Microfinance, a tool to fight poverty and to promote economic development, has attracted the attention of governments, international organizations, and academicians across the globe. Although the literature provides substantial evidence on the significant effects of the customer-focused strategies such as Total Quality Management (TQM) and Market Orientation (MO) on organizational performance, research on the role of these factors in the context of microfinance is still too limited, and in the field of Islamic microfinance is even more neglected. Moreover, empirical research related to these factors has shown that the findings are not conclusive, indicating the need for further research in the area. Thus, this study aims at examining the roles of TQM and MO on Islamic Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) performance in Yemen which provides additional insights into the literature. Cross-sectional survey was employed, and questionnaires were administered to collect data from the branch managers of Islamic MFIs in Yemen. Out of 93 questionnaires distributed through a self-administered approach, 71 usable responses were used for the analysis. Partial least square-structural equation modeling was used and the results provide an empirical evidence of the significant roles of TQM and MO on the Islamic MFIs performance. The study is of great importance for academicians as it opens the door for further research into the area. It is also useful for practitioners as it provides empirical evidence on the significant roles of these strategies in achieving sustainability and better performance by Islamic MFIs in Yemen. These strategies are essential in establishing the platform for innovation to enable Islamic MFIs to develop and generate new Islamic financing products that satisfy Muslims entrepreneurs.


Land cover change processes are accelerating at the regional to global level. The remote sensing community has developed reliable and robust methods for wall-to-wall mapping of land cover changes; however, land cover changes often occur at rates below the mapping errors. In the current publication, we propose a cost-effective approach to complement wall-to-wall land cover change maps with a sampling approach, which is used for accuracy assessment and accurate estimation of areas undergoing land cover changes, including provision of confidence intervals. We propose a two-stage sampling approach in order to keep accuracy, efficiency, and effort of the estimations in balance. Stratification is applied in both stages in order to gain control over the sample size allocated to rare land cover change classes on the one hand and the cost constraints for very high resolution reference imagery on the other. Bootstrapping is used to complement the accuracy measures and the area estimates with confidence intervals. The area estimates and verification estimations rely on a high quality visual interpretation of the sampling units based on time series of satellite imagery. To demonstrate the cost-effective operational applicability of the approach we applied it for assessment of deforestation in an area characterized by frequent cloud cover and very low change rate in the Republic of Congo, which makes accurate deforestation monitoring particularly challenging.


A 266-nm laser-induced fluorescence system was used to study the effect of polarization of the excitation source and geometry of the collection optics on the ratio of the signal from a fluorescence standard, quinine sulfate, and the Raman scatter from water. Although the ratio is sometimes considered to be a constant and is used for intersystem comparisons, our studies showed that the Raman signal and, thus, the ratio can vary by a factor of up to 3.6. These experimental values agree with previous studies by others involving gas and flame Raman spectroscopy and suggest a new calibration method for intersystem comparison of different fluorescence systems.


Adolescence is known to be a period of increased risk for the development of unhealthy behaviours such as physical inactivity (Currie et al., 2011). Low physical activity (PA) levels are especially noted in girls, who typically engage in less PA than boys throughout the teenage years (Whitehead and Biddle 2008). In Scotland, evidence suggests there is a significant decline in PA among adolescent girls, with only 41% of 13−15 year olds achieving the current recommendations, compared with 56% of 11−12 year olds (Scottish Executive, 2011). In addition, a proportion of girls are not engaging with school PE classes (Niven et al., 2014; Kirby et al., 2012). In order to understand more about how and why this decline exists, a sample of 20 'disengaged' 12−13-year-old girls (second year of secondary school) were recruited from four case study schools in Scotland. This study aims to explore the interaction between the social and physical environment, and how these affect disengaged girls' experiences and engagement in PE. Girls were categorised as 'disengaged' from PE if they did not participate regularly and reported negative emotions about the subject. Girls took part in in-depth interviews to explore their experiences and engagement in PE. The theoretical framework is based on Welks (1999) Youth Physical Activity Promotion model (YPAP), a socio-ecological approach which conceptualises the influential correlates of PA as: individual-level predisposing and enabling factors, including personal attributes and environmental variables and reinforcing (social) factors. This model was applied within a Scottish education context to understand the importance of each component and also the interaction between these and the influence that one may have on another. The results indicate that although the type of activity offered in PE is important, it appears that perceptions of competence and the social environment these were delivered in, such as single-sex classes, had more of an influence on girls' engagement in PE. For this group of Scottish adolescent girls, the wider psychosocial environment in which PE takes place may have a greater impact on levels of enjoyment and participation than the PA itself.


Citizens are increasingly becoming an important source of geographic information, sometimes entering domains that had until recently been the exclusive realm of authoritative agencies. This activity has a very diverse character as it can, amongst other things, be active or passive, involve spatial or aspatial data and the data provided can be variable in terms of key attributes such as format, description and quality. Unsurprisingly, therefore, there are a variety of terms used to describe data arising from citizens. In this article, the expressions used to describe citizen sensing of geographic information are reviewed and their use over time explored, prior to categorizing them and highlighting key issues in the current state of the subject. The latter involved a review of ~100 Internet sites with particular focus on their thematic topic, the nature of the data and issues such as incentives for contributors. This review suggests that most sites involve active rather than passive contribution, with citizens typically motivated by the desire to aid a worthy cause, often receiving little training. As such, this article provides a snapshot of the role of citizens in crowdsourcing geographic information and a guide to the current status of this rapidly emerging and evolving subject.


Choral singing has the potential to help people recover from mental health problems, yet little research exists in this field. In this study, 11 participants in a 10-week choral singing project took part in focus group interviews. The aim was to investigate how this weekly activity contributed to recovery processes in adults with mental health problems. Participants experienced the choir rehearsals as a setting that was devoid of stigma and psychiatric diagnoses as well as a safe environment for exposing their own vulnerability. Further, they experienced a "healthy" attitude, and the sessions gave them a boost of joy and positivity. In addition, the symptom reduction and improved self-understanding that resulted had a positive influence on participants' everyday life and other social arenas. Adjustment of song repertoire and exercises to the participants' skills, is essential in order to experience mastery. The conductor plays a central role, as he or she must master both the musical and relational aspects, necessary to support recovery in participants. For the choir to become an arena for individual development and learning, it is required that participants support each other and allow for individual approaches to overcome own challenges.


Smyd3 is a lysine methyltransferase implicated in chromatin and cancer regulation. Here we show that Smyd3 catalyzes histone H4 methylation at lysine 5 (H4K5me). This novel histone methylation mark is detected in diverse cell types and its formation is attenuated by depletion of Smyd3 protein. Further, Smyd3-driven cancer cell phenotypes require its enzymatic activity. Thus, Smyd3, via H4K5 methylation, provides a potential new link between chromatin dynamics and neoplastic disease.


The use of modern laboratory instrumentation with high levels of test reliability and appropriate quality assurance measures will lead to very few analytical errors within hemostasis testing. Nevertheless, incorrect or inappropriate test results are still reported, often due to events outside the control of the laboratories performing the tests. This is due primarily to pre-analytical events associated with sample collection and processing, as well as post-analytical events related to the reporting and interpretation of test results. This review focuses on the pre-analytical phase, highlighting contributory elements and providing suggestions on how problems can be minimized or prevented, thereby improving the likelihood that reported test results actually represent the true clinical status of the patient rather than that of an inappropriate sample. This review should be of value to both laboratory personnel and clinicians because an appreciation of these issues will enable the optimal clinical management of patients.


In order to design useful knowledge media spaces for knowledge workers it is essential that we understand the nature of the work conducted and the knowledge applied in real settings. The paper reports from a study of how a group of quality assurance specialists in the pharmaceutical industry gather, structure and distribute information and knowledge. Based on the findings, a number of overall requirements for knowledge media spaces are identified and discussed. The essential findings were that information and knowledge are created and handled in many different ways and have many different forms. The core issues of our lessons learned so far are that we carefully need to consider knowledge media spaces both in terms of communication channels and knowledge archives. Knowledge media spaces should be seen as spaces in which knowledge and information is exchanged, filed, retrieved, presented and refined by actors having different vocabulary and perspectives on the knowledge. These characteristics must be taken into account when designing TT and multimedia based knowledge media spaces.


© 2018 Alice Bradbury and Guy Roberts-Holmes. The Datafication of Primary and Early Years Education explores and critically analyses the growing dominance of data in schools and early childhood education settings. Recognising the shift in practice and priorities towards the production and analysis of attainment data that are compared locally, nationally and internationally, this important book explores the role and impact of digital data in the 'data-obsessed' school. Through insightful case studies the book critiques policy priorities which facilitate and demand the use of attainment data, within a neoliberal education system which is already heavily focused on assessment and accountability. Using an approach influenced by policy sociology and post-foundational frameworks, the book considers how data are productive of data-driven teacher and child subjectivities. The text explores how data have become an important part of making teachers' work visible within systems which are both disciplinary and controlling, while often reducing the complexity of children's learning to single numbers. Key ideas covered include: • The impact of data on the individual teacher and their pedagogical practice, particularly in play-based early years classrooms • The problems of collecting data through assessment of young children • How schools respond to increased pressure to produce the 'right' data - or how they 'play with numbers' • How data affect children and teachers' identities • International governance and data comparison, including international comparison of young children's attainment • Private sector involvement in data processing and analysis The Datafication of Primary and Early Years Education offers a unique insight into the links between data, policy and practice and is a crucial read for all interested in the ways in which data are affecting teachers, practitioners and children.


