the SYBR Green I real-time RT-PCR assay. Plasmid DNA carrying the VP4 gene of the references IBDV strains: very virulent strain UPM94/273 and classical strain D78 were established and used as positive controls in the real time RT-PCR. The developed assay had a dynamic detection limit which spans over 5 log10 concentration range for very virulent and spans over 7 log10 concentration range for classical strain, respectively. The correlation coefficient for amplification of very virulent and classical strain was R2 = 0.9918 and R2 = 0.9977, respectively. No amplification was found when the subtype-specific primers were used to amplify other avian RNA viruses. The performance of the SYBR Green I based assay was tested on various IBDV isolates including 10 previously characterized IBDV and 11 commercial vaccine strains. The very virulent-specific primer only detected and amplified the very virulent IBDV with threshold cycle (CT) ranged from 14.93 to 21.52 and melting temperature (Tm) between 85.6°C to 88.0°C. The classical-specific primer was only able to amplify the classical IBDV with CT value ranged from 11.99 to 20.89 and Tm between 85.6°C to 86.8°C. The diagnostic efficacy of the developed assay was also evaluated using bursal samples obtained from experimentally infected chickens. Bursal samples collected from D78 vaccine infected chickens at day 3 and 5 p.i were positive for IBDV with average CT of 23.05+1.31, Tm of 85.8+0.17°C and average CT 21.82+1.42, Tm of 86.0+0.28°C , respectively. Bursal samples collected at day 10 p.i from this group were also found positive for IBDV with average CT of 24.42+1.20 and Tm of 85.9+0.18°C. On the other hand, only bursal samples collected at day 3 and 5 p.i were found positive for yery virulent IBDV with average CT 19.39+0.72, Tm of 86.6+0.14°C and average CT 23.55+1.39, Tm of 86.5+0.19°C, respectively. In the case of samples from dual infection with different IBDV subtypes, viral RNA was detectable only on day 3 and 5 p.i. In general, majority of the bursal samples have higher very virulent virus with an average CT value ranged from 21.24+0.68 to 22.19+0.97 compared to vaccine virus with Ct value ranged from 23.88+0.74 to 25.36+1.19.
The performance of the developed SYBR Green I based assay was analyzed with other standard diagnostic methods. In the uninfected control group, no obvious microscopic lesions were found in the bursa and the lesions score was less than 1.0. However, mild bursal lesions without signs of inflammation with lesions score less than 3.0 was detected from bursal tissue obtained from chickens inoculated with vaccine strain D78. Based on the lesion score, it was clear that bursal pathology developed rapidly, with complete loss of tissue architecture by day 3 p.i. when the chickens were infected with virulent IBDV. The correlation between ELISA antibody titers and real-time CT values were inversely related, where the lower titers of antibodies associated with higher level of viral RNA as found in chickens infected with very virulent strain UPM94/273. On the other hand, vaccine strain D78 induced higher detectable antibody titers than UPM94/273, which indirectly support less virus replication with late positive amplification in real-time RT-PCR. Thus, the level of viral RNA in bursal samples obtained from D78 infected chickens was lower than UPM94/273 infected chickens. A total of 37 bursal samples from IBD suspected field cases were collected and then tested on the developed assay. The developed SYBR Green I based PCR assay was able to detect 9 samples positive for very virulent, 4 positive for classical IBDV and 12 samples positive for both very virulent and vaccine strains of IBDV. Sequence analysis of the hypervariable region of the VP2 gene of the IBDV samples revealed that the residues involved in determining the virulence of VV IBDV and CL IBDV were highly conserved. For the Taqman based duplex real-time PCR assay development, a new set of primers FWDC and RVSC were designed from the conserved region of VP4 of both very virulent and classical strains. A dual-labeled fluorescent probe each specific for very virulent IBDV (ProVV) and vaccine IBDV (ProCL) were designed The performance of the developed Taqman assay was compared with other PCR methods namely conventional RT-PCR and previously developed SYBR Green I assay. The Taqman assay was found far more superior in terms of turn around time and sensitivity. With the aid of β-actin gene, the Taqman assay was also used to determine the viral load fold changes in bursal samples that were positive for both vaccine and very virulent IBDV. Majority of these samples have higher viral load fold change in very virulent than the classical strain except for three samples MB078/04, MB001/05 and MB033/05 which showed higher fold change in classical strain than very virulent strain. In conclusion, this study has successfully developed SYBR Green I based and Taqman based one-step real-time PCR assays for rapid detection and differentiation of IBDV subtypes in particular very virulent and classical IBDV strains.


Enamel matrix derivative (EMD), such as Emdogain, has been suggested for the improvement of wound healing in periodontal surgical therapy. The present qualitative study seeks to illustrate the ultrastructural changes associated with a human gingival wound at 10 days after the application of EMD as an adjunct to a laterally-positioned flap in a patient with gingival recession. An otherwise healthy patient, who had been suffering from bilateral gingival recession defects on teeth #23 and #26, was studied. One defect was treated with a laterally-positioned flap, while the other was treated with a combination of EMD and a laterally-positioned flap. Ten days after the operation gingival biopsy specimens were obtained from the dentogingival region and examined using a transmission electron microscope. A considerable difference was found in both the cellular and extracellular phases of EMD and non-EMD sites. The fibroblasts of EMD site were more rounded with plump cytoplasms and euchromatic nuclei. A well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria could be detected. In contrast, the fibroblasts of non-EMD site were of flattened spindle-like morphology. While the signs of apoptosis could rarely be detected at EMD site, apoptotic bodies and ultra-structural evidence of apoptosis (crescent-like heterochromatic nuclei and dilated nuclear envelopes) were consistent features at non-EMD site. The extracellular matrix at EMD site mainly consisted of well-organised collagen fibres, while non-EMD site contained sparse and incompletely-formed collagen fibres. Coccoid bacteria were noted within the extracellular matrix and neutrophils at non-EMD site. It seems that EMD may enhance certain features of gingival wound healing, which may be attributable to its anti-apoptotic, anti-bacterial or anti-inflammatory properties.


The U.S. Department of Energy Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity Program consists of vehicle, battery, and infrastructure testing on advanced technology related to transportation. The activity includes tests on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), including testing the HEV batteries when both the vehicles and batteries are new and at the conclusion of 160,000 miles of on road fleet testing. This report documents battery testing performed for the 2010 Toyota Prius HEV (VIN: JTDKN3DU2A5010462). Battery testing was performed by the Electric Transportation Engineering Corporation dba ECOtality North America. The Idaho National Laboratory and ECOtality North America collaborate on the Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity for the Vehicle Technologies Program of the U.S. Department of Energy.


