In this article, we present the investigations on modification of structural, morphological, and optical properties of spray coated Cu doped ZnO (CZO) thin films by electron beam. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction reveal polycrystalline nature of the CZO films and indexed to hexagonal wurtzite structure. Notable reduction in FWHM values upon e-beam treatment is attributed to the irradiation induced reorientation of grains. The Gaussian deconvolution at ambient temperature photoluminescence (RTPL) spectra demonstrates broad visible bands for all the spectra which is caused by presence of various structural and native defects like oxygen, zinc, zinc interstitials and antisite oxygen defects. The increase of the electron beam dosage from 0 kGy to 20 kGy results in the decrement of the PL intensity endorsing the fact that e-beam irradiation can act as a luminescent activators which can effectively regulates the luminescence behavior of CZO thin films. The Raman spectra of CZO show a successive reduction in the intensity of Raman peaks especially for the dominant peak around ∼439 cm−1 upon e-beam treatment. Increase in localized defect states results in decreasing energy band gap magnitudes for the nanostructures. The third order nonlinear optical properties of the films have been studied using Z-scan and laser stimulated third harmonic generation technique (LITHG). Enhancement of third harmonic frequency conversion efficiency of CZO nanostructures is caused by electron beam induced photoexcitation and relaxation processes. The transition properties of saturable absorption (SA) and reverse saturable absorption (RSA) mechanism upon e-beam irradiation for the CZO films can be used for production of optical limiters, all-optical logic gates, optical triggers, mode storage and fast optical switchers etc.


The development of a city gradually fosters different functional regions, such as educational areas and business districts. In this paper, we propose a framework (titled DRoF) that Discovers Regions of different Functions in a city using both human mobility among regions and points of interests (POIs) located in a region. Specifically, we segment a city into disjointed regions according to major roads, such as highways and urban express ways. We infer the functions of each region using a topic-based inference model, which regards a region as a document, a function as a topic, categories of POIs (e.g., restaurants and shopping malls) as metadata (like authors, affiliations, and key words), and human mobility patterns (when people reach/leave a region and where people come from and leave for) as words. As a result, a region is represented by a distribution of functions, and a function is featured by a distribution of mobility patterns. We further identify the intensity of each function in different locations. The results generated by our framework can benefit a variety of applications, including urban planning, location choosing for a business, and social recommendations. We evaluated our method using large-scale and real-world datasets, consisting of two POI datasets of Beijing (in 2010 and 2011) and two 3-month GPS trajectory datasets (representing human mobility) generated by over 12,000 taxicabs in Beijing in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The results justify the advantages of our approach over baseline methods solely using POIs or human mobility.


Despite the wealth of interest in South Mexico's Ejercito Zapatista Liberacion Nacional (EZLN), few studies have attempted to deconstruct the discourse of the Zapatistas according to its component parts. Most scholars have so far addressed the Zapatistas from the standpoint of political theory, international relations or anthropology, and in so doing have tended to engage primarily with broader polemical agendas. Furthermore, in their determination to typologise the Zapatistas as 'this' or 'that' sort of movement, scholars have overlooked the nuances and shades of meaning that exist within the Zapatista discourse, as well as the evolution of those meanings over time. As a result, the content and ongoing construction of the Zapatistas' message has been eclipsed by a more encompassing, contested, and ultimately chimeric quest to reify the movement's 'essence' or 'truth'. This thesis represents an empirical analysis of the EZLN's collective discourse that focuses on the content and constructed nature of their collective action frames. Combining three strands of social movement frame analysis, it avers to draw-out the everchanging detail of the EZLN's discursive output and so add value to the debates that surround the Zapatistas. It also makes several theoretical contributions to social movement frame analysis.


Purpose- This study set to present a general overview of the International Journal of Nursing Studies (IJNS) from 1963 to 2018 using bibliometric indicators to assess its performance. Design/methodology/approach- This study is a bibliometric analysis. The articles of the IJNS were analyzed. Scopus database was used for collecting articles. Excel software was used to analyze the process of publishing journal articles, identify top countries, institutes, and authors and extract highly cited articles in the journal. The visualization of the keywords in the articles published in the journal was done using the VOSviewer software. Findings- The results of the bibliometric analysis showed that the United Kingdom with 966 papers, King's College London with 130 papers and Bergman R with 25 papers were the most productive and influential countries, universities, and authors contributing to the IJNS. The paper of Keeney S. (2001), entitled "A critical review of the Delphi technique as a research methodology for nursing", was the most highly cited article in the IJNS from the beginning of 1963 to the end of 2018. The clustering of published keywords suggests that psychometric and nursing care issues are emerging journal clusters added to the journal in the last two decades. Conclusion- The evolution process of the IJNS is positive and growing. This Journal has attracted much attention from researchers and authors around the world as a pioneer and leading journalist in the field of nursing. Originality/value- This is the first comprehensive study offering a bibliometric overview of the leading trends of the IJNS over its history. © 2019, Library Philosophy and Practice.


Background: Large-scale international collaboration is essential to decipher relevant information in the context of omics-scale interrogations in cancer research. This is even more important for rare and fatal diseases like pancreas cancer (PC). Methods: The COST Action BM1204 is a unique platform to facilitate the collaboration of a broad range of European and international PC multidisciplinary research groups in order to: (1) integrate knowledge and experience in a multidisciplinary way 'from cell to society', (2) promote the application of uniform study tools and protocols, (3) foster their optimal use by early-stage researchers, (4) enhance the mobility and training of researchers, and (5) disseminate the results produced to the broader society. Results: This Action will develop novel interdisciplinary tools for collaborative research to improve our understanding of PC and its prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It also aims to answer questions related to the etiology, early detection, evidence-based and personalized treatment, and health management for PC. Furthermore, the Action will contribute to new insights into PC personalized medicine and beyond as well as to the understanding of complex and rare diseases taking PC as a best practice example. The Action aims at attracting young scholars across a range of disciplines in collaboration with more experienced researchers and enhancing active European participation in the international scenario of PC research. Conclusion: The ultimate aim is to foster PC research in Europe and to coordinate this effort with other international initiatives to reduce disease mortality.


abstract:This research focuses on one of the most famous paintings made at the court of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911)—Qingming shanghe (Up the River during Qingming). Commissioned by the Yongzheng emperor (r. 1723–1735) and completed in the second year of the Qianlong emperor's reign (1736–1795), the painting is a rare example of Qing court art that reveals how Qianlong furthered his father's artistic vision while formulating his own in the first fifteen years of his long tenure as ruler. This vision involved how to reinterpret and reinvent the Chinese painting tradition through time-honored themes. The article is divided into four sections. In the first, it brings attention to the salient and crucial but long neglected stylistic features of the painting— those that emphasize theatricality and spectatorship. These interconnected features link and characterize the paintings commissioned by Yongzheng. The second section shifts to discuss the emerging cultural agenda of Yongzheng as seen through the manner in which court art references the Chinese painting tradition. The most remarkable act regards the reinterpretation of old painting themes that include Qingming shanghe and Baijun tu (One Hundred Horses). The third section analyzes how the paratextual elements of Qingming shanghe, especially Qianlong's poem and inscription, inform us of the emperor's views about the production mechanism of court painting and the political meaning of this work. The last section, based on Qianlong's understanding of the painting, highlights the emperor's cultural agenda associated with the idea of yuanben, which pointed to new versions of old themes made by his painting academy.


In Online Social Networks (OSNs), participants can conduct rich activities, where trust is one of the most important factors for their decision making. This necessitates the evaluation of the trustworthiness between two unknown participants along the social trust paths between them based on the trust transitivity properties (i.e., if A trusts B and B trusts C, then A can trust C to some extent). In order to compute more reasonable trust value between two unknown participants, a critical and challenging problem is to make clear how and to what extent trust is transitive along a social trust path. To address this problem, we first propose a new complex social network structure that takes, besides trust, social relationships, recommendation roles and preference similarity between participants into account. These factors have significant influence on trust transitivity. We then propose a general concept, called Quality of Trust Transitivity (QoTT), that takes any factor with impact on trust transitivity as an attribute to illustrate the ability of a trust path to guarantee a certain level of quality in trust transitivity. Finally, we propose a novel Multiple QoTT Constrained Trust Transitivity (MQCTT) model. The results of our experiments demonstrate that our proposed MQCTT model follows the properties of trust and the principles illustrated in social psychology, and thus can compute more resonable trust values than existing methods that consider neither the impact of social aspects nor the properties of trust.


