After almost nine years of discussion, Europe's Galileo navigation satellite project received its official go-ahead in May. Launching of the first satellite is planned for 2005, with signal transmission by June 2006 at the latest. At its most basic level, Galileo is simply Europe's contribution to a global navigation satellite infrastructure. To its boosters, however, Galileo is a massive science/technology program that, if successful, could increase the competitiveness of European companies and help increase the productivity of Europe's economies. French President Jacques Chirac has said it could prevent Europe from becoming "a vassal" of the United States. The first thing to remember about the Galileo positioning system, being developed at great expense by Europe's governments, is that it is never abbreviated GPS. That's because the system is intended as Europe's alternative to the U.S.-owned and operated Global Positioning System-and this is the one universally known as GPS. Organizing for Development Galileo was agreed upon officially on May 26 by the European Union (EU) and the European Space Agency (ESA) after ESA member states finally came to an agreement on their part in its financing. The European Commission's influential and high-profile vice-president, Loyola de Palacio, and ESA's director-general Antonio Rodota, quickly followed up the May breakthrough by signing the "Foundation Act of the Galileo Joint Undertaking" on June 10. This act designates the representatives of the ESA and the EU to the Joint Undertaking's Administrative Board and Executive Committee. In practical terms, this will allow for a rapid establishment of a new organizational entity that will supervise Galileo's development phase. Quick action seems to be the pattern here: the supervisory board of the Galileo Joint Undertaking and ESA immediately designated Rainer Grohe as Galileo's executive director. Grohe brings to this job a rich background, principally as an industrial leader with a strong financial and engineering portfolio. For 14 years he served on the Board of an Asea Brown Boveri subsidiary, the Mannheim-based Brown Boveri & Cie AG. For nine years he served on the Board of the German-based industrial giant VIAG AG. More recently, he has chaired the Venture Council, E.ON Venture Partners GmbH, an investment organization created by Europe's largest power company. Industrial Partnerships First Rainer Grohe will focus initially on Galileo's core of industrial partnerships. In June, the EU and ESA jointly announced that contracts would be signed as soon as possible in order to enable construction of the first satellite using the frequencies obtained for Galileo at WRC-2000 in Istanbul (a global convention where spectrum allocations are negotiated and confirmed.) Insiders see the success of these industry contracts as the most critical aspect of Galileo's overall development. The timetable involves the launching of the satellite in 2005 and signal emission by June 2006 at the latest. Primarily for Civilians Unlike the U.S. system, Galileo is intended to be primarily for civilian use. The U.S. reserves the right to limit the signal strength of the GPS system so that non-military users cannot use it, or to shut down GPS completely in time of conflict. The EU's system will not (in theory) be subject to shutdown for military purposes. Also, Galileo's signal will be available at its full precision to all users, both civil and military, and it is expected to be stronger and more reliable than the GPS civilian signal has been. (This is, of course, the concern of U.S. national security officials who argue that terrorists and/or rogue states could then use Galileo's stronger signal service to their own advantage). The EU has historically had some difficulty trying to secure funding for the operational stage of the Galileo project. Its member states were wary about investing the necessary funds at a time when budgets were threatened across Europe. …


OBJECTIVE
Despite technological advances, results from various clinical trials have repeatedly shown that many individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) do not achieve their glycemic goals. One of the major challenges in disease management is the administration of an accurate amount of insulin for each meal that will match the expected postprandial glycemic response (PPGR). The objective of this study was to develop a prediction model for PPGR in individuals with T1D.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We recruited individuals with T1D who were using continuous glucose monitoring and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion devices simultaneously to a prospective cohort and profiled them for 2 weeks. Participants were asked to report real-time dietary intake using a designated mobile app. We measured their PPGRs and devised machine learning algorithms for PPGR prediction, which integrate glucose measurements, insulin dosages, dietary habits, blood parameters, anthropometrics, exercise, and gut microbiota. Data of the PPGR of 900 healthy individuals to 41,371 meals were also integrated into the model. The performance of the models was evaluated with 10-fold cross validation.

RESULTS
A total of 121 individuals with T1D, 75 adults and 46 children, were included in the study. PPGR to 6,377 meals was measured. Our PPGR prediction model substantially outperforms a baseline model with emulation of standard of care (correlation of R = 0.59 compared with R = 0.40 for predicted and observed PPGR respectively; P < 10-10). The model was robust across different subpopulations. Feature attribution analysis revealed that glucose levels at meal initiation, glucose trend 30 min prior to meal, meal carbohydrate content, and meal's carbohydrate-to-fat ratio were the most influential features for the model.

CONCLUSIONS
Our model enables a more accurate prediction of PPGR and therefore may allow a better adjustment of the required insulin dosage for meals. It can be further implemented in closed loop systems and may lead to rationally designed nutritional interventions personally tailored for individuals with T1D on the basis of meals with expected low glycemic response.


An Interconnect full open defect breaks the connection between the driver and the gate terminals of downstream transistors, generating a floating line. The behavior of floating lines is known to depend on several factors, namely parasitic capacitances to neighboring structures, transistor capacitances of downstream gate(s) and trapped charges. For nanometer CMOS technologies, the reduction of oxide thickness leads to a significant increase in gate tunneling leakage. This new phenomenon influences the behavior of circuits with interconnect full open defects. Floating lines can no longer be considered electrically isolated and are subjected to transient evolutions, reaching a steady state determined by the technology, downstream interconnect and gate(s) topology. The occurrence of such defects and the impact of gate tunneling leakage are expected to increase in the future. In this work, interconnect full open defects affecting nanometer CMOS technologies are analyzed and the defective logic response of downstream gates after reaching the steady state is predicted. Experimental evidence of this behavior is presented for circuits belonging to a 180 nm and a 65 nm CMOS technologies. Technology trends show that the impact of gate leakage currents is expected to increase in future technologies.


This thesis presents the results of 23 months of fieldwork conducted between 2010 and 2012 in Nampula City, northern Mozambique. It analyses the manifestation of Islamic reformism in the city's urban periphery where social organisation has historically been structured by principles of Makhuwa kinship and post-socialist citizenship, while religious life is dominated by Makhuwa ritual specialists, the Catholic Church and Sufi orders. Recently, however, the ranks of Sufi orders have been dwindling. The decline has been matched by a sharp increase in the number and influence of reformist mosques. With financial support from international Islamic donors, reformist mosques seek to bring local understandings of Islam in line with globally-oriented Salafi-inspired interpretations. The thesis describes the appropriation, contestation and impact of these interpretations.
There are three main findings. First, I found that Islamic reformism unsettles existing conceptions of personhood. The majority of city dwellers combine their religious and national sense of belonging with Makhuwa notions of relatedness and conceptualise the self as interdependent. In contrast, reformists define themselves in relation to the divine, and objectify the self as they seek to make it available for self-fashioning. Second, the significance of this reorientation lies in its epistemological ramifications. A variety of social forms in northern Mozambique, including neighbourly assistance, the administration of justice and political relations, are premised on the understanding that events in this world are structured by invisible forces. Attempts of Islamic reformists to orient themselves towards God lead them to perceive reality in more objective terms, and consequently, their participation in neighbourhood sociality changes. Thirdly, this reorientation is tentative. In a setting where many do not share the outlook of reformism, it produces dilemmas and uncertainties. People cope with these uncertainties using strategies of confrontation, negotiation and compromise. Islamic reformism and other dimensions of social life become, as a result, mutually constitutive.
These findings have several theoretical implications. The recent trend in anthropology has been to study Islamic reform movements through the lens of practices of ethical self-fashioning. This thesis argues that this focus is too narrow. My data shows that the multiplicity and complexity of the life worlds of Muslims need to be considered, and that attention should be paid to questions of how Islamic reformism shapes social practice as a
system of knowledge.


The dentate gyrus (DG) plays a crucial role in learning, memory and spatial navigation. Only a small fraction of mature dentate granule cells (mDGCs) is active during behavior, while the large majority remains silent. To date, the properties of this active subset of neurons remain poorly investigated. Using fosGFP transgenic mice, we show ex vivo that activated mDGCs, from mice maintained in their home cage, exhibit a marked lower intrinsic excitability compared to the non-activated cells. Remarkably, activated mDGCs, from mice trained in a virtual environment, are more excitable than those from mice maintained in their home cage. Therefore, we show that activated mDGCs display different intrinsic properties and excitable states depending on the context of their activation. We propose that these properties could constitute a neural signature of cell assemblies recruited in different behavioral contexts.


Trade between developed countries has so accelerated in recent decades that it tends to obscure the less obvious returns but considerable potential of business opportunities in the developing nations. To the businessman thinking of investing in an underdeveloped market the whole issue is fraught with uncertainties, of which the structuring of investment and choice of partners are perhaps the most important and perplexing.With this book, J. W. C. Tomlinson, Senior Lecturer in International Business at the Manchester Business School, Manchester, England, paves the first steps in the path of such businessmen, especially those interested in investment in India or Pakistan. He sets up a framework for a model of the decisions and dimensions involved in establishing and operating joint ventures in international business.The author bases his study on evidence collected from top executives of 50 British firms with investments in India and Pakistan. Some of his conclusions may be surprising. He finds, for instance, that the profitability of joint ventures seems to be inversely related to the size of the foreign parent company and to the latter's predilection for control over a joint operation. He also finds that the apparently attractive compromise of 50-50 joint ventures usually turns out to be a snare and a delusion. In general, given more effective search procedures, there are more potential local associates for joint ventures in less-developed countries than the literature suggests. Most significantly, host government partners are rarely a hindrance and often the most compatible associates for a foreign investor.It appears that the decision to go into a joint venture, the selection of partners and the manner in which it is set up are only partially determined, if at all, by considerations of bilateral monopolistic advantage. Initiation, promotion and development of new ventures tends to be the responsibility of individuals or special interest groups.Hitherto, the area of joint operations in international business has only been examined descriptively. Here is a study which analyzes the subject rigorously and in depth, providing detailed information of the results of a type of operation which is likely to become increasingly significant.