This one-volume edition allows the general reader to appreciate Jung's ideas and personality, as they reveal themselves in his comments to his colleagues and to those who approached him with genuine problems of their own, as well as in his communication with personal friends. The correspondence supplies a variety of insights into the genesis of Jung's theories and a running commentary on their development. Originally published in 1984. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Aim/Background: Chalcones are one of the important class of compounds possessing a wide range of biological properties [Dinmock 1999, Go 2005]. One of the extensive
area in research on chalcones is expressed in terms of their ability to act on various cancer cell lines by a variety of molecular mechanisms. Chalcones possessing methoxy groups, a trimethoxy substituted chalcone (PGHSD 234) is the most potent chalcone with cytotoxicity comparable to the standard drugs. Materials and Methods: The antioxidant potential in terms of their free radical scavenging ability and antiproliferative activities were evaluated. Log P value and cyclic Voltammetric studies were carried out to assess their hydrophobicity and to determine their anti-oxidant potential. MTT (methyl tetrazolium) assay was performed on two cell lines including Vero and MCF-7 cell lines. Molecular docking studies were performed to assess the binding pattern of synthesized chalcones into the ATP binding site of CDK2/Cyclin A protein target. Results: The MTT assay results showed the effect of various substituents on the chalcone template that could influence their cytotoxic effect. The hydrophobicity of the synthesized compounds were reported as distribution coefficient (Log D) and all the compounds showed Log D values in the range of 1.45–4.0. The cyclic voltammetric studies revealed their irreversible oxidation potential and were found in the range of -0.400 to -0.654. Conclusion: The present study provides insight for the better understanding of mechanistic studies of N-methyl piperidinyl chalcones against anticancer targets such as CDK and aromatase identified in breast cancer.


The rhizome of Menispermum dauricum DC known as a traditional Chinese medicine, with high content of alkaloids, has been found to possess antitumor activity. In this research, an attempt to correlate fingerprinting with bioactivity was made for quality control of M. dauricum. Firstly, the cytotoxicity of extracts from ten batches of samples against human breast MCF-7 cancer cells was estimated by [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide] assay. Then, cytotoxic activity-integrated fingerprints were established by high performance liquid chromatography. Eight peaks were selected as the common peaks to evaluate the similarities of samples and hierarchical clustering analysis was used to identify and classify different samples into groups. Assays for determinations of total alkaloids and dauricine contents enabled cytotoxicity coefficient of each extract. The potential usefulness of employing cytotoxicity coefficient was investigated by a combination of Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analysis as being the reliable parameter to evaluate the herbal extracts. The results indicated that the level of dauricine (peak 8 in the fingerprint) correlated closely with cytotoxicity and played a significant role in the cytotoxicity of Bei Dou-Gen and could be related to its antitumor properties. It is proposed that the cytotoxicity coefficient value with a cytotoxic activity-integrated fingerprint of key biomarkers (dauricine) may be useful indicators to adopt for the quality control of M. dauricum. The analysis of cytotoxic-activity-integrated fingerprint could correlate fingerprinting with bioactivities and would provide a reasonable strategy for quality control of complex mixture of herbal medicines.


PURPOSE
Open science is a collection of practices that seek to improve the accessibility, transparency, and replicability of science. Although these practices have garnered interest in related fields, it remains unclear whether open science practices have been adopted in the field of communication sciences and disorders (CSD). This study aimed to survey the knowledge, implementation, and perceived benefits and barriers of open science practices in CSD.

METHOD
An online survey was disseminated to researchers in the United States actively engaged in CSD research. Four-core open science practices were examined: preregistration, self-archiving, gold open access, and open data. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression models.

RESULTS
Two hundred twenty-two participants met the inclusion criteria. Most participants were doctoral students (38%) or assistant professors (24%) at R1 institutions (58%). Participants reported low knowledge of preregistration and gold open access. There was, however, a high level of desire to learn more for all practices. Implementation of open science practices was also low, most notably for preregistration, gold open access, and open data (< 25%). Predictors of knowledge and participation, as well as perceived barriers to implementation, are discussed.

CONCLUSION
Although participation in open science appears low in the field of CSD, participants expressed a strong desire to learn more in order to engage in these practices in the future. Supplemental Material and Open Science Form: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21569040.


Smallpox inoculation gave an effective protection against this epidemic disease, and the new technique was heatedly debated during the entire eighteenth century. The question was not so much why it worked, as whether imposing illness on somebody meant setting oneself in God's place. Propagating inoculation also meant confronting popular beliefs about fate, illness and the reigning forces of the universe. Among the enlightened men taking on this task, we find the Swedish physician Lars Montin. His work supplies an example of how the new practice led to negotiations between different strands of knowledge and different traditions of belief. Montin's paper Anmerkninger ved den nye Koppodnings Maade was published in 1774 and is a comment on the English doctor Dimsdale's book from 1767. Montin's interest in inoculation can also be read out of the reports that he sent to Collegium Medicum in 1761 and 1765. In this way, Montin's paper is situated at a cross roads between two worlds. It reflects his own practice as a doctor in a rural region of Sweden and his experiences with its local culture. On the other, it also relates to the international discourse on the new medical technology, its possibilities, consequences, and dangers.


This essay analyzes the shifting hard power capabilities of the nineteen states in the G-20 from 1991-2011, to compare the competing "declinist" and "anti-declinist" hypotheses. Hard power refers to the quantifiable resources a state has, such as military forces or money, as opposed to soft power, which is a relational power to convince others to act in a certain way. The declinist hypothesis, exemplified by such authors as Christopher Layne and Arvind Subramanian, argues that the United States is in rapid decline compared to states such as China, India, Brazil, and others, as seen through a smaller gap in power between the United States and its closest competitor in 2011 as compared to 1991. The anti-declinist hypothesis, demonstrated by authors such as Michael Beckley and Josef Joffe, holds that the United States is either more powerful or as powerful in 2011 as it was in 1991. The specific arguments of both declinists and anti-declinists are evaluated, and while this essay finds that the declinist hypothesis is more accurate than the anti-declinist one, the declinist literature overestimates the extent of the decline. Ultimately, this essay finds that the United States has declined sharply compared to China, but is still the supreme power in the world, as it is more powerful than both China and Russia, the second and third powers (respectively), put together. This conclusion is reached through the construction and application of a multivariable hard power formula, which takes into account scholarly insights into the nature and analysis of power, and which is built upon the work of other scholars in the field. This work makes a contribution to the overall field of International Relations by refining and updating the previous scholarship and applying it to a pressing issue in the field. At the end, this work considers several other alternative hypotheses, such as the Rise of the Rest, which argues that many non-Western states are about to join the ranks of the Western powers, and finds that these alternative hypotheses are not very accurate. Many states are rising slightly, especially China, but the overall distribution of hard power in the world still greatly favors the traditional Western Great Powers, such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan.


An heuristic model for the plasma scrape-off width in H-mode plasmas is introduced. Grad B and curv B drifts into the SOL are balanced against sonic parallel flows out of the SOL, to the divertor plates. The overall mass flow pattern posited is a modification for open field lines of Pfirsch-Shluter flows to include sinks to the divertors. These assumptions result in an estimated SOL width of 2aρp/R. They also result in a first-principles calculation of the particle confinement time of H-mode plasmas, qualitatively consistent with experimental observations. It is next assumed that anomalous perpendicular electron thermal diffusivity is the dominant source of heat flux across the separatrix, investing the SOL width, defined above, with heat from the main plasma. The separatrix temperature is calculated based on a two-point model balancing power input to the SOL with Spitzer-Harm parallel thermal conduction losses to the divertor. This results in an heuristic closed-form prediction for the power scrape-off width that is in remarkable quantitative agreement both in absolute magnitude and in scaling with recent experimental data. Further work should include full numerical calculations, including all magnetic and electric drifts, as well as more thorough comparison with experimental data.


