This study analyzes the oral traditions of Sri Lanka Creole Portuguese as a syncretism of European, African, and Asian sources, evidenced in literary themes, linguistic practice, and cultural traditions. Resulting musical, dramatic, and textual practices play a central role in defining tradition and maintaining group identity in the creole communities. Both the co-existence and the interrelationship of oral texts establish traditions which contribute to a system of creole culture that spread throughout Asia. References are primarily to Sri Lankan and Indian materials collected by scholars in the late nineteenth century and during my field work in the 1970s and 1980s. Sri Lankan verses refer to the east coast Burghers of Bat-ticaloa and Trincomalee and to the Kaffirs of Puttalam. This study also presents for the first time a unique source for data and comparative analysis from the H. Nevill collection at the British Library, which is an extensive manuscript of Sri Lankan Creole texts from the 1870s or 1880s written in Dutch orthography and including material subsequently published by Schuchardt, Dalgado, and others. The theoretical focus concerns the translation of European, African, and Asian materials into a Eurasian discourse that displaces the originals, creating a new textual system of Portuguese Creole oral materials in Asia. The texts that give definition to creole culture have proved remarkably persistent, surviving in Sri Lanka from the seventeenth century to the present.


This study argues that scholars and policy-makers need to understand environmental activists better to bridge the gap between growing activism and policy. Conventional wisdom is that environmental activists generally support stronger climate policies. But there is still little understanding about diversity of views within activist groups when it comes to specific policies, and existing studies indicate that their views are not uniform, which can weaken their impact as a group. Activists might unite to demand change, but not necessarily agree on details of the desired change. Exploring the differences within the group, this paper focuses on how to nudge those who already share favorable attitudes towards policies that mitigate climate change. The motivation has been to see, in presence of general support for stronger environmental policies, whether this support could be channeled into more specific policies. We first take on a methodological challenge to construct an index of environmental predisposition. Then drawing from existing social-behavioral scholarship, we analyze results of an experimental survey with select treatments previously reported as promising. In November and December 2019, we collected responses from 119 participants at the Fridays for Future demonstrations in Germany. The results indicate that there are indeed important differences within the group, and nudging effects exist even in this rather strongly predisposed group, with participants assigned to the experimental group showing higher levels of support for the introduction of a carbon tax that is traditionally seen as a difficult policy to gain widespread public support. We find that those who score neither too high nor too low are more likely to respond to nudging. Yet, the effects vary for general outcomes such as policy support, behavioral intentions, and environmental citizenship. Overall, the findings show the value of understanding the heterogeneity of individual views within environmental movements better and directing interventions in large resource systems such as climate to specific issues and target groups for accelerating transformations towards sustainability.


This article presents findings from approximately 150 users who created instructional projects using educational digital library resources. One hundred of these users were teachers participating in professional development workshops on the topic of digital libraries. Our iterative approach to tool and workshop development and implementation was based on a framework that characterizes several input, output, and process variables affecting dissemination of such technologies in educational contexts. Data sources involved a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, including electronic surveys, interviews, participant observations, and server log file and artifact analyses. These multiple and complementary levels of analyses reveal that despite teachers reporting great value in learning resources and educational digital libraries, significant and lasting impact on teaching practice remains difficult to obtain


In this paper a comprehensive treatment of Motor Neurone Disease is proposed. To achieve this goal a Neurone Impulse Generator is built. The action impulses produced by the Neurone impulse Generators are used to inject the dendrites of the motor neurons by the right number of impulses per second. The idea is to monitor the number of action impulses per second which are produced by different motor neurons inside the body. It can be done if we connected electrodes inside the body to monitor the number of action impulses produced by the axels of the motor neurons. Then we would feed these numbers into the input ports of multiple parallel microprocessors. The microprocessors analyse the information fed to the input ports and decide whether it sends start pulses to the different Neurone Impulse Generators built inside the body in the Ganglion area. As a result, the Neurone Impulse Generators would produce the right number of impulses needed by the motor neurons to function properly. Once the right number of impulses are produced by the Neurone Impulse Generators stop pulses are produced by the microprocessors. These stop pulses would be sent to the Neurone Impulse Generators via the output ports. Usually two pulses are sent to every Neurone Impulse Generator to stop. The outputs of the Neurone Impulse Generators are fed to the dendrites of the motor neurons. The triggering of motor neurons by the right number of impulses may increase its life span and limit the destructive effects of the Motor Neurone Disease on the internal and external muscles of the body. Comparing the work in this paper to the latest research in the area of treatment of Motor Neurone Disease, it is clear that this paper provides the most comprehensive treatment of the Motor Neurone Disease. Also, the treatment method in this paper is compatible with the other research results. In other words, the treatment proposed by the latest research work may enhance the treatment proposed by this paper and there are no contradictions between them. The details of the comparison between the research in this paper and the research of other research Institutes are mentioned in the Conclusion of this paper.


This thesis discusses the relationship between risks in commercial supply and construction contracts. on the one hand, and risk coverage via insurance, on the other hand. Despite the close link which, in fact, exists between companies' standard purchase agreements and the insurance they hold, few concrete signs of this can be seen. Most standard agreements in Swedish industry outside the building trade and the transport sector lack provisions requiring insurance to be effected by the parties involved. The thesis analyses the existing combined business insurance from the standpoint of the sale of goods. The examination shows that the parties to a purchase agreement who take into account the scope for risk coverage offered by this insurance can select new principles for the division of liability Risks and risk coverage in CAR and EAR contracts are described in the thesis in order to show how a well-developed interaction between risk-taking and insurance cover can be achieved in standard contracts. Different methods of apportioning risk between the parties to a contract are described, followed by a discussion of the links of these methods to insurance. The exclusion of liability in a standard contract can be assessed in the light of the existing insurance cover. The thesis sets out a number of examples of legal practice outside Sweden where an exclusion of liability has been judged to be unreasonable. Contractual provisions about the obligation of a party to effect and make use of insurance has a bearing on the division of liability between the parties. On the other hand, the division of liability agreed by the parties affects their access to insurance cover. An account is finally given of how the division of liability can be implemented through subrogation by the insurer against the party responsible. The examination shows not only that commercial all risks insurance, machinery breakdown insurance and business interruption insurance has an important task to fulfil as a means of covering risks in commercial contracts, but also that the exclusion in liability insurance of pure financial loss is not practical. The parties to an agreement should specify to a greater degree what should be covered by their insurance contracts to avoid the risk of provisions relating to the obligation to effect insurance not having the intended effect. The limitation of liability exposure by a party through the use of exclusions of liability in a supply contract has proved to have littleeffect on the cost of insurance cover. On the other hand, increased risks in a contract can affect the cost of the insurance cover. In conclusion, a description is given of how a new kid of all risks insurance could cover certain important losses relating to the sale of goods and that the liability insurance should also be extended to provide for the basic coverage required. Greatly improved interaction between purchase risks and insurance is desirable. Such an interaction presupposes the development by the insurance companies of new and greatly simplified insurances.


We make use of the metric version of the conformal Einstein field equations to construct anti-de Sitter-like spacetimes by means of a suitably posed initial-boundary value problem. The evolution system associated to this initial-boundary value problem consists of a set of conformal wave equations for a number of conformal fields and the conformal metric. This formulation makes use of generalised wave coordinates and allows the free specification of the Ricci scalar of the conformal metric via a conformal gauge source function. We consider Dirichlet boundary conditions for the evolution equations at the conformal boundary and show that these boundary conditions can, in turn, be constructed from the 3D Lorentzian metric of the conformal boundary and a linear combination of the incoming and outgoing radiation as measured by certain components of the Weyl tensor. To show that a solution to the conformal evolution equations implies a solution to the Einstein field equations we also provide a discussion of the propagation of the constraints for this initial-boundary value problem. The existence of local solutions to the initial-boundary value problem in a neighbourhood of the corner where the initial hypersurface and the conformal boundary intersect is subject to compatibility conditions between the initial and boundary data. The construction described is amenable to numerical implementation and should allow the systematic exploration of boundary conditions.


I. INTRODUCTION Comparative products liability is a dangerous business. For example, it may appear to U.S. eyes that the special U.S.-developed rule in the field1 was simply exported first to Europe and then elsewhere but this would be wholly misleading. Certainly when it comes to the European Community,2 the story of the modern creation of a special cause of action for those injured by products is fundamentally different from the corresponding story in the United States.3 For example, whereas in the United States the special product liability rule was created by judges, the special European rule4 was created by the technique of a Directive5 from the Council of the European Communities to the legislatures of the Member States, requiring them to implement its provisions via domestic legislation. Similarly, whereas the history of the U.S. rule reveals no single episode galvanising concern about civil remedies available to consumers, the Thalidomide disaster6 in Europe was clearly the catalyst for the reform processes that culminated in the 1985 Council Directive "on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products."7 It provides a telling benchmark by which to evaluate the impact of the latter. The doctrinal context is also different in fundamental ways. Let me give three examples. First, judicial loyalty to precedent is much stronger in the United Kingdom than in the United States.8 Second, in the United Kingdom there is only one final court of appeal for matters concerning civil liability-the House of Lords-in striking contrast to the situation in the United States. Third, and of importance specifically in the products liability field, in the United Kingdom an injured worker's receipt of state benefits in relation to his work injury does not preempt a civil claim against anyone, not even his employer or any third party involved in the manufacture or supply of a product implicated in the causation of the injury.9 Even more broadly, the socio-legal context in which the European rule operates would be unrecognisable to the average practitioner in the United States. In the United Kingdom, for example, the loser pays not only his own but the winner's costs;10 neither punitive damages nor juries (save in Scotland) are available for products liability claims; and the operation of the National Health Service has in the past operated to relieve most tortfeasors from the costs of their victims' medical treatment.11 Moreover, the "European product liability rule" is in fact not one rule at all; despite the vaunted claim that the Directive was aimed at the approximation of product regimes across Member States, in a real sense, it has merely added onto existing regimes a further level of disparate rules varying, for example, according to which options in the Directive were implemented and what local rules exist in relation to non-pecuniary loss.12 Yet the U.S. products liability experience-or more correctly how that experience was perceived in Europe-did have real influence on Europe's moves toward its own rule in the Directive. During the early to mid-seventies, when European governments were beginning to lock themselves into the rhetoric of this "necessary" law reform, the popular perception of the U.S. rule encouraged the view that a reform focused on products was workable, acceptable, and broadly beneficial.13 Even today, when Europeans have a more sophisticated understanding of the U.S. experience and its limited practical relevance to the working of European liability regimes, the U.S. experience nevertheless exercises a powerful hand on products liability debate in Europe. The most important example is perhaps the way the indistinct U.S. usage of the term "strict liability" continues to bedevil discussion of this field and the law of obligations generally. What this means is that while it is unhelpful, even meaningless, simply to lay out side-by-side, say, the U. …


