Aging of multicellular and unicellular eukaryotic organisms is a multifactorial biological phenomenon that has various causes and affects a plethora of cellular activities. I employ the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model to study the basic biology and molecular mechanisms of cellular aging in multicellular eukaryotes. The use of this budding yeast as an advantageous model organism in aging research greatly contributed to the current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying longevity regulation in evolutionarily distant eukaryotic organisms, thereby convincingly demonstrating that longevity signaling pathways and mechanisms of their modulation by dietary and pharmacological interventions are conserved across phyla. To address the inherent complexity of aging from a systems perspective and to build an integrative spatiotemporal model of aging process, I investigated the effect of caloric restriction (CR), a low-calorie dietary regimen, on the metabolic history of chronologically aging yeast. CR has been shown not only to exhibit a robust longevity-extending effect in evolutionarily distant organisms ranging from yeast to rhesus monkeys, but also to improve health by attenuating age-related pathologies and delaying the onset of age-related diseases across phyla. I examined how CR influences the age-related dynamics of changes in the intracellular levels of numerous proteins and metabolites, carbohydrate metabolism, interorganellar metabolic flow, concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial morphology, essential oxidation-reduction processes in mitochondria, mitochondrial proteome, frequency of mitochondrial DNA mutations, dynamics of mitochondrial nucleoid, susceptibility to mitochondria-controlled apoptosis, and stress resistance. Based on my comparison of the metabolic histories of long-lived CR yeast and short-lived non-CR yeast, I concluded that yeast define their long-term viability by designing a diet-specific pattern of metabolism and organelle dynamics prior to reproductive maturation. My data imply that longevity in chronologically aging yeast is programmed by the level of metabolic capacity and organelle organization they developed, in a diet-specific fashion, prior to entry into a non-proliferative state. Therefore, chronological aging in yeast is the final step of a developmental program progressing through a series of checkpoints.
 I designed a chemical genetic screen for small molecules that increase the chronological life span (CLS) of yeast under CR by targeting lipid metabolism and modulating housekeeping longevity pathways that regulate longevity irrespective of the number of available calories. My screen identifies lithocholic acid (LCA) as one of such molecules. My evaluation of the life-extending efficacy of LCA in wild-type (WT) strain on a high- or low-calorie diet revealed that this compound extends yeast CLS irrespective of the number of available calories. I found that the extent to which LCA extends longevity is highest under CR conditions, when the pro-aging processes modulated by the adaptable target of rapamycin (TOR) and cAMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) signaling pathways are suppressed and the anti-aging processes are activated. Furthermore, the life-extending efficacy of LCA in CR yeast significantly exceeded that in yeast on a high-calorie diet, in which the adaptable TOR and cAMP/PKA pathways greatly activate the pro-aging processes and suppress the anti-aging processes. Altogether, my findings suggest that, consistent with its sought-after effect on a longevity signaling network, LCA mostly targets certain housekeeping longevity assurance pathways that do not overlap (or only partially overlap) with the adaptable TOR and cAMP/PKA pathways modulated by calorie availability. Consistent with my assumption that LCA extends longevity not by modulating the adaptable TOR pathway, I found that lack of Tor1p does not impair the life-extending efficacy of LCA under CR. I also revealed that, LCA extends longevity of the tor1 mutant strain to a very similar degree under CR and non-CR conditions. Thus, by eliminating a master regulator of this key adaptable pathway that shortens the CLS of yeast on a high-calorie diet, the tor1 mutation abolished the dependence of the anti-aging efficacy of LCA on the number of available calories. My findings revealed two mechanisms underlying the life-extending effect of LCA in chronologically aging yeast. One mechanism operates in a calorie availability-independent fashion and involves the LCA-governed modulation of housekeeping longevity assurance pathways that do not overlap with the adaptable TOR and cAMP/PKA pathways. The other mechanism extends yeast longevity under non-CR conditions and consists in LCA-driven unmasking of the previously unknown anti-aging potential of PKA. I provide evidence that LCA modulates housekeeping longevity assurance pathways by 1) attenuating mitochondrial fragmentation, a hallmark event of age-related cell death; 2) altering oxidation-reduction processes in mitochondria, including oxygen consumption, the maintenance of membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species production; 3) enhancing resistance to oxidative and thermal stresses; 4) suppressing mitochondria-controlled apoptosis; and 5) enhancing stability of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA.
 Yeast do not synthesize LCA or any other bile acids produced by mammals. Therefore, I propose that bile acids released into the environment by mammals may act as interspecies chemical signals providing longevity benefits to yeast and, perhaps, other species within an ecosystem. I hypothesize that, because bile acids are known to be mildly toxic compounds, they may create selective pressure for the evolution of yeast species that can respond to the bile acids-induced mild cellular damage by developing the most efficient stress protective mechanisms. It is likely that such mechanisms may provide effective protection of yeast against molecular and cellular damage accumulated with age. Thus, I propose that yeast species that have been selected for the most effective mechanisms providing protection against bile acids may evolve the most effective anti-aging mechanisms that are sensitive to regulation by bile acids. I extend my hypothesis on longevity regulation by bile acids by suggesting a hypothesis of the xenohormetic, hormetic and cytostatic selective forces driving the evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms at the ecosystemic level. To verify my hypothesis empirically, I carried out the LCA-driven multistep selection of long-lived yeast species under laboratory conditions. I found that a lasting exposure of wild-type yeast to LCA results in selection of yeast species that live longer in the absence of this bile acid than their ancestor. My data enabled to rank different concentrations of LCA with respect to the efficiency with which they cause the appearance of long-lived yeast species. Aging is one of the major risk factors in the onset and incidence of cancer, and cancer is considered as one of the numerous age-associated diseases whose onset can be delayed and incidence reduced by anti-aging interventions. The interplay between aging and cancer is intricate as these two complex and dynamic biological phenomena have both convergent and divergent underlying mechanisms. One of the major objectives of my thesis was to examine if LCA, a novel anti-aging compound that I identified in a high-throughput chemical genetic screen, also exhibits an anti-tumor effect in cultured human cancer cells by activating certain anti-cancer processes that may (or may not) play an essential role in cellular aging. As a model system for addressing this important question (and if LCA indeed displays an anti-tumor effect, for establishing the mechanism underlying such effect), I choose several cell lines of the human neuroblastoma (NB) tumor. My findings provide strong evidence that LCA exhibits a potent anti-tumor effect in cultured human NB cells by: 1) activating both intrinsic (mitochondrial) and extrinsic (death receptor) pathways of apoptotic death in these cells; 2) sensitizing them to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic death; and 3) preventing growth and proliferation of their neighbouring NB cells in the culture. Importantly, my findings also imply that LCA does not display any of these deleterious effects in human neurons and, therefore, is a selective anti-tumor compound. Moreover, my mass spectrometry-based measurement of intracellular and extracellular levels of exogenously added LCA revealed that this bile acid does not enter cultured NB cells. Thus, LCA prevents proliferation of human NB cells and selectively kills these cancer cells by binding to their surface and then initiating intracellular signaling cascades that not only impair their growth and division, but also cause their apoptotic death. The demonstrated inability of LCA to enter cultured human NB cells suggests that this potent and selective anti-cancer compound is unlikely to display undesirable side effects in non-cancerous human neurons. My findings suggest a mechanism underlying a potent and selective anti-tumor effect of LCA in human NB cancer cells.


Abstract Objectives: To assess the health status of patients before and after breast reduction surgery and to make comparisons with the health status of women in the general population. Design: Postal questionnaire survey sent to patients before and six months after surgery. Setting: The three plastic surgery departments in the Oxford Regional Health Authority, during April to August 1993. Subjects: 166 women (over the age of 16 years) referred for breast reduction; scores from the "short form 36" (SF-36) health questionnaire completed by women in the 1991-2 Oxford healthy life survey. Main outcome measures: Health status of breast reduction patients before and after surgery as assessed by the SF-36, the 28 item general health questionnaire, and Rosenberg's self esteem scale; comparisons between the health status of breast reduction patients and that of women in the general population; outcome of surgery as assessed retrospectively by patients. Results: Differences between the health status of breast reduction patients and that of women in the general population were detected by the SF-36 both before and after surgery. Breast reduction surgery produced substantial change in patients' physical, social, and psychological function. The proportion of cases of possible psychiatric morbidity according to the general health questionnaire fell from 41% (22/54) before surgery to 11% (6/54) six months after treatment. Eighty six per cent (50/58) of patients expressed great satisfaction with the surgical result postoperatively. Conclusion: The study provides empirical evidence that supports the inclusion of breast reduction surgery in NHS purchasing contracts.


A dazzling spectrum of projects in all media from the past six years by one of the UK's most influential and important design studios.The spirit and brains behind Why Not Associates are Andy Altmann and David Ellis, whose unique graphic-design language has been admired and copied around the world in print, digital, and electronic media. Their client list is long and varied, ranging from Virgin Records to Paul Smith to the Royal Academy of Arts.Why Not's versatile and innovative work has set arresting new standards in an image-saturated world. This inspiring survey brings together their most recent work and shows how they have refined their typographic style as they explore new media, exhibition design, and architecture-scale urban pieces. More than 1500 images, specially selected and arranged by the designers themselves, are accompanied by texts that explain their unique creative process and offer useful insights to designers seeking inspiration.