Content-based multimedia information retrieval is an interesting research area since it allows retrieval based on inherent characteristic of multimedia objects. For example retrieval based on visual characteristics such as colour, shapes or textures of objects in images or retrieval based on spatial relationships among objects in the media (images or video clips). This paper reviews some work done in image and video retrieval and then proposes an integrated model that can handle images and video clips uniformly. Using this model retrieval on images or video clips can be done based on the same framework.


CONTEXT
- Detection of acquired variants in cancer is a paradigm of precision medicine, yet little has been reported about clinical laboratory practices across a broad range of laboratories.

OBJECTIVE
- To use College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey results to report on the results from surveys on next-generation sequencing-based oncology testing practices.

DESIGN
- College of American Pathologists proficiency testing survey results from more than 250 laboratories currently performing molecular oncology testing were used to determine laboratory trends in next-generation sequencing-based oncology testing.

RESULTS
- These presented data provide key information about the number of laboratories that currently offer or are planning to offer next-generation sequencing-based oncology testing. Furthermore, we present data from 60 laboratories performing next-generation sequencing-based oncology testing regarding specimen requirements and assay characteristics. The findings indicate that most laboratories are performing tumor-only targeted sequencing to detect single-nucleotide variants and small insertions and deletions, using desktop sequencers and predesigned commercial kits. Despite these trends, a diversity of approaches to testing exists.

CONCLUSIONS
- This information should be useful to further inform a variety of topics, including national discussions involving clinical laboratory quality systems, regulation and oversight of next-generation sequencing-based oncology testing, and precision oncology efforts in a data-driven manner.


ABSTRACT In pre-industrial Taiwan, an uxorilocal marriage, in which a man moved in with his bride's family, was a familial strategy used to continue family lineage and to enhance family farm labor. We examine the prevalence and circumstances in which a family would call in a man for one of their unmarried daughters. Using data from the Taiwan Historical Household Registers Database (THHRD) from 1906–1945, we identify the individual-level factors (including parental status, sibling status, household heads' occupations, and the capacity of the family labor force) and a community-level factor – the prevalence of uxorilocal marriages by region, which are predictive of uxorilocal marriages. Our analyses first show that women without siblings and women with only female siblings were more likely to adopt the uxorilocal form of marriage. In addition, the effects of siblings' status were moderated by the presence or absence of parents. For women without any male siblings with at least one parent, especially a father, residing in the household, the likelihood of having an uxorilocal marriage was higher than for those without any parents. Second, an uxorilocal marriage was less common in families with more young family members in the labor force to fulfill the manpower needed for farming. Third, uxorilocal marriage was more likely to occur in families living in the poorest socioeconomic conditions, especially those families in which household heads did not own land and had to sell their labor for agricultural production. Our findings imply that the adoption of uxorilocal marriage varied not only from place to place but also from time to time; it was conditioned by the modes and the means of labor production.


Context: Embedded Domain-Specific Languages (EDSLs) are a common and widely used approach to DSLs in various languages, including Haskell and Scala. There are two main implementation techniques for EDSLs: shallow embeddings and deep embeddings. Inquiry: Shallow embeddings are quite simple, but they have been criticized in the past for being quite limited in terms of modularity and reuse. In particular, it is often argued that supporting multiple DSL interpretations in shallow embeddings is difficult. Approach: This paper argues that shallow EDSLs and Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) are closely related. Gibbons and Wu already discussed the relationship between shallow EDSLs and procedural abstraction, while Cook discussed the connection between procedural abstraction and OOP. We make the transitive step in this paper by connecting shallow EDSLs directly to OOP via procedural abstraction. The knowledge about this relationship enables us to improve on implementation techniques for EDSLs. Knowledge: This paper argues that common OOP mechanisms (including inheritance, subtyping, and type-refinement) increase the modularity and reuse of shallow EDSLs when compared to classical procedural abstraction by enabling a simple way to express multiple, possibly dependent, interpretations. Grounding: We make our arguments by using Gibbons and Wu's examples, where procedural abstraction is used in Haskell to model a simple shallow EDSL. We recode that EDSL in Scala and with an improved OO-inspired Haskell encoding. We further illustrate our approach with a case study on refactoring a deep external SQL query processor to make it more modular, shallow, and embedded. Importance: This work is important for two reasons. Firstly, from an intellectual point of view, this work establishes the connection between shallow embeddings and OOP, which enables a better understanding of both concepts. Secondly, this work illustrates programming techniques that can be used to improve the modularity and reuse of shallow EDSLs.


The sound quality in a room is of fundamental importance for both recording and reproducing processes. Because of the room modes, the distributions in space and frequency of the sound field are largely altered. Excessive rise and decay times caused by the resonances might even mask some details at higher frequencies, and these irregularities may be heard as a coloration of the sound. To address this problem, passive absorbers are bulky and too inefficient to significantly improve the listening conditions. On the other hand, the active equalization methods may be complicated and costly, and the sound field might not be well controlled, because of the added sound energy in the room. Another approach is the active absorption, which consists in varying the impedance of a part of the enclosure boundaries, so as to balance the sound field thanks to the absorbed sound power into the active boundary elements. The thesis deals with the design and optimization of electroacoustic absorbers intended to specifically reduce the effect of the unwanted room modes. These active absorbers are closed box electrodynamic loudspeaker systems, whose acoustic impedance at the diaphragms is judiciously adjusted with passive or active components to maximize their absorption performance in the domain in which it is located. Several topologies merging sensor- and shunt-based methods are proposed resulting in an efficient and broadband sound absorption at low frequencies. A multiple degree-of-freedom target impedance that is assigned at the transducer diaphragms is then optimized to lower the modal decay times at best. The performance of the electroacoustic absorbers for the modal equalization is investigated in actual listening rooms, and their audible effect is subjectively evaluated. The overall combination of concepts and developments proposed in this thesis paves the way towards new active absorbers that may improve the listening experience at low frequencies in rooms.


In Pakistan, solid waste management (SWM) is considered to be a serious problem, with most of the hazardousand non-hazardous waste being dumped in landfills without any segregation. The key objective of our research was to select a suitable landfill site that is environmentally sound, economically feasible and socially acceptable for metropolitan Lahore. Lahore District is located in one of the world's largest fluvial plains, namely the Indo-Gangetic meandering rivers system plain. There is only one functional landfill site situated in the northern part of the city. Multi-criteria decision aid (MCDA) and geographical information system were combined and used in this research that blends two aggregation methods: weight linear combination (WCL) and assigning criteria weights. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) pair-wise comparison method was applied for assigning weights to the 9 delineated criteria. The result of the analysis show that 7 (6.26% highly suitable) possible sites are available that are greater than 50 ha in area. The selected potential landfill locations were contrasted with each other in connection to their land size, distance from nearby settlements and from the city center. The result shows that site number 6, with a weight of 0.22 (22.21%), is the most suitable location for a landfill site in Lahore. In addition, landfill site 4 is considered the least preferable site due to its weight. This site has the least environmental and social impacts, as it is at a reasonable distance from settlements and is at the same time comparatively closer to the city center. This study highlights the importance of the landfill siting process for the fluvial plain and helps in decision making.


