The Harvard Dictionary of Music. 4th ed. By Don Michael Randel. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003. [xxvii, 978 p. ISBN 0-674-01163-5. $39.95], Music examples, illustrations. It is likely that most subscribers to Notes have by now purchased a copy of the Harvard Dictionary for themselves or their institution predicated on the longevity of the work and its deserved good reputation. The current edition, under the direction of Don Michael Randel, generally delivers what has come to be expected, and although there have been "numerous chances, including outright additions and deletions" (Preface), I have not found any significant gaps in coverage. The dictionary, for its thoroughness, remains remarkably concise. I have not, and never will, read this work from cover to cover, but in my perusal I have checked on some fairly obscure terms from Renaissance music theory (e.g., "dux, comes"), dance forms ("Folia"), "course" (from lute, theorbo and other plucked stringed instruments), and whatever else occurred to me and found nothing lacking. I also checked terms in an aleatoric fashion from previous editions and found nothing missing in the new one. At 978 pages as compared to the previous edition's 942, I am relieved to find that there was apparently no need to cut significantly due to new additions, which I will discuss later. I suppose a specialist, and by that I don't mean a music specialist but someone with expertise in, for example, Japanese music or Baroque organ literature, might find the work wanting, but people of that stripe will likely have knowledge of more specialized sources for their needs. This remains a very good general dictionary of music, and at a price of about $40.00, it is an accessible tool for the student, small library, concert attendee, or professional musician. As has been the policy since the first edition of 1944, the dictionary continues to exclude biography, so one can find an entry for "Schenker analysis" (p. 759), but not an entry for Heinrich Schenker, except in the context of the former definition. In his preface to the Harvard Brief Dictionary in 1960, Willi Apel alluded to evolving developments in music, new ideas and terminology becoming established, followed by the need to address them (Willi Apel and Ralph T. Daniel, Harvard Brief Dictionary of Music [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1966], pp. v-vi). I would add that continuing scholarship requires a periodic reevaluation of accepted definitions. This fourth edition is the second edited by Don Randal, the first entitled The New Harvard Dictionary of Music published in 1986. As Bruce R. Schueneman (Texas A&M University Library) points out in his review of the current edition for Library Journal, the article on leitmotif "seems to be a verbatim holdover from 1986" (Library Journal 129, no. 2 [1 February 2004]: 77). He goes on to point out that the origin of the term as stated in the Harvard Dictionary disagrees with that found in Grove Music Online (Web site accessed 24 November 2004). I leave the debate as to the origins of the term to Charlotte Greenspan, the author of the Harvard Dictionary article, and other specialists in German opera. I point out the criticism because it illustrates the subjectivity of musical terms and practices, and I would venture to say that, at least in some respects, it is likely that both sources are correct. Although it is useful-almost necessary-to have some type of scaffolding for historical purposes, it is obviously absurd to claim that the baroque period began immediately after the twelfth stroke of midnight, New Year's Day 1601. It is more often the case for a term such as leitmotif that a musical genre or practice evolves from consensus, conversation (perhaps overheard), or a general Zeitgeist, and often only gains currency or general acceptance much later. So, is this discrepancy between two highly regarded reference works a flaw, an oversight, or is it the result of the nature of the subject matter? …


Interactive TV, a new media service based on an amalgamation of traditional TV watching and Web-based features, has turned consuming TV programmes and value-added services into an individual and interactive experience.

This research aims to stimulate thinking about the changing role of interactive TV as it moves from a passive medium to a more active medium, enabling learning opportunities for young adults previously confined to the personal computer (PC) domain. This new paradigm of interactivity for education and learning offers personalised and innovative ways to learn that differ from learning in traditional academic courses.

To ensure that TV-based learning is adequately supported, the research provides teaching and learning materials through electronic media. A Taiwanese educational TV multimedia home platform (MHP)programme entitled 'Follow Me after School', which is composed of science topics, reference materials, study quizzes and interactive functions, is used to facilitate teaching through screen-based media and stimulate youths' after-school learning activities.

Joshua Meyrowitz's 'situational' approach is adopted to form the methodological framework of this work. The framework incorporates a set of quantitative questionnaires and the formation of youth groups to watch interactive TV's edutainment programmes. The methodology also involves qualitative data-collection methods, such as participant media activities recorded on a guided, open-end, diary-style form and multitasking analyses, to provide in-depth understanding of learners' experiences in the new media environment.

Drawing on new technologies' involvement in children's educational and social experiences, this research focuses on pre-adolescents in Taiwan and presents a scenario demonstrating that although well-designed interactive TV has highly elevated technological capabilities, it cannot change the fact that children's TV watching at home is mostly a social and shared activity. Watching TV is a major part of routine activity in a family environment, neither complemented by nor substituted for PC-related behaviours in certain time, space and social-cultural conditions.


The first part of this article provides a brief litigation update on various worker lawsuits within the gig economy. While the O'Connor v. Uber case has received the lion's share of attention and analysis, similar lawsuits on labor standards have been filed against other on-demand platforms. Analysis of the ongoing litigation reveals several important themes, including an emphasis on the labor law of California. The second part of the article shifts from the doctrinal issues around misclassification to look at broader trends, arguing that we are currently experiencing a far-reaching digital transformation of work. The changes include the growth of automatic management and a move toward ever more precarious work. To the extent that technology can help us realize an increase in skilled knowledge work that is a positive goal. It is questionable, however, if present forms of crowdwork extend that framework. In fact, some forms of the new crowdwork seem to be a throwback to a Taylorist deskilling of the industrial process, but without the loyalty and job security. These results are not inevitable, but we need to pay attention to them if we hope to arrest the race to bottom in labor standards online.


We propose a practical optical probe configuration capable of two-dimensional subdiffraction imaging beyond the conventionally used near-field range. The probe consists of a planar array of plasmonic monopoles radiating with different amplitudes and phases, such that the near-field interaction of the array elements produces a subdiffraction spot size 40% smaller than the diffraction limit at a quarter-wavelength away from the probe. Although designed to operate in the visible, this topology is scalable to other spectra as well. Our proposed configuration could alleviate the "working distance" issue between the object and imaging apparatus since it enables superresolution focusing at relatively long distances while being compatible with existing near-field imaging setups, such as scanning near-field optical microscopes.


This paper presents a formative measurement model for Social CRM technology use from an organizational perspective. The current literature measures the usage of Social Media technologies (e.g., Facebook) and single Social CRM functions (e.g., information generation) with reflective indicators, but does not provide a structured approach, which would generate deeper insights into this research field (i.e. formative indicators). To address this gap, the article develops and evaluates formative indicators and corresponding constructs of Social CRM technology use, following the procedure of Moore and Benbasat (1991). To evaluate the impact of single indicators on their corresponding constructs, data is analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis with a survey sample of 122 marketing, communication and IT decision makers. The results show that four constructs measure the use of Social CRM technologies (Processing, Communication, IS Integration, and Management), which constitutes the formative measurement model. The construct Processing highlights a second-order construct, including Monitoring and Capturing, Analysis, and Exploitation as first-order constructs. Generally, the developed formative indicators and corresponding constructs generate deeper insights through a control system within a company, so as to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their marketing, communication as well as IT efforts.


Investigating autobiographical writing of Mary McCarthy, Henry James, Jean-Paul Sartre, Saul Friedlander, and Maxine Hong Kingston, this book argues that autobiographical truth is not a fixed but an evolving content in a process of self-creation. Further, Paul John Eakin contends, the self at the center of all autobiography is necessarily fictive. Professor Eakin shows that the autobiographical impulse is simply a special form of reflexive consciousness: from a developmental viewpoint, the autobiographical act is a mode of self-invention always practiced first in living and only eventually, and occasionally, in writing.Originally published in 1985.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Academic success in Higher Education is influenced by a number of different factors. This paper tackles the question if the individual levels of motivation, anxiety, enjoyment and self-efficacy, measured immediately before entering university, influence the probability of academic success. Former studies have shown an influence of the high school grade, the learning environment and motivational variables. They do not investigate, however, the individual levels of the mentioned constructs before the beginning of the studies. This research was conducted at the University of St. Gallen/Switzerland. The sample includes 695 first-year students who provided information about the individual level of the mentioned constructs.
Descriptive statistics show that on average the students are highly motivated, have a high level of self-efficacy and are looking forward to their studies before their beginning. Yet, there are students who have a high level of fear of failure in the study in spite of their high motivation and self-efficacy. A logistic regression shows that there is a significant effect of fear of failure on the probability of study success. This paper shows that fear of failure can increase the probability of academic failure and thus become a self-fulfilling prophecy. It confirms fear as an important factor for academic success. Furthermore, other important factors for academic success, for example the high school grade, could be confirmed in this study.


