Most of the experts admit that the true behavior of the neural network is hard to predict. It is quite impossible to deterministically prove the working of the neural network as the architecture gets bigger, yet, it is observed that it is possible to apply a well engineered network to solve one of the most abstract problems like image recognition with substantial accuracy. It requires enormous amount of training of a considerably big and complex neural network to understand its behavior and iteratively improve its accuracy in solving a certain problem. Deep Neural Networks, which are fairly popular nowadays deal with such complicated and computationally intensive neural networks and their training process usually takes hours,days or, in some cases months,to achieve a particular accuracy. This opens up an opportunity for code modernizers and computer architecture experts to systematically study and optimize the core computational modules of the deep neural networks or simply DNN's. In this thesis one such module called Spatial Convolution module is selected. This module is seen in most popular DNN architectures today and is also a major computational bottleneck. It is optimized for Intel Architecture, specifically the Knights Landing Architecture which is a powerful many-core processor introduced recently by Intel. The main strategy here was to use an unconventional convolution algorithm called Winograd Convolution algorithm to decrease the number of arithmetic operations. However, the reduction of arithmetic operations in Winograd algorithm comes at the cost of complicating the memory accesses. So the objective was to use


[1] A modeling study of a low-lying mixed-phase cloud layer observed on 8 April 2008 during the Indirect and Semi-Direct Aerosol Campaign is presented. Large-eddy simulations with size-resolved microphysics were used to test the hypothesis that heterogeneous ice nucleus (IN) concentrations measured above cloud top can account for observed ice concentrations, while also matching ice size distributions, radar reflectivities, and mean Doppler velocities. The conditions for the case are favorable for the hypothesis: springtime IN concentrations are high in the Arctic, the predominant ice habit falls slowly, and overlying IN concentrations were greater than ice particle number concentrations. Based on particle imagery, we considered two dendrite types, broad armed (high density) and stellar (low density), in addition to high and low density aggregates. Two simulations with low-density aggregates reproduced observations best overall: one in which IN concentrations aloft were increased fourfold (as could have been present above water saturation) and another in which initial IN concentrations were vertically uniform. A key aspect of the latter was an IN reservoir under the well-mixed cloud layer: as the simulations progressed, the reservoir IN slowly mixed upward, helping to maintain ice concentrations close to those observed. Given the uncertainties of the measurements and parameterizations of the microphysical processes embedded in the model, we found agreement between simulated and measured ice number concentrations in most of the simulations, in contrast with previous modeling studies of Arctic mixed-phase clouds, which typically show a large discrepancy when IN are treated prognostically and constrained by measurements.


Various attempts have been made to place convexity in an axiomatic setting. Recently J. Eckhoff has considered the classic theorem of Radon in several different settings. Most of his work is done in what we call an Eckhoff space, i.e., in a finite product of euclidean spaces where convex sets are defined as the cartesian products of usual convex sets in each component space. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the closely related theorem of Caratheodory and its generalizations in this setting.


Wilderness Search and Rescue (WiSAR) is the process of finding and assisting persons who are lost in remote wilderness areas. Because such areas are often rugged or relatively inaccessible, searching for missing persons can take huge amounts of time and resources. Camera-equipped mini-Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have the potential for speeding up the search process by enabling searchers to view aerial video of an area of interest while closely coordinating with nearby ground searchers. In this paper, we report on lessons learned by trying to use UAVs to support WiSAR. Our research methodology has relied heavily on field trials involving searches conducted under the direction of practicing search and rescue personnel but using simulated missing persons. Lessons from these field trials include the immediate importance of seeing things well in the video, the field need for defining and supporting various roles in the search team, role-specific needs like supporting systematic search by providing a visualization tool to represent the quality of the search, and the on-going need to better support interactions between ground and video searchers. Surprisingly to us, sophisticated autonomous search patterns were less critical than we anticipated, though advances in video enhancement and visualizing search progress, as well as ongoing work to model the likely location of a missing person, open up the possibility of closing the loop between UAV path-planning, search quality, and the likely location of a moving missing person. Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles, Wilderness Search and Rescue, Human–Robot Interaction, Human Factors, Field Robotics, Graphical User Interfaces


Electronic media use by children and adolescents is growing each year. From 2004 to 2009, electronic daily media exposure increased from six hours and twentyone minutes to seven hours and thirty-eight minutes. The ubiquity of electronic media among youth is apparent in our technology-driven culture; however, more research on video gaming patterns and characteristics of children and adolescents with developmental disabilities is warranted specifically, individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). As of 2011, the number of children and adolescents with ADHD in schools represents 6.4 million in the USA. Given that ADHD is a prevalent disability in children and adolescents, there is a need to be able to effectively discern the most time and cost effective interventions for youth with ADHD, including those that are electronically mediated. Thus, this study examines parent-reported video game use among children and adolescents with ADHD collected from a clinical sample, and compares their rates of use with previously reported data from national samples. Parents completed the Children's Use of Video Games and Digital Media, comprised of 13 questions that assessed ADHD type characteristics expressed during activities, duration spent across different activities, parent involvement, perceptions, and parent use of video games. The present study found that only weekend/vacation days video game play for youth with ADHD was reported by parents as more frequent than video game play among the national sample reported by Rideout and colleagues. Male youth statistically played more video games than female youth, and the only statistical age difference was found among 11-14 year-old children/adolescents and 5-7 year-old children, with older children/adolescents playing more video games. The majority of parents in the present sample endorsed that their children demonstrated fewer ADHD behaviors during video game play (i.e., less inattention, hyperactivity, and disorganization). In conclusion, the variability of video game and media use indicate potential areas to capitalize on teachable moments for ADHD youth while in the home. Findings from this study are expected to inform future research and practice with children with ADHD, particularly in the areas of effective parenting, intervention development, and the use of technology-based learning strategies.


ABSTRACT It is generally assumed that the body temperature of large animals is less likely to change because of their large body size, resulting in a high thermal inertia and a smaller surface area to volume ratio. The goal of this study was to investigate the stability of body temperature in large fish using data from field experiments. We measured the muscle temperatures of free-ranging whale sharks (Rhincodon typus), the largest extant fish globally, and investigated their ectothermic physiology and the stability of their body temperature. The muscle temperature changed substantially more slowly than the water temperature fluctuations associated with vertical movements, and the whole-body heat-transfer coefficients (HTCs) of whale sharks estimated using heat-budget models were lower than those of any other fish species measured to date. The heat-budget models also showed that internal heat production does not contribute to changes in muscle temperature. A comparative analysis showed that the HTC at cooling in various fish species including both ectothermic and endothermic species ranging from 10−4 to 103 kg was proportional to body mass−0.63. This allometry was present regardless of whether the fish were ectothermic or endothermic, and was an extension of the relationship observed in previous studies on small fish. Thus, large fish have the advantage of body temperature stability while moving in environments with large temperature variations. Our results suggest that the large body size of whale sharks aids in preventing a decrease in body temperature during deep excursions to more than 1000 m depths without high metabolic costs of producing heat. Highlighted Article: Whale sharks, the world's largest fish, can dive over 1000 m and have the advantage of maintaining relatively stable body temperatures because of their high thermal inertia.


Small streams and rivers draining agricultural watersheds are frequently exposed to hazardous chemicals. Unfortunately, chemical registration procedures currently do not include standardized protocols capable of predicting chemical impacts in lotic ecosystems. Three experiments were conducted utilizing artificial streams and rock-filled artificial substrates in ari attempt to further standardize stream microcosm test procedures. In the first experiment stream microcosms were used to predict the effects of a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide on riffle insect communities. Aquatic macroinvertebrates colonized on artificial substrates were placed in artificial streams and dosed in triplicate at 0.0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 ug/L fenvalerate (cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl-4chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl) benzeneacetate) for a 30-day period. The stream microcosms dosed at 0.1 ug/L fenvalerate exhibited significant (p s 0.05) reductions in species richness and total density following the 30-day toxicity test. Artificial substrates placed in a natural riffle area during the second experiment were randomly sampled at weekly intervals for a seven week period to determine an optimal colonization period and to compare the artificial and natural substrate communities. Riffle insect communities colonizing the artificial substrates reached species equilibrium and maximum densities by weeks one and four, respectively. Artificial substrates were selectively colonized by collector-filterers, and collector-gatherers were more abundant in the natural substrate. The final experiment was conducted in an attempt to reduce colonization periods and collect artificial substrate communities more representative of natural riffle insect communities. Macroinvertebrates were colonized in artificial substrates, embedded and unembedded in the natural substrate, that were either uncolonized or precolonized with periphyton. Precolonized-unembedded substrates were colonized by significantly (p s 0.05) greater densities than the other experimental groups on week one. Unembedded substrate were colonized by riffle insect communities functionally more similar to the natural stream community than the embedded substrates.