TO THE EDITOR: In a recent perspective in the Journal, Theile and colleagues called for national leadership in the creation of academic health science centres (AHSCs) through partnerships and collaborations that better link Australian universities, research institutes and health services.1 The mission of one of the most influential AHSCs in the world, the Mayo Clinic, is to "provide the best care to every patient every day through integrated clinical practice, education and research".2


As buildings rise higher, designers face two major issues. Firstly, how to design efficient structures to resist the lateral loads that impact so greatly on tall buildings. Secondly, how to effectively integrate building systems, which often consume large amounts of space in taller buildings and potentially detract from the building aesthetics. Double‐layer space structures have the potential to address these issues due to several beneficial design characteristics. As three‐dimensional structures, double‐layer space structures are rigid and structurally efficient. They can also integrate with other building systems by using the inherent structural cavities to accommodate services components and contribute a particular architectural aesthetic if their regular pattern is exposed.  Double‐layer space structures have been used in long‐span structure buildings, but have yet to be applied as vertical structures for super‐tall buildings. Only two projects, proposed by Kahn and Tying, and Swenson, have applied double‐layer space structures as vertical structures in high‐rise buildings. However, they have not yet been executed and no literature has discussed the feasibility of the application of this structural system to supertall buildings. This situation leads to the research question; "Are double‐layer space structures suitable for super‐tall buildings?" To answer this question, a long‐term study with multidisciplinary knowledge, involving surveys of public opinion, and possibly real pilot projects would be required. This research focuses only on structural efficiency and systems integration as the initial step of the study of vertical double‐layer space structures in super‐tall buildings. The main objective of this research is to analyse the efficiency of this structural system, especially compared to other current tall structural systems. The second objective is to investigate to what extent these structures can integrate with other building systems as well as a discussion on advantages and disadvantages of the integration. The significance of this research is to provide initial scientific information for designers about the possibility of using double‐layer space structures as a structural system of super‐tall building.  A research methodology including both quantitative and qualitative approaches is employed to measure the structural efficiency of vertical double‐layer space structures and to assess their potential to integrate with other building systems. This research covers structural aspects, building services systems including fire safety and approaches to energy efficiency, architectural integration, and construction.  A quantitative approach by structural design and analysis, and comparison of double‐layer space structures with other structural systems is used to analyse structural efficiency. Case studies using the structural models of two 100‐storey double‐layer space structure buildings with different values of slenderness are designed and analysed using the computer software, ETABS. Other currently used structural systems, a bundled‐tube, a braced‐tube and a diagrid, are also designed using the same configuration and their structural analysis findings are compared to those of double‐layer space structures. Services systems, including HVAC, stairs and elevators, are also designed and integrated with the structure. The systems integration aspect of this research in double‐layer space structure buildings is analysed using a qualitative approach in three main steps. The first step is a review of relevant literature covering systems integration and current technologies in tall buildings. Based on this review, systems integration in double‐layer space structure buildings in general and the 100‐storey case study buildings in particular are explored using computer models. As the final step, the advantages and disadvantages of the systems integration in the designed case studies are discussed.  These case studies are designed in order to represent current super‐tall buildings and recent technologies in high‐rise buildings. The structural models of 100‐storey buildings are relevant for buildings in the approximate range of 75 to 125 storeys or 300 to 500 metres high; the majority of current super‐tall buildings have been built in that range of heights. Recent technologies that are commonly used in super‐tall buildings, for example Centralised Air Handling and Localised Air Handling for HVAC system, double‐decking and sky lobbies for elevator system, and various façade systems, are adopted in these case studies. The aim is The Suitability of Double‐layer Space Structures for Super‐tall Buildings to investigate if double‐layer space structures can accommodate building components of current technologies.  The results of this research show that double‐layer space structures are efficient where applied in super‐tall buildings when compared to other existing structural systems. Doublelayer space structures can also integrate with services components. The case study design shows how larger usable floor areas than those in typical tall buildings can be provided by positioning the majority of services and structural components within the space structure on the perimeter of the building. In terms of fire safety, positioning fire safety and egress systems in two different locations far apart, as proposed in this research, increases their reliability. Double‐layer space structures are highly redundant structures that enable loads to be transferred through other structural members if several structural members collapse. This advantage minimises the possibility of progressive collapse. The ability of double‐layer space structures to visually and physically integrate with architectural components and aspects like façade, interior space and building geometry in various ways is also explored. In terms of construction, simple connections and construction methods can be applied to double‐layer space structures leading to competitive construction costs.  The research concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of double‐layer space structures for super‐tall buildings and concludes that double‐layer space structures are indeed suitable for this application within the scope of this research. However, the study also recommends future research to address issues that are not covered in this research.


When poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is to be used as a piezoelectric material, the processing must include the formation of polar beta-phase crystallites, as well as the application of electrically conducting charge collectors, that is, electrodes. In this article, results from the melt spinning of PVDF yarns and a novel bicomponent PVDF-yarn with a conductive carbon black/polypropylene (CB/PP) core are presented. Melt spinning has been done under conditions typical for industrial large-scale fiber production. The effects on the resulting crystalline structure of varying the spinning velocity, draw rate, and draw temperature are discussed. The results show that, for maximum alpha-to-beta phase transformation, cold drawing should take place at a temperature between 70 and 90 degrees C, and both the draw ratio and the draw rate should be as high as possible. It was observed that the cold drawing necessary to form beta-phase crystallinity simultaneously leads to a decrease in the core conductivity of the bicomponent yarns. In this work, the melt spinning of bicomponent fibers with high-beta-phase PVDF in the sheath and a CB/PP core was successfully accomplished. The core material remained electrically conductive, paving the way for the use of a CB-polymer compound as inner electrode in the melt spinning of piezoelectric bicomponent fibers.


(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.) The statement in 2 Kgs 2:2 that Elijah and Elisha "went down" (...) from Gilgal to Bethel has long puzzled interpreters. Some have assumed the passage must refer to a Gilgal in the central hills.1 Others, recognizing the larger passage's connections with the crossing of the Jordan in Joshua 3-5, accordingly understand this to be the Gilgal in the Jordan Valley and are left simply to ignore the directional difficulty.2 While it might be tempting to write off the directional oddity as being the result of an editorial or traditional "rough seam," the passage's extensive interest in geography as signaled by its attention to a number of specific locations-Gilgal (2 Kgs 2:1), Bethel (vv. 2-3, 23), Jericho (vv. 4-5, 15, 18), the Jordan River (vv. 6- 8, 13), Carmel (v. 25), and Samaria (v. 25)-suggests anything but a random loose end. The enumeration of these points on Elijah and Elisha's itinerary indicates, at the very least, a decisive concern for geography in this passage. Not only do the place-names mentioned in this text correspond to known historical geography, but they also all play significant roles elsewhere in the passage's larger literary context of Deuteronomy-2 Kings.3 The theological geography of these books-known collectively in scholarship as the Deuteronomistic History (henceforth, DH)-reserves a special place of scorn for Bethel, which stands in opposition to Jerusalem's unique status upon its founding as the one "place where Yahweh will cause his name to dwell" (Deut 12:5-7, 11-14; 1 Kgs 8:1-66; 12:26-33; 13:1-3; 2 Kgs 17:21-22; 23:15-20). 4 The reference to Bethel in 2 Kings 2 thus invites consideration of any allusive dimensions of this text and the possibility that here as elsewhere in the DH geographic and theological interests are joined. These relevant literary and theological factors call for a reexamination of this apparent dilemma of historical and biblical geography. In view of the strong aversion to Bethel in the larger context of this passage in the DH, one might consider whether the reference to "going down" to Bethel might be understood not as topographically correct but as theological and polemical in nature. As the following discussion will show, a complexity of narrative features in 2 Kings 2 works primarily to validate Elisha as Elijah's successor but also serves the DH's anti-Bethel polemic. Accordingly, the reference to "going down to Bethel" in 2 Kgs 2:2 is theological in nature. The recognition of the literary pattern operative in 2 Kings 2 not only clarifies this ostensible topographical oddity but also resolves other difficulties of interpretation in this passage, such as Elisha's cursing of the "little boys" (vv. 23-24). I. The Failed Search: Lexical and Geographic Solutions The need for a Gilgal of higher elevation would be obviated by either of two proposed lexical solutions by G. R. Driver, each based on supposed alternative meanings for ... ("go up") and ... ("go down"). The first was that these verbs sometimes occur in Biblical Hebrew with the opposite of their expected meanings, a view that is not actually borne out by the passages Driver invokes.5 Alternatively, Driver suggested that the two verbs had the specialized meaning "to go north" and "to go south," respectively.6 The problem with this suggestion is that the use of these verbs in describing travel between Egypt and Palestine or places in between is based on the topography and elevation in question and thus involves the basic and expected meanings of the verbs.7 Thus, the search for a Gilgal from which one might "go down" to Bethel has led scholars to look to the central hills (see n. 1 above). The most promising candidate from historical geography would be Jiljulieh, some twelve kilometers north of Bethel, a suggestion made early on by Otto Thenius and George Adam Smith and invoked by many others since.8 Unfortunately, this site still lies at an appreciably lower elevation than Bethel (Beitin),9 leaving the textual difficulty unresolved. …


An evaluation of the most commonly used seismic design procedures for unanchored tanks is presented. It is noted that current standards are inconsistent in predicting the behavior of unanchored tanks. In general, the estimation of liquid-exerted overturning moments lacks explicit consideration of the support effects, and may not even include shell flexibility and site conditions. The capacity of the bottom plate to resist uplifting forces is generally underestimated because membrane forces are neglected. However, current design procedures are in most cases conservative partly because the allowable stress is significantly reduced by a large knock-down factor. The use of more elaborate analyses, which are increasingly becoming available, is recommended to complement current design standards.