Selenium is a mineral element that is essential for both animal and humans and can also serve as an environmental toxicant. A narrow margin exists between an ideal and toxic intake of selenium. It is a useful microelement existing in minute amounts in animals, plants, microorganisms and humans. Although it is beneficial to both animals and humans as an antioxidant, it can be toxic at high concentrations as a result of it competing and replacing sulfur in amino acids leading to inappropriate folding of protein and eventually creating a nonfunctional protein and enzymes. Selenium exists in organic forms as SeMet and SeCys and inorganic forms as selenide, selenite and selenite in the environment. It is translocated in plants via the sulfate transporters in the plasma membrane of the plant root. Its translocation and distribution however depends on the plant species, their different developmental phases, forms, concentration and other physiological conditions like pH. Inorganic selenium is first converted to selenite via the action of two different enzymes (ATP sulfurylase and APS reductase), selenite is further converted to selenide by sulfite reductase. Selenide eventually couples with O-acetyl serine via the action of cysteine synthase to form SeCys. SeCys can either be methylated to methyl-SeCys through the action of selenocysteine methyltransferase or to elemental selenium via SeCys lyase or converted by a series of enzymes to selenomethionine. Selenium toxicity or Selenosis can occur when the optimal concentration of selenium is exceeded. Two major mechanism of selenium toxicity exists; either by induction of oxidative stress or malformation of selenoproteins. Selenium uptake, metabolism and toxicity in tropical plants are hereby discussed in this chapter.


Introduction It is essential to have a proper health care delivery system for the efficient management of clinical resources for a nation. In Korea, we have observed numerous problems of missing or delaying clinical information when referring patients to a nearby secondary or tertiary care hospital. Patient referral is usually done at random but no reliable information is provided for appropriate care. Furthermore, no follow-up information is sent back to referring institutions when the care is completed such as discharge summary. The aim is therefore to develop and implement a Web-based information sharing system to facilitate health care delivery during the course of referring patient transfer. Materials and Method: Researchers first conducted a survey with clinicians to extract clinical expertise and relevant information to standardize a core set of information service protocols for sharing through the internet. Then, a model was proposed to distribute and share intra-hospital database among consenting networked clinicians around the region. The core set of protocols includes textual reports of laboratory test results, and imaging reports of endoscopy and diagnostic radiology procedures. Also, therapeutic and medication reports are also included. Results The Web-based information sharing service is currently in use at patient referral center in Asian Medical Center, a tertiary care teaching hospital located in Seoul, Korea. So far, 11,587 patients were serviced in 1998. During hospitalization, each referring physician is given access code to check status of the referred patient. When the patient is discharged or transferred back to the referring institute, discharge summary and other adequate information are provided through simple file transfer. Discussion We are eager to report the first implementation of a Web-based information sharing system for efficient patient referral services in Korea. Though an evaluation of the system performance is still in progress, we have found the system practically usable and cost-effective in clinical environment. Therefore we suggest that a web based information sharing technique would be a method of choice for improving the management and efficiency of health care delivery system.


Human aging is associated with a vast array of clinical disorders that all relate to the body's inability to maintain homeostasis. In our bodies, the healing process requires tight control of the acute inflammatory response. When the levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and C-reactive protein are elevated, there is a direct correlation with several chronic diseases of aging such as cardiovascular disease, cognitive decline, and physical disability. Extensive studies have shown strong evidence that elevated levels of these pro-inflammatory mediators may predict disease and disability in the aging population. As there is no cure for aging, a key question is how to modulate the effects of inflammation on aging and how to maintain healthy aging. Stem cells offer alternative approaches for treating various diseases/disorders. The use of stem cells as immune system modulators has shown tremendous promise. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have specific immunomodulatory properties that may help control inflammation. Several animal studies demonstrate that intravenous infusions of MSCs can decrease the pro-inflammatory response while increasing the anti-inflammatory response. Moreover, human clinical studies using MSCs in autoimmune and other inflammatory diseases have demonstrated modulation of the inflammatory response. Therefore, the use of stem cells as anti-aging therapies may offer many an alternative method of slowing down or deterring several of the detrimental aspects of aging.


Grape hyacinth (Muscari spp.) is a popular ornamental bulbous perennial famous for its blue flowers. To understand the chemical basis of the rich blue colors in this plant, anthocyanin profiles of six blue flowering grape hyacinths as well as one pink and one white cultivar were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Along with two known compounds, eight putative anthocyanins were identified in the tepals of grape hyacinth for the first time. The accumulation and distribution of anthocyanins in the plant showed significant cultivar and flower development specificity. Violet-blue flowers mainly contained simple delphinidin-type anthocyanins bearing one or two methyl-groups but no acyl groups, whereas white and pink flowers synthesised more complex pelargonidin/cyanidin-derivatives with acyl-moieties but no methyl-groups. The results partially reveal why solid blue, orange or red flowers are rare in this plant in nature. In addition, pelargonidin-type anthocyanins were found for the first time in the genus, bringing more opportunities in terms of breeding of flower color in grape hyacinth.


Summary
1. Precipitation is considered to be a key driver of ecosystem processes in mesic grasslands, and climate models predict changes in the amount and intensity of precipitation under future global change scenarios. Although most experimental rainfall studies decrease precipitation, seasonal rainfall is predicted to increase in the northern Great Plains under climate change.

2. We analysed changes in community composition and structure of upland and lowland native tallgrass prairie in central Kansas, USA, subjected to 19 years of irrigation designed to eliminate moisture stress throughout the growing season.

3. Irrigation had limited effects on species richness in both upland and lowland prairie. Total cover increased significantly and consistently with irrigation in drier uplands and in more mesic lowlands. Abundance of rhizomatous, tall, perennial species as well as C3 forbs increased with irrigation.

4. The strongest response to irrigation came within the dominant functional type, C4 perennial grasses. Panicum virgatum became the dominant species in irrigated lowlands, whereas Andropogon gerardii remained the dominant species in irrigated uplands and in control plots. Overall, irrigation had less effect on community composition and structure than other known drivers of grassland structure and function.

5. In comparison with other studies, our results demonstrate that water addition has less of an impact than fire, grazing or nitrogen addition on composition and dynamics in this mesic grassland. The strongest response to long-term irrigation occurred within the dominant functional type: tall, perennial, rhizomatous, C4 grasses. Thus, functional redundancy will buffer this ecosystem from potential increases in rainfall due to climate change. Finally, our results highlight the limited utility of qualitative functional traits to predict how this mesic grassland will respond to climate change.


The vigorous growth of the Chinese economy together with its growing role in international trade has raised fears of deindustrialization among developing countries. This study draws on the large increase in the international trade exposure of the Brazilian economy from 2000 to 2012 to assess the impacts of trade on its manufacturing sector. In this period, import penetration increased by 25%, and at the same time, China's share of import penetration increased from 3% to 20%. Using household survey data that encompasses both formal and informal workers, this paper's estimates indicate that higher import penetration reduces the employment level, the share of employment in the population, the hourly wage, the interindustry wage premium, and the share of informal employment. The industry-level results indicate that a rise in import penetration from either China or the rest of the world (ROW) reduced the employment level, hourly wage, and share of informal employment while increasing the interindustry wage premium. The worker-level results suggest that industry-level import penetration from China and the ROW raised workers' wages and reduced the likelihood of their being informally employed. The state-level estimates imply that Chinese and ROW imports per worker initially reduced the employment level, the hourly wage, and share of informal employment, but these effects were reversed after 2008. Chinese imports per firm had a negative impact on the share of informal employment and a positive one on average years of schooling. Before 2008, Chinese imports per firm increased the share of workers with both high-school and college educations, and the net impact on both shares became negative after 2008. Estimates using actual imports per worker and per firm did not impact state-level labor-market outcomes. Finally, these effects were modulated by the labor intensity of the industry, the state-level initial share of manufacturing in the gross domestic product, the availability of a sea harbor in the state, and the implementation of the Nova Matriz Econômica policies in 2008.


This research study examines the impact of film induced tourism and destination branding on locations featured in popular films and television series. It also investigates the characteristics of film induced tourism and determines if the key film and tourism stakeholders support the integration of film into Yorkshire's (UK) tourism product. Yorkshire was selected as the case study area, as it has been the film location for many popular television series and is the subject of much location research within the tourism discipline. The need for a thorough investigation into the film induced tourism phenomenon was particularly evident from the literature review undertaken, as it showed that there was a significant research gap in the successful integration of this phenomenon and destination marketing. In response to this gap, a two phased approach was adopted; the first involved a tourist survey regarding the film induced tourist, while the second phase consisted of strategic conversations with the key stakeholders behind the Yorkshire brand. The issues evolving from these and also the literature review, highlight a number of implications for the future development of such destinations, namely the successful use of destination branding in the promotion of a film location. These issues also facilitated the creation of the Film Marketing Action Plan (FMAP), as it has become apparent that most of the film induced tourism models investigated were inadequate in explaining the relationship between film induced tourism and destination branding. Thus, a new model that is more reflective of the process was developed, using the main concepts and themes that arose from the research findings. Overall, film induced tourism is not widely welcomed by the stakeholders and the implications for retaining a clear balance between Yorkshire's current tourism product and making the most of the opportunities that could arise, may be the most appropriate way forward.