This thesis takes the case of female academics to explore an insight into the organisational support afforded to them during their maternity journey whilst working in UK universities. Despite the fact that women represent nearly half of all Higher Education (HE) academic staff, they continue to be significantly underrepresented within more senior academic positions, in particular professorial roles. With this in mind, the workplace barriers that this group faces in pursuing a traditionally successful academic career have been analysed in depth revealing that the decision to have children can act as the primary barrier for career progression. Where balancing motherhood and an academic career are addressed, the focus is mainly on the organisational barriers women face, such as managing work-life balance, and difficulties with part-time and flexible work. In order to curtail such organisational barriers for working mothers, the government and the HE institution has introduced valuable policies and agendas, in particular; shared parental leave, right to request flexibility and the Athena SWAN agenda. However, an insight into the type of organisational support this group experiences to ease the maternity process can have a significant impact on an academic career, and it has yet to be analysed in depth.
The present study therefore seeks to address this gap and aims to gain an insight and understanding into organisational support offered throughout women's maternity journey. The overarching aim of this research is 'To investigate the perceived organisational support afforded to female academics throughout their maternity journey in selected UK universities'. As a means of addressing this, the study sets out to accomplish 3 objectives; to establish existing elements that shape female academics experiences of motherhood, to examine female academics accounts of support before, during and after maternity, and to evaluate collated accounts of support throughout maternity, in order to consider an alternative course of action.
The underpinning methodology used to gather data consists of a narrative interview approach that targeted a sample size of 26 female academics who had experienced the maternity journey within selected UK universities. Narratives from female academics involved four levels of analysis; the pregnancy and maternity leave stage, the transitioning stage from maternity leave back to work, experiences soon after return to work, and the gradual career progression experience. Upon this data being analysed using the thematic narrative analysis approach, the findings were then presented to a small group of 5 HR professionals and 3 Line Managers (LMs), also from a UK university. Semi-structured interviews were then utilised with these participants to gain their views on the findings.
These findings are then examined in line with the underpinning theoretical framework which includes theories derived from the literature review, namely the Gendered Institution and the Ideal worker. In particular, it utilises the Perceived Organisational Support (POS) theory as an analytical tool in understanding employee perceptions concerning the extent to which an organisation values their contribution and cares about their well-being.
A major finding of the research is that female academics have consistently faced as a result of organisational deficiencies in the provision of support throughout all four stages of the maternity journey. During pregnancy, there were perceptions of direct and indirect discrimination, insufficient arrangements made prior to maternity leave, different expectations of communication, and negative perceptions towards adoption. Whilst on maternity leave, their experience was heavily dependent on the immediate department, for instance, the LMs, colleagues and HR department, and there were related instances of planning an ideal academic baby due to the lack of a phased return. When returning to work both tangible (physical facilities e.g. childcare, breastfeeding) and intangible support (psychological support e.g. with miscarriage, post-natal depression) were essential aspects post return, but there was a general lack of awareness and acknowledgement of intangible support. The research also reveals that reaching motherhood inevitably affected career progression, primarily due to a culture of inflexibility and presentism, in addition to several other organisational factors that affected working mothers such as part-time working, a lack of role models, pressure to publish, and an unmanageable workload. The research therefore finds that each phase of the maternity journey brought issues and concern for the women, the culmination of the stress, inflexibility and all around poor experiences, meant that women experienced stagnated careers due to the organisations inability to accommodate mother academics, and some women were even put-off from having another baby.
The second stage of interviews with HR and LMs revealed that organisational agents were driven by wider economic and organisational imperatives relating to performance management and to which everything else was subordinated. They lacked training and were ill- equipped to understand the issues and act in a genuinely sympathetic fashion in their provision of support for maternity leave. During this process, both parties appeared to want to pass on the main responsibility to the other, and in their defense they also pointed to inadequacies in broader university and HE policies that establish the framework within which they operate.
Taken as a whole, the evidence at the four different stages shows that organisational support throughout an academic's maternity journey remains lacking and underdeveloped. The issue under consideration thus requires further attention, both in theory and practice in order to ensure more suitable support is extended to working mothers in academia.


Given a matrix $D$ describing the pairwise dissimilarities of a data set, a common task is to embed the data points into Euclidean space. The classical multidimensional scaling (cMDS) algorithm is a widespread method to do this. However, theoretical analysis of the robustness of the algorithm and an in-depth analysis of its performance on non-Euclidean metrics is lacking. In this paper, we derive a formula, based on the eigenvalues of a matrix obtained from $D$, for the Frobenius norm of the difference between $D$ and the metric $D_{\text{cmds}}$ returned by cMDS. This error analysis leads us to the conclusion that when the derived matrix has a significant number of negative eigenvalues, then $\|D-D_{\text{cmds}}\|_F$, after initially decreasing, will eventually increase as we increase the dimension. Hence, counterintuitively, the quality of the embedding degrades as we increase the dimension. We empirically verify that the Frobenius norm increases as we increase the dimension for a variety of non-Euclidean metrics. We also show on several benchmark datasets that this degradation in the embedding results in the classification accuracy of both simple (e.g., 1-nearest neighbor) and complex (e.g., multi-layer neural nets) classifiers decreasing as we increase the embedding dimension. Finally, our analysis leads us to a new efficiently computable algorithm that returns a matrix $D_l$ that is at least as close to the original distances as $D_t$ (the Euclidean metric closest in $\ell_2$ distance). While $D_l$ is not metric, when given as input to cMDS instead of $D$, it empirically results in solutions whose distance to $D$ does not increase when we increase the dimension and the classification accuracy degrades less than the cMDS solution.


Superconducting niobium nitride thin films are used for a variety of photon detectors, quantum devices, and superconducting electronics. Most of these applications require highly uniform films, for instance, when moving from single-pixel detectors to arrays with a large active area. Plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD) of superconducting niobium nitride is a feasible option to produce high-quality, conformal thin films and has been demonstrated as a film deposition method to fabricate superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors before. Here, we explore the property spread of ALD-NbN across a 6-in. wafer area. Over the equivalent area of a 2-in. wafer, we measure a maximum deviation of 1% in critical temperature and 12% in switching current. Toward larger areas, structural characterizations indicate that changes in the crystal structure seem to be the limiting factor rather than film composition or impurities. The results show that ALD is suited to fabricate NbN thin films as a material for large-area detector arrays and for new detector designs and devices requiring uniform superconducting thin films with precise thickness control.


In this paper, we present the results of our work on the development of a phrase-based statistical machine translation prototype from English to Turkish-an agglutinative language with very productive inflectional and derivational morphology. We experiment with different morpheme-level representations for English-Turkish parallel texts. Additionally, to help with word alignment, we experiment with local word reordering on the English side, to bring the word order of specific English prepositional phrases and auxiliary verb complexes, in line with the morpheme order of the corresponding case-marked nouns and complex verbs, on the Turkish side. To alleviate the dearth of the parallel data available, we also augment the training data with sentences just with content word roots obtained from the original training data to bias root word alignment, and with highly reliable phrase-pairs from an earlier corpus alignment. We use a morpheme-based language model in decoding and a word-based language model in re-ranking the n-best lists generated by the decoder. Lastly, we present a scheme for repairing the decoder output by correcting words which have incorrect morphological structure or which are out-of-vocabulary with respect to the training data and language model, to further improve the translations. We improve from 15.53 BLEU points for our word-based baseline model to 25.17 BLEU points for an improvement of 9.64 points or about 62% relative.


This volume is a compendium of the rich archeological and literary evidence on the Iranian world in its larger sense, comprising part of what is now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan as well as Iran proper.Originally published in 1984.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Objective: Taxonomic categorization plays an important role in the cognition development and language learning of children. This study aimed to analyze and compare the trend in the superordinate categorization in typical children across age, gender and type of superordinate categories.
Method: A total of 226 typically developing Kannada speaking children between the ages of 2 to 4 years served as participants of this study and were tested in individual set up. After providing 3 practice trials, a total of 122 items were presented and children were asked to assign or categorize each item under 11 categories which were indicated with referent pictures on a stimulus board. The responses of the children were rated on a 4 point rating scale.
Results: Results revealed a developmental trend in typical children between 2 to 4 years for superordinate categorization. The performance of children between >2.0 to 3.6 to <4.0 years. Effect of gender was not observed in all the age groups and on all the superordinate categories. There was no significant difference in the performance of children between natural categories and artifacts across age and gender.
Conclusion: The task for superordinate categorization in typical Kannada speaking children between 2 to 4 years showed a developmental trend indicating that superordinate categorization evolves with age and may continue after four years of age. The performance of children was not significantly different on natural categories and artifacts and this suggests that the children were capable of identifying perceptual and functional/contextual similarities and this could have probably helped in the categorization task, although they are differently used as a function of context and circumstances.


Purpose
This editorial provides an outline and reasoning for the launch of the new Journal of Family Business Management. The paper explains how the family business subject area has developed in previous years and highlights the authors' views on where the subject needs to focus in future.

Design/methodology/approach
This article is an editorial with commentary on family business subject area. It provides discussion about what is a family business; discussed the growth in family business studies; highlights the need for family businesses to focus on competitive advantage.

Findings
Family Business has evolved significantly over the past decade and today it is a well accepted and respected field of inquiry. In gaining academic acceptance, it has retained its practitioner roots. The paper argues that it is time for a re-think because the focus of previous family business research has become somewhat convoluted with SME research (at least in the UK) and with particular parts of the family business rather than the entire family business sytem. why? . is it mixed up with SME research??