"Central Eurasian Water Crisis" refers to the awareness by the global community that, in the 21st century, people in various regions around the world will likely face problems of water quality and water quantity. These problems have already surfaced in several locations, and this volume focuses on three of them: the Dead Sea, the Aral Sea, and the Caspian Sea regions. In this book, researchers from a variety of physical and social science disciplines seek to identify the water-related problems and the prospects for resolving them. They explain that the water level of the Dead Sea has been declining in recent years, and this has added to political tensions in the region. They explore how the need to resolve environ-mental issues related to the Dead Sea might be a major step toward peaceful cooperation. The Aral Sea, also declining in recent decades, has been threatened by the use of river water to serve cotton development in the sands of otherwise dry Central Asian deserts. And the Caspian Sea, the largest inland sea in the world, has gone through decadal-scale fluctuations over the past 150 years. One of the richest regions in the world with regard to oil and gas reserves, its environmen-tal problems (oil and waste pollution, desertification, the survival of the sturgeon, and the fluctuating sea level) will only serve to worsen other regional political problems, unless they are addressed in the near future. This volume attempts to raise as many questions as it answers about Eurasian water crises. These cases will serve as lessons of actions to be taken--or not taken. Iwao Kobori is a programme advisor at the United Nations University in Tokyo. Michael H. Glantz is a senior scientist in the Environmental and Societal Impacts Group of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado.


Iron is one of the most common elements in the Earth's crust, which corresponds to it being a common constituent in drinking water supplies. Residents of Bithlo, an unincorporated community in east-central Florida, have observed that their drinking water tastes like metal and stains clothing and teeth. An evaluation of water samples collected from over 200 private drinking water wells revealed iron concentrations that exceeded the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) secondary standard of 0.3 mg/L. Households with and without point-of-entry treatment were found to have over three times (0.92 mg/L) and ten times (3.86 mg/L) more iron than the EPA's secondary standard, respectively. The human health-based threshold of 4.2 mg/L established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was exceeded in 38.6% of untreated residences. Community-wide statistical and spatial water-quality trends were developed by combining the collected well water quality data with historically available water quality reports. Spatial analyses revealed that greater than 99% of the Bithlo community's private household supplies would exceed the EPA's drinking water secondary standard.


This article investigates the impact and necessity of multicultural training in administrator preparation programs. The impetus centers on the reality of the changing face of the school population and how administrators must be able to make decisions based on the knowledge and understanding of the various diverse groups. The article also attempts to gauge the extent by which administrators are able to assure a smooth school operation by making certain that classroom teachers instructionally appropriate approaches in working with culturally different students. ********** According to the National Center for Education Statistics' (2000) report, minority students comprise 37% of the total public school population in 1998, an increase of 15% since 1972. With the continuing rise of minority students, the educational system must be prepared to meet the learning needs of a culturally diverse population. A central question here is: Whose role is it to ensure that these students are given an equal opportunity to learn? Along with the many other responsibilities, it is the role of school administrators. In fact, NCATE Leadership Standard (7.4) defines this particular role when it states that school leaders are to "promote multicultural awareness, gender sensitivity, and racial and ethnic appreciation." Principals are not only expected to promote, but to also make certain that a school-wide multicultural education program is implemented (Manning & Baruth, 1996). Administrators must construct "an empowering school culture" by "creating a learning environment in which students from diverse racial, ethnic, and social groups believe that they are heard and are valued and experience respect, belonging, and encouragement" ( Parks, 1999, p. 4; Banks, 1993). The manner in which principals respond will determine the success or failure of the program. Just as classroom teachers have a considerable impact upon their students' conduct and attitude concerning cultural diversity, school administrators have an even greater one (Irwin, 1999). If principals do not support the multicultural education program at their schools, then the teachers, staff, students, and parents are also affected. This means that without the full support of the administrator, the program is more likely to fail (Manning & Baruth, 1996). Aspiring administrators are expected to become knowledgeable of multicultural issues and become people who show a "profound respect for and encouragement of diversity where important differences between children and adults are celebrated rather than seen as problems to remedy" (Barth, 1990, p. 10). One method of preparing educational administrators to work with an ever-changing school population is for colleges and universities to include multicultural education courses in their graduate curriculum. Hansman et al. (1999) recommended that the courses should "stimulate active discussion, listening, and understanding among students" (p. 2). These courses, according to Troutman (1997-1998), would enable aspiring administrators to appreciate their own values, attitudes, and cultures, which would then allow them to better understand the values, attitudes, and cultures of their faculty, staff, and students. In these courses, they would be given the opportunity to "confront their own fears and learn to discuss race and racial issues openly" and to deal positively with the entire school community's feelings and beliefs about multicultural issues (Manning & Baruth, 1996, p. 295). Knowledge gained from such discussion would help them, along with their faculty, to create a school environment where all students, regardless of their gender, race, culture or social class, would have an equal chance of obtaining a quality education (Troutman, 1997-1998). Without being knowledgeable of multicultural issues, school administrators may find it difficult to expect their teachers to integrate topics concerning these issues into their lessons (Midobuche, 1999). …


The bandwidth efficiency and relative costs for 100 Gb/s WDM transport and switching architectures are compared in North American and pan-European long-haul networks. The first architecture uses muxponders and ROADMs for end-to-end wavelength transport with no digital sub-wavelength grooming. The other two utilize digital OTN switching, as either a standalone OTN switch or a converged integrated WDM/switch system, to efficiently groom services onto WDM wavelengths. Results show the integrated WDM/switch architecture utilizes the fewest WDM wavelengths and client service interfaces, and an integrated WDM/switch architecture using photonic integrated circuit technology provides the lowest operational costs.


The paper describes an application of specialist experts techniques to prediction with side information. We pick vicinities in the side information domain to create elementary time series, use standard prediction techniques to predict for those elementary series, and then merge the predictions using specialist experts methods. Prediction with expert advice bounds ensure that optimal vicinities are selected dynamically. The algorithm is tested on the problem of predicting implied volatility of options and proves to be a viable alternative to on-line regression.


We present HARP, a novel method for learning low dimensional embeddings of a graph's nodes which preserves higher-order structural features. Our proposed method achieves this by compressing the input graph prior to embedding it, effectively avoiding troublesome embedding configurations (i.e. local minima) which can pose problems to non-convex optimization. HARP works by finding a smaller graph which approximates the global structure of its input. This simplified graph is used to learn a set of initial representations, which serve as good initializations for learning representations in the original, detailed graph. We inductively extend this idea, by decomposing a graph in a series of levels, and then embed the hierarchy of graphs from the coarsest one to the original graph. HARP is a general meta-strategy to improve all of the state-of-the-art neural algorithms for embedding graphs, including DeepWalk, LINE, and Node2vec. Indeed, we demonstrate that applying HARP's hierarchical paradigm yields improved implementations for all three of these methods, as evaluated on classification tasks on real-world graphs such as DBLP, BlogCatalog, and CiteSeer, where we achieve a performance gain over the original implementations by up to 14% Macro F1.


The textuality and materiality of documents are an essential part of their communicative role. Medieval writing, as part of the interpersonal communication process, had to follow rules to ensure the legibility and understanding of a text and its connotations. This volume provides new insights into how different kinds of rules were designed, established, and followed in the shaping of medieval documents, as a means of enabling complex and subtle communicational phenomena. Because they provide a perspective for approaching the material they are supposed to organize, these rules (or the postulation of their use) provide powerful analytical tools for structural studies into given corpora of documents.

Originating in talks given at the International Medieval Congress in Leeds between 2010 and 2012, the twenty papers in this collection offer a precise, in-depth analysis of a variety of medieval scripts, including books, charters, accounts, and epigraphic documents. In doing so, they integrate current developments in palaeography, diplomatics, and codicology in their traditional methodological set, as well as aspects of the digital humanities, and they bridge the gap between the so-called 'auxiliary sciences of history' and the field of communication studies. They illustrate different possibilities for exploring how the formal aspects of scripts took their place in the construction of effective communication structures.
The twenty essays brought together in this volume explore a wide range of perspectives relating to the materiality and textuality of medieval scripts and documents.