The research is mainly aimed to investigate the difference in learners' achievement in translating text by using two different translation tools, namely, electronic dictionaries (hereafter ED group) and printed dictionaries (hereafter PD group). The focus of this research is however to see the effect of using two different tools towards the learners' achievement in translating text. A total of 94 undergraduate students of STKIP Muhammadiyah Aceh Barat Daya participated in this experiment. They are required to translate English texts from a well-known newspaper (the Jakarta Post) comprising of 118 to 130 words to be translated in 60 minutes. The result shows that there is significant difference in students' translation achievement between those who translated the text by using electronic dictionary and those who used printed dictionary which means the translation tools strongly affect the students' ability to translate. This research indicated that the use of printed dictionary is highly recommended for students to translate English text into Indonesian.


We designed and developed a vehicle-mounted very high frequency–based telemetry system that integrated an on-board antenna, receiver, electronic compass, Global Positioning System, computer, and Geographic Information System. The system allows users to accurately and quickly obtain fixes, estimate and confirm locations of radiomarked animals, and immediately record data into an electronic spreadsheet or database. The total cost of materials to build the system was $7,349 (United States currency). Mean error angle of 2.63 6 12.1 8 (SD; range ¼(cid:2) 33.7–42.2 8 ) and mean location error distance of 128 6 91.3 m (SD; range ¼ 0–408 m) suggested precision and accuracy of our system were comparable to other reported systems. Mean time to record 5 bearings/test transmitter was 6.28 6 0.24 minutes (SE), which is the most efficient system reported to locate animals in the field. Vehicle-mounted telemetry systems like ours provide additional value to studies that involve tracking highly mobile species because investigators need not take bearings from established receiving stations and because investigators can immediately recognize bounced signals and take additional bearings and optimize accuracy of location estimates. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE


The slave-ships carried not only men, women and children but also their gods, beliefs and traditional folklore. They maintained a stubborn resistance against their white oppressors who were determined to tear them loose, by force if need be, from their own cultural patterns, and acclimatise them to those of the West (Russell-Wood, 1972 23). As the slave era evolved, peoples of African descent in the "New World" faced the challenges of desperately attempting to maintain their own cultural integrity whenever possible, while also adapting to the oppressively restrictive environment in which they found themselves. Their survival depended upon their flexibility and creativity two gifts which have always been abundant in African diasporic peoples. In Brazil, several avenues for cultural maintenance and simultaneous adaptation emerged. One avenue was through confraternities (brotherhoods and sisterhoods). The African-Brazilians have been able to maintain their cultural tradition of communalism and religious heritage while integrating aspects of the imposed plantation society culture (religion in this intance). This article discusses the phenomena of confraternities as one example of the ingenuity of the African-Brazilian people as they maintained their cultural heritage. From a sociocultural perspective, it describes in detail the sisterhood of Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte (Our Lady of Good Death) and the brotherhood of Nossa Senhora do Rosa rio (Our Lady of the Rosary). Much of the discussion centers on the confraternities with major concentrations of African-- Brazilians located in Bahia, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. Particularly significant is Bahia because, as Landes explains, . '[tihe life of the blacks in Bahia is a model for African-Brazilian folk life in all parts of the country, according to general opinion and Brazilian ethnologists (261)." INTRODUCTION Brought to Brazil from the west coast of Africa during the period from approximately 1530 to 1850, the enslaved peoples of Africa were from a variety of cultural groups. The two principal categories of African cultures designated by Brazilian officials were the "Bantu" and the `Sudanese/Yoruba." The Bantu included the Angolans, Congolese, Mozambiques; and the Sudanese/Yoruban included the Nagos Males, Jejes (Gege), Minas, Mandingas and Hausas (Rodrigues 41). As in other parts of the Americas, the enslaved were drawn from all segments of African social structures, ranging from royalty to slaves (Ibid. 40). The enslaved Africans and descendants in the Americas were faced with, and continue to be faced with, an environment which is sometimes hostile to non-European cultural manifestations. The Africans did not have the freedom of movement and gathering and the sense of community as it was in Africa, no longer existed. Kinship systems were callously destroyed during the capture and enslavement periods. There is considerable literature which examines the question, "Can a cultural heritage be maintained in such an environment?" Bastide (1967) argues that the African descendants in the Americas do not have africanisms remaining. He argues that, "Slavery brought about a complete break with African customs, and persisted too long to allow any renewal of them. From the time of his emancipation, the Negro was forced to accept the laws of the country in which he lived" (26-27). This view was shared by the Leacocks (1972) and prominent sociologists like E. Franklin Frazier (Bastide 3). Other scholars argue that much of the traditional cultures has been preserved because of the deep rootedness of the basic cultural tenets (see, e.g., Herskovits 1943 & 1969; Katz, Rodrigues). Cultures are both vibrant and dynamic, while also stable. Their mere presence in an entirely different environment means that modifications must occur. To suggest that the enslaved brought over, and have maintained their ancestral cultures with no variation would be both unrealistic and naive. …


The relationship between African states and the emerging international criminal law regime appears to be at a crossroads. The African Union has repeatedly criticized the International Criminal Court (ICC) since the indictment of the Sudanese head of state, Omar al Bashir. The indictments of Uhuru Kenyatta and William Ruto, who post-indictment became respectively Kenya's President and Deputy President, heightened this tension. Threats of mass withdrawals of African states from the Rome Treaty initially looked like standard political bluster and grandstanding from isolated individuals, but now appear to have gained some support within the region. There are credible indications that South Africa, the country often viewed as the continent's leader in the areas of international human rights and justice, is seriously debating whether to withdraw from the Rome Treaty.
This article argues for a more nuanced approach to the conflict between the international criminal legal system and Africa. First, it argues that the search for an African conception of justice overly simplifies the sophisticated views of justice found in Africa and distracts from a more nuanced approach to understanding the conflict between Africa and the international criminal legal system. Second, it highlights the socio-political and structural dynamics that create a framework of disempowerment and injustice that helps to better understand this conflict. Third, it discusses the issue of head of state immunity as an example of this conflict. Fourth, and finally, it argues that much of the international response to African proposals for a regional international criminal court have assumed that such proposals are primarily concerned with protecting entrenched governments and heads of state. While this article does not claim that such interests are not at play, it argues that such a focus has overshadowed other significant elements of these African proposals – elements that are better explained by the current political and power dynamics of the international system.


The issue of generational transfers is growing in importance. Populations are ageing, placing an increasing burden on provision of pensions, health care and other welfare services. In many nations the imbalance between a growing, older generation, supported by a shrinking younger generation, has fuelled debates about intergenerational justice. The key argument being that political and institutional developments over the last century have been to the advantage of older generations at the expense of current younger and future generations. But this only addresses half of the story, neglecting the flows of resources, through private, family channels. One key response to the growing fiscal problem of ageing societies has been to focus responsibility on self-funding and familial support. The growth of asset values, particularly housing, which are concentrated among the elderly, underpin such strategies. But this exposes new risks as potentially extractable resources are determined by wider fluctuations in the economy, and housing markets in particular. Clearly, these cohort effects, and responses to them, play out differently in different national developmental settings, depending on long-run patterns of economic, social and demographic change. This collection address these issues and provides original insights across different international contexts. The collection focusses on financial and non-financial transfers, generational interdependencies, and the role of labour and housing markets in welfare support, set against the changing economic landscape following the Great Financial Crisis of 2007. Although institutional and national differences exist the key emerging issues are the same: the financial and welfare challenges of supporting aging in societies; inequalities in the availability of assets across individuals, families and nations; and the extent to which private asset accumulation can support families over the life course. Drawing from examples across European countries, this collection will nonetheless be relevant to researchers and policy makers in other nations addressing the complexities of providing welfare across the life course in the face of restricted financial resources.