Research limitations/implications (if applicable)
The paper argues for that it is still the case that the proportion of family business related journals in relation to all business journals is small. Family Businesses constitute the majority of global businesses and their contribution to global economy is significantly greater than non-family owned businesses. However, academic research on family businesses is still a new field less than 30 years old with many subjects and topics yet to be explored. This paper describes the approach the Journal of Family Business Management will adopt to address this imbalance and how it will focus on research that takes an inclusive, cross-disciplinary approach to the study of family business management. whatever we want the new journal to do such as a more inclusive approach to family business management etc

Practical implications (if applicable)
To continue its impressive upward trajectory, family business management and research needs to embrace new theoretical perspectives and approaches, particularly those which come from disciplines like psychology that at the moment have tenuous links to family business studies. It also needs to embrace learning that can be gained from practitioners and develop a useful discourse between stakeholder groups in the family business community.

Social implications (if applicable)

Originality/value
This article highlights the contribution that this new journal brings to the family business subject area and defines the gap that it aims to fill. It will be useful for academics, researchers and family business practitioners, policy makers and professional business advisors.

Keywords: Family business, advisors, practitioners.


BACKGROUND
There is no information about the exercise performances of the hemoglobin E trait (Hb EA), which is the second most prevalent hemoglobinopathy found in Southeast Asia and Mediterranean. The purpose of the present study was to compare both anaerobic and aerobic exercise performances between young male subjects with Hb EA and with normal hemoglobin (A2A).

METHODS
One hundred and twenty-two subjects underwent Hb EA Test screening, which revealed the presence of 17 subjects with Hb EA and 105 subjects with A2A. Thirteen subjects in each of the Hb EA and the normal hemoglobin groups were matched for race, age, height, weight, BMI, %body fat and physical activity profiles. All subjects performed the peak power output and anaerobic capacity tests using the Wingate protocol and the direct VO2max tests using a bicycle ergometer. The results were analyzed with the unpaired t-tests.

RESULTS
The Hb EA subjects had lower (P<0.05, unpaired t-test) relative peak anaerobic power (15.58±0.44 W.kg-1, mean±SEM), relative anaerobic capacity (6.50±0.16 W.kg-1) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) (27.39±1.65 mL.kg-1.min-1) when compared to normal hemoglobin group (17.39±0.48 W.kg-1, 7.21±0.18 W.kg-1 and 33.05±1.59 mL.kg-1.min-1, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
The present study suggests that anaerobic exercise and aerobic exercise performances of the Hb EA subjects may be lower than matched normal hemoglobin subjects using the Wingate and the VO2max tests. However, the mechanisms of these results should be further investigated.


This study focuses on a particular type of knowledge which is referred to throughout as tacit knowledge and has been identified as a personal form of knowledge, which plays a key role in the practice and professional development of teachers. In the context of initial teacher education tacit knowledge is important to consider as what student teachers are learning and how they are learning it is of current, pressing concern to initial teacher education in England.

The role of and access to tacit knowledge in student teacher learning were investigated using a case study approach employing stimulated recall interviews wherein mentors were asked to reflect upon their teaching and explain their teaching actions. Stimulated recall interviews involved student teachers taking on the role of interviewer. Thematic analysis of data revealed that student teachers probed key teaching episodes and encouraged mentors to reveal complex decision making which may otherwise have remained undisclosed.

Main findings show that both student teachers and experienced teachers see tacit knowledge as useful in the learning to teach process. Interviews reveal that observable teaching actions had complex underlying reasoning and this was elicited via objective-led dialogue between student teacher and mentor, post-teaching. Student teachers were able to independently select teaching events to examine further, and were able to understand their mentor's actions and judgements more deeply as a result of stimulated recall interviewing.

The implications arising out of this study include a need for change to observation and debriefing practices in school, with student teachers and mentors becoming more aware of the value and purpose of tacit knowledge. The benefits of student teachers being instrumental in initiating and asking questions which can elicit experienced teachers' tacit knowledge are clear; and findings show the potential for student teachers to become more pivotal in their own learning. Where stimulated recall interviews were used mentors were encouraged to reveal embedded reasoning underpinning their classroom practice.


Dark patterns can be found both offline and online in various shapes and sizes. They can take the form of aesthetically coloured 'Accept' buttons capable of cajoling users into accepting terms and conditions, trick questions and default settings which lure users into sharing more personal data, or even the manner in which supermarkets choose to stack packs of water in their back shelves while displaying sweets in the front at the checkout counter. These practices go by the name of dark patterns, as they systematically and covertly aim to influence individuals into making choices by inhibiting the control of their decision-making.

Dark patterns can be considered unethical since they do not take into account the interests of individuals, who, following the deployment of dark patterns become a means to an end. Relying only on ethics or social norms to prevent the use of dark patterns, however, is not effective given the difficulty in enforcing them. Thus, this paper will explore the underlying legal aspects of dark patterns.

Chapter 1 sets the scene by introducing the central research question of determining whether the EU legal framework needs a specific law to prevent and sanction the use of dark patterns. The first half of Chapter 2 reveals a taxonomy of dark patterns and further defines this concept before the second half delves into a legal analysis of the laws applicable to dark patterns. From privacy and data protection to consumer protection, media law, competition law or contract law, this legal analysis unveils the existence of a broad legal framework which can protect individuals' decision-making process against deceptive, manipulative, coercive or excessively persuasive dark patterns.

Finally, Chapter 3 reveals the conclusions and recommendations of this paper. While the EU legal framework does not require a specific law to prevent and sanction the use of dark patterns, there is still a lack of awareness and enforcement. The solution, therefore, lies in a three-fold approach (individuals, companies, and authorities), which would leverage the best results in increasing awareness and enforcement in relation to dark patterns.


Sex discrimination law is at a crossroads. While Title VII of the Civil Rights Act has done much to combat formal sex discrimination in employment, the gender-stereotyping theory of sex discrimination – perhaps the most transformative theory of sex discrimination – has been eroded in the courts by a problematic way of thinking about discrimination – the bootstrapping logic. The bootstrapping logic reasons that an employee cannot raise an actionable theory of sex discrimination to "bootstrap" protection for an unprotected trait. This Article uses the cultural relationship between meat-eating and stereotypical notions of masculinity to critique the bootstrapping logic. The centerpiece of this critique is a case-study of an ongoing lawsuit in which an employee has brought a discrimination claim against his former employer, alleging that the employer discriminated against him because he is vegetarian. By focusing on the male vegetarian case study – which involves allegations of vegetarian, sexual orientation, and gender-stereotyping discrimination – the Article argues that sex discrimination often manifests as other forms of bias. In the case of the male vegetarian, what may look like vegetarian or sexual orientation discrimination is really sex discrimination in the form of gender stereotyping.


PURPOSE
Polycythemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) associated with disabling symptoms and a heightened risk of life-threatening complications. Recent studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of JAK inhibitor therapy in patients with PV patients who have a history of prior hydroxyurea (HU) use (including resistance or intolerance), phlebotomy requirements, and palpable splenomegaly. We aimed to determine how these features contribute alone and in aggregate to the PV symptom burden.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Through prospective evaluation of 1,334 patients with PV who had characterized symptom burden, we assessed patient demographics, laboratory data, and the presence of splenomegaly by disease feature (ie, known HU use, known phlebotomy requirements, splenomegaly).

RESULTS
The presence of each feature in itself is associated with a moderately high symptom burden (MPN symptom assessment form [SAF] total symptom score [TSS] range, 27.7 to 29.2) that persists independent of PV risk category. In addition, symptoms incrementally increase in severity with the addition of other features. Patients with PV who had all three features (PV-HUPS) faced the highest total score (MPN-SAF TSS, 32.5) but had similar individual symptom scores to patients with known HU use (PV-HU), known phlebotomy (PV-P), and splenomegaly (PV-S).

CONCLUSION
The results of this study suggest that patients with PV who have any one of the features in question (known HU use, known phlebotomy, or splenomegaly) have significant PV-associated symptoms. Furthermore, it demonstrates that many PV symptoms remain severe independent of the number of features present.


A classifier fusion interactive software package has been constructed for implementing the classification task in the electromyographic (EMG) signal decomposition process using the MATLAB high-level programming language and its interactive environment. The package employs classifier fusion schemes of multiple classifier combination for the purpose of fusing the decisions of a set of heterogeneous base classifiers to make a final decision that achieves improved classification performance. The base classifiers used are ensembles of error-independent certainty, fuzzy k-NN, and template matched filter classifiers. The interactive package consists of several graphical user interfaces (GUIs) to extract individual motor unit potential (MUP) waveforms from raw EMG signals; extract relevant features; classify MUPs into motor unit potential trains (MUPTs) using certainty-based, assertion-based, and similarity-based classifiers; and combine classifier decisions. The proposed software package is useful for enhancing the EMG signal analysis quality and providing a systematic approach to the EMG signal decomposition process. It worked as a very helpful environment for testing and evaluating algorithms developed for EMG signal decomposition research.