I investigate the effect of analysts on the speed with which bad news is reflected in earnings. Intuitively, the more analysts that cover a firm, the more costly it will be for the firm to keep bad news suppressed. Thus, analyst coverage should positively affect bad news timeliness (BNT) (but not necessarily the differential timeliness of bad news over good news, or conditional conservatism). Using brokerage house mergers as a natural experiment with a difference-in-differences design, I find that an exogenous decrease in analyst coverage decreases BNT; that is, analysts positively affect BNT. The decrease in BNT is robust to controlling for unobserved firm heterogeneity, using a propensity score matched sample, persists for up to three years after the brokerage house merger, and is stronger for firms with relatively low analyst coverage before the merger. The result improves our understanding of how analysts affect a firm's information environment.


This thesis covers a variety of analytical approaches that validate the use of the EvacuatioNZ model on high-rise building analysis. Through performing a number of sensitivity analyses, several model deficiencies as well as functional limitations were improved upon and part of the model developments are continued based on the previous research done by two Master's students at the University of Canterbury. In this thesis, data from three evacuations were considered for different validating aspects. These evacuations were, a hypothetical 21-storey hotel building located in the United States of America, which was previously simulated using Simulex and EXIT89; a trial evacuation that was carried out in a 13-storey office building located in Canada; and a fire drill conducted at a 21-storey office building located in Australia. Overall, the results indicated that the EvacuatioNZ is able to produce reasonable predictions of the total evacuation time regardless of the number of floors involved. The component testing also showed satisfactory outcomes regarding the involvement of disabled occupants, complexity of node configurations, and different pre-movement time distributions. However, the current model still has a number of limitations that need to be verified and tested. These include the preferred route function and the connection problem for long stairs. Further research should also be carried out on the use of the Evacuation model on other types of building structures so as to increase the confidence level of utilizing the EvacuatioNZ model for general applications.


ABSTRACT The identification of causes and phenomena associated with crime is a primary objective of this article, especially in view of its practical value and the belief that such identifications can be useful when seeking to offer an explanation for, correcting or controling criminal behaviour. An analysis of official and unofficial sources indicates that social development is closely linked to crime. The traditional belief is that more equitable distribution of economic wealth and technological progress will reduce crime and social conflict. It may, however, also result in an increase in overall crime rates because of modernisation and socioeconomic growth. Generally, groups of social factors have been universally regarded as contributing to crime. Indications are that the strategy employed by government is a positive step in the endeavour to coordinate responses to crime in a responsible and rational manner. However, more emphasis is still placed on the social context in which the person functions, taking limited note of the individual, characterised by his or her unique personality composition. 1. INTRODUCTION Crime has become a feature of life for many communities in South Africa. As any observer would immediately notice, robbery (with or without aggravating circumstances) and theft (1) occur with alarming frequency and astounding impunity in many urban areas, informal settlements, and even rural areas. In the period between 5000 BC and 1692 AD the high crime rate would have been blamed on demonic influences or during the period between 3500 BC and 1630 AD, on the zodiac or planetary influences. (2) Today, the causes of crime should be sought far beyond these factors. Although people have different perceptions of the reasons underpinning crime, few studies have attempted to explore the magnitude or the causes of crime in South Africa. (3) This article will focus on the causes universally regarded as contributing to crime, based on an analysis of official and unofficial sources. These factors will be addressed from a criminological point of view, after which comments and suggestions to move forward will be offered. 2. CRIMINOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW The term criminology derives from the Latin word crimen, translated as "offence", and was introduced by the anthropologist Paul Topinard in 1889. (4) Criminologists use a variety of scientific methods to investigate criminal behaviour and related topics. However, because crime penetrates almost all areas of social life, the scope of criminological studies is virtually unlimited. Therefore, as a discipline, Criminology is defined as the scientific study of crime and (notions) of crime control. (5) The identification of causes and phenomena associated with crime is one of the most popular goals in criminology, especially in view of its practical value and the belief that such identifications are useful when seeking to correct or control criminal behaviour. The utility of discovering causes must, however, be qualified. Knowing what causes crime is not necessarily the same as reducing or addressing crime. Causation refers to factors or phenomena that have to be present (necessary or sufficient conditions) to precipitate crime. It is argued, however, that causal relationships are images created out of past experiences rather than observed reality. "No force can be directly observed coming from poverty, economic inequality, or deviant friends that drives a person to commit a crime. Conversely, no force can be observed coming from a well-developed superego, a stake in conformity, or a strong belief in the rules in society that restrains a person from committing a crime". (6) The paradoxical nature of social life is reflected in two dimensions. On a personal (idiographic) level, the quality of human life involves life chances and life-results; in other words, opportunities and outcomes. Just as it is true that people often make much of their life in spite of poor opportunities, the opposite is equally true. …


This collection of essays considers the development of Holocaust memory in Australia since 1945. Bringing together the work of younger and more established scholars, the volume examines Holocaust memory in a variety of local and national contexts from both inside and outside of Australia's Jewish communities. The articles presented here emanate from a variety of different disciplinary perspectives, from history through literary, cultural and museum studies. This collection considers both the general development of Holocaust memory, engaging historically with particular moments when the Shoah punctuated public perceptions of the recent past, as well as its representation and memorialisation in contemporary Australia. A detailed introduction discusses the relationship between the Australian case and the general development of Holocaust memory in the Western world, asking whether we need to revise the assumptions of what have become the rather staid narratives of the journey of the Shoah into public consciousness.


Leniency (amnesty) plus is one of the tools used in the fight against anticompetitive agreements. It allows a cartelist who did not manage to secure complete immunity under general leniency, to secure an additional reduction of sanctions in exchange for cooperation with the authorities with respect to operation of another prohibited agreement on an unrelated market. The instrument was developed in the US and, in recent years, it was introduced in a number of jurisdictions. This article contextualises the operation of and rationale behind leniency plus, forewarning about its potential procollusive effects and the possibility of its strategic (mis)use by cartelists. It discusses theoretical, moral, and systemic (deterrence-related) problems surrounding this tool. It also provides a comparison of leniency plus in ten jurisdictions, identifying common design flaws. This piece argues that leniency plus tends to be a problematic and poorly transplanted US legal innovation. Policy-makers considering its introduction should analyse it in light of institutional limits and local realities. Some of the regimes which already introduced it would be better off abandoning it.


Ineffective internal controls over financial reporting often relates to a lack of qualified personnel with sufficient accounting and technical expertise. In this study, we examine whether firms respond to internal control failures by increasing their demand for specific accounting and finance skills. Using unique data containing an extensive collection of job postings, we document significant increases in firms' demand for employees with financial skills following the disclosure of an internal control weakness. This demand effect is more pronounced among jobs requiring accounting skills or accounting software knowledge, but also extends to non-accounting personnel that interface with accounting functions, suggesting an important role for all firm personnel in remediating internal control failures. We also find that increased financial skill demand is associated with a higher likelihood of internal control remediation, especially for firms with restatements. We also provide additional evidence consistent with increased financial skill demand relating to the disclosure of a material weaknesses rather than a proactive firm response to internal control issues. Overall, our findings shed new light on how firms internally respond to ineffective internal controls by increasing their demand for financial skills in their workforce.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to focus on food consumption as part of the wicked problem of obesity. Specifically, the authors seek to explore the complex interplay between stakeholders such as food producers, marketers, health and medical practitioners and policymakers and their influence on the ways in which individuals consume food and also chart a course forward using a systems approach, social marketing techniques and social enterprise to develop solutions to effect change.

Design/methodology/approach

This is a conceptual paper that proposes the food system compass to understand the complex interplay between stakeholders.

Findings

This new tool will provide social marketers with an improved understanding of the complexity of interactions between stakeholders and outcomes and integrating the necessity for coordination within and across micro, meso, exo and macro levels of the system as well as across sectors, institutions and stakeholders.

Research limitations/implications

This is a conceptual paper and proposes the food system compass which offers a foundation for future research to expand upon.

Originality/value

This paper seeks to advance the theoretical base of social marketing by providing new insights into the trans-disciplinary and dynamic circumstances surrounding food consumption and obesity and highlights leverage points where joint actions can be facilitated with actors across and between micro, meso, exo and macro levels.


A new analytic model, based on the interference of waves, and numerical calculations are exploited for analyzing the spectral behavior of the transmitted and reflected intensities from metal-based grating–waveguide structures. The results reveal that strong intensity changes can occur near resonance with resonance bandwidths in the subnanometer range. These intensity changes are found to be strongly dependent on specific parameters of the structures, particularly the height of the grating and the absorption in the metallic layer. Several structures were fabricated and evaluated experimentally to demonstrate that spectral bandwidths of 0.1 nm and intensity changes as large as 60% can be achieved.