The process of anaerobic digestion employs specialized bacteria to break down organic waste, converting it into a stable semi-solid digestate. In the present study, kitchen refuse were collected and digested anaerobically in labscale for the analysis of various physico-chemical parameters and biokinetic coefficients. Initial pH and temperature values were 2.3 and 32°C respectively and the final values were 7.2 and 55°C respectively. There were significant percentage reduction in BOD, COD, total solids and volatile solids. In case of kinetic constants, values of the growth yield coefficient Y (mg/mg), the micororganisms decay coefficient kd (d-1), the substrate removal coefficient k(d-1) and the Half velocity constant i.e., substrate concentration at half of the maximum growth rate ks, (mg/l) were 0.06, 0.03, 0.004 and 29 respectively.


False alarm is one of the main concerns in intensive care units and can result in care disruption, sleep deprivation, and insensitivity of care-givers to alarms. Several methods have been proposed to suppress the false alarm rate through improving the quality of physiological signals by filtering, and developing more accurate sensors. However, significant intrinsic correlation among the extracted features limits the performance of most currently available data mining techniques, as they often discard the predictors with low individual impact that may potentially have strong discriminatory power when grouped with others. We propose a model based on coalition game theory that considers the inter-features dependencies in determining the salient predictors in respect to false alarm, which results in improved classification accuracy. The superior performance of this method compared to current methods is shown in simulation results using PhysionNet's MIMIC II database.


The purpose of this study is to analyze the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of Parental Academic Support Scale (PASS), (Thompson & Mazer, 2012) and to review the research evidences related to consensus the relationship between parental involvement and children's school performance. Also, the research will increase teachers' understanding of the relationship between family participation and school succsess. Participants of this study were 200 family from Duzce and Sakarya. 16 items survey was given to parents of the students. The results of confirmatory factor analysis described that the 16 items loaded five factors and the five-dimensional model was well fit (x²=252.98, df=95, RMSEA=.91, NFI=.95, NNFI=.96,CFI=.97,IFI=.97). Overall findings demonstrated that this scale is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring parental academic support in education. The outcome of this study support the idea that parents and educators believe parental involvement plays a significant role in children's education life.


Abstract. We present a different view of secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field, through the variations in the threshold rigidity known as the variation rate of geomagnetic cutoff rigidity (VRc). As the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity (Rc) lets us differentiate between charged particle trajectories arriving at the Earth and the Earth's magnetic field, we used the VRc to look for internal variations in the latter, close to the 70° south meridian. Due to the fact that the empirical data of total magnetic field BF and vertical magnetic field Bz obtained at Putre (OP) and Los Cerrillos (OLC) stations are consistent with the displacement of the South Atlantic magnetic anomaly (SAMA), we detected that the VRc does not fully correlate to SAMA in central Chile. Besides, the lower section of VRc seems to correlate perfectly with important geological features, like the flat slab in the active Chilean convergent margin. Based on this, we next focused our attention on the empirical variations of the vertical component of the magnetic field Bz, recorded in OP prior to the Maule earthquake in 2010, which occurred in the middle of the Chilean flat slab. We found a jump in Bz values and main frequencies from 3.510 to 5.860 µHz, in the second derivative of Bz, which corresponds to similar magnetic behavior found by other research groups, but at lower frequency ranges. Then, we extended this analysis to other relevant subduction seismic events, like Sumatra in 2004 and Tohoku in 2011, using data from the Guam station. Similar records and the main frequencies before each event were found. Thus, these results seem to show that magnetic anomalies recorded on different timescales, as VRc (decades) and Bz (days), may correlate with some geological events, as the lithosphere–atmosphere–ionosphere coupling (LAIC).


Abstract This paper presents the Swiss Ständerat as a model of perfect bicameralism. It looks at the constitutional design of the second Chamber, examines the evolution of the Ständerat and critically assesses its current functioning. The author claims that the Swiss Federal Assembly is still based on almost perfect bicameralism but that the second Chamber only very imperfectly represents the regions. Having highlighted the current role and justification of the second Chamber, the paper will raise the question whether the Ständerat fulfils other useful functions justifying its existence. Does the sheer fact of having two differently composed Chambers prevent capricious and precipitous decision-making? The paper then turns to alternative mechanisms of representing regions at the federal level, briefly looks at other mechanisms available to Cantons to make their voices heard in the capital and presents the House of the Cantons as an evolving third Chamber complementing the Ständerat.


marks the 25 th birthday of the World Wide Web. We have seen some remarkable developments as part of the digital age revolution in the last quarter of a century. These have taken place concurrently with a motor age that is possi- bly past its prime. A number of major motor manufacturers have faced disappointing sales or financial crisis alongside several countries seeing a halt to the historic trend of growing car use. The co-existence of the motor age and the digital age prompts this paper to consider the hypothesis that society is undergoing a fundamental transition from a regime of automobility to something significantly different. The paper considers what has characterized the motor age and proceeds to examine the digital revolution and how this is changing people's means to access people, goods, services and opportunities. The range of interactions between the motor age and the digital age are addressed, underlining the difficulty in establishing the net conse- quence of one for the other. The new debates concerning 'peak car' are considered in which the digital age is identified as potentially one key factor responsible for observed changes in car use. The paper then focuses upon a socio-technical concep- tualization of society known as the Multi-Layer Perspective to examine its hypothesis. Support or not for the hypothesis is not, as yet, established. Transport's future in the digital age is uncertain and the paper sets out some views on resulting policy considerations and research needs.


This study analyzes the regional spatial dynamics of the New York region for a period of roughly twenty years and places the effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks in the context of longer-term regional dynamics. The analysis reveals that office-using industries are still heavily concentrated in Manhattan despite ongoing decentralization in many of these industries over the last twenty years. Financial services tend to be highly concentrated in Manhattan whereas administrative and support services are the least concentrated of the six major office-using industry groups. Although office employment has been by and large stagnant in Manhattan for at least two decades, growth of output per worker has outpaced the CMSA as well as the national average. This productivity differential is mainly attributable to competitive advantages of office-using industries in Manhattan and not to differences in industry composition. Finally, the zip-code level analysis of the Manhattan core area yielded further evidence of the existence of significant spillover effects at the small-scale level.


Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council asks courts to determine whether Congress has delegated to administrative agencies the authority to resolve questions about the meaning of statutes that those agencies implement, but the decision does not give courts the tools for providing a proper answer. Chevron directs courts to construe statutory text by applying the traditional theories of statutory interpretation - whether intentionalism, purposivism, or textualism - and to infer a delegation of agency interpretive authority only if they fail to find a relatively specific meaning. But the traditional theories, despite their differences, all invite courts to construe statutory text as if Congress intended that text to have a relatively specific meaning. The presumption of a specific meaning does not match the reality of how Congress designs regulatory statutes. Congress is more likely to eschew specificity in favor of agency delegation under certain circumstances - for example, if an issue is complex and if legislators can monitor subsequent agency interpretations through administrative procedures. Although Chevron recognizes such delegating factors, it fails to sufficiently credit them. Even United States v. Mead Corp., which makes delegation the key question, falls short. This Article imagines what interpretive theory would look like for regulatory statutes if it actually incorporated realistic assumptions about legislative behavior. The theory would engage factors such as the complexity of the issue and the existence of administrative procedures as indications of interpretive delegation more satisfactorily than existing law does. In the process, it would produce a better role for courts in overseeing the delegation of authority to agencies.


Determinants of the decision to convert to organic farming methods are examined by applying bivariate analyses and a multinomial logit model to a survey of 1018 Norwegian crop and dairy farmers. The results show that 4% of the conventional respondents plan to convert by 2009, which may imply that the national goal of 10% organically managed area will not be achieved. The analysis indicates that organic farmers, compared to their conventional counterparts, are more likely to have larger farms, more education, be located closer to urban areas, be crop farmers, have 'sustainable and environment-friendly farming' as a goal and hold favourable views about the values of organic farming methods. Even though the farmers who are planning to convert seem to be more business-minded and less organically oriented than the existing organic producers, policies for promoting organic farming which confine itself to financial considerations may miss important factors which prompt farmers to convert.


We believe that augmented reality techniques, that use computer generated information to enhance the user's perception of the world, provide a solid foundation for imbuing intelligent environments with ubiquitous display capabilities. Visual and auditory personal augmented reality displays that are worn or carried by individual users, combined with accurate position and orientation of the user, allow information to be presented in context on a per user basis. Augmented reality is useful for both explicit and direct interaction for providing foreground information as well as for implicit and passive interaction for providing background interaction. We believe that both auditory and visual augmented reality play an important role, and that the combination will yield far more compelling interfaces than either could alone.


In modern times, sexual ethics has become a matter of personal choice rather than adherence to the stipulations of religious or traditional morality; as a result, some sexual behaviours that once carried heavy negative moral connotations are now viewed and accepted as normal by an increasing segment of world population. The further consequence is the effect on various religious organizations. For example, while Christianity has generally always maintained the belief that the sexual act had to be confined to a marriage between a man and a woman in a heterosexual relationship, the Anglican Church in modern times is faced with the sexual ethics, especially as they relate to homosexuality. The resultant crisis created by the attempted revision of sexual morality in the Church has shaken the unity of the worldwide Anglican Communion to its very roots. The Church of Nigeria is playing a prominent role in upholding the Church's traditional teaching on sexual morality, and is naturally, leading the rest of the orthodox Anglican Provinces in their face-off with revisionists in the Western Churches. However, this study discovered that the disagreement which led to the schism in the Anglican Communion is in many respects a blessing to the Province of Nigeria. The resultant disruption of Anglican unity served as a wake-up call to the 'sleeping giant,' in that it provoked and subsequently show- cased the potentials of Nigerian Anglicanism as the leading force in Africa and the Global South Provinces. The schism helped Nigeria and the rest of the Global South Provinces to finally shake off the last shackles of colonial doctrinal imperialism, motivating the Provinces involved to be much more self-governing, selfpropagating and self-sustaining.