Aims To evaluate the relationship between Mediterranean dietary pattern, anthropometric and metabolic biomarkers and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) +405 G/C gene polymorphism in patient with metabolic syndrome (Mets). Materials and methods In this study 150 patients with Mets and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled. Dietary intakes were evaluated with a semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and Mediterranean dietary quality index (Med-DQI) was assessed. Anthropometric assessments and blood pressure measurement were performed. Biochemical assays including fasting serum glucose (FSG), matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3), liver enzymes and lipid profiles were also assessed. Polymorphism of +405 G/C VEGF gene was determined utilizing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragments length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Results Serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) concentrations and FSG were significantly higher in metabolic syndrome patients compared with control group (P < 0.05). Metabolic syndrome group with high consumption of "cholesterol" had significantly upper serum TG; also high consumption of "fish" and "vegetables-fruits" was associated with a significantly lower serum LDL concentrations. In metabolic syndrome patients with CC genotype, mean score of "saturated fatty acid" subgroup was significantly higher compared with other genotypes; whereas, in healthy individuals, mean score of "fruit-vegetable" subgroup in individuals of CC and GG genotype was significantly higher (P<0.05). Conclusion Our findings indicated a significant relationship between Mediterranean dietary quality index and both anthropometric and metabolic risk factors. We also indicated a higher "saturated fatty acid" intake in CC genotype among metabolic syndrome patients.


Recent advances in the application field increasingly demand the use of wireless camera sensor networks (WCSNs), for which localization is a crucial task to enable various location-based services. Most of the existing localization approaches for WCSNs are essentially interactive, i.e., require the interaction among the nodes throughout the localization process. As a result, they are costly to realize in practice, vulnerable to sniffer attacks, inefficient in energy consumption and computation. In this paper, we propose LISTEN, a noninteractive localization approach. Using LISTEN, every camera sensor node only needs to silently listen to the beacon signals from a mobile beacon node and capture a few images until determining its own location. We design the movement trajectory of the mobile beacon node, which guarantees to locate all the nodes successfully. We have implemented LISTEN and evaluated it through extensive experiments. Both the analytical and experimental results demonstrate that it is accurate, cost-efficient, and especially suitable for WCSNs that consist of low-end camera sensors.


Abstract Neutron capture and transmission measurements were performed by the time-of-flight technique at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute linac facility using metallic and liquid Gd samples. The liquid samples were isotopically enriched in either 155Gd or 157Gd. The capture measurements were made at the 25-m flight station with a multiplicity-type capture detector, and the transmission measurements were performed at 15- and 25-m flight stations with 6Li glass scintillation detectors. The multilevel R-matrix Bayesian code SAMMY was used to extract resonance parameters. Among the significant findings are the following. The neutron width of the largest resonance in Gd, at 0.032 eV in 157Gd, has been measured to be (9 ± 1)% smaller than that given in ENDF/B-VI updated through release 8. The thermal (2200 m/s) capture cross section of 157Gd has been measured to be 11% smaller than that calculated from ENDF. The other major thermal resonance, at 0.025 eV in 155Gd, did not display a significant deviation from the thermal capture cross section given by ENDF. In the epithermal region, the analysis provided here represents the most extensive to date. Twenty-eight new resonances are proposed, and other resonances previously identified in the literature have been revisited. The assignment of resonances within regions of complicated structure incorporated the observations of other researchers, particularly on the six occasions where ENDF resonances are recommended to be removed. The poor match of the ENDF parameters to the current data is significant, and substantial improvement to the understanding of gadolinium cross sections is presented, particularly above 180 eV where the ENDF resolved region for 155Gd ends.


Mantle polymict breccias sampled by kimberlite magmas are complex mixtures of mantle minerals and rock clasts, cemented together
 by olivine, phlogopite, orthopyroxene, ilmenite, rutile and sulphides. Because of the kimberlite-like texture (i.e. mineral
 clasts of diverse origin and composition set in a magmatic matrix) and the large geochemical heterogeneity preserved in polymict
 breccias, these rocks are believed to derive from primitive or precursor kimberlite magmas. Therefore, the study of such xenoliths
 can provide constraints on the processes occurring in the mantle during the early stages of kimberlite ascent, and possibly
 on the composition of kimberlite melts. To constrain the petrogenesis of these unusual rocks, we have studied two samples
 of polymict breccia from the Bultfontein kimberlite (Kimberley, South Africa) and compared our results with published data
 for other polymict breccias. The most abundant phase in the matrix of the studied samples is olivine with a narrow range in
 Mg# (∼88–89), but variable Ni–Mn–Ca contents. Similar compositions are characteristic of magmatic olivine in the Bultfontein
 and nearby De Beers kimberlites. Orthopyroxene is the dominant phase in the matrix of polymict breccias surrounding clinopyroxene
 clasts, which, like the other silicate mineral clasts, are highly resorbed. The matrix orthopyroxene exhibits variable compositions,
 with significant enrichment in Ca, Na, Cr, Sr, Ba and light rare earth elements in the grains adjacent to clinopyroxene. The
 other main matrix phases (phlogopite, ilmenite and rutile) also display variable compositions. Matrix olivine hosts primary
 carbonate-rich inclusions similar to those observed in polymict breccia ilmenite. These inclusions were previously interpreted
 as an alkali-carbonate melt trapped during ilmenite growth. This alkali-carbonate melt may represent the parental melt to
 the matrix minerals of the polymict breccias. The variable composition of the matrix minerals is attributed to rapid, small-scale
 (centimetre to millimetre) variations in the melt composition owing to clast dissolution, possibly coupled with wall-rock
 assimilation, closely followed by fast cooling. Partial digestion of silicate porphyroclasts increased the Si content of the
 matrix melt, thus allowing crystallization of orthopyroxene. Further arguments in favour of a genetic relationship between
 polymict breccias and kimberlite magmas are provided by (1) similar Hf isotope compositions of polymict breccia ilmenite and
 South African kimberlites, (2) overlapping olivine compositions in polymict breccias and the host Bultfontein kimberlite,
 and (3) the occurrence of alkali-carbonate inclusions in polymict breccia and kimberlite minerals. Polymict breccias are interpreted
 as failed kimberlite intrusions, which metasomatized the magmatic conduit through which subsequent pulses of kimberlite magmas
 ascended. These wall-rock interactions would limit reactions between later pulses of kimberlite melt and mantle wall-rocks,
 thus enhancing the ability of kimberlite magmas to reach the surface.


Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems dominate the Information Technology (IT) landscape of global companies. Organisations are at different stages in the implementation process ranging from the initial strategic analysis of implementation options, through completed standard implementations and to the sophisticated exploitation of ERP systems using advanced knowledge management, decision support and supply chain management systems. There are also variances in the perspective of managers regarding the strategic potential of ERP systems. We present a maturity model for ERP systems that identifies three key implementation stages. The model is illustrated using case data from 24 organisations in the US and Europe. In stage one, organisations are managing legacy systems and starting the ERP project. In stage two, implementation is complete and the functionality of the ERP system is being exploited across the organisation. In stage three, organisations have normalised the ERP system into the organisation and are engaged in the process of obtaining strategic value from the system by using additional 'satellite' systems including knowledge management and supply chain planning. It is shown that the organisations follow an S shaped curve, and that most companies are in the middle stage.


The Spirit and the Church. A Redaction-Historical and Theological-Historical Analysis of the Pneumatological Renewal in Lumen Gentium For Christians, the very core of their faith is the belief in God Father, Son, and Spirit, yet generally, that common conviction is poorly translated into faith practice and theological reflection. Theologians capture that situation with the term Geistvergessenheit: too often, the Spirit is either forgotten, or pneumatology functions as an 'appendix' to Christology (Otto Dilschneider). Major theologians consider the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) as a pneumatological break through. Initially, the 2.500 bishops, theological advisors, and observers who gathered in Rome to discuss important faith matters were unsure what to expect, as the Vatican had not exactly welcomed the renewal movements that had emerged before the Council. Would the spirit of concern and condemnation also dominate the conciliar deliberations? Ultimately, openness and renewal prevailed, including pneumatological renewal. Amongst other things, the Spirit was said to work in other religions and to build up the Church not only through the hierarchy but also through charisms given to all the faithful. In my research, I explore the positive evaluation of the conciliar pneumatology. What does the Council's pneumatological renewal actually consist of? Limiting myself to the Dogmatic Constitution on the Church Lumen gentium, I focus on the fundamental conception of the Holy Spirit rather than pneumatological topics such as charisms, or the Spirit's working in other religions. How does Lumen gentium portray the Holy Spirit? And what is new in that portrayal, both in redaction historical perspective – the text underwent dramatic changes – and in comparison to preconciliar pneumatology? To this end, I have done three things. Firstly, to ensure that my evaluation of Lumen gentium's pneumatology is based on facts, not first impressions, I have developed and applied a method of 'close reading', consisting of a structural, theological and argumentative analysis. The structural analysis reveals amongst other things that most articles in the document feature references to the Spirit, but also that these are unevenly divided. Further, the argumentative analysis reveals that Lumen gentium's references to the Spirit are in most cases part of the clarification of the ecclesiological reflection, not the core. In the second place, I have scrutinized the redaction history of two articles, no. 4 and 48, both of which underwent substantial pneumatological amendments. Yet in both cases, these were realised by a very small number of Council participants, so that it can hardly be claimed that pneumatology was a common concern. Finally, I have made a comparison with earlier magisterial teaching, namely Pius XII's 1943 encyclical Mystici corporis and noted both similarities and differences with Lumen gentium. In conclusion, Lumen gentium represents a promising step forward in overcoming Geistvergessenheit. The Spirit is more consistently part of the reflection than in earlier drafts and than in Mystici corporis, and some text fragments clearly witness to an active conception of the Spirit's role in the Church. Still, the Spirit is often conceived as Christ's instrument rather than as Himself actively involved in the Church, so that arguably Lumen gentium's pneumatological renewal is more modest than commonly assumed. Therefore, I recommend that the Creed's confession that the Spirit is "Lord and Giver of life" (Dominum et vivificantem) be taken more seriously, expecting that this would result in a more affective, discerning, open and receptive faith practice and theology. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Jos Moons SJ (1980) studied theology in Utrecht and Paris. After four years of parish ministry in the diocese of Rotterdam he entered the Jesuits. Over the past years he worked as a student chaplain and PhD student at the Tilburg School of Theology, where he also taught homiletics. Currently, Moons combines chaplaincy work for the University Parish at the KU Leuven with a post-doc assignment at Tilburg University.


