Potato stems and leaves biochar (PB) was prepared by pyrolysis at a temperature of 500°C under anoxic conditions. In order to strengthen the adsorption capacity, biochar was modified with alkaline solution (alkali modified biochar, APB). Two kinds of biochars were adopted as adsorbents to remove ciprofloxacin (CIP) from aqueous solution. The adsorption behavior of CIP onto biochar before and after alkali modified including adsorption kinetics and isotherms were investigated. The effects of different factors (equilibrium time, pH, temperature and initial concentration) during the adsorption process were also investigated. Biochar samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm. The results showed that the alkali treated biochar possessed more mesopores than raw biochar, and accordingly exhibited a more excellent adsorption performance (23.36 mg·g-1) than raw biochar. Hydrophobic interaction, hydrogen-bonding interaction, electrostatic interaction, and π - π interaction were the adsorption mechanisms for CIP uptake onto the two adsorbents.


My dissertation research is in the field of plasmonics. Specifically, my focus is on the use of plasmonics for various applications such as solar energy harvesting and optically addressable magnetic memory devices. Plasmonics is the study of collective oscillations of free electrons in a metal coupled to an electromagnetic field. Such oscillations are characterized by large electromagnetic field intensities confined in nanoscale volumes and are called plasmons. Plasmons can be excited on a thin metal film, in which case they are called surface plasmon polaritons or in nanoscale metallic particles, in which case they are called localized surface plasmon resonances. Researchers have taken advantage of this electromagnetic field enhancement resulting from the excitation of plasmons in metallic structures and demonstrated phenomenon such as plasmon-assisted photocatalysis, plasmon-induced local heating, plasmon-enhanced chemical sensing, optical modulators, nanolasers, etc.In the first half of my dissertation, I study the role of plasmonics in hydrogen production from water using solar energy. Hydrogen is believed to be a very viable source of alternative green fuel to meet the growing energy demands of the world. There are significant efforts in government and private sectors worldwide to implement hydrogen fuel cells as the future of the automotive and transportation industry. In this regard, water splitting using solar energy to produce hydrogen is a widely researched topic. It is believed that a Solar-to-Hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency of 10% is good enough to be considered for practical applications. Iron oxide (alpha-Fe2O3) or hematite is one of the candidate materials for hydrogen generation by water splitting with a theoretical STH efficiency of about 15%. In this work, I experimentally show that through metallic gold nanostructures we can enhance the water oxidation photocurrent in hematite by two times for above bandgap wavelengths, thereby increasing hydrogen production. Moreover, I also show that gold nanostructures can result in a hematite photocurrent enhancement of six times for below bandgap wavelengths. The latter, I believe, is due to the excitation of plasmons in the gold nanostructures and their subsequent decay into hot holes which are harvested by hematite.The second part of my dissertation involves data storage in magnetic media. Memory devices based on magnetic media have been widely investigated as a compact information storage platform with bit densities exceeding 1Tb/in2. As the size of nanomagnets continue to reduce to achieve higher bit densities, the magnetic fields required to write information in these bits increases. To counter this, the field of heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) was developed where a laser is used to locally heat up a magnet and make it susceptible to smaller magnetic switching fields. About two decades ago, it was realized that a single femtosecond laser pulse can switch magnetic media and therefore could be used to write information in magnetic bits. This field is now known as All-Optical Magnetic Switching (AOMS). My research aims to bring together the two fields of HAMR and AOMS to create optically addressable nanomagnets for information storage. Specifically, I want to show that plasmonic resonators can couple the laser field to nanomagnets more efficiently. This can therefore be used not only to heat the nanomagnets but also switch them with lower optical energy compared to free-standing nanomagnets without any plasmonic resonator. The results of my research show that by coupling metallic resonators, supporting surface plasmons, to nanomagnets, one can reduce the light intensity required for laser induced magnetization reversal.


The sale of R&D projects through licensing facilitates the division of labor between research and development activities. This vertical specialization can improve the overall efficiency of the innovative process. However, these gains depend on the timing of the sale: the buyer of an R&D project should assume development at the stage at which he has an efficiency advantage. We show that in an environment where the seller is overconfident about the value of the project, she may delay the sale to the more efficient firm in order to provide verifiable information about its quality, though this delay implies higher total development costs for the project. We obtain a condition for the equilibrium timing of licensing and examine how factors such as the intensity of competition between potential buyers influence it. We show that a wide array of different explanations, based on differences in information, beliefs or risk profiles, lead to the same qualitative results. We present empirical evidence from pharmaceutical licensing contracts that is consistent with our theoretical predictions.


Geologic and U-Pb (zircon) geochronologic studies demonstrate that Long Island and southern and central Dall Island are underlain in large part by upper Proterozoic-Lower Cambrian metamorphic rocks of the Wales Group. The group comprises a lower assemblage of predominantly metadacite, metamorphosed to amphibolite and greenschist facies, and an upper assemblage of lower-grade basaltic metavolcanic rocks,thick marble layers, and interlayered calcareous metadacite, marble, metapelite, and metagraywacke. Rocks of both assemblages are intruded by metagranodiorite-diorite-gabbro suites, one of which (Kaigani orthogneiss) yields a concordant U-Pb (zircon) age of 554 ± 4 m.y. (Early Cambrian). Rocks of the upper Wales assemblage were thrust over Ordovician(?)-Silurian strata of the Descon Formation, possibly during the Middle Silurian-earliest Devonian Klakas orogeny. A younger normal(?) fault juxtaposes rocks of the upper Wales Group, and locally the Descon Formation and Heceta Limestone, over higher-grade rocks of the lower Wales Group. This poorly known structure may have been active during a Late Permian(?)-Triassic rifting event recorded along the northeastern margin of the terrane. The youngest major unit in the area is the Stripe Mountain granodiorite, which yields a concordant U-Pb (zircon) age of 114 ± 2 m.y.


The framers of the American government strongly believed in a jury that could "decide both law and fact" in criminal cases. This belief was based on two insights that were better understood in the founding era than they are today: (1) When the government is a party to a judicial proceeding, as in a criminal case, it is a conflict of interest for the judge, a government employee, to be the final arbiter of the law. The judge was to advise the jury on the law, but the jury was not bound by his advice. This insight goes back to the 13th century legal commentator Henry de Bracton, although many courts have lost sight of it over the course of the centuries. (2) The law and the facts in a criminal case are often so closely interwoven that they must be decided "complicately," that is, both at the same time. As a landmark English decision said in 1670, "Without a fact agreed, it is as impossible . . . to know the law relating to the fact . . . as to know an accident that hath no subject." The founders saw juries as guardians against government oppression. This fit in perfectly with their view that "law" was something that arose from the people, not something that was imposed on them by government. As the "conscience of the community," a jury had the final say on whether a person deserved to be punished for his crime. Implicit in this power was a certain discretion that allowed a jury to apply principles of equity and acquit even when a literal interpretation of the law would have required conviction. By leaving the ultimate question of guilt to juries, society asks juries to decide, not only whether a person has violated the letter of the law, but whether, in addition, the person is morally culpable. Yet in 1895, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that, while the quirks of the legal process made it possible for jurors to acquit a technically guilty defendant or find him guilty of a lesser offense, nothing gave them the right to do so. The Court held that no judge was required to inform jurors of their right to decide the law as well as the facts. In the mid-20th century, the term "jury nullification" (a term the founders never used) began to be used in court opinions to describe cases where jurors disobeyed the judge's instructions and followed their consciences. By the 1970's, the term "jury nullification" had acquired currency in the legal vocabulary, and juries were criticized for "nullifying the law" – a negative phrase that evokes visions of anarchy. This article argues that a jury's task is to judge both law and facts holistically (or "complicately") to arrive at a just verdict. I propose that we discard the phrase "jury nullification" because it often assumes an overly narrow definition of "law," a law without equity, and that we speak instead of jury "discretion" or "independence." Jurors must have discretion, just as prosecutors must have it. I argue that we should guide jury discretion, rather than try to suppress it. That is, we should explain to jurors, when appropriate, that they have discretionary power and impress upon them acceptable guidelines so that they are less likely to abuse their discretion. This article examines what we should and shouldn't say to jurors to help them use their discretion wisely.


Debugging is difficult. When software fails in production, debugging is even harder, as failure reports usually provide only an incomplete picture of the failing execution. We present a system that answers control-flow queries posed by developers as formal languages, indicating whether the query expresses control flow that is possible or impossible for a given failure report. We consider three separate approaches that trade off precision, expressiveness for failure constraints, and scalability. We also introduce a new subclass of regular languages, the unreliable trace languages, which are particularly suited to answering control-flow queries in polynomial time. Our system answers queries remarkably efficiently when we encode failure constraints and user queries entirely as unreliable trace languages.