The reliability and accuracy of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) results presented in South African courts of law in respect of possible driving under the influence (DUI) cases, have in recent years been subjected to intense scrutiny and severe criticism.  Research has shown that multiple factors may negatively impact on the reliability of results obtained from the analysis of such samples - including inappropriate or non-standardised sample management after acquisition thereof.  In particular, long delays between sample acquisition and the analysis thereof may compromise the validity of results.  Such delays may also negatively affect the outcome of both criminal and civil legal proceedings in possible DUI cases.  A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on records from the Pretoria Forensic Chemistry Laboratory (PFCL) regarding the relevant dates pertaining to blood samples from deceased persons which were received for analysis. These parameters included the date of sample acquisition at medico-legal mortuaries, delays in submission of samples to the laboratory and date of actual analysis.  In addition, the expiration dates of sample collection kits were recorded.  Our results show that numerous expired kits were utilised and that there was an average delay of approximately five months between sample acquisition and laboratory analysis thereof.  This delay period varied greatly but appears to correlate with geographical distance of the medico-legal mortuary from the PFCL.  In order to optimise and facilitate the administration of justice in both criminal and civil cases of alleged DUI, these shortcomings should be urgently addressed.  It is argued that the implementation of prescribed measures and standard operating procedures in sample management, together with other interventions such as accreditation of laboratories and improved resourcing of medico-legal and toxicology laboratories, is urgently required.


The case for same-sex marriage has been politically triumphant, and its victory looks inevitable. It nonetheless is curiously incomplete. It has succeeded, not because the most sophisticated opposing arguments have been considered and rejected, but because those arguments have not even been understood. Those arguments rest on complex claims, either about what sustains the stability of heterosexual marriages or about what those marriages essentially are. The most familiar claim, that recognition of same-sex marriage jeopardizes the heterosexual family, demands an account of the transformation of family norms in the past half century. Major social change should not be undertaken without a full awareness of what is at stake.This essay remedies a major gap in the literature. It critically surveys and evaluates the arguments against same-sex marriage. You may not be persuaded by them. In fact, you shouldn't be persuaded by them. But you need to know what they are.


The project has become a preferred way of organizing work. Two major reasons for this trend are demands for increased market responsiveness and the empowering of workgroups in order to improve employee commitment. The implementation of project work has greatly been influenced by the project management school, with its roots in military-industrial projects during the Cold War period and the construction industry. The project management school focuses on single projects and puts an emphasis on the planning and execution of a systemic breakdown of the project task. The mechanistic single-project focus of the project management school is complemented by the increased standardization of the multi-project environment. Acknowledging that both rationalistic planning methods and standards are important tools for making a project-based organization efficient, this thesis recognizes that the project is also an ad-hoc organizational form, suited to dealing with uncertain tasks, while the bureaucracy is the organizational form best suited to repetitive tasks. A number of mainly Scandinavian researchers criticize the project management school for overemphasizing the technological characteristics while neglecting the informal characteristics of projects. This thesis aims to revisit the informal perspective of projects in order to improve management in multi-project environments. Findings drawn from data collected at Swedish organizations indicate that the covertly informal behaviour of project managers makes instrumental contributions to project success. This covert behaviour within the shadow system is an important mechanism for dealing with shortcomings in the formal system of the organizations. These findings served as a basis for two different interventions at a Swedish pharmaceutical company which aimed to set up formally legitimized arenas for creating learning within the shadow system. The results show that shadow systems, contradictory to earlier theory, can be subjected to influences in ways which strengthen their constructive qualities. Such influences presuppose that the formal system of the organizations refrains from attempts to regulate and control by making the informal legitimate. Informal management tools can be used to improve project results as well as provide management with general feedback on the actual operations of the projects and on the formal system of the organization.


The introduction of foreign genes into fish embryos and the subsequent production of transgenic fish, have by now resulted in the accumulation of a substantial amount of data worldwide and there exists a large literature on the subject (for reviews see Maclean, Penman & Zhu, 1987; Fletcher & Davies, 1991; Hackett, 1993). The two major objectives of these studies are the production of valuable broodstock benefiting from the acquisition of desirable characteristics as well as the study of vertebrate gene regulation and the genetic basis of development.

The production of transgenic fish with the desire to found genetically superior broodstock for food production has been an aim since Zhu and coworkers introduced a growth hormone gene into goldfish (1985). Attempts to increase the growth rate of farmfish species by introducing growth hormone genes have also been made by many research laboratories, some with success (Du et al., 1992; Chen et al., 1993; Devlin et al., 1994). Other goals include increased freeze tolerance (Fletcher, Davies & Hew, 1992) or improved disease resistance (Leong, 1994) using transgenic technology.

Fish are also becoming a popular model for the study of development and gene regulation. One approach to the study of gene regulation is the isolation and characterization of regulatory sequences and subsequent testing of their functionality in vivo or in vitro. The number of genes isolated from fish grows steadily. In a survey carried out by Maclean and Rahman (1994), the isolation of over 70 cDNA and genomic DNA sequences from a wide range of fish species by the end of 1992 is listed.


Stochastic differential equations (SDEs) are a staple of mathematical modelling of temporal dynamics. However, a fundamental limitation has been that such models have typically been relatively inflexible, which recent work introducing Neural SDEs has sought to solve. Here, we show that the current classical approach to fitting SDEs may be approached as a special case of (Wasserstein) GANs, and in doing so the neural and classical regimes may be brought together. The input noise is Brownian motion, the output samples are time-evolving paths produced by a numerical solver, and by parameterising a discriminator as a Neural Controlled Differential Equation (CDE), we obtain Neural SDEs as (in modern machine learning parlance) continuous-time generative time series models. Unlike previous work on this problem, this is a direct extension of the classical approach without reference to either prespecified statistics or density functions. Arbitrary drift and diffusions are admissible, so as the Wasserstein loss has a unique global minima, in the infinite data limit any SDE may be learnt. Example code has been made available as part of the \texttt{torchsde} repository.