This thesis considers the role of contracts and legal advisors in corporate acquisitions. M&A transactions are complicated because of economic concerns such as information asymmetry, agency problems, and risk allocation. Contract design can provide mechanisms to mitigate these concerns. This thesis analyzes whether contracts are used to alleviate such concerns by considering the drivers of contract outcomes. The first essay documents that the economic deal environment explains around one third of the variation in warranties and covenants, which are provisions to protect buyers against adverse selection and moral hazard. The styles of the involved law firms and lawyers explain an additional part of the variation. The second essay then shows that more buyer protection through warranties and covenants leads to significantly higher acquisition prices. Finally, the third essay studies the effect of lawyer expertise on contract design, the bargaining process, and acquisition prices. This essay documents that more lawyer expertise on one side of the negotiation table is associated with more beneficial outcomes for that side on all three fronts. Together, these results suggest that M&A contracts are not only a reflection of the underlying deal environment, but also of the styles of the involved legal advisors.


Mass flows on volcanic islands generated by volcanic lava dome collapse and by larger‐volume flank collapse can be highly dangerous locally and may generate tsunamis that threaten a wider area. It is therefore important to understand their frequency, emplacement dynamics, and relationship to volcanic eruption cycles. The best record of mass flow on volcanic islands may be found offshore, where most material is deposited and where intervening hemipelagic sediment aids dating. Here we analyze what is arguably the most comprehensive sediment core data set collected offshore from a volcanic island. The cores are located southeast of Montserrat, on which the Soufriere Hills volcano has been erupting since 1995. The cores provide a record of mass flow events during the last 110 thousand years. Older mass flow deposits differ significantly from those generated by the repeated lava dome collapses observed since 1995. The oldest mass flow deposit originated through collapse of the basaltic South Soufriere Hills at 103–110 ka, some 20–30 ka after eruptions formed this volcanic center. A ~1.8 km3 blocky debris avalanche deposit that extends from a chute in the island shelf records a particularly deep‐seated failure. It likely formed from a collapse of almost equal amounts of volcanic edifice and coeval carbonate shelf, emplacing a mixed bioclastic‐andesitic turbidite in a complex series of stages. This study illustrates how volcanic island growth and collapse involved extensive, large‐volume submarine mass flows with highly variable composition. Runout turbidites indicate that mass flows are emplaced either in multiple stages or as single events.


Optional or self-selecting tariffs allow customers to choose between an established tariff and an alternative outlay schedule. The possibility of making the vendor and at least one consumer better off, without making any other consumer worse off, makes optional tariffs appealing to both economists and regulators. In economic terms, the introduction of optional tariffs makes possible a Pareto improvement in the allocation of resources. Unfortunately, the presumed desirability of such tariffs depends crucially on assumptions that may not be fulfilled in the case of a state-owned enterprise - in particular, profit-seeking behavior on the part of the monopoly vendor and independence of consumer demand functions. In this Article, we analyze the economic implications and potential consequences, in general, of introducing negotiated rate and service terms available to a sole user into a pre-existing regulatory regime of uniform tariff rates and conditions of service. We identify the conditions under which it is economically desirable to introduce declining-block rates or other rate structures that discriminate among users of the affected services, with or without any basis in identifiable cost differences. We address the specific economic implications and potential consequences of introducing negotiated rate and service terms available to a sole user where the affected service is provided under a monopoly established by federal statute, taking into account that such negotiated arrangements may include preferential pricing terms; that access to the negotiated terms may be limited to a small number of users for administrative or other reasons; and that competition may exist among users of the affected service or services. Finally, we identify and describe regulatory measures that might be taken to accommodate potential concerns regarding the impact of such negotiated rate and service arrangements on fairness in regulation and competition. We conclude that it is not possible to derive sweeping propositions about the efficiency of optional tariff offerings. Instead, the welfare effects of such pricing plans must be evaluated empirically on an individual basis. Our analysis has practical significance for pricing policies in network industries, particularly those industries served by state-owned enterprises that enjoy statutory monopolies.


The intensity and the phase in surface second-harmonic generation were simultaneously measured by use of an ac optical balanced homodyne detection system. In this system the surface second-harmonic wave was superimposed upon a local oscillator wave generated by a barium borate nonlinear optical crystal and then detected as an interference signal. Extremely high sensitivity of 3 aW (6 photons/s) and high precision were achieved by use of a lock-in amplifier, in which an interference signal of fundamental waves was used as a reference signal. Simultaneous measurement of the intensity and the phase in surface second-harmonic waves generated from native-oxidized Si(111) surfaces is demonstrated.


This study examines orthographic variation in synchronous computer-mediated French discourse. All nontraditional variations of selected frequently occuring items are quantified in order to provide an etic (i.e., from an external perspective) analysis. The primary variable of interest is age since this study focuses on providing a comparison of chat participants in their twenties versus those in their fifties. The widespread claim is that younger people communicate using more informal and/or nontraditional forms than older people; however, the results of the present study suggest that this is not always the case. The main finding of the present study is that the twentysomethings and the fiftysomethings produce the nontraditional orthography in a similar fashion in 52.2% of the terms, and in a non-similar fashion in 47.8% of the terms. Following the presentation and discussion of the results, directions for future research are provided.


A gain graph is a graph whose edges are labelled invertibly by gains from a group. Switching is a transformation of gain graphs that generalizes conjugation in a group. A weak chromatic function of gain graphs with gains in a fixed group satisfies three laws: deletion-contraction for links with neutral gain, invariance under switching, and nullity on graphs with a neutral loop. The laws are analogous to those of the chromatic polynomial of an ordinary graph, though they are different from those usually assumed of gain graphs or matroids. The three laws lead to the weak chromatic group of gain graphs, which is the universal domain for weak chromatic functions. We find expressions, valid in that group, for a gain graph in terms of minors without neutral-gain edges, or with added complete neutral-gain subgraphs, that generalize the expression of an ordinary chromatic polynomial in terms of monomials or falling factorials. These expressions imply relations for all switching-invariant functions of gain graphs, such as chromatic polynomials, that satisfy the deletion-contraction identity for neutral links and are zero on graphs with neutral loops. Examples are the total chromatic polynomial of any gain graph, including its specialization the zero-free chromatic polynomial, and the integral and modular chromatic functions of an integral gain graph. We apply our relations to some special integral gain graphs including those that correspond to the Shi, Linial, and Catalan arrangements, thereby obtaining new evaluations of and new ways to calculate the zero-free chromatic polynomial and the integral and modular chromatic functions of these gain graphs, hence the characteristic polynomials and hypercubical lattice-point counting functions of the arrangements. The proof involves gain graphs between the Catalan and Shi graphs whose polynomials are expressed in terms of descending-path vertex partitions of the graph of $(-1)$-gain edges. We also calculate the total chromatic polynomial of any gain graph and especially of the Catalan, Shi, and Linial gain graphs.


Is Islam compatible with democracy? Must fundamentalism win out in the Middle East, or will democracy ever be possible? In this now-classic book, Islamic sociologist Fatima Mernissi explores the ways in which progressive Muslims--defenders of democracy, feminists, and others trying to resist fundamentalism--must use the same sacred texts as Muslims who use them for violent ends, to prove different views. Updated with a new introduction by the author written in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks on the United States, Islam and Democracy serves as a guide to the players moving the pieces on the rather grim Muslim chessboard. It shines new light on the people behind today's terrorist acts and raises provocative questions about the possibilities for democracy and human rights in the Islamic world. Essential reading for anyone interested in the politics of the Middle East today, Islam and Democracy is as timely now as it was upon its initial, celebrated publication.


In the hydrographic basins of the Alps, well-defined meteorological configurations lasting several consecutive days give rise to extraordinary rain events. These events often impact on the catchments, with repercussions on the valley floors and along the main channels network. Floods are frequent with ever greater associated damage. The Research Institute for Geo-hydrological Protection of the National Research Council (IRPICNR) has developed an interdisciplinary procedure for flood study. In this procedure, hydropluviometric data and information acquired from historical documentary sources are combined. The method is specifically designed to identify areas exposed to flood danger. The procedure has been applied in the Orco river basin and this paper reports the results of this work.


African businesses face major challenges in regard to their operational practice and ethical conduct free of corruption if they wish to become self-sustaining. It is imperative that they avoid any behaviour which is narcissistic in nature and which is based on the ethic of self-preservation and individualism. What is needed, are ethics codes based on sound ethical philosophies such as ubuntu. Furthermore, it is essential to include all employees in the decision-making process and to empower them so as to ensure good workplace practices. Initiatives must be put into place as a matter of urgency so as to make ethics training a reality in all business ventures. For success to result in ethical practice endeavours, the buy-in of management is nonnegotiable. Senior managers must be assigned to assist employees to integrate ethics into the everyday operation of every business, and to serve as role-models for acceptable conduct. Ethics codes, which serve as yardsticks for employee behaviour, must be drawn up and revised as often as possible. Only in this way can African business arrive at the desired destination of global competitiveness.