For better or worse, political image is now more important to electoral victory than a spontaneous exchange of conflicting views over matters of substantive policies. Campaign managers, polling specialists, and communication consultants define issues, set agendas, and explore policy options primarily for electoral gain. In short, campaign contrivances replace substance at all phases and levels of electoral contests. Political estrangement, as illustrated by declining voting levels, may well be a by-product of deceptive political consultant and political journalistic practices rather than Americans being frustrated by insoluble problems. In The Political Persuaders, Dan Nimmo analyzes and critiques the emerging political industry of professional political management and consulting. His volume was the first book-length treatment to do so; it is a seminal work on the subject for both academic scholars and political practitioners. In his new introduction, Nimmo hones his critique in light of the past thirty years and its effects on campaign organization, research, and communication. He assesses changes in campaign technology, stable and shifting practices of candidate marketing, and the consequences for democratic governance inherent in professionally mediated campaigns at the close of the twentieth century. Nimmo succinctly reviews his well-nigh prophetic conclusions, determining that trends discovered in 1970 not only persist, but continue to intensify with a vengeance. Although evolving campaign techniques claim to involve citizens in the electoral process, the actual involvement is more cosmetic than real-this, Nimmo argues is the principle source of deepening popular disappointment and a general political apathy. This timely volume should be read by political scientists, policymakers, and those in the fields of mass communication and journalism. Dan Nimmo has been a professor of political science, journalism, and communication at various institutions, notably the University of Missouri, University of Tennessee, and the University of Oklahoma. He is currently distinguished visiting professor of political science at Baylor University. He is the author or editor of many works including Popular Images of Politics and Newsgathering in Washington.


Mobile access to course information, library services and digital content, communications between learners and educators, between educational institutions and students, have all been transformed as a result of the availability of relatively low-cost mobile devices, the development of sophisticated mobile applications, increased mobile connectivity and the increased mobile access to a range of digital databases [1]. However, the limited input functionalities of mobile devices means accessing stored information, digital content and support services is often an unfriendly user experience ultimately affecting the uptake of mobile-technologies in educational institutions. To increase the impact of mobile deployments a number of institutions are actively exploring the potential of Quick Response (QR) Codes to enable speedy and ready access to information, content and services [2].
QR Codes were initially developed by the Denso-Wave Corporation in Japan. They are two-dimensional (2D) barcode (matrix codes) storing data in both the vertical and horizontal direction. This means substantial amounts of information (such as personal contact details, digital content website addresses, text messages, and numerical information) can be embedded within the code. This information is then de-coded by any mobile-device with an installed camera and a QR Code reading application [2]. It is anticipated the embedding of QR codes learning environments will enable users to readily engage with learning materials and access support services from anywhere and at anytime.
Since 2008 the Waikato Institute of Technology (Wintec) has been systematically reviewing its open, flexible and networked learning capability using results obtained from an external review using a benchmarking tool, the e-Learning Maturity Model (eMM) [3]. During this review a pictorial framework, A.C.E, was developed firstly, to guide the introduction of open, flexible and networked learning activities undertaken within the institution and secondly, to provide a diagrammatic overview to increase institutional awareness of these technologies.
 The A.C.E. pictorial framework is underpinned by three As, Cs and Es, hence the name A.C.E. Conceptual Framework. The three As are aligned with the identifiable stages of a project life cycle: awareness, action and accomplishment. The framework also aligns with what Wintec considers to be the three foundation pillars of flexible learning [4] context, content and capability. The framework then progresses to an indicator layer conceptualized by the team as the 3Es, enabled, engaged and empowered.
This poster presentation will graphically illustrate how the ACE framework for the introduction of QR codes within the Waikato Institute of Technology has been constructed. It is hoped other institutions, who wish to systematically enhance capability in m-learning, will find the A.C.E. pictorial framework a useful tool.

1. Wexler, S., Brown, J., Metcalf, M., Rogers, D., & Wagner, E. (2008). 360°Report: Mobile learning. Santa Rosa, USA: eLearning Guild.
2. Ramsden, A. (2009.) The potential of QR Codes in Education. JISC Emerge Users & Innovation Programme Meeting. Retrieved January 6, 2010, from http://www.slideshare.net/andyramsden/potential-qr-codes-education-emerge-2009-presentation
2. UKOLN, (2009) An Introduction to QR Codes, Cultural Heritage briefing document no. 61, UKOLN. Retrieved January 8 from http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/cultural-heritage/documents/briefing-61a/ 3. Left, P., Neal, T. & Marshall, S. (2008, March). Report on the Distance and Flexible Education Capability Assessment of Waikato Institute of Technology. Wellington: Blended Learning Solutions.
4. Clayton, J., Elliott, R., & Twohey, S. (2009). Open, Flexible and Networked Education Capability of the Waikato Institute of Technology. ETC White Paper. Hamilton: Waikato Institute of Technology.


PURPOSE
To quantify gait asymmetry in well-trained runners with and without previous injuries during interval training sessions incorporating different distances.

METHODS
Twelve well-trained runners participated in 8 high-intensity interval-training sessions on a synthetic track over a 4-wk period. The training consisted of 10 × 400, 8 × 600, 7 × 800, and 6 × 1000-m running. Using an inertial measurement unit, the ground-contact time (GCT) of every step was recorded. To determine gait asymmetry, the GCTs between the left and right foot were compared.

RESULTS
Overall, gait asymmetry was 3.3% ± 1.4%, and over the course of a training session, the gait asymmetry did not change (F1,33 = 1.673, P = .205). The gait asymmetry of the athletes with a previous history of injury was significantly greater than that of the athletes without a previous injury. However, this injury-related enlarged asymmetry was detectable only at short (400 m), but not at longer, distances (600-1000 m).

CONCLUSION
The gait asymmetry of well-trained athletes differed, depending on their history of injury and the running distance. To detect gait asymmetries, high-intensity runs over relatively short distances are recommended.


Statistics is considered to be a difficult science since it requires a variety of skills including handling of quantitative data, graphical insights as well as mathematical ability. Yet ever increasing special knowledge of statistics is demanded since data of increasing complexity and size need to be understood and analyzed. Although this changing demand on educated statisticians is visible, our methods of teaching statistics follow essentially the ideas developed by our grandfathers in the fifties. An attractive and powerful new way of incorporating today's and future demands is via tools based on an intra- or the internet. In this article we suggest a set of criteria for effective web based teaching and propose the first net based approach to meet these criteria.


Recent trends in public-key infrastructure research explore the tradeoff between decreased trust in certificate authorities (CAs), the level of security achieved, the communication overhead (bandwidth and latency) for setting up a secure connection (e.g., verified via SSL/ TLS), and the availability with respect to verifiability of public key information. In this paper, we propose TKI as a new public-key validation infrastructure, where we reduce the level of trust in any CA and increase the security by achieving increased robustness in the case of CA key compromise. Compared to other proposals, we reduce the communication overhead associated with certificate validation during the existing SSL/TLS connection handshake and provide site owners with an optional time window to review potentially malicious key changes. Our design deters CA misbehavior by using a public log that records all certificate events, thereby enabling CAs' accountability for their actions. TKI will help reduce the trust in the hundreds of currently trusted CAs, reduce exposure to CA compromise, and enhance the security of SSL/TLS connection establishment.


The present article discusses and compares multiple testing procedures (MTP) for controlling Type I error rates defined as tail probabilities for the number (gFWER) and proportion (TPPFP) of false positives among the rejected hypotheses. Specifically, we consider the gFWERand TPPFP-controlling MTPs proposed recently by Lehmann & Romano (2004) and in a series of four articles by Dudoit et al. (2004), van der Laan et al. (2004b,a), and Pollard & van der Laan (2004). The former Lehmann & Romano (2004) procedures are marginal, in the sense that they are based solely on the marginal distributions of the test statistics, i.e., on cut-off rules for the corresponding unadjusted p-values. In contrast, the procedures discussed in our previous articles take into account the joint distribution of the test statistics and apply to general data generating distributions, i.e., dependence structures among test statistics. The gFWER-controlling common-cut-off and common-quantile procedures of Dudoit et al. (2004) and Pollard & van der Laan (2004) are based on the distributions of maxima of test statistics and minima of unadjusted p-values, respectively. For a suitably chosen initial FWERcontrolling procedure, the gFWERand TPPFP-controlling augmentation multiple testing procedures (AMTP) of van der Laan et al. (2004a) can also take into account the joint distribution of the test statistics. Given a gFWER-controlling procedure, we also propose AMTPs for controlling tail probability error rates, Pr(g(V n,R n) > q), for arbitrary functions g(V n,R n) of the numbers of false positives V n and rejected hypotheses R n. The different gFWERand TPPFPcontrolling procedures are compared in a simulation study, where the tests concern the components of the mean vector of a multivariate Gaussian data generating distribution. Among notable findings are the substantial power gains achieved by joint procedures compared to marginal procedures.