Aqueous humor, with its unique low concentration of proteins, is produced by the ciliary body and isolated by the blood-aqueous barrier from the body fluid. Glucose in aqueous humor is a major source of nutrients for lens and corneal cells, and is maintained near the plasma level, suggesting a specific glucose transport mechanism in the blood-aqueous barrier. Using antibodies against erythrocyte/HepG2-type glucose transporter (GLUT1), one isoform of the facilitated diffusion glucose transporters, the authors found immunocytochemically that GLUT1 localizes in the epithelial cells of ciliary body and iris. GLUT1 is also found in the endothelial cells of blood vessels in the iris, whereas no labeling is seen in the blood vessels in the ciliary body. In the ciliary body epithelium, the plasma membranes of both the pigmented epithelial (PE) and nonpigmented epithelial (NPE) cells are positive for GLUT1. By the colloidal gold particle counting, the basal infoldings of PE cells show approximately two-fold denser labeling than those of NPE cells. Since PE and NPE cells make up a functional syncytium with numerous gap junctions, the authors suggest that glucose transport in the ciliary body occurs in this manner: glucose diffuses out from blood vessels through the pores of fenestrated endothelial cells, is transported into PE cells by GLUT1 in their plasma membrane, enters NPE cells through gap junctions connecting PE and NPE cells, and is finally transported into the aqueous humor by GLUT1 of NPE cells. The higher density of GLUT1 in PE cells may account for the consumption of glucose by PE and NPE cells in addition to the transepithelial transport.


Policy search is a successful approach to reinforcement learning. However, policy improvements often result in the loss of information. Hence, it has been marred by premature convergence and implausible solutions. As first suggested in the context of covariant policy gradients, many of these problems may be addressed by constraining the information loss. In this paper, we continue this path of reasoning and suggest the Relative Entropy Policy Search (REPS) method. The resulting method differs significantly from previous policy gradient approaches and yields an exact update step. It can be shown to work well on typical reinforcement learning benchmark problems.


Summary: The aim of this study was to introduce various applications of miniplate augmented tension-band wiring (TBW) for comminuted patella fractures and to evaluate the clinical outcomes. Comminuted articular patella fractures were managed with anterior cortical miniplate fixation with a TBW technique from January 2014 to January 2016. The primary end point was radiographic union. Secondary end points were complications related to the procedure. Functional outcomes including range of motion were also evaluated. Thirty patients were followed up for a mean of 20 months (range, 12–28) postoperatively. The primary union rate was 96% (29 of 30 patients). Mean time to union was 3.2 months. One patient required additional surgery because of acute postoperative infection. Twenty-five patients recovered a full range of motion relative to the contralateral limb. The mean Bostman score at the last follow-up was 28.6 points (range, 26–30). In conclusion, miniplate augmented TBW is a versatile and useful technique for comminuted patella fracture fixation.


Sperm motility, a feature essential for in vivo fertilization, is influenced by intracellular pH (pHi) homeostasis. Several mechanisms are involved in pHi regulation, among which sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHEs), a family of integral transmembrane proteins that catalyze the exchange of Na+ for H+ across lipid bilayers. A preliminary characterization of NHE activity and kinetic parameters, followed by analysis of the expression and localization of the protein in ram spermatozoa was performed. NHE activity showed an apparent Km for external Na+ of 17.61 mM. Immunoblotting revealed a molecular mass of 85 kDa. Immunolocalization pattern showed some species-specific aspects, such as positive labeling at the equatorial region of the sperm head. Cariporide, a selective NHE1 inhibitor, significantly reduced pHi recovery (85%). Similarly, exposure to cariporide significantly inhibited different motility parameters, including those related to sperm capacitation. In vitro fertilization (IVF) was not affected by cariporide, possibly due to the non-dramatic, although significant, drop in motility and velocity parameters or due to prolonged exposure during IVF, which may have caused progressive loss of its inhibitory effect. In conclusion, this is the first study documenting, in a large animal model (sheep) of well-known translational relevance, a direct functional role of NHE on sperm pHi and motility. The postulated specificity of cariporide toward isoform 1 of the Na+/H+ exchanger seems to suggest that NHE1 may contribute to the observed effects on sperm cell functionality.


During the past decade, numerous international investigations of past global change have focused on particular time intervals, or "Time Streams," suggested by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) Project of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Time Stream 1 encompasses the last 2000 years, and Time Stream 2 encompasses at least the last 250,000 years. Geographically many of these studies have been grouped into north-south transects of continental global change records known as the Pole-Equator-Pole (PEP) transects [Bradley et al., 1995]. These continental transects have been complemented by the study of marine records included in the International Marine Global Change Study (IMAGES) transects and high-latitude ice core records such as those from the U.S. Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) and the European Greenland Ice-core Project (GRIP).


This rigorous examination of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason provides a comprehensive analysis of the major metaphysical and epistemological questions of Kant's most famous work. Author James Van Cleve presents clear and detailed discussions of Kant's positions and arguments on these themes, as well as critical assessments of Kant's reasoning and conclusions. Expansive in its scope, Van Cleves study covers the overall structure of Kant's idealism, the existence and nature of synthetic a priori knowledge, the epistemology of geometry, and the ontological status of space, time, and matter. Other topics explored are the role of synthesis and the categories in making experience and objects of experience possible, the concepts of substance and causation, issues surrounding Kant's notion of the thing in itself, the nature of the thinking self, and the arguments of rational theology. A concluding chapter discusses the affinities between Kant's idealism and contemporary antirealism, in particular the work of Putnam and Dummett. Unlike some interpreters, Van Cleve takes Kant's professed idealism seriously, finding it at work in his solutions to many problems. He offers a critique in Kant's own sense-a critical examination leading to both negative and positive verdicts. While finding little to endorse in some parts of Kant's system that have won contemporary favor (for example, the deduction of the categories) Van Cleve defends other aspects of Kant's thought that are commonly impugned (for instance, the existence of synthetic a priori truths and things in themselves). This vital study makes a significant contribution to the literature, while at the same time making Kant's work accessible to serious students.


On June 29, 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers jointly published a final rule, "Definition of 'Waters of the United States' Under the Clean Water Act," to clearly delineate how the Clean Water Act protects streams and wetlands. The new Waters of the United States rule ("WOTUS Rule" or the "Rule") abrogated the previous definition of waters of the United States under Clean Water Act jurisdiction. To the great displeasure of many private landowners, the Rule entered into effect on August 28, 2015. In particular, several critics have argued that the new WOTUS Rule's regulation of "other waters," its definition of "adjacent," and its expanded construction of the term "tributary" violate the Commerce Clause of the U.S. Constitution. Examining select, representative challenges by the National Association of Homebuilders, the Kansas Livestock Association, and the National Cattlemen's Beef Association, this Note argues that those three features of the new WOTUS Rule do not, as alleged, contravene the Commerce Clause. As a matter of Commerce Clause jurisprudence, the new WOTUS Rule is a legal tool to aid the federal government in its fight against the degradation and pollution of our nation's waters.


One of the series of online debates organised by the Economist journal, Professor Moore wrote a series of pieces arguing against the proposition. In one of the most competitive, and controversial, debates in the series Professor Moore eventually defeated the motion taking 51% of the votes.


This is a critical assessment of the intellectual and theoretical underpinnings of Feminism in the Arab world across the different phases in its evolution. The paper notes what has been achieved in respect of some specific issues but takes the view that overall the movement has failed to transform the views, consciousness and situation of most Arab women. Attempts to incorporate and/or redefine women's aspirations and roles in Islamic terms are seen as having taken over from earlier feminist voices. Where these voices do remain they are confined to a narrow intellectual elite and have failed to galvanize or inform women across the socio-economic spectrum. The article concludes that the contemporary feminist movement is repeating the same errors as in the past by adopting intellectual perspectives that do not suit the intellectual, ideological and value foundations of Arab culture. There is a need, therefore, to revise the intellectual foundations of the movement and make a rapprochement between this curre...


Taming CSS Complexity is a collection of 11 CSS-packed chapters that are all about performance- and developer-friendly coding. In order to achieve a well-rounded coding experience, the Smashing Magazine authors have explored the complexity of CSS from different perspectives, balancing rather specific hands-on tips and more general coding best practices. Among other hot topics, this eBook covers how to design layouts with Flexbox, Atomic Design with Sass, and takes a look at the most common CSS issues. Experimental techniques such as the "Clown Car Technique" provide innovative approaches to new challenges, and an insight into the BEM methodology helps to improve the overall quality of front-end code. To simplify your daily coding routine, valuable tricks on how to structure and style your code have also been included in this eBook.


From the vantage point of the president's office, this is an inspiring view of the challenges and responsibilities of a great university. This collection of speeches and essays, published on the occasion of Richard Levin's tenth anniversary as president of Yale University, reflects both the range of his intellectual passions and the depth of his insight into the work of the university. By turns analytical, reflective and exhortatory, Levin explores what it means to be a world-class university, how the university intersects with local and global communities, and why a liberal education matters. He offers personal recollections of schools, teachers and traditions of particular importance in his own life. And, returning to his roots as a professor of economics, he discusses the competitiveness of American industry and the relations between the market economy and American democracy. Throughout these writings Levin aims to illuminate and inspire. Always his affection for the university shines through. Whether greeting incoming freshmen, meditating on September 11, remembering an intellectual hero, saluting graduating seniors, addressing the League of Women Voters, or celebrating Yale's Tercentennial, Levin, by example, seeks to show what a liberal education can achieve.