Table of Contents
Preface
Introduction–SEBASTIEN BARRET, DOMINIQUE STUTZMANN, and GEORG VOGELER
"Et hec scripsi manu mea propria": Known and Unknown Autographs of Charles IV as Testimonies of Intellectual Profile, Royal Literacy and Cultural Transfer—MARTIN BAUCH
The 'Empire of Letters': Textualis and Cursiva in Pragmatic Manuscripts of Seville Cathedral, Thirteenth-Fifteenth Centuries—DIEGO BELMONTE FERNANDEZ
Official Rules of Writing in the North of France? The Writing of Notarial Documents in Normandy between Practices and Regulations—ISABELLE BRETTHAUER
The Practice of Writing in Regensburg: An Overview of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries—CLAIRE DE CAZANOVE
Structure et style: observations paleographiques pour l'etude des ecritures cursives a Florence aux XIIIe et XIVe siecles—IRENE CECCHERINI
Revealing Some Structures and Rules of Book Production (France, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries)—EMILIE COTTEREAU-GABILLET
Structures of (Mutual) Inspiration: Some Observations on the Circulation of Repetitive Text Formulas in Charters from the Medieval Low Countries (Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries)—ELS DE PAERMENTIER
The Writing of Obedientiary Account Rolls at Norwich Cathedral Priory (1256-1344)—HARMONY DEWEZ
Charte de fondation et date de dedicace: temoignages narratifs et diplomatiques a l'abbaye Saint-Etienne de Caen—TAMIKO FOURNIER-FUJIMOTO
Masters of Micrography: Examples of Medieval Ashkenazi Scribal Artists—RAHEL FRONDA
Writing Angles: Palaeographic Considerations on the Inclinaison of the Script—MARIA GURRADO
Les actes episcopaux en Bretagne aux XIe et XIIe siecles: une arme pour la reforme?—CYPRIEN HENRY
Konigsfelden Abbey and Its First Cartulary: Dealing with Charters in the Fourteenth Century—TOBIAS HODEL
The Use of Vernacular and its Graphic and Material Shape in the Epigraphic Discourse: Three Case Studies from Western France—ESTELLE INGRAND-VARENNE
The Shape of the Letters and the Dynamics of Composition in Syriac Manuscripts (Fifth-Tenth Century)—AYDA KAPLAN
The Parchments of Marmoutier Abbey: Preparation, Shaping, Practices (Mid-Eleventh to Mid-Twelfth Century)—CLAIRE LAMY
Scribal Activity and Diplomatic Forms in Western Provence (c. 950-c. 1010)—JEAN-BAPTISTE RENAULT
Hand Spotting: The Registers of the Chancery of the Counts of Holland, 1316-1337—JINNA SMIT
Rule and Variation in Eleventh-Century English Minuscule—PETER STOKES
Princely Communication in the Late Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Century: A Diplomatic Study of the Charters of the Counts of Hainaut—VALERIA VAN CAMP
List of Shelfmarks


▸ Griffin NW, Ahern PP, Cheng J, et al. Prior Dietary practices and connections to a human gut microbial metacommunity alter responses to diet interventions. Cell Host Microbe 2017;21:84–96. Westernisation is associated with a lower taxonomic and functional diversity, which can be partially restored by dietary interventions. Microbial communities of cohabitating individuals develop similarity, indicating that transfer of gut taxa occurs between people with close proximity. The relative strengths of selection and dispersal in influencing community structure and diversity can vary across different metacommunities. Currently little is known about how diet impacts selection and dispersal impacts responses. This could identify microbial impact of different dietary patterns, predict individual responses to diets and determine therapeutic dietary interventions. A key question is whether individuals have the capacity to respond to a given dietary intervention in a similar manner or whether variation in their community structures leads to marked interpersonal differences. This paper examined gut microbial community structure in two groups of people living in the USA who exemplify distinct dietary patterns: those who practice chronic calorie restriction with optimised intake of nutrients (CRON) and those without prescribed or self-imposed dietary restrictions (AMER). Dietary practices altered the human gut microbiota but the magnitude of microbial response varied among individuals. Transplantation of AMER or CRON faecal microbiota into gnotobiotic mice responded predictably to CRON and AMER diets with variable strength. Sequential cohousing AMER-colonised mice with CRON-colonised animals resulted in enhanced response to CRON dietary intervention, and changes in metabolic features in AMER mice driven by a shift towards a CRON-associated microbiota. This highlights the preprogrammed nature of the gut microbiota that is strongly resistant to change. Ensuring that gut microbiota respond consistently to prescribed dietary interventions, irrespective of prior dietary practices, is critical for effective nutritional therapy.


PurposeThis research develops a framework for assessing international trade regimes which could be used to address global cybersecurity challenges based on the corresponding costs of implementation and their distribution. Trade regimes, such as export controls, tariffs, investment restrictions and localization requirements, have disparate effects on foreign and domestic producers and consumers.Design/methodology/approachThese trade regimes and their effects are explored through a literature review and conceptual framework. A case study then assesses trends in the use of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS).FindingsCFIUS investment restrictions have justified blocking specific Chinese acquisitions of American companies, at least partially, on cybersecurity grounds using a targeted and evidence-based approach. Because of its targeted effect, CFIUS is the least likely of these trade regimes to block legitimate international trade. Restrictions on international trade, without sufficient cause, produce dead weight loss under the theory of comparative advantage.Originality/valueThese costs should be accounted for in any policy-based decision, particularly as policy entrepreneurs increasingly push for embedding cybersecurity reforms into these trade regimes. While the literature on trade regimes and cybersecurity is growing, this paper advances this research with its comparative framework.


Ancient Greek culture was the product of centuries of change, resulting in a complex network of city-states whose legacy exerts a profound influence on modern Western civilization. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece explores three millennia of ancient Greek history and archaeology, from the advent of the Minoan civilization in Crete to the Roman conquest in 30 B.C. Organized thematically, the Handbook explores all aspects of life in ancient Greece. Each chapter includes an extensive bibliography as well as original line drawings, photographs and maps. Handbook to Life in Ancient Greece combines archaeological and historical sources to provide all the essential information required by anyone interested in Greek history, archaeology, literature or culture.


During autumn, prepupae of Rhyssomatus marginatus Filhraeus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) leave the seed pods of their host plant, Sesbania punicea (Cay.) Benth. (Fabaeeae), and burrow into the soil where they settle for the duration of winter. In the field, most of the dormant prepupae were found at depths of between 10 and 20 cm, while none were found deeper than 30 cm. In the laboratory, most prepupae were unable to burrow into dry soil. The prepupae only emigrated from pods that had been soaked, a response which ensures that the prepupae avoid dry soils. The prepupae burrowed at the same rate and settled at similar depths in moist sand and clay. In soils with alternating layers of coarse and fine particles, most prepupae settled among the fine particles. There are no indications that pre-winter settling by prepupaeof R. marginatus is adversely affected by conditions in S. punicea habitats in the southwestern regions of South Africa.


This article deals with the optimal differentiation of agri-environmental contracts based on a self-selection mechanism. The paper demonstrates that both economic efficiency and effectiveness of public expenditures can be increased, if a menu of combinations of farming practices and payments are offered. However, there is a trade-off between efficiency and effectiveness, since the optimal programme minimising government expenses does not simultaneously minimise farmers' opportunity costs. A numerical example of differentiated agri-environmental contracts, aiming for the reduction of nitrogen fertiliser in wheat production, illustrates that efficiency and effectiveness gains can be substantial. Furthermore, it is shown that economic rents for agricultural producers do not necessarily shrink as a result of contract differentiation, if the latter aims for the minimisation of public expenditures.


Asthma is increasing in prevalence worldwide as a result of factors associated with a Western lifestyle. However, simple and reliable diagnostic and prognostic markers are yet to be found. In an attempt to identify protein biomarker profiles among small molecular weight ranges, we employed an approach combining liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, instead of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE), which has previously been used to analyze protein expression patterns. Here we described its application to compare plasma peptides from control and chronic asthma mice. Peptides were quantitatively profiled as a multidimensional peptide mass fingerprint by a combination of reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. They were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight/time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. In this study, we quantitatively identified the fragment f of complement 3 (C3f), which is important in inflammation. C3f was significantly higher in controls than chronic asthma mice. Our strategy allowed the detection and identification of different plasma peptides between control and chronic asthma mice on a proteomic scale. Therefore, these results suggest that native small peptides detected by non‐2‐DE techniques may be useful and specific biomarkers of disease.


A major goal in computational biochemistry is to obtain three-dimensional structure information from protein sequence. Coevolution represents a biological mechanism through which structural information can be obtained from a family of protein sequences. Evolutionary relationships within a family of protein sequences are revealed through sequence alignment. Statistical analyses of these sequence alignments reveals positions in the protein family that covary, and thus appear to be dependent on one another throughout the evolution of the protein family. These covarying positions are inferred to be coevolving via one of two biological mechanisms, both of which imply that coevolution is facilitated by inter-residue contact. Thus, high-quality multiple sequence alignments and robust coevolution-inferring statistics can produce structural information from sequence alone. This work characterizes the relationship between coevolution statistics and sequence alignments and highlights the implicit assumptions and caveats associated with coevolutionary inference. An investigation of sequence alignment quality and coevolutionary-inference methods revealed that such methods are very sensitive to the systematic misalignments discovered in public databases. However, repairing the misalignments in such alignments restores the predictive power of coevolution statistics. To overcome the sensitivity to misalignments, two novel coevolution-inferring statistics were developed that show increased contact prediction accuracy, especially in alignments that contain misalignments. These new statistics were developed into a suite of coevolution tools, the MIpToolset. Because systematic misalignments produce a distinctive pattern when analyzed by coevolution-inferring statistics, a new method for detecting systematic misalignments was created to exploit this phenomenon. This new method called "local covariation" was used to analyze publicly-available multiple sequence alignment databases. Local covariation detected putative misalignments in a database designed to benchmark sequence alignment software accuracy. Local covariation was incorporated into a new software tool, LoCo, which displays regions of potential misalignment during alignment editing assists in their correction. This work represents advances in multiple sequence alignment creation and coevolutionary inference.