Electrodeposition ofZn-Fe alloy onmild steal substratewas performed under galvanostatic condition from an acid chloride bath. Use of sulphanilic acid (SA) and gelatin was found to show significant effect on homogeneity and brightness of the deposit. Under no conditions of bath composition and operating parameters studied, the codeposition behaviour changed from anomalous to normal type was observed. The experimental results revealed that the corrosion resistance of electroplates depends on both wt. % Fe and structure of the deposit. The dependency of bath composition, current density (c.d.), pH and temperature on wt%of Fe, hardness, appearance and corrosion resistance of deposits were studied and discussed. The corrosion resistance of electroplates were evaluated by direct current (d. c.) and alternate current (a. c.) method. Potentiodynamic cyclic polarisation technique was used to investigate the mechanism of corrosion. The surface roughness and morphology of deposits were studied byAFM and SEM analysis. XPS analysis was carried out to investigate the state of metal in the alloy. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis revealed that superior corrosion resistance of Zn-Fe coatings are due to formation of ntype semiconductor filmat the interface of the metal andmedium, confirmed by Mott-Schottky (M-S) plot.


Sediment transport dynamics are some of the most important aspects to consider in river restoration and management projects. Restoring a river usually involves the manipulation of its fl ow conditions, channel cross sections, channel alignment, sediment supply, bed material composition, and riparian conditions, all of which directly or indirectly affect sediment transport dynamics. Because a river will be reshaped through sediment transport process following restoration, a lack of or an inadequate consideration of postrestoration sediment transport dynamics may result in poor performance or failure of the project. Here we discuss some practical considerations in sediment transport modeling as a guide for resource managers overseeing river restoration projects as well as sediment transport practitioners. The discussion is not intended as a " how to " guide or a thorough review of the scienti fi c literature pertaining to sediment transport. Instead, the project examples discussed herein are intended to illustrate some of the lessons learned from our experiences in conducting sediment transport analyses for applied projects. The examples are not necessarily river restoration projects, but the practical considerations discussed should generally apply to any sediment transport analysis, including those for river restoration projects.


At the beginning of this study, the granule localisation and regulation of release of human neutrophil (PMNL) precursor collagenases, proMMP-8 and -9 (type I and type TV/V collagenases, respectively), enzymes highly active against the extracellular matrix (ECM) and thought to be relevant in invasion and inflammation, had been established while that of their inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-I (TIMP-l), had not. Electron microscopy immunogold labelling of cryoultramicrotomy sections for granule marker proteins, lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) and endocytosed bovine serum albumin-coated gold probes, followed by stereology, established that TIMP-l was mainly located in a distinct oval, electron translucent organelle, a little larger than azurophil granules. A lack of labelling for endocytic markers and for glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins, established using granule fractionation and immunolabelling to be markers for the secretory vesicles, and LAMPs-l and -2, indicated the non-endosomal, non-secretory and nonlysosomal nature of this organelle. Density gradient cofractionation with the least dense secretory vesicle population and some pleiomorphism of the organelle suggested that it is a "vesicle" rather than a "granule" population. Colocalisation with proMMP-9 in minor subpopulations suggests that TIMP-l vesicle biogenesis occurs between metamyelocytic and termination differentiation, but before secretory vesicle synthesis. Immunolabelling of phagocytosed and pulse-chased IgG-opsonised latex beads showed that specific and azurophil granules and a small number of proMMP-8-containing granules (a specific granule subpopulation) fuse with the phagosome whereas the TIMP-l vesicle and proMMP-9-containing granules do not, suggesting that the latter play no role in phagosomal destruction of IgG-opsonised bacteria and that their phagosomal release is not calcium regulated. However, studies using the calcium ionophore, ionomycin, and monitoring extracellular granule marker protein release upon addition of increasing levels of extracellular calcium, showed that all granules, except the TIMP-l vesicle, appeared to be calcium regulated. This suggests that the regulation of proMMP-9 release is not exclusively via calcium and that TIMP-l vesicle release is not calcium regulated. III Whereas most granules were shown to be associated with microtubule-like structures, the TIMP-l vesicle and proMMP-9-containing granules were shown to associate with two morphologically different cytoskeletal elements, neither resembling actin nor tubulin. These elements, and the release of the TIMP-l vesicle and proMMP-9-containing granules, need to be studied further, but results achieved to date may explain the observed differential mode of release ofTIMP-l relative to proMMP-9 . The proMMP-9-binding and inhibitory capacity of a 66 kDa high molecular mass form of TIMP-l was demonstrated in PMNL homogenates and plasma using western ligand blots and a novel reverse zymography method. The role and relevance of this form remains unknown as does the relevance and potential role of proMMP-9ffIMP-l complexes seen during isolation procedures. The proMMP-9ffIMP~1 complex may occur in vivo, as evidenced by immunolocalisation studies, and, together with TIMP-l released from its own discrete vesicle population, may be responsible for the fine regulation of extracellular proteolysis.


State of health (SOH) estimation is insightful for the lithium-ion battery (LIB) health management. This paper proposes a new set of health indicators (HIs) based on early-stage constant-voltage (CV) charging, which are easily available in practical vehicle applications. Particularly, a thorough analysis is performed over different CV-based HIs to obtain the informative ones with strong correlation against the SOH. A gaussian process regression (GPR) model is further employed to fusion the extracted HIs and to estimate the battery SOH. The proposed method is validated based on cycling experiments performed on the LiNiCoAlO2 cells. Results suggest that the proposed method promises multifold benefits, including the high estimation accuracy, low requirement on the charging integrity, and the high robustness to cell inconsistency.


In this Article we submit that the compensation structures at banks before the financial crisis were not necessarily flawed and that recent reforms in this area largely reflect already existing best practices. In Part I we review recent empirical studies on corporate governance and executive pay at banks and suggest that there is no strong support for regulating bankers' compensation structures. We also argue that detailed regulation of incentives would subtract essential decisionmaking powers from boards of directors and make compensation structures too rigid. In Part II we note that political support for regulating bankers' pay has been strong and led to reforms promoting long-term incentives to executives on the assumption that short-term incentives were a cause of the crisis. The Financial Stability Board Principles for Sound Compensation Practices (the "Principles") follow this trend, at the same time representing a political compromise between the various interest groups concerned. They pick up traditional compensation criteria from pre-crisis best practices, adapting them to the post-crisis setting, while leaving some flexibility in pay structures. We suggest that a certain degree of flexibility should be kept when implementing the Principles in national jurisdictions. In Part III we analyze the regulatory developments concerning executive pay at banks in Europe and find variations in the implementation of the Principles. We also show that remuneration policies at large European banks are converging towards the international Principles, while varying in the implementation of individual standards. However, recent EU reforms may change the situation considerably by imposing detailed requirements as to pay structures in the financial sector.


IKA NUR SETIYAWATI, D0310029. Social Movement in Community Forest
Carbon (A Case Study Yayasan Orangutan Indonesia's Social Movement for
REDD+ in Central Kalimantan). Thesis. Social and Political Sciences Faculty.
University of Sebelas Maret. Surakarta, 2014.
This research aims to describe (1) process of establisment Yayorin's social
movement, (2) the latest issues about REDD+ (Reducing Emmisions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation) which contribute to Yayorin's social
movement, (3) internal and external barrier in Yayorin's social movement at
Tanjung Terantang village.
This study belongs to a descriptive qualitative research using case study as
its strategy. The sampling technique used was proposive sampling. While
techniques of collecting data used were observation, interview, and
documentation. Data validition was done using source and methodological
triagulation. Techniques of analyzing data used was an interactive model.
Based on the results of this study concluded that: 1) Yayorin's social
movement formed by two concepts. That is political context and mobilizing
structure which result CFC (Community Forest Carbon) programme. Tanjung
Terantang village as one of target area of that programme. 2) The aim of CFC
programme are to save area and the Sungai Lamandau Wildlife Reserve's buffer
zone with their biodiversity and urge the people to manage forests sustainability
through model HKm and REDD+. Therefore, the action of Yayorin's social
movement is to do the formation of Mawar Bersemi and Setia Kawan as
community forest (HKm) group and proponent group. 3) In their movement, there
are also internal and external barrier on the conditions organizational, physical
and political, such as lack of venture capital, there is a crisis of trust between the
members of the group, and has yet to issue a letter of recommendation IUPHKm
(business lisence community forest management) of Kotawaringin Barat Regency.
keywords : Yayorin's social movement, Community Forest Carbon (CFC),
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation
(REDD+)


We used Raman spectroscopy to study the conformational changes of DNA induced by Cd2+ ions in different Cd2+ concentrations solution. The experimental results show that when the Cd^(2+)/PO^(-)_(2) ratio R increased from 0 to 3.0, the band 835.0 cm^(-1) shifted about 8 cm^(-1), and the overlapping spectra of 1446.0 and 1461.0 cm^(-1) separated and moved to 1441.0 and 1458.0 cm^(-1), respectively. This indicates that the conformation of DNA has changed from a "normal" B-form to a "modified" B'-form. At the same time, changes of other bands demonstrate that parts of base stacking collapse and some hydrogen bonds between AT are disrupted, AT base pairs are damaged more larger than GC base pairs.


Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) has long been recognized as an important human pathogen causing many severe diseases. It is also a part of human normal flora with its ecological niche in the human anterior nares. This study focused on screening S. aureus nasal carriage in community and its relationship to human physiological and pathological factors which have not been studied in Vietnam previously. Two hundred and five volunteers in Ho Chi Minh City from 18 to 35 and over 59 years old both male and female participated in the study. Result showed that the prevalence of S. aureus nasal carriage in southern Vietnamese community was relatively low, only 11.2% (23/205), much lower than that in other international reports on human S. aureus. In addition, nasal carriage of the older age group (> 59 years old, 13.7%) was higher than that of younger age (18-35 years old, 10.4%). Other potential risk factors such as gender, career, height, weight, history of antibiotic usage, daily nasal wash, use of nasal medication sprays, acne problems, smoking and nasal problems showed no significant impact on S. aureus carriage. The obtained S. aureus nasal isolates were all sensitive to vancomycin. Lincomycin and tetracycline had low resistance rate with 4.3 % and 17.4 %, respectively. However, the isolates showed particularly high rate of multidrug resistance (54.2%) In summary, our data provided researchers an overview on S. aureus nasal carriage and antibiotic susceptibility profile of the community- isolated S. aureus in Vietnam. This would serve as valuable information on assessing risk of community-acquired S. aureus infections.


Open access publishing is increasing across many fields as a means of facilitating timely and equitable access to knowledge. To examine the extent of open access in social work serials publishing, we gathered information on the subscription costs and access policies of 81 peer-reviewed social work journals. Although some trends toward increased access are noted, such as publishers' acceptance of university archiving policies, the majority of journals provided no or minimal open access. Average annual subscription prices based on 2011 data were $126 for individuals and $579 for institutions for print and online access. Our review located 11 social work journals that are fully open access. In light of these findings, we review the importance of open access for facilitating social work research and evidence-based practice, and describe possible steps toward expanding access in the context of conflicts between the increasing corporatization of publishing and the growing recognition of knowledge as a common good. From this perspective, research findings should be broadly available regardless of socio-economic advantage or development status. Much of this research has been supported through public funding, and knowledge important to human social welfare should not be withheld as proprietary.


For the first time the current volume brings together a fully annotated edition of Hannah Lynch's articles on Spain – many of which are devoted to travel – together with a critical study of her connections with the country. Lynch, a cosmopolitan New Woman, viewed Spain with ambivalence, impatient of its resistance to change yet seduced by its landscapes and peoples. Her writing, revealing of her commitment to women's emancipation, warrants attention from those wishing to further explore women's contributions to the cultural and literary relations between Ireland and the Iberian Peninsula.


Criminal thinking has been long established as a very important predictor of criminal behaviour, however far less research effort has been undertaken to understand what variables can predict the emergence of criminal thinking. Considering the importance of criminal thinking, we feel it necessary to conduct a systematic review of the literature on criminal thinking in order to bring together what is currently known regarding the factors that relate to, and predict, habitual criminal thinking styles. This paper provides a brief overview of the state of the science on criminal thinking and indicates the need for future research in this context and the areas this future research should focus upon.


Constitutional doctrine generally proceeds from the premise that the original intent and public understanding of pre-Civil War constitutional provisions carries forward unchanged from the colonial Founding era. This premise is flawed because it ignores the Nation's Second Founding: i.e., the constitutional moment culminating in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments and the civil rights statutes enacted pursuant thereto. The Second Founding, in addition to providing specific new individual rights and federal powers, also represented a fundamental shift in our constitutional order. The Second Founding's constitutional regime provided that the underlying systemic rules and norms of the First Founding's Constitution of Enslavement would be modified as necessary in order to give rise to a "new birth of freedom." Contemporary constitutional doctrine, however, has rarely grappled with the question of whether and to what extent the Second Founding's Framers and general public might have had a different or more nuanced understanding from their First Founding counterparts of prior constitutional provisions.

The Supreme Court's approach to First Amendment interpretation largely ignores the Second Founding. The Court's cases generally view the colonial Founding era as the sole source of evidence for ascertaining the original intent and public understanding of the Constitution's guarantee of freedom of speech. This Article, by contrast, contends that the intent and understandings of the Second Founding provide an additional and under-explored source of constitutional meaning and therefore examines freedom of speech through the lens of slavery, abolition, and Reconstruction.

This Article breaks new ground in legal scholarship by extensively reviewing slave narratives that illuminate the experiences and perspectives of enslaved persons regarding freedom of speech. This Article contends that by virtue of the Second Founding, enslaved persons' views and experiences regarding freedom of speech should directly inform the meaning of the First Amendment. Accordingly, this Article makes a novel contribution to the literature regarding the Second Founding by centering enslaved persons' voices as constitutional actors whose views on freedom of speech matter.


SUMMARY The emergence of proteomics, the large-scale analysis of proteins, has been inspired by the realization that the final product of a gene is inherently more complex and closer to function than the gene itself. Shortfalls in the ability of bioinformatics to predict both the existence and function of genes have also illustrated the need for protein analysis. Moreover, only through the study of proteins can posttranslational modifications be determined, which can profoundly affect protein function. Proteomics has been enabled by the accumulation of both DNA and protein sequence databases, improvements in mass spectrometry, and the development of computer algorithms for database searching. In this review, we describe why proteomics is important, how it is conducted, and how it can be applied to complement other existing technologies. We conclude that currently, the most practical application of proteomics is the analysis of target proteins as opposed to entire proteomes. This type of proteomics, referred to as functional proteomics, is always driven by a specific biological question. In this way, protein identification and characterization has a meaningful outcome. We discuss some of the advantages of a functional proteomics approach and provide examples of how different methodologies can be utilized to address a wide variety of biological problems.


Despite the wide availability of health education materials and the intensive media interest in food and health, the number of individuals changing their diets has been insufficient to shift average population intakes towards current recommendations. The Nutrition Task Force document 'Eat Well!' indicated that the development of a nationally recognized, authoritative and consistently used guide to food selection was a priority. The provision of practical information, via a simple model for nutrition education suitable for wide use, would help to provide the general public with a consistent message on food and health. The National Food Guide: The Balance of Good Health illustrates an agreed core structure of food groupings based on dietetic criteria and the nutritional characteristics of foods within each of the groups. The guide has been developed giving due consideration to the provision of nutritional adequacy, cultural variations, educational needs and requirements for flexibility. This paper outlines the general and specific nutritional objectives of the National Food Guide. It details the criteria for the inclusion of foods within each of the five illustrated food groups, describes the key characteristics of foods within those groups and the rationale for the space allocated for each food group section.


The advantages of using serious games for education have already been proven in many studies, especially narrative VR games, which allow players to remember more information. On the other hand, game walkthrough can compensate for the disadvantages of gaming, such as pervasiveness and convenience. This study investigates whether game walkthrough of serious games can have the same learning effect as serious games. Use game creation (samples) and questionnaires, this study will compare the information that viewers remember from game walkthrough and actual game play, analyze their strengths and weaknesses, and examine the impact of the VR format on the results. The results proved that while game walkthrough allows subjects to follow the experiences of actual game players with a certain degree of empathy, they have limitations when it comes to compare with actual gameplay, especially when it comes to topics that require subjects to think for themselves. Meanwhile game walkthrough of VR game is not a medium suitable for making the receiver memorize information. For prevalence and convenience, however, serious games walkthrough is a viable educational option outside the classroom.


Social networks like Twitter are increasingly important in the creation of new ways of communication. They have also become useful tools for social and linguistic research due to the massive amounts of public textual data available. This is particularly important for less resourced languages, as it allows to apply current natural language processing techniques to large amounts of unstructured data. In this work, we study the linguistic and social aspects of young and adult people's behaviour based on their tweets' contents and the social relations that arise from them. With this objective in mind, we have gathered over 10 million tweets from more than 8000 users. First, we classified each user in terms of its life stage (young/adult) according to the writing style of their tweets. Second, we applied topic modelling techniques to the personal tweets to find the most popular topics according to life stages. Third, we established the relations and communities that emerge based on the retweets. We conclude that using large amounts of unstructured data provided by Twitter facilitates social research using computational techniques such as natural language processing, giving the opportunity both to segment communities based on demographic characteristics and to discover how they interact or relate to them.


Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract The understanding of landscape controls on the natural variability of hydrologic processes is an important research question of the PUB (Predictions in Ungauged Basins) initiative. Quantitative landscape ecology, which aims at understanding the relationships of patterns and processes in dynamic heterogeneous landscapes, may greatly 5 contribute to this research effort by assisting the coupling of ecological and hydrological models. The present paper reviews the currently emerging rapprochement between ecological and hydrological research. It points out some common concepts and future research needs in both areas in terms of pattern, process and function analysis and 10 modelling. Focusing on riverine landscapes, the interrelation between ecological and hydrological processes are illustrated. Two further complementary examples show how both disciplines can provide valuable information for each other. I close with some visions about promising (landscape) ecological concepts that may help advancing one of the most challenging tasks in catchment hydrology: Predictions in ungauged basins.