Land tax was one of the main issues examined by Dr Ken Henry in his review on 'Australia's Future Tax System' and the review recommended its increased importance in raising revenue in Australia. The classical economists such as Smith, Ricardo and Mill recommended the imposition of a tax on land. Henry George also strongly advocated a tax on land instead of a tax on labour or capital. They also contended that such a tax was both efficient and equitable. This paper will examine the current position with land tax in Australia and the views of the early economists advocating the benefits of such a tax. The paper will then examine the recommendations contained in the Henry Tax Review and what would be required to reform this area of taxation law. The paper will also examine the initiative undertaken by the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) government in abolishing stamp duty on conveyances and imposing a land tax on all real property in the ACT. In conclusion the paper will contend that a reformed land tax is of critical importance for future governments and that it may not only raise considerable revenue but also result in reduced income tax rates for individuals and companies.


An algorithm for simultaneous estimation of optical flow and disparity in multi camera sequences is presented and evaluated for different camera setups. The key idea in the algorithm is to interpret sequences of 2 or more cameras as one 4-dimensional data set. An extended brightness change constraint equation (BCCE) is established in this 4D space combining changes due to object motion and different camera positions. It is an extension to the parameter estimation framework presented in [8] which is used for the estimation. A performance evaluation of systematic errors and noise stability for 3 setups with equidistantly spaced cameras is shown for synthetic sequences as well as results on real data.


Objective We explored whether financial incentives have a role in patients′ decisions to accept (purchase) a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device in a healthcare system that requires cost sharing. Design Longitudinal interventional study. Patients The group receiving financial incentive (n = 137, 50.8±10.6 years, apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) 38.7±19.9 events/hr) and the control group (n = 121, 50.9±10.3 years, AHI 39.9±22) underwent attendant titration and a two-week adaptation to CPAP. Patients in the control group had a co-payment of $330–660; the financial incentive group paid a subsidized price of $55. Results CPAP acceptance was 43% greater (p = 0.02) in the financial incentive group. CPAP acceptance among the low socioeconomic strata (n = 113) (adjusting for age, gender, BMI, tobacco smoking) was enhanced by financial incentive (OR, 95% CI) (3.43, 1.09–10.85), age (1.1, 1.03–1.17), AHI (>30 vs. <30) (4.87, 1.56–15.2), and by family/friends who had positive experience with CPAP (4.29, 1.05–17.51). Among average/high-income patients (n = 145) CPAP acceptance was affected by AHI (>30 vs. <30) (3.16, 1.14–8.75), living with a partner (8.82, 1.03–75.8) but not by the financial incentive. At one-year follow-up CPAP adherence was similar in the financial incentive and control groups, 35% and 39%, respectively (p = 0.82). Adherence rate was sensitive to education (+yr) (1.28, 1.06–1.55) and AHI (>30 vs. <30) (5.25, 1.34–18.5). Conclusions Minimizing cost sharing reduces a barrier for CPAP acceptance among low socioeconomic status patients. Thus, financial incentive should be applied as a policy to encourage CPAP treatment, especially among low socioeconomic strata patients.


To measure the impact of past projects on the sustained adoption and development of aquaculture, and to assess the potential for future growth, a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) based on the Research Tool for Natural Resource Management, Monitoring and Evaluation (RESTORE) of 100 farmers (62 with fishponds, 38 without) was undertaken between January and August 2001 in the Noun Division of Western Province, Cameroon. The average household of 14 persons possessed 5.5 ha of land. Educational level is low (less then 35% above primary, 24% illiterate). Most fish producers were small-scale farmers (79%). Of the 360 fish farmers possessing 445 fish ponds (250 m2 average surface area), only 23% were active. Production is primarily based on earthen ponds stocked with mixed-sex tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) grown alone (42%) or in polyculture (54%) with the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Most ponds are poorly managed, containing underfed fish despite the availability of large quantities of agricultural by-products that could be used as pond inputs. Average annual yield is 1,263 kg/ha. Despite a number of aquaculture development projects over 30 years, there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) in household economics and farming systems between fish farming and non-fish farming families. According to active fish farmers, the major constraints to increasing aquaculture production to make it economically interesting are: lack of technical assistance (46%) and lack of good fingerlings (30%). Recent political and economic changes have altered the outlook for aquaculture in Cameroon, and a development strategy based on new rural development policies is discussed.


We discuss the difference between understanding robot ethics as something that is grounded in philosophical ideas about a potential future design, and understanding robot ethics as something that is grounded in empirical data. We argue, that understanding "robots" as a relatively homogenous group of designs for which we can formulate general ethics may lead to a foresight of future robot designs that includes ideas and concerns that are not feasible or realistic. Our aim is to exemplify a complementing perspective, by shedding light on two different robotic designs. We discuss their relation to specific use practices and user experiences, and provide some early ethical reflections and design concerns.


Abstract Persistent cognitive disabilities represent the most troublesome consequences of acquired brain injury. Although these problems are widely recognized, few neuroprosthetic efforts have focused on developing therapeutic strategies aimed at improving general cognitive functions such as sustained attention, intention, working memory or awareness. If possible, effective modulation of these neuropsychologic components might improve recovery of interactive behaviors. The emerging field of neuromodulation holds promise that technologies developed to treat other neurological disorders may be adapted to address the cognitive problems of patients suffering from acquired brain injuries. We here discuss initial efforts at neuromodulation in patients in the persistent vegetative state and aspects of recent studies of the underlying neurobiology of PVS and other severe brain injuries. Innovative strategies for open-loop and closed-loop neuromodulation of impaired cognitive function are outlined. We discuss the possibilities of linking neuromodulation techniques to underlying neuronal mechanisms underpinning cognitive rehabilitation maneuvers. Ethical considerations surrounding the development of these strategies are reviewed. [Neurol Res 2002; 24: 116-124]


A new examination of mass digitization as an emerging sociopolitical and sociotechnical phenomenon that alters the politics of cultural memory.Today, all of us with internet connections can access millions of digitized cultural artifacts from the comfort of our desks. Institutions and individuals add thousands of new cultural works to the digital sphere every day, creating new central nexuses of knowledge. How does this affect us politically and culturally? In this book, Nanna Bonde Thylstrup approaches mass digitization as an emerging sociopolitical and sociotechnical phenomenon, offering a new understanding of a defining concept of our time.Arguing that digitization has become a global cultural political project, Thylstrup draws on case studies of different forms of mass digitization?including Google Books, Europeana, and the shadow libraries Monoskop, lib.ru, and Ubuweb?to suggest a different approach to the study of digital cultural memory archives. She constructs a new theoretical framework for understanding mass digitization that focuses on notions of assemblage, infrastructure, and infrapolitics. Mass digitization does not consist merely of neutral technical processes, Thylstrup argues, but of distinct subpolitical processes that give rise to new kinds of archives and new ways of interacting with the artifacts they contain. With this book, she offers important and timely guidance on how mass digitization alters the politics of cultural memory to impact our relationship with the past and with one another.


Global terrorism in the early 21st century appears to be an inevitable part of organizational life. Even among people not personally injured in an attack, the immediate aftermath can be a period of hardship, stress and sensemaking. This paper develops theory about how people give meaning to their work after terrorism. In contrast to views of everyday work as something that loses significance in times of such tragedy, I outline the conditions under which individuals are also likely to find positive meaning in it. Doing so, I integrate varied findings about workplace responses to terrorism and provide a basis for empirical testing rooted in theories of work meaning, sensemaking and the cultural response to disaster. The paper concludes with implications for research and practice.


1. The responses of Nymphon gracile to changes in hydrostatic pressure are described. (M, the unit of pressure used here, denotes 1 metre sea water.) 2. A sudden increase in pressure tended to inhibit swimming, while a reduction promoted it, a response opposite in sense to that normally associated with depth-regulation. 3. Nymphon showed no adaptive response to cyclical pressure changes similar to those produced by onshore waves. Pressure changes of similar range (1 M) but with a 2 sec. period usually induced swimming in previously sluggish individuals. 4. Pressure cycles of 8 M range and periods ranging from 14 to 160 min. evoked a depth-regulatory type of response in several individuals, but the majority responded in the opposite way. 5. Nymphon responded to cyclical pressure changes of approximately tidal range (8 M) and frequency, by swimming most actively during the late ebb or low water of the artificial cycles. 6. The data of Fage (1932) support the hypothesis that Nymphon swims most often when stimulated by decreasing pressure as the tide ebbs.


Works that address European Union (EU)- Russia cooperation within the overarching project of the common space of freedom, security and justice (FSJ) often look at this 'space' as if it were regarded by both parties as a naturally coherent field, where cooperation had to be developed evenly in all of the sub-fields. Consequently, this misperception often leads to the conclusion that EU-Russia cooperation on issues of justice and home affairs is rather unsuccessful because, on one hand, there is still no visa-free regime and, on the other hand, developments in the sphere of human rights and judicial reforms in Russia are far from being satisfactory. This article argues that in order to better appreciate the results of EU-Russia cooperation in the field of internal security, one should not analyse it in connection with EU attempts to promote human rights and democracy in Russia. Such constructivist - and somewhat idealist - view has prevented many researchers from a more pragmatic assessment that would take into account some real achievements of this cooperation that fit well with the commonly defined interests and goals in the sphere of internal security and migration management in particular. This article shows that both partners have managed to achieve much of what has been planned in the sphere of migration management. Moreover, through this cooperation with Russia, the EU has a chance to promote one of its most internationally visible instruments (readmission agreements) in Central Asia - a region where EU's direct involvement has not been very successful.