As sports training becomes more scientific in its methods it is important that sports fully utilize and embrace the major changes happening in the Web 2.0 world of user generated content, interactivity, social networks, mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets with video taking and sharing capabilities and pervasive high speed fixed and mobile bandwidth. It is important to understand and quantify the effect these Web 2.0 capabilities have on the world of sports training. A search through the literature from the age of Computer Based Instruction (CBI) to the present day showed no significant prior art in this exact area of measuring the effectiveness of web based training in sport, however there is a significant body of work discussing the effectiveness of Web / Computer based learning in an academic / conventional classroom context. These studies showed that there is a significant and measurable benefit in using Web / Computer based instruction in these contexts. In this study a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were used to investigate whether this measurable benefit can be replicated in the sports learning context. A questionnaire was used at the beginning for all participants, followed by an assessment using the International Tennis Federations (ITF) International Tennis Number (ITN) system conducted by a qualified independent tennis coach. Then the evaluated subjects were broken into two groups; one group (Hybrid Group), receiving face-to-face coaching and web-based learning and a second group (Web Only Group), receiving web-based learning only. A specific web-based learning environment was developed as a tool to test the impact of the technologies used by subjects on their learning. The subjects in all groups then re-took the assessment and completed a feedback form. The results were meaningful. Overall there was an improvement in performance from ITN assessment one to ITN assessment two of 35%. These results when broken down into the two groups showed that the Hybrid Group had a 39% improvement in performance and the Web Only group had a 30% improvement in performance.


The recent crisis in Ukraine cast a spotlight on those countries located between Russia and the EU, a region that had long existed beneath the radar of international politics. Indeed, even its name remains indeterminate: the term 'post-Soviet' is too encompassing (it could also designate Estonia or Tajikistan) while the notion of 'Eastern Europe' has long lost any geographical anchor. Instead, this space is often named after regional powers' attempts to shape it: as the EU's 'Eastern Neighbourhood' or as Russia's 'Near Abroad'. The new region-building endeavour pursued by Russia through Eurasian integration frameworks is a crucial development in this regard.
On the 29 of May 2014, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan signed the Treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), which extends the provisions of the existing Eurasian Customs Union (ECU) and comes into being in 2015. This integration regime has been lauded by Russian President Vladimir Putin as a new, better version of the European Union, and castigated by US Secretary of State Hilary Clinton as a new form of the Soviet Union. This report shows that it is neither. The EEU is a modern and far-reaching attempt at economic integration, but one that is weakened by internal and conceptual contradictions. What was designed as a geo-economic framework is increasingly becoming a geopolitical issue. In attempting to counter the influence of the EU's alternative integration regime (the Eastern Partnership), Russia has shifted its diplomacy from persuasion to coercion, and Moscow is increasingly resorting to using the EEU as a foreign policy tool. The countries of the entredeux – literally, something placed between two things – are being forced to face to a geopolitical choice they had been trying to avoid, or at least to defuse. Divisive domestic politics, separatism, structural dependencies and the economic and political calculations of internal actors are key factors mediating and complicating their choice. This report focuses on these issues that are too often overlooked in the debate on Russia-EU regional competition.


Abstract. Effects of a new aerosol particle formation (NPF) and particle diameter growth process as a single source of atmospheric particle number concentrations were evaluated and quantified on the basis of experimental data sets obtained from particle number size distribution measurements in the city centre and near-city background of Budapest for 5 years. Nucleation strength factors for a nucleation day (NSFNUC) and for a general day (NSFGEN) were derived separately for seasons and full years. The former characteristic represents the concentration increment of ultrafine (UF) particles specifically on nucleation days with respect to accumulation-mode (regional background) concentrations (particles with equivalent diameters of 100–1000 nm; N100−1000) due solely to the nucleation process. The latter factor expresses the contribution of nucleation to particle numbers on general days; thus, it represents a longer time interval such as season or year. The nucleation source had the largest effect on the concentrations around noon and early afternoon, as expected. During this time interval, it became the major source of particles in the near-city background. Nucleation increased the daily mean concentrations on nucleation days by mean factors of 2.3 and 1.58 in the near-city background and city centre, respectively. Its effect was largest in winter, which was explained by the substantially lower N100−1000 levels on nucleation days than those on non-nucleation days. On an annual timescale, 37 % of the UF particles were generated by nucleation in the near-city background, while NPF produced 13 % of UF particles in the city centre. The differences among the annual mean values, and among the corresponding seasonal mean values, were likely caused by the variability in controlling factors from year to year. The values obtained represent the lower limits of the contributions. The shares determined imply that NPF is a non-negligible or substantial source of particles in near-city background environments and even in city centres, where the vehicular road emissions usually prevail. Atmospheric residence time of nucleation-mode particles was assessed by a decay curve analysis, and a mean of 02:30 was obtained. The present study suggests that the health-related consequences of the atmospheric NPF and growth process in cities should also be considered in addition to its urban climate implications.


This volume provides a readable introduction to the narrative book of Ruth appropriate for the student, pastor, and scholar. LaCocque combines historical, literary, feminist, and liberationist approaches in an engaging synthesis. He argues that the book was written in the post-exilic period and that the author was a woman. Countering the fears and xenophobia of many in Jerusalem, the biblical author employed the notion of h.esed (kindness, loyalty, steadfast love), which transcends any national boundaries. LaCocque focuses on redemption and levirate marriage as the two legal issues that recur throughout the text of Ruth. Ruth comes from the despised people of Moab but becomes a model for Israel. Boaz, converted to the model of steadfast love, becomes both redeemer and levir for Ruth and thus fulfills the Torah. In the conclusion to his study, the author sketches some parallels with Jesus' hermeneutics of the Law as well as postmodern problems and solutions.


Abstract. Using daily Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model simulations and columnar retrievals of 0.55 μm aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and fine mode fraction (FMF) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), we estimate the satellite-derived aerosol properties over the global oceans between June 2006 and May 2007 due to black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC), dust (DU), sea-salt (SS), and sulfate (SU) components. Using Aqua-MODIS aerosol properties embedded in the CERES-SSF product, we find that the mean MODIS FMF values for each aerosol type are SS: 0.31 ± 0.09, DU: 0.49 ± 0.13, SU: 0.77 ± 0.16, and (BC + OC): 0.80 ± 0.16. We further combine information from the ultraviolet spectrum using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard the Aura satellite to improve the classification process, since dust and carbonate aerosols have positive Aerosol Index (AI) values >0.5 while other aerosol types have near zero values. By combining MODIS and OMI datasets, we were able to identify and remove data in the SU, OC, and BC regions that were not associated with those aerosol types. The same methods used to estimate aerosol size characteristics from MODIS data within the CERES-SSF product were applied to Level 2 (L2) MODIS aerosol data from both Terra and Aqua satellites for the same time period. As expected, FMF estimates from L2 Aqua data agreed well with the CERES-SSF dataset from Aqua. However, the FMF estimate for DU from Terra data was significantly lower (0.37 vs. 0.49) indicating that sensor calibration, sampling differences, and/or diurnal changes in DU aerosol size characteristics were occurring. Differences for other aerosol types were generally smaller. Sensitivity studies show that a difference of 0.1 in the estimate of the anthropogenic component of FMF produces a corresponding change of 0.2 in the anthropogenic component of AOT (assuming a unit value of AOT). This uncertainty would then be passed along to any satellite-derived estimates of anthropogenic aerosol radiative effects.


Although housing in Bethnal Green was often appalling, a complex network of relatives - families of three generations held together by the powerful mother-daughter bond at the centre - was always available to provide mutual aid and a sense of community. It was when families were rehoused in the immaculate new estates outside London, miles away from their kin, that the vital support system broke down, with disastrous effects on the quality of people's lives. This famous book, based on a major three-year research project, makes clear how planners have frequently failed to understand real human needs; it also provides a marvellous portrait of the resilience and generosity of spirit which went at least some way to compensate for the deprivations of inner-city working-class life.


Diana de Armas Wilson. Cervantes, the Novel, and the New World. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. 270 pp. ISBN: 0-19-816005-4. During the first week of my course on Cervantes, I mention to students that had the author of Don Quixote been granted the employment he sought in the Indies in the 1590s, in all likelihood the class they are about to begin would not exist and the long text before them never would have been written. Cervantes' request was denied, however, and rather than becoming a wealthy indiano, he became instead the progenitor of the modern novel. In her new study, Diana de Armas Wilson has decided to transport Cervantes and his writings to the New World and, more important perhaps, she has chosen to situate the New World firmly in the literary and political reality that was Cervantes' Spain. These initial moves--in effect to think against the grain of artificial disciplinary boundaries that have separated peninsular and Latin American studies--are in themselves a major contribution to the field of early modern Spanish research. For although literary scholars have long known that Habsburg Spain was an imperial power, they have been unwilling to investigate the ways in which empire permeated the discursive field of Spanish writing and how cultural forms and styles thought to be European in origin were in fact the hybrid offspring of the colonial experience. The fact that Sancho Panza glibly remarks that any black subjects he may find on his insula will be sold into slavery--to mention only one of the many fascinating examples cataloged by Wilson--already catapults us out of Europe and into the Atlantic world that stretched from Seville to Lisbon to West Africa, the Caribbean and back again. Although Cervantes never traversed any of these transatlantic (or transpacific) routes, they nonetheless constituted ah integral part of his creative geography. Situated next to the inns and palaces of Andalucia and Castilla, the soldiers' barracks of Naples, and the dank bagnios of North Africa were islands filled with "barbaros," gold, and human sacrifice. Wilson begins her study with ah inventory of references to America found in the Cervantine opus. Each of these references on its own might render a sustained analysis, and Wilson offers a number of suggestive models for further research. Her contribution here, however, is more general insofar as she proposes to construct ah inclusive theory of intertextuality that might move us, as she puts it, from "inventory to interpretation" (30). According to Wilson, the "Americanist Cervantes" must be understood both through his literary relationships with New World cronistas as well as through the geographical and spatial relations that structure his texts and biography. In this first chapter, then, Wilson expands and enriches the image of a "traveling Cervantes," an image previously fashioned into a different variation by Steven Hutchinson in his Cervantine Journeys (1992). In Chapter Two, "The Novel about the Novel," Wilson enters the heavily trampled terrain of debates about the origins of the novel. In response to theories disseminated by professors of English literature, most notably Ian Watt in his influential Rise of the Novel (1957), Wilson argues (correctly in my opinion) that the most productive approach to the issue is to trace the "multiple rises of the novel" or, to put it another way, the intersecting genealogies of what today we understand to be the modern narrative form. Given the premise of Wilson's project, one is struck by the "European" focus of this chapter where the proposed shift to New World concerns is reduced momentarily to the level of thematics. But in a sense the entire second chapter is a prelude to Wilson's reading of Cervantine allusions to America and their intertextual relationship to Robinson Crusoe. Thus the title of Chapter Three: "The Novel as `Moletta': Cervantes and Defoe. …


Over the last two decades, long-term ecological research in the United States has expanded to urban sites. Cities, despite the dominance of built structures, utilize unexpected amounts of human-generated nutrients. Additionally, cities can both intensify and weaken local impacts of processes such as climate. Challenges remain at these sites, as property-scale biogeochemical forcings from individuals and institutions must be accounted for throughout this research. Meeting the challenge is crucial as prediction of biogeochemical processes is fundamental to the development of sustainable strategies for managing human inputs to cities and surrounding areas.