The Archaeology of Traditions: Agency and History Before and After Columbus. TIMOTHY R. PAUKETAT (ed.). University Press of Florida, Gainesville, 2001. xiv + 256 pp., illus., biblio., contributors, index. $24.95 (paper), ISBN 0-8130-2112-X. Reviewed by Martha E. Wiley This collection of articles exploring various meanings and boundaries of tradition and change stems from the symposium "Resistant Traditions and Historical Processes in Southeastern North America" held in Chicago in 1999. Editor Timothy Pauketat introduces the essays, in which the concept of tradition is dissected and examined in minute detail. The premise of the book is that traditions are not passive-that they are, in fact, malleable and negotiated constantly through interaction and daily practice. The book proceeds in reverse chronological order, with Brian W. Thomas examining the commonly held theory that Africans brought to this country in slavery held onto their traditions in an ideological struggle to resist their owners' efforts to assimilate them. Furthering Pauketat's thesis that "tradition exists only through practice," Thomas shows how African traditions changed and grew in response to European contact. In chapter 3, John F. Scarry looks at the Apalachee tribe and its interaction with Spanish explorers and missionaries. Scarry does a good job of illustrating how the Apalachee people, with an established sociopolitical structure and a strong economy, resisted assimilation by the Spanish by active military force and by the more passive method of continuing traditional practices, both deliberately and unintentionally. Diana DiPaolo Loren takes us to another realm of Spanish incursion, the remote outpost of Los Adaes Presidio near the eastern border of Texas. Los Adaes was home to a diverse mix of Native Americans, Spanish and French settlers and officials, and refugee African American slaves. She incorporates fascinating examples of art, domestic artifacts, and dietary remains to illustrate the variations of native resistance to Spanish hegemony. Although I found her arguments compelling, Loren's statistics do not always substantiate her conclusions. In chapter 5, Rebecca Saunders looks at the Altamaha pottery style as a symbol of "negotiated" traditions. Saunders looks at the Guale Indians of the lower Atlantic coast, themselves a mix of remnants of other tribes, and their interaction with the Spanish during the late sixteenth century. She makes the point that pottery drew the existing native tribes and the relocated ones together to better withstand the alien pressures of the Spanish mission system. Cameron B. Wesson's article on the Creek and PreCreek cultures is one of the most accessible pieces in the collection, written with the lay person in mind yet fully documented and researched. Wesson builds on earlier arguments that Native Americans were much more influential in their fates than many written histories would have us believe. Rather, they often put their own stamp on imported traditions and even rejected outright so-called superior items in trade, contrary to the picture painted in many history texts. Lynne P. Sullivan and Christopher B. Rodning look at gender traditions, power status, and architecture in southern Appalachian chiefdoms. Unlike the other authors in this book, Sullivan and Rodning examine tradition shaping within the scope of native peoples instead of in reaction to foreign influence. They do an excellent job of showing how archeology can and should contribute to the historical record, and their logical and well-substantiated narrative flows smoothly, making it a pleasure to read. In chapter 8, Mark A. Rees confronts the polarization of science and history within the discipline of archeology. Touting the longue duree, Rees promotes the forging of a more productive link among the historical, anthropological, and scientific approaches to archeology and explores the connections between competition-driven authority and tradition at Moundville and other central Mississippi Valley sites as exemplified in their ceramics. …


The aim of study is to investigate the relationship between self-disclosure and internet addiction. Self- Disclosure Scale and Internet Addiction Scale were applied to students. Results indicated a negative correlation between self-disclosure and internet addiction. Self disclosure was negative predicted by internet addiction in the structural equation model. Fit indices obtained from the structural equation model established to determine the level of clarification of internet addiction by the level of self-disclosure indicates that the model fits well. Findings are discussed depending on the literature.


In the information age information is useless unless it can be found and used, search engines in our time thereby form a crucial component of research. For something so crucial, information retrieval (IR), the formal discipline investigating search, can be a confusing area of study. There is an underlying difficulty, with the very definition of information retrieval, and weaknesses in its operational method, which prevent it being called a 'science'. The work in this thesis aims to create a formal definition for search, scientific methods for evaluation and comparison of different search strategies, and methods for dealing with the uncertainty associated with user interactions; so that one has the necessary formal foundation to be able to perceive IR as "search science".

The key problems restricting a science of search pertain to the ambiguity in the current way in which search scenarios and concepts are specified. This especially affects evaluation of search systems since according to the traditional retrieval approach, evaluations are not repeatable, and thus not collectively verifiable. This is mainly due to the dependence on the method of user studies currently dominating evaluation methodology. This evaluation problem is related to the problem of not being able to formally define the users in user studies. The problem of defining users relates in turn to one of the main retrieval-specific motivations of the thesis, which can be understood by noticing that uncertainties associated with the interpretation of user interactions are collectively inscribed in a relevance concept, the representation and use of which defines the overall character of a retrieval model. Current research is limited in its understanding of how to best model relevance, a key factor restricting extensive formalization of the IR discipline as a whole. Thus, the problems of defining search systems and search scenarios are the principle issues preventing formal comparisons of systems and scenarios, in turn limiting the strength of experimental evaluation. Alternative models of search are proposed that remove the need for ambiguous relevance concepts and instead by arguing for use of simulation as a normative evaluation strategy for retrieval, some new concepts are introduced that can be employed in judging effectiveness of search systems. Included are techniques for simulating search, techniques for formal user modelling and techniques for generating measures of effectiveness for search models.

The problems of evaluation and of defining users are generalized by proposing that they are related to the need for an unified framework for defining arbitrary search concepts, search systems, user models, and evaluation strategies. It is argued that this framework depends on a re-interpretation of the concept of search accommodating the increasingly embedded and implicit nature of search on modern operating systems, internet and networks. The re-interpretation of the concept of search is approached by considering a generalization of the concept of ostensive retrieval producing definitions of search, information need, user and system that (formally) accommodates the perception of search as an abstract process that can be physical and/or computational.

The feasibility of both the mathematical formalism and physical conceptualizations of quantum theory (QT) are investigated for the purpose of modelling the this abstract search process as a physical process. Techniques for representing a search process by the Hilbert space formalism in QT are presented from which techniques are proposed for generating measures for effectiveness that combine static information such as term weights, and dynamically changing information such as probabilities of relevance. These techniques are used for deducing methods for modelling information need change. In mapping the 'macro level search' process to 'micro level physics' some generalizations were made to the use and interpretation of basic QT concepts such the wave function description of state and reversible evolution of states corresponding to the first and second postulates of quantum theory respectively. Several ways of expressing relevance (and other retrieval concepts) within the derived framework are proposed arguing that the increase in modelling power by use of QT provides effective ways to characterize this complex concept.

Mapping the mathematical formalism of search to that of quantum theory presented insightful perspectives about the nature of search. However, differences between the operational semantics of quantum theory and search restricted the usefulness of the mapping. In trying to resolve these semantic differences, a semi-formal framework was developed that is mid-way between a programmatic language, a state-based language resembling the way QT models states, and a process description language. By using this framework, this thesis attempts to intimately link the theory and practice of information retrieval and the evaluation of the retrieval process. The result is a novel, and useful way for formally discussing, modelling and evaluating search concepts, search systems and search processes.