At the beginning of his much written about Specters of Marx Derrida writes, "For there is no ghost, there is never any becoming specter of the spirit without at least the appearance of flesh, in a space of invisible visibility like the disappearing of an apparition.  For the ghost, there must be a return to the body, but to a body that is more abstract than ever,"  In Specters, Derrida is not only proposing a theory of history, a theory of hauntology, but in describing and redescribing the very substantive nature of the specter, he is also proposing a theory of corporeality, a theory of what the flesh is and can be.  By using Derrida's theory of, what I will call, "spectral corporeality" in conjunction with the photographs of Francesca Woodman and the performance art of Marina Abramovic, my paper will ask such questions as: How can the specter return to the body, but not be of the flesh? How can a living fleshly body extend into a spectral body? And, what does it mean to have a theory of the body that is not of the flesh, blood, bone and sinew of the living body?Abramovic's grappling with bones (in "Cleaning The House" and "Balkan Baroque") and Woodman's faceless figure simultaneously going into and escaping from a grave stone , not only  contend with the spectrality of objects (relics), spectral histories inhabiting fleshly bodies and the spectral presence between audience and performer, viewer and artist, but with the gender of the spectral body.  To invoke "a body that is more abstract than ever", Derrida wrestles with Marx, conjures the ghost of Hamlet's father and summons Hamlet himself—an all male cast of spectral bodies; by examining Abramovic and Woodman's art, I hope to understand how a female spectral body might make itself present, inhabit a  visual space of both flesh and ether.


This research project evaluates the effectiveness of specific music theory instructional strategies in terms of D. A. Kolb's theory of experiential learning and Kolb's typology of individual learning style. The project provides an original methodology for the adaptation of music theory instructional material to the individual learning style types described in Kolb's typology. The study compares the relative effectiveness of two music theory instructional sequences, one of which is adapted for all of the learning style modalities described in Kolb's typology, and the other adapted for only a limited number of Kolb's learning style types. In order to compare the potential "learning outcomes" produced by these instructional sequences, a detailed study is proposed, in which computer based instruction (CBI) will deliver the instructional sequences to research participants and electronically record the participants' responses. The current study demonstrates the effective aspects of the original methodology and suggests methods for the successful adaptation of music theory instructional material to individual student learning styles.


Firewalls use packet filtering to either accept or deny packets on the basis of a set of predefined rules called filters. The firewall forms the initial layer of defense and protects the network from unauthorized access. However, maintaining firewall policies is always an error prone task, because the policies are highly complex. Conflict is a misconfiguration that occurs when a packet matches two or more filters. The occurrence of conflicts in a firewall policy makes the filters either redundant or shadowed, and as a result, the network does not reflect the actual configuration of the firewall policy. Hence, it is necessary to detect conflicts to keep the filters meaningful. Even though geometry-based conflict detection provides an exhaustive method for error classification, when the number of filters and headers increases, the demands on memory and computation time increase. To solve these two issues, we make two main contributions. First, we propose a topology-based conflict detection system that computes the topological relationship of the filters to detect the conflicts. Second, we propose a systematic implementation method called BISCAL (a bit-vector-based spatial calculus) to implement the proposed system and remove irrelevant data from the conflict detection computation. We perform a mathematical analysis as well as experimental evaluations and find that the amount of data needed for topology is only one-fourth of that needed for geometry.


BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to introduce a new technique, total gastric vertical plication (TGVP), as a restrictive operation. It has the same result of weight loss as others with minimal risk of complication and very low cost, especially in developing countries.

METHODS
This technique was used by one surgeon in private hospitals during 3 years in Tehran, Iran. Patients were placed in the supine position with a 30-degree reverse Trendelenburg position. Trocars were inserted based on an ergonomic assessment (three 5 mm and one 10 mm). After the release of the greater curvature, continuous sutures were used with 00 nylon from the fondus to 3 cm of the pylorus. A vertical plication was performed in one or two layers. Distance between the stitch and lesser curvature was 2 cm in the anterior and posterior and between each stitch, all of them getting extra mucosal (far away from acid effect) owing to mild tension on the sutures that cut mucosa and put on a submucosa layer.

RESULTS
TGVP was performed in 100 cases (mean age, 32; standard error of the mean = 2.1); mostly female (F/M = 76/24) and with average body mass index of 47 (36-58). The mean weight loss in our patients was 21.4% of excessive weight loss (EWL) 1 month after the operation, 54% after 6 months (72 cases), 61% after 12 months (56 cases), 60% after 24 months (50 cases), and 57% after 36 months (11 cases). The average time of follow-up was 18 months. The mean time of operation was 98 (70-152) minutes and all of the patients were discharged from the hospital after an average of 1.3 days (range, 1-4). The main postoperative complications were permanent vomiting, intracapsular liver hematoma, hypocalcemia at early postoperative period, hepatitis, leakage at the suture line, and acute gastric perforation. The volume of the stomach in this condition was 100 cc, but just one half of it was effective. If more than 50 cc was used, a painful condition would occur.

CONCLUSIONS
The percentage of EWL in this technique is comparable to other restrictive methods, but EWL appears more rapidly. Early postoperative complications of this method are minimal, without any important late complications. This technique needs more expertise and is more time consuming. A long-term follow-up is advised.


Graphics processing units (GPUs) have been accepted as a powerful and viable coprocessor solution in high-performance computing domain. In order to maximize the benefit of GPUs for a multicore platform, a mechanism is needed for CPU threads in a parallel application to share this computing resource for efficient execution. NVIDIA's Fermi architecture pioneers the feature of concurrent kernel execution; however, only kernels of the same thread context can execute in parallel. In order to get the best use of a GPU device in a multi-threaded application environment, this paper explores the techniques to effectively share a context, i.e., context funneling, which could be done either manually at application level, or automatically at the GPU runtime starting from CUDA v4.0. For synthetic microbenchmark tests, we find that both funneling mechanisms are more capable of exploring the benefit of concurrent kernel execution than traditional context switching, therefore improving the overall application performance. We also find that the manual funneling mechanism provides the highest performance and more explicit control, while CUDA v4.0 provides better productivity with good performance. Finally, we assess the impact of such techniques on a compact application benchmark, SSCA#3 — SAR sensor processing.


This article argues that when striving for quality in subtitling, special attention should be paid to the requirements of competence not only when recruiting translators, but also when recruiting local managers and subtitling co-ordinators. The findings are based on a stylistic comparison of the Finnish, French and Russian subtitled versions of 8 Mile, a film that tells about Eminem's early breakthrough as a rap artist (UIP, 2002). The rap sections of the film present many 'text-specific translation problems' (Nord), which become even more troublesome in the context of subtitling, as the translator has space for less text. The worldwide subtitling and dubbing of 8 Mile was an especially well-supervised procedure. The translators were given a lot of material support (e.g., a detailed 'dialogue list') but their work was also strictly controlled and limited. According to this study, the severe policy of some local UIP offices may have hindered the quality of subtitling in some countries.


This article is based on joint research, between academics from South Africa and Sweden, comparing the influence of South African and Swedish teachers'  attitudes towards the practical application of inclusive education (IE) in the classroom. The aim of the study was to identify and investigate problem areas pertaining to teachers' attitudes to IE. Attitudes often relate to interaction with others. This study departs from Festiger's theory of cognitive dissonance, which deals with the influence of people's attitudes and attitude change. In this research teachers from South Africa and Sweden completed the same questionnaire on perceptions pertaining to IE in their school system. A number of attitude-constructs were derived from the data via exploratory factor analysis methodology. Attitude-constructs included policy issues and specialised support; practical implementation of IE; teacher support structures; teachers' receptiveness of IE implementation; feasibility of proposed IE practices; and role of special schools in an IE environment. Negative responses to some of the attitude constructs identified problem areas in Swedish and South African inclusive systems. The comparative nature of the work enabled the researchers to suggest remedial action within each country's socio-economic setting, and in this way affect change in teacher attitudes.


INTRODUCTION One of the key tasks in a safety program is to perform a job hazard analysis which involves the identification and description of serious hazards for specific jobs and tasks. A number of sources including operator's manuals, safety manuals, and FRA safety alerts are useful in that task. Injury or accident surveillance data can also provide key information in prioritizing hazards according to frequency and seriousness. Bureau of Labor Statistics data are available for both the logging industry (NAICS 1133) and the logging occupation (SOC 45-2000), but so few cases are recorded that only general hazard information is available and there is no available data for activity at the time of injury. Several analyses of workers compensation claims have provided more information relative to activity and the type of operation (mechanized, partially mechanized, and non-mechanized). Those data are difficult to accumulate and updates are infrequent.


OBJECTIVE
Depression and bulimia both are associated with low serotonin levels. We examined whether the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) moderates the relation between depressive and bulimic symptoms over time.

METHOD
Fifty adolescent girls with no current or past Axis I disorder were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR gene. Twice, 6 months apart, participants completed self-report measures of depressive symptoms and bulimic symptoms.

RESULTS
The association between change in depressive symptoms and change in bulimic symptoms over time was significantly stronger in girls who are homozygous for the short 5-HTTLPR allele than for girls with at least one long allele.

DISCUSSION
This finding is consistent with previous studies documenting a relation between depressive and bulimic symptoms in adolescents. Few studies, however, considered the possible role of serotonin linking both disorders. Gaining a better understanding of developmental effects of low serotonin could help to identify high-risk individuals and provide effective prevention and intervention.