The onset and further development of the hydrogen economy are known to be constrained by safety barriers, as well as by the level of public acceptance of new applications. Educational and training programmes in hydrogen safety, which are currently absent in Europe, are considered to be a key instrument in lifting these limitations and to ensure the safe introduction of hydrogen as an energy carrier. Therefore, the European Network of Excellence 'Safety of Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier' (NoE HySafe) embarked on the establishment of the e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety. This work is led by the University of Ulster and carried out in cooperation with international partners from five other universities (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain; University of Pisa, Italy; Warsaw University of Technology, Poland; Instituto Superior Technico, Portugal; University of Calgary, Canada), two research institutions (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Forschungszentrum Juelich, Germany), and one enterprise (GexCon, Norway). The development of an International Curriculum on Hydrogen Safety Engineering, aided by world-class experts from within and outside NoE HySafe, is of central importance to the establishment of the e-Academy of Hydrogen Safety. Despite its key role in identifying the knowledge framework of the subject matter, and its role in aiding educators with the development of teaching programmes on hydrogen safety, no such curriculum appears to have been developed previously. The current structure of the International Curriculum on Hydrogen Safety Engineering, and the motivation behind it, are described in this paper. Future steps in the development of a system of hydrogen safety education and training in Europe are briefly described.


The planning problem for a mobile manipulator system that must perform a sequence of tasks defined by position, orientation, force, and moment vectors at the end-effector is considered. Each task can be performed in multiple configurations due to the redundancy introduced by mobility. The planning problem is formulated as an optimization problem in which the decision variables for mobility (base position) are separated from the manipulator joint angles in the cost function. The resulting numerical problem is nonlinear with nonconvex, unconnected feasible regions in the decision space. Simulated annealing is proposed as a general solution method for obtaining near-optimal results. The problem formulation and numerical solution by simulated annealing are illustrated for a manipulator system with three degrees of freedom mounted on a base with two degrees of freedom. The results are compared with results obtained by conventional nonlinear programming techniques customized for the particular example system. >


Objective: Meaningful employment is a common goal for those with schizophrenia [27] and can lead to significant clinical gains [18]. General practitioners provide a pivotal role in the care of individuals with schizophrenia, but lack of integration between clinical and rehabilitation services is a significant barrier to receiving vocational rehabilitation [31]. This study investigated general practitioners' awareness and understanding of the benefits of vocational rehabilitation in the treatment of schizophrenia.
Method: A 20-item questionnaire was mailed to 498 Tasmanian general practitioners accessed via the mailing lists of the Divisions of General Practice from each of the three Tasmanian regions: South, North, and Northwest. Responses were received anonymously from 102 participants. Results are reported as the percentage of responding general practitioners endorsing each item on the questionnaire.
Results: The majority of respondents indicated average knowledge of schizophrenia and the benefits of meaningful employment for these patients. However, results indicated low rates of referral for vocational rehabilitation, which participants attributed to restricted information about available services, poor integration of clinical and rehabilitation services, and lack of time to discuss vocational rehabilitation goals.
Conclusions: The current sample of Tasmanian general practitioners recognised the benefits of vocational rehabilitation in the management of schizophrenia, however they lack the appropriate resources (information, consultation time) to effect appropriate referrals to these services. Improved information dissemination to general practitioners, in particular information relating to available services and referral pathways, may improve referral rates for patients with schizophrenia to appropriate vocational rehabilitation services.


The purpose of this paper is to offer a pedagogical road map for an alternative way to engage students when arriving at the torts portion of the business law or legal environment course. It is designed to encourage utilizing sports cases and sport-related videos when teaching torts which can be effective and energizing. My research demonstrates that the prominence of sports related tort cases and examples are much more apparent in the negligence and intentional tort categories than in products liability or strict liability. More specifically, an effective way to relate the concept of negligence in sports is in the context of flying objects such as foul balls, bats, and hockey pucks. Incorporating intentional torts and sports usually begins with hits after the play, a pitcher intentionally hitting the batter, and the incidents of violence involving participants, fans, referees, coaches and parents. One of the best examples of products liability is the safety debate between using wooden baseball bats in professional baseball and the metal or aluminum bats in college baseball. Strict liability involving ultra-hazardous activities has its place for discussion in sports torts, but the breadth of litigation on the subject is clearly the least common of the four major tort categories rendering it virtually non-existent. Instructors are given hints as to how to engage students with sports torts regardless of their educational generation. Contemporary and classic cases are provided as examples.


As the world becomes more interconnected and free movement across geographical boundaries of capital, information, resources, and people becomes more common, the traditional notion of sovereignty is undergoing significant challenges. The ripple effects of globalization have resulted in significant benefits for the billions of individuals who participate in some aspect of global commerce. However, not all international enterprises are successful, and because of the need for efficient and economical administration of cross-border insolvencies, efforts to harmonize the world9s insolvency regimes have increased significantly in recent years. This article explores the balance of comity—the recognition that one nation allows within its territory to the legislative, executive, or judicial act of another nation—with that of sovereignty to protect domestic stakeholders in international insolvencies.


This study, which is exploratory and corpus-based research, aims to investigate the grammatical patterns and the collocates of three phrasal verbs (PVs) in English, i.e., carry out, find out, and point out . They were chosen because the combination of the lexical verbs carry, find, and point , and the adverbial particle out put the three PVs among the top 50 PVs in the British National Corpus or BNC (Gardner & Davies, 2007), and in the Corpus of Contemporary American English or COCA (Liu, 2011). A total of 500 concordance lines were searched from COCA for each PV, and were then placed in an Excel spreadsheet for analysis. Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (OALD, 2010) was used as the main reference for information about the definitions of the target PVs, as well as grammatical information and collocates. The results reveal that although most of the grammatical patterns found in this study seem to be in accordance with those displayed in OALD (2010), certain patterns are not provided in the dictionary. The reason could be the limited space of the dictionary and users' stylistic variation in PV use. Regarding the collocates of the target PVs, most of them are lexical collocation, such as nouns, pronouns, and wh-words, followed by grammatical collocation, such as preposition. Pedagogically speaking, the corpus-based data could help provide additional information not illustrated in dictionaries. In addition, learners can explore the language patterns and search for naturally-occurring samples through the use of corpora.


The vulnerability of Cloud Computing Systems (CCSs) to Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) is significant. So a cloud architecture reference model that incorporates a wide range of security controls and best practices, and a cloud security assessment model – Cloud-Trust – that estimates high level security metrics to quantify the degree of confidentiality and integrity offered by a CCS or cloud service provider (CSP) is used. Cloud-Trust is used to assess the security level of four multi-tenant IaaS cloud architectures equipped with alternative cloud security controls and to show the probability of CCS penetration (high value data compromise) is high if a minimal set of security controls are implemented. CCS penetration probability drops substantially if a cloud defense in depth security architecture is adopted that protects virtual machine (VM) images at rest, strengthens CSP and cloud tenant system administrator access controls, and which employs other network security controls to minimize cloud network surveillance and discovery of live VMs.


The author explains her ambivalence and conflict over working in the technology sector in the Bay Area. The conflict comes from her perception that some in her industry are making San Francisco a less welcoming and inclusive place to live, while also appreciating the opportunities the industry has offered her.


We demonstrate the shift characteristics of four-wave mixing (FWM) beam spots which are controlled by the strong laser fields via the large cross-Kerr nonlinearity. The shift distances and directions are determined by the nonlinear dispersions. Based on such spatial displacements of the FWM beams, as well as the probe beam, we experimentally demonstrate spatial optical switching for one beam or multiple optical beams, which can be used for all-optical switching, switching arrays and routers.


This article analyzes the interaction between a firm's dynamic investment, operating, and financing decisions in a model with operating adjustment and recapitalization costs. Using numerical analysis, we solve the model for cases that highlight interaction effects. We find that higher production flexibility (due to lower costs of shutting down and reopening a production facility) enhances the firm's debt capacity, thereby increasing the net tax shield value of debt financing. While higher financial flexibility (resulting from lower recapitalization costs) has a similar effect, production flexibility and financial flexibility are, to some extent, substitutes. We find that the impact of debt financing on the firm's investment and operating decisions is economically insignificant. Copyright 1994 by American Finance Association.