It has been shown that deep neural network (DNN) based classifiers are vulnerable to human-imperceptive adversarial perturbations which can cause DNN classifiers to output wrong predictions with high confidence. We propose an unsupervised learning approach to detect adversarial inputs without any knowledge of attackers. Our approach tries to capture the intrinsic properties of a DNN classifier and uses them to detect adversarial inputs. The intrinsic properties used in this study are the output distributions of the hidden neurons in a DNN classifier presented with natural images. Our approach can be easily applied to any DNN classifiers or combined with other defense strategy to improve robustness. Experimental results show that our approach demonstrates state-of-the-art robustness in defending black-box and gray-box attacks.


Devices Based on Parallel-Plate Waveguides for Terahertz Applications by Kimberly S. Reichel The promise of terahertz (THz) frequencies for technological applications is wide, spanning from wireless communications for faster downloads to nondestructive imaging for security screening. Although the potential is high, there is a lack of the basic devices necessary to make these prospects a reality. One essential component for any electromagnetic wave technology is a waveguide, which as the name implies can guide light waves, like a hose would direct water from the source to the desired target location. Several waveguide types have been introduced for THz frequencies, one of the most promising of which is the parallel-plate waveguide (PPWG). The PPWG is attractive based on its superior waveguiding performance of efficient input coupling and low losses, but additionally it serves as an excellent platform for other purposes. The projects presented in this dissertation highlight a few new functionalities incorporated into, and enabled by, a PPWG for sensing, filtering, and splitting. First, we characterize a high quality factor resonator integrated into a PPWG used for microfluidic sensing. Typically, the characterization of the frequency-dependent electric field profile inside a narrowband resonator is challenging, either due to limited optical access or to the perturbative effects of invasive probes. In our situation however, the geometry of the PPWG allows for direct access to the resonant cavity via the open sides of the waveguide and a novel implementation of the air-biased coherent detection (ABCD) method permits non-invasive probing. Through both experiment and simulation, we see the narrowband frequencies trapped in the resonator and also discover an unexpected broadband asymmetric field distribution due to the resonator inside the waveguide, yielding new information that is not available in the far field. Second, we investigate a narrowband tunable filter based on extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through a 1D array of subwavelength holes inside a PPWG. EOT is an effect where at a particular frequency 100% of the light is transmitted through an array of holes with diameters much smaller than the wavelength. We demonstrate that the output resonant frequency depends strongly on the input mode of the waveguide, where excitation with the TEM waveguide mode mimics EOT in a 2D array in free-space, while the TE1 waveguide mode is vastly different. Through this disparity of outcomes between the two different waveguide excitation modes, we can better understand the resonant transmission process. We show that the surface plasmon theoretical description is invalid for the TE1 resonance, and instead use impedance matching to properly predict the resonances in both TE1 and TEM. Additionally, we show that the device can be used as a tunable filter at THz frequencies by simply changing the separation between the two waveguide plates. Third, we demonstrate a THz variable power splitter based on a PPWG Tjunction excited by the TE1 waveguide mode. By integrating a small triangular septum into the waveguide plate, we are able to direct the THz light down to either one of the two output channels with precise control over the coupling ratio between the waveguide outputs. We find good agreement between experiment and simulation in both amplitude and phase. We show that the coupling ratio varies exponentially with the septum translation offset and that nearly 100% transmission can be achieved. The splitter operates over almost the entire range in which the waveguide is single mode, providing a sensitive and broadband method for power splitting. By incorporating our innovations along the already propagating path of THz waves inside a waveguide, we establish multiple functional capabilities into one universal platform. The hope of this work is that these devices will ultimately serve as fundamental building blocks to make everyday THz applications a reality.


Peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing systems are characterized by highly replicated content distributed among nodes with enormous aggregate resources for storage and communication. These properties alone are not sufficient, however, to render p2p networks immune to denial-of-service (DoS) attack. In this paper, we study, by means of analytical modeling and simulation, the resilience of p2p file sharing systems against DoS attacks, in which malicious nodes respond to queries with erroneous responses. We consider the file-targeted attacks in current use in the Internet, and we introduce a new class of p2p-network-targeted attacks.In file-targeted attacks, the attacker puts a large number of corrupted versions of a single file on the network. We demonstrate that the effectiveness of these attacks is highly dependent on the clients' behavior. For the attacks to succeed over the long term, clients must be unwilling to share files, slow in removing corrupted files from their machines, and quick to give up downloading when the system is under attack.In network-targeted attacks, attackers respond to queries for any file with erroneous information. Our results indicate that these attacks are highly scalable: increasing the number of malicious nodes yields a hyperexponential decrease in system goodput, and a moderate number of attackers suffices to cause a near-collapse of the entire system. The key factors inducing this vulnerability are (i) hierarchical topologies with misbehaving "supernodes," (ii) high path-length networks in which attackers have increased opportunity to falsify control information, and (iii) power-law networks in which attackers insert themselves into high-degree points in the graph.Finally, we consider the effects of client counter-strategies such as randomized reply selection, redundant and parallel download, and reputation systems. Some counter-strategies (e.g., randomized reply selection) provide considerable immunity to attack (reducing the scaling from hyperexponential to linear), yet significantly hurt performance in the absence of an attack. Other counter-strategies yield little benefit (or penalty). In particular, reputation systems show little impact unless they operate with near perfection.


The State of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) is the main producer state of fine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) for the preparation of fine wine. Located in the southern half of the RS, the Campanha Gaucho is a region bounded by temperate grasslands called the "Pampa" Biome. Its climatic characteristics has enabled it to become one of the most promising regions for producing fine grapes for winemaking. In this scenario, after a selection of clusters with different levels of maturity, we sought to identify the winemaking characteristics of 'Petit Verdot', from the elaboration of a varietal wine in the traditional method, as well as their sensory characteristics (smell/taste) as a final analysis. Manual sorting of the grape bunches was defined into three divisions with three repetitions each (12 kg of grapes replication-1, totaling 108 kg), these were: sorting T1: mature grapes; sorting T2: incomplete mature grapes and; sorting T3: without sorting the bunches. Grape juice was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR); where we evaluated the total soluble solids, pH, total acidity, reducing sugar, malic and tartaric acid. In wine, alcohol, pH, total acidity, volatile acidity, reducing sugars, glycerol, malic and lactic acid were evaluated. Sensory analysis of wine for evaluation of its organoleptic characteristics was also carried out. The data was submitted for analysis of variance and mean comparison Tukey test at 5% significance. There were no significant variations of the compounds analyzed in the grape juice and wine cultivar 'Petit Verdot'. Of the sensory analysis results, only the acidity resulted differently between sorting T2 and sorting T1 treatments that presented higher acidity. In this context, the selection of clusters of different levels of wine for aging was not necessary for improving the quality of the wines produced.


The effects of increased nitrogen loading on denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) in marsh sediments were studied in permanently submerged subtidal creek sediments and on the tidally inundated vegetated marsh platform in Plum Island Sound estuary, Massachusetts. DNRA and denitrification in surface sediments were measured at all sites using whole‐core incubations and the isotope pairing technique, which allows distinction between denitrification of water column nitrate and coupled nitrification‐denitrification. On the marsh platform, denitrification was also measured at depth in the rhizosphere, using a new approach that combined the push‐pull method and the isotope pairing technique. In tidal creek sediments, fertilization increased denitrification of water column nitrate by approximately one order of magnitude, and coupled nitrification‐denitrification threefold. Coupled nitrification‐denitrification made a significant contribution to the total N2 production in the unfertilized creek but was of minor importance in the fertilized creek due to increased rates of denitrification of water column nitrate. In the surface sediment of the marsh platform, fertilization increased denitrification of water column nitrate by an order of magnitude during inundation of the marsh platform, about 12% of the day. However, coupled nitrification‐denitrification occurring at depth in the rhizosphere was the main denitrification pathway, accounting for more than 50% of the total N2 production in the fertilized as well as in the reference marsh. DNRA was measured in the surface sediment only, where it was comparable in magnitude to denitrification in the fertilized as well as in the unfertilized marsh.