110 Background: The optimal method for delivery of care to over 2 million breast cancer survivors in the U.S. remains unclear, with multiple models currently in practice. This study involved a patient-centered investigation of experiences and preferences for breast cancer survivorship care.

METHODS
We conducted a single-institution, cross-sectional, self-administered survey of needs, experiences, and interests following initial breast cancer care at an academic multidisciplinary breast clinic. For 4 weeks, all patients presenting for routine oncology care were provided a survey at appointment check-in. Analysis is descriptive, with chi square testing used to evaluate demographic correlates of response.

RESULTS
612 surveys were distributed, with a response rate of 66.8%. Median age of respondents was 56 (range 26-93); 71% were white, and 18% identified themselves as black. Over 55% had a college degree. Regarding ongoing care, 63% preferred to see a cancer specialist at least annually, and 30% wanted access to a cancer specialist as needed. Less than 15% preferred referral to a local practice, and less than 15% favored follow-up care from a specialized cancer survivorship clinic. Regarding visit content, over 90% felt assessment for disease recurrence was a priority on follow-up. A majority were interested in emotional and psychological support (52%). Nearly 40% of patients felt that assistance with non-cancer related health issues was very important in oncology clinic follow-up, but only 25% wanted a cancer specialist to provide general medical care. 42% reported receiving a summary of their cancer treatment. 37% reported receiving awritten plan or list of recommendations regarding care needed as a cancer survivor. White patients were less likely than non-white patients to receive a treatment summary (p < 0.02) or a care plan (p<0.005). Age and education were not correlated with receipt of these materials.

CONCLUSIONS
Patients' experiences and preferences regarding long-term management of breast cancer are varied. Many patients desire ongoing follow-up with their primary oncology team. Further evaluation of patients' goals, needs, and an evidence-based approach to follow-up care is needed to guide optimal program design.


The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a relevant target for novel biological therapies. MV-m-uPA and MV-h-uPA are fully retargeted, species-specific, oncolytic measles viruses (MV) directed against murine or human urokinase receptor (PLAUR/uPAR), expressed in tumor and stromal cells. The effects of stromal-selective targeting by uPAR-retargeted MVs were investigated. In vitro infection, virus-induced GFP expression, and cytotoxicity by MV-h-uPA and MV-m-uPA were demonstrated in human and murine cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts in a species-specific manner. In a murine fibroblast/human breast cancer 3D coculture model, selective fibroblast targeting by MV-m-uPA inhibited breast cancer cell growth. Systemic administration of murine-specific MV-m-uPA in mice bearing human MDA-MB-231 xenografts was associated with a significant delay in tumor progression and improved survival compared with controls. Experiments comparing tumor (MV-h-uPA) versus stromal (MV-m-uPA) versus combined virus targeting showed that tumor and stromal targeting was associated with improved tumor control over the other groups. Correlative studies confirmed in vivo viral targeting of tumor stroma by MV-m-uPA, increased apoptosis, and virus-induced differential regulation of murine stromal genes associated with inflammatory, angiogenesis, and survival pathways, as well as indirect regulation of human cancer pathways, indicating viral-induced modulation of tumor–stroma interactions. These data demonstrate the feasibility of stromal-selective targeting by an oncolytic MV, virus-induced modulation of tumor–stroma pathways, and subsequent tumor growth delay. These findings further validate the critical role of stromal uPAR in cancer progression and the potential of oncolytic viruses as antistromal agents. Implications: The current report demonstrates for the first time the biological, in vitro, and in vivo antitumor and molecular effects of stromal selective targeting by an oncolytic virus. Mol Cancer Res; 15(10); 1410–20. ©2017 AACR.


The United States Supreme Court has engaged in an unusual pattern of excessive dicta in cases involving the press. Indeed, a close examination of such cases reveals that it is one of the most consistent, defining characteristics of the U.S. Supreme Court's media law jurisprudence in the last half century. The Court's opinions in cases involving the media, while almost uniformly reaching conclusions based on other grounds, regularly include language about the constitutional or democratic character, duty, value, or role of the press — language that could be, but ultimately is not, significant to the constitutional conclusion reached. Although scholars have long debated the ways in which the Court could or should be convinced to adopt a substantive position giving the First Amendment's Press Clause constitutional teeth, this Essay steps back from the substantive debates to discuss the ramifications of a dicta-driven Press Clause dialogue. It investigates the ways in which the Court's loose language in this area has detracted from careful doctrinal development in media law and has created organizational and operational confusion of constitutional consequence. It argues that, separate and apart from the substantive drawbacks that might accompany the Court's failure to commit to a media-protecting Press Clause position, there are other large-scale, structural consequences that accompany the practice of such dicta-heavy constitutional imprecision and that these consequences ought to be seen as disconcerting. It discusses both the overarching jurisprudential and constitutional risks produced when the use of dicta predominates the Court's analysis of any issue and the ways in which these risks are amplified and compounded in the area of press freedoms, where expressive liberties are at stake and the threat of chilling communicative behavior is pronounced.


Aim To report disability and visual outcomes following suspected abusive head trauma (AHT) in children under 2 years. Methods We present a retrospective case series (1995–2017) of children with suspected AHT aged ≤24 months. King's Outcome Score of Childhood Head Injury (KOSCHI) was used to assess disability outcomes at hospital discharge and at follow-up. The study used a retinal haemorrhage score (RHS) to record findings at presentation and a visual outcome score at follow-up. Results We included 44 children (median age 16 weeks). At presentation, 98% had a subdural haemorrhage and 93% had a retinal haemorrhage. At discharge, 61% had moderate-to-severe disability, and 34% a good recovery. A higher RHS was observed in those with more disability (r=−0.54, p=0.0002). At follow-up, 14% had a worse KOSCHI score (p=0.055). 35% children had visual impairment, including 9% with no functional vision. Those with poorer visual function had a higher RHS (r=0.53, p=0.003). 28% attended mainstream school without support; 50% were in foster care or had been adopted, 32% lived with birth mother and 18% with extended family. Conclusion It is known that injuries from suspected AHT result in high levels of morbidity; our cohort showed significant rates of disability and visual impairment. Those with higher disability at discharge and poorer visual function showed more significant retinal changes. The extent of disability was not always apparent at hospital discharge, impacting on provision of prognostic information and targeted follow-up.


According to a national survey conducted in 2005, biltong hunters contribute significantly to conservation and the South African economy. This research indicated that the economic contribution of biltong hunting is just over R3 billion (US$ 500 million) per season. The aim of this article is to establish the determinants of biltong hunters' spending in South Africa. This information could be used to increase spending by biltong hunters on tailor-made packages. The sample population included all members of the SA Hunters and Game Conservation Association. A regression analysis was undertaken to identify the determinants of spending by biltong hunters. The main findings of the research indicated that income, number of game items hunted, number of days spent hunting and distance travelled are the main determinants.


As a result of the remarkable demands on electronic and other portable compact devices, the need to produce various miniaturized parts, particularly those made from metallic sheet is growing. In other words, in order for manufacturing companies to stay in competition, they are required to develop new and innovative fabricating processes to produce micro components with more complex features and a high standard of quality and functionality. Microforming is a micro fabrication process that can be employed efficiently for mass production with the advantages of greatly minimizing material waste and producing highly accurate product geometry. However, since the clearance between the rigid tools, i.e. punch and die, utilized in microforming techniques is relatively very small, there is a high risk of damaging the tools during the forming operations. Therefore, the use of forming tools made of flexible materials in sheet metal forming processes at micro scale has powerful potential advantages. The main advantages include a reduction in the production cost, eliminating the alignment and mismatch difficulties, and also the creation of parts with different geometrical shapes using the same flexible tool. As the workpiece is in contact with a flexible surface, this process can significantly improve the quality of the obtained products. Despite these clear advantages, micro flexible forming techniques are currently only utilized in very limited industrial applications. One reason for this is that the deformation behaviour and failure mode of sheet metals formed at micro scale are not yet well understood. Additionally, the experience-based knowledge of the micro-forming process parameters is not sufficient, particularly when flexible tools are used. Hence, to advance this technology and to improve the production quality of formed micro parts, more investigation of the key process parameters related to the material deformation are needed.
The main contribution of this work is the development of a novel technique for achieving micro deep drawing of stainless steel 304 sheets using a flexible die and where an initial gap (positive or negative) is adopted between the blank holder plate and an adjustment ring utilized in the size-scaled forming systems developed for this purpose. The interesting point here is that this study presents the first attempt of employing flexible material as a forming die tool in the micro deep drawing technology to produce micro metallic cups at different scaling levels. Polyurethane rubber materials are employed in this study for the forming flexible die with various Shore A hardness. Also, the stainless steel 304 sheets utilized for the workpieces have different initial thicknesses. Various parameters that have a significant influence on the sheet formability at micro scale are carefully considered, these include initial gap value, rubber material properties, initial blank thickness, initial blank diameter, friction coefficients at various contact interfaces, diameter and height of the rubber die and process scaling factor. The size effect category of process dimension was also taken into account using similarity theory. Three size-scaled micro deep drawing systems were developed correspondingly to three different scaling factors. In each case, finite element simulations for the intended micro drawing systems are performed with the aim of identifying optimum conditions for the novel forming methodology presented in this thesis. The numerical models are built using the known commercial code Abaqus/Standard. To verify the microforming methodology adopted for the proposal technique as well as to validate the predictions obtained from simulations, an appropriate number of micro deep drawing experiments are conducted. This is achieved using a special experimental set up, designed and manufactured to fulfil the various requirements of the micro-forming process design procedure. The new knowledge provided by this work provides, for the first time, a predictive capability for micro deep drawing using flexible tools that in turn could lead to a commercially viable production scale process.