The Computing Centre at Curtin University has been involved in the use of computers in education since about 1980. This interest began with the establishment of a software library of educational programs, and was followed in 1986 by the development of the Software and Courseware Online Reviews (SCOR) database (Winship, 1986) of educational software which is now available on the internet through WAIS and Gopher.

The Computing Centre was thus well placed when interactive multimedia (IMM) became an affordable and innovative technology for use in computer-based learning (CBL). Curtin had a solid knowledge base, and with the adoption of a five-year information technology (IT) strategic plan, extra resources were available to employ academic and support staff with an interest in interactive multimedia. By the beginning of 1992, we obtained a substantial grant to commence development. The Computing Centre has been involved with 12 interactive multimedia computer-based learning projects over the last two years (Phillips, 1993).

The focus of our work with interactive multimedia has been to use existing tools and techniques to create innovative and educationally sound computer-based learning programs. We have little interest in developing multimedia tools at the programming level or in hardware per se. We prefer to use existing multimedia and authoring tools in new and unusual ways to create educational applications.

It is important to recognize that we are not a commercial setup. We aim at innovation not production. Our titles are usually small and targetted at specific groups of students.


The aim of the study and research question was to understand the
leadership role, interpersonal style and impact of the team captain in a
professional rugby union context and evaluate the implications of the findings
for the practice (and development) of team captaincy. Loughead et al. (2006) indicated that the
majority of sport leadership research has focused on the coach but that athlete
leadership within a team was an important source of influence. Much of the
literature in the team captaincy field was based on the experiences of varsity
populations and there was scope, as Loughead et al. (2006) proposed, for future research to examine athlete
leadership at other levels of competition including professional sport.

The study was framed by an interpretivist paradigm and a qualitative
methodology. The research was based on a single, instrumental case study, the
Southern Warriors (pseudonym), a professional rugby union team classified as
competitive elite (Swann et al.,
2015) who played in a top tier league. Data collection techniques included semi
structured and informal conversational interviews, overt participant
observation (over the course of a season) and archival research. Data was
analysed using reflexive thematic analysis (Braun and Clarke, 2006).

The study found that the professional rugby context was distinguished
by three dimensions - commercial (gladiatorial) spectacle, demanding (and
dynamic) endeavour and collective camaraderie; that the team captain performed
three key roles - environment influencer, game shaper and stakeholder ambassador;
that the influencing style of the team captain was based on three key
dimensions - personal qualities, process skills and agile practice and finally,
that the team captain impacted three areas - team purpose, team performance and
team satisfaction.

The study provided original contributions to the body of knowledge
through "real world" professional sport insights (a complex and pluralist
ecosystem of competing and sometimes contradictory organisational dynamics); by
further developing the current taxonomy of leadership roles and revising the
current definition of athlete leadership. The study also provided insights into
leadership currency and proposed a framework of key in game leadership
evaluation indicators.

Practical implications of the research findings for the effective
practice of team captaincy included terms of reference for the supervisory
leadership group, a team captain job description, a team captain person
specification, a team captain (i) self-appraisal process and (ii) 360 appraisal
process.

Recommended future avenues of inquiry included evaluation of the
social leadership role off the field, the evaluation of leadership role and
style during a game and evaluation of the selection process and development
activities for team captains.


The main purpose of this research is to re-examine Chartism by analysing how the Home Office's suppression of the movement affected the development of the British State and the machinery of public order during the 1830s and 1840s. In recent years, the study of Chartism has become a domain for historians engaged in cultural history. As a result, studies of both a political and localised nature have been neglected. The poverty of recent research in these areas has occurred since the major dispute between Dorothy Thompson and Gareth Stedman Jones, over the 'linguistic' turn and the meaning of the language of Chartism took place during the 1980s. Since the early-1990s, the debate has now moved on towards what Patrick Joyce and James Vernon have identified as 'the language of politics'. The aim of this research is to move the debate away from a cultural perspective and, instead, to examine how government policy changed to deal with Chartism. The purpose of this study is, therefore, not to examine the legislative effects of social, political and economic reforms as suggested by Gareth Stedman Jones, but to offer a more thorough investigation of the lines of argument pursued by Dorothy Thompson and James Vernon. Thompson argued that state suppression played a huge role in the demise of Chartism, whilst Vernon has asserted that during the first half of the nineteenth century the political system gradually became closed and disciplined. Mass movements such as Chartism, it is argued, failed in their quest to bring about major changes to the political system in the early nineteenth century, largely because they succumbed to huge pressure from the state and its institutions.

In order to establish the influence of the Home Office, this study has analysed how its policy impacted upon the Chartists in the West Riding. This involved a struggle for hegemony between central government and local agencies which ultimately brought about significant changes to the way in which the state functioned, along with many improvements to its machinery of control. These reforms included the advent of better policing and a gradual redefining of the roles of traditional forms of control such as the magistracy, army, militia and yeomanry. From a thorough investigation of both primary and secondary source materials, the evidence suggests that Dorothy Thompson was generally correct in her observation that the Home Office suppression of Chartism allowed the state to learn from its mistakes and become more effective in managing public order. However, this study will argue that the process was not as clear cut as Thompson implied. The implementation of reforms was a gradual process in which the Home Office played a significant role in the management of tensions that existed amongst various central and local government agencies. In doing so, the state became more efficient in controlling disorder. It remains for others to investigate the view of Gareth Stedman Jones that Chartism was by-passed by a reforming state.


Mechanisms of the Formation of Peritoneal Surface Malignancy on Omental Milky Spots from Low Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Carcinoma
Purpose: Omental milky spot (OMS) is considered to have an important role in the formation of peritoneal surface malignancy (PSM). However, human OMS and cancer metastasis has not been fully clarified. The present study demonstrates the mechanisms of the formation of metastasis on the omental milky spots (OMS) from the low grade AMC.
Methods and materials: To clarify the mechanism of the formation of peritoneal metastasis in low grade appendiceal mucinous carcinoma (AMC), 195 low grade AMC showing peritoneal cancer index (PCI) of ≤28 were studied for the distribution of peritoneal metastasis. Peritoneum was resected from 10 patients, and was prepared as whole-mount extending specimen. The specimens were studied by 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase double stain and immunohistologic staining by D2-40, anti-CD31 and anti- Ki-67 monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, peritoneal parts were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Pelvic and subdiaphragmatic peritoneum were involved in 164 (84%) and 143 (73%) patients. Greater omentum was involved in 135 (69%) patients. Under the SEM observation, no typical milky spots were observed on the peritoneum except for the greater omentum. Surface of OMS was covered with cuboidal mesothelial cells. Between the cuboidal mesothelial cells, many stomata were found. After digestion of OMS by 6N KOH, disk-like peritoneal pouch was detected at OMS. Small holes were found on the collagen plate covered on the bottom of the pouch. Below the pouch, initial lymphatic vessels closed to the pouch with stomata. Agglomerated blood capillaries distributed around the initial lymphatics. Metastasis foci were found around the stomata on OMS, but were not detected on the flat mesothelial cells on the greater omentum.. Conclusion: Peritoneal free cancer cells from low grade AMC may be adsorbed at stomata and adhere on the OMS. Then, they proliferate on OMS.


In recent years, following the Supreme Court's landmark originalist opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller, courts have been asked to strike down restrictions on the public carrying of handguns on the basis of the original understanding of the Second Amendment. One of the key sources used to justify this outcome is a family of opinions from the antebellum South asserting an expansive right to carry weapons in public. In this essay we explore whether that body of case law reflected a national consensus on the meaning of the right to bear arms or, in the alternative, a narrower regional conception of this right. We discuss how the South's distinctive culture of slavery and honor influenced both public carry and regional jurisprudence, and how the case law originating from that culture cannot be extended to the rest of the country without explanation. We then draw on new post-Heller research to discuss an alternative American tradition — predominant outside the South — that was less enthusiastic about public carry and more accepting of public carry regulation. This analysis suggests that the view of the right to bear arms expressed in the nineteenth-century Southern opinions falls woefully short of reflecting a national consensus. Moreover, judges seeking historical guidance in public carry cases today should look to the alternative tradition that presumed the constitutional soundness of broad public carry restrictions.


With the rise of importance of sport as a social phenomenon in recent decades, more public attention has been paid to the issue of the legal nature of the rules governing social relations in sports. The issue raised above are only a part of a much broader topic that involves questions of relations of a classical Westphalian state and changes in the international community as well as issues of the essence and manifestations of law. The traditional theoretical approach, based on the principles of Westphalian sovereign state and state centralism, does not allow the possibility of existence of sports law because the law does not exist outside of the state. The modern theories of legal pluralism represent a different approach and see one of the most powerful examples of non-state law in sports law. If the concept of the existence of sports law is accepted, it is important to determine its contents. From temporal and quantitative distance, sports organizations are autonomous and main creators of the rules of conduct in sport. However, since the second half of the 20th century the state has had bigger and more important role in the regulation of sport.