Ganoderma triterpenes (GTs) are the major secondary metabolites of Ganoderma lucidum, which is a popularly used traditional Chinese medicine for complementary cancer therapy. In the present study, systematic isolation, and in silico pharmacological prediction are implemented to discover potential anti-cancer active GTs from G. lucidum. Nineteen GTs, three steroids, one cerebroside, and one thymidine were isolated from G. lucidum. Six GTs were first isolated from the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, including 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (1), 3β,7β,15β-trihydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (2), 3β,7β,15α,28-tetrahydroxy-11,23-dioxo-lanost-8,16-dien-26-oic acid (3), ganotropic acid (4), 26-nor-11,23-dioxo-5α-lanost-8-en-3β,7β,15α,25-tetrol (5) and (3β,7α)-dihydroxy-lanosta-8,24-dien- 11-one (6). (4E,8E)-N-d-2′-hydroxypalmitoyl-l-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-9-methyl-4,8-spingodienine (7), and stigmasta-7,22-dien-3β,5α,6α-triol (8) were first reported from the genus Ganodema. By using reverse pharmacophoric profiling of the six GTs, thirty potential anti-cancer therapeutic targets were identified and utilized to construct their ingredient-target interaction network. Then nineteen high frequency targets of GTs were selected from thirty potential targets to construct a protein interaction network (PIN). In order to cluster the pharmacological activity of GTs, twelve function modules were identified by molecular complex detection (MCODE) and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. The results indicated that anti-cancer effect of GTs might be related to histone acetylation and interphase of mitotic cell cycle by regulating general control non-derepressible 5 (GCN5) and cyclin-dependent kinase-2 (CDK2), respectively. This research mode of extraction, isolation, pharmacological prediction, and PIN analysis might be beneficial to rapidly predict and discover pharmacological activities of novel compounds.


Occurrence of Bryoerythrophyllum alpigenum (Jur.) P.C.Chen in Poland is confirmed. The species is known from a single record from the Western Tatra Mountains in the Polish Western Carpathians. A description and illustrations of the Polish material of this species is provided and its distribution mapped. Taxonomic and nomenclatural comments on B. alpigenum are presented and its global geographical distribution is reviewed. This species was first recognised as a variety, Didymodon rubellus var. dentatus Schimp., in 1860 by W. P. Schimper. It was subsequently described in 1882 by J. Juratzka as Didymodon alpigenus Jur., and its name should be ascribed to Juratzka alone, not to Venturi as suggested in Index muscorum and D. alpigenus Jur. is the basionym of Bryoerythrophyllum alpigenum. The epithet alpigenus appeared in the literature for the first time as Trichostomum alpigenum Venturi in Pfeffer's work of 1869 dealing with the mosses of the Rhaetian Alps, but the name was not validly published under Art. 36.1, because Pfeffer did not accept it. Likewise, the name Didymodon alpigenus was not validly published by Venturi ten years later under Art. 38.1, because no description or diagnosis or a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis were provided. The current statistics of the moss flora of Poland is given. Since the publication of the catalogue of Polish mosses in 2003, some 17 species, one subspecies and three varieties of moss have been added to and two species were excluded from the moss flora of Poland, so currently some 715 species, nine subspecies and 90 varieties are known to occur in the country.


Molybdenum (Mo) is a plant-available element in soils that can adversely affect the health of farm animals. There is a need for more information on its uptake into forage crops from waste materials, such as sewage sludge, applied to agricultural land. Field and greenhouse experiments with several crops grown on long-term sewage sludge-amended soils as well as soils recently amended with dewatered (DW) and alkaline-stabilized (ALK) sludges indicated that Mo supplied from sludge is readily taken up by legumes in particular. Excessive uptake into red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (>30 mg/kg) was seen in a soil that had been heavily amended with sewage sludge 20 yr earlier, where the soil contained about 3 mg Mo/kg soil, three times the background soil concentration. The greenhouse and field studies indicated that Mo can have a long residual availability in sludge-amended soils. The effect of sludge application was to decrease Cu to Mo ratios in legume forages, canola (Brassica napus var. napus) and soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] below the recommended limit of 2:1 for ruminant diets, a consequence of high bioavailability of Mo and low uptake of Cu added in sludge. Molybdenum uptake coefficients (UCs) for ALK sludge were higher than for DW sludge, presumably due to the greater solubility of Mo measured in the more alkaline sludges and soils. Based on these UCs, it is tentatively recommended that cumulative Mo loadings on forages grown on nonacid soils should not exceed 1.0 kg/ha from ALK sludge or 4.0 kg/ha from DW sludge.


Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide, ranking fifth in incidence and second in mortality (1). Although HCC cases mainly occurred in South-East Asia and Southern Africa in the past, the incidence of this disease has been on the rise in the Western countries over the forty last years (1). Despite the advances in the diagnostic techniques and novel therapies, HCC remains a tumor with a dismal prognosis (2-4). While the detection of HCC at an early stage allows the employment of potentially curative treatments, such as liver transplantation, surgical resection and tumor ablation, over two thirds of patients are diagnosed at a late stage of the disease, when conventional therapeutic approaches are ineffective (2-4). Furthermore, administration of the multikinase inhibitor Sorafenib, the only drug approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for targeted therapy of advanced HCC, provides only limited benefits to HCC patients in terms of overall survival (2-4). Thus, in order to improve significantly the effectiveness of therapeutic strategies against liver cancer, a deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this deadly disease is necessary.


Abstract Collagen is the essential protein in the extracellular matrix, which maintains the structural and mechanical integrity of tissues while providing key signals to regulate cell functions. Although animal-based collagens can be used as biomaterial for tissue engineering heart valves, they cause infections and lack flexibility. These limitations have stimulated the exploration of collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs) through a bottom-up approach using computational modeling followed by experiments to enzymatically cross-link the CMPs and produce hydrogels. The X-ray structure of triple-helices of CMP was used in software FIRST and in mutational code to identify its structural stability and hotspots. These data assisted to introduce charged residues by mutations to cross-link and to add binding motif (GFOGER) for integrin in the structure. The helical stability and self-association of the mutated CMP has been validated using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Experimentally, the peptide was synthesized by solid phase Fmoc chemistry and characterized by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Enzymatic cross-linking on primary amine and gel formation were obtained by incubating peptide and plasma amine oxydase (PAO) solutions in PBS at 37 and 58 °C. Peptide assembly and aggregation was monitored by turbidity (optical density at 314 nm) and morphology was analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The modelling analyses indicated the CMP to have the desired structural properties for self-assembly and high affinity towards integrin binding. The modification of the key positions with charged residues increased the possibilities for helical cross-link (gelation). In addition to cell signalling, the charged residues at the cell binding motif could further enhance the inter-helical association of the CMPs. The structural properties of the modelled CMP were reproduced in experimental conditions. Addition of PAO significantly improved turbidity of peptide solutions and lead to hydrogel formation. The peptides assembled in branched fibrillar structures around 25 nm in diameter as it was confirmed by TEM analysis. The proposed peptide promises to show some inherent structural properties of native collagen in silico and in vitro. These properties are required to produce functional scaffolds for tissue engineering heart valves.


The present study proposes a new scheme for detection and isolation of incipient sensor faults for a class of uncertain non-linear systems by combining sliding mode observers (SMOs) with a Luenberger observer. Initially, a state and output transformation is introduced to transform the original system into two subsystems such that the first subsystem (subsystem-1) has system uncertainties but is free from sensor faults and the second subsystem (subsystem-2) has sensor faults but without any uncertainties. The sensor faults in subsystem-2 are then transformed to actuator faults using integral observer-based approach. The states of subsystem-1 are estimated using an SMO to eliminate the effects of uncertainties. However, since subsystem-2 does not have any uncertainties, the incipient faults present in this subsystem are detected by designing a Luenberger observer. These faults are then isolated by applying a bank of SMOs to subsystem-2. The sufficient condition of stability of the proposed scheme has been derived and expressed as linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The design parameters of the observers are determined by using LMI techniques. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme in detecting and isolating sensor faults is illustrated considering an example of a single-link robotic arm with revolute elastic joint. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the proposed scheme can successfully detect and isolate sensor faults even in the presence of system uncertainties.


Despite the recognition of the importance of providing quality education to all children in several international declarations, still majority of children with disabilities are likely to face barriers to quality education particularly in developing countries. Numerous existing studies examine the education of female as out of school children, yet only few studies exists on children with disabilities. To bridge the knowledge gap in the existing studies, using the nationally representative demographic and health survey dataset, we estimate the effect of Universal Primary Education (UPE) policy on educational attainments of out of school children in Uganda. Following the identification strategies in previous literatures, we compare two cohorts (pre- and post- UPE) for those with and without disabilities. While UPE was found effective to bridge the gender gap, we observe no significant improvements between children with and without disabilities in poor households. This finding suggests the difficulty of parents with financial constraints to invest in education regardless of whether their children are disabled or not. Additionally, for the samples with disabilities only, we observe positive effect of UPE on years of schooling for full and female samples but not for poor households. These findings suggest that simply waiving of tuition fee as UPE policy does is not sufficient to increase the school enrollment and years of schooling of persons with disabilities, especially in poor households.