Dazzling in their bold use of colour and wide range of designs, Art Nouveau tiles are enjoying a resurgence in popularity. These international tile designs encompassed striking decorative elements to be used in residences and public buildings. High fired, these tiles retain their original colour and beauty despite over one hundred years of use. This book, designed for both the beginning collector and the long time lover of tiles, includes full colour examples of over 600 designs. A very useful and beautiful collectors' guide, it provides information about many major tile manufacturers. It is arranged by company and design and contains a guide to market prices, as well as suggestions and tips for tile collectors. Filling a gap in the tile books currently available, this volume provides both the largest collection of single Art Nouveau images published to date, and a concise introduction to the field of tiles. A bibliography contains research sources for more detailed study and information regarding organisations devoted to tile preservation and collection. This is the perfect choice for any lover of ceramic surfaces and those who appreciate and enjoy colour and design. It will undoubtedly be instrumental in not only introducing many to the beauty of Art Nouveau design, but also expanding their interest in collecting this amazing art form.


Recent studies of marine shelf sediment dispersal show that wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flows are widespread phenomena and can transport large volumes of fluid mud rapidly across low-gradient shelves. Flow evolution is controlled by sediment supply, seabed gradient, and spatial distribution of wave energy at the seabed. Using existing flow models, we predict that such flows in mud-dominated sediments will develop a three-part microstratigraphy produced by changing flow conditions, beginning with wave-induced turbulent resuspension, then development of a wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flow, prior to lutocline collapse and suspension settling. Petrographic examination of modern flow deposits collected from the Eel Shelf reveals that resultant beds possess a microstratigraphy consistent with our hypothesis: a silt-rich basal subunit with curved ripple laminae, abruptly overlain by a subunit composed of continuous intercalated silt/clay laminae, and an upper clay-rich drape. Analyses of beds from ancient mud-rich outer-shelf and basinal successions (Cleveland Ironstone, Jurassic, UK, and Mowry Shale, Cretaceous, United States) show that they too contain beds with this three-part organization, suggesting that such flows were active in these ancient settings too. Recognition of these microstructures in these ancient mud-dominated successions demonstrates that sediment in these settings was commonly reworked and transported advectively downslope by high-energy events, contrasting with previous interpretations of these units that deposition was dominated by quiescent suspension settling. Identification of these recognition criteria now allows the products of this newly recognized sediment dispersal mechanism to be identified in other shale-dominated successions.


With the advent of electronic publishing, the scholarly communication landscape at universities has become increasingly diverse. Multiple stakeholders including university presses, libraries, and central IT departments are challenged by the increasing volume and the rapidity of production of these new forms of publication in an environment of economic uncertainties. As a response to these increasing pressures, as well as the recent publication of important reports and papers on the topic, the Center for Studies in Higher Education (CSHE) convened a meeting of experts titled, The University as Publisher. The event was sponsored as part of the A.W. Mellon Foundation-funded Future of Scholarly Communication project at CSHE. Our goal was to explore among stakeholders-faculty, publishers, CIOs, librarians, and researchers-the implications of the academic community, in some structure, taking over many, if not all, aspects of scholarly publishing. Two themes were the focus of the public panels: Institutional Roles in Evaluation, Quality Assessment, and Selection and Structuring and Budgeting Models for Publishing within the University Community. Our discussions included the importance of distinguishing between informal dissemination and formal publishing and the challenges that each presents to the university community. The harsh economic realities of high-quality formal scholarly publication, not least of which are managing peer review and editorial processes, were emphasized. Understanding disciplinary needs was cited as paramount throughout the discussions; the needs and traditions of scholars in the sciences and humanities, as well as among myriad disciplines, will likely demand different dissemination and publishing models and solutions. An additional theme that emerged was acknowledging the diverse forms electronic dissemination takes in the academy and the need to foster a spectrum of alternatives in publication forms, business models, and the peer review process. Budgetary and academic freedom concerns were explored as well. Regarding the expensive infrastructure required for electronic dissemination and publishing, it was agreed that there is enormous duplication among the university press, IT, and the library.


Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are localized expansions of the aorta wall that continue to grow until they reach a critical size and fatally rupture. This growth is driven by the chronic disruption, degradation, and subsequent loss of aortal wall elastic fibers by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) secreted by inflammatory cells recruited to the aorta wall following an injury stimulus, and the inherent inability of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to naturally repair or regenerate elastic fibers. This leads to a net loss of elastic matrix and the continuing weakening of the aortal wall until eventual rupture. Current treatments seek to reinforce the vessel wall with grafts or stents, but do not arrest or reverse AAA growth. Therefore, inhibiting the proteolytic degradation of the elastic matrix while also stimulating elastic matrix neoassembly is needed to stop AAA growth and regenerate the vessel wall. We have previously shown utility of doxycycline (DOX), an MMP inhibitor drug, to stimulate elastic matrix neoassembly and crosslinking at low μg/ml doses in addition to inhibiting MMPs. We currently show in aneurysmal SMC cultures, that effects of exogenous DOX in this dose range are linked to its upregulation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1) via its inhibition of the regulatory protein c-Jun-N-terminal kinase isoform 2 (JNK 2). We have identified a DOX dose range that stimulates elastogenesis and crosslinking without adversely impacting cell viability. Using JNK 2 inhibition as a metric for pro-regenerative matrix effects of DOX, we further demonstrate v that sustained, steady state release of DOX at the useful dose, from poly(ethylene glycol)poly(lactic glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs) provides pro-elastogenic and anti-proteolytic effects that could potentially be more pronounced than that of exogenous DOX. We attribute these outcomes to previously determined synergistic effects provided by cationic amphiphile groups functionalizing the polymer NP surface. Released DOX inhibited expression and phosphorylation of JNK to likely increase expression of TGF-β1, which is known to increase elastogenesis and lysyl oxidase-mediated crosslinking of elastic matrix. Our results suggest that JNK inhibition is a useful metric to assess pro-elastic matrix regenerative effects and point to the combinatorial regenerative benefits provided by DOX and cationic-functionalized NPs.


In this paper, a budget constrained dynamic (multi-period) uncapacitated facility location-network design problem (DUFLNDP) is investigated. The facility location-network design problem deals with the determination of the optimal locations of facilities and the design of the underlying network simultaneously. The objective is to minimize the total travel costs for customers and operating costs for facilities and network links subject to a constraint on the budget for opening and/or closing facilities and constructing links. We propose a mixed- integer non-linear programming model that considers a dynamic planning horizon in facility location-network design problem. An efficient hybrid algorithm based on simulated annealing algorithm and exact methods to solve the proposed model is also presented. Finally, the performance of our proposed algorithm is tested on extensive randomly generated instances and also compared with CPLEX solver


The nominal inflection system of Albanian includes specifications of case, definiteness, number and nominal class (gender). Our analysis recognizes three types of properties as theoretically relevant, namely N(ominal class), Q(quantification), D(efiniteness). Q inflections are responsible for the so-called oblique case - effectively a dyadic operator yielding a 'zonal inclusion' (possession) relation between the element to which it attaches and the internal argument of the verb (dative) or the head of a noun phrase (genitive). Q inflections are further responsible for plurality, while N inflections satisfy argument-of contexts (accusative)and D characterizes EPP contexts(nominative). Syncretisms (e.g. of dative and genitive, nominative and accusative) are not the result of morphological rules requiring Late Insertion of exponents (Distributed Morphology). Rather they are instances of ambiguity, resolved in the syntax (different embeddings) or at the interpretive interface. As such they are compatible with projection of the morphosyntax from lexical entries.
Keywords: Case, nominative, accusative, oblique, syncretism, nominal class, plural, definiteness, possessor, locative.


THE SELF-ATTESTATION OF SCRIPTURE AS THE PROPER GROUND FOR SYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY Matthew Scott Wireman, Ph.D. The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2012 Chair: Dr. Stephen J. Wellum This dissertation examines the Protestant doctrine of Scripture's self-witness of divine authority. Chapter 1 examines the current evangelical milieu. The doctrine has become nearly obsolete in the discussion of systematic theology. Consequentially, wherein lies authority has been greatly misunderstood in Protestant circles. Chapter 2 surveys the doctrine through the history of the church. Particular note is made of Augustine, John Calvin, John Owen, and Herman Bavinck. This chapter evinces the near consensus of the church that the authority for the Church is found preeminently in the Scriptures. Chapter 3 summarizes post-conservative, Stanley J. Grenz and John R. Franke, attempts to ground theology in Scripture plus culture and tradition. This chapter does not offer a critique as much as it aims to represent post-conservatives in their own words. Chapter 4 looks at how the Old Testament viewed itself—particularly through the ministries of Moses and the prophets. YHWH chose representatives who would speak to the covenant community and write down the stipulations and history of YHWH's relationship with Israel for posterity. Chapter 5 looks at the New Testament, which follows the paradigm instituted by the Old Testament. In the person and work of Jesus Christ, God's promises find their fulfillment, which foments his commissioning of the apostles to be his spokesmen. Chapter 6 ties together the threads that cohere in the two testaments of Scripture. It makes explicit the claims of Scripture that God is a se, he communicates with his creation, he uses spokesmen, and his written Word is its own witness for its authority. Chapter 7 defines the doctrine of Scripture's self-witness and applies it to tradition, culture, and the task of apologetics. The chapter explicates the thesis of the dissertation that Scripture's self-witness must be the ground of systematic theology.