Abstract Kanemite belongs to the group of naturally occurring sodium silicate minerals that was first found in Kanem, at the edge of the Lake Chad, and has been synthesized in different ways from NaOH-SiO2 mixtures and used as precursor for the design of microporous and mesoporous materials. The fluoride route to the synthesis of microporous materials is based on the substitution of OH- anions by fluoride anions, which may subsequently also play a mineralizing role, and gives rise to materials with higher hydrophobicity and thermal and hydrothermal stability. Moreover, F- plays an important role in the incorporation of framework heteroatoms, thereby affecting the activity of the final material. The aim of this study was to synthesize fluorokanemite using different synthetic routes and different F- source. The final product was characterized by a combination of methods that provided information regarding the incorporation of fluorine into the framework and the short- and long-range structural order of the fluorosilicate. Kanemite with water content close to ideal was obtained in all cases. The washing process was found to have no effect in the long- or short-range structural order of the layer framework, although it did affect the structure of the cation in the interlayer space of kanemite. The mineralizing agent therefore appears to be the key to the synthesis. Furthermore, it governs the resulting kanemite structure by controlling the formation of hydrogen bonds in the framework, and therefore the degree of lamellar structure condensation.


Abstract This paper presents a philosophical and scientifically informed assessment of the continuity of time. It provides experimental evidence for the continuity of psychological time and evaluates the view that physical and psychological time may be continuous. It then offers a potential problem for the continuity of physical time, which adds plausibility to the possibility that only psychological time is continuous. The main contributions of the paper are that it provides an adequate and up to date interpretation of traditional philosophical views concerning the continuity of time, and that it argues for a reliabilist account of the epistemology of the mathematical continuum.


Abstract This study draws attention to the challenging perception of two public information pictograms, 'elevator' and 'toilet'. Both indicate the location of a destination. Although the semantic information is completely different, both pictograms partly depict the same: front view of standing human figures. In certain contexts (e.g., at airports or train stations), with people in a hurry and with users from different cultures, this can lead to confusion. In addition, the representation of human figures is increasingly being questioned on the basis of public and political discussions on gender issues. Moreover, attention to accessibility is also being incorporated in these two pictograms. Thus, both pictograms are undergoing an evolutionary process in order to meet current requirements. Do more messages require more complex pictograms? As a starting point, we conducted a comprehension test based on the method recommended by iso 9186-1. The results showed trends, but some questions regarding the two pictograms were not clearly understood by the test group members. Therefore, we conducted another test designed to determine the limits of the graphics depicted in these pictograms. We hope this study will help raise awareness about these issues. Finally, we offer five pointers for consideration when designing the elevator pictogram in the future.


A number of X-ray analyses of an enzyme involved in a key early stage of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis are reported. Two structures of human 5-aminolaevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), native and recombinant, have been determined at 2.8 Å resolution, showing that the enzyme adopts an octameric quaternary structure in accord with previously published analyses of the enzyme from a range of other species. However, this is in contrast to the finding that a disease-related F12L mutant of the human enzyme uniquely forms hexamers [Breinig et al. (2003), Nature Struct. Biol. 10, 757-763]. Monomers of all ALADs adopt the TIM-barrel fold; the subunit conformation that assembles into the octamer includes the N-terminal tail of one monomer curled around the (α/β)8 barrel of a neighbouring monomer. Both crystal forms of the human enzyme possess two monomers per asymmetric unit, termed A and B. In the native enzyme there are a number of distinct structural differences between the A and B monomers, with the latter exhibiting greater disorder in a number of loop regions and in the active site. In contrast, the second monomer of the recombinant enzyme appears to be better defined and the active site of both monomers clearly possesses a zinc ion which is bound by three conserved cysteine residues. In native human ALAD, the A monomer also has a ligand resembling the substrate ALA which is covalently bound by a Schiff base to one of the active-site lysines (Lys252) and is held in place by an ordered active-site loop. In contrast, these features of the active-site structure are disordered or absent in the B subunit of the native human enzyme. The octameric structure of the zinc-dependent ALAD from the hyperthermophile Pyrobaculum calidifontis is also reported at a somewhat lower resolution of 3.5 Å. Finally, the details are presented of a high-resolution structure of the Escherichia coli ALAD enzyme co-crystallized with a noncovalently bound moiety of the product, porphobilinogen (PBG). This structure reveals that the pyrrole side-chain amino group is datively bound to the active-site zinc ion and that the PBG carboxylates interact with the enzyme via hydrogen bonds and salt bridges with invariant residues. A number of hydrogen-bond interactions that were previously observed in the structure of yeast ALAD with a cyclic intermediate resembling the product PBG appear to be weaker in the new structure, suggesting that these interactions are only optimal in the transition state.


This collection was Taken during February/March 1970 at the time of the great Hindu festival of Shivaratri in honour of the deity Shiva, the creator and destroyer of the Universe. At that festival sadhus or itinerant yogis gather in great numbers at the most holy Hindu temple in Nepal, Pashupatinath, near Kathmandu,which may be translated as 'Lord of All Creatures' - an epithet of Shiva. Countless pilgrims attend the temple, as well as the sadhus who earn their keep by their holiness as well as with fairground tricks, some of which may be seen in the photographs. Entry to non-Hindus is always strictly forbidden so all these were taken on the hill overlooking the temple or just outside the holiest precinct itself.


Concepts help economize on information. Conventional wisdom correctly associates conceptualism with formalism but misunderstands the role concepts play in law. Commentators from the Legal Realists onward have paid insufficient attention to the distinction between concepts and the categories they pick out (or, to borrow from philosophical semantics, the intension and extension of legal relations). Even though two concepts may identify the same category, they can differ greatly in terms of information costs. This Article applies tools of cognitive science to explore the economics of legal concepts. Both the mind and the law are information-processing devices that manage complexity and economize on information by employing concepts and rules, the specific-over-general principle, modularity, and recursion. These devices work in tandem to produce the economizing architecture of property. As in cognitive science, we expect simplicity of description and generality of explanation to coincide. This Article then applies the cognitive theory of property to longstanding puzzles like the role of baselines—such as nemo dat ("one cannot give that which one does not have") and ad coelum ("one who owns the soil owns to the heavens above and the depths below")—the notion of title, and the function of equity as a safety valve for the law. The theory developed here provides a more elegant description of the law, better generalizes to new situations, and therefore helps to explain and justify the robustness of traditional baselines in property law. The cognitive theory also allows one to reconcile reductionism and holism in property theory, as well as static and process descriptions of the contours of property.