We present the NPIPE processing pipeline, which produces calibrated frequency maps in temperature and polarization from data from the Planck Low Frequency Instrument (LFI) and High Frequency Instrument (HFI) using high-performance computers. NPIPE represents a natural evolution of previous Planck analysis efforts, and combines some of the most powerful features of the separate LFI and HFI analysis pipelines. For example, following the LFI 2018 processing procedure, NPIPE uses foreground polarization priors during the calibration stage in order to break scanning-induced degeneracies. Similarly, NPIPE employs the HFI 2018 time-domain processing methodology to correct for bandpass mismatch at all frequencies. In addition, NPIPE introduces several improvements, including, but not limited to: inclusion of the 8% of data collected during repointing manoeuvres; smoothing of the LFI reference load data streams; in-flight estimation of detector polarization parameters; and construction of maximally independent detector-set split maps. For component-separation purposes, important improvements include: maps that retain the CMB Solar dipole, allowing for high-precision relative calibration in higher-level analyses; well-defined single-detector maps, allowing for robust CO extraction; and HFI temperature maps between 217 and 857 GHz that are binned into 0′.9 pixels (Nside = 4096), ensuring that the full angular information in the data is represented in the maps even at the highest Planck resolutions. The net effect of these improvements is lower levels of noise and systematics in both frequency and component maps at essentially all angular scales, as well as notably improved internal consistency between the various frequency channels. Based on the NPIPE maps, we present the first estimate of the Solar dipole determined through component separation across all nine Planck frequencies. The amplitude is (3366.6 ± 2.7) μK, consistent with, albeit slightly higher than, earlier estimates. From the large-scale polarization data, we derive an updated estimate of the optical depth of reionization of τ = 0.051 ± 0.006, which appears robust with respect to data and sky cuts. There are 600 complete signal, noise and systematics simulations of the full-frequency and detector-set maps. As a Planck first, these simulations include full time-domain processing of the beam-convolved CMB anisotropies. The release of NPIPE maps and simulations is accompanied with a complete suite of raw and processed time-ordered data and the software, scripts, auxiliary data, and parameter files needed to improve further on the analysis and to run matching simulations.


A computational model based on a large-eddy simulation (LES) technique was proposed to estimate turbulent mixing and pressure drop in subchannels with grid spacers. For an efficient treatment of this complex geometry, improvements were made to the LES technique coupled with an immersed boundary method: A one-equation dynamic subgrid scale model was introduced to account for the complex geometry without any artificial modification; the higher order accuracy was maintained by a consistent treatment of boundary conditions for velocity and pressure on solid walls. Computations were carried out for each of the convolute and periodic arrangements with two-step inclinations of the mixing vanes. The results reasonably reproduced the geometric effect in the turbulent mixing and drag coefficients for the flow, including unsteady separation and multiple vortices. The present computational model is useful for designing grid spacers: By coarser mesh, one can screen several candidates for spacer design; by finer mesh, more quantitative analysis is possible.


Mass-loss prior to core collapse is arguably the most important factor affecting the evolution of a massive star across the Hertzsprung-Russel (HR) diagram, making it the key to understanding what mass-range of stars produce supernova (SN), and how these explosions will appear. It is thought that most of the mass-loss occurs during the red supergiant (RSG) phase, when strong winds dictate the onward evolutionary path of the star and potentially remove the entire H-rich envelope. Uncertainty in the driving mechanism for RSG winds means the mass-loss rate (\mdot) cannot be determined from first principles, and instead, stellar evolution models rely on empirical recipes to inform their calculations. At present, the most commonly used \mdot-prescription comes from a literature study, whereby many measurements of mass-loss were compiled. The sample sizes are small ($<$10 stars), highly heterogeneous in terms of mass and metallicity, and have very uncertain distances from observations and analysis techniques that at best provide order-of-magnitude estimates compared to what is possible today. The relation itself contains large internal scatter, which could be the difference between a star losing its entire H-envelope, or none of it at all. More modern efforts to update the RSG mass-loss rate prescription rely on samples which suffer from statistical biases, for example by selecting objects based on mid-IR brightness or circumstellar maser emission, and hence are inevitably biased towards higher mass-loss rate objects. It is the aim of this thesis to overhaul our understanding of RSG mass-loss. By selecting RSGs in clusters, where the initial mass and metallicity are known, I will be able to observe how mass-loss changes as the star approaches SN and compare this to what is currently implemented in stellar evolutionary models. Ultimately, I will measure \mdot\ values and luminosities for RSGs in 5 different clusters of varying ages, thus targeting RSGs of different initial masses. I will then combine these mass-loss rate-luminosity relations to derive a new initial mass-dependent mass-loss rate, which can be implemented into stellar evolutionary models.


Background People with larger social networks are known to have better well-being; however, little is known about (1) the association with socio-demographic factors that may predict the size and composition of social networks and (2) whether the association with well-being is independent of pre-existing psychological health or socio-demographic factors. Methods The authors used information collected from 3169 men and 3512 women who were born in Great Britain in 1958. First, age on leaving full-time education, partnership and employment status at age 42 were used to predict the size and composition of cohort members' social networks at age 45 using ordered logistic regression. Second, using multiple linear regression, the associations between social network size by composition (relatives and friends) and psychological well-being at age 50 were assessed, adjusting for socio-demographic factors and psychological health at age 42. Results Not having a partner and staying in full-time education after age 16 was associated with a smaller kinship network in adults. Having a smaller friendship network at age 45 was associated with poorer psychological well-being among adults at age 50, over and above socio-demographic factors and previous psychological health. Additionally, having a smaller kinship network was associated with poorer psychological well-being among men. Conclusions Having a well-integrated friendship network is a source of psychological well-being among middle-aged adults, while kinship networks appear to be more important for men's well-being than for women's. These relationships are independent of education, material status and prior psychological health.


Concepts of information and information ecology are briefly reviewed with the emphasis on interconnections between social actors, information objects and information technologies. Results of a study of the academic information environment in Slovakia are reported. The main question of the study concentrates on possible benefits of the information ecology concept for new models of information activities. Information ecology is determined as harmony among social actors, information resources and systems and includes information objects re-use, value-added services, and visualizations of rich semantic and social contexts. Three methods of data acquisition were used, namely semi-structured interviews with information managers, a questionnaire survey of university repositories, and concept mapping of final theses. Data were analyzed and categorized in six categories: values, problems, community, tools, ecological elements, information literacy. Information strategies of universities should support collaboration and communication and conceptual infrastructure. Results confirmed importance of integrated approach, values, and tools (concept mapping) for learning and research. In conclusion an ecological model of digital library is presented (behavioral, semantic, and visual dimensions). Implications for digital scholarship are derived including ecological information strategies, and knowledge sharing. Benefits of ecological models of digital scholarship are interpreted as part of data-intensive science and science 2.0. New features of ecological digital libraries emerge from manipulations with scientific records, modeling of social networking, creative information strategies and roles of scholars. Ecological filtering based on conceptual modeling and digital objects management are sources for new digital scholarship framework.


The increased use of nonlinear devices in industry has resulted in direct increase of harmonic distortion in the industrial power system in recent years. The significant harmonics are almost always 5th, 7th, 11th and the 13th with the 5th harmonic being the largest in most instances. Active filter systems have been proposed to mitigate harmonic currents of the industrial loads. The most important requirement for any active filter is the precise detection of the individual harmonic component's amplitude and phase. Fourier transform based techniques provide an excellent method for individual harmonic isolation, but it requires a minimum of two cycles of data for the analysis, does not perform well in the presence of subharmonics which are not integral multiples of the fundamental frequency and most importantly introduces phase shifts. To overcome these difficulties, this paper proposes a multilayer perceptron neural network trained with back-propagation training algorithm to identify the harmonic characteristics of the nonlinear load. The operation principle of the synchronous-reference-frame-based harmonic isolation is discussed. This proposed method is applied to a thyristor controlled DC drive to obtain the accurate amplitude and phase of the dominant harmonics. This technique can be integrated with any active filter control algorithm for reference generation


Summary:Summary: To assess hyperglycemia in larval zebrafish, we analyzed the expression of genes implicated in glucose metabolism, such as insulin, insulin receptor, glucagon, and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (pepck), using quantitative PCR (qPCR). We analyzed gene expression following treatment of Tg(ins:NTRmCherry) transgenic larvae either with 0.5 % DMSO (controls) or 10 mM metronidazole (see Protocol 2) for β -cell ablation at 3 and 8 days post fertilization (dpf). Diabetic Complication: Diabetic Complication:


Modern Portfolio Theory assumes that decisions are made by individual agents. In reality most investors are involved in group decision-making. In this research we propose to realize group decision-making process by application of Ensemble Learning algorithm, in particular Random Forest. Predicting accurate asset returns is very important in the process of asset allocation. Most models are based on weak predictors. Ensemble Learning algorithms could significantly improve prediction of weak learners by combining them into one model, which will have superiority in performance. We combine technical fundamental and sentiment analysis in order to generate views on different asset classes. Purpose of the research is to build the model for Meucci Portfolio Optimization under views generated by Random Forest Ensemble Learning algorithm. The model was backtested by comparing with results obtained from other portfolio optimization frameworks.


Interactions of charge carriers with lattice vibrations, or phonons, play a critical role in unconventional electronic transport of metals and semimetals. Recent observations of phonon-mediated collective electron flow in bulk semimetals, termed electron hydrodynamics, present new opportunities in the search for strong electron-electron interactions in high carrier density materials. Here we present the general transport signatures of such a second-order scattering mechanism, along with analytical limits at the Eliashberg level of theory. We study electronic transport, using ab initio calculations, in finite-size channels of semimetallic ZrSiS and TaAs 2 with and without topological band crossings, respectively. The order of magnitude separation between momentum-relaxing and momentum-conserving scattering length-scales across a wide temperature range make both of them promising candidates for further experimental observation of electron hydrodynamics. More generally, our calculations show that the hydrodynamic transport regime can be realized in a much broader class of anisotropic metals and does not, to first order, rely on the topological nature of the bands. Finally, we discuss general design principles guiding future search for hydrodynamic candidates, based on the analytical formulation and our ab initio predictions. We find that systems with strong electron-phonon interactions, reduced electronic phase space, and suppressed phonon-phonon scattering at temperatures of interest are likely to feature hydrodynamic electron transport. We predict that layered and/or anisotropic semimetals composed of half-filled 𝑑 -shells and light group V/VI elements with lower crystal symmetry are promising candidates to observe hydrodynamic phenomena in future.