Objective. To describe the occurrence of hemorrhagic disease of the newborn (HDN) at a tertiary care pediatric hospital of Morelos state. Material and Methods. A retrospective case series study was conducted between 1997-2000 at Hospital del Nino Morelense (Morelos State Children's Hospital), in 46 newborns aged under 12 weeks. Study subjects were referred from peripheral units with a diagnosis of HDN. Results. The severe late-onset form of HDN was present in 91% of the cases. Fifty-two percent of childbirths were assisted by a physician and 48% by an empiric midwife. Application of vitamin K was unknown in 61% of cases, in 39% it was not applied and in 4% it was applied. The majority of infants presented severe symptoms due to intra-cranial bleeding, 11% died, and 41% had severe disease sequelae. Conclusions. Given the high prevalence of HDN in the State of Morelos, reproductive health programs should be reviewed and training programs intensified to promote the utilization of vitamin K by physicians and nurses for preventing this disease.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the value of radiological features in the diagnosis of Eosinophilic Fungal Rhinosinusitis (EFRS).

STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective review of the radiological materials of 65 patients with documented Eosinophilic Fungal Rhinosinusitis treated at the same institution.

METHODS
Evaluation by the ENT surgeon and the head and neck radiologist.

RESULTS
EFRS was more common in female patients in this series. Fifty-four (83%) patients were above 30 years of age, with a peak of 18 patients (27.7%) in the seventh decade. All the patients except one (98.5%) showed bilateral mucosal thickening on unenhanced CT scans. Thirty-eight patients (58%) showed increased intrasinus attenuation on unenhanced CT scans. Thirty-seven patients (57%) showed opacification of at least one sinus; 25 (38%) showed osteitis; 11 (17%) had erosion of the sinus wall and only one patient showed minor expansion of an involved sinus. In 6 patients, typical hyperattenuation patterns on CT scans, together with distinctive MRI images, were highly suggestive of EFRS.

CONCLUSION
Our data show that hyperattenuation on CT images with bone window settings suggests the presence of EFRS. This hyperattenuation is more clearly seen with soft-tissue window settings. When necessary, adjunctive MRI can provide information which might be highly predictive for the diagnosis of EFRS. However, non-specific imaging findings of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) should also be seen as possible EFRS pathology.


Blockchain is a technology that enables a secure, transparent, distributed, permanent, robust ledger that can be used to transact and record transactions over the internet. This article explores the role that antitrust can play in the blockchain environment. It examines the antitrust issues that may arise in the phase of development of blockchain projects, especially by joint ventures and consortia involved in R&D and standardisation projects. It them looks at problems that may arise when blockchains are fully operational, discussing whether denial of access to a private blockchain can be anti-competitive and, if so, in what circumstances and whether blockchain can facilitate collusion or even cartel-like behaviour. The role of antitrust is to ensure that the process of development and adoption of this new technology and its applications are driven by market forces and competition on the merits and not by restrictive behaviour aimed at excluding efficient undertakings from the competitive process. It is also to ensure that the new technology is not used to anticompetitive ends by enabling or facilitating collusive conduct or allowing individual firms to preserve or strengthen their market power to the detriment of competitors and consumers and, ultimately, of the society as a whole. To this end, classic antitrust analysis must itself evolve and develop a stronger focus on dynamic competition, market effects, and efficiencies than has traditionally been the case, especially in the European Union.


The study of massive stars in different metallicity environments is a central topic of current stellar research. The spectral analysis of massive stars requires adequate model atmospheres. The computation of such models is difficult and time-consuming. Therefore, spectral analyses are greatly facilitated if they can refer to existing grids of models. Here we provide grids of model atmospheres for OB-type stars at metallicities corresponding to the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds, as well as to solar metallicity. In total, the grids comprise 785 individual models. The models were calculated using the state-of-the-art Potsdam Wolf-Rayet (PoWR) model atmosphere code. The parameter domain of the grids was set up using stellar evolution tracks. For all these models, we provide normalized and flux-calibrated spectra, spectral energy distributions, feedback parameters such as ionizing photons, Zanstra temperatures, and photometric magnitudes. The atmospheric structures (the density and temperature stratification) are available as well. All these data are publicly accessible through the PoWR website.


A distinctive pattern of small-scale marine magnetic anomalies (25-100 nT amplitude, 8-25 km wavelength: tiny wiggles) is superimposed on the more generally recognized seafloor spreading pattern between anomalies 24 and 27 in the Indian Ocean. By normalizing and stacking multiple profiles, it is demonstrated that this pattern of tiny wiggles is a high-resolution recording of paleodipole field behavior between chrons C24 and C27. The pattern of tiny wiggles between anomalies 26 and 27 is compared to an ultrafast spreading (82 mm/yr half rate) profile from the southeast Pacific where a similar signal is observed, confirming the paleodipole field origin of the anomalies. Two basic models are considered in which the tiny wiggles are attributed either to short polarity intervals or to paleointensity fluctuations. We conclude that tiny wiggles are most likely caused by paleointensity fluctuations of the dipole field and are a ubiquitous background signal to most fast spreading magnetic profiles. The implications of this study are that (1) tiny wiggles may provide information on the temporal evolution of the geomagnetic dynamo; (2) the small-scale anomalies observed in the Jurassic quiet zones may be due to paleointensity fluctuations; (3) tiny wiggles are potential time markers in large regions of uniform crustal polarity such as the Cretaceous quiet zones; and (4) much of the variance in anomaly profiles normally attributed to crustal eraplacement processes, particularly at fast and ultrafast spreading rates, is actually due to intensity variations in the paleomagnetic field.


This work explores in detail how innovative academic activism can transform our everyday workplaces in contexts of considerable adversity. Personal essays by prominent schol--ars provide critical reflections on their institution-building triumphs and setbacks across a range of cul--tural institutions. Often adopting narrative approaches, the contributors examine how effective programs and activities are built in varying local and national contexts within a common global regime of university management policy. Here they share experiences based on developing new undergraduate degrees, setting up research centres and postgradu--ate schools, editing field-shaping book series and journals, establishing international artist-in-residence programs, and founding social activist networks. This book also investigates the impact of managerialism, marketiza--tion, and globalization on university cultures, asking what critical cultural scholarship can do in such increasingly adversarial conditions. Experiments in Asian universities are emphasized as exemplary of what can or could be achieved in other contexts of globalized university policy. Contributors Tony Bennett, Stephen Ching-Kiu Chan, Kuan-Hsing Chen, Douglas Crimp, Dai Jinhua, John Nguyet Erni, Mette Hjort, Josephine Ho, Koichi Iwabuchi, Meaghan Morris, Tejaswini Niranjana, Wang Xiaoming, Audrey Yue Meaghan Morris is Professor of Gender and Cultural Studies at the University of Sydney and Chair Professor of Cultural Studies at Lingnan University in Hong Kong. Mette Hjort is Chair Professor and Head of Visual Studies at Lingnan University in Hong Kong, where she is also Director of the Centre for Cinema Studies.


The main objective of this project is to provide the necessary documents to
request the appropriate authority of the Generalitat de Catalunya to do the
drawing up of a Master Plan for an aerodrome in the village of Castell de Santa
Maria, in the Segarra area.
The Departament de Politica Territorial i Obres Publiques wrote the Pla
d'Aeroports, Aerodroms i Heliports 2009 – 2015, which plans all the actions to
be developed by the Generalitat de Catalunya in the field of airport
infrastructures of its jurisdiction. In than plan, the future aerodrome of Castell de
Santa Maria is mentioned, with its viability still to be analyzed.
Currently, in the same plot of land where the aerodrome is planned to be built,
there is a landing field for ultra light aircraft of private ownership, with a nonpaved
runway and a small area to park the aircraft. The objective is to convert it
into a 1A aerodrome for visual flight, as well as making it able to handle middle
sized helicopters operating according to performance class 3 standards.
Initially, there is a chapter dedicated to analyze the legal framework regarding
the establishment of an aerodrome and a heliport of private ownership,
according to the Spanish law 14/2009 of July 22nd, of airports, heliports and
other airport infrastructures. Afterwards, the feasibility is studied, the
meteorology of the area analyzed, and all the steps to elaborate a proper
design in accordance with the predicted operations are taken, including the
drawing up of the relevant plans.
Finally, the environmental impact the building of the aerodrome would have on
the surroundings is studied, taking into account the current legislation and
studying the possible affectation on protected areas of natural interest nearby.


The trajectory of a point on one plate as observed from another plate is generally a complex curve and not a small circle around a single axis of relative motion, as is commonly assumed. The shape of the relative-motion path is given the general name "spherical cycloid" because of its morphological similarity to cycloid planetary trajectories described by early astronomers. The cycloid relative-motion model predicts that the following phenomena occur during finite displacements: (1) the relative velocity and the curvature of the trajectory of a point on one plate relative to another plate varies systematically; (2) plates wobble relative to one another, and (3) the angle of convergence and/or divergence varies systematically along the length of any given transform fault. The small-circle relative-motion model, whereby transform faults have been considered "lines of pure slip" along which crust is "conserved," is not generally valid for finite relative displacements.