Manual therapy techniques are commonly used by physiotherapists in the management of back pain to restore a pain-free range of motion and function in humans. However, there is a lack of research to support the proposed kinematic effects of manual therapy in the horse. This study investigated the kinematic effects of craniocaudal spinal mobilisation (CCSM) on the thoracolumbar spine in asymptomatic leisure horses. Markers were fixed to T10, T13, T17, L1, L3, the highest point of the wither and the tuber sacrale on thirteen horses that were positioned squarely. The CCSM technique consisted of two parts: (1) carpal flexion of either forelimb to 90° to maintain the horse in a tripod position, and (2) the application of a cranial to caudal force to the forehand via the ipsilateral point of the shoulder. Movement changes of the thoracolumbar markers from baseline to maximum flexion when the CCSM was applied was recorded as 'depth' (mm) relative to a fixed line drawn from the tuber sacrale to the maximal point of the withers. The change in angle (°) of each marker relative to the same markers was also recorded. Data were collected via video and analysed with Dartfish™ software. Increases in maximum thoracolumbar angle (P<0.05) and reductions in thoracolumbar depth (P<0.05) were found with CCSM. These results indicate CCSM induced flexion in the thoracolumbar spine, supporting its potential to improve range of motion and function in horses. Further studies to understand whether the changes observed during CCSM translate to treatment of back pain are warranted.


"Almost every day now I see … objects of curiosity, and seeing them one always thinks them desirable; then one gives little commissions, and then one makes little purchases, and so piling up debts and deficits one marches towards an abyss as black as death!" (William Beckford)

This paper examines the 19th century appetite for collecting and commissioning luxurious objects and interiors manifest in the excessive behaviour of the reclusive, bisexual William Beckford (1760-1844) and the 'Victorian Maecenas' Alfred Morrison (1821-1897). It explores the links between the pursuit and ostentatious display of the most precious materials as the outward demonstration of wealth and power, and the desire of the newly rich for social status.

Both collectors were second-generation millionaires. William Beckford senior had made his fortune in the slave plantations of Jamaica and built the palatial Fonthill Splendens; James Morrison sold textiles (including cotton from the American slave states), stocks and shares and bought six country estates including part of Fonthill, Basildon Park and the Scottish island Islay.

Their sons were consequently linked through the relatively humble backgrounds of their fathers, and through inheriting large fortunes and land at Fonthill in Wiltshire. Beckford was a builder as well as a collector. He demolished most of Splendens and built the grand folly Fonthill Abbey (designed by James Wyatt). Forced to sell up and move to Bath when the price of sugar collapsed, he formed a new collection inside his house on Lansdown Crescent and built the extraordinary Lansdown Tower, both a gallery and his own mausoleum. Morrison concentrated on collecting and decorating: he inherited the surviving wing of Fonthill Splendens (the Abbey had collapsed in 1825) which he extended and commissioned Owen Jones to re-decorate; in London he commissioned Jones to create a palace of art inside one of the palatial houses on Carlton House Terrace.

Beckford and Morrison shared similar tastes, ambitions and anxieties. They were addicted to both quantity and quality, to glitter, to colour, and to the unique: tables of Florentine marble, Italian tortoiseshell, ebony inlaid with mother-of-pearl and ivory; Egyptian porphyry; lacquer bureaucabinets and boulle furniture; Etruscan vases and classical statues; gold inlay; enamel; damascenework in silver and gold. Morrison's commission from the craftsman Lucien Falize is one example: a fantastic object of gold, silver, enamels and gems, designed in the shape of a late Gothic church tower. It was regarded as a subject of marvel, 'a work in which the opulence of the materials has been exceeded twenty times over by the work of the artist ...a masterpiece evoking the marvels of the Louvre Museum.'

Their 'palaces of art' were open to a few pre-selected visitors. Beckford was dogged by his scandalous life-style while Morrison's boasting that his collection was 'the finest in the world' only distanced guests. Surrounded by objects only their money could buy, they could ignore those outside who questioned their claims to be gentlemen. They behaved like addicts, but, like all addicts, they were serially disappointed: all that glitters is not gold.


SPADIS: SELECTING PREDICTIVE AND DIVERSE SNPS IN GWAS Serhan Yılmaz M.S. in Computer Engineering Advisor: A. Ercüment Çiçek May 2018 Phenotypic heritability of complex traits and diseases is seldom explained by individual genetic variants identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Many methods have been developed to select a subset of variant loci, which are associated with or predictive of the phenotype. Selecting connected Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) on SNP-SNP networks has been proven successful in finding biologically interpretable and predictive SNPs. However, we argue that the connectedness constraint favors selecting redundant features that affect similar biological processes and therefore does not necessarily yield better predictive performance. To this end, we propose a novel method called SPADIS that favors the selection of remotely located SNPs in order to account for their complementary effects in explaining a phenotype. SPADIS selects a diverse set of loci on a SNP-SNP network. This is achieved by maximizing a submodular set function with a greedy algorithm that ensures a constant factor (1 − 1/e) approximation to the optimal solution. We compare SPADIS to the state-of-the-art method SConES, on a dataset of Arabidopsis Thaliana with continuous flowering time phenotypes. SPADIS has better average phenotype prediction performance in 15 out of 17 phenotypes when the same number of SNPs are selected and provides consistent improvements across multiple networks and settings on average. Moreover, it identifies more candidate genes and runs faster. We also investigate the use of Hi-C data to construct SNP-SNP network in the context of SNP selection problem for the first time, which yields improvements in regression performance across all methods.


Clinical Predictors of Movement Patterns in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability Seong Jun Son Department of Exercise Sciences, BYU Doctor of Philosophy BACKGROUND: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients have varying levels of mechanical and sensorimotor impairments that may lead to disparate functional movement patterns. Current literature on landing biomechanics in a CAI population, however, considers all patients as a homogeneous group. In our prior work, we identified 6 subgroups of movement patterns using lower extremity kinematics during a landing/cutting task and that showed promise in furthering understanding of movement patterns in a laboratory-based environment. To increase the utility of this methodology in clinical settings, there is a need to find easily administered clinical tests that can help identify multiple subgroups of movement patterns in a CAI population. The purpose of the present study was to identify clinical tests that would help identify frontal and sagittal kinematic movement pattern subgroups during a landing/cutting task. We hypothesized that clinical tests would help predict group assignment; which CAI patient is assigned to frontal and sagittal kinematic movement pattern subgroups, respectively. METHODS: We recruited 100 CAI patients from a university population. We used three-dimensional instrumented motion analysis to capture ankle, knee and hip kinematics as subjects performed a single-leg maximal jump landing/cutting task. We used sagittal and frontal joint angle waveforms to group CAI patients. We then used 12 demographic and clinical measures to predict these subgroups of CAI. These consisted of gender, Star Excursion Balance Test-Anterior (SEBT-ANT), Biodex static balance, figure 8 hop, triple crossover hop, dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM), number of failed trials, body mass index, a score of Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Activities of Daily Living (FAAM-ADL), a score of FAAM-Sports, number of "yes" responses on Modified Ankle Instability Index, and number of previous ankle sprains. First, we used functional principal component analysis to create representative curves for each CAI patient and plane from the 3 lower extremity joint angles. We then used these curves as inputs to a predictor-dependent product partition model to cluster each CAI patient to unique subgroups. Finally, we used a multinomial prediction model to examine the accuracy of predicting group membership from demographic and clinical metrics. RESULTS: The predictor-dependent product partition model identified 4 frontal and 5 sagittal movement pattern subgroups. Six predictors (e.g., gender, SEBT-ANT, figure 8 hop, triple crossover hop, DFROM, and FAAM-ADL) predicted group membership with 55.7% accuracy for frontal subgroups. Ten predictors (minus Biodex static balance and number of previous ankle sprains) predicted group membership with 59% accuracy for sagittal subgroups. CONCLUSION: Novel statistical analyses allowed us to predict group membership for multiple frontal and sagittal kinematic movement patterns during landing/cutting using a series of clinical predictors. However, due to relatively lower accuracy (56–59% accuracy), the clinical utility of the current prediction model may be limited. Future work should consider including other clinical predictors to maximize prediction accuracy for identifying multiple kinematic movement patterns during a landing/cutting task.


This study examined effects of coagulation and fractionation of natural organic matter on the distribution of trihalomethanes (THM), haloacetic acids (HAA), and haloacetonitriles (HAN) formed in chlorinated water. The precursors of HAA and THM were determined to be associated primarily with the hydrophobic fraction although the hydrophilic fraction is important as well. On the other hand, the precursors of HAN are overwhelmingly hydrophilic with only a negligible contribution of the hydrophobic and transphilic fractions. Higher percentages of HAN were found in the treated waters compared with raw waters, collected from three different full scale water treatment plants. Very strong correlations were found between THM, HAA, and HAN concentrations. Two main correlations between THM and HAN were observed. One was applicable to all raw waters regardless of their fractionation and provenance, while the other was formed by the treated waters, again regardless of their source and fractionation. This result emphasizes that a significant removal of THM and HAA precursors can be achieved via coagulation but it results in a negligible removal of HAN precursors. As a consequence, some changes in treatment trains or operating conditions may need to be considered to minimize the formation of HAN.