In attending to the relationship between surveillance and human flourishing, this chapter contrib-utes to filling the gap in theological education around recognising that digitized, deconstructed bodies in cyberspace have material implications for people's life chances.  It considers theological works on contemporary surveillance and places the issues in relation to van der Ploeg's 'informa-tionized body' and Swinton's proposal for the 'resurrection of the person'. Patel's problematizing of the browning of bodies under surveillance brings engagement with media mis-representation of marginalized groups. The chapter's core argument is that digitized bodies need reforming as social persons and that subjects of surveillance deserve formation that is not driven by prevailing social prejudices. The core theological claim is that cruciform, rather than hierarchical, surveillance demands Christian solidarity with people who find themselves under diverse forms of unjust surveillance. The chapter concludes with a call to the Church to assess its own participation in cultures of surveillance.


Word Version
 Competitive Grant Funding Available
 November 8, 2013
 TO THE ELIGIBLE APPLICANT ADDRESSED:
 SUBJECT: 2014-2015 Texas Mathematics and Science Partnership (TxMSP) Professional Development Network, Cycle 2 (Request for Application #701-13-108)
 The Texas Education Agency (TEA) is requesting applications under Request for Application (RFA) #701-13-108, 2014-2015 Texas Mathematics and Science Partnership (TxMSP) Professional Development Network, Cycle 2. Eligible Applicants
Texas public institutions of higher education (IHEs) serving as the fiscal agent for an "eligible partnership" are eligible to apply for the TxMSP Professional Development Network, Cycle 2 grant program. Eligible applicants may only submit one application for the partnership and must have in place a statewide professional development network or demonstrate the ability to establish a statewide network within the transition timeframe. The network will be focused on providing sustained professional development in math and science to teachers across the state.
 An eligible partnership consists of the IHE serving as the fiscal agent; an engineering, mathematics or science department of an IHE; and one or more high-need local education agencies (LEAs). ("High-need" is defined as an LEA in which at least 40% of students qualify for free or reduced-price lunch.) Purpose of Program
The TxMSP Professional Development Network, Cycle 2 grant program is intended to improve teachers' content knowledge through scientifically researched, sustained, and high intensity professional development and mentoring. TEA is seeking applications from IHEs as fiscal agents of eligible partnerships that demonstrate the ability to establish a statewide educator network that provides high quality professional development to math and science teachers in Texas PK-12 schools in order to improve students' academic performance in math and science. The partnership will accomplish this by encouraging State educational agencies, IHEs, LEAs, elementary schools, and secondary schools to participate in programs that do the following: (1) improve and upgrade the status and stature of mathematics and science teaching by encouraging IHEs to assume greater responsibility for improving mathematics and science teacher education through the establishment of a comprehensive, integrated system of recruiting, training, and advising mathematics and science teachers; (2) focus on the education of mathematics and science teachers as a career-long process that continuously stimulates teachers' intellectual growth and upgrades teachers' knowledge and skills; (3) bring mathematics and science teachers in elementary school and secondary schools together with scientists, mathematicians, and engineers to increase the subject matter knowledge of mathematics and science teachers and improve such teachers' teaching skills through the use of sophisticated laboratory equipment and work space, computing facilities, libraries, and other resources that IHEs are better able to provide than the elementary and secondary schools; (4) develop more rigorous mathematics and science curricula that are aligned with challenging State and local academic content standards and with the standard expected for postsecondary study in engineering, mathematics, and science; and (5) improve and expand training of mathematics and science teachers, including training such teachers in the effective integration of technology into curricula and instruction. Additionally, the statewide professional development network will provide additional capacity and assist with the implementation of statewide initiatives, such as the Teacher Evaluation and Support System and the Principal Evaluation and Support System, by providing high-quality training for mathematics and science educators in their pursuit of instructional growth. Project Funding
Funding will be provided for one project in the amount of $10,000,000. This project is funded 100 percent from Public Law 107-110, Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, as amended by the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Title II, Part B.
 Project Period
The project will begin on February 14, 2014, and continue through August 31, 2015. The project will be implemented in two phases: Phase I: Planning/Transition (February 14, 2014, through May 31, 2014) and Phase II: Program Implementation (June 1, 2014, through August 31, 2015). Selection Criteria
Applications will be selected based on the independent reviewers' assessment of each applicant's ability to carry out all requirements contained in the RFA. Reviewers will evaluate applications based on the overall quality and validity of the proposed grant programs and the extent to which the applications address the need for the proposed project; the quality of the project design, management plan, project services, and project evaluation; and the appropriateness of the budget. Applications must address each requirement as specified in the RFA to be considered for funding. Priority points will be given to applicants who have current network capacity to deliver professional development statewide and those who have current data systems for collecting and analyzing teacher and student performance data. TEA reserves the right to select from the highest-ranking applications those that address all requirements in the RFA and that are most advantageous to the project. TEA is not obligated to approve an application, provide funds, or endorse any application submitted in response to this RFA. This RFA does not commit TEA to pay any costs before an application is approved. The issuance of this RFA does not obligate TEA to award a grant or pay any costs incurred in preparing a response.
 How to apply
This RFA is in paper format. It must be downloaded, completed on the applicant's computer desktop, printed, and submitted by mail or hand delivery. The complete RFA is posted on the TEA Grant Opportunities page at http://burleson.tea.state.tx.us/GrantOpportunities/forms/GrantProgramSearch.aspx for viewing and downloading. In the "Select Search Options" box, select the name of the RFA from the drop-down list. Scroll down to the "Application and Support Information" section to view all documents that pertain to this RFA. Applicants' Conference
An applicants' conference will be held via webinar on Thursday, November 14, 2013, from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. The conference will be open to all potential applicants and will provide prospective applicants an opportunity to receive general and clarifying information about the program and RFA. Register for the webinar at https://www2.gotomeeting.com/register/821056554. The system requirements for PC-based attendees are Windows 2000, XP Home, XP Pro, 2003 Server, or Vista. The requirements for Macintosh-based attendees are Mac OS X 10.4 (Tiger) or later. The entire applicants' conference will be digitally recorded. Prospective applicants who are not able to attend the conference may download the presentation at http://burleson.tea.state.tx.us/GrantOpportunities/forms.
 Applicants who want specific questions relevant to the RFA answered during the webinar must submit them to Sara Grunberger at email@example.com by November 12, 2013. Reporting Requirements
The IHE awarded the grant is responsible for meeting all required deadlines. The reporting requirements for this grant are posted on the TEA Grant Opportunities website at http://burleson.tea.state.tx.us/GrantOpportunities/forms/GrantProgramSearch.aspx. In the "Select Search Options" box, select the name of the RFA from the drop-down list. Scroll down to the "Critical Events" section to view the reporting requirements. For Further Information
In order to assure that no prospective applicant may obtain a competitive advantage because of acquisition of information unknown to other prospective applicants, any and all questions pertaining to the RFA must be submitted in writing to the TEA contact person listed on the TEA Grant Opportunities website. In the "Select Search Options" box, select the name of the RFA from the drop-down list. Scroll down to the "Application and Support Information" and select the name of the program/RFA from the drop-down list. Scroll down to "Contact Information."
 Copies of the questions and the written answers thereto will be posted on the TEA Grant Opportunities website in the format of frequently asked questions (FAQs) at http://burleson.tea.state.tx.us/GrantOpportunities/forms. In the "Select Search Options" box, select the name of the program/RFA from the drop-down list. Scroll down to "Application and Support Information" to view all documents that pertain to this RFA.
 Deadline for Receipt of Applications
Four copies of the application, with an original signature on Schedule #1 - General Information on at least three copies (blue ink preferred), must be received by 5:00 p.m. Central Time, Thursday, December 19, 2013, to be considered for funding. Send the application to the following address:
  Document Control Center
 Division of Grants Administration
 Texas Education Agency, William B. Travis Building
 1701 North Congress Avenue
 Austin, TX 78701-1494

Sincerely, Monica Martinez
Interim Associate Commissioner
Standards and Programs


Ibu odo, or sacred pools or points in the river, are generally respected by Tchabe communities along the Oueme and Okpara Rivers of Central Benin (West Africa). Ibu odo are governed by rules that may influence conservation practices, including bans on fish poisoning, over-fishing and pollution and discouragement of cattle grazing and cultivation in their vicinity. Riparian forest structure and diversity was examined in three sites adjacent to sacred pools as well as in riparian areas adjacent to various land uses in the region. Diversity in riparian forest tree species was highest in areas adjacent to sacred forests, while tree basal area was larger in areas adjacent to village uses or to sacred lands. The most remote site had the most diverse riparian forest with the largest basal area. Concurrent interviews with elders and hunting chiefs revealed the significant cultural importance of sacred pools and riparian resources. Ibu odo were respected not only by resident populations but also by migrants to the area. Riparian forests were valued for their many ecosystem services including soil fertility and their functions as windbreaks and hunting grounds. Ibu odo should be incorporated into a long-term management strategy for the Oueme River basin that will prevent the destruction of vegetation while conserving riparian forests. This would be crucial to flood control and biodiversity conservation in central Benin.