Natalia Mallia v: rtual Reality (VR) has created a whole new realm of experiences. By placing people into varied situations and environments, VR enables them not only to explore, but to challenge themselves and gain skills in ways never thought possible. With applications in medical and psychological treatment, VR is now being used to train surgeons, treat PTSD, and to help people understand what it's like to be on the autism spectrum. The key to this application is VR's ability to immerse its users. Many agree that immersion needs two key ingredients: a sense of presence and interaction with the environment. Interaction comes in three main forms. Selection is about differentiating between items in the environment. Navigation allows travelling from one point to another and observing the environment. Finally, manipulation lets users grab, move and rotate selectable items. In addition to this, VR applications need a setting. Supervised by Dr Vanessa Camilleri and Prof. Alexiei Dingli, I chose to use escape rooms (adventure games where multiple puzzles are solved to leave a room) to experiment with these interaction techniques. I used escape rooms because they're highly interactive and naturally immersive systems. And since interaction isn't a one-size-fits-all scenario, I also applied procedural content generation (PCG) techniques to create the escape rooms themselves. People selected items using a reticle, a small circle in the middle of the screen which expands or contracts to indicate which objects they could interact with . They navigated the space by looking around through the VR headset and moving their joystick. They manipulated puzzles from a separate screen which I layered on top of the escape room. This allowed them to inspect objects to their heart's content , while also reducing the amount of clutter in the room. Since there was no previous work in PCG escape rooms, I had to pave my own way. I used a genetic algorithm, a machine learning algorithm that mimics evolution in biology to select the best solution to a problem, to determine which puzzles and items would be placed in the escape room. I also programmed the game to create the rest of the room, placing floors, ceilings, and everything else that the algorithm didn't consider. This made the space look like it had been made by an actual person, despite being created through AI. From the results gathered, most people found that the system allowed them to explore the VR environment in a very natural way. Players said that the room's generated interaction was consistent, reliable, and fun . Understanding immersion is critical for VR's future applications. If we can help people hone these techniques by creating a few games along the way-so be it! ii


This paper analyzes the economic impacts of Brazilian Forest Code, in its different versions, on Brazil and its states. Three different scenarios were analyzed using an interregional computable general equilibrium model, the TERM-BR, from which we obtain national and regional results. Satellite imagery data was combined with economic information from the Brazilian Agricultural Census for the analysis. Model results show that the less restrictive new version of the law resulted in smaller negative economic impacts on the Brazilian economy. With the new law, the Brazilian GDP was reduced by 0.19%, or by 0.17%, when the system for Legal Reserves compensation in other state is used. This is smaller than the projected impact of the previous law, which we estimated to be a 0.37% reduction in the GDP. However, the results are heterogeneous across regions since the incidence of the restrictions is different in the alternative scenarios. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)


We present evidence that children have difficulty with the Spanish psych verbs that do not project the subject as the external argument. Our findings support the External Argument Requirement Hypothesis (EARH), according to which children until 5 or more have trouble with base structures that don't assign a subject/external argument. On the basis of our results, we argue that acquisition of the entire class of psych verbs depends on the acquisition of one linguistic property that allows the L1 grammar to generate structures with no external argument.


Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by thickened scaly red plaques. Previously we have performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on psoriasis with 1,359 cases and 1,400 controls, which were genotyped for 447,249 SNPs. The most significant finding was for SNP rs12191877, which is in tight linkage disequilibrium with HLA-Cw*0602, the consensus risk allele for psoriasis. However, it is not known whether there are other psoriasis loci within the MHC in addition to HLA-C. In the present study, we searched for additional susceptibility loci within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region through in-depth analyses of the GWAS data; then, we followed up our findings in an independent Han Chinese 1,139 psoriasis cases and 1,132 controls. Using the phased CEPH dataset as a reference, we imputed the HLA-Cw*0602 in all samples with high accuracy. The association of the imputed HLA-Cw*0602 dosage with disease was much stronger than that of the most significantly associated SNP, rs12191877. Adjusting for HLA-Cw*0602, there were two remaining association signals: one demonstrated by rs2073048 (p = 2×10−6, OR = 0.66), located within c6orf10, a potential downstream effecter of TNF-alpha, and one indicated by rs13437088 (p = 9×10−6, OR = 1.3), located 30 kb centromeric of HLA-B and 16 kb telomeric of MICA. When HLA-Cw*0602, rs2073048, and rs13437088 were all included in a logistic regression model, each of them was significantly associated with disease (p = 3×10−47, 6×10−8, and 3×10−7, respectively). Both putative loci were also significantly associated in the Han Chinese samples after controlling for the imputed HLA-Cw*0602. A detailed analysis of HLA-B in both populations demonstrated that HLA-B*57 was associated with an increased risk of psoriasis and HLA-B*40 a decreased risk, independently of HLA-Cw*0602 and the C6orf10 locus, suggesting the potential pathogenic involvement of HLA-B. These results demonstrate that there are at least two additional loci within the MHC conferring risk of psoriasis.


Detailed stratigraphic examination was undertaken of the Lower Ordovician Isthmus Bay, Catoche, and Aguathuna Formations, St. George Group, in western Newfoundland, Lithologic descriptions were grouped into seven peritidal lithotopes, with additional descriptions of the effects of erosion and subaerial exposure, such as hardground formation, evaporite precipitation, and karstification. The vertical oscillation of lithotopes generates sequences rather than ideal shallowing upward cycles. These sequences show that the continental shelf in western Newfoundland, in Lower Ordovician time, was a patchwork of low-relief islands and banks whose character differed geographically and changed with time, as the shelf slowly subsided. Slight uplift and subaerial exposure of the shelf occurred at the end of the Lower Ordovician, resulting in irregular erosion. -- Cryptalgal structures of very diverse character are related to environmental and biological parameters that interacted in a complex way. Laminated structures, stromatolites and cryptalgal laminites, formed in inter- and supratidal areas areas characterized by the episodic addition of sediment. Thrombolite mounds were common in the subtidal zone, where sedimentation onto algal mats resulted in unlaminated microstructure. In places, sponges, primitive corals and the 'calcareous' algae Renalcis contributed to their framework. These mounds are ecologic reefs of surprising complexity, supporting a benthic flora and fauna of all major trophic groups occupying most niches. These reefs occur in the transition period from algal-dominated bioherms to metazoan-dominated bioherms of the later Phanerozoic. Cryptalgal microstructures can be separated into a number of recurring types and a classification is proposed that can be amended to include types not recognized in the St. George. 'Calcareous' algae such as Girvanella and Renalcis are interpreted to be diagenetic taxa resulting from the calcification of blue-green algae. -- The calcareous sediments of the St. George underwent diagenetic modification beginning on the sea floor and continuing until the Upper Mississippian. Processes included synsedimentary and burial calcite cementation, neomorphism, silicate authigenesis, silicification, burial and epigenetic dolomitization. Galena and sphalerite mineralization occurred during epigenetic dolomitization and colloform vein formation. The paragenetic sequence seems typical of Lower Paleozoic peritidal shelf and epeiric carbonate sediments.


Rieger begonia are collectively referred to as a begonia hybrid group. Its global annual sales is 90,000,000 cutting seedlings. It is one of the top ten potted plants. In the summer of 2011, serious outbreaks of a suspected bacterial leaf spot disease were observed on five Rieger begonia cultivars (Dark Britt, Rebecca, Blitz, Barkos, and Borias). These plants were grown for potted cutting seedling production in commercial nurseries located in Shilin county of Yunnan Province, China. The initial symptoms of the disease were small circular or polygonal water-soaked needle spots on leaf margin that later these spots expanded and joined together, forming bigger inverted V-shaped necrotic specks (4). Yellow-pigmented bacterial colonies were consistently isolated from diseased leaves and stems on NA agar medium and incubated at 28°C. Twelve bacterial strains were isolated and used for further studies. All the isolates were Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, aerobic, and non-sporing. All of the bacterial strains isolated in the present study were identified as Xanthomonas campestris pv. begoniae (Xcb) based on biochemical and physiological identification (Biolog carbon source utilization analysis) and 16S rDNA sequences analysis and further pathogenicity determination (1). The results show that the sequence homology rate of HT1-1 (GenBank Accession No. JN648097) and X. euvesicatoria (syn. X. campestris pv vesicatoria) (GeneBank Accession No. AM039952) is 99%. This strongly suggests that the Rieger begonia isolates belong to X. campestris pv. begoniae (2). For Koch's postulates, 10 surface-disinfected young leaves from five susceptible Rieger begonia plants (cv. Dark Britt) were inoculated by spraying a phosphate-buffered saline suspension of each bacterial isolate (3.0 × 108 CFU/ml) onto the leaves (3). Controls were inoculated similarly with phosphate-buffered saline solution. All inoculated plants were covered with polyethylene bags for 24 h at 25°C and then put in the greenhouse. After inoculation, water-soaked and necrotic symptoms were observed on inoculated Rieger begonia leaves within 7 to 9 days. No symptoms were observed on controls. Bacteria were reisolated and confirmed to be identical to the original isolates by the methods described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Xcb causing leaf spot on Rieger begonia plants in China. The infection process of Xcb on Rieger begonia plants and rapid detection of this pathogen are underway. References: (1) M. R. Gillings et al. PNAS 12:102, 2005. (2) C. L. Oliver et al. Plant Dis. 4:96, 2012. (3) H. Ornek et al. New Dis. Rep. 13:40, 2006. (4) O. Pruvost et al. Plant Dis. 4:96, 2012.


Extracted from text ... Gunton, C E (ed) 1997 - The Cambridge Companion to Christian Doctrine
Publisher: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Paperback, 302 pages. Price: Unknown
Reviewer: Dr J Otto (Johannesburg)
This compilation of articles by prominent American and English theologians is indicative of the
crisis theology is experiencing in modern society. It comprises fourteen articles, of which six
are dedicated to the intellectual and historical context. The reason for this emphasis on
context, is the assumption that Christian doctrine has always been shaped by the culture
within which it is set. However true this may be, it remains an open question whether ..