To protect her daughter from the fast life and bad influences of London, her mother sent her to school in rural Ghana. The move was for the girl's own good, in her mother's mind, but for the daughter, the reality of being the new girl, the foreigner-among-your-own-people, was even worse than the idea. During her time at school, she would learn that Ghana was much more complicated than her fellow ex-pats had ever told her, including how much a London-raised child takes something like water for granted. In Ghana, water "became a symbol of who had and who didn't, who believed in God and who didn't. If you didn't have water to bathe, you were poor because no one had sent you some." After six years in Ghana, her mother summons her home to London to meet the new man in her mother's life-and his daughter. The reunion is bittersweet and short-lived as her parents decide it's time that she get to know her father. So once again, she's sent off, this time to live with her father, his new wife, and their young children in New York-but not before a family trip to Disney World.


The fast generation and refinement of protein backbones would constitute a major advancement to current methodology for the design and development of de novo proteins. In this study, we train Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to generate fixed-length full-atom protein backbones, with the goal of sampling from the distribution of realistic 3-D backbone fragments. We represent protein structures by pairwise distances between all backbone atoms, and present a method for directly recovering and refining the corresponding backbone coordinates in a differentiable manner. We show that interpolations in the latent space of the generator correspond to smooth deformations of the output backbones, and that test set structures not seen by the generator during training exist in its image. Finally, we perform sequence design, relaxation, and ab initio folding of a subset of generated structures, and show that in some cases we can recover the generated folds after forward-folding. Together, these results suggest a mechanism for fast protein structure refinement and folding using external energy functions.


Our aim in this article is to identify the major transnational actors and to describe how they have influenced Latin American politics and development from the 1950s to the present. Transnational actors are defined as those collective actors (here non-governmental) whose membership and activities are transnational. Specifically ex-amined are the multinationals, the Catholic Church, international labor confederations, and guerrilla movements. The historical context within which we study these actors has two periods : early import substitution (1954-65) and late import substitution and export substitution (1965 to present). In each period the state pursue s a development strategy with the support of particular class alliances. For each period we describe how the transnational actors contribute to the successes and failures of these strategies. The causal relations are also reciprocal, for the actors evolve and adapt to the changing developmental context. For example, the multinationals shift from raw material extraction to manufacturing while the Church shifts from conservatism to the theology of liberation. The general trends in the activities of transnational actors over the post war period are interpreted with respect to the twin polarities of the development process : opression - liberation, integration - autonomy.


We have performed an analysis of the diffuse gamma-ray emission with the Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) in the Milky Way halo region, searching for a signal from dark matter annihilation or decay. In the absence of a robust dark matter signal, constraints are presented. We consider both gamma rays produced directly in the dark matter annihilation/decay and produced by inverse Compton scattering of the e+/e− produced in the annihilation/decay. Conservative limits are derived requiring that the dark matter signal does not exceed the observed diffuse gamma-ray emission. A second set of more stringent limits is derived based on modeling the foreground astrophysical diffuse emission using the GALPROP code. Uncertainties in the height of the diffusive cosmic-ray halo, the distribution of the cosmic-ray sources in the Galaxy, the index of the injection cosmic-ray electron spectrum, and the column density of the interstellar gas are taken into account using a profile likelihood formalism, while the parameters governing the cosmic-ray propagation have been derived from fits to local cosmic-ray data. The resulting limits impact the range of particle masses over which dark matter thermal production in the early universe is possible, and challenge the interpretation of the PAMELA/Fermi-LAT cosmic ray anomalies as the annihilation of dark matter.


This article analyzes recent actions involving social participation and school violence in Mexico. Such matters are perceived as having relevance in terms of the right to education, which cannot ignore the right of all educational actors to participate and the importance of their psychological, physical, and social safety. An examination is made of certain elements that show that in order for actions to attain their objectives—whether strengthening social participation or preventing and reducing school violence—the ideas of governance must be addressed. Governance allows multiple actors from different levels to participate in providing a response to these complex problems.


In this note we introduce a vector generalization of fractional Brownian motion. Our definition takes into account directional properties of vector fields—such as divergence, rotational behaviour, and interactions with coordinate transformations—that have no counterpart in the scalar setting. Apart from the Hurst exponent which dictates the scale-dependent structure of the field, additional parameters of the new model control the balance between solenoidal and irrotational behaviour. This level of versatility makes these random fields potentially interesting candidates for the stochastic modelling of physical phenomena in various fields of application such as fluid dynamics, field theory, and medical image processing.


INTRODUCTION PART I: HUMAN RIGHTS 1. "Justice, Legitimacy, and Human Rights," in The Idea of Political Liberalism, Victoria Davion and Clark Wolf, eds. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000. 2. "Taking the Human Out of Human Rights," in Rawls's Law of Peoples: A Realistic Utopia?, Rex Martin and David A. Reidy, eds. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing 2006. 3. "Equality and Human Rights," Politics, Philosophy & Economics, 4(1), 2003. 4. "Human Rights and the Legitimacy of the International Legal Order," Legal Theory, 14, 2008. PART II: LEGITIMACY 5. "The Legitimacy of Global Governance Institutions," (Robert O. Keohane, second author), Ethics & International Affairs, 20 (4), 2006. 6. "The Legitimacy of International Law," The Philosophy of International Law, Samantha Besson and John Tasioulas, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008 (in press) 7. . "Democracy and the Commitment to International Law," Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law, 34, 2006. 8. "Constitutional Democracy and International Law: Are They Compatible?," (Russell Powell, second author), The Journal of Political Philosophy, 2008 (in press). PART III: THE USE OF FORCE 9. "The Internal Legitimacy of Humanitarian Intervention," The Journal of Political Philosophy, 7 (1), 1999. 10. . "Beyond the National Interest," Philosophical Topics, special issue on global equality, Martha Nussbaum, ed., 30 (2), 2002. 11. . "Institutionalizing the Just War," Philosophy & Public Affairs, 34 (1), 2006. 12. "Justifying Preventive War," Preemption: Military Action and Moral Justification, Henry Shue and David Rodin, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007. 13. "From Nuremburg to Kosovo: The Morality of Illegal International Legal Reform," Ethics, 111, 2001


Farmers and irrigation system operators make real-time irrigation decisions based on a range of factors including crop water requirement and short-term weather forecasts of rainfall and air temperature. Forecasts of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETO) can be calculated from numerical weather prediction (NWP) forecasts and ETO has the advantage of being more directly relevant to crop water requirements than air temperature. This paper aims to discuss the forecasting ability of ETO using outputs from the Bureau of Meteorology's operational NWP forecasts derived from the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator - Global (ACCESS-G). The daily ETO forecasts were evaluated for the Shepparton Irrigation Area in Victoria. Forecast performance for ETO was quantified using the root mean squared error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (r 2 ), anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) and mean square skill score (MSSS). Lead times of daily ETO forecasts up to 9 days were compared against ETO calculated using hourly observations from the Shepparton airport automatic weather station. It was found that forecasting daily ETO was better than using the long-term monthly mean ETO for lead times up to 6 days and beyond that the long- term monthly mean was better. The average MSSS of ETO forecasts varied between 64% and 4 % for 1 to 6 day lead times, respectively. The most influential forecast weather variable for daily ETO forecasts was mean wind speed, air temperature and incoming solar radiation for 1, 2-3 and 4-9 day lead times respectively. Also, it was found that the forecast performance for incoming solar radiation and mean wind speed was relatively poor compared with the air and dew point temperatures.


Shoulder pain resulting from hemiplegia is a common clinical consequence of a focal cerebral insult resulting from a vascular lesion (ie. hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke). Painful hemiplegic shoulder can occur as early as 2 weeks post stroke but an onset time of 2-3 months post stroke is more typical. Shoulder pain can negatively affect rehabilitation outcomes as good shoulder function is a prerequisite for successful transfers, maintaining balance, performing activities of daily living and for effective hand function. Similarly, complex regional pain syndrome is pervasive in hemiplegic patients and can lead to significant medical complications. This review summarizes the existing literature with regard to hemiplegic shoulder pain after stroke. Topics include causes and management of hemiplegic shoulder pain with in-depth discussion of shoulder subluxation, spasticity, contractures, and rotator cuff disorders. Management techniques including shoulder positioning, slings and aids, surgical interventions, injections, and electrical stimulation along with other miscellaneous treatments are addressed. Finally, a full discussion of the physiology, incidence, and treatment of shoulder hand syndrome is included.


This work presents the application of HMM adaptation techniques to the problem of off-line cursive script recognition. Instead of training a new model for each writer one first creates a unique model with a mixed database and then adapts it for each different writer using his own small dataset. Experiments on a publicly available benchmark database show that an adapted system has an accuracy higher than 80% even when less than 30 word samples are used during adaptation, while a system trained using the data of the single writer only needs at least 200 words (the estimate is a lower bound) in order to achieve the same performance as the adapted models.