Collaborative remembering is essential to enabling teams to build shared understanding of projects and their
 progress. This article presents an analysis of collaborative remembering sequences in a corpus of interactions collected in a
 workplace where a team of designers developed a video television commercial. On the basis of coding and analysing linguistic and
 bodily behaviors in 158 such sequences, extracted from over 45 hours of video recordings, recurrent patterns of collaborative
 remembering processes were identified, relating to the interplay of work roles. This article shows that collaborative remembering
 in the design studio is structured by behavioural, interactive and social factors.


Stem cells have been utilized as anti-cancer agents due to their ability to home to and integrate within tumors. Methods to augment stem cell homing to tumors are being investigated with the goal of enhancing treatment efficacy. However, it is currently not possible to evaluate both cell localization and cell viability after engraftment, hindering optimization of therapy. In this study, luciferase expressing human adipocyte derived stem cells (ADSCs) were labelled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) conjugated to Indium-111 to produce cells with tri-modal imaging capabilities. ADSCs were administered intravenously (IV) or intracardially (IC) to mice bearing 4T1 orthotopic breast tumors. Cell fate was monitored serially using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) as a measure of cell viability, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for cell localization and single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) for cell quantification. BLI/MRI/SPECT imaging revealed differences in whole body cell distribution between injection routes. BLI showed the presence of viable ADSCs within tumors as early as 1-hour post IC injection compared to 3 days post IV injection. SPECT data showed the percentage of ADSCs within tumors to be 2-fold higher after IC than IV at 5-hour post injection. Whereas, MRI confirmed the localization of SPION labelled cells in tumors after IC injection but not IV. Finally, histological analysis was used to validate engraftment of ADSC within tumor tissue. These findings demonstrate that multi-modal imaging can be used to evaluate the efficiency of stem cell delivery to tumors and that IC cell administration is more effective for tumor targeting.


The study aims to analyze articles already published in breast augmentation, to analyze the various procedural techniques used for the placement of breast prostheses, highlighting their disadvantages and advantages, types and evolution of prostheses. The choice of prosthesis and the type of Surgical incisions are very important decisions that must be taken together (doctor and patient), taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of each incision. A good clinical preoperative explanation is essential to determine the goals to be achieved, thus avoiding possible repair surgeries or replacement of the size of the prosthesis. The enhancement of external beauty has gained more and more space, proof of which is the increasingly crowded plastic surgeons' offices. The USA is the champion country in plastic surgery, followed by Brazil. Augmentation mammoplasty is the second most performed surgery worldwide, second only to liposuction. People seek this method as an alternative to improve self-esteem or to try to fit into a "fictitious" beauty standard established by society. The present work has a study methodology of the narrative bibliographic review type. The instrument used was a literature review and a comparative method between articles published in plastic surgery, focusing on breast augmentation based on the inductive method. The study was based on international and national articles, using SciELO and The Lancet as research sources.


Observations of radio bursts that appear to originate from outside the Milky Way may suggest the existence of a large and exotic source population. [Also see Report by Thornton et al.] Analyzing the transient electromagnetic signals pervading the cosmos has led to the identification of a plethora of exotic astrophysical objects. On page 53 of this issue, Thornton et al. (1) report on the discovery of several short radio bursts, only a few milliseconds in duration, from four widely spaced directions during a survey of the sky using the Parkes radio telescope in Australia. The bursts are not unlike individual pulses seen from pulsars, neutron stars whose spins regularly sweep a lighthouse-like beam into Earth's direction. Because of their weak emission, the majority of known pulsars reside within the Milky Way or in one of its satellite dwarf galaxies, the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds. By contrast, the new bursts appear to originate from large distances, outside the Milky Way. Truly remarkable is that a burst rate of about 104 bursts per day over the entire sky has been deduced. It is still early days for identifying the astrophysical origins of such common but (so far) rarely detected events.


Background Anaemia is a common blood disorder in children and is known to cause complications such as lethargy and stress on bodily organs. Children from disadvantaged communities often fail to achieve their age-related potential with iron deficiency anaemia stated as a risk factor through causing inattentiveness and learning problems. Limited evidence exists for the adverse effects of iron deficiency anaemia on the developing child's brain from South African studies. Aim The objective of this study was to determine the local prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency and to examine their association with psychomotor development and school performance in school-aged children. Setting This study was conducted in a peri-urban disadvantaged community from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Methods Children aged 6 to 8 years from KwaZulu-Natal were enrolled (n = 184). Three parameters of assessment were used: clinical data, biochemical data (haemoglobin levels and iron studies) and school performance (interviews with caregivers, teachers and the children). Anaemia presence and iron deficiency were the hypothesised mediating variables through which growth, development and school performance were influenced. Results A high point prevalence of anaemia (23.4%), iron deficiency anaemia (4.9%) and helminth infection (27.1%) was identified. Impaired cognitive assessment scores (20.7%) were prevalent in the children sampled. Behavioural problems (4.3%), poor memory function (4.3%) and impaired attention (1.1%) were of low prevalence. Anaemia and iron deficiency were both associated with impaired fine motor skills (p < 0.05). Anaemia was significantly associated with low cognitive scores (p = 0.01). Neither anaemia, iron status nor helminth infection significantly predicted school performance in the children sampled. Conclusions The point prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency among the sampled children was higher than the national prevalence. The sample size was however inadequate for drawing statistical conclusions about psychomotor development and school performance because of the low prevalence of the different outcomes that were examined. Practical challenges faced in conducting this investigation in rural South African schools were discussed.


In most countries of the world, a sustainable agriculture is both an important and difficult issue. The agricultural sector in Central and Eastern European is confronted by two large problems at the same time: transition processes and sustainability. The purpose of this paper is, in the first place, to make clear that the institutional setting is very important. Second, it gives an overview of the literature on sustainability, institutions and institutional innovation. The phenomenon sustainability encompassing three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. Institutions are not always exogenous and right so that economic agents will behave in the 'correct' (that is efficient) manner. The non-marketable attributes of agricultural land use such as wildlife and landscape and the quality of soil, water and air create market failure. However, they are important for sustainability. With a lack of markets to realise sustainability, there is a strong incentive to develop institutions capable of changing the farmer's behaviour in ways that will achieve the unachievable via market signals alone. Direct government production is likely to be superior, if the government may not know what it wants and if the contract party has a strong tendency to reduce costs, but this is accompanied by a reduction in (non-contractable) quality. However, in general, both situations do not apply to sustainable agriculture. Type of government intervention has consequence for property rights. Under influence of changes in the institutional environment, the opinion about the protection of the property rights is shifting. The economic valuation of changes in the quality of soil, water, wildlife and landscape depends on if the change taking place either below or above the reference level. From the actual behaviour of the government, it can be concluded that the reference level is being used more and more as a watershed to the question of the allocation of property rights and the use of charges or compensation.


Sports participation has undergone an increase in recent decades. Injury due to sporting activity has also recently risen. The Achilles tendon has been one of the most common sports-related injuries. A 2 in 100 000 individual Achilles tendon injury rate increased to a 12 in 100 000 individual injury rate in less than 10 years. The injury is typically observed in men in the fourth to fifth decades of life. Male to female injury ratios range from 2:1 to 12:1. Running, jumping, and agility activities involving eccentric loading and explosive plyometric contractions are usual mechanisms. Natural aging allows predisposing chronic degeneration of the tendon. Blood flow decreases and stiffness increases with aging to decrease the ability to withstand stress. Noninflammatory tendinosis and chronic tendinopathy are 2 separate processes proposed for tendon degeneration and subsequent rupture. Rupture typically occurs 2 to 6 cm proximal to the calcaneal insertion. Predisposing factors are grouped into 2 categories: intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors. Avoidance of degenerative changes within the tendon is the primary method to prevent rupture. Regular physical activity as athletes age also promotes tendon hypertrophy, increases nutrient delivery, and reduces collagen fiber fatigue.


Analysis of Electromagnetic and Seismic Geophysical Methods for Investigating Shallow Sub-surface Hydrogeology Eric M. Parks Department of Geological Sciences Master of Science An integrated electromagnetic (EM) and seismic geophysical study was performed to evaluate non-invasive approaches to estimate depth to shallow groundwater in arid environments with elevated soil salinity where the installation of piezometers would be impractical or prohibited. Both methods were tested in two study areas (semi-arid and arid respectively), one in Palmyra, Utah, USA near the shore of Utah Lake where groundwater is shallow and unconfined in relatively homogeneous lacustrine sediments. The other area is Carson Slough, Nevada, USA near Ash Meadows National Wildlife Refuge in Amargosa Valley. The area is underlain by valley fill, with generally variable shallow depths to water in an ephemeral braided stream environment. The methods used include frequency domain electromagnetic induction allowing for multiple antenna-receiver spacings. High resolution compressional P-wave seismic profiles using a short (0.305 m) geophone spacing for common depth-point reflection stacking and first arrival modeling were also acquired. Both methods were deployed over several profiles where shallow piezometer control was present. The semi-arid Palmyra site with its simpler geohydrology serves as an independent calibration to be compared to the Carson Slough Site. EM results at both sites show that water surfaces correspond with a drop in conductivity. This is due to elevated concentrations of evaporative salts in the vadose zone immediately above the water table. EM and seismic profiles at the Palmyra site were readily correlated to depth to groundwater in monitoring wells demonstrating that the method is ideal under laterally homogeneous conditions. Interpreting the EM and seismic profiles at Carson Slough was challenging due to the laterally and vertically variable soil types, segmented perched water surfaces, and strong salinity variations. The high-resolution images and models provided by the seismic profiles confirm the simple soil and hydrological structure at the Palmyra site as well as the laterally complex structure at Carson Slough. The EM and seismic results indicate that an integrated geophysical approach is necessary for an area like Carson Slough, where continued leaching of salts combined with braided stream deposition has created a geophysically complex soil and groundwater system.