Background: Cancer cells exhibit a characteristic intrinsic ability of uncontrolled cell proliferation which plays a vital role in tumor development and progression. The Ki-67 antigen expression is strictly associated with cell proliferation which detects the cells entering the cell cycle. In addition, computer aided image analysis provides an objective and highly reproducible histological evaluation of OSCC. Assessment of Ki-67 expression along with morphometry may help in early and precise diagnosis and prognostication of OSCC. Aims: To correlate the ki-67 expression and the morphometrical parameters of oral squamous cell carcinomas and to assess the efficacy of the correlation in OSCC prognostication. Methods and material: OSCC cases (n=105) were examined immuno histochemically using Ki-67 antigen The nuclear area (NA), cell area (CA), nuclear perimeter (NP) and cell perimeter (CP) assessed using "image J 1.34 software". The data was statistically analyzed. Results: Highly significant correlation was found between Ki-67 expression and the advancing grades of OSCC (p<.0001). NA (p=0.025), CA (p<.0001), NP (p=.027) and CP (p<.0001) of poorly differentiated OSCC were significantly lower than well differentiated and moderately differentiated OSCC. Follow up analysis revealed nuclear area and cell area to be higher in the recurrent cases than the non recurrent ones. Conclusion: Assessment of Ki- 67 expression and morphometry help in early and precise diagnosis and prognostication of OSCC. A correlation between Ki-67 expression and morphometrical analysis could not be ascertained in this study. Further studies with a larger sample number may provide more definitive results.


In 1935 Lee Boone in Bulletin of the Vanderbilt Marine Museum vol. 6 (pp. 160-163, pls. 41, 42) described and figured a shrimp, which she thought to belong to a new genus and species of the Palaemonid subfamily Pontoniinae, and which she named Vanderbiltia rosamondae. Boone's figures and description show that the specimen cannot possibly be a Pontoniid shrimp, but it proves to be impossible from these data alone to place the species anywhere in the system. In my report on the Pontoniinae of the Siboga Expedition (Holthuis, 1952, p. 22), therefore, I listed Vanderbiltia rosamondae (misspelled rosamundae by me) under the "species described as Pontoniinae, but not belonging in this subfamily'', and remarked that the species shows some resemblance to the Atyidae and that it might be juvenile. Though according to the description and figure Vanderbiltia in some characters resembles the Atyidae, in others (e.g., the shape of the chelae) it differs so much from any of the members of that family that it hardly could be placed there. The identity of Vanderbiltia rosamondae Boone, which species had not been recorded since the original publication, therefore remained a mystery that only could be solved by examination of the type specimen itself. In April 1953 I had the pleasure of visiting the Vanderbilt Museum in Centerport, Long Island, New York. Mr. Woodhull B. Young, curator of the Museum, whom I am profoundly thankful for giving so much of his valuable time to show my company and myself around in the Museum, and for extending many courtesies to us, was good enough to allow me to take the type specimen of Vanderbiltia rosamondae (or Vanderbiltia mirabilis, under which name it was exhibited in the Museum) with me to Washington,


This book provides the first systematic and comprehensive analysis of the factors that explain both completed and incomplete treaty negotiations between Aboriginal groups and the federal, provincial, and territorial governments of Canada. Since 1973, groups that have never signed treaties with the Crown have been invited to negotiate what the government calls "comprehensive land claims agreements," otherwise known as modern treaties, which formally transfer jurisdiction, ownership, and title over selected lands to Aboriginal signatories. Despite their importance, not all groups have completed such agreements - a situation that is problematic not only for governments but for Aboriginal groups interested in rebuilding their communities and economies. Using in-depth interviews with Indigenous, federal, provincial, and territorial officials, Christopher Alcantara compares the experiences of four Aboriginal groups: the Kwanlin Dun First Nation (with a completed treaty) and the Kaska Nations (with incomplete negotiations) in Yukon Territory, and the Inuit (completed) and Innu (incomplete) in Newfoundland and Labrador. Based on the experiences of these groups, Alcantara argues that scholars and policymakers need to pay greater attention to the institutional framework governing treaty negotiations and, most importantly, to the active role that Aboriginal groups play in these processes.


Water is a critical resource for life, and communities are dependent upon reliable access to clean

 water to maintain stable quality of life. Issues of water contamination threaten this stability,
creating uncertainty, threatening public health, and necessitating community response. One
emerging water contamination issue involves a family of industrial chemicals called Per- and
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). This study uses an integrated multi-theory approach to
examine the processes of Resilience and Collective Action within a community experiencing
issues of PFAS contamination. Results indicate that the community was generally successful in
enacting resilience, however some challenges were encountered in the form of high levels of
uncertainty, inaccessibility of technical information, challenges foregrounding productive action,
and challenges maximizing transformative potential. Results also indicated the community was
general successful with collective action in the immediate aftermath of the issue. The community
struggled to maintain collective action over a long period and to transition to high level
advocacy. Results demonstrated that existing theoretical frames are limited in their ability to
predict effective resilience and collective action in events of long-term water contamination.
These limitations are described in detail and the potential for expansion of these theories is
discussed. Suggestions to improve future responses to issues of PFAS contamination, as well as
suggestions for intervention into the community of focus are offered.


The cerebral cortex is the source of our most complex cognitive capabilities and a vulnerable target of many neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Transcriptomics offers a new approach to understanding the cortex at the level of its underlying genetic code, and rapid technological advances have propelled this field to the high-throughput study of the complete set of transcribed genes at increasingly fine resolution to the level of individual cells. These tools have revealed features of the genetic architecture of adult cortical areas, layers, and cell types, as well as spatiotemporal patterning during development. This has allowed a fresh look at comparative anatomy as well, illustrating surprisingly large differences between mammals while at the same time revealing conservation of some features from avians to mammals. Finally, transcriptomics is fueling progress in understanding the causes of neurodevelopmental diseases such as autism, linking genetic association studies to specific molecular pathways and affected brain regions.


The H1N1 viral envelope protein neuraminidase encoded by NA gene plays a key role in the pathogenesis of swine flu. The active site of the neuraminidase protein is targeted by presently available antiviral drugs. The influenza virus often proves to be resistant to currently available drugs, due single amino acid substitutions conferred by the mutations in the gene coding for neuraminidase protein. The latest Influenza A virus A/Perth/262/2009(H1N1) sequence with accession number ADJ67981 was selected from NCBI. The BLAST program was used to identify the best template structure, which was found to be 3NSS_A. Sequence alignment was carried out with the template and query sequence, the identity and similarity was found to be 81.9% and 82.6% respectively. Homology modeling was performed using Accelrys Discovery Studio 3.5 software, the model with the lowest energy was then assessed for stereochemical quality and side-chain environment. The PDF energy and DOPE score of the best modeled structure was 2090.1682 and -43752.3632 respectively. Further active site optimization of the modeled protein was performed by molecular dynamics. The key active site residues which are crucial for further docking studies were ascertained.


OBJECTIVE
Nut intake has been associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk, but few studies have examined its association with renal function. We examined associations between nut intake and renal function among women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a population with an increased risk for renal dysfunction.

DESIGN AND METHODS
This study included 607 women with a history of GDM who participated in the Diabetes & Women's Health Study (2012-2014) follow-up clinical examination in Denmark. At the clinic, biospecimens were collected, and habitual intake of nuts (9 types) in the past year was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. A total of 330 women free of major chronic diseases were included in the analysis. Total nut intake was classified as none (≤1 serving/month), monthly (2-3 servings/month), weekly (1-6 servings/week), and daily (≥1 serving/day). One serving was defined as 28 g. Renal function markers included estimated glomerular rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR), calculated based on plasma creatinine (mg/dL), and urinary albumin (mg/L), and creatinine (mg/dL) measurements, respectively. We estimated percent differences with 95% confidence intervals for each outcome by nut intake, adjusted for current body mass index, age, physical activity, energy intake, alcohol consumption, and vegetables intake.

RESULTS
We observed a nonlinear association between total nut intake and UACR with lowest UACR values among women with weekly intake. Compared to women with weekly intake (n = 222), the adjusted UACR values were higher by 86% [95% confidence interval: 15%, 202%], 24% [-1%, 54%], and 117% [22%, 288%] among women with no (n = 13), monthly (n = 86), and daily (n = 9) intake, respectively. Compared to weekly consumers, daily nut consumers also had 9% [0%, 19%] significantly higher eGFR values, but eGFR values were similar among women with no and monthly intake.

CONCLUSION
Moderate nut consumption may be beneficial to kidney health among women with prior GDM.