The introduction of a welfare state economy after 1945 profoundly changed the Belgian territory. Government support for private home ownership resulted in widespread suburban sprawl. This book investigates the new infrastructural and business backbone that supported this suburban realm. At first sight the history of the construction of the highway network, the establishment of a fabric of consumer goods industries and the transformation of Brussels' periphery into a metropolitan region reads as an account of economic policy and investment decisions. However, upon closer scrutiny, various urban models and architectural paradigms are seen to have left their mark on these endeavors. The satellite town, the neighborhood unit, Le Corbusier's 'usine verte', the British industrial park and American corporate architecture are references in the various operations documented in the book. Most strikingly, the linear industrial city serves as a guiding image in the construction of an interrelated network of industrial corridors. This book highlights a crucial episode of post-war urbanization and planning, and puts the Belgian case in an international perspective. It unravels a hidden logic in the seemingly chaotic nebula of construction that transformed the country since the Second World War.


In this work, we fabricated a yolk-shell magnetic composite that contains mesoporous TiO2 as the inner shell and flowerlike NiO as the outer shell (denoted as Fe3O4@H-TiO2@f-NiO) to reduce the limitations of single-component metal oxides in phosphopeptide enrichment. The NiO nanosheets play a synergistic role in phosphopeptide enrichment. And the unique flowerlike structure of NiO with sufficient space can facilitate the reversible insertion/extraction of peptides, which will have less impact on the enrichment process of the inner TiO2 shell. The yolk-shell structure and two types of porous nanostructures endowed this composite with a high surface area (156.58 m2 g-1) and a large pore volume (0.37 cm3 g-1). Owing to the high surface area and combined properties of TiO2 and NiO, the Fe3O4@H-TiO2@f-NiO microspheres showed a better performance for phosphopeptide enrichment than the same material without NiO nanosheets (Fe3O4@H-TiO2). According to the LC-MS/MS results, 972 unique phosphopeptides were identified from HeLa cell extracts with a high selectivity (91.9%) by Fe3O4@H-TiO2@f-NiO relative to 837 phosphopeptides (selectivity: 60.2%) by Fe3O4@H-TiO2. The results demonstrated that, compared with single-component metal oxides, composite metal oxides could enhance the selectivity and sensitivity for phosphopeptide enrichment.


Regionally enhanced meshes that have quasi-uniformly fine circular region is proposed using a new transformation method with icosahedral grids to obtain a cost-effective simulation for waves, transports, and mixing processes, the behaviors of which depend strongly on the horizontal resolution. The target region, which is designed to be composed of a finer mesh, is connected to a coarser mesh region, which is generated with the Schmidt transformation to maintain an isotropy of grid shapes. To realize these requirements, the spring dynamics method can be used and the characteristic length of the spring connecting grid nodes should be determined through three parameters: (i) the number of grid points placed in the target region, (ii) the area of the target region, and (iii) a parameter of the Schmidt transformation. By introducing a set of mathematical formulae, the minimum grid interval in the target region can be uniquely determined as a function of the area of the target region only. It is confirmed that fine and quasi-homogeneous meshes in the target region are generated using the grid transformation proposed in this study. Numerical simulations under realistic atmospheric conditions are performed using a non-hydrostatic model with the grid system proposed in this study and in a previous study. As the new grid system has a more homogenous resolution in the target region compared with that of the previous study, the estimation of the momentum fluxes of gravity waves are less affected by their dependence of the grid resolution.


Complex ecosystems, from food webs to our gut microbiota, are essential to human life. Understanding the dynamics of those ecosystems can help us better maintain or control them. Yet, reverse-engineering complex ecosystems (i.e., extracting their dynamic models) directly from measured temporal data has not been very successful so far. Here we propose to close this gap via symbolic regression. We validate our method using both synthetic and real data. We firstly show this method allows reverse engineering two-species ecosystems, inferring both the structure and the parameters of ordinary differential equation models that reveal the mechanisms behind the system dynamics. We find that as the size of the ecosystem increases or the complexity of the inter-species interactions grow, using a dictionary of known functional responses (either previously reported or reverse-engineered from small ecosystems using symbolic regression) opens the door to correctly reverse-engineer large ecosystems.


The Persistent timber-yielding forestry in the San Miguel Topilejo community establishes a use of 10 years in its total forested area. The main objective of this research is to evaluate financially the timber exploitation in the study area. For this purpose, there were evaluated the economic feasibility, estimated the economic costs of their use and the monetary benefits of timber extraction. Financial indicators Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C) and Net Benefit-Investment (K/N) are determined using a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, the program analysis projects (ANPRO) and the Statistical Analysis System package SAS. The total timber possibility of Pinus spp (30,472.950 m3) and Quercus spp (557.849 m3) were obtained from its program of forest management and PROBOSQUE gave the monetary value of their products. The studied variables were shooting down, chunking and wheel costs (primary 120.00 pesos/m3, secondary 80.00 pesos/m3 and firewood 50.00 pesos/m3), operating costs (40.00 technical services pesos/m3, elaboration of the program of management 100.00 pesos/ha, 30.00 representation expenses pesos/m3, Documentador 10.00 pesos/m3, protection 80.00 pesos/m3 and reforestation 150.00 pesos/m3) and income from sale of products of Pinus spp. (primary 1200.00 pesos/m3, secondary 600.00 pesos/m3 and firewood or firewood´s shank 100.00 pesos/m3) and Quercus spp. (primary 700.00 pesos/m3, secondary 500.00 pesos/m3 and firewood or firewood´s shank 100.00 pesos/m3). The results were going NPV = 7´744, 142.00 pesos; TIR = 123.0%; R B/C = 2.2 pesos and N/K = 4.3. To perform the analysis of sensitivity of total costs and total income, the project stand increased in the first of 20%, while the seconds stand a decrease of 20%. However, the project shows viability.


Possessed by a spirit or spirits, groups of women accompanied by drums and song, roam the countryside, falling upon villages, some demanding dog's flesh as sacrifices. Others begin to cry, beating themselves on the chests with their fists, their limbs and fingers numb, their muscles twitching and trembling; they growl and roar, oblivious to their surroundings and then fall into unconsciousness. On occasion, dressed in red 'handkerchiefs', they dance all night long, sometimes letting their garments fall, dancing in the nude until the early morning, terrorising the villagers. To get rid of them, the villagers give them presents and sacrifice animals (usually goats), thus appeasing the angry spirits within.
This account is not of bacchantes possessed by Dionysus, falling upon the villages on the lower slopes of Mount Kithairon as the first messenger in Euripides's Bacchae reports (751-54), but a reconstructed composite account from colonial records, of groups of Zulu women in what was known as Zululand during the period 1894-1914.2 These women, known as amandiki after the kind of spirit possession manifested (indiki, 'possession'), surface in a number of British colonial discourses (legal, religious, medical and bureaucratic) which construct their possession as 'madness' or 'witchcraft', depending on the epistemology of the writer.


Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player of all time. But his pre-eminence is more than just extraordinary athletic ability: the lessons of his life-such as focus, passion, hard work, perseverance and accountability-have shaped him into one of the most revered celebrities of the 20th century. In this inspiring book Pat Williams, motivational speaker and senior vice president of the NBA's Orlando Magic, reveals Jordan's method for living a life of greatness that we can all incorporate into our lives. Fascinating anecdotes and quotes from those who know Michael best provide a glimpse into a persona as sweeping and immense as any generation has ever witnessed. Peppered with examples from Williams's life and those of other star athletes and celebrities, this uplifting book shows that we are, indeed, all capable of fulfilling our full potential. Readers from all walks of life can appreciate and aspire to living life like a champion.


Background Many randomized controlled trials (RCTs) collect cost-effectiveness data. Without appropriate sample size calculations, patient recruitment may cease before the cost-effectiveness of the intervention can be established or continue after the cost-effectiveness of the intervention is established beyond doubt. Purpose We determined the frequency with which cost-effectiveness is considered in sample size calculations and whether RCT-based economic evaluations are likely to come to inconclusive results at odds with the clinical findings. Methods We searched the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED) to identify RCT-based cost-utility analyses. RCTs that collected individual patient data on costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were eligible. Studies using models to extrapolate the results of RCTs or with insufficient information on incremental costs and QALYs were excluded. Results In total, 38 trials met eligibility criteria. Only one considered cost-effectiveness in sample size calculations. RCTs were less likely to reach definitive conclusions based on the cost-effectiveness results than the primary clinical outcome (15.8% vs. 42.1%; McNemar; p = 0.01). In trials that provided sufficient data, exploratory analysis indicated that the median power to detect important differences was 29.5% for QALYs, 94.1% for costs, and 78.7% for the primary clinical outcome. In three trials (7.9%), a definitely more effective intervention was found to be expensive and probably not cost-effective. Limitations Our results reflect trials where authors considered within-trial estimates of cost-effectiveness to be meaningful. In focusing on one primary clinical outcome from each RCT, we have simplified the clinical effectiveness results, although the primary outcome will usually be one that policy makers use in judging the 'success' of the intervention. Conclusions Economic evaluations conducted alongside RCTs are valuable, but often present inconclusive evidence. Trial results may lead to discordant messages when the most effective intervention is probably not the most cost-effective. Despite methodological advances, trialists rarely assessed the extent to which their trial might resolve the key uncertainties about the cost-effectiveness of interventions. We recommend that grant funders should do more to encourage trialists to include economic end points in sample size calculations, particularly when the majority of costs and benefits of the intervention occur within the time frame of the trial.