Growing evidence for declines in wild bees calls for the development and implementation of effective mitigation measures. Enhancing floral resources is a widely accepted measure for promoting bees in agricultural landscapes, but effectiveness varies considerably between landscapes and regions. We hypothesize that this variation is mainly driven by a combination of the direct effects of measures on local floral resources and the availability of floral resources in the surrounding landscape. To test this, we established wildflower strips in four European countries, using the same seed mixture of forage plants specifically targeted at bees. We used a before-after control-impact approach to analyse the impacts of wildflower strips on bumblebees, solitary bees and Red List species and examined to what extent effects were affected by local and landscape-wide floral resource availability, land-use intensity and landscape complexity. Wildflower strips generally enhanced local bee abundance and richness, including Red-listed species. Effectiveness of the wildflower strips increased with the local contrast in flower richness created by the strips and furthermore depended on the availability of floral resources in the surrounding landscape, with different patterns for solitary bees and bumblebees. Effects on solitary bees appeared to decrease with increasing amount of late-season alternative floralresources in the landscape, whereas effects on bumblebees increased with increasing early-season landscape-wide floral resource availability.Synthesis and applications. Our study shows that the effects of wildflower strips on bees are largely driven by the extent to which local flower richness is increased. The effectiveness of this measure could therefore be enhanced by maximizing the number of bee forage species in seed mixtures, and by management regimes that effectively maintain flower richness in the strips through the years. In addition, for bumblebees specifically, our study highlights the importance of a continuous supply of food resources throughout the season. Measures that enhance early-season landscape-wide floral resource availability, such as the cultivation of oilseed rape, can benefit bumblebees by providing the essential resources for colony establishment and growth in spring. Further research is required to determine whether, and under what conditions, wildflower strips result in actual population-level effects. Our study shows that the effects of wildflower strips on bees are largely driven by the extent to which local flower richness is increased. The effectiveness of this measure could therefore be enhanced by maximizing the number of bee forage species in seed mixtures, and by management regimes that effectively maintain flower richness in the strips through the years. In addition, for bumblebees specifically, our study highlights the importance of a continuous supply of food resources throughout the season. Measures that enhance early-season landscape-wide floral resource availability, such as the cultivation of oilseed rape, can benefit bumblebees by providing the essential resources for colony establishment and growth in spring. Further research is required to determine whether, and under what conditions, wildflower strips result in actual population-level effects. (Less)


This article discusses the fundamental questions concerning the application and conceptual basis of remoteness of damage in the law of contract that are raised by the decision of the House of Lords in The Achilleas [2009] 1 AC 61. It commences with a review of the academic literature that had a significant influence on their Lordships' judgments in that case. While acknowledging the obvious theoretical difference between the two main schools of thought - one treating the remoteness rule as agreement-centred (with the task of the court being to identify an implicit allocation of risk) and the other treating it as a gap-filling device or default rule - the article questions whether the distinction has practical consequences. After a close analysis of each of the judgments in The Achilleas, which reveals, contrary to the view expressed in a recent English High Court case, a majority in favour of an agreement-centred approach, the article discusses, inter alia, the factors that ought to be weighed in determining whether a loss is too remote and the correctness of their Lordships' unanimous decision to overturn the award of damages for lost profits that had been made by the, also unanimous, lower courts.


Background Weaknesses in the provision of mental health crisis support are evident and improvements that include voluntary sector provision are promoted. There is a lack of evidence regarding the contribution of the voluntary sector and how this might be used to the best effect in mental health crisis care. Aim To investigate the contribution of voluntary sector organisations to mental health crisis care in England. Design Multimethod sequential design with a comparative case study. Setting England, with four case studies in North England, East England, the Midlands and London. Method The method included a scoping literature review, a national survey of 1612 voluntary sector organisations, interviews with 27 national stakeholders and detailed mapping of the voluntary sector organisation provision in two regions (the north and south of England) to develop a taxonomy of voluntary sector organisations and to select four case studies. The case studies examined voluntary sector organisation crisis care provision as a system through interviews with local stakeholders (n = 73), eight focus groups with service users and carers and, at an individual level, narrative interviews with service users (n = 47) and carers (n = 12) to understand their crisis experience and service journey. There was extensive patient and public involvement in the study, including service users as co-researchers, to ensure validity. This affected the conduct of the study and the interpretation of the findings. The quality and the impact of the involvement was evaluated and commended. Main findings A mental health crisis is considered a biographical disruption. Voluntary sector organisations can make an important contribution, characterised by a socially oriented and relational approach. Five types of relevant voluntary sector organisations were identified: (1) crisis-specific, (2) general mental health, (3) population-focused, (4) life-event-focused and (5) general social and community voluntary sector organisations. These voluntary sector organisations provide a range of support and have specific expertise. The availability and access to voluntary sector organisations varies and inequalities were evident for rural communities; black, Asian and minority ethnic communities; people who use substances; and people who identified as having a personality disorder. There was little evidence of well-developed crisis systems, with an underdeveloped approach to prevention and a lack of ongoing support. Limitations The survey response was low, reflecting the nature of voluntary sector organisations and demands on their time. This was a descriptive study, so evaluating outcomes from voluntary sector organisation support was beyond the scope of the study. Conclusions The current policy discourse frames a mental health crisis as an urgent event. Viewing a mental health crisis as a biographical disruption would better enable a wide range of contributory factors to be considered and addressed. Voluntary sector organisations have a distinctive and important role to play. The breadth of this contribution needs to be acknowledged and its role as an accessible alternative to inpatient provision prioritised. Future work A whole-system approach to mental health crisis provision is needed. The NHS, local authorities and the voluntary sector should establish how to effectively collaborate to meet the local population's needs and to ensure the sustainability of the voluntary sector. Service users and carers from all communities need to be central to this. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Services and Delivery Research programme and will be published in full in Health Services and Delivery Research; Vol. 8, No. 29. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.


Neural networks are electronic systems which can be trained to remember behavior of a modeled structure in given operational points, and which can be used to approximate behavior of the structure out of the training points. These approximation abilities of neural nets are demonstrated on modeling a frequency-selective surface, a microstrip transmission line and a microstrip dipole. Attention is turned to the accuracy and to the efficiency of neural models. The association of neural models and genetic algorithms, which can provide a global design tool, is discussed.


Software is commonly very large and complex, and consequently hard to develop, understand and maintain. Encapsulation is the practice of breaking a system up into well-defined pieces and hiding internal details within each piece. It supports modularisation and information hiding, making it one of the most fundamental tools software developers have for managing complexity. Object oriented design heuristics have been proposed to help developers achieve better software designs and thus improve overall software quality; many of these design heuristics concern the use of encapsulation or are based on underlying assumptions about encapsulation. However, design advice in this area often conflicts. Little is known about how developers apply encapsulation in practice. In this work, we identify and compare two radically different schools of thought that underpin encapsulation policies and lead to the conflicting encapsulation advice. We conducted a survey to reveal which encapsulation policy is more intuitive, and found that novices' intuition about encapsulation differs from the encapsulation mechanisms supported by languages such as Java and C#. Following the survey, we empirically analysed encapsulation in real-world software to determine which encapsulation policies are followed in practice, uncovering a general culture of confusion and inconsistency around the use of encapsulation. This finding leads us to propose refactoring tools and a visualisation for helping developers improve encapsulation in software.


The 1955 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Commissioner v. Glenshaw Glass Co. defined income as all "undeniable accessions to wealth, clearly realized, and over which the taxpayers have complete dominion." In cases where members of religious orders assign all earnings to their orders pursuant to the vow of poverty, this definition has not played a role in the courts' evaluation of proper tax treatment. Consequently, tax treatment of the members of these orders has violated the fundamental principle of horizontal equity, which states that similarly situated taxpayers should receive similar tax treatment. Instead, the Internal Revenue Service and three federal appellate courts have applied a formulistic agency theory that makes it virtually impossible for the vowed religious who work outside their orders to exclude the assigned earnings from income. In doing so, the IRS and the courts have misapplied the U.S. Supreme Court's assignment of income doctrine. Nonetheless, the agency theory has been applied in comparable non-religious contexts with favorable outcomes for the taxpayers. The inconsistent results demonstrate that the agency theory is flawed when it is applied to assignments made pursuant to the vow of poverty. This Note argues that courts should evaluate assignments of personal service income under the Glenshaw Glass "dominion and control" standard to reestablish horizontal equity and end the improper taxation of the vowed religious.