The purpose of this study was to analyze outstanding agricultural education teachers' attitudes toward mathematics integration. The researcher also determined the outstanding agricultural teachers' level of mathematics integration into each course currently taught. An investigation into the collaboration efforts being made between the agricultural education and mathematics department was also included. The researcher identified the outstanding teachers' perceived needs related to mathematics integration and provided baseline data as the agricultural education instructors in Virginia increase their integration of mathematics. The researcher utilized an electronic questionnaire completed by 25 outstanding agricultural education teachers and follow-up interviews of the 5 teachers who reported integrating mathematics at the highest level. The agricultural teachers reported having favorable attitudes towards the integration of mathematics into the agricultural education curriculum. The results of the data analysis indicated that there was a negative relationship between age and percentage of mathematics integration. All of the agricultural education teachers thought that their efforts to integrate mathematics have helped their students increase their mathematics achievement levels, but they have no concrete evidence. There were several recommendations for implementation, which included encouraging agricultural education teachers to continue to integrate mathematics and other academic areas. Textbook manufacturers, state agricultural leaders and state agricultural education curriculum specialists need to continue to develop curriculum and other education materials that emphasize academic integration. Recommendations for research that emerged from the study included investigating the attitudes of agricultural teachers toward the integration of other academic areas and the mathematics teachers' attitudes toward mathematics integrated into the agricultural education curriculum. Another researcher could investigate the students' attitudes toward receiving academic credits for enrolling in agricultural education courses. There were several implications that rose from this study. Future research could investigate whether the teachers would increase their rates of mathematic integration if ample materials that integrate mathematics are developed for their use. The research findings related to the percentage of mathematics integration in each course taught give curriculum specialists insight into the courses in which the agricultural education teachers are struggling to integrate mathematics. This researcher also identified that these adopters of mathematics integration into agricultural education fell within the implementation stage of the stages of adoption.


Increased competition for viewers' time is threatening the viability of publicservice broadcasters (PSBs) around the world. Changing regulations regarding advertising minutes might increase revenues, but little is known about the structure of advertising demand. To address this problem, we collect a unique dataset on monthly impacts (quantities) and prices of UK television channels between 2002 and 2009 to estimate the (inverse) demand for advertising on both public and commercial broadcasters. We find that increasing PSB advertising minutes to the level permitted for non-PSBs would increase PSB and industry revenue by 10.5% and 6.7%.


This article applies key insights from feminist institutionalist analysis to power-sharing and political settlement in postconflict societies. Drawing on the concept of "gender orders," allied with considerations of the informal and highly masculine rituals and rules that pervade institutional political life, the article demonstrates how apparent gendered gains in power-sharing are limited in their transformative effect. Despite a greater emphasis on female inclusion, as mandated by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, women's capacity to shape postconflict politics in power-sharing is limited. These limitations are shaped not only by the complexity of postconflict political landscapes but by women's restricted access to closed informal spaces pivotal to the masculine functioning of power-sharing. The tendency to view women's contributions in highly essentialized and feminized ways undercuts and devalorizes women's political work in power-sharing institutions. Urging greater attention to the informal life of political institutions, the article exposes the multiple layers of exclusion for women in postconflict political engagement.


Extracted from text ... section reports
Report of the Solar Section
JJ van Delft (Director)
Publicity and awareness was the main focus in the Solar section for 2005.
The monthly solar bulletin is well established during this year and according to web statistics downloads nationally and internationally were experienced. Solar reporting in the MNASSA also started during 2005 and will be built up into a solid publication during 2006.
Solar presentations during 2005 where held at the following organizations:
? SARL (South African Radio league) Roodepoort, followed by a live radio broadcast presentation on short-wave radio.
? SENWES, Hartbeespoort at there annual ..


This paper will discuss the field of Architectural Creative Practice Research (ACPR) with a view to understanding what architects actually do in practice and how what they do may be translated into creative practice research. It argues that, since it is an entrepreneurial profession, a lot of what architects do is talk, but that we do not usually think of talking as a design skill or research method.

However, talking about architecture is not just words. Not only can it can inform the production of built form, it can allow for nuanced and diverse views of practice to be shared and developed.

This paper will argue that talking about architecture (and not simply drawing it or writing about it) can help us to develop greater understandings of both the role of the architect in practice and the diverse opportunities that an architectural response to creative practice research may provide.


The annual random stratified trawl survey was undertaken in Division 58.5.2 in the vicinity of Heard Island and McDonald Islands during April 2019. Based on data from this survey, this paper provides a preliminary assessment for mackerel icefish (Champsocephalus gunnari) population structure, abundance and yield in Division 58.5.2 to the west of 79o 20' E using standard CCAMLR methods (CMIX and Generalized Yield Model).The 2019 survey showed a large 2+ and 3+ cohort in the population. Catches of 527 t in the 2019/20 season and 406 t in the 2020/21 season, respectively, satisfied the CCAMLR decision rules.


This paper analyzes the effects of the Bolsa Fam lia Program on the economic well-being of rural families in the Brazilian macro-regions, contributing to the debate on income transfer programs, analyzing the impacts on consumption and well-being of families. The specific objectives of the study are to analyze the impact of the Bolsa Program on the economic well-being of families living in rural areas in each Brazilian macro-region and on the impact of government transfers on the prices of primary factors. The results indicate that, although the program is initially efficient in promoting the fight against inequality, gains in terms of economic well-being are minimal, as well as reducing the price of the labor factor, suggesting that in the long run, besides the effects of the Bolsa Fam lia Program becoming more lenient, and there is a need for transfers from the Bolsa Fam lia Program to be linked to labor market policies in rural areas. The effects of a real public expenditure on the Bolsa Fam lia Program in rural families in the Brazilian regions are low but positive and higher than the unit, which confirms the guiding hypothesis of the research. Acknowledgement : Coordena o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N vel Superior - CAPES Universidade Federal de Vi osa - UFV Projeto de An lise de Equil brio Geral da Economia Brasileira - PAEG


An unbroken succession of Permian sediments
about 1430 feet thick on the northern flanks of
Mt. Nassau, about 10 miles north-west of Hobart,
Tasmania, shows the following succession of formations
from the base upwards: Bundella Mudstone;
Faulkner Group including the Geiss Conglomerate,
Rathbones Sandstone and Siltstone, Byers Sandstone,
Jarvis Siltstone, Parramore Sandstone and
Siltstone, Altamont Conglomerate and Fergusson
Siltstone; Rayner Sandstone; Cascades Group including
the Nassau Siltstone, Berriedale Limestone
and Grange Mudstone; "Woodbridge Glacial Formation";
Risdon Sandstone and finally the Ferntree
Mudstone. These range in age from Lower
Artinskian to Kungurian. These formations, except
the "Woodbridge Glacial Formation", are defined.
The Faulkner Group consists of two cyclothems,
recording two brief emergences, one soon
after the other,in a time of general submergence.
The Grange Mudstone and Berriedale Limestone are
at least partly facies variants of one another. A
notable feature is the presence of erratics, except
in the two non-marine formations in the Faulkner
Group, and this is perhaps related to the poor
sorting, and mineralogical immaturity of the sediments
and the angularity of most of the grains in
all rocks. All of these features are considered as
the result of glacio-marine deposition. The source
area included granitic, sedimentary and regionally
metamorphosed rocks.


BACKGROUND
Metal prostheses are useful for restoring elbow and forearm stability when the radial head cannot be fixed after a fracture. Because the anatomy of the radial head is difficult to reproduce with a prosthesis, two different options have been proposed: a bipolar prosthesis with a fixed stem and a mobile head, and a monoblock prosthesis with a smooth stem that is intentionally fixed loosely in the neck of the radius. One concern with a fixed-stem implant with a mobile head has been the risk of osteolysis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate radiographic changes reflecting or suggesting progressive osteolysis in patients with a bipolar radial head prosthesis.

METHODS
The functional and radiographic outcomes following treatment of fifty-one comminuted fractures of the radial head with a bipolar radial head prosthesis in fifty-one consecutive patients were evaluated at a mean of 8.4 years postoperatively. There were eleven isolated comminuted fractures involving the entire radial head. Thirty-four fractures were associated with a posterior elbow dislocation, and six patients had a posterior Monteggia lesion.

RESULTS
According to the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, fourteen elbows were graded as excellent; twenty-five, as good; nine, as fair; and three, as poor. Radiographic changes reflecting or suggesting progressive osteolysis were present in thirty-seven patients. Complications occurred in ten patients, but only one underwent surgical treatment, for an ulnar neuropathy.

CONCLUSIONS
Although satisfactory midterm functional results were achieved in thirty-nine of the fifty-one patients, the high prevalence of adverse radiographic changes suggesting periprosthetic osteolysis should alert clinicians to this possible drawback of the use of bipolar radial head prostheses, especially in young and/or active patients.


Gestalt researchers argue that associations create cognitive obstacles on the creative problem solving processes and that problem-solvers should free themselves from associations and evaluate the problem at hand from different perspectives. These cognitive obstacles are evaluated under the subject of "fixation". Experimental studies reveal that fixation has adverse effects on cognitive processes such as recollection, problem solving and creative idea generation. Fixation in the context of design problem solving can arise when designers are fixated on the solutions of similar problems encountered in the past to the problem at hand instead of searching for novel and creative solutions. Therefore, one of the primary objectives of design education is to raise the students' awareness on the effects of being fixated on past solutions through analogies built on surface similarities or invisible assumptions. This study deals with the effects of fixation on the design processes in the context of architectural design education.