This paper examines different time preferences amongst individual learners and change in temporal culture that technology has brought to learning. It argues that individual learners have different time preferences ranging from monochronic to polychronic. It notes that online learning brings a different temporal culture that has moved from learning activities based on clock time to task-based activities. Using a multi-method approach the research highlights that learners with a polychronic time perspective will need to be given different types of support and guidance than those with a monochronic view. Furthermore, it argues that the identification of the timestyles of learners has the potential for better understanding of behaviours and may help reduce conflict and lead to more realistic expectations of behaviours of online learners


We develop a fairly general and tractable model of investment when workers can invest in multiple skills and different jobs put different weights on those skills. In addition to expected findings such as that younger workers are more likely than older workers to respond to a demand shock by investing in skills whose value unexpectedly increases, we derive some less obvious results. Credit constraints may affect investment even when they do not bind it equilibrium. If there are mobility costs, firms will generally have an incentive to invest in some of their workers' skills even when there are a large number of similar competitors, and, in equilibrium, there can be overinvestment in all skills. Worker skill accumulation resembles learning by doing even in its absence. We demonstrate how the model can be simulated to show the effect of a shock to the price of individual skills.


The paper presents two important new results. The first result is that it is possible to construct linear binary block codes with codeword length, n, number of information symbols in codewords, k, and code distance, d, which reach the upper or lower bounds on maximal code-distance, using the construction of M. Kasahara et al. (see IEEE Trans. on Inform. Theory, vol.IT-22, p.462-8, 1976) for some combination of the mentioned parameters. The second is a method of how to find a structured trellis of the code obtained via the above construction. The practical importance for wireless communications is that knowledge of the structured trellis can allow decoding of the corresponding code using different soft (turbo) algorithms. In this way, the set of useful codes for practical applications is broadened to 'best' codes, that would otherwise be difficult to decode using soft algorithms.


Chiral recognition of DNA molecules is important because DNA chiral transition and its different conformations are involved in a series of important life events. Among them, polymorphic human telomere DNA has attracted great interests in recent years because of its important roles in chromosome structural integrity. In this report, we examine the short-term effect of chiral metallo-supramolecular complex enantiomers treatment on tumor cells, and find that a zinc-finger-like alpha helical chiral metallo-supramolecular complex, [Ni2L3]4+-P enantiomer (NiP), can selectively provoke the rapid telomere uncapping, trigger DNA damage responses at telomere and degradation of G-overhang and the delocalization of telomeric protein from telomeres. Further studies indicate that NiP can induce an acute cellular apoptosis and senescence in cancer cells rather than normal cells. These results are further evidenced by the upregulation of p21 and p16 proteins. Moreover, NiP can cause translocation of hTERT from nuclear to cytoplasm through Tyr 707 phosphorylation. While its enantiomer, [Ni2L3]4+-M (NiM), has no such mentioned effects, these results clearly demonstrate the compound's chiral selectivity in cancer cells. Our work will shed light on design of chiral anticancer drugs targeting G-quadruplex DNA, and developing telomere and telomerase modulation agents.


In this article we give the generalized triangle Ramsey numbers R(K3,G) of 12 005 158 of the 12 005 168 graphs of order 10. There are 10 graphs remaining for which we could not determine the Ramsey number. Most likely these graphs need approaches focusing on each individual graph in order to determine their triangle Ramsey number. The results were obtained by combining new computational and theoretical results. We also describe an optimized algorithm for the generation of all maximal triangle-free graphs and triangle Ramsey graphs. All Ramsey numbers up to 30 were computed by our implementation of this algorithm. We also prove some theoretical results that are applied to determine several triangle Ramsey numbers larger than 30. As not only the number of graphs is increasing very fast, but also the difficulty to determine Ramsey numbers, we consider it very likely that the table of all triangle Ramsey numbers for graphs of order 10 is the last complete table that can possibly be determined for a very long time.


AIM
To outline the variations in morphology and a few clinically relevant morphometric parameters of the sacral hiatus.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study included 50 dry human sacra, of unspecified sex, in the Department of Anatomy at a medical college in South India. The sex was determined using the sacral, auricular and curvature index. The variations and morphometry of the sacra were documented and tabulated.

RESULTS
It was observed that the inverted U shape of sacral hiatus was common in both males (n=24) and females (n=26). There was one female sacrum with complete dorsal wall agenesis. In males, the length of the apex of sacral hiatus from 1st sacral spine was 5.82 cm ± 1.27 and in females, it was 6.02 cm ± 1.08. Sacral hiatus depth in males was 0.56 cm ± 0.16 and in females 0.54 cm ± 0.14. The width of sacral hiatus at the cornua in males was 1.42 cm ± 0.29 and in females, it was 1.46 cm ± 0.38 CONCLUSION: Knowledge of incidences of variations in the morphology and morphometry of the sacral hiatus across various population groups is paramount for the success and reliability of epidural anesthesia. The success rate of such procedures depends on the clinicians' understanding of the discrepancy in the sacral hiatus.


Using Monte Carlo simulations, the impact of different levels of risks on indemnification through an income stabilisation tool is investigated at the sector level. The presented approach, using the IACS database, allows analyses of differences across farms with respect to farm type and farm size, applying average-based approaches. Such preliminary information is useful for policy makers responsible for the design and introduction of measures to tackle income risk issues and to identify potential beneficiary groups among farmers. The analysis shows that on average 25 per cent of farms would be indemnified annually, the majority in fruit production, the dairy sector and hop production. Mixed farm types, with a share 34 per cent, receive only 15 per cent of total sum of indemnity. However, if EUR 12,000 of average income is set as the threshold for participation in such a tool, only 6 per cent of farms participate and only 13.3 per cent of them would be indemnified. Indemnity at farm level would range between EUR 82 and 40,870. Taking into account all farms in the sector, the average indemnity is EUR 918 per farm and almost EUR 13,500 for the second case.


Amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors on flexible plastic substrates typically suffer from performance and stability issues related to the maximum processing temperature limitation of the polymer. A novel device architecture based on a dual active layer enables significant improvements in both performance and stability. Device fabrication occurs below 200°C on a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate using mixed metal oxides of either zinc indium oxide (ZIO) or indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) as the active semiconductor. The dual-active-layer architecture allows for adjustment in the saturation mobility and threshold voltage stability without the requirement of high-temperature annealing, which is not compatible with flexible plastic substrates. The device performance and stability is strongly dependent on the composition of the mixed metal oxide; this dependence provides a simple route to independently adjust the threshold voltage stability and drive performance. By switching from a single to a dual active layer, the saturation mobility increases from 1.2 to 18.0 cm2/V·s , whereas the rate of the threshold voltage shift decreases by an order of magnitude. This approach could assist in enabling the production of devices on flexible substrates using amorphous oxide semiconductors in the near future.


[1] The second critical endpoint in the peridotite-H2O system has been determined using an X-ray radiography technique together with a Kawai-type, double-stage, multianvil system driven by DIA-type cubic press (SPEED-1500) installed at SPring-8, Japan. The pressure of the second critical endpoint was determined by the appearance and disappearance of round shape in the radiographic images with changing the experimental pressure. In the experiments up to 3.6 GPa, two fluid phases (i.e., aqueous fluid and hydrous silicate melt) were observed. At 4.0 GPa, however, we could not distinguish these two phases in the radiographic images. These observations indicate the second critical endpoint occurs at around 3.8 GPa and 1000°C (corresponding to a depth of ∼110 km) in the peridotite-H2O system. Our experimental results suggest that hydrous silicate melt and aqueous fluid in the Earth's mantle become indistinguishable from each other and that melting temperature of hydrous mantle peridotite can no longer be defined beyond this critical condition. This position of the second critical endpoint could explain the previously observed drastic changes in composition and connectivity of aqueous fluid in mantle peridotite at around 3–4 GPa and could play an important role in magmatism and chemical evolution of the Earth's interior.