We examine the dynamic nature of teacher skill development using panel data on principals' subjective performance ratings of teachers. Past research on teacher productivity improvement has focused primarily on one important but narrow measure of performance: teachers' value‐added to student achievement on standardized tests. Unlike value‐added, subjective performance ratings provide detailed information about specific skill dimensions and are available for teachers in non‐tested grades and subjects. Using a within‐teacher returns‐to‐experience framework, we find, on average, large and rapid improvements in teachers' instructional practices throughout their first 10 years on the job as well as substantial differences in improvement rates across individual teachers. We also document that subjective performance ratings contain important information about teacher effectiveness. In the district we study, principals appear to differentiate teacher performance throughout the full distribution instead of just in the tails. Furthermore, prior performance ratings and gains in these ratings provide additional information about teachers' ability to improve test scores that is not captured by prior value‐added scores. Taken together, our study provides new insights on teacher performance improvement and variation in teacher development across instructional skills and individual teachers.


The efforts for the conservation of cultural heritage in historical settlements are a highly problematic and multi-faceted issue in Turkey. Although the conservation legislation dates back 50 years, the cultural heritage has not been internalized and not accepted in wider parts of the society and, has not found a solid political base. The historical and cultural heritage areas are mostly marketed for tourism and turned into places as the simulacrum of the elitist and middle class tastes. Tenedos (Bozcaada) Island inherits the rich cultural heritage of two millennia.The Island is in danger of losing its social, cultural and multi-ethnical characteristic where Turkish and Greek societies live harmoniously. The architectural, economic and ecological values are also in danger because of the rise of touristic activities and the construction of vacation homes as well as the State's withdrawal to provide subsidy to the agricultural sector that took place after the 1980s in parallel with the general economic policies adopting global economic restructuring. The objective of the paper is to highlight the multidimensional character of the social and spatial process which is enmeshed in the conservation activities of the Island. The values and norms, social, economic considerations in the conservation activities need a new approach and, without existence of a common will and a wider participation of the society it is hard to expect any success in the conservation of the rich cultural values, and to assess, develop and carry them into the future. A bundle of techniques are used: a large survey analysis of the area is realized and its social, historical and physical characteristics are documented. Questionnaires, in-depth interviews are used in order to detect the difficulties for conservation of the heritage in part of the responsible public bodies. The public and tourism sector opinions, thoughts and aspirations are surveyed. Even though,


This paper addresses a lacuna in the literature on environmental policy integration by exploring civil society organizations' (CSOs) experiences of participative environmental mainstreaming – a policy imperative to embed environmental concerns in all aspects of policy-making. A raft of international treaties and laws require this to be operationalized through knowledge exchange and critical engagement between governing elites and exogenous groups. Findings reveal how CSOs' participation is shaped by electoral politics, party dynamics, veto players and strategic bridging. Respondents also questioned whether mainstreaming is more concerned with legitimation, performativity and the appearance of participative policy-making than with outcomes. The wider contribution of the study is three-fold: it reveals the issues and challenges facing CSOs, it underlines the need for adaptive engagement strategies and it shows the contingent nature of state attempts to foster civil society participation in environmental policy-making.© 2016 The Authors Environmental Policy and Governance published by ERP Environment and John Wiley & Sons Ltd Received 02 November 2014; revised 18 March 2016; accepted 22 March 2016


The history of London is so important in national and indeed international terms, it seems extraordinary that this is the first general bibliography of the subject to appear. It contains over 22,000 selected references to books and articles on the history of London, from the Dark Ages to the beginning of World War II. The whole of the former GLC area plus the City is covered. Arrangement is by subject, and there is a substantial analytical index. Material for the bibliography was collected from specialist libraries all over London and beyond. It is a starting point for any enquiry about London's development over the centuries, whether from the academic historian, the amateur or the general enquirer. A supplement is planned, to cover new material on the period.


Throughout his life, Jean Renoir-the son of a renowned painter, a onetime potter, and filmmaker -was preoccupied with the role of the artist in society. What was the artist's place in, and his/her responsibilities to, the world (but particularly to France)? Under what conditions could an artist function and do meaningful work-not only meaningful for society but for him/herself? These were ethical, moral, and political questions with which Renoir wrestled, finding no easy answers, no simple verities. Rather he was often troubled by the relationship between artist and society which he understood as a dynamic one in need of constant reconsideration.


It is useful for system engineers to initialize tuning parameters of adaptive control automatically. Adaptation gain and width of dead zone are tuning parameters of an estimation law using a dead zone. A control law has additional tuning parameters. This paper presents a new variable dead zone and a new automatic initialization method for adaptive control using a variable dead zone with a few tuning parameters that are determined by previously measured input and output data. The dead zone width in the estimation law is changed depending on the input signal by a rational function initialized using previously measured input and output signals. The control law used here is an H∞ control one referring to a complementary sensitivity function against unstructured uncertainty. We apply the proposed method to an electro-hydraulic servo system and verify the effects by experimentation.


An acquittal by reason of insanity is sufficiently adverse and is in many ways more akin to a conviction than to an outright acquittal. Although not technically punishment, it involves substantial infringement of rights. The legal literature has devoted significant space to the issue of a criminal defendant's competence to stand trial and to the issue of the insanity plea. The problem of a pretrial insanity acquittal of an incompetent defendant, on the other hand, has not been extensively examined. In undertaking that task, this article will, in Part II, review the law and practice of competency determinations. Part III will address the adverse consequences of an insanity acquittal. Part IV will examine the relevant provisions of the Model Penal Code and the ABA Criminal Justice Mental Health Standards. Part V considers various state court decisions in which this issue had arisen.


Stress-activated systems and oxidative stress are involved in insulin resistance, which, along with beta-cell failure, contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise improves insulin resistance and glucose tolerance, and these adaptations may, in part, be related to reductions in inflammation and oxidative stress. We investigated circulating and tissue-specific markers of inflammation and oxidative stress and insulin-signaling pathways in a rodent model of T2DM, the Zucker diabetic fatty rat, with and without voluntary exercise. At 5 wk of age, Zucker diabetic fatty rats (n = 8-9/group) were divided into basal (B), voluntary exercise (E), and sedentary control (S) groups. B rats were euthanized at 6 wk of age, and S and E rats were euthanized 10 wk later. E rats ran approximately 5 km/day, which improved insulin sensitivity and maintained fed and fasted glucose levels and glucose tolerance. Ten weeks of exercise also decreased whole body markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in plasma and liver, including lowered circulating IL-6, haptoglobin, and malondialdehyde levels, hepatic protein oxidation, and phosphorylated JNK, the latter indicating decreased JNK activity. Hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase levels and Ser(307)-phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1 were also reduced in E compared with S rats. In summary, we show that, in a rodent model of T2DM, voluntary exercise decreases circulating markers of inflammation and oxidative stress and lowers hepatic JNK activation and Ser(307)-phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate-1. These changes in oxidative stress markers and inflammation are associated with decreased hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and reduced expression of the main gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.


This study explored the experience of patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) undertaking a six week intervention of a Zen meditation programme in Taiwan. Mix-methods were used including the Revised State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (RSTAI), repeated focus groups, individual interviews, diaries and field notes. Heidegger's interpretative phenomenology was adopted as a theoretical framework. Two groups of 9 and 12 patients (n=21) participated in the study.

Three themes emerged from repeated focus groups: First 'Expectation of Zen meditation regarding GAD symptoms included sub themes of 'ambivalence towards meditation', 'crave a good sleep', 'stop thinking' and 'regain memory and concentration'. The second theme, 'The process of Zen meditation' included the sub themes of 'struggling to reach a state of calm', 'signs of improvement' and 'an individual process'. The last theme, 'The cultural beliefs regarding Zen meditation in Taiwan' involved the 'spiritual influence' of Zen meditation practice.

Four themes emerged from individual interviews. Firstly, 'Separation' referred to the issues that participants faced in dealing with the termination of the programme, including 'concern about other participants' and 'examining the relationship between Zen meditation and self'. The second theme 'Body experience of Zen meditation practice' incorporated 'body awareness' and 'preparing to practise Zen meditation'. The third theme, 'States of mind while meditating' consisted of 'the state of engagement with real life', 'the state of detachment from real life' and 'the state of calm'. Lastly, 'Benefits of Zen meditation practice' incorporated the categories 'less pressure with daily life' and 'more acceptance of being a GAD patient'.

The RSTAI was administrated at baseline and post intervention and also at the two week follow-up of the Zen meditation programme. Neither the Trait Anxiety Score nor the State Anxiety Score showed significant differences between Groups 1 and 2 at baseline. This allowed the RSTAI data from the 2 groups to be merged.The results of 95% confidence interval for differences of both groups showed a significant improvement in the Trait Anxiety Score over time but not the State Anxiety Score.

This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge and associated literature regarding Zen meditation and GAD in three ways. Firstly, the findings confirmed that the essential or authentic traditional qualities of meditation should be addressed in meditation study. Secondly, the meaning of Zen meditation for the groups of GAD patients was revealed in the context of Taiwan society. How their lived experience of GAD shaped their understanding of Zen meditation was interpreted. Thirdly, a comprehensive understanding of Zen meditation is reported. The findings (including themes, i.e. diverse Zen meditation processes, body experiences, concepts of obstacles and spiritual influence) add to the current knowledge by providing insight derived from participants' lived experiences.