ABSTRACT This study draws on national survey data from the United States of America (USA) and the Netherlands to compare family obligations and support behaviour for middle-generation adults who have a living aged parent and adult child. Consistent with a familialism by default hypothesis based on welfare state differences, the US sample espouses stronger family obligations than the Dutch sample. Yet, the Dutch respondents are more likely to engage in family support behaviours with both the younger and older generations, contrary to a family-steps-in hypothesis. The connection between family obligations and support behaviour is also tested, revealing a stronger association in the US sample, consistent with a family-steps-in hypothesis, but only in regard to relations with ageing parents. We conclude that Dutch respondents are more likely to act on their individual preferences whereas American respondents are more influenced by general norms of obligation towards family members. The findings are discussed in terms of social policy differences between the two countries, and in light of results from comparative European studies of intergenerational relations.


BACKGROUND
Supervision forms an integral part of psychiatric nursing. The value of clinicalsupervision has been demonstrated widely in research. Despite efforts made toward advancedpsychiatric nursing, supervision seems to be non-existent in this field.

OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to explore and describe advanced psychiatric nursepractitioners' ideas and needs with regard to supervision in private practice in order tocontribute to the new efforts made in advanced psychiatric nursing in South Africa.

METHOD
A qualitative, descriptive, exploratory, and contextual design using a phenomenological approach as research method was utilised in this study. A purposive sampling was used. Eight advanced psychiatric nurse practitioners in private practice described their ideas and needs for supervision during phenomenological interviews. Tesch's method of open coding was utilised to analyse data. After data analysis the findings were recontextualised within literature.

RESULTS
The data analysis generated the following themes - that the supervisor should have or possess: (a) professional competencies, (b) personal competencies and (c) specificfacilitative communication skills. The findings indicated that there was a need for supervision of advanced psychiatric nurse practitioners in private practice in South Africa.

CONCLUSION
This study indicates that there is need for supervision and competent supervisors in private practice. Supervision can be beneficial with regard to developing a culture of support for advanced psychiatric practitioners in private practice and also psychiatric nurse practitioners.


The ever growing human activities and economic development will eventually change the relationships between human and the environment. A matter of grave concern is the unsustainable patterns of land use that are considered a major cause for the deterioration of the environment. The Grand Lake Meadows is an important part of the Saint John River wetlands that form the largest freshwater wetland habitat in the Maritimes (east Canada). In this paper, remotely sensed images were used for mapping the use of land use and cover in the Grand Lake Meadow over a period of 20 years. The goal was to undertake a detailed spatially explicit inventory of local trends in land use and land cover changes through classifying the historical images. Other available data like the road network to mention a few were combined with this information to create a database that was used to investigate consequences of land use/cover change. The results demonstrates the flexibility and effectiveness of this technology in establishing the necessary baseline and support information for sustaining eco-services of a wetland thereby depicting the rate of change undergone in the GLM area over time. The study identified a 38% decrease in the wetland from the 1990 to 2001, while there was 4.32% overall increase in the wetland area since then. The result will help the managers to comprehend the dynamics of the changes, prompting a better management and implementation of LULC administration in the GLM area.


Robotic arms and cranes show some similarities in the way they operate and in the way they are designed. Both have a number of links serially attached to each other by means of joints that can be moved by some type of actuator. In both systems, the end-effector of the manipulator can be moved in space and be placed in any desired location within the system's workspace and can carry a certain amount of load. However, traditional cranes are usually relatively big, stiff and heavy because they normally need to move heavy loads at low speeds, while industrial robots are ordinarily smaller, they usually move small masses and operate at relatively higher velocities. This is the reason why cranes are commonly actuated by hydraulic valves, while robotic arms are driven by servo motors, pneumatic or servo-pneumatic actuators. Most importantly, the fundamental difference between the two kinds of systems is that cranes are usually controlled by a human operator, joint by joint, using simple joysticks where each axis operates only one specific actuator, while robotic arms are commonly controlled by a central controller that controls and coordinates the actuators according to some specific algorithm. In other words, the controller of a crane is usually a human while the controller of a robotic arm is normally a computer program that is able to determine the joint values that provide a desired position or velocity for the end-effector. If we especially consider maritime cranes, compared with robotic arms, they rely on a much more complex model of the environment with which they interact. These kinds of cranes are in fact widely used to handle and transfer objects from large container ships to smaller lighters or to the quays of the harbours. Therefore, their control is always a challenging task, which involves many problems such as load sway, positioning accuracy, wave motion compensation and collision avoidance. Some of the similarities between robotic arms and cranes can also be extended to robotic hands. Indeed, from a kinematic point of view, a robotic hand consists of one or more kinematic chains fixed on a base. However, robotic hands usually present a higher number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) and consequentially a higher dexterity compared to robotic arms. Nevertheless, several commonalities can be found from a design and control point of views. Particularly, modular robotic hands are studied in this thesis from a design and control point of view. Emphasising these similarities, the general term of robotic manipulator is thereby used to refer to robotic arms, cranes and hands. In this work, efficient design methods for robotic manipulators are initially investigated. Successively, the possibility of developing a flexible control architecture that allows for controlling different manipulators by using a universal input device is outlined. The main challenge of doing this consists of finding a flexible way to map the normally fixed DOFs of the input controller to the variable DOFs of the specific manipulator to be controlled. This process has to be realised regardless of the differences in size, kinematic structure, body morphology, constraints and affordances. Different alternative control algorithms are investigated including effective approaches that do not assume a priori knowledge for the Inverse Kinematic (IK) models. These algorithms derive the kinematic properties from biologically-inspired approaches, machine learning procedures or optimisation methods. In this way, the system is able to automatically learn the kinematic properties of different manipulators. Finally, a methodology for performing experimental activities in the area of maritime cranes and robotic arm control is outlined. By combining the rapid-prototyping approach with the concept of interchangeable interfaces, a simulation and benchmarking framework for advanced control methods of maritime cranes and robotic arms is presented.


Background Breastfeeding confers substantial benefits to child health and has also been associated with lower risk of maternal cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in later life. However, the evidence on the effects of CVD is still inconsistent, especially in East Asians, in whom the frequency and duration of breastfeeding significantly differ from those in the West. Methods and Results In 2004–2008, the nationwide China Kadoorie Biobank recruited 0.5 million individuals aged 30 to 79 years from 10 diverse regions across China. During 8 years of follow‐up, 16 671 incident cases of coronary heart disease and 23 983 cases of stroke were recorded among 289 573 women without prior CVD at baseline. Cox regression yielded adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for incident CVD by breastfeeding. Overall, ≈99% of women had given birth, among whom 97% reported a history of breastfeeding, with a median duration of 12 months per child. Compared with parous women who had never breastfed, ever breastfeeding was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD, with adjusted HRs of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84–0.99) for coronary heart disease and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85–0.99) for stroke. Women who had breastfed for ≥24 months had an 18% (HR, 0.82; 0.77–0.87) lower risk of coronary heart disease and a 17% (HR, 0.83; 0.79–0.87) lower risk of stroke compared with women who had never breastfed. Among women who ever breastfed, each additional 6 months of breastfeeding per child was associated with an adjusted HR of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94–0.98) for coronary heart disease and 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96–0.98) for stroke. Conclusions Among Chinese women, a history of breastfeeding was associated with an ≈10% lower risk of CVD in later life and the magnitude of the inverse association was stronger among those with a longer duration of breastfeeding.


David Bowie's preoccupation with the power of media finds performative expression in much early work (October, 2015). When he saw A Clockwork Orange (1971) with guitarist Mick Ronson in January 1972, the film influenced the final tracking for the album including 'Suffragette City' (1972) and the droog-styling of the character Ziggy Stardust, outfits Bowie described as a "terrorist we-are-ready-for-action look" (O'Leary 2015, p. 230). The nadsat dialect shows the continued influence of the film as late as 'Girl Loves Me' (Blackstar 2016). As an arts student, and advertising apprentice, Bowie explored media effects through his interest in Marshall McLuhan and celebrity 1960's writers such as R.D. Laing and Julian Jaynes. Following McLuhan's mariner in studying the vortex to understand and survive the tempest, Bowie insists, "The media should be used. You can't let it use you" (Crowe 1976). In Nicholas Roeg's 1976 film The Man Who Fell to Earth, the Bowie-styled protagonist surfs television for information and identity, but echoing Alex DeLarge's vulnerable subjectivity and brainwashing through the 'Ludivico Technique', complains "get out of my mind, all of you" (October, 2015). Alex's beloved "Ludvig Van" (Beethoven), reconnects the musician Bowie to the fragile relationship between producer and user, while Bowie's thesis on media switches between the 'transmission model of communication' (Grossberg et al 2006, p. 19) and extolling the power of the audience (interview with Newsnight's Jeremy Paxman, BBC2, December 3rd 1999). This paper explores Bowie's creative relationship with such themes in A Clockwork Orange focusing on his early work on vinyl, film and also public forums (music magazines and chat shows). I particularly ask about Bowie's agency as medium, a conceit made possible via McLuhan's claim that the medium is the message (1999) and Bowie's own suggestion that he 'is the medium for a conglomerate of statements and illusions' (cited Hauptfuhrer 1976).