The chapter 'A historia dual da securitizacao' provides a dual historisation of 'securitisation', i.e. of the origins of the Copenhagen School in terms of its direct world historical context and of the historical origins of the specific bias in our political discourse which is prompted by security discourses. Born almost as a rationalisation of German Ostpolitik, and hence with desecuritisation, the Copenhagen School understood the speech act less as a kind of conspiratorial or elite manipulation than as the manifold processes that give prominence to the discourse of security (the reversal of Clausewitz) in public debate or diminish it, as in the processes of desecuritisation. This means that I see 'securitisation' not in the 'act' of those 'speaking' security, but in the possibly unintended and unconscious de-/mobilisation of the inherent logic, or grammar, of the discourse of security.This begs the question, however, of where the discourse of security would have gained its inherent logic from. It is here where a second necessary historicisation has to take place, not about the context of the theory itself, but about the content of its central concept. The Copenhagen School has been criticised for being basically still too conventional or realist in its reading of security, being connected to exceptional measures, done by foreign-policy elites, etc. But just as the increasing number of security sectors indicates, this is not to be understood as the 'essence' of security, but rather as the effect of a historical development in which certain actors have traditionally come to be authorised to talk and effect war and peace in a 'realist' way. This implies that, by reifying a historical moment into a general framework of analysis, securitisation theory may indeed help to reproduce such an understanding, although it does not need to. In return, it implies, however, that if a different understanding of security (beyond the raison d'Etat) appears and becomes shared, the Copenhagen School will also have to adapt. Its conceptualisation is historically bound.


Roles are not a new concept, but they have been used in two different ways: as modeling concepts in a static view and as instance extensions in a dynamic view. For these views only the dynamic offers supporting languages. The static view, although proving the utility of roles in modeling, does not offer a programming language that allows developers to use roles all the way from modeling to programming. We try to overcome this by presenting our role language JavaStage, based on the Java language. We do this by designing and implementing a simple framework and then compare the results with its OO equivalent. Our results show that static roles are in fact useful when used in code and that JavaStage features expand role reuse.


The Wayland Shale of Late Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) age was studied at selected outcrops near the Colorado River in McCulloch and Coleman Counties, Texas, in order to interpret the environments of deposition. More than 40 exposures were examined and 23 key sections were measured and described in detail to provide information of the stratigraphic relationships of the shale and the overlying and underlying units. Generally, the shale is about 30 feet thick. Samples taken from key intervals in the measured sections were studied in the laboratory in polished sections, thin sections, acetate peels, and washed residue. One representative exposure, location M-5 just east of Fife, was sampled vertically at close intervals through the fossiliferous part of the Wayland Shale in order to provide quantitative information on any successive changes in the fauna and on the physical properties of the sediments. Representative cuts of unwashed material and washed residue from locality M-5 were described in detail, the fossils identified, and specimens counted. A survey of published information on the fauna of the Wayland Shale was made, and in most cases, commonly accepted names are used to identify the fossils. Illustrations of the key fossils are included, however, as a means of providing a basis for resolving conflicting identifications in lieu of rigid taxonomic analyses. By tabulating and reducing the data and by graphing changes and trends, it was found that distinctive faunal assemblages could be recognized. Relationships between these assemblages and the physical properties, kinds, and distribution of the sediments together with analogies with recent physical processses with morphological types of animals provide a basis for reconstructing the depositional history on a local scale. Four faunal assemblages within the fossiliferous part of the Wayland are recognized: the Amphisites Glyphostomella (offshore marine), the productid (intermediate marine), the Earlandinita pereglans (transitional marine), and the textulariid (marginal marine). Three facies in the units overlying the Wayland Shale also are distinguished: skeletal, algal, and fusulinid limestone types. At locality M-5, the Wayland Shale is interpreted to represent deposition in a shallow relatively nearshore environment but as having alternated from distinctively marine conditions (nodular limestones) to very shallow marine conditions reflecting the influence of nearby fluviatile deposition.


Author(s): Jacobs, William W. | Abstract: Beginning in the 1960s, labels for federally registered commensal rodenticides have been required to bear a statement to the effect that the baits are to be contained in "tamper-proof bait boxes" when used in locations available to children and nontarget animals. Faced with ample evidence of noncompliance with the letter and spirit of this portion of the label, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency {EPA) issued a policy statement (PR Notice 83-5) and scheduled public hearings on matters pertaining to bait stations and nontarget exposure incidents involving rodenticides. EPA's findings indicate that, while some clarifications of its policies might be helpful to rodenticide users and to bait and bait station manufacturers, the historical requirements for bait protection have been appropriate and necessary. Additional steps and incentives appear to be needed to increase the extent of compliance with label requirements for use of protective bait stations and thereby reduce the incidence of exposures of young children, dogs, and other nontarget organisms to commensal rodenticide baits.


Streptococcus mutans has been chiefly involved as the major etiological agent of dental caries and adherence to the tooth surface for dental plaque formation, occurring through cysteine transpeptidase sortase A (SrtA) mediated covalent anchoring of surface proteins. SrtA recognizes the LPXTG sequence substrate located in the C-terminus of surface proteins and also acts as a decisive therapeutic target for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. Recent experimental studies have defined the role of fully conserved Leu and Pro residues of the LPXTG substrate in modulating the dynamics of the SrtA structure. Therefore, in the present work, we have examined the invariant Leu residue of the substrate with a view to understand its role in altering the dynamics of the enzyme substrate complex structure using molecular dynamic simulations and energy calculation methods. The results revealed that the Leu residue of the substrate appears to play the crucial role in anchoring and directing the conformational transition of the enzyme. In addition, we have identified the potential lead compounds which target the Leu residue of the substrate as peptide blockers to impede SrtA-mediated transpeptidation reaction. Hence, this approach provides a new platform for therapeutic drug targeting and the rational design of inhibitors against bacterial infections.


In this paper we examine the influence of geographical and land-use factors on breeding bird species richness in small woods within farmland. In many European agricultural landscapes, small woods represent the major component of semi-natural habitat available to wildlife. We used census data (for woods of up to 15 ha) from six study areas in four countries (The Netherlands, UK, Denmark and Norway) to construct species-area relationships for woodland birds. An additional relationship for Sweden was obtained from the literature. Species richness, and the parameters of the species-area relationships, were then related to the latitude, longitude and percentage woodland cover of each study area. Overall, species richness across all woods in each study area declined with increasing latitude; the proportion of resident species also declined, but that of migrants increased. Numbers of migrant species also increased with increasing woodland cover. Both the slopes and intercepts of the species-area relationships declined with increasing latitude. Thus not only were fewer species available to colonise individual woods at higher latitudes, but the return in terms of species richness for a given increase in area was also less than at lower latitudes. From the species-area relationships, the numbers of species expected to breed in woods of 1 ha and of 15 ha decreased from 13 and 21, respectively, in The Netherlands (latitude 51.7°) to 7 and 13, respectively, in Denmark (latitude 56.3°). Other factors influencing species richness on both local and geographical scales are discussed.


This paper presents an efficient noniterative method for distribution state estimation using conditional multivari- ate complex Gaussian distribution (CMCGD). In the proposed method, the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the state variables is obtained in one step considering load uncertainties, measurement errors, and load correlations. In this method, first the bus voltages, branch currents, and injection currents are represented by MCGD using direct load flow and a linear trans- formation. Then, the mean and SD of bus voltages, or other states, are calculated using CMCGD and estimation of variance method. The mean and SD of pseudo measurements, as well as spatial correlations between pseudo measurements, are modeled based on the historical data for different levels of load dura- tion curve. The proposed method can handle load uncertainties without using time-consuming approaches such as Monte Carlo. Simulation results of two case studies, six-bus, and a realistic 747-bus distribution network show the effectiveness of the pro- posed method in terms of speed, accuracy, and quality against the conventional approach.


Background In 1982, the Lysholm score was first published as a physician-administered score in the American Journal of Sports Medicine. The Tegner activity scale was published in 1985. Hypothesis The Lysholm and Tegner scores are valid as patient-administered scores and responsive at early time points after treatment of anterior cruciate ligament tears. Study Design Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods All patients were treated for an anterior cruciate ligament tear. For responsiveness, the Lysholm score (n = 1075) and Tegner activity level (n = 505) were measured preoperatively and 6, 9, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. For test-retest (n = 50), scores were measured at 2 years postoperatively and again within 4 weeks by questionnaire. For criterion validity (n = 170), patients completed the Short Form-12 and the International Knee Documentation Committee score in addition to Lysholm and Tegner instruments. For all other analyses, preoperative Lysholm score (n = 1783) or Tegner activity levels (n = 687) were collected. Results There was acceptable test-retest reliability for both the Lysholm (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.9) and Tegner (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.8) scores. The minimum detectable change for Lysholm was 8.9 and for Tegner was 1. The Lysholm demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The Lysholm correlated with the International Knee Documentation Committee (r = .8) and the Short Form-12 (r = .4), and Tegner correlated with the Short Form-12 (r = .2). Both scores had acceptable floor and ceiling effects and all hypotheses were significant. The Lysholm and Tegner were responsive to change at each of the time points. Conclusion After 25 years of changes in treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries, the Lysholm knee score and the Tegner activity scale demonstrated acceptable psychometric parameters as patient-administered scores and showed acceptable responsiveness to be used in early return to function after anterior cruciate ligament treatment.