Centuries old gardens, witnesses of sometimes millennia old cultures threaten to vanish all over the world. Since the still remaining gardens gradually meet with appreciation, further research has to be executed to preserve and restore them in a responsible way. Recognition of the garden's authentic parts hereby is essential. Mixing of cultures, decay and injudicious restoration changed many of these gardens into a distorted shadow of the past. Approaching the art of gardens from different scientific angles the symposium had to reveal artistic and botanical exchanges by different cultures. One of the central themes was the restoration of the Hortus of Clusius at Leiden which has been created in 1593 by the cosmopolite Carolus Clusius, a typical representative of late Renaissance humanistic Europe. Through Clusius scientific contacts many new species like the tulip, the hyacinth and the narcissus were imported from Turkey by way of complex trade routes. A definitive botanical nomenclature only was laid down in 1753 in Linnaeus' Systema Natura. Clusius' descriptions of the structure of plants however are almost poetic, considering the plant a reflection of God's creation and universal harmony. Many of his discoveries were beautifully rendered by the painter Jacques de Gheyn ll, which water-colours formed a wonderful source at the Hortus' restoration. Only one third of the plants present at that time was of medical nature so Clusius' garden probably was Europe's first Hortus Botanicus. Species from distant countries unfit to resist the northern climate were sheltered in the Ambulacrum on the southern side of the Hortus, which harboured a varied collection of naturalia, ethnographica and historical objects as well. This 'Theatrum Sapientiae' served both science and education showing riches from a continually extending world. During the symposium also the reconstruction of other Renaissance garden complexes was treated like the terraced gardens to the north and south of the Viennese Neugebaude by Maximiliaan II (ca. 1568). Unlike Western gardens the Islamic gardens are turned inwards and rich in refreshing water thus forming an oasis in the midst of the noisy outside world. Walled in by an arcade they consist of a square court with a tile-floor and a basin or pavilion in the centre. Originally these gardens were meant to reflect paradise, which the Koran describes as a garden. Thorough bio-historical research to trace the origins of the plantation of Spanish-Arabic gardens is very urgent. During the Middle Ages many Arabic and classic writings on botany and medico-pharmacology were spread all over the world by way of Christian Spain. Arabic literature on botany went to Andalusian libraries and was taken to the north by migrating Jewish scientists. The immense spreading of the Islamic art of gardens was connected with centuries old cultures, which partly assimilated the culture of their predecessors such as the Abbasidian dynasty (7th till 12th century). Persian influences turned the famous monastic gardens of the Abbasidian empire into extensive palace gardens with several inner courts, ingenious irrigation systems and a harbour on the bank of most of these gardens. The third day of the symposium was dedicated to the memory of the German physician and botanist Philipp von Siebold (1796-1866), who entered the service of the Dutch East-lndian army. After his settlement at Leiden (1829) his collection of Japanese plants, animals and ethnographica was sheltered in the State Herbarium. All his life Von Siebold endeavoured to improve Japanese-Dutch contact. The Japanese garden partly forms an assimilation of Chinese ideas on the art of gardens, which tradition is grounded on a tradition of 4000 years. Most important characteristic of the Chinese art is the consciousness of the human unity with nature, borrowed from the principle of 'Tao', the unity of all things. Water and rocks being the most important ingredients man added bridges and pavilions to these gardens, which present themselves to the walker like organic structures. Most gardens of the late Ming-dynasty (1368-1644) belonged to the aristocracy and to imperial circles. Apart from being a medium to show richness and status these Ming gardens were mainly social spaces where the honoured literati held elegant assembles. At the end of the Ming period a new social class of merchants arose which needed manuals on social and cultural education. Ji Cheng's Yuan Ye (1630) is the first manual on the art of gardens. Assimilating many Chinese influences the Japanese art of gardens especially developed in the Heian period (9th till 12th century). One of these elements is the 'winding water-path' just as the island in the traditional Japanese garden, the 'Shima' symbolically housing lost unspoiled nature. Although derived from the Chinese tradition the 2000 years old Korean art of gardens differs from the Chinese leaving the extant order of nature as untouched as possible. The asymmetrical design of these gardens is open and directed towards the surrounding landscape. Characteristic is the partition into a front-, inner- and back-garden with terrace cultivation against a mountain slope thus forming a background to the rest while rocks are used for colourful pavilions and the connection of the different elements. Thus the symposium on the world's gardens before 1600 pointed out that the collections of Horti Botanici urgently need to be studied at the reconstruction and restoration of historical gardens. For real comprehension one has to examine all of the cultural and scientific as well as economical and social circumstances always considering these gardens came into being in the track of very old cultures which continually affected one another. To recognize authenticity one has to travel far back in history.


THE BEGINNINGS OF SYMBOLIC-RELIGIOUS COGNITION -

Cognitive Archeology and Cognitive Fluidity: About 30,000 years ago (70,000 years after the fossil records of the anatomically modern human), religious thought and symbolic conceptual activity arose from the capacity of integrating specific-domain a process called "cognitive fluidity" (Mithen 1996).

Metaphor, Anthropomorphism and Cognitive Science: Metaphor is a basic mental capacity by which people understand themselves and the world around them through conceptual mappings of knowledge between mental spaces, using everyday knowledge to reason about more abstract concepts. Of all the templates for supernatural concepts, the ones that seriously matter to people are invariably person-like, because people are the most complex type of object that people know (Boyer 2001).

WHY GOD AS AN EROTIC LOVER? -

Diffusion and elaboration of religious memes: To reason about the ties between divine and human, man looks at his repertoire of human relationships, and the more significant ones are used to explain and speak of re-ligio. There are many metaphors used to represent the relationship between the divinity and the devotee (father/child, doctor/patient, teacher/pupil, etc.) The most significant relationship chosen by the mystic in terms of balance is Lover-Beloved.

Blending between God and Lover: The idealized conceptual models of the Divinity/beloved and of a devotee/lover began to blend through composition, completion and elaboration. The concept of human love relationship of these ancient cultures probably needs to be re-evaluated by modern students if it had become such an entrenched concept to be used as a source for a cognitive input space.

BLENDING THE EROTIC AND THE RELIGIOUS -

Examples of erotic religious texts and emergent structure: Sir hassirim, or Song of Songs (Judeo-Christian); Jayadeva's Gita Govinda (Hindu); Rumi's Mathanawi (Islam). Strongly erotic in content, these are part of the canons of the respective religious traditions, and so have deeply influenced subsequent elaboration of the erotic symbolism The lover (the faithful) and the Beloved (the Divinity) are usually on a par, and the domination of one is hardly ever present. Poetic descriptions include psychological states of jealousy, passion, separation and reunion, and ultimate union. The time of reunion is spring and the place is nature. What emerges is a relationship that not only unilaterally satisfies the material and spiritual needs of the religious person, but is reciprocal. In other words, the needs of both parties are fulfilled (devotee: food, explanations; god: praise, sacrifice). Moreover, due to the blend, an emotional need is also fulfilled. The dignity of the woman is finding her place in society, like the devotee finds his/her place in his/her creator's creation, and so their relationship must be lived in the same natural setting. Because of the fusion between counterpart input spaces, there is a completion that humanizes the divinity so it becomes a he, the Man, motivated by the dominating role. However the elaboration of the blend tends to eliminate any domination in the relationship, as the needs of both sides are equal, and only when they are united do they feel completely realized. Their place is in nature, at
it's most energetic and vibrant moment of springtime (ideally the time of life), and the time is eternal.


This paper provides a unique quantitative analysis of the social dynamics of three chat rooms in the Microsoft V-Chat graphical chat system. Survey and behavioral data were used to study user experience and activity. 150 V-Chat participants completed a web-based survey, and data logs were collected from three V-Chat rooms over the course of 119 days. This data illustrates the usage patterns of graphical chat systems, and highlights the ways physical proxemics are translated into social interactions in online environments. V-Chat participants actively used gestures, avatars, and movement as part of their social interactions. Analyses of clustering patterns and movement data show that avatars were used to provide nonverbal cues similar to those found in face-to-face interactions. However, use of some graphical features, in particular gestures, declined as users became more experienced with the system. These findings have implications for the design and study of online interactive environments.


The purpose of the study was to describe the operational form of the innovation— Integrated Thematic Instruction within the context of its implementation. An embedded single case study design was used to carry out this gualitative study, with Integrated Thematic Instruction (ITI) as the unit of the case study. The questions that guided the study were: What does ITI look like when implemented by the teacher? What are the contextual elements of implementation of this program? What variations are found in the implementation of this innovation by different teachers? A review of related literature revealed the historical, philosophical, and theoretical underpinnings of ITI. Several innovative educational practices were compared with ITI and parallels were drawn between them and ITI. Since this was the first descriptive research study of ITI, an Innovation Configuration of the program was developed. Interviews of the program developer, local program coordinators, as well as users (teachers), and observation of classroom implementation of ITI, helped in delineating its critical components; the ideal, acceptable, and unacceptable variations of its components were identified. The implementation context of ITI and the variations in teacher use of the components of the program were also studied. The case study was conducted at two different schools using ITI. The description of its context included school demography, the support systems, students, and selected psychological characteristics of the teachers. Implementation of the program is described first in general, and then in detail, focusing on its use by two teachers at each school. A brief analysis was made of the use of ITI at the two different sites. Several implications derived out of the study; these include those for further research, for staff developers and change facilitators, for principals, and for teachers using or intending to use ITI.