Abstract Efficient teamwork skills, high level of complex process knowledge and a vast set of operational abilities are essential for safe and economical operation in process industries. During the past decade, human factors have emerged as a strong research area in industrial simulator training, where traditionally focus is in the engineering technology. However, publications on the pedagogical aspects are still very few. In Norway, simulator training is one mandatory work-place training activity for process operators in the petroleum industry. In this study, we examine the industrial simulator training practices from the pedagogical perspective of learning transfer. We ask: How do different simulator training course designs, artefacts and practices promote learning? How can the successful practices be enhanced further? The data collection included interviews of the simulator instructors, trainees and simulator centre managers at five different simulator centres in Norway in 2012. The interview guide was organized according to the didactic categories, and the transcripts were analysed by open coding and axial coding. We found that the current team simulator training practices cover all the aspects of the learning design, and promote learning transfer extra ordinarily well. We suggest enhancement of the current practices by instructor competency support, individual pre-training and uniform qualitative assessment.


Abstract. Many countries where the industrial development and production rates are high face many side effects of low air quality and air pollution. There is an evident correlation between the topographic and climatic properties of a location and the air pollution and air quality on that location. As the variation of air quality is dependent on location, air quality information should be acquired, utilised, stored and presented in form of Geo-Information. On the other hand, as this information is related with the health concerns of public, the information should be available publicly, and needs to be presented through an easily accessible medium and through a commonly used interface. Efficient storage of time-varying air quality information when combined with an efficient mechanism of 3D web-based visualisation would help very much in dissemination of air quality information to public. This research is focused on web-based 3D visualisation of time-varying air quality data. A web based interactive system is developed to visualise pollutant levels that were acquired as hourly intervals from more than 100 stations in Turkey between years 2008 and 2017. The research also concentrated on visualisation of geospatial high volume data. In the system, visualisation can be achieved on-demand by querying an air pollutant information database of 10.330.629 records and a city object database with more than 700.000 records. The paper elaborates on the details of this research. Following a background on air quality, air quality models, and Geo-Information visualisation, the system architecture and functionality is presented. The paper concludes with results of usability tests of the system.


Introduction: Psilocybin mushroom use is well documented in spiritual and religious ceremonies globally. This drug is now the most popular in Europe and the USA.
Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the experiences and effects of psilocybin on patients with depression and anxiety.
Method: A qualitative study was conducted interviewing ten participants currently taking psilocybin while experiencing depression and/or anxiety. Ethical approval was obtained from the University ethics committee. Participants were recruited via social media and groups are known to have used psilocybin for the treatment of anxiety and/or depression. Participants were informed of study aims and consent was obtained before interviews commenced. Confidentiality was maintained throughout this study. Interviews began with informing participants that psilocybin may be effective in the management of depression. Initially, information around the way treatment with psilocybin was obtained was sought. This was followed by queries around the effects of the drug in terms of experiences both during and after treatment. Finally, participants were asked to outline the positive effects of psilocybin on their lives.
Results: The data were thematically coded using Grounded Theory as an underpinning philosophical paradigm. Emerging themes included enhancement of smell, vision, hearing, and taste sensations. Another theme emerging was the experience of being 'connected with the universe' while on the drug. Additionally, participants reported a stabilization of mood, an increase in optimism and emotional control, and a healthier emotional connection with others. Most also felt an increase in comfort, peace and calmness. Another theme that emerged centered on the mechanism of action of psilocybin. Participants stated that this substance seemed to 'make new connections in their brain,' resulting in new perspectives. Some participants felt this resulted in a calming influence on the mind and body. This aligns with research showing that psilocybin works by changing the thinking and improving information processing.
Conclusion: Psilocybin has promising effects on the patients with depression/anxiety even after a single dose. Psilocybin is safe but the administration should be guided by a health professional to yield safe and positive outcomes.


Aim: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pars plana vitrectomy (ppV) with subretinal coapplication of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) and bevacizumab, and fluid–gas exchange for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with submacular haemorrhage (SMH). Methods: Consecutive interventional case series of 12 patients with neovascular AMD with SMH with a maximum history of 14 days. All patients underwent ppV with subretinal coapplication of rtPA and bevacizumab, and fluid–gas (20% SF6) exchange. Phakic patients underwent concomitant cataract surgery. Additional injections of bevacizumab were applied intravitreally 4 and 8 weeks postop. Results: Complete displacement of SMH from the fovea was achieved in 9 of 12 patients. The mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved significantly from preop logMAR 1.9 (range 3.0 to 0.7) to logMAR 1.2 (range 3.0 to 0.3) at 4 weeks postop (p = 0.01) and to logMAR 0.9 (range 1.6 to 0.2) at 12 weeks postop (p = 0.006). The mean improvement of BCVA 4 weeks postop as compared with preop was logMAR 0.7 (range −0.2 to 2.3). The mean improvement of BCVA 12 weeks postop as compared with preop was logMAR 0.96 (range −0.3 to 2.8). Overall, at 12 weeks postop, BCVA had improved in 10 patients, remained unchanged in one patient and worsened in one patient. Conclusion: PpV with subretinal coapplication of rtPA and bevacizumab, and fluid–gas exchange effectively displaces SMH and improves visual acuity in most patients.


INTRODUCTION In scholarly works celebrating the genesis and growth of U.S. communication research, the two most notable being that of Rogers (1) and Everette & Wartella, (2) readers would commonly find considerable pages dedicated to the lives and works of pioneering researchers such as Wilbur Schramm, Harold Lasswell and Robert Merton, but would find only passing references made to Daniel Lerner, this despite the fact that he had published almost as much as did his contemporaries, and worked closely with them in many research projects. One reason given for this omission is that Daniel Lerner in many respects was not truly a communication researcher like his colleagues and contemporaries, that his foray into communication research was fortuitous, being in many respects merely an extension of his propaganda research. (3) Many, if not most, scholars of international/Third World/ alternative development (communication), are far more familiar with Daniel Lerner as the author and chief proponent of the dominant paradigm of development communication, than they are of his works on propaganda, making passing reference to his works only to debunk his ideas by highlighting the imperialist biases underpinning his argument. Present day scholars' ready dismissal of Daniel Lerner's development communication research, coupled with their unawareness of his propaganda research, may well account for their failure to identify the strong connection between U.S. Cold War propaganda, and the genesis and growth of U.S. development communication research, a connection, I argue, that is embodied in the military career, academic research and political ideology of Daniel Lerner. I claim in effect that development communication research in the United States was not only influenced by U.S. Cold War propaganda objectives, it was in essence a manifest U.S. anti-Soviet foreign policy strategy, one that recruited the knowledge and expertise of preeminent social scientists to establish and fund research institutions, institutes and programs aimed at promoting U.S. foreign policy objectives in general, and Cold War propaganda objectives in particular. I substantiate my claim by first providing a historical overview of propaganda and development communication research in the U.S. between the early 1950s and the late 1970s, identifying a critical shift in U.S. Cold War propaganda strategies as the crucial link between the two fields of study. This link is further highlighted by identifying key academic institutions and their research programs and institutes that were actively created and/or funded by the U.S. government. Finally, based on a biographical overview and a thematic analysis of his publications, I discuss Daniel Lerner's role and significance in this link by discussing the influence of his career as a World War II Allied propagandist on his later career as a propaganda scholar and development communication scholar, arguing that, in many respects, Daniel Lerner's ideology and works embody the prevailing objectives and interests of his contemporaries on one hand, and those of the U.S. State Department on the other. My objective here is not to consider the merits or demerits of Daniel Lerner's model of development, nor to make a case for him to be placed in the pantheon of founding fathers of communication research. Rather, I seek to highlight the political imperatives underpinning the very foundation of what would quickly become a contentious field of study, with the ultimate objective being to suggest, at the very least, the impact of this connection on the evolution and practice of the field of development (communication) research and the challenges this field faces today. IDENTIFYING THE LINK BETWEEN U.S. COLD WAR PROPAGANDA & DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION RESEARCH Propaganda in the United States could be traced as far back as 1925, the year when Harold Lasswell published "Prussian Schoolbooks and International Amity. …