This chapter presents recent advances in control measures used in food processing, as well as discriminative detection methods for confirmation of these pathogens and trace-back of contaminated food products. Common symptoms associated with human diarrheagenic E. coli infections generally include loose, watery stools (diarrhea) and mild to severe abdominal pain and/or cramping. Colonization of host gastrointestinal (GI) tissue is rather methodical, and evasion of host defenses, colonization, replication, and damage to the host are observed with all diarrheagenic E. coli infections. The toxins involved in diarrheagenic E. coli infections are also unique to each class. While many types of E. coli toxins exist, Shiga toxins (also known as Shiga-like toxins or verotoxins) are similar to those produced by Shigella dysenteriae. Animal feces are the source of contamination for animal hides, water, soil, and inanimate objects, leading to transfer of contamination to raw food ingredients, processing water, equipment, and workers. Rapid detection methods have become increasingly popular in the food industry for the detection of specific pathogens and toxins. The documentation of smaller and smaller outbreaks is indicative of successful surveillance efforts that include the refinement and standardization of laboratory techniques, improved reporting and sharing of information, and induction of more regional testing facilities which cater to a larger proportion of the national population.


Osseointegration is a biological process in which histological, surgical, infectious factors, biomechanical load, and the choice of biomaterials all play important roles. In the case of dental implants, the success of this process is also influenced by the design, composi‐ tion, and properties of the implant surface, which may stimulate cell bioactivity and promote osteoblast adhesion. Currently, the raw materials most frequently used in the manufacture of dental implants are titanium, its alloys, and certain ceramic materials such as zirconia. Multiple macroscopic designs incorporating various diameters, lengths, shapes, and types of screw offer different options for specific clinical situations. The characteristics of implant surfaces have aroused great interest, due to their importance in osseointegration. The different methods used to modify surface properties are classi‐ fied as additive (i.e., impregnation and coating) or subtractive (i.e., physical, mechani‐ cal and chemical methods). The surface characteristics of dental implants also have a significant influence on peri-implant microbiota.


The importance of bushmeat as source of food and medicine for forest peoples calls for an appropriate benefit/risk analysis in terms of human health. In this systematic review, we compiled information on the linkages between bushmeat and health, with a particular focus on the nutritional content, the zoo-therapeutic uses and the zoonotic pool of bushmeat species in tropical and sub-tropical forest regions. Despite the scarcity of data on the nutritional content of most common bushmeat species, the available studies demonstrate that bushmeat is an important source of fats, micro and macro-nutrients and has a diversity of medicinal uses. However, bushmeat may have detrimental health impacts where hunting, transportation, handling and cooking practices do not follow food safety practices. There is evidence that some bushmeat carcasses may be contaminated by toxic metals or by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Moreover, several pathogens carried by bushmeat are found to be zoonotic and potentially transmissible to humans through consumption or through exposure to body fluids and feces. We stress the need for more in-depth studies on the complex links between bushmeat and human health. The development of innovative handling, conservation and cooking practices should help reduce the negative impacts of bushmeat consumption on human health.


Helen, I., & Toivio, J. (2015). The brain craving for gambling? Neurosciences and addiction concept in clinical practice.  The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 4 (1), 45-51. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v4i1.202 Aims: Paper discusses the impact of the neuroscientific concept of addiction and expectations related to neurosciences in a clinical setting for treatment of addiction disorders. Design: A case study based on qualitative analysis of scientific publications, research plans, presentations, and interviews of Finnish experts in gambling addictions. Setting: The case studied is a joint project for experimentation of medication (naltrexone) in treatment of gambling addiction by National Institute of Health and Welfare (THL) and Gambling Clinic, a center specialized in counseling for gambling addicts in Helsinki. Results: Although Finnish experts think that deep down all addictions share the same neural mechanisms, they consider gambling addiction a complex phenomenon. Clinical experiments seem to have two parallel objectives: neurophysiological malfunctions of the brain and the addict as the person. Two epistemologies and two concepts of addiction are working side by side in the clinical reasoning of the Finnish experts: the neurobiological one for framing the 'addicted brain', and the one derived from cognitive behavioral therapy for the addict. Conclusions: The role of the neurobiological concept of gambling addiction is to back up the therapeutic promise of the experimental project. In a reciprocal manner, the expectation to extend treatment options by the project findings justifies the neuroscientific approach.


BACKGROUND
To circumvent the paucity of the primary adenovirus (Ad5) receptor and the non-specific Ad5 tropism in the context of uterine leiomyoma cells, Ad5 modification strategies would be beneficial.

METHODS
We screened several modified adenoviruses to identify the most efficient and selective virus toward human leiomyoma cells to be used as candidate for delivering therapeutic genes. We propagated: wild-type Ad5-luc, fiber-modified viruses: ad5 RGD-luc, Ad5-Sigma-luc, Ad5/3-luc and Ad5-CAV2-luc, as well as transcriptional targeted viruses: ad5 survivin-luc, Ad5-heparanase-luc, Ad5-MSLN-CRAD-luc and Ad5-SLPI-luc, on 293 cells and purified them by double CsCL density centrifugation. Then we transfected primary cultures of human leiomyoma cells derived from fibroids of four different patients, telomerase-immortalized human leiomyoma cell line (huLM), telomerase-immortalized normal human myometrial cell line (HM9) and immortalized normal human liver cells (THLE3) with the viruses at 5, 10 and 50 plaque-forming units (PFU)/cell. After 48 h, luciferase activities were measured and normalized to the total cellular protein content.

RESULTS
Ad5-RGD-luc and Ad5-CAV2-luc, Ad5-SLPI-luc and Ad5-MSLN-CRAD-luc at 5, 10 and 50 pfu/cell showed significantly higher expression levels of luciferase activity in both primary and immortalized human leiomyoma cells when compared with Ad5-Luc. Additionally, these modified viruses demonstrated selectivity toward leiomyoma cells, compared with myometrial cells and exhibited lower liver cell transduction, compared with Ad5-luc, at the same dose levels.

CONCLUSIONS
Ad5-CAV2-luc, Ad5-RGD-luc, Ad5-SLPI-luc and Ad5-MSLN-CRAD-luc are promising delivery vehicles in the context of leiomyoma gene therapy.


In North America, most species of the Candonidae family belong to the genus Candona . These species are frequently found in freshwater ecosystems and in sediment sequences, which makes them valuable tools for paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Knowledge of Mexican Candona species is limited, however, and scant information exists regarding their taxonomy and ecology. Here we describe Candona alchichica, a new ostracod species we suggest being endemic to Lake Alchichica, central Mexico. The species belongs to the acuminata group of species, based on the presence of 5+1 setae on the second segment of the mandibular palp. It is closely related to C. patzcuaro , C. tahoensis and C. ohioensis , but differs from those species in that the females have an elongated genital field, wide at the base and narrow at the end. Males have elongated hook-like prehensile palps and a particular arrangement of lobes in the hemipenis, i.e ., the a-lobe is inclined with a digitiform basal projection, the b-lobe is distally rounded and the h-lobe is square-shaped and exceeding the length of the b-lobe. Candona alchichica n. sp. and C. patzcuaro display very similar shells in length and morphology, which can cause confusion if identification is carried out in the absence of soft parts, a common situation when dealing with carapace and valve remains in sediment cores. Detailed morphometric analyses, however, revealed a clear difference between the valves of the two taxa. Candona alchichica n. sp. has taller valves (p˂0.05), with concave dorsal margin, and with the anterior margin considerably narrower than posterior margin, all characteristics different from C. patzcuaro. Most important, in spite of their similar shape, the two species exhibit contrasting ecological preferences. Candona alchichica n. sp. inhabits clear, cold, saline, oligotrophic waters, whereas C. patzcuaro dwells in turbid, warm, fresh, eutrophic waters. In addition, we include a revision of the morphological characteristics and taxonomic position of C. patzcuaro , based on type material and specimens collected from the type locality ( i.e ., Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan). This study highlights the importance of undertaking detailed morphometric analyses of the recent ostracod fauna to provide reliable taxonomic identifications and ecological characterizations of species, which are critical for accurate paleoclimatic and paleoecological reconstructions.


Abstract Research integrating the perspectives of different disciplines, or interdisciplinary research, has become increasingly common in academia and is considered important for its ability to address complex questions and problems. This mode of research aims to leverage differences among disciplines in generating a more complex understanding of the research landscape. To interact successfully with other disciplines, researchers must appreciate their differences, and this requires recognizing how the research landscape looks from the perspective of other disciplines. One central aspect of these disciplinary perspectives involves values, and more specifically, the roles that values do, may, and should play in research practice. It is reasonable to think that disciplines differ in part because of the different views that their practitioners have on these roles. This paper represents a step in the direction of evaluating this thought. Operating at the level of academic branches, which comprise relevantly similar disciplines (e.g. social and behavioral sciences), this paper uses quantitative techniques to investigate whether academic branches differ in terms of views on the impact of values on research. Somewhat surprisingly, we find very little relation between differences in these views and differences in academic branch. We discuss these findings from a philosophical perspective to conclude the paper.