This dissertation focuses on the development of radiocarbon dating residues from stone artefacts. In the study, the method's application is examined on artefact samples from archaeological assemblages. While radiocarbon dating of blood residues had been previously reported, dating accuracy required further substantiation. Compromising effects had been described, however the real impact of contamination during sampling steps and analysis protocols remained unclear. Certainly minimizing the quantity of extraneous carbon introduced into samples becomes increasingly significant with small-mass samples.
This study has four consecutive aims: (i) to test the practicability of radiocarbon dating plant residues by investigating the impact of contaminant introduction during sample preparation, (ii) to examine contaminants inherent on stone tools and their removal strategies, (iii) to test the feasibility of the method by dating residues from archaeological stone tools with a reference age and (iv) to develop adequate strategies for contaminant prevention to meet future residue dating requirements.
Methods used for this study comprised of microscopic residue and use wear analyses, including Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) observations. Experimental studies evaluated contaminant cleaning from stone tools and residue extraction methods. Samples were radiocarbon dated using Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS). Replicated stone tools were used initially to test techniques. Subsequently, selected artefacts from three archaeological sites were analyzed.
Results of this research show significant steps forward in direct residue radiocarbon dating.
The feasibility of radiocarbon dating ultra-small samples is suggested if contaminants are confined. For instance, the smallest sample of 10.5 μgC – extracted wooden residues from iv replicate chert flakes – was dated in agreement with the reference age of ~ 6000 cal BP. Residues dated from an archaeological context showed promising results while emphasizing the crucial impact of contamination for age offsets. Two adhesive residues from one stone tool, which yielded 33.30 μgC and 44.38 μgC, were dated within the expected Late Holocene time frame. Wooden residues from a Mesolithic stone tool, containing 18.97 μgC, were dated successfully, and although deviating ~ 1000 years from the stratigraphical age measurement, the date may still represent the authentic age if taphonomic processes caused tool movement. For the first time it has been shown that the measurement of residues with such small carbon masses yielded dates in or near agreement to the reference age. This is particularly remarkable when considering the archaeological artefacts initially contained multiple contaminants.
Several limitations were overcome by the development of specific sampling and analytical protocols. This will limit common contamination and facilitate accurate artefact residue radiocarbon dating.


This paper focuses on two aspects of feedrate optimization via linear programming methods. Namely, the effect of curve sampling on time optimality of the resultant feedrate profile and a method of feedrate profile adaptation in response to a feedrate override command. A comparison of three distinct curve sampling approaches (uniform in parameter, uniform in arc length and curvature adaptive) is performed on a series of standard tool path curves. Results show that the curvature-adaptive sampling approach leads to substantial machining time reduction for tool path curves displaying high degree of curvature variation. Secondly, a method by which a new feedrate profile can be calculated in response to a feedrate override command is developed. The method formulates a new set of boundary conditions on the control point sequence of the feedrate curve in such a way that the resulting profile is guaranteed to coincide with the currently active profile up to the moment of override command, while minimizing the arc length necessary for transition to the newly commanded feedrate.


In the light of the limited literature and studies on the Philippine National Police (PNP) Military attrition system, this study was conducted in a pioneering spirit. To determine how PNP Maritime Group view the PNP attrition system and problems in its implementation, a total of 92 randomly selected PNP Maritime Group personnel were requested to answer a researcher-made validated questionnaire. Respondents were likewise asked for their recommendations to improve the system. The study revealed that there are no significant differences among the perceptions (P=0.536687) of the respondents on the attrition system, problems encountered (P= 0.187221) in its implementation and recommendations (P=0.010042). Results of study provide a compelling case for policy-makers to create feedback mechanisms like seminars, focus group discussions and conferences pertaining to PNP Maritime Group attrition system in order to communicate its real purpose. Further research may expand the participants to include higher posts in order to scale the perception and problems encountered during the implementation of the system.


In the last years, the number of studies carried out in the field of acoustic metamaterials has significantly increased. In year 2009, our group proposed a concept of acoustic composite right/left hand transmission line (CRLH-TL) metamaterial, consisting of a waveguide periodically loaded with membranes along the duct, and transverse open channels (denoted "stubs"). It has then paved the way to antenna applications among which "Acoustic Leaky-Wave Antenna". As, these antennas have very special properties such as frequency-dependant directivity, several practical applications are foreseen in the future. However, preliminary experimental work show that the low radiation efficiency of such axisymmetrical structures prevents its use in practice. To counteract this issue, an idea would consist in designing a similar structure, but with plane-symmetry rather than axial-symmetry. In this article, following our path on maturing the Acoustic Leaky-Wave antenna we propose an optimized design which unlike our previous structure is only radiating in the upper plane.


The first Radon-Nikodym theorem for the Bochner integral was proven by Dunford and Pettis in 1940. In 1943, Phillips proved an extension of the Dunford and Pettis result. Then in 1968-69, three results appeared. One of these, due to Metivier, bears a direct resemblence to the earlier Phillips theorem. The remaining two were proven by Rieffel and seem to stand independent of the others. This paper is an attempt to put these apparently diverse theorems in some perspective by showing their connections, by simplifying some proofs and by providing some modest extensions of these results. In particular, it will be shown that the Dunford and Pettis theorem together with RieffeΓs theorem directly imply Phillips' result. Also, it will be shown that, with almost no sacrifice of economy of effort, the theorems here can be stated in the setting of the Pettis integral.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-articular administration of ethyl alcohol for arthrodesis of tarsometatarsal joints in horses.

ANIMALS
8 healthy female horses without lameness or radiographic evidence of tarsal joint osteoarthritis.

PROCEDURE
In each horse, 1 tarsometatarsal joint was treated with 4 mL of 70% ethyl alcohol and the opposite joint was treated with 4 mL of 95% ethyl alcohol. Lameness examinations were performed daily for 2 weeks, followed by monthly evaluations for the duration of the 12-month study. Radiographic evaluations of both tarsi were performed 1 month after injection and every 3 months thereafter. Gross and histologic examinations of the tarsi were undertaken at completion of the study.

RESULTS
Horses had minimal to no lameness associated with the treatments. Radiography revealed that 8 of 16 joints were fused by 4 months after treatment, with significantly more joints fused in the 70% ethyl alcohol group. Fifteen of 16 joints were considered fused at postmortem examination at 12 months. Gross and histologic examinations revealed foci of dense mature osteonal bone spanning the joint spaces. Bony fusion appeared to be concentrated on the dorsolateral, centrolateral, and plantarolateral aspects of the joints. Significant differences were not detected between treatment groups for lameness or pathologic findings.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Administration of ethyl alcohol into the tarsometatarsal joint of healthy horses appeared to facilitate arthrodesis of the joint in a pain-free manner. Results warrant further investigation into the potential use of ethyl alcohol in horses clinically affected with osteoarthritis of the tarsometatarsal and distal intertarsal joints.


Through the 1980s, Japan was significant in global competition largely by shaping global technological trajectories, transforming major global industries, and contributing to fundamental innovations in industrial production processes, creating enough wealth along the way to propel Japan to the world's second largest economy. After the economic bubble burst in the early 1990s, however, other places such as Silicon Valley in the United States, moved to the forefront of transforming technology, industries, and production, creating vast wealth along the way. While Japan's role in global competition seemingly became largely irrelevant from the 1990s onward, careful analyses reveal that Japan was in fact transforming quietly and gradually, but significantly. In a pattern of "syncretism," Japan's economic transformation was characterized by the coexistence of new, traditional, and hybrid forms of strategy and organization. This paper examines core areas of the "new" and emerging "hybrid" areas — the startup ecosystem and the efforts of select large firms to harness new forms of innovation from outside their corporate borders. Japan's startup ecosystem, though still small compared to Silicon Valley, as is everywhere else, has dramatically transformed over the past twenty years through a combination of regulatory shifts, corporate transformations, and technological breakthroughs that have opened up vast new opportunities. Some large corporations such as Komatsu, Honda, Toyota, and Yamaha are undertaking innovative efforts of sorts unseen in Japan's recent history to harness Silicon Valley and other startup ecosystems into their core business areas.


Your research has generated gigabytes of data and now you need to analyse it. You hate using spreadsheets but it is all you know, so what else can you do? This book will transform how you work with large and complex data sets, teaching you powerful programming tools for slicing and dicing data to suit your needs. Written in a fun and accessible style, this step-by-step guide will inspire and inform non-programmers about the essential aspects of Unix and Perl. It shows how, with just a little programming knowledge, you can write programs that could save you hours, or even days. No prior experience is required and new concepts are introduced using numerous code examples that you can try out for yourself. Going beyond the basics, the authors touch upon many broader topics that will help those new to programming, including debugging and how to write in a good programming style. Follow the book on Twitter at: @unixandperl.