This thesis develops three dynamic quantitative equilibrium models with heterogeneous agents, tackling issues related to the criminal participation of individuals and the labor market. The first chapter studies the effect of hard drugs addiction on property crimes and hard drugs selling in the US. A dynamic equilibrium model quantifying how much of the observed property crime rate is accounted for by hard drugs addiction is specified and estimated. The model is framed in both a rational addiction and a rational crime participation environment. The results show that a substantial part of property crimes, approximately 26%, is accounted for by predatory crime to finance addiction. The estimated model is in turn used to quantify the economic consequences of a compulsory drug treatment scheme for all arrested felons, and the effects of a legalization policy. The first policy experiment suggests a decrease in the property crime rate by 11%, while under the new legal regime the property crime rate is found to decrease by 18%. The second chapter studies the effects of both labor market conditions and asset poverty on the property crimes involvement of American males. The property crimes arrest rate has consistently been four times higher for black males if compared to white ones. Another set of stylized facts show for the first demographic group lower educational levels and worse labor market performances. A dynamic equilibrium model is developed, exploiting these facts to quantitatively assess the race crime gap. The model is calibrated relying on US data and solved numerically. Simulation results show that the observed poverty and labor market outcomes account for as much as 90% of the arrest rates ratio. Finally, the model is used to compare two alternative policy experiments aimed at reducing the aggregate crime rate: increasing the expenditure on police seems to be cost effective, when compared to an equally expensive lump-sum subsidy targeted to the high school dropouts. The last chapter studies the equilibrium welfare effects of introducing mandated severance payments in a labor market with costly mobility, where self-insurance through a riskless asset is the only way to smooth fluctuations in labor income due to unemployment shocks. The framework allows for wage flexibility at the level of the individual firm-worker match. Wages vary with both tenure and productivity of the workers. When severance payments are introduced, the firm can potentially undo their effect by modify ing the wage profile. Workers entry wages fall by the expected present value of the future payment. However, because of incomplete markets, workers are unlikely to be indifferent about the slope of the wage profile. The model is solved numerically and calibrated to the US economy. We compare a welfare measure for the baseline economy, i.e. without severance payments, to those of a series of counterfactual economies where the severance payments are introduced at increasing levels. Welfare gains and costs are heterogeneous in the population but seem to be quantitatively small for plausible values of the severance payments.


This book is concerned with statistical methods for the analysis of data collected from a survey. A survey could consist of data collected from a questionnaire or from measurements, such as those taken as part of a quality control process. Concerned with the statistical methods for the analysis of sample survey data, this book will update and extend the successful book edited by Skinner, Holt and Smith on 'Analysis of Complex Surveys'. The focus will be on methodological issues, which arise when applying statistical methods to sample survey data and will discuss in detail the impact of complex sampling schemes. Further issues, such as how to deal with missing data and measurement of error will also be critically discussed. There have significant improvements in statistical software which implement complex sampling schemes (eg SUDAAN, STATA, WESVAR, PC CARP ) in the last decade and there is greater need for practical advice for those analysing survey data. To ensure a broad audience, the statistical theory will be made accessible through the use of practical examples. This book will be accessible to a broad audience of statisticians but will primarily be of interest to practitioners analysing survey data. Increased awareness by social scientists of the variety of powerful statistical methods will make this book a useful reference.


We present a new direction finding scheme for slow targets embedded in sea clutter that combines subspace methods (MUSIC and Root-MUSIC) and time domain sea clutter and noise suppression. The ocean surface behaves as a distributed source in contrast to ships that are point sources. By mapping data to eigenspaces, the sea clutter level decreases due to its non-deterministic behavior while point targets' levels remain unchanged while enhancing estimation performance. Since subspace methods have a higher threshold and are degraded heavily by the correlated sea clutter, clutter and noise suppression is introduced to enhance algorithm performance. Both simulated and real ship targets are used to show the lower threshold and higher estimation performance of the proposed algorithm.


As part of its ongoing program on public philosophy, the Carnegie Council initiated a workshop series to address current conceptions of democracy around the world. Papers by Peter Zarrow, William Galston, Hugh Heclo, Veronica Montecinos, Howard Glennerster, and Zsusza Ferge have been published as individual monographs. The monographs, and the program, aim to develop a more nuanced understanding of the values underlying public policies in this era of globalization.


Hospices are required to measure performance as evidence in making a difference to the lives of the communities they serve and to use this data to improve service delivery. This demands workforce capacity and capability as well as sustainability in data collection processes. In an innovative approach, a hospice successfully widened the scope for volunteers within their organisation, by engaging them in data collection using the St Christopher's Hospice Patient Priorities Measure (SKIPP), a validated outcome measure for use in specialist palliative care settings. SKIPP was piloted for 3 months across the day and inpatient unit. A project lead trained and managed volunteers in the agreed pilot process. Key clinical champions were identified in each department to support the volunteers administering the questionnaires and to discuss any emerging 'surprise' concerns requiring a more immediate clinical response. Supervision/support meetings were agreed monthly for volunteers, facilitated by the project lead. The volunteers were very committed, evidenced by the 82% rate of returned initial questionnaires. All trained volunteers remained with the programme and reported feeling very positive, valued and recognized for the life skills and experience they brought and for being able to contribute to hospice service evaluation. The pilot proved very successful as volunteer engagement limited the opportunity for bias through nurse 'gate-keeping' and reduced the need for the nursing capacity to undertake this additional work. The volunteer's feedback contributed to refining the process for future use. The pilot was successful at two levels, SKIPP yielded valuable data to inform the hospice quality accounts and proved an effective tool in patient assessment and service evaluation. The positive results provided sound evidence that using volunteers in a more diverse way within a hospice can yield greater engagement and role satisfaction for volunteers and add value to the organisation as a whole.


Pluralism is a notion that regularly appears in education literature regarding social injustice or teaching for democracy. Over the last decade, a new type of Jewish Day School has emerged, the Jewish Community School. These Jewish Community Schools distinguish themselves by adopting pluralism as one of their core values. What is unclear is how teachers within such a school think about the notion of pluralism. This case study describes and analyses the way that members of a Jewish Studies faculty in one Jewish Community High School thinks about pluralism and the pedagogical implications of this thinking.


It is proposed that transient volcanic explosions of the vulcanian type may provide a mechanism for the generation and dispersal of pyroclastic material on Venus. The influence of the Venusian high atmospheric pressure environment implies that continuous discharge plinian eruptive activity is relatively uncommon: the tendency for suppression of exsolution and expansion of magmatic gases favors effusive eruptions. However, it may be possible for explosive activity to occur, in a fashion analogous to vulcanian eruptions on Earth, as a result of the accumulation of hot, pressurized gas under a coherent rock "lid". The explosion may be initiated by the failure of this retaining caprock, causing the catastrophic release of the high-pressure gas, which expands out of the vent driving the fragmented caprock material ahead of it and displacing the surrounding atmosphere. On Earth the driving gas may originate either from vaporization of groundwater or from degassing of a stalled magma body in the near-surface crust, whereas on Venus, where the presence of crustal stores of volatile compounds is uncertain, the latter option only is favored: prolonged degassing may lead to an accumulation of gas sufficient to initiate an explosion. This paper presents the results of a numerical model describing the explosion process under boundary conditions representing the Venusian physical environment. This involves treatments of the acceleration of the driving gas, caprock and displaced atmospheric gas out of the vent and the subsequent motions and aerodynamic interactions between the atmosphere and the ejected blocks of fragmented caprock. In this way, predictions of the eruption velocities and of the resulting distribution of (large) solid ejecta can be obtained for likely conditions on Venus. Deposits of large blocky debris are predicted to range up to a maximum distance of the order of 1 km from the vent on Venus, compared with distances of several kilometers commonly attained by ejecta from transient explosions on Earth. More typical blocky deposits may extend for only a few hundred meters, which implies that they would not be detected in the Magellan radar data. However, the possible presence of associated pyroclastic flow and fine-grained ashfall deposits may constitute aids to the identification of sites of vulcanian eruptions on Venus.