Porous asphalt is designed to filter water through pavement and, as such, it behaves differently than traditional dense mix asphalt commonly used today. Dense mix asphalts are designed to act as a barrier to water penetration. Due to these differences, porous asphalt has created challenges in colder climates with respect to deicing operations. It has been found that the traditional deicing method of applying rock salt is not as compelling on porous surfaces because much of the salt remains days after a storm event. This study presents the findings of deicing an active porous asphalt parking lot using liquid reduced chloride or non-chloride deicers under winter storm conditions. Analyses include measurements of pavement surface temperature, snow and ice cover, and skid resistance. Three liquid reduced or non-chloride deicers were introduced and tested during this study: Potassium Acetate (non-chloride), Beet and Brine (reduced-chloride), and Beet and Water (non-chloride). The three liquid deicers were found to be effective during this study, producing results similar to that of rock salt used on impermeable asphalt. Solar impacts were found to play a major role in the effectiveness of the deicers during this study and past related studies, and were confirmed visually. A comparison of deicer costs is presented.


The state of, and changes to, altitudinal and polar treeline ecosystems and their services in selected mountain regions in Europe were analyzed using the drivers-pressures-stateimpacts-responses (DPSIR) framework. The analysis was based on 45 responses of experts from 19 countries to 2 semi-structured questionnaires on treeline ecosystem services (ESs), stakeholders and the DPSIR factors, and 11 case study descriptions of best management practices. The experts recognized climate and land-use changes as the main drivers, resulting in various pressures that contrasted among the regions. The impacts of the pressures were mainly considered as negative (e.g. loss of biodiversity, root rot diseases, moth and bark beetle outbreaks, wild fires, decrease of (sub)alpine grasslands, browsing), but also as positive (e.g. increase in forested area). The influence of climate warming, altered precipitation regimes, a longer growing season, annual variation in winter climate and increased ground-level ozone concentrations were considered less critical for recent treeline dynamics than land abandonment, increased tourism and livestock pressure. Current policy responses to emerging pressures and stakeholder demands were considered insufficient and incoherent. Mitigation, adaptation and restoration actions were rare and with no evident long-term impact. We conclude that (1) locally-specific human−environment interactions have greater influence on treeline dynamics than global warming; (2) ecological and social sustainability of the treeline areas can be enhanced by simultaneously promoting traditional land use and regulating tourism development; (3) ES users should look for new opportunities arising from environmental change rather than trying to sustain current levels of ESs indefinitely; and (4) to safeguard the unique ecological and social values of treeline areas, more coherent and proactive policies are needed.


The scarce remnants of Earth's earliest history make it challenging to describe the crust-forming processes that operated during that time, and all evidence that survived subsequent tectonism and recycling deserves to be studied closely. We present geologic, petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic descriptions of Paleoarchean gneisses in the central Wyoming Province. We identify two groups of gneisses: a bimodal suite of amphibolite and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) layered gneisses (3385−3450 Ma), and a suite of massive trondhjemite and granite gneisses (3300−3330 Ma). Here, 3.82 Ga inherited zircon components are present in several samples. Negative bulk rock initial e Nd values also indicate that older crust was involved. Oxygen isotopic compositions of zircon mainly fall within the range of mantle zircon δ 18 O values, but several analyses extend up to ∼6.5‰. Initial Hf isotopic compositions of 3.82 Ga zircon are negative and require derivation from Hadean crustal sources. Our data reveal the record of a 3.82 Ga differentiation event during which Hadean crust was partially melted, and zircon crystallized from those melts. Hadean crust must have persisted in the central Wyoming Province until 3.45−3.37 Ga, when mafic crust partially melted to form the TTG layered gneisses, which also incorporated the 3.82 Ga zircons. Subsequent intracrustal recycling at 3.33−3.30 Ga produced calc-alkalic granites. The central Wyoming Province provides a significant addition to the sparse record of Hadean crust being magmatically reworked to form the abundant quartzofeldspathic gneisses common in Archean terrains worldwide, which effectively transformed Earth's evolving continental crust from mafic to felsic in composition.


So many women who do everything right to stay healthy still wind up with breast cancer, heart disease, or osteoporosis. In The Fragile Wisdom, Grazyna Jasienska provides an evolutionary perspective on the puzzle of why disease prevention among women is so frustratingly difficult. Modern women, she shows, are the unlucky victims of their own bodies' conflict of interest between reproductive fitness and life-long health. The crux of the problem is that women's physiology has evolved to facilitate reproduction, not to reduce disease risk. Any trait--no matter how detrimental to health in the post-reproductive period--is more likely to be preserved in the next generation if it increases the chance of giving birth to offspring who will themselves survive to reproductive age. To take just one example, genes that produce high levels of estrogen are a boon to fertility, even as they raise the risk of breast cancer in mothers and their daughters. Jasienska argues that a mismatch between modern lifestyles and the Stone Age physiology that evolution has bequeathed to every woman exacerbates health problems. She looks at women's mechanisms for coping with genetic inheritance and at the impact of environment on health. Warning against the false hope gene therapy inspires, Jasienska makes a compelling case that our only avenue to a healthy life is prevention programs informed by evolutionary understanding and custom-fitted to each woman's developmental and reproductive history.


This study investigates the relationship between a client's rate of speech (ROS) and emotional-cognitive regulation during a psychotherapy session. The ROS was measured in words per second on the timed transcript of a single session of psychodynamic psychotherapy. Emotional-cognitive regulation was assessed using the therapeutic cycles model on emotional tone (ET), abstraction (AB), and their combination in emotion-abstraction patterns (EAPs). The results were mostly consistent with our hypotheses and showed that: i) the ROS negatively correlated with the conjoined ET and AB; and ii) the ROS in the connecting EAP (high ET and high AB) was significantly lower than in other EAPs. The results support the hypothesis that a significant reduction in the client's ROS may be a reliable marker of in-session change processes. Clinical implications and future developments are discussed.


Most Aedes mosquitoes are responsible for Zika virus infected disease. Most people are suffering from Zika virus which persist skin rashes, mild fever, conjunctivitis, joint and muscle pain and other peripheral complications. Eventually, these symptoms predominance last for two to seven days. Avoiding mosquito's bites are the best possible way to avoid this infection. The virus shows it bitter tooth on partial tropical parts of the Americas, Africa, Pacific, tropical parts of Asia. Indian vaccine company, Bharat Biotech makes us proud by developing world first Zika vaccine ZIKAVAC©.


We introduce dense prediction transformers, an architecture that leverages vision transformers in place of convolutional networks as a backbone for dense prediction tasks. We assemble tokens from various stages of the vision transformer into image-like representations at various resolutions and progressively combine them into full-resolution predictions using a convolutional decoder. The transformer backbone processes representations at a constant and relatively high resolution and has a global receptive field at every stage. These properties allow the dense prediction transformer to provide finer-grained and more globally coherent predictions when compared to fully-convolutional networks. Our experiments show that this architecture yields substantial improvements on dense prediction tasks, especially when a large amount of training data is available. For monocular depth estimation, we observe an improvement of up to 28% in relative performance when compared to a state-of-the-art fully-convolutional network. When applied to semantic segmentation, dense prediction transformers set a new state of the art on ADE20K with 49.02% mIoU. We further show that the architecture can be fine-tuned on smaller datasets such as NYUv2, KITTI, and Pascal Context where it also sets the new state of the art. Our models are available at https://github.com/intel-isl/DPT.


An aberrant regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is closely associated with the pathophysiology of affective disorders such as major depression (MD). Accordingly, patients suffering from MD frequently show profound neuroendocrine alterations with hyper- or hypo-cortisolism as a result of a dysregulated stress hormone system. Focussing on this key endophenotype of MD, the 'stress reactivity' (SR) mouse model was recently established, consisting of three independent mouse lines, the high (HR), intermediate (IR) and low (LR) stress reactivity line, selectively bred for differences in their corticosterone (CORT) secretion in response to a psychological stressor. Previous studies revealed distinct differences between HR, IR and LR animals regarding sleep architecture, activity rhythms, emotional behaviour, cognition as well as neuroendocrine functions, resembling several endophenotypes observed in depressed patients.
In the series of studies presented in this work, we aimed to investigate whether the differences between HR, IR and LR mice were restricted to the peripheral phenomenon of adrenal CORT secretion, or whether these endophenotypes were brought about by an aberrant regulation of upstream control centres of the HPA axis. To this end, we performed experiments investigating all functional levels of HPA axis control, i.e. the adrenals, the pituitary and brain centres known to be involved in the neuroendocrine stress response. Moreover, we assessed the expression of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG), which contributes to the transport and delivery of CORT to its target tissues. Finally, we studied HPA axis regulatory mechanisms by means of the combined dexamethasone/corticotropin-releasing hormone (Dex/CRH) test.
At the level of the adrenal, we found that pharmacological inhibition of the biosynthesis and secretion of CORT using metyrapone had a significant impact on the stress-coping behaviour of HR, IR and LR animals as determined in the forced swim test (FST). As another peripheral factor influencing the secretion of CORT, we assessed the adrenal sensitivity of the animals to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in vivo. After a Dex-mediated inhibition of endogenous ACTH release from the anterior pituitary, LR animals showed a markedly reduced CORT surge compared to HR mice in response to a stimulation of the adrenals with two doses of exogenous ACTH, indicating an enhanced adrenal sensitivity in HR mice and a blunted responsiveness to ACTH in LR mice. In addition, we found significant differences in plasma CBG levels between the three mouse lines (HR>IR>LR), concomitant with differences in free plasma CORT both, basal and in response to 15 min restraint stress (HR>IR>LR). Since only free CORT is biologically active, these results indicate that CBG might play a role in the endophenotypes of the SR mouse lines.
At the pituitary level, we detected significantly altered ACTH protein levels (HR>IR≥LR) and proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression (HR>IR>LR), suggesting a differential activation of the anterior pituitary between the three lines, which is in line with the observed differences in stress reactivity.
In the brain, we assessed the neuronal activation induced by an acute stressor in regions known to be involved in HPA axis function such as the prefrontal cortex, the basolateral amygdala, the hippocampus and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) using c-fos in-situ hybridisation. Acute stress exposure markedly increased neuronal activation in all investigated brain areas. However, significant differences in the neuronal excitation between the three lines were only detected in the PVN (HR>IR>LR), indicating an altered activation of the animals' HPA system orchestrated by this nucleus.
Finally, we assessed HPA axis regulatory mechanisms by means of the Dex/CRH test. Our results revealed considerable similarities to clinical studies, with HR mice showing signs of Dex non-suppression in addition to an overshooting CORT surge after CRH stimulation, mirroring the HPA axis hyper-active state of patients suffering from the psychotic or melancholic subtype of MD. In contrast, LR animals presented a strong Dex-induced CORT suppression and a blunted response to the CRH stimulation, resembling the situation observed in atypically depressed patients. Strikingly, chronic fluoxetine (Flx) treatment enhanced the negative feedback regulation of the HPA axis in all three lines of the SR mouse model. In particular, the Dex-mediated CORT suppression in HR mice was restored by Flx. Furthermore, Flx affected the stress-coping behaviour of the animals in the FST. Flx induced a reduction in active coping, indicating an attenuation of the hyper-aroused state, particularly in HR mice.
Taken together, the series of studies presented here demonstrated that the SR mouse model shows functional alterations on all levels of the HPA axis - peripheral, central and regarding the regulation – similar to the endophenotypes of MD patients, thus revealing a high level of face and construct validity of the model. Hence, the SR mouse model can serve as a valuable tool in the discovery and validation of new drug targets and improve already existing treatments of MD, particularly those targeting the HPA system.