Pasireotide, a multireceptor-targeted somatostatin analog with highest affinity for somatostatin receptor subtype (SST) 5, has demonstrated superior efficacy over the SST2-preferential somatostatin analogs octreotide and lanreotide. The safety profile is similar to those of octreotide and lanreotide, except for a higher frequency and degree of hyperglycemia. This analysis investigated baseline characteristics and occurrence and management of hyperglycemia during pasireotide treatment in patients with acromegaly treated in two prospective clinical studies, SOM230C2305 (C2305) and SOM230C2402 (C2402; PAOLA). One hundred and seventy-eight patients naïve to medical therapy at baseline (C2305) and 125 uncontrolled on first-generation somatostatin analogs at baseline (C2402) received long-acting pasireotide in these studies. Of patients treated with pasireotide in studies C2305 and C2402, respectively, 75.3 (134/178) and 65.6% (82/125) developed hyperglycemia or experienced worsening of existing hyperglycemia. Occurrence of hyperglycemia during pasireotide treatment was less frequent in patients with lower age (<40 years, C2402; <30 years, C2305), normal glucose tolerance, and no history of hypertension or dyslipidemia at baseline. Thirteen (4%) patients discontinued pasireotide because of hyperglycemia-related adverse events. Metformin alone or in combination with other oral antidiabetic medications controlled elevations in glucose levels in most pasireotide-treated patients; 78% of C2305 patients and 73 (pasireotide 40 mg) and 60% (pasireotide 60 mg) of C2402 patients achieved the ADA/EASD goal of HbA1c <7% (<53 mmol/mol) at the end of the core phase. Not all patients develop hyperglycemia, and it is reversible upon pasireotide withdrawal. Close monitoring, patient education and prompt action remain key elements in addressing hyperglycemia during pasireotide treatment.


The engine on a jet aircraft was shut down immediately as it produced excessive vibration. Complete failure of the cage in one of the two main-shaft ball bearings (placed side by side in the engine) was revealed in the dismantled engine. The ball bearings (made of vacuum-melted 52100 steel) were both of the single-row deep-groove type with split inner rings and were designed to operate at a maximum temperature of 175 deg C. Overtempering of the rings was indicated by the reduced hardness in comparison to unfailed rings. Severe damage to approximately 20% of the load-bearing surface, with more damage on one of the shoulders of the groove, was revealed during examination of the outer raceway of the bearing which indicated misalignment of the bearing. No damage other than spalling cavities in the inner-ring raceway, caused by the elongated subsurface inclusion revealed by metallographic examination of circumferential section of the largest cavity, was exhibited by the second bearing. It was concluded that the fracture of the cage was caused by overheating and misalignment caused excessive stressing of the bearing on the main shaft.


Cheap, frugal, and debt-free--or working towards it--got cool in a hurry for many American consumers. For others, it dropped on them like a ton of bricks. Whether by design or necessity, consumer debt in the U.S. has shrunk as part of the ongoing deleveraging of the economy. Overall consumer debt outstanding fell by 5.75% in August, 10.5% in July, 5.25% in June, according to the Federal Reserve. This comes at a time when credit availability, both in supply and form, is going through significant upheaval. Major economic dislocation makes for a tough time to parse what shifts like this mean not only for the economy, but also the players in it--including community banks trying to determine "what's next." This is especially so when current problems dominate thinking. However, the trick to good driving is to focus on what's coming ahead, not just right in front of the windshield. A range of bankers, consultants, and economists interviewed indicate that community bankers who understand what has changed in consumer finance--and how--may find fresh opportunities coming down the road. And many say that circumstances may even favor community banks as the industry takes the next curve. No one is saying that community banks are going to have a "back to the future" revival. "I don't see community banking getting into personal loans like they used to make--making loans for refrigerators, for instance," says Jay Brew, chief bank strategist for m.rae resources, inc., Bethlehem, Pa. But, clearly, for many, something is going to have to change, even if they aren't facing months or more of CRE cleanup. It comes down to profitability, says veteran community banker W. Kirk Wycoff--chairman of the board and past CEO at Pennsylvania's $478 million-assets Continental Bank. "We only make money when we take interest-rate risk or credit risk," says Wycoff, who is also partner in Patriot Financial Partners, L.P., a private equity firm specializing in banks. "This is a lousy time for credit risk--we're in a recession." Wycoff says many banks have so tweaked their gap that they are at "0," with less than half a year's duration. He sees consumer credit as an avenue for reasonable risk in both categories. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Mixed factors drove change "It is an open question, in my mind, how much of the deleveraging is demand-driven and how much is supply-driven," says Jonathan Zinman, associate professor of economics at Dartmouth College, who specializes in household finance and retail financial issues. "On the demand side, it's unclear how much is a matter of psychology, and being more attuned to the the risk of job loss and other risks, or how much of the deleveraging could be a permanent shock for some people, feeling poorer, and being poorer, and feeling that they have less income to spread across their lives." Meredith Whitney, CEO of Meredith Whitney Advisory Group, LLC, and an expert on debt, noted in a recent Wall Street Journal op-ed that credit-card lines have been cut by 25% since last year. That was prompted both by economic factors and by card issuers who began to shift policies and practices in the wake of passage this May of the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009. And Whitney predicted more than $1 trillion more in credit-card-line cuts by the end of 2010. "For most Americans, credit card availability became their savings account," reflecting the financial enfranchisement of millions who had never had plastic before, says Walter Moeling, partner in the banking practice at Bryan, Cave LLP, Atlanta. "People loved their credit cards," says Dartmouth's Zinman, "and the ability to get credit on demand." Indeed, the shift in attitude shows in more than consumer credit outstanding. Ed Seifried, former professor of economics and business at Lafayette University, Easton, Pa. …


The Southern High-Resolution Modeling Consortium (SHRMC) is one of five regional Fire Consortia for Advanced Modeling of Meteorology and Smoke (FCAMMS) consortia established as part of the National Fire Plan. FCAMMS involves research and development activities collaborating across all land management agencies, NOAA, NASA, and Universities. These activities will support fire fighters by developing and disseminating high-resolution fire weather, fire danger, fire behavior, and smoke management products. FCAMMS products will merge the latest science in weather forecasting and satellite observations with existing models and fire science to increase accuracy of information used by fire weather forecasters and fire intelligence officers to control wildfires more quickly and manage all fires more efficiently.


In recent years, increasing attention has been focused on the liquefaction of biomass in subcritical water by researchers. The authors try to obtain bio-oil of high quality and high yields using straw as starting material. This process was affected by many factors such as different conditions of pressure, heating rate, reaction time and addition of catalyst. In this paper, the effects of the dosage and kinds of catalysts, respectively, on the yield and Higher Heating Value (HHV) of the bio-oil were investigated and the influence of the mixture of different catalysts was also studied. The effect of catalyst on liquefaction of straw was studied using a high pressure batch autoclave under the subcritical water (T = 573 K, P = 18 MPa, t = 5 min) and the bio-oil obtained was observed and analysed. It was found that addition of appropriate amount of ZnCl2 could increase the yield of the bio-oil to as high as 32.90%, and addition of appropriate amount of Na2S could obviously improve the HHV of the bio-oil to the maximum of 34,056 kJ/kg. When the two catalysts of ZnCl2 and Na2S were added in a certain proportion at the same time, both the yield and the HHV of the bio oil could reach their maximum of 33.85% and 34,428 kJ/kg, and the residue of the reaction reached its minimum. GC-MS technology was also adopted to make qualitative and quantitative analyses on bio-oil as to further confirm the bio-oil's components. The main components of the bio-oil were ketones, phenol substances and their derivatives.


2508 Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM, WHO grade 4 glioma) is an aggressive disease with an unfavorable prognosis. The current first line treatment comprises radical operation and radiotherapy combined with temozolomide chemotherapy. The reported median overall survival time after primary diagnosis is less than 15 months. After failure of first-line therapy there is currently no effective therapy, and side effects from further treatments may potentially impair quality of life. We report that immunotherapy with monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) combined with oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) can improve the efficacy of dendritic cell based immune therapy for relapsed GBM.

METHODS
After isolating monocytes from peripheral blood of n=37 patients with stage IV GBM who failed first-line radio-chemotherapy (PFI: 8 months), MoDC were generated using standard protocols. In 19 patients, NDV was added to the MoDC on day 5. These patients were also pretreated with an infusion with NDV one day before vaccination. The MoDC were harvested on day 7 of culture and administered to the patients intradermally.

RESULTS
Improvement of the clinical response was observed in patients, who received combination of NDV with MoDC vs. MoDC alone (47% vs. 11%). The median survival after onset of DC-therapy was 3 months with MoDC alone and 10 months (23 months after primary diagnosis) in combination with NDV. The 1- year-survival rates after onset of DC therapy were 6% and 32%, respectively. The therapy was well tolerated without any major side effects. IFN-gamma Elispot analyses from patients who received NDV injections and NDV-primed MoDC show that MoDC primed with NDV can induce a specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell response against NDV whereas healthy donors show no specific T-cell response.

CONCLUSIONS
The efficacy of dendritic-cell based therapy for GBM can be improved by combination with NDV and may prolong overall survival of patients after failure of first-line therapy. For a first time we demonstrate that NDV primed MoDC induces a NDV specific T-cell response in humans, which may lead to in-vivo lysis of NDV-infected tumor cells.