The Baltic Sea has a major problem with eutrophication where acts have been taken by the EU commission to sign a common action plan, the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). The overall goal is to reach a good environmental status by the year 2021, where one of the sub-goals is that the Baltic Sea should be unaffected by eutrophication. For Sweden, the goal for phosphorus (P) is to reduce the annual load with 290 tonnes by the year 2021. Since phosphorus is the main limiting nutrient, it is targeted for reduction when it comes to addressing problems with eutrophication. The objective of this thesis is to estimate the effect of constructed wetlands (CW) and buffer zones (BZ), as measures for reducing agricultural phosphorus, in a specific sub-catchment area of the Soderkoping river. The waters in this sub-catchment area have the status unsatisfying and poor. If these measures are suitable for this area and where, and if the effect implementation would fulfill a good status for these waters, are questions that this thesis will aim at. An assigned P reduction has been calculated for the sub-catchments where the waters with unsatisfying and poor statuses are present. Areas for CWs have been calculated with the help of the assigned reduction and retentions found in the literature, and location for them has been suggested. With the help of calculated areas for potential BZs for this area, the effect of them have been calculated by retentions found in the literature with 9 and 10 m widths. The results show higher results for assigned P reduction than the actual P load that is present in the sub-catchments. This gives odd results for the effect of the CWs where they show a P reduction of 59-234 %. The method for assigned P reduction is therefore questioned, where the method for the reference value that is used is not without flaws. For BZs, a reduction of 5-14 % is shown, where the reduction is larger with larger areas for potential BZs. Whether the implementation of the measures will fulfill a good status for the waters is difficult to say, due to the inadequate methods and the odd results given in this thesis.


Cooperatives are characterised by mutual-benefit coordination mechanisms aimed at the fulfilment of members' participation rights. This paper explores the institutional elements that regulate individual behaviour and outcomes in cooperatives by bringing together new-institutionalism, behavioural and evolutionary economics. Our framework considers four main dimensions of the governance of cooperative firms: (1) the development and application of self-defined rules by the members of the cooperative; (2) the management, and appropriation of common resources and outcomes; (3) intrinsic motivations and reciprocating behaviours; (4) the implementation of suitable incentive mixes based on inclusion and reciprocity, including both pecuniary and non-pecuniary elements. An example is offered in order to highlight possible problems in the governance of cooperative firms, in particular the processes of distribution and appropriation of surplus. The example aims at introducing the discussion of the new framework of analysis.


Objectives Some of the most pressing health problems are found in rural America. However, the surveillance needed to track and prevent disease in these regions is lacking. Our objective was to perform a comprehensive health survey of a single rural county to assess the validity of using emergency claims data to estimate rural disease prevalence at a sub-county level. Design We performed a cross-sectional study of chronic disease prevalence estimates using emergency department (ED) claims data versus mailed health surveys designed to capture a substantial proportion of residents in New York's rural Sullivan County. Setting Sullivan County, a rural county ranked second-to-last for health outcomes in New York State. Participants Adult residents of Sullivan County aged 25 years and older who responded to the health survey in 2017–2018 or had at least one ED visit in 2011–2015. Outcome measures We compared age and gender-adjusted prevalence of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/emphysema among nine sub-county areas. Results Our county-wide mailed survey obtained 6675 completed responses for a response rate of 30.4%. This sample represented more than 12% of the estimated 53 020 adults in Sullivan County. Using emergency claims data, we identified 34 576 adults from Sullivan County who visited an ED at least once during 2011–2015. At a sub-county level, prevalence estimates from mailed surveys and emergency claims data correlated especially well for diabetes (r=0.90) and asthma (r=0.85). Other conditions were not well correlated (range: 0.23–0.46). Using emergency claims data, we created more geographically detailed maps of disease prevalence using geocoded addresses. Conclusions For select conditions, emergency claims data may be useful for tracking disease prevalence in rural areas and providing more geographically detailed estimates. For rural regions lacking robust health surveillance, emergency claims data can inform how to geographically target efforts to prevent chronic disease.


The aim of this study was to identify the polymorphism of the CD1B gene in c.248 in exon 3 and its association with IgY and ND titers in sentul chicken Sensi-1 Agrinak line. IgY is the main antibody of chickens while the ND titer is an ND specific antibody, both of which have an important role in the response of disease resistance. The Cluster of differentiation 1B (CD1B) gene is one of the major genes of disease resistance that functions in representing antigens through specific immune responses. This study used 17 sensi-1 chicken lines. The study was conducted by PCR sequencing method, ELISA test, and HI test. The result showed mutation on c248 A>G in exon 3. The SNP were polymorphic and Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. Thre were two A and G alleles and 3 genotypes namely AG, GG, and AA. The frequency of the GG genotype was higher (0.41) compared to other genotypes. The AG genotype were associated with IgY production and were not associated with ND titers.


While some heralded the recent United States Supreme Court's Miller v. Alabama decision — forbidding mandatory life without parole (LWOP) sentences for juveniles — as a step in the right direction for protecting the interests of juveniles within the adult criminal justice system, the decision is also a step backwards for the ability states to sentence their criminals as they sees fit and a deviation from previous sentencing precedent. This, combined with the Court's reliance on scientific data about the maturation process of adolescents, the integrity of which has been called into question, has led to some lower jurisdictions to circumvent the decision. The majority aimed to recognize the differences between those under and over eighteen, and to treat those under eighteen with more compassion. However, the decision ignored both the needs of society that are served by ensuring victims have peace of mind and that some crimes are so heinous the perpetrators do not deserve of leniency. This Comment argues the Court spoke too broadly applying its rule to all minors. This essay will first summarize the Supreme Court's previous sentencing precedent, the cases that paved the way for the Miller decision — establishing that "children are different," — and then the Miller decision. Next, it will highlight the troubles lower courts have faced in trying to implement the decision, the flaws in, and alternative interpretations of, the science relied upon, and then turn to the question of whether juveniles over the age of sixteen have reached sufficient maturity as to allow the system to hold them as accountable as adults for homicide crimes. In response to the likelihood that those sixteen and over are sufficiently mature, this Comment will propose a way to preserve deference to the various state legislatures' sentencing decisions while addressing increasing concern that juveniles should be treated differently. The Miller pre-sentencing evaluation factors should only apply categorically to those under sixteen, and those sixteen and seventeen in cases where the juvenile offender is quite young or possesses what the Court calls twice-diminished culpability: where the system convicted the offender under an aiding and abetting or accomplice theory, or felony murder.


Density functional theory is used to examine the binding of Cun (n = 1–5) clusters onto γ-Al2O3(110) surfaces. Weak binding of Cu clusters onto a clean surface leads to three-dimensional growth. On a hydroxylated surface, hydroxyl H atoms spillover to the deposited Cu clusters, yielding oxidized Cu clusters that bind more strongly to the surface. For a single Cu atom and the Cu dimer, the energy barriers for H-spillover are 0.81 and 0.64 eV, respectively. Release of H2 from the hydroxylated surface is endothermic for dimers and tetramers, exothermic for single Cu atoms and trimers, and thermoneutral for pentamers. The barrier for this reaction, calculated for a single Cu atom, is 0.80 eV.


In the past twenty years or so, the study of the determinants of child survival in low-income countries has been based on demographic conceptual frameworks. The most widely known has been the Mosley and Chen framework (1). In that framework, the key concept was a set of proximate determinants, or intermediate variables, that directly influence the risk of morbidity and mortality. It assumes that all the more distal social and economic determinants must operate through these variables to affect child survival. However the Mosley and Chen framework has failed to directly incorporate the complex social dimension of health.The objective of this paper is to link more distal causes for child health by describing a framework that conceptualises the relation between distal and proximal factors and how they operate to cause inequalities in child mortality within sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally the framework defines policy entry points needing support of empirical evidence. Furthermore the paper acknowledges that the social context plays an important role for inequalities in children's chances of survival. However, the relative importance of the mechanisms presented in the proposed framework may vary among the different countries of sub-Saharan Africa, thus researchers should empirically adapt the framework to their specific context.


Lead ore (galena) had been extracted from the site of Siller Holes, West Linton (NGR: NT 145 533), from medieval times if not earlier; there, according to tradition, silver was refined from the lead (Pb). Creation of a pond at the foot of Lead Law produced large quantities of textiles, leather and pottery which could be dated to the 12th to 14th centuries; lead, slag and ore were also recovered. As there is no documented reference to the site until the late 16th century, it has not yet been established who was exploiting the minerals.


In the early design stage of processors, Dynamic Thermal Management (DTM) schemes should be evaluated to avoid excessively high temperature, while minimizing performance overhead. In this paper, we show that conventional thermal simulations using the fixed ambient temperature may lead to the wrong conclusions in terms of temperature, performance, reliability, and leakage power. Though ambient temperature converges to a steady-state value after hundreds of seconds when we run SPEC CPU2000 benchmark suite, the steady-state ambient temperature is significantly different depending on applications and system configuration. To overcome inaccuracy of conventional thermal simulations, we propose that microarchitectural thermal simulations should exploit application/system-dependent ambient temperature. Our evaluation results reveal that performance, thermal behavior, reliability, and leakage power of the same DTM scheme are different when we use the application/system-dependent ambient temperature instead of the fixed ambient temperature. For accurate simulation results, future microarchitectural thermal researchers are expected to evaluate their proposed DTM schemes based on application/system-dependent ambient temperature.