Convolutional Neural Networks have achieved remarkable success in face recognition, in part due to the abundant availability of data. However, the data used for training CNNs is often imbalanced. Prior works largely focus on the long-tailed nature of face datasets in data volume per identity, or focus on single bias variation. In this paper, we show that many bias variations such as ethnicity, head pose, occlusion and blur can jointly affect the accuracy significantly. We propose a sample level weighting approach termed Multi-variation Cosine Margin (MvCoM), to simultaneously consider the multiple variation factors, which orthogonally enhances the face recognition losses to incorporate the importance of training samples. Further, we leverage a learning to learn approach, guided by a held-out meta learning set and use an additive modeling to predict the MvCoM. Extensive experiments on challenging face recognition benchmarks demonstrate the advantages of our method in jointly handling imbalances due to multiple variations.


An unknown virus has destroyed almost the entire human population. Oblivious to the true nature of the disease, the only remaining survivors escape to the sea. In great ships, they set off in search of uninhabited land. So begins the exodus, led by one man …


ABSTRACT In this study I review and revise the nine species of Cardiodactylus Saussure, 1878 crickets described before 1915, based on detailed analysis of the type specimens studied in several institutions, together with a critical review of the original descriptions. Seven species are thus confirmed or re-established as valid species (C. novaeguineae (Hann, 1842), C. canotus Saussure, 1878, C. gaimardi (Serville, 1838), C. haani Saussure, 1878, C. guttulus (Matsumura, 1913), C. pictus Saussure, 1878 and C. rufidulus Saussure, 1878), then assigned to a species group and redescribed by combining information from old type series and newer material; two species are considered as nomen dubium (new status or confirmation of previous hypotheses: C. praecipuus (Walker, 1869) and C. philippinensis Bolívar, 1913); and two species described recently are synonymised with older species (C. boharti Otte, 2007 under C. guttulus, C. tathimani Otte, 2007 under C. rufidulus).


Quality of service (QoS) of a network-wide broadcast (NWB) protocol is one of the most important performance metrics, especially in mobile ad hoc networks, where channel conditions and network topology change frequently. We propose a mesh networking inspired approach to overcome the performance degradation caused by lossy channels. We show that our adaptive approach, whereby the amount of redundancy is adjusted to the current link conditions, can achieve good performance while simultaneously reducing unnecessary energy dissipation.


Research Data Management (RDM) promises to make research outputs more transparent, findable, and reproducible. Strategies to streamline data management across disciplines are of key importance. This paper presents the results of an institutional survey (N=258) at Graz University of Technology, supplemented with interview data (N=18), to give an overview of the state-of-play of RDM practices across faculties and disciplinary contexts. RDM services are on the rise but remain somewhat behind leading countries like the Netherlands and UK, showing only the beginnings of a culture attuned to RDM. There is considerable variation between faculties and institutes with respect to data amounts, complexity of data sets, data collection and analysis, and data archiving. Data sharing practices within fields tend to be inconsistent. RDM is predominantly regarded as an administrative task, to the detriment of considerations of good research practice. Problems with RDM fall in two categories: Generic problems transcend specific research interests, infrastructures, and departments while discipline-specific problems need a more targeted approach. The paper extends the state-of-the-art on RDM practices by combining in-depth qualitative material with quantified, detailed data about RDM practices and needs. The findings should be of interest to any comparable research institution with a similar agenda.


Traditional compilers do not automatically analyze processor specifications, thousands of pages of which are available for modern processors. The specifications describe constraints and requirements for processors, and therefore, are useful for software development for these processors. To bridge this gap, our tool em-SPADE analyzes processor specifications and creates processor-specific rules to detect low-level programming errors. This work shows the potential of automatically analyzing processor specifications to detect low-level programming errors at compile time. em-SPADE is a compiler extension to automatically detect software bugs in low-level programs. From processor specifications, em-SPADE preprocessor extracts target-specific rules such as register use and read-only or reserved registers. A special LLVM pass in emSPADE then uses these rules to detect incorrect register assignments. Our experiments with em-SPADE have correctly extracted 652 rules from 15 specifications and consequently found 20 bugs in ten software projects. In addition, we explore the use of data mining techniques to learn more about the nature and type of complex checkable rules other than access and reserved bit rules. After applying the frequent itemset mining technique on three specifications, we found that the mining can report complex checkable rules from the specifications with a precision of 53.53% to 82.22% and recall of 36.88% to 75.18%. Thus, the data mining approach is useful for learning complex type of rules in large specifications. These techniques help us identify complex rules. In addition, insights gained from the mining results can be used to improve and standardize specifications. The work is generalizable to other types of specifications and shows the clear prospects of using processor specifications to enhance compilers.


The dorsal column lesion model of spinal cord injury targets sensory fibres which originate from the dorsal root ganglia and ascend in the dorsal funiculus. It has the advantages that fibres can be specifically traced from the sciatic nerve, verifiably complete lesions can be performed of the labelled fibres, and it can be used to study sprouting in the central nervous system from the conditioning lesion effect. However, functional deficits from this type of lesion are mild, making assessment of experimental treatment-induced functional recovery difficult. Here, five functional tests were compared for their sensitivity to functional deficits, and hence their suitability to reliably measure recovery of function after dorsal column injury. We assessed the tape removal test, the rope crossing test, CatWalk gait analysis, and the horizontal ladder, and introduce a new test, the inclined rolling ladder. Animals with dorsal column injuries at C4 or T7 level were compared to sham-operated animals for a duration of eight weeks. As well as comparing groups at individual timepoints we also compared the longitudinal data over the whole time course with linear mixed models (LMMs), and for tests where steps are scored as success/error, using generalized LMMs for binomial data. Although, generally, function recovered to sham levels within 2–6 weeks, in most tests we were able to detect significant deficits with whole time-course comparisons. On the horizontal ladder deficits were detected until 5–6 weeks. With the new inclined rolling ladder functional deficits were somewhat more consistent over the testing period and appeared to last for 6–7 weeks. Of the CatWalk parameters base of support was sensitive to cervical and thoracic lesions while hind-paw print-width was affected by cervical lesion only. The inclined rolling ladder test in combination with the horizontal ladder and the CatWalk may prove useful to monitor functional recovery after experimental treatment in this lesion model.


Switzerland is the world leader in gold refining. Of the roughly 2,200–3,100 tonnes of raw gold imported into the country each year,  the majority is destined for Swiss gold refineries. Together these companies are estimated to refine 50–70 percent of the world's gold production, transforming it into gold bars, semi-finished products and other goods.
The imported gold loses all traces of its origin during the refining process. Due to the high-quality manufacturing standards of Swiss refineries, and the fact that they possess all of the pertinent accreditations, the gold can afterwards be traded as "Swiss" gold on international financial markets without restrictions.
At the same time, the international gold trade is enormously vulnerable to money laundering operations by drug cartels and other forms of organised crime networks, terrorist organisations, and kleptocrats.  As the world centre of gold refining, Switzerland is highly exposed to these money laundering risks.
This Working Paper first analyses money laundering risks in the gold trade, supported by examples. This is followed by an overview of the gold refineries' due diligence obligations under existing self-regulation and the Swiss Anti-Money Laundering Act (AMLA). It is shown that the self-regulation models have, at best, mixed success and that the core business of the refineries is not subject to the AMLA. Finally, the paper sets out the pros and cons of applying the AMLA obligations to the core business of Swiss refineries.