This paper describes a strategy to develop an energy management system (EMS) for a charge-sustaining power-split hybrid electric vehicle. This kind of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) benefit from the advantages of both parallel and series architecture. However, it gets relatively more complicated to manage power flow between the battery and the engine optimally. The applied strategy in this paper is based on nonlinear model predictive control approach. First of all, an appropriate control-oriented model which was accurate enough and simple was derived. Towards utilization of this controller in real-time, the problem was solved off-line for a vast area of reference signals and initial conditions and stored the computed manipulated variables inside look-up tables. Look-up tables take a little amount of memory. Also, the computational load dramatically decreased, because to find required manipulated variables the controller just needed a simple interpolation between tables. Keywords—Hybrid electric vehicles, energy management system, nonlinear model predictive control, real-time.


The call-by-value lambda calculus can be endowed with permutation rules, arising from linear logic proof-nets, having the advantage of unblocking some redexes that otherwise get stuck during the reduction. We show that such an extension allows to define a satisfying notion of Bohm(-like) tree and a theory of program approximation in the call-by-value setting. We prove that all lambda terms having the same Bohm tree are observationally equivalent, and characterize those Bohm-like trees arising as actual Bohm trees of lambda terms.
We also compare this approach with Ehrhard's theory of program approximation based on the Taylor expansion of lambda terms, translating each lambda term into a possibly infinite set of so-called resource terms. We provide sufficient and necessary conditions for a set of resource terms in order to be the Taylor expansion of a lambda term. Finally, we show that the normal form of the Taylor expansion of a lambda term can be computed by performing a normalized Taylor expansion of its Bohm tree. From this it follows that two lambda terms have the same Bohm tree if and only if the normal forms of their Taylor expansions coincide.


Abstract. We use isoprene and related field measurements from three different ocean data sets together with remotely sensed satellite data to model global marine isoprene emissions. We show that using monthly mean satellite-derived chl a concentrations to parameterize isoprene with a constant chl a normalized isoprene production rate underpredicts the measured oceanic isoprene concentration by a mean factor of 19 ± 12. Improving the model by using phytoplankton functional type dependent production values and by decreasing the bacterial degradation rate of isoprene in the water column results in only a slight underestimation (factor 1.7 ± 1.2). We calculate global isoprene emissions of 0.21 Tg C for 2014 using this improved model, which is twice the value calculated using the original model. Nonetheless, the sea-to-air fluxes have to be at least 1 order of magnitude higher to account for measured atmospheric isoprene mixing ratios. These findings suggest that there is at least one missing oceanic source of isoprene and, possibly, other unknown factors in the ocean or atmosphere influencing the atmospheric values. The discrepancy between calculated fluxes and atmospheric observations must be reconciled in order to fully understand the importance of marine-derived isoprene as a precursor to remote marine boundary layer particle formation.


In today's changing society, companies need to work with continuous change and improvement to evolve with the market. It is therefore important for managers to learn how to manage teams because they are expected to streamline selected products or processes in the business. Employees and teams need to develop in line with the changing environment in this process feedback is a tool and an important pillar. Leaders must learn to manage and transform feedback into something useful.The purpose of this study was to create an understanding of how systems-based feedback in the form of employee surveys can be a support for the leader in team development. We wanted to identify relevant behaviors and actions of the leader that may increase the work with feedback. Further examined how the NPS method can assist in monitoring system-based feedback. In our theoretical framework we outline the theories that underpin the study, which lands in a self-constructed analysis model containing four themes; feedback process, the group becomes team, lead the team and employee input. To gain a deeper understanding of the different themes we chose to do a qualitative study in which we later interviewed six respondents from two different companies. Respondents gave us different insights into the use of feedback. This eventually resulted in six aspects that relate to behaviors and practices of how a leader can use and utilize system-based feedback, in the form of employee surveys.


Introduction: With a higher proportion of young individuals undergoing uncemented hip arthroplasty, a close match in the dimension of the proximal femur and the implanted prosthesis is paramount. This is a study to gain insight into geographical variation in proximal femur morphology to determine the reference values to design uncemented femoral stems for a south Indian population, and also the effect of ageing and gender on the proximal femur morphology. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of two groups. For the first group, 50 unpaired dry femur bones were obtained from adult human cadavers; and the second group was a clinical group of 50 adult patients. Standardised radiographic techniques were used to measure the extra-cortical and intra-cortical morphometric parameters. Based on these, dimensionless ratios were calculated to express the shape of the proximal femur. The data were expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation and a comparison made with other studies. Results: A significant difference was noted across various population subsets within the Indian subcontinent and also in comparison to the Western population, suggestive of regional variation. The measurements made in cadaveric bone differed significantly from those in live patients, especially the femoral head diameter and extra-cortical and intra-cortical width. Femoral offset, head height and diameter were significantly less in females. Conclusion: The south Indian population needs customised implants with an increase in neck shaft angle and a decrease in intra-cortical and extra-cortical width for press fit in hip arthroplasty. The variation between the two sexes must also be accounted for during prosthesis design.


The article provides a comprehensive description of voting discrimination in California from 1982 to 2006. This article was presented as a report to Congress during the 2006 reauthorization and amendments to the Voting Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1973, et seq. The authors focus on the continued necessity for Section 5 review of changes affecting voting and for a bilingual election process in selected jurisdictions. In effect since 1965, Section 5 requires covered jurisdictions to submit all voting changes for approval to either the United States Attorney General or the United States District Court for the District of Columbia. The burden is on the jurisdiction to demonstrate the absence of a discriminatory purpose in the enactment of a proposed voting change and to show that the change does not discriminate against minority voting strength. Section 5 has been the most effective civil rights law ever enacted, preventing the implementation of over a thousand voting changes that could have discriminated against minority communities. The bilingual election provisions, first enacted in 1975 as Section 203, have proven to be an important avenue in providing language minorities access to the political process. Although there have been substantial improvements in the elimination of discriminatory election features, methods of election, and English-only election processes, there continues to be a need for federal oversight in this area. This article documents the voting discrimination that occurred in California from 1982 to 2006. This report, along with other state reports, served as the evidentiary basis for Congress in 2006 to both reauthorize and amend the Voting.


The murine genus Rhynchomys includes the large-bodied Philippine "shrew-rats," highly specialized members of the vermivorous clade of Philippine murids. Four species are recognized, all of which are endemic to Luzon Island: R. soricoides from mountains within the Central Cordillera, R. isarogensis from Mt. Isarog on the Bicol Peninsula, R. banahao from Mt. Banahaw in south-central Luzon, and R. tapulao from Mt. Tapulao in the Zambales Mountains. Field surveys in 2006 and 2008 revealed two additional populations of Rhynchomys, one from Mt. Labo (1,544 m), a dormant stratovolcano at the base of the Bicol Peninsula, the other from Mt. Mingan (1,901 m), the highest peak in the central Sierra Madre of east-central Luzon. Assessment of external and craniodental features of available specimens from throughout Luzon support our description of the populations on Mt. Labo and Mt. Mingan as new species. All species of Rhynchomys are restricted to high-elevation, montane, and mossy forest habitats, separated by intervening lowlands. These discoveries highlight the importance of isolated highland areas in the historical diversification of Southeast Asian murines, and as current centers of endemism.


This article studies the optimal prices and service quality grades that a queuing system--the "firm"--provides to heterogeneous, utility-maximizing customers who measure quality by their experienced delay distributions. Results are threefold: First, delay costcurves are introduced that allow for a flexible description of a customer's quality sensitivity. Second, a comprehensiveexecutable approach is proposed that analytically specifies scheduling, delay distributions and prices for arbitrary delay sensitivity curves. The tractability of this approach derives from porting heavy-traffic Brownian results into the economic analysis. The generalizedcµ (G cµ) scheduling rule that emerges is dynamic so that, in general, service grades need not correspond to a static priority ranking. A benchmarking example investigates the value of differentiated service. Third, the notions ofgrade andrate incentive compatibility (IC) are introduced to study this system under asymmetric information and are established for G cµ scheduling when service times are homogeneous and customers atomistic. Grade IC induces correct grade choice resulting in perfect service discrimination; rate IC additionally induces centralized-optimal rates. Dynamic G cµ scheduling exhibits negative feedback that, together with time-dependent pricing, can also yield rate incentive compatibility with heterogeneous service times. Finally,multiplan pricing, which offers all customers amenu with a choice of multiple rate plans, is analyzed.


Communication between insulin target tissues and beta-cells initiate compensatory responses which increase insulin production. Correlated changes, in gene expression between tissues, can provide evidence for such intercellular communication. We profiled gene expression studies in Type 2 diabetic subjects to unveil the mechanistic factors involved. Our results showed that genes involved in carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism pathways, glycan of biosynthesis, metabolism of cofactors and vitamin pathways, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, signal transduction pathways, neuroactive ligand receptor interaction were upregulated in diabetes compared to healthy subjects. In contrast, genes involved in cell adhesion, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, insulin signaling, PPAR signaling pathways were downregulated in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). β2-microglobulin, a MHC class I molecule was strongly downregulated in diabetic subjects. Further, genes involved in inflammatory pathway are differentially expressed in subjects with T2DM. Hence, it was evident that genes concerned with pathways of carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism, neuronal function and inflammation play a significant role in the pathobiology of T2DM.