Aim: To evaluate the increase of the occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) on the smile in young Peruvian adults. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study included a total of 30 subjects (15 men and 15 women) aged between 20 and 30 years. Silicone stops were created that increased the OVD by 2 and 4 mm. Photographs were taken with a reflex camera of position, at programmed and standardized lighting, with and without the stops made to the patients using a head and face positioner. The following measurements were made: smile index, interlabial distance, intercomisural width, distance of the incisal edge–upper lip, and distance of the incisal edge–lower lip. The analysis of variance test was used for statistical analysis, establishing a level of significance at P < 0.05. Results: The measure of the interlabial distance of the initial smile was 10.70 ± 2.80 mm, in which the OVD became 11.79 ± 3.67 mm with the increase of 2 mm and 12.91 ± 3.98 mm with the increase of 4 mm; however, the increase in OVD favored a decrease on the smile index, decreasing from 6.07 ± 1.51 mm to 5.48 ± 1.24 mm and 4.99 ± 1.47 mm in the group of increases in the OVD of 2 and 4 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The increase of the OVD favors an increase in the interlabial distance and the measure from the incisal edge to the lower lip; however, it produces a decrease in the smile index in the young Peruvian patients evaluated.


Is there a universal language of love, a "kinship with all life" that can open new horizons of experience? Example after example in this unique classic -- from "Strongheart" the actor-dog to "Freddie" the fly -- resounds with entertaining and inspiring proof that communication with animals is a wonderful, indisputable fact. All that is required is an attitude of openness, friendliness, humility, and a sense of humor to part the curtain and form bonds of real friendship. For anyone who loves animals, for all those who have ever experienced the special devotion only a pet can bring, Kinship With All Life is an unqualified delight. Sample these pages and you will never encounter "just a dog" again, but rather a fellow member of nature's own family.


The parameterised treatment of the sedimentation of a hydrometeor ensemble still is a demanding task. Recently, several studies have pointed out problems in the representation of physically relevant quantities when using the parameterisation of sedimentation as is. They circumvented these problems with empirical correction methods for the moment's mean fall speeds.

This contribution presents a new parameterisation with two prognostic moments, based on a more physical definition of the integral which constitutes the moments: while conventional methods employ an upper diameter limit of infinity for the sake of easy calculation, here a finite maximum particle diameter is introduced. This corresponds to the non-existence of huge particles in nature. Hereby the mathematical properties of the equations are changed. A mirroring technique is required when the mean particle mass of the ensemble is large.

Using the example of raindrops, results of the new parameterisation are presented and compared with the solution of the spectral budget equation and with results of other parameterisation methods. It turns out that a finite maximum drop diameter leads to improved results, especially when assuming a Marshall-Palmer spectrum. Concerning the value of the maximum diameter, the presented sensitivity studies suggest choosing it in the range of the observed value of 5 to 10 mm.


Introduction: Based on a review of literature, there is a gap of knowledge on how students perceive the professional roles and responsibilities of other disciplines. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of interprofessional socialization among health profession students. Subjects: Participants included 300 undergraduate and 114 graduate students from eight health disciplines: nursing, communication disorders, physical therapy, social work, radiological science, occupational therapy, clinical lab science, and nutritional science. Methods: Data were collected using the Interprofessional Socialization and Valuing Scale (ISVS-21). The participants rated 21 items about their beliefs, behaviors, and attitudes of interprofessional socialization on a Likert scale from 1-7, with 1 being not at all and 7 being to a very great extent. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance was conducted to compare the health disciplines for differences. Results: Descriptive analysis revealed that 95.2% of students perceived an awareness of interprofessional socialization as occurring from a fairly great extent to a great extent, with means of 5.12 or higher on the 1-7 scale. There were no significant differences between the health disciplines. Conclusion: Findings suggest that students have the readiness to understand each other's professional roles and responsibilities. Although there are no standardized educational strategies to facilitate student collaboration between disciplines, considerations for future interprofessional collaborative activities are indicated.


I. SPENSER'S BACK PAGES As one aspect of the capacious methodological program David Scott Kastan and Peter Stallybrass christened "The New Boredom" (Kastan 18), (1) materialist case studies provide benchmarks against which literary scholars have learned to measure their investment in speculation and fantasy. Indeed, it could be argued that one of the chief merits of the work produced by scholars who have insisted on the importance of rigorously engaging with the material conditions of print culture has been to produce a body of studies in which cautionary tales abound. It could be argued, too, that no one must be more aware of the potential embarrassments that haunt speculative projects than the scholar who has chosen to explore the received wisdom concerning the explanatory, dedicatory, and commendatory documents that accompanied Spenser's Faerie Queene into print in 1590. Bound up in this received wisdom is the vexed question of Spenser's self-fashioning as a creature of the print shop. After several decades during which Spenserians assumed that the poet of The Faerie Queene must have been intimately involved in the printing of his poem, (2) Jean Brink has recently insisted that we ought to entertain other possibilities. In her "Materialist History of the Publication of Spenser's Faerie Queene," Brink argues that "From what we know about the Elizabethan printing house, it would be eminently sensible to question Spenser's involvement in the physical presentation of his work" (3). Brink criticizes what she calls "the fictionalization of the printing context" by Spenser's critics (2). Accordingly, her recent work is characterized by a desire to strip the printing context of those seductive fictions. (3) The most tenacious of those fictions have clustered around the back pages of the 1590 Faerie Queene--especially around the Letter to Ralegh and the Dedicatory Sonnets. Given the complexity of the history laid out by Brink, a brief review of the central problems posed by the different states in which Spenser's Dedicatory Sonnets have survived will not be out of place here. (4) Some copies of the 1590 Faerie Queene print ten dedicatory sonnets on signatures Pp6r-Pp8r (pages 601-06). (5) The majority of copies, however, print twenty-five sonnets. In these copies the original ten sonnets of the first issue (Pp6r-Pp8r) are accompanied by another set of fifteen sonnets (eight of these are repeated from the original ten; the remaining seven are new) on signatures Qq1r-Qq4v (without page numbers). (6) Finally, other copies contain a set of seventeen dedications in which the original issue's ten sonnets have been intermingled with the seven new sonnets included in the second issue. (7) Francis Johnson regarded this last group of seventeen sonnets as the embodiment of Spenser's and the printer's intentions. (8) Johnson speculated that a belated attempt to avert a public relations disaster (Lord Burghley had not been included among the original ten dedicatees of the first issue) had occasioned the penning of several new sonnets: Spenser's friends ... apparently lost no time in convincing him that the very obvious omission of Lord Burghley from the list of noblemen to whom complimentary sonnets were addressed was a very unwise action and would be likely to prove disastrous to his interests at Court. Spenser seems to have promptly taken their advice, and to have composed a sonnet to the Lord Treasurer and at the same time to have added six other dedicatory sonnets to his list. (15) Johnson here follows and popularizes an earlier argument by Israel Gollancz (4-5), and this piece of speculation has generated a wide range of arguments about the poetics of insult and insinuation in The Faerie Queene. (9) Brink, though, argues persuasively that the omission of Burghley and the countess of Pembroke from the first issue suggests print house "confusion, not political intentionality" ("Materialist" 10). …