Agricultural societies around the world have dramatically altered the natural landscape, particularly through accelerated soil erosion. The expansion of agricultural land use into steeper headwater areas during the Medieval period in central Europe is known to have caused large increases in soil erosion and sediment redistribution downstream. Although land-use practices changed and improved following this initial impact, it is currently unknown whether changes in land-use techniques also improved hillslope soil erosion and sediment redistribution rates. In this paper, we use a variety of techniques, including chrono-stratigraphy, wood charcoal analysis and a geostatistical model, to reconstruct land-use and erosion rates for the period spanning the Medieval Period to the present (1100–300 years ago) in a small headwater catchment in central Europe. Coupling land-use, hillslope erosion and sediment redistribution fluxes, we find the largest flux change occurs because of the initial deforestation at the beginning of the Medieval Period (1100 years ago). Following deforestation, we identified three main types of land-use techniques that were practised between ~1100 and 300 years ago: Horticulture, cropping agriculture and rotational birch silviculture, the last of which represents the earliest evidence for this practice found in central Europe to date. However, we find only small differences in hillslope fluxes throughout the catchment despite the variable land-use techniques employed. This is because the land-use techniques primarily influenced and increased the hillslope sediment storage capacity rather than erosion rates directly, which is an important distinction to consider for future work attempting to link changes in human land use and hillslope erosion.


We demonstrated two-section reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) with dramatic improvement of small-signal modulation bandwidth above 10 GHz as colorless source for wavelength division multiplexed-passive optical network (WDM-PON). The device provides the fiber-to-fiber gain of 22.8 dB, 3-dB amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) bandwidth of 30 nm, and ripple of 1.5 dB. Good performance at 2.5 Gbps was obtained with an extinction ratio of 8 dB and a power penalty of 2 dB at a 10(-9) bit error rate (BER) up to 20 km transmission.


Geologists have an evocative term for majestic landscapes prone to tectonic shifts: catastrophic landscapes. India is in many ways similar: the economy is reaching new heights, but the forces playing out not so far beneath the surface have the potential to suddenly alter the terrain. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] India has built up substantial momentum, but on a creaky substratum of weak infrastructure and poor services. The country's failure to deliver the public goods its policymakers promise and its constitution guarantees undercuts one of its greatest economic assets: its human resources. More importantly, the political-bureaucratic strata that shape this foundation for sustained growth are like molten lava: slow-moving, but occasionally explosive. Electoral pressure on leaders to perform is building as existing practices of making and implementing policy come under increasingly critical scrutiny. The combination led to some unpleasant surprises in the fall of 2010 and may well produce more if India does not move rapidly toward systemic reform that encourages greater transparency, accountability, and capability at all levels of government. Economic prospects are often measured in terms of progress on particular policy changes: labor market reform, budgetary allocations to education and health sectors, financial sector reform, or rationalization of tax codes. This is the wrong calculus for predicting India's trajectory. The next set of economic reforms has to be political. It must consist of revamping the state's ability as an organization to deliver on the infrastructure, services, and policy context its citizens demand. Surface and Substrata "Incredible India" (the government's slogan for its global public relations campaign) has world-class airports, shiny high-rises, and world-renowned universities. It boasts five of the top 50 richest billionaires according to the 2010 Forbes list and a growing number of companies bailing out or buying out their "developed country" competitors. The country's economic growth has recovered from the dip it took in the past couple of years to almost break into the double digits. The IMF's October 2010 World Economic Outlook projects India's growth rate for 2010 at 9.7 percent, up from its estimate of 9.4 percent in July. India's National Council for Applied Economic Research upped its October projections for growth in fiscal year 2010-11 growth from an 8.1 percent forecast in July to 8.4 percent, mostly due to an increase in projected agricultural growth rates. India, however, still lacks many of the fundamentals for sustained, distributed, inclusive growth. The electricity supply persistently lags behind the demand for power. Those who can fill the gap do so with generators and captive power plants, adding to entrepreneurs and households' basic costs of struggling doing business. Large swathes of some of the poorest rural areas have intermittent power at best, with obvious consequences for the prospects for modern agriculture, rural non-farm employment, and schoolchildren's ability to do homework at night. India's transport network is congested and crumbling. The interstate highway system formed by the Golden Quadrilateral and the North-South East-West corridors has knit some of the major cities together and eaten into the railways' share of freight transport, but the vast majority of roads are un-paved, rural, and accessible for just part of the year. Mobile phone use is growing rapidly, but the internet backbone required to move serious amounts of information around reliably is mostly limited to urban India. According to the latest data (2006) from World Bank World Development Indicators, nearly 70 percent of India's citizens do not have access to improved sanitation facilities and 12 percent do not have access to even minimally improved sources of clean water. India's investment in one of its greatest resources, the "demographic dividend" created by its comparatively young workforce, is similarly lacking. …


NASA's Earth science programme is developing an improved understanding of terrestrial productivity and its relationship to global environmental change. Environmental change includes changes that are anthropogenic, caused for example by increasing population and resource use, as well as those that are natural, caused by interannual or decadal variability in climate and intrinsic vegetation dynamics. In response to current science and policy concerns, the Earth science programme has carbon and the major biogeochemical cycles as a primary focus but is broad enough to include related topics such as land-atmosphere interactions associated with the hydrological cycle and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. The research programme includes the study of ecosystems both as respondents to change and as mediators of feedback to the atmosphere. Underlying all the research elements are important questions of natural resources and sustainable land management. The land cover and land use change element of the programme is aimed specifically at studying the causes and effects of land transformation and changes in land use practices. The NASA Earth science programme has a primary focus on using satellite remote sensing systems but also recognizes the need for an integrated approach to achieving its science goals by combining satellite and in situ process measurements and numerical modelling. This paper outlines the programme strategy for addressing its major focus. The approach adopted provides a balance between long-term satellite measurements of the Earth's surface at moderate and high spatial resolutions that are needed to quantify change, and the new experimental satellite missions that are aimed at addressing specific process research questions and testing new sensing technology. In addition to satellite measurements, ground-based in situ measurements are needed to validate the satellite data products, to describe and quantify processes, and to parameterize and validate process models. Numerical models need to be enhanced to provide both the study of processes and a predictive capability for the study of global change.


Though virtually ignored in the historiography, Brazil played an intriguing role in the politics and diplomacy of the Cuban missile crisis and in U.S. Cuban relations during the Kennedy administration. In the years after Fidel Castro took power, successive Brazilian governments tried secretly to mediate between the United States and Cuba as the two countries' mutual confrontation intensified. Newly available U.S., Brazilian, Cuban, and other sources reveal that this role climaxed during the missile crisis, as John F. Kennedy clandestinely sought to employ Brazil to transmit a message to Castro. In turn, Brazil, which was also promoting a Latin American denuclearization scheme at the United Nations as a possible method to resolve the crisis, sought to broker a formula for U.S. Cuban reconciliation that would heighten the prestige of its own independent policy in the Cold War. Ultimately, these efforts failed, but they shed light on previously hidden aspects of both the missile crisis and the triangular U.S. CubanBrazilian relationship. Thefirst part of this twopart article sets the scene for an indepth look at the Cuban missile crisis, which will be covered in Part 2 of the article in the next issue of the journal.


A new model for the skin-electrode interface impedance is presented. This model is developed to work with typical Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation (TES) parameters and, unlike other models, is able to predict low and high charge pulses since it considers the electroporation and a charge-dependent effect. Experimental data are acquired with Current-Control (CC) and Voltage-Control (VC) stimulation pulses. The data show a predominant currentdependency for both stimulation techniques, which allows to keep a simple model. A computational simulation is run with biphasic pulses of CC and VC, getting R 2 -values up to 0.99. The model can be fitted for each electrode type with few experimental points, and be easily embedded in optimization algorithms to design new pulse waveforms and study of high-charges pulses of actual TES techniques.


Introduction.—The south coast of Spain has been frequently the subject of geological description; but many most essential points have hitherto been left unnoticed, and the general relations of the different groups of rocks, as well as the special characteristics of the various deposits, still remain very imperfectly known, although they are likely to prove of sufficient importance to justify a complete revision of the existing views concerning the geology of the western part of the Mediterranean. I propose in the present memoir to give the result of a somewhat minute investigation in various parts of the district, dwelling particularly on the rocks in the neighbourhood of Malaga, where I first obtained the clue that seems likely to clear up the difficulties and obscurities hitherto felt with regard to other parts. The Spanish geologists who have described the tract of country under consideration are (1) Don Ramon Pellico and Don Amalio Maester, in a memoir in the second volume of the 'Anales de Minas' of Madrid, 1841; (2) Don Amalio Maestre in the 'Revista Minera' of Madrid; and (3) Don Antonio Linera, the present Inspector of Mines of the province of Malaga, in the same publication (vol. ii. pp. 161 & 193). There is also a notice of the geology of the neighbourhood of the town by Don Pablo Prolongo, published in the 'Topografia Medica' of Dr. Martinez, and dated 1852. Some notice of particular points in the immediate vicinity of Malaga will be found in the 'Bulletin de la Société


Cellular adaptations that occur during skeletal muscle hypertrophy in response to high-volume resistance training are not well-characterized. Therefore, we sought to explore how actin, myosin, sarcoplasmic protein, mitochondrial, and glycogen concentrations were altered in individuals that exhibited mean skeletal muscle fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA) hypertrophy following 6 weeks of high-volume resistance training. Thirty-one previously resistance-trained, college-aged males (mean ± standard deviation: 21±2 years, 5±3 training years) had vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies obtained prior to training (PRE), at week 3 (W3), and at week 6 (W6). Muscle tissue from 15 subjects exhibiting PRE to W6 VL mean fCSA increases ranging from 320-1600 μm2 was further interrogated using various biochemical and histological assays as well as proteomic analysis. Seven of these individuals donated a VL biopsy after refraining from training 8 days following the last training session (W7) to determine how deloading affected biomarkers. The 15 fCSA hypertrophic responders experienced a +23% increase in mean fCSA from PRE to W6 (p<0.001) and, while muscle glycogen concentrations remained unaltered, citrate synthase activity levels decreased by 24% (p<0.001) suggesting mitochondrial volume decreased. Interestingly, both myosin and actin concentrations decreased ~30% from PRE to W6 (p<0.05). Phalloidin-actin staining similarly revealed actin concentrations per fiber decreased from PRE to W6. Proteomic analysis of the sarcoplasmic fraction from PRE to W6 indicated 40 proteins were up-regulated (p<0.05), KEGG analysis indicated that the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway was upregulated (FDR sig. <0.001), and DAVID indicated that the following functionally-annotated pathways were upregulated (FDR value <0.05): a) glycolysis (8 proteins), b) acetylation (23 proteins), c) gluconeogenesis (5 proteins) and d) cytoplasm (20 proteins). At W7, sarcoplasmic protein concentrations remained higher than PRE (+66%, p<0.05), and both actin and myosin concentrations remained lower than PRE (~−50%, p<0.05). These data suggest that short-term high-volume resistance training may: a) reduce muscle fiber actin and myosin protein concentrations in spite of increasing fCSA, and b) promote sarcoplasmic expansion coincident with a coordinated up-regulation of sarcoplasmic proteins involved in glycolysis and other metabolic processes related to ATP generation. Interestingly, these effects seem to persist up to 8 days following training.