Summary Research suggests that Children's Savings Accounts (CSAs) may be capable of charting improved opportunities for children's success through the mechanisms of account ownership and transformative asset accumulation. Fueled in large part by evidence of significant effects on children's educational attainment and economic well-being, the CSA field has experienced rapid growth, with programs and policies proliferating around the country. The accounts that form the core intervention within these CSA initiatives are delivered through two principal delivery systems: traditional depository institutions (banks and credit unions), relied on primarily by local and community-based efforts, and state-sponsored 529 college saving plans, the vehicle of choice for most state-level CSAs. At this point in the CSA trajectory, individual programs and the field as a whole face critical questions about the best ways to build CSAs, in order to maximize their potential for potent effects while facilitating sustainable replication. This paper, jointly produced by the Center on Assets, Education, and Inclusion (AEDI) at the University of Kansas and the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, was informed by a roundtable on CSA delivery systems, held at the Boston Fed in December 2014. It describes the design, key features, and respective challenges of each principal delivery system. Assessed in light of the CSA field's guiding principles for delivery system design (universal and automatic enrollment, national footprint, cultivation of a saver identity, asset-building, administrative efficiency, and adequate consumer protection), these models have distinct advantages and limitations. This paper attempts to contribute to the critical task of building the knowledge base needed to help children's savings programs begin to weigh the pros and cons of each of these existing delivery systems.


The loss of a predator from an ecological community can cause large changes in community structure and ecosystem processes, or have very little consequence for the remaining species and ecosystem. Understanding when and why the loss of a predator causes large changes in community structure and ecosystem processes is critical for understanding the functional consequences of biodiversity loss. We used experimental microbial communities to investigate how the removal of a large generalist predator affected the extinction frequency, population abundance and total biomass of its prey. We removed this predator in the presence or absence of an alternative, more specialist, predator in order to determine whether the specialist predator affected the outcome of the initial species removal. Removal of the large generalist predator altered some species' populations but many were unaffected and no secondary extinctions were observed. The specialist predator, though rare, altered the response of the prey community to the removal of the large generalist predator. In the absence of the specialist predator, the effects of the removal were only measurable at the level of individual species. However, when the specialist predator was present, the removal of the large generalist predator affected the total biomass of prey species. The results demonstrate that the effect of species loss from high trophic levels may be very context-dependent, as rare species can have disproportionately large effects in food webs.


Phase-matched four-wave mixing is demonstrated for millijoule nanosecond pulses guided by photonic bandgaps of hollow fibers with a two-dimensionally periodic cladding and a core diameter of ∼50µm. Raman resonances related to the stretching vibrations of water molecules inside the hollow fiber core are detected in the spectrum of the four-wave mixing signal, suggesting phase-matched coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering in hollow photonic-crystal fibers as a convenient sensing technique for condensed-phase species adsorbed on the inner fiber walls and trace gas detection.


Resolving the age-distance relation of volcanism along the Walvis
Ridge (southern Atlantic Ocean) is essential to understanding
relative motion between the African plate and the Tristan-Gough
mantle plume since the opening of the South Atlantic. However,
tracking the location of the Tristan-Gough plume might not be practicable
if most of the complex morphology of the massive Walvis
Ridge is related to the proximity of the South Atlantic mid-ocean
ridge. Here we use new 40Ar/39Ar basement ages for the Tristan-
Gough hotspot track, together with information about morphology
and crustal structure from new swath maps and seismic profiles, to
infer that separated age-progressive intraplate segments track the
location of the Tristan-Gough mantle plume. The apparent continuity
of the inferred age-distance relation between widely separated
age-progressive segments implies a connection to a stable or constantly
moving source in the mantle.


Abolitionists have, since the 1960s, importantly denounced incarceration as ineffective, notably in terms of deterrence. It is thought to increase human suffering. Abolitionists reject the concept of crime, dismiss punitive responses to social problems and propose that they should be dealt with outside the criminal justice system. Nevertheless, these calls for social justice are time and again declared by the establishment to be unfeasible, romantic illusions. Yet, this article demonstrates that, when it comes to regulating the harmful acts of corporations, certain classic abolitionist arguments are taken seriously and conveniently co-opted by the establishment. Using unparalleled data concerning both law-making history and recent corporate fine sentences in Finland, we scrutinise the enactment and implementation of corporate criminal liability, and establish how select abolitionist arguments, often deemed impossible and demoralising in the context of individual offences, triumph when corporate interests are at stake.


Consensus forecasts for the global economy over the medium and long term predict the world's economic gravity will substantially shift towards Asia and especially towards the Asian Giants, China and India. While such forecasts may pan out, there are substantial reasons that China and India may grow much less rapidly than is currently anticipated. Most importantly, history teaches that abnormally rapid growth is rarely persistent, even though economic forecasts invariably extrapolate recent growth. Indeed, regression to the mean is the empirically most salient feature of economic growth. It is far more robust in the data than, say, the much-discussed middle-income trap. Furthermore, statistical analysis of growth reveals that in developing countries, episodes of rapid growth are frequently punctuated by discontinuous drop-offs in growth. Such discontinuities account for a large fraction of the variation in growth rates. We suggest that salient characteristics of China--high levels of state control and corruption along with high measures of authoritarian rule--make a discontinuous decline in growth even more likely than general experience would suggest. China's growth record in the past 35 years has been remarkable, and nothing in our analysis suggests that a sharp slowdown is inevitable. Still, our analysis suggests that forecasters and planners looking at China would do well to contemplate a much wider range of outcomes than are typically considered.


A very large amount (2.5 × 1017 Bq) of radioactive iodine was released as a result of the Chernobyl accident in 1986. An effective protective action that may be employed to reduce the potential radiation dose to the thyroid gland after a serious nuclear reactor accident is the administration of stable iodide in the form of potassium iodide (KI). Potassium iodide was reportedly given to nearly five and a half million persons after the Chernobyl accident. During the International Chernobyl Project, medical investigators asked the general population in both highly contaminated and control settlements about thyroid prophylaxis. Only 25% of persons currently living in the most contaminated regions reported taking potassium iodide. Sixty-six percent indicated that they did not take potassium iodide and 9% were uncertain. Of those who took stable iodine prophylactically, 44% indicated that it was in solution, 44% that it was in tablets and 12% did not remember how it was administered. Only about one third of persons were able to indicate the duration of time that they took such medication. The average was 6.2 days. It appears that iodine prophylaxis will not have a major impact on estimated collective thyroid doses to the general population living around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. The impact that distribution of KI had upon plant and emergency accident workers remains unknown to us.


Introduction : Participating in the Tour de France (TdF), 3.497 kilometres in 21 days, is a challenge for professional as well as for amateur cyclists. The exceptional high demands both physically and mentally enhance the risk of falling sick or getting injured. The aim of this study was to investigate what factors can potentially predict whether an amateur cyclist can complete all kilometres of the official TdF (version 2012). Methods: Prospective single – centre cohort study from June 29th, 2012 till August 19th, 2012. 24 amateur cyclists (3 women) from 29 – 60 years old participating in the TdF 2012, starting and finishing one day before the professional cyclists, were included in this study. All participants completed a questionnaire on general training information. In the six months before the start of the TdF participants performed an cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). The participants were asked to register their level of perceived stress and exhaustion on a Borg scale every day. On day 1, 6, 13, 19 and 23 they were asked to fill out a Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire. Apart from this they were asked to fill in a diary on food and fluid intake in three consecutive days. Data on injuries and sickness were registered by the participating training sports physician (TB). Participants were allowed to skip one or more days for any reason. In that case they were considered as 'did not complete the full TdF'. Data analysis was performed using logistic regression analysis. Results : 23 amateur cyclists (average age of 48 years) were included in this study. One cyclist was excluded due to lack of motivation to complete the full TdF. These cyclists trained on an average 5.931 kilometres in six months before the start of the TdF. CPET before the TdF revealed an average VO2max of 39 mL/min/kg and an average maximal workload of 4,3 W/kg. 78% (n = 18) of the participants completed the full TdF. They completed 3.564 kilometres and 45.676 climbing meters in 141 hours with an average speed of 25,6 km/h. All participants who had completed the full TdF had a maximal workload of > 4,0 W/kg during CPET before TdF (p = 0.003). Other factors such as: age over 50 years old (p = 0.059) and > 6.000 training kilometres (p = 0.098) appeared not to be of predictive value. Five participants could not complete TdF due to patella-femoral pain syndrome (1), lower respiratory tract infections (3) and clavicular fracture (1). After finishing TdF 22% of participants could not work for a few days due to illness. Discussion : Lower respiratory tract infection was the most frequent reason to skip one or more days of the TdF. Due to extreme physical and living conditions it was easy for a virus to spread among the participants. Two rest days during the TdF was not enough for these cyclists to recover and regain enough strength to fully complete the TdF. The only significant difference between participants that completed the TdF versus participants who did not was their maximal workload during CPET. Other factors: age and kilometres of training before TdF were not of predictive value. However, it is known that maximal workload declines 6-10% after the age of 25 years in healthy men.1 Conclusion it is possible for amateur cyclists to fully ride the TdF in the same amount of days as professional cyclists. But bear in mind that due to the small study population it is difficult to extrapolate the predictive factor of success to another group of amateur cyclists facing a similar challenge.