This article offers an interpretation of the intellectual and political origins of modern law in the nineteenth century and its consequences for contemporary legal thought. Social theoretical analyses of law and legal thought tend to emphasize rupture and change. Histories of legal thought tend to draw a picture of strife between different schools of jurisprudence. Such analyses and histories fail to account for the extent to which present legal thought is the continuation of a jurisprudential settlement that occurred in the nineteenth century. That settlement tamed the will of the masses under the influence of authoritative legal thought, conceptions of political morality, and a general sense of social evolution. The principal mechanism of the settlement was a compact between legal rationalism and historicism to which popular will acceded. After a period of polarization around the time of the American and French revolutions, nineteenth century legal rationalism came to see historical events as the outcome of the cunning operation of reason in the world, and legal historicism came to appeal to the rationalizations of legal reason in order to endow historical matter with both conceptual stability and intellectual authority. Popular will bought into both. Modern law and the main schools of legal thought have remained, ever since, bound to this convergence of reason and history in the face of will. Modern law is therefore as much about continuity as it is about rupture; as much about unity as it is about strife.


In this book, the author presents a new interpretation of the origin of judicial review. She traces the development of judicial review from American independence through the tenure of John Marshall as Chief Justice, showing that Marshall's role was far more innovative and decisive than has yet been recognized. According to the author all support for judicial review before Marshall contemplated a fundamentally different practice from that which we know today. Marshall did not simply reinforce or extend ideas already accepted but, in superficially minor and disguised ways, effected a radical transformation in the nature of the constitution and the judicial relationship to it. The author argues that originally constitutional limits were understood to be a statement of first political principles committed to writing. Through carefully crafted opinions and without public recognition Marshall transformed these principles into supreme written law. Simultaneously he changed judicial review from the defense of principle in circumstances of clear violation into routine application and interpretation of consititional text. The last chapter probes the implications of this analysis for contemporary controversies about judicial review.


Background We test whether the phenotypic variance of symbionts (Symbiodinium) in corals is closely related with the capacity of corals to acclimatize to increasing seawater temperatures. Moreover, we assess whether more specialist symbionts will increase within coral hosts under ocean warming. The present study is only applicable to those corals that naturally have the capacity to support more than one type of Symbiodinium within the lifetime of a colony; for example, Montastraea annularis and Montastraea faveolata. Methodology/Principal Findings The population dynamics of competing Symbiodinium symbiont populations were projected through time in coral hosts using a novel, discrete time optimal–resource model. Models were run for two Atlantic Ocean localities. Four symbiont populations, with different environmental optima and phenotypic variances, were modeled to grow, divide, and compete in the corals under seasonal fluctuations in solar insolation and seawater temperature. Elevated seawater temperatures were input into the model 1.5°C above the seasonal summer average, and the symbiont population response was observed for each location. The models showed dynamic fluctuations in Symbiodinium populations densities within corals. Population density predictions for Lee Stocking Island, the Bahamas, where temperatures were relatively homogenous throughout the year, showed a dominance of both type 2, with high phenotypic variance, and type 1, a high-temperature and high-insolation specialist. Whereas the densities of Symbiodinium types 3 and 4, a high-temperature, low-insolation specialist, and a high-temperature, low-insolation generalist, remained consistently low. Predictions for Key Largo, Florida, where environmental conditions were more seasonally variable, showed the coexistence of generalists (types 2 and 4) and low densities of specialists (types 1 and 3). When elevated temperatures were input into the model, population densities in corals at Lee Stocking Island showed an emergence of high-temperature specialists. However, even under high temperatures, corals in the Florida Keys were dominated by generalists. Conclusions/Significance Predictions at higher seawater temperatures showed endogenous shuffling and an emergence of the high-temperature Symbiodinium specialists, even though their phenotypic variance was low. The model shows that sustaining these "hidden" specialists becomes advantageous under thermal stress conditions, and shuffling symbionts may increase the corals' capacity to acclimatize but not adapt to climatechange–induced ocean warming.


Discussions of sovereign immunity assume that the Constitution contains no explicit text regarding sovereign immunity. As a result, arguments about the existence - or nonexistence - of sovereign immunity begin with the English and American common-law doctrines. Exploring political, fiscal, and legal developments in England and the American colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, this Article shows that focusing on common-law developments is misguided. The common-law approach to sovereign immunity ended in the early 1700s. The Bankers' Case (1690–1700), which is often regarded as the first modern common-law treatment of sovereign immunity, is in fact the last in the line of English common-law decisions on sovereign immunity. After (and in part because of) the Bankers' Case, settling claims against the Crown became a function of Parliament, swept up within its newly won powers over finance and appropriations. After examining comparable developments in the American colonies and during the Confederation period and the formation of the Constitution, the Article demonstrates that the Appropriations Clause embedded in the Constitution the principle of congressional supremacy - and a resulting lack of judicial power - over monetary claims against the United States, a point recognized by early cases and commentators. As such, the Appropriations Clause provides a textual basis for the federal government's immunity from suits on claims seeking money damages.


Two pension reforms in Austria increased the early retirement age from 60 to 62 for men and from 55 to 58.25 for women. The reforms reduced early retirement by 18.9 percentage points among affected men aged 60-62 and by 22.3 percentage points among affected women aged 55-58.25. The associated increase in employment was merely 6.8 percentage points among men and 10.1 percentage points among women. The reforms had large spillover effects to the unemployment insurance program but negligible effects on disability insurance claims. Specifically, unemployment increased by roughly 10 percentage points both among men and women. Spillover effects had substantial fiscal implications. Absent spillover effects, the reduction of net government expenditures would have amounted to 264 million Euros per year. Due to higher unemployment insurance claims and associated foregone income tax revenues the actual reduction was only 148 million Euros. High-wage and healthy workers carried the bulk of the fall in net government expenditures. Low-wage and less healthy workers generated much less government savings as they either continue to retire early via disability pensions or bridge the gap to regular retirement by drawing unemployment benefits.


Research into reading strategies and strategy instruction has indicated their effectiveness and beneficial effects on reading improvement. However, additional effort and support is needed in real-world teaching environments for students to benefit from these research findings. This report reviews research on the effectiveness of the use of L2 reading strategies and strategy instruction. Based on research conclusions, this paper discusses the patterns of strategy use adopted by both proficient and less proficient readers to shed light on what kinds of strategies should be taught and how. It argues that teachers have important roles to play in selecting strategies for instruction and teaching them; teachers need to consider such factors as proficiency levels, text type and task goals. This paper concludes with pedagogical implications, suggesting teachers play roles as coaches and scaffolders, and offering nine strategies for instruction.


Materials presented at the December 15, 2006, meeting of the workshop are available at http://economics.uchicago. edu/Inequality_Workshop/ Schedule_dec15.shtml. During most of the twentieth century, each successive generation of black Americans came closer than their predecessors to matching the educational achievement and economic success of their white peers. However, the convergence in skills among children and in labor market success among adults stalled around 1990. The Chicago Workshop on Black–White Inequality is an effort to explore the reasons for the recent lack of progress for blacks relative to whites. Workshop meetings focus particular attention on the black–white gaps in reading, math, and other basic skills that appear to play such a large role in sustaining economic inequality. Because the economy of the twentyfirst century places a high premium on cognitive skills, black–white economic inequality will persist as long as these skill gaps persist.


OBJECTIVES
Atherosclerosis is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a major cause of death. The National Kidney Foundation guidelines favour the use of statin therapy for treatment of dyslipidaemia in patients with CKD. Much evidence supports statin therapy for reducing CVD and improving outcomes in the general population, but there is less evidence in patients with CKD. Consequently, prevention of CVD in CKD is based primarily on extrapolation from non-CKD trials. Significantly, in trials specifically designed to investigate patients with CKD, evidence is emerging for improved cardiovascular outcomes with statin therapy. This review describes available data relating to cardiovascular outcomes and the role of statins in patients with CKD, including pre-dialysis, dialysis, and renal transplant patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The PubMed database was searched (1998-present) to ensure comprehensive identification of publications (including randomised clinical trials) relevant to CKD patients, patterns of cardiovascular outcome in such patients and their relationship to lipid profile, and the role of statins for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications.

RESULTS
There are conflicting data on the relationship between dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular outcomes, with one major study of statin therapy (4D--Deutsche Diabetes Dialyse Studie) providing equivocal results. Further studies, including AURORA (A study to evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in subjects On Regular haemodialysis: an Assessment of survival and cardiovascular events; NCT00240331) in patients receiving haemodialysis, and SHARP (Study of Heart And Renal Protection; NCT00125593) in patients with CKD including those on dialysis, should help to clarify the role of statin therapy in these populations.

CONCLUSIONS
More studies are needed to elucidate the role of statins in improving cardiovascular outcomes for CKD patients. It is anticipated that ongoing clinical trials geared towards the optimal prevention and treatment of CVD in patients with CKD will help guide clinicians in the management of CKD.