The mountain development model sustained by the coexistence of a distorting and stereotyped vernacular imaginary on one side and the uncritical and widespread re-proposing of urban settling schemes on the other, have been in a crisis situation since decades. Mass tourism and the spread of second houses have progressively brought on an overlap to local cultures and have caused a distortion of the natural environment, simplifying the idea of the mountain to just a place of transit and consumption. The way represented by the settling of the "new mountain dwellers", even if it is still exiguous in numbers in terms of repopulation, it is essential in renewing and redefining lifestyles, cultures, forms: the Alps as a place of a contemporary living emancipated from rustic and urban, being able to get over the ambiguous paradigm founded on an old idea of "museum-ization" of the environment and the patrimony and on an indiscriminate exploitation of the territory too.


For many years Internet routers have been designed and benchmarked in ways that encourage the use of large buffers. When these buffers accumulate a large standing queue, this can lead to high network path latency. Two AQM algorithms: PIE and CoDel, have been recently proposed to reduce buffer latency by avoiding the drawbacks of previous AQM algorithms like RED. This paper explores the performance of these new algorithms in simulated rural broadband networks where capacity is limited. We compared the new algorithms using Adaptive RED as a reference. We observe that to achieve a small queuing delay PIE and CoDel both increase packet loss. We therefore explored this impact on the quality of experience for loss-sensitive unreliable multimedia applications, such as real-time and near-real-time video. The results from simulations show that PIE performs better than CoDel in terms of packet loss rates affecting video quality. We also noted that the performance of ARED is comparable to that of PIE and CoDel in constant capacity links. This suggests that AQM in general is useful for limited capacity network paths.


Despite being routinely underfunded, lawyer disciplinary processes must operate in ways that merit the confidence of both society at large and the American legal profession. This means that those who participate in lawyer grievance adjudication must be vigilant against systemic abuse (whether deliberate or unintentional) and mindful of factors that limit institutional competence. This essay argues that, in many instances, disciplinary authorities should abstain from deciding grievances that would require them to rule on unresolved scientific questions, particularly if controversial matters are involved. The essay further urges that grievance rulings must be consistent with American constitutional principles which favor robust debate of public issues and hold that even unpopular parties have a right to legal counsel. A lawyer should never be subject to discipline based on allegedly misleading advertising absent persuasive evidence that the lawyer knowingly, recklessly, or negligently made a provably false assertion of fact.


Abstract. The first airborne measurements of formic acid mixing ratios over the United Kingdom were measured on the FAAM BAe-146 research aircraft on 16 March 2010 with a chemical ionization mass spectrometer using I− reagent ions. The I− ionization scheme was able to measure formic acid mixing ratios at 1 Hz in the boundary layer. In-flight standard addition calibrations from a formic acid source were used to determine the instrument sensitivity of 35 ± 6 ion counts pptv−1 s−1 and a limit of detection of 25 pptv. Routine measurements were made through a scrubbed inlet to determine the instrumental background. Three plumes of formic acid were observed over the UK, originating from London, Humberside and Tyneside. The London plume had the highest formic acid mixing ratio throughout the flight, peaking at 358 pptv. No significant correlations of formic acid with NOx and ozone were found, but a positive correlation was observed between CO and HCOOH within the two plumes where coincident data were recorded. A trajectory model was employed to determine the sources of the plumes and compare modelled mixing ratios with measured values. The model underestimated formic acid concentrations by up to a factor of 2. This is explained by missing sources in the model, which were considered to be both primary emissions of formic acid of mainly anthropogenic origin and a lack of precursor emissions, such as isoprene, from biogenic sources, whose oxidation in situ would lead to formic acid formation.


This paper explores the opportunities presented by the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) to Japan to revitalize its trade policy, bolster economic growth, and increase participation in regional multilateral fora for the 21st century. Despite its strengths, Japan has continued to face problems caused by its economic, political, and strategic policies. The Japanese economy has been stagnant for the last several decades, and Japan needs to take bold steps to ameliorate this situation. Politically, domestic political paralysis has had a negative impact on Japan's alliances and partnerships and eroded Tokyo's ability to act as a major player in the increasing vital and important Indo-Pacific region. Connected to this, it is imperative for Japan to engage itself deeply in Asia in ways that increase strategic trust. This paper will also highlight the necessary reforms Japan must undertake to take full advantage of the benefits of the TPP, as well as what the TPP might mean for its relationship with both the US and other regional partners.


A Steiner triple system has a bicoloring with $m$ color classes if the points are partitioned into $m$ subsets and the three points in every block are contained in exactly two of the color classes. In this paper we give necessary conditions for the existence of a bicoloring with 3 color classes and give a multiplication theorem for Steiner triple systems with 3 color classes. We also examine bicolorings with more than 3 color classes.


A one-to-one comparison of the significant wave height reported by Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) with the ERA-interim database is performed. A preliminary filtering procedure allows excluding reports affected by the most evident observations' errors and removing the systematic biases in order to clean up the database. A statistical analysis confirms the previous finding regarding the goodness of the database when analyzing average values, but also highlights a large spreading of the observations. The work identifies critical areas and conditions in which the mismatch between numerical data and observations is more significant. The pattern of the differences reveals a regional consistency with VOS overestimating the significant wave height in marginal and enclosed seas as well as in the western sides of the oceans, while showing good matches in the eastern sides and offshore areas, except in the southern oceans where VOS leads to underestimations. The causes of such differences are finally discussed.


Non‐woven Lyocell mats were made from the fibers by carding and needling process at Swerea IVF, Molndal, Sweden. The carding was done first in order to align the clumps of fibers. And then needle punching was done to obtain compact and entangled fiber mat. The composites were made by compression molding technique at temperature between 160‐170°C and pressure of 40 bar with non‐woven Lyocell, jute and viscose fiber reinforcements. The hybrid bio‐based composites were produced in this study to improve the mechanical properties of the composites. Bio‐based thermoset resin known as acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was used as matrix in the composites. Laser cutting technique was adopted to cut specimens from laminates according to standard. The dimensional stability of the composites was determined by soaking the composite specimens in water for 10 days. Tensile and flexural properties of the composites were determined before and after water uptake. Hybridizing the jute fiber with glass and Lyocell fibers reduced the water uptake. Mechanical properties of the non‐woven fiber reinforced composites were studied by tensile, flexural, impact tests. Viscoelastic properties were studied using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Tensile, flexural and impact properties of natural fiber composites were improved by hybridizing with Lyocell fiber.


This paper determines contaminant dispersivity in the coastal sand of River Mersey Outer Estuary using results of field measurement from dye solute injection. Dispersivity is an alternative parameter for describing the characteristic behaviour of porous media. In this case, 3-D plumes in 2-D Photo-images were taken from multiple injection zones across the foreshore. The colour images were calibrated, standardized and the optical intensity converted into concentration maps. Apparent dispersivity of the subsurface foreshore was graphically determined from spatial covariance tensors. The variances were obtained by subtracting the products of the zeroth moments and square of the mean location of mass centers from the second order moments, and results were divided by the zeroth moment. The variance tensors (i³xE¹xE¹2, and i³yE¹yE¹2) were plotted against their respective travel distance intervals. The result predicts linear increase of the variance of spread distance, enhancing estimate of dispersivity using the best fit relations   and  for the x-x and y-y planes. The dispersivity coefficient varied with increase in travel distance. It quantifies the rate of spreading of the mean concentration of the tracer front which shows dependence on the distance traveled by the front. The effect on the mean concentration at the injection point is therefore described by the area of the effective dispersivity coefficient controls.

 Key words: Sand aquifers, porous media, injectate, vadose zone, ground water, transport of pollutant, contaminant transport.


In this paper, we introduce space filling curves (SFC) as a useful possibility to organize data for sonification. First, we give a brief overview about the history of SFCs and their graphical construction. Then we focus on the mapping properties of SFCs from 2D to one dimension. We present the acoustic results of an implementation of the described method, in which we took the Hilbert curve as one particular example of an SFC. The actual sonification program features different methods for real-time interaction. These methods take advantage of the particular properties of SFCs. We further discuss their restrictions, how they can be circumvented, and give an outlook to future applications, where we also make suggestions as to how the properties of SFCs can be combined with methods of data reduction. [