This study is an examination of the religious profile of Taqī al-Dīn Al-Hilālī (1894-1987) as it evolved throughout the various periods of his life. The study commences with an introduction, beginning with a discussion of the Origins of the Salafiyya in Morocco. The first chapter offers a brief sketch of the formative period of Al-Hilālī's life. In the second chapter, Al-Hilālī's attitudes are examined in the light of his early missionary work in Egypt and elsewhere. Chapter Three deals with the first steps in Al-Hilālī's international preaching. Chapter Four discusses Al-Hilālī's activities during the time he spent in Germany. Chapter Five begins with a discussion of the reason for Al-Hilālī's departure from Germany in 1942 and his vicissitudes thereafter in Spanish Morocco. Chapter Six discusses Al-Hilālī time in Iraq, where he had settled from 1947 to 1959. Chapter Seven shows how Al-Hilālī was able to lead an active intellectual and religious life in Morocco after Independence. In Chapter Eight, the extent to which Al-Hilālī's religious profile was affected by his time in Saudi Arabia is examined and assessed. Chapter Nine offers a brief sketch of the final phase in Al-Hilālī's life and his religious profile based on the unpublished fatwas


ProPIG consists of 9 partners in 8 countries (AT, CH, CZ, DE, DK, FR, IT, UK) with the aim to assess and improve animal welfare and environmental impact of organic pig farming:
• Three husbandry systems: indoor with outside run (IN) / partly outdoor (POUT) / outdoor (OUT) were defined and compared.
• Standard Operating Procedures ('SOPs') were created for Feed- and Soil Sampling and the process of assessment and feedback ('Health and welfare planning').
• Animal welfare assessment protocols were developed based on WelfareQuality® and CorePIG. Together with questions regarding environmental impact, nutrition and economy
these were integrated into an
• Automated Recording and Feedback Software Tool ('PigSurfer'= PIG SURveillance, FEedback and Reporting), a software tool enabling on-farm data collection and immediate
feedback (including presentation of data as benchmarking) using a tablet computer.
• Farm visits: After repeated observer training, three visits were carried out, in AT (16 farms), DE (16), DK (11) CH (9), CZ (1), FR (4), IT (9) and UK (8). During the first visit the farmer was interviewed, animals assessed, medicine and productivity records collected and feed and soil samples taken. Results were discussed with each farmer and farm specific goals and measures were agreed during the second visit. Using 'PigSurfer' during the final visit, it was possible to assess animal health, welfare, nutrition and feed the results back immediately to farmers as 'farm plans' including benchmarking across all 74 pig farms.
As a result two practical tools for further use by farmers and advisors were created:
• A 'Catalogue of improvement strategies' (COIS) for animal welfare challenges was developed based on expert opinion as well as farmers strategies. This was transferred into a
'Handbook for Farmers', a hard cover ring-binder, allowing practical application on farm.
• Furthermore a 'Decision support tool for environmental impact' ('EDST') was created in the form of an interactive spreadsheet, which identifies areas of possible improvement
regarding environmental impact through a structured questionnaire, suggests measures which might be beneficial and provides information on where to find more detailed resources. Generally based on the parameters assessed, it was shown, that a high level of animal health and welfare was found in most farms, with a few parameters which should be improved across all systems (e.g. vulva deformation from previous injury in sows). When comparing the three
husbandry systems, OUT weaners and fatteners had better health regarding respiratory problems and diarrhoea and OUT sows less MMA and lameness, with POUT having some advantages as well over IN (e.g. lameness of sows). Regarding productivity, losses of piglets did not differ across systems; mortality of IN fattening pigs was lower than in POUT and their feed conversion rate was better.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of global warming potential (GWP) was influenced mainly by feeding of fattening pigs and variation within a husbandry system was higher than between systems, indicating that good values can be achieved in all systems. Regarding acidification potential (AP) POUT were better than IN and regarding eutrophication potential (EP) POUT were better than OUT. Three clusters were identified on the basis of environmental impact, a 'high, 'medium' and 'lower' with similar numbers of each husbandry system in all three of them. The three systems did not differ regarding N balances. After clustering, N import from feed purchase was identified as main influencing factor. IN were significantly lower than POUT/OUT regarding P balances. No significant relationship between health, welfare and environmental impacts was found
when comparing the LCA clusters with an 'animal health and welfare score' ('%GOOD'), individual animal based parameters or correlations between AP/EP/GWP and the '%GOOD.
Farm specific strategies were evaluated by farmers' opinion and assessing within-farm improvement in measured criteria over 12 months. The median number of aims per farm was 2
(1 to 4), with fertility, nutrition, health and lesions most commonly addressed. In total 74.8 % of measures were partly/completely implemented and 81.6 % of goals were partly/completely achieved.


The World Bank –sponsored Barangay.net project spearheaded by the Central Visayas Information sharing network (CVISNet) endeavors to realize the vision of transforming the Philippines to an e-services hub of Asia Pacific region. This will be accomplished thru the cooperation of the government, the private sector, and the non government organization. An initial e-readiness survey of seven barangays of Cebu City was made using Heeks' IT benchmarks for the following areas: 1) Data systems infrastructure; 2) Legal infrastructure; 3) institutional infrastructure; 4) human infrastructure; 5) technological infrastructure; 6) leadership and strategic thinking. The assessment discovered that the viability of the project is being stalled by financial constraints, lack of ICT awareness in the barangay, and the divergence of the barangays' predicaments and ICT solution. Among the policy alternatives, the pursuance of the project is deemed most feasible option along with the strengthening of the advocacy mechanisms of target barangays. Although the idea of the Barangay.net may seem premature, the advantages of e-democracy, as a possible result of this ICT venture, could outweigh the drawbacks posed by the possible unequal distribution of the projects benefits.


This article provides an analysis of how collaborative teacher education has developed in terms of practice, discourse, and the relationship between general and special education across three historical stages. It explores how collaborative teacher education between general and special education has been positioned over time in relationship to larger national reform efforts in teacher education. Approaching the history of collaborative teacher education developmentally from these three perspectives sheds light on how today's emphasis on collaboration and multiple certifications intersects with what it means to teach in a diverse society and what it means to prepare teachers to meet the needs of every student.


The aim of this study was to examine the trends in bicycle crashes in Western Australia. Police reports and hospital admissions from the Western Australian Road Injury Database for the period of 1987 to 2000 were analysed. There were 11,114 crashes reported to police involving 11,385 cyclists over the study period. Of these cyclists 81 were fatalities and 1,851 hospitalised. There was a significant decrease in the number of police reported crashes involving cyclists, from 1,012 in 1987 to 612 in the year 2000. The hospital admissions data shows a different trend. Over the study period 9,878 cyclists were admitted to hospital, increasing from 630 in 1987 to 913 in 2000. It was concluded that the use of both police reports and hospital admissions data is crucial to providing an accurate picture of bicyclist crashes. Serious cyclist injury seems to be under-reported in the police data. This is highlighted with the reduction in the number of bicycle crashes reported in the police data, compared to the significant increase in the number of cyclists admitted to hospital.


Magnetic fields in the Universe are found in almost all studied environments. In particular, their presence in the inter-galactic medium and in the intra-cluster medium
is confirmed by diffuse radio emission as well as by observations of Faraday Rotation Measures towards polarized radio sources within or behind the magnetized medium.
Besides the observations, their dynamical importance in astrophysical systems is poorly constrained, therefore there are still plenty of processes in which the role of magnetic fields are not fully understood.

Astrophysical systems are complex and highly nonlinear. Therefore, numerical simulations have demonstrated to be a useful tool to study those problems. However, the inclusion of magnetic fields in numerical implementations is not easy to achieve. Mainly because of the difficulties to keep the ∇ · B constraint low, and to have a stable implementation in different circumstances.
We study and developed a cosmological MHD code in SPH. We study different possible schemes to regularize the magnetic field, and avoid instabilities. Those schemes included
the use of Euler potentials to build the magnetic field, as well as cleaning schemes for the numerical ∇ · B errors.
We studied the magnetic field evolution in the context of cosmological structure formation of galaxy clusters. We compare different numerical schemes leading us to
the conclusion that the ∇ · B terms do not drive the evolution and growth of the magnetic field in galaxy clusters. We made synthetic rotation measure maps and study
the reversals of the magnetic field in comparison with observations. The comparison between observations and high resolution simulations, suggests that the physics may be
described by a multi scale turbulence model. This means that the turbulent dynamo driven by the cosmological cluster formation process works effectively, reproducing basic
properties from observations, even to details shown in structure functions and converging to the observation when we increase the resolution. We clearly demonstrates that using advanced schemes together with very high resolution allow to probe the properties of the ICM.
Additionally, we investigate the magnetic fields and their relation with the cosmic structure in which they are embedded. In general, the observed rotation measure signal
is strongly dominated by denser regions (e.g. those populated by galaxy clusters and groups), and in unclear how is their transition to low density regions, because there is
difficult to acquire direct magnetic field information of those regions.
Therefore statistical tools, such as correlation functions have to be used. To do so, we use cosmological simulations and try to mimic all the possible observation biases to
constrain actual measurements. We find that the shape of the cross-correlation function using a normalized estimator (in absence of any noise or foreground signal) nicely reflects
the underlying distribution of magnetic field within the large scale structure.
However, current measurement errors suppress the signal in such a way that it is impossible to relate the amplitude of the cross-correlation function to the underlying
magnetization of the large scale structure