The ETV6 gene is involved in many chromosomal translocations forming different fusion genes in both myeloid and lymphoid leukemias as well as in some solid tumors. ETV6 is a member of the ets family of transcription factors and has been shown to be a transcriptional repressor. There is also evidence that ETV6 is a tumor suppressor gene in certain leukemias. ETV6 interacts with TIP60β and PIN1. TIP60 (HIV-1 Tat interacting protein, 60 kDa), a member of the MYST family of histone acetyltransferases, is a transcriptional co-activator or co-repressor depending on the interacting transcription factor. PIN1, an important peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase, is the only known enzyme to specifically isomerize phosphorylated serine or threonine - proline bonds. This isomerization reaction changes the conformation of the protein substrate and is a central signaling mechanism controlling normal cell proliferation and malignant transformation. In this work the interactions between ETV6 and TIP60β and between ETV6 and PIN1 were analyzed in detail.
Using the yeast two hybrid system the TIP60β interacting domain of ETV6 was mapped to the C terminal half of the central domain of ETV6. The interaction between full length ETV6 and TIP60β was shown to be dependent on an intact acetyltransferase activity (HAT) of TIP60β. Interestingly, the HAT deficient TIP60β mutant is still able to interact with the C terminal half of the ETV6 central domain. These results imply a complicated mechanism of ETV6-TIP60β interaction which might involve acetylation of ETV6 by TIP60β and a subsequent conformational change of ETV6. In transient co-transfection experiments using fluorescently tagged proteins ETV6 and TIP60β were co-localized in the nucleus. Reporter gene assays demonstrated that TIP60β is a corepressor of ETV6. This co-repressor activity of TIP60β was especially noticable when a reporter plasmid based on the ETV6-responsive stromelysin-1 promoter was used. TIP60β corepressor activity was dependent on an intact TIP60 acetyl- transferase domain. TIP60β did not exhibit corepessor activity for a serine to alanine mutant at position 257 of ETV6. This result could be caused by a lack of interaction between ETV6(S257A) and TIP60β which might be due to a requirement for a phosphorylation / isomerization dependent conformational change of ETV6 in this region for TIP60β interaction. The expression of GFP-ETV6 had no discernible effect on the proportion of cells in the different phases of the cell cycle as compared to the expression of GFP or YFP. The expression of a TIP60β-YFP construct led to a marked reduction of the proportion of cells in the S/G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Coexpression of both GFP-ETV6 and TIP60β-YFP restored the normal distribution of cycling cells.
Similar studies were performed to analyze the interaction between ETV6 and PIN1. The PIN1 interaction domain of ETV6 was mapped to the pointed domain and to the C-terminal half of the central region of ETV6 in the yeast two hybrid system. In both regions, PIN1 consensus binding sites containing a serine/threoine – proline sequence are present. It could be shown that both the WW domain and the PPIase domain of PIN1 participate in the interaction.
Co-localization of ETV6 and PIN1 was seen in the nucleus of transiently transfected cells. On a functional level, co-expression of PIN1 with ETV6 markedly reduced the repressor activity of ETV6 when ETV6 was fused to a heterologous DNA binding domain (GAL4DBD). When the stromelysin-1 promoter based reporter gene system was used, co-expression of PIN1 not only relieved ETV6 mediated repression but actually turned ETV6 from a transcriptional repressor to a transcriptional activator. A serine to alanine mutant at position 106 of ETV6 was completely unresponsive to PIN1 coexpression which indicates that S106 of ETV6 is the main site of PIN1 interaction. These findings show that ETV6 activity can be regulated in very decisive ways by interaction with PIN1. It could be that this regulation of ETV6 through PIN1 is a result of ETV6 peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerization and hence a conformational change of ETV6. Expression of YFP-PIN1 led to a slight increase in the proportion of cells in the S/G2/M phase. Like for TIP60β, coexpression of GFP-ETV6 led to a restoration of the distribution of cycling cells.


We study the weakly nonlinear development of shear-driven gravity waves induced by the physical mechanism first proposed by Miles, and furthermore investigate the mixing properties of the finite-amplitude solutions. Linear theory predicts that gravity waves are amplified by an influx of energy through the critical layer, where the velocity of the wind equals the wave phase velocity. As the wave becomes of finite amplitude nonlinearities have to be taken into account. In this paper we derive asymptotic solutions of finite-amplitude waves for weak wind and strong gravitation U 2 � gl, applicable to many astrophysical scenarios. Because of the presence of a critical layer, ordinary weakly nonlinear methods fail; in this paper, we use rescaling at the critical layer and matched asymptotics to derive the amplitude equations for the most unstable wave, under the assumption that the physical domain is periodic. These amplitude equations are compared with the equations derived by Reutov for the smalldensity-ratio case (applicable to oceanography); and after numerically integrating these equations, we also analytically derive their quasi-steady limit. As in other analyses of critical layers in inviscid parallel flow, we find that the initial exponential growth of the amplitude A transitions to an algebraic growth proportional to the viscosity, A ∼ νt 2/3 . We also find that the weakly nonlinear flow allows superdiffusive particle transport within the critical layer, with an exponent ∼3/2, consistent with Venkataramani's results.


The continued growth of forensic DNA databases has brought about greater interest in a search method known as "familial" or "kinship" matching. Whereas a typical database search seeks the source of a crime-scene stain by making an exact match between a known person and the DNA sample, familial searching instead looks for partial matches in order to find potential relatives of the source. The use of a familial DNA search to identify the alleged "Grim Sleeper" killer in California brought national attention to the method, which has many proponents. In contrast, this Article argues against the practice of familial searching on a variety of grounds, including claims related to equality, accuracy, privacy, racial discrimination, and democratic accountability. It then addresses the legality of the method. Lastly, in the event that arguments to prohibit the practice prove unpersuasive, this Article sets forth recommendations for restrictions on familial searches that might ameliorate their possible iniquitous effects.


This report intends to identify the opportunities and barriers of introducing and scaling up of FLR into selected pilot landscapes of Ethiopia: the districts (or woredas used as a synonym throughout this document) of Sodo and Meket, located in SNNP and Amhara regions respectively. This work is expected to accelerate decision-making processes for landscape restoration implementation, including the identification of enabling conditions at all levels of government necessary for long-term restoration success. It also aims at building support for expanding the lessons and experiences of Sodo and Meket to other districts and landscapes at the regional level. To achieve these objectives, the report presents the results of the application of the Restoration Diagnostic Tool (WRI).


Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have attracted more and more attention for their usage in waste heat recovery techniques. A key challenge in thermoelectric power conversion is to create a significant temperature difference across the TEG. The interface heat transfer between heat exchanger and TEGs plays a key role in TEGs' performance when the heat exchanger and TEGs have been determined. In this paper different thermal interface materials (TIMs) were used to create different interface heat transfer conditions. Firstly, the thermal interface conductance of TIMs is measured by using a steady state method. Then the performance of TEGs at different interface heat transfer condition was evaluated. It was found that interface heat transfer between heat exchanger and TEGs has a significant effects on the performance of TEGs.


In this article we discuss some possible optimal sampling strategies for a simplified ocean model, used as a preliminary tool to understand the observation needs for real analysis and forecasting systems. Indeed, observations are mostly useful for improving the reliability of forecasting models, which require upstream an analysis model in which Data Assimilation techniques are used. In addition, observation networks and in particular in-situ networks are expensive and require careful positioning of a limited number of observation instruments. As in other literature studies, the Singular Value Decomposition has been adopted, which has many advantages, especially when we dispose of a variational assimilation method like the 4D-Var, also because the calculation of Singular Vectors and Singular Values is linked to the availability of tangent linear and adjoint models. SVD has been adopted here as a method for identifying areas where maximum error growth occurs, within which sampling gives particular advantages. However, a SVD-based sampling strategy may not be unique, and we need to introduce other criteria, based on the correlation between points, since the information observed on neighbouring points can be redundant. The criteria adopted are easily replicable in practical applications, and require rather standard studies to obtain prior information (for example, climatological and correlation studies), to be carried out in order to properly design observation networks.


A fundamental reworking of pharmacokinetic theory for the use of contrast reagents (CRs) in T1‐weighted MRI studies is presented. Unlike the standard model in common use, this derivation starts with the quantities measured, the intravascular, interstitial, and intracellular 1H2O signals. The time dependences of CR concentrations are introduced as perturbations of the T1 values of these. Since there is an explicit accounting for the equilibrium exchange of water molecules between tissue compartments, the approach here is a new (second) generation of the shutter‐speed model (S2M). When the first‐order rate constant measuring CR extravasation (Ktrans) is of sufficient magnitude, simulations presented here confirm that neglect of plasma CR, a feature of the first generation of S2M, is a valid approximation. The second S2M generation (S2M2) also automatically accommodates excursions of either or both of the two major equilibrium water exchange systems (transendothelial and transcytolemmal) into any or all possible exchange conditions, from their fast‐exchange limits to their slow‐exchange limits. This can happen not because the exchange kinetics themselves vary during the isothermal CR passage, but because the MR shutter speeds for these processes can vary. When Ktrans is sufficiently small, the S2M2 also naturally accounts for the hyperfine blood agent level dependent (BALD) effect that is easily detectable at high magnetic field. This can be seen for virtually all CRs in normal brain tissue and for virtually all tissues with sufficiently intravascular CRs. Thus, S2M2 represents a unified pharmacokinetic theory for intravascular and extracellular T1 contrast reagents. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The invention discloses colored chlorite coating powder with an air purification function. The colored chlorite coating powder is characterized in that ingredients of the colored chlorite coating powder comprise attapulgite clay powder with the air purification function, colored chlorite particles, acidified zeolite particles, white cement, plaster powder, white carbon black, calcium chloride, aerosil, expanded perlite, silver-carried nano antibacterial powder, nano titanium dioxide, sodium pyrophosphate and a powder defoaming agent. A production method of the colored chlorite coating powder is characterized by inputting the ingredients into a stirrer in three times to be stirred and carrying out packaging after stirring the ingredients uniformly, thus obtaining the finished product. The colored chlorite coating powder has the beneficial effects that various concavo-convex, stereoscopic and colored art relief effects can be achieved by spraying the colored chlorite coating powder with the air purification function for indoor wall decoration; as the size distribution of the particles in a sprayed coating of a wall is good, the sprayed coating has high porosity and large specific surface area, can adsorb and decompose harmful substances, such as indoor formaldehyde, ammonia nitrogen and benzene, and also has the functions of automatic humidity regulation, sterilization, deodorization and air purification.


Objective: Differences between biologic and non-biologic parents' acceptance and use of ordinary corporal punishment and use of explaining/reasoning as a disciplinary tool are examined from a sociobiological theoretical perspective. Method: Cross tabulations are used on data from a national survey conducted by the Gallup Organization in 1995. Results: Contrary to predictions, differences between biologic and non-biologic parents' acceptance of ordinary corporal punishment and the use of explaining/reasoning are not statistically significant. In addition, biologic parents are found to use ordinary corporal punishment significantly more often than non-biologic parents. Conclusions: The sociobiological theoretical perspective likely underestimates the influence of culture and social structure on parent-child interactions.