Recent developments in chemotherapy have improved the survival rates as well as the quality of life of patients with glioma. Combination chemotherapy regimens along with the use of two or more anticancer agents or with the use of various drug delivery systems have become a major component of various treatment strategies that are used to manage tumours. The
current project underlines the fact that chemotherapeutic agents with different mechanisms of action and mechanisms of resistance can have a greater effect on the tumour cells when used in combination than when used alone. In the current study, human glioma cell lines 132 1N1 and U87-M0 were exposed to different concentrations of anticancer agents, Temozolomide, Cisplatin, and Paclitaxel alone and in combination for a period of 72 hours. Two combination studies involving the combination of Temozolomide and Cisplatin and the combination of Temozolomide and Paclitaxel revealed that Temozolomide when used in combination was significantly more effective than when used alone in vitro. Another study was carried out to test the effect of conjugation of novel generation 3 (03) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer to chemotherapeutic agent, Paclitaxel. The cytotoxicity results showed that paclitaxel, when conjugated to the 03 PAMAM dendrimer, was significantly more toxic then when used alone. P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is the major hurdle in the cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel and so a cytotoxicity study was also carried out using P-gp inhibitor, Verapamil Hydrochloride. The study revealed that the cytotoxic effect of Paclitaxel increased in the presence of Verapamil Hydrochloride. In conclusion, the hypothesis that combinations of chemotherapeutic drug are more effective than single agent chemotherapy is in agreement with the results obtained from human glioma cell lines used in the study. This work shows that Temozolomide in combination with other anticancer agents like Cisplatin and Paclitaxel is more effective than used alone. The study also underlines that the 03 PAMAM dendrimer based drug delivery system increases the cytotoxic effect of Paclitaxel on the human glioma cell lines 1321N1 and U87-MG. These experiments also emphasize that use of P-gp inhibitors like Verapamil Hydrochloride can
enhance the cytotoxic effect of Paclitaxel in vitro.


Research on journalists working in contexts of risk has examined either war correspondents on temporary assignments or the psychological effects of covering traumatic events, usually after the events have ended. Although these studies are important, they fail to account for the growing importance of ongoing violence in insecure democracies and its possible consequences for national journalistic practice. We address these issues by examining journalists' risk-reduction practices in Mexico, including self-censorship, following company censorship policies, curtailing street reporting, and concealing sensitive information. Using logistic regressions, we tested occupational, organizational, normative, and contextual conditions as predictors of engagement in these practices. Findings reveal the pervasiveness of risk-reduction practices in Mexico and the complexity of conditions prompting their use, including conditions related to antipress violence, dangerous newsbeats, and the economic insecurity of media firms but also voicing greater support for assertive professional norms. The research sets a baseline for future comparative research that includes greater attention to subnational conditions, dangerous newsbeats, and how violence and uneven state capacity may undermine the economic conditions of media firms.


This study examines the role of condom use knowledge and attitudes, and parent-teen communication about sex and relationship quality on reports of condom use self-efficacy among rural, African American youth. Participants were 465 North Carolinian youth (10-14 years). Results indicated that greater condom use self-efficacy was predicted by greater knowledge of condom use (β = .206; p < .001), more favorable attitudes toward condom use (β = −.20; p < .0001) and parent-teen communication about sex (β = .13; p < .05), and actual parent-teen communication about sex and dating (β = .14; p < .05). There was low agreement between parents and youth on measures related to parent-teen communication about sex. Findings call for interventions targeting improvement of condom use knowledge among early adolescents, as well as parent-teen communication about sex. In addition, given the low parent-teen agreement regarding sexual communication, parent-teen sexual communication is an important point of intervention.


The 'Danhua' pear (abbreviation DH) was a novel bud sport variety with single flower, which was found on branch of over 20 years old tree from 'Daxiangshui' pear (abbreviation DXS) (Pyrus ussriensis) in 1999. It was released in 2015. In this research, flower bud characteristics and flower bud differentiation process on 'DH' pear and 'DXS' pear were studied by field investigation and microscopic observation. The result shows the 'DH' pear has two types of flower bud, 56% "incomplete-mixed flower bud" and 44% "pure flower bud", which is entirely different with 'DXS' pear and other pear varieties. The single flower of inflorescence of 'DH' pear occurs at the process of flower bud morphological differentiation. That means the 'DH' pear forms only one flower primordium in each inflorescence, which is completely different with the maternal 'DXS' pear.


Title of Dissertation: THE IMPACT OF MOTOR LEARNING ON MOTOR BEHAVIOR AND CORTICAL DYNAMICS IN A COMPLEX STRESSFUL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT Mark Ian Saffer, Doctor of Philosophy 2016 Dissertation directed by: Professor and Chair Bradley D. Hatfield Department of Kinesiology An economy of effort is a core characteristic of highly skilled motor performance often described as being effortless or automatic. Electroencephalographic (EEG) evaluation of cortical activity in elite performers has consistently revealed a reduction in extraneous associative cortical activity and an enhancement of taskrelevant cortical processes. However, this has only been demonstrated under what are essentially practice-like conditions. Recently it has been shown that cerebral cortical activity becomes less efficient when performance occurs in a stressful, complex social environment. This dissertation examines the impact of motor skill training or practice on the EEG cortical dynamics that underlie performance in a stressful, complex social environment. Sixteen ROTC cadets participated in head-to-head pistol shooting competitions before and after completing nine sessions of skill training over three weeks. Spectral power increased in the theta frequency band and decreased in the low alpha frequency band after skill training. EEG Coherence increased in the left frontal region and decreased in the left temporal region after the practice intervention. These suggest a refinement of cerebral cortical dynamics with a reduction of task extraneous processing in the left frontal region and an enhancement of task related processing in the left temporal region consistent with the skill level reached by participants. Partitioning performance into 'best' and 'worst' based on shot score revealed that deliberate practice appears to optimize cerebral cortical activity of 'best' performances which are accompanied by a reduction in taskspecific processes reflected by increased high-alpha power, while 'worst' performances are characterized by an inappropriate reduction in task-specific processing resulting in a loss of focus reflected by higher high-alpha power after training when compared to 'best' performances. Together, these studies demonstrate the power of experience afforded by practice, as a controllable factor, to promote resilience of cerebral cortical efficiency in complex environments. THE IMPACT OF MOTOR LEARNING ON MOTOR BEHAVIOR AND CORTICAL DYNAMICS IN A COMPLEX STRESSFUL SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT


The World Wide Web is a continuously evolving network of contents (e.g. Web pages, images, sound files, etc.) and an interconnecting link structure. Hence, an archivist may never be sure if the contents collected so far are still consistent with those contents she needs to retrieve next. Therefore, questions arise about detecting, measuring them and – finally – understanding coherence defects. To this end, visualization strategies are being presented that might be applied on different level of granularities: working with (in the ideal case) properly set last-modified timestamps, based on metadata extracted from the crawler in accelerated crawl-revisit pairs, or from the Internet Archive's WARC files. In order to help the archivist in understanding the nature of these defects, this paper investigates means for visualizing change behavior and archive coherence.


Mobility is considered a key technology of the next generation Internet and has been standardized within the IETF. Rapidly emerging multimedia group applications such as IPTV, MMORPGs and video conferencing increase the demand for mobile group communication, but a standard design of mobile multicast is still awaited. The open problem poses significant operational and security challenges to the Internet infrastructure. This paper introduces a protocol framework for authenticating multicast sources and securing their mobility handovers. Its contribution is twofold: At first, the current mobile multicast problem and solution spaces are summarized from the security perspective. At second, a solution to the mobile source authentication problem is presented that complies to IPv6 mobility signaling standards. Using an autonomously verifiable one-way authentication based on cryptographically generated addresses, a common design is derived to jointly comply with the mobile any source and source specific multicast protocols that are currently proposed. This lightweight scheme smoothly extends the unicast enhanced route optimization for mobile IPv6 and adds only little overhead to multicast packets and protocol operations.


This unique and celebrated biography describes how a largely self-educated boy from a small village in Scotland entered the world of scholarship and became the first editor of the Oxford English Dictionary and a great lexicographer. It also provides an absorbing account of how the dictionary was written, the personalities of the people working on it, and the endless difficulties that nearly led to the whole enterprise being abandoned. "It is a magnificent story of a magnificent man, one of the finest biographies of the twentieth century, as its subject was one of the finest human beings of the nineteenth."-Anthony Burgess "A moving and dramatic story ...sometimes tragic, often comic, ultimately triumphant."-Times (London) "A biography that possesses many of the virtues of James Murray himself-grace, humor, intelligence, curiosity, and scholarship."-Time "In her vivid biography, Murray's granddaughter brings his remarkable personality to life, and provides an unexpectedly fascinating account of the OED's long and difficult birth."-Times Literary Supplement "A gripping, engaging story; endearing, too. The daily round of a big Victorian family, with its jokes, games, and treasured seaside holidays, is entrancingly evoked."-Sunday Times (London)