The earthing analysis is proposed in this paper. The effects of 3-D electromagnetic field and the influences of stray current are considered in the text simultaneously. The activity in the high-voltage environment is risky of being injured by electric shock. The safety of personnel in and around electric power the installations has been a prime concern. Specially, the safety is generally in terms of the allowable touch and step voltages. These voltages are related to the earthing resistance of human foot. I ofn order to increase the safety of personnel, a high resistivity surface layer of gravel is normally existed in the substation switchyards or other high voltage areas. The thickness of this layer will affect the calculation of the earthing resistance of human foot. Thus, the effect of soil resistivity will be considered in this paper. Among them, the electromagnetic field and humidity factors are also considered in this paper. As a result, the surface layer of gravel can be used to reduce the earthing resistance of human foot. The equivalent model of human foot was modeled by the circular plate conductor in the past. Which consider the beauty of the environment, most of the transmission lines are in the surface, so the transmission line generated by the discrete current will affect the earthing resistance estimation, thus the proposed paper will consider the composition of the special function which is the mathematical calculus popularized by the basic theorem of calculus. On the other hand, the damp ingredients, temperatures, and soil resistivity on the surface will also be considered in this paper. This paper research into the proposed method for estimating the earthing resistance of human foot and proposes an equivalent model for calculating the grounding resistance of human foot. The comparisons of the method are also shown in this paper. Key-Words: Earthing analysis, 3-D electromagnetic field, soil resistivity, resistance estimation, attenuation element, contact voltage, body earthing resistance, electromagnetic field elements, stray current, and damp ingredients


In this thesis we study two problems concerning probability. The first is stochastic control problem, which essentially amounts to find an optimal probability in order to optimize some reward function of probability. The second is to approximate the solution of the Boltzmann equation. Thanks to conservation of mass, the solution can be regarded as a family of probability indexed by time. In the first part, we prove a dynamic programming principle for stochastic optimal control problem with expectation constraint by measurable selection approach. Since state constraint, drawdown constraint, target constraint, quantile hedging and floor constraint can all be reformulated into expectation constraint, we apply our results to prove the corresponding dynamic programming principles for these five classes of stochastic control problems in a continuous but non-Markovian setting. In order to solve the Boltzmann equation numerically, in the second part, we propose a new model equation to approximate the Boltzmann equation without angular cutoff. Here the approximate equation incorporates Boltzmann collision operator with angular cutoff and the Landau collision operator. As a first step, we prove the well-posedness theory for our approximate equation. Then in the next step, we show the error estimate between the solutions to the approximate equation and the original equation. Compared to the standard angular cutoff approximation method, our method results in higher order of accuracy.


In this paper pilot aided channel estimation (PACE) for OFDM is addressed. For PACE equidistantly spaced pilot symbols allow to reconstruct the channel response by means of interpolation. The optimum minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimator performs smoothing and interpolation jointly. To reduce the complexity of the optimum MMSE estimator, we propose to separate the smoothing and interpolation tasks. The separated smoothing and interpolation estimator (SINE) consists of a MMSE based smoother which only operates at the received pilot symbols, and an interpolator which is independent of the channel statistics. We show that the separated approach gets close to the optimum MMSE, while the complexity is grossly reduced. However, at high SNR an error floor is observed, which is caused by edge effects, i.e. subcarriers near the beginning and end of the band suffer from an increased interpolation error.


Abstract The global linear stability of steady axisymmetric flow through a model fusiform aneurysm is studied numerically. The aneurysm is modelled as a Gaussian-shaped inflation on a vessel of circular cross-section. The fluid is assumed to be Newtonian, and the flow far upstream and downstream of the inflation is a Hagen–Poiseuille flow. The model aneurysm is characterized by a maximum height $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}H$ and width $W$ , non-dimensionalized by the upstream vessel diameter, and the steady flow is characterized by the Reynolds number of the upstream flow. The base flow through the model aneurysms is determined for non-dimensional heights and widths in the physiologically relevant ranges $0.1 \leq H \leq 1.0$ and $0.25 \leq W \leq 2.0$ , and for Reynolds numbers up to 7000, corresponding to peak values recorded during pulsatile flows under physiological conditions. It is found that the base flow consists of a core of relatively fast-moving fluid, surrounded by a slowly recirculating fluid that fills the inflation; for larger values of the ratio $H/W$ , a secondary recirculation region is observed. The wall shear stress (WSS) in the inflation is vanishingly small compared to the WSS in the straight vessels. The global linear stability of the base flows is analysed by determining the eigenfrequencies of a modal representation of small-amplitude perturbations and by looking at the energy transfer between the base flow and the perturbations. Relatively shallow aneurysms (of relatively large width) become unstable by the lift-up mechanism and have a perturbation flow which is characterized by stationary, growing modes. More localized aneurysms (with relatively small width) become unstable at larger Reynolds numbers, presumably by an elliptic instability mechanism; in this case the perturbation flow is characterized by oscillatory modes.


Yearly, the disposal of used tyres is a major environmental problem for countries all over the world. This causes environmental hazards such as uncontrolled fire, consume landfill space, breeding ground for mosquitoes and contaminating the soil and vegetation. Hence, urgent steps were identified to produce new methods of recycling the waste tyres to solve this hazard. This study reviews the feasibility of using waste tyres in the form of rubber chips with cement to stabilize soft clay and the effect to the environment. The focus of this study was mainly the strength and leachability characteristics of kaolin as base clay, admixed with cement as the binder and rubber chips as an additive. Leaching test is used to evaluate the performance of cementitious materials for stabilization and solidification (S & S) of hazardous materials such as waste or contaminated soil. In this study, cylindrical stabilized clay specimens were prepared with various rubber chips contents and cement, and then aged for 28 days. Cylindrical specimens were then subjected to unconfined compressive strength test (using Geocomp LoadTrac II) and the specimens were later dried in oven at 105° before tested for leaching tests. These leaching methods are Acid Neutralization Capacity Test (ANC) and Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure (SPLP). The solidified samples were checked on six different heavy metals, namely copper, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, zinc and plumbum. Analysis was carried out by relating the effects of 0, 2 or 4 % cement as well as 0, 5, 10 and 15 % rubber chips addition to the base clay and its leachability. As observed, the curing of specimen for 28 days was in a range of 66.24 to 249.4 kPa. Specimen with 4 % cement is able to produce ANC9 of about 0.13 meq HNO3/g specimen. However specimen with 0 % and 2 % cement for different rubberchips content shows that the specimen do not have the capacity to neutralize acid at pH 9. Therefore, more cement (> 4 %) is needed to achieve ANC9. SPLP results showed that all six different heavy metals tested do not exceed the approved limit for drinking water by World Health Organization (WHO), United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Ministry of Health in Malaysia.


People suffering from certain types of arrhythmia may benefit from the implantation of a cardiac pacemaker. Pacemakers artificially stimulate the heart by applying short electrical pulses to the cardiac tissue to restore and maintain a steady heart rhythm. By adjusting the pulse delivery rate the heart is stimulated to beat at desired pace. The stimulation pulses are transferred from the pacemaker to the heart via an electrode, which is implanted into the cardiac tissue. Additionally, the electrode must also sense the cardiac response and transfer those signals back to the electronics in the pacemaker for processing. The communication between the electrode and the tissue takes place on the electrode/electrolyte (tissue) interface. This interface serves as the contact point where the electronic current in the electrode is converted to ionic currents capable to operate in the body. The stimulation/sensing signals are transferred across the interface via three electrochemical mechanisms: i) non-faradaic charging/discharging of the electrochemical double layer, ii) reversible and iii) irreversible faradaic reactions. It is necessary to study the contribution of each mechanism to the total charge transferred to evaluate the pacing/sensing performance of the pacemaker electrode. In this thesis, the electrochemical properties and performance of stimulation/sensing electrodes for pacemaker applications have been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and transient electrochemical techniques. All measurements were performed in synthetic body fluid with buffer capacity. Complementary surface analysis was performed with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results reveal different interfacial behaviour and stability for electrode materials such as Pt, TiN, porous carbon, conducting oxides (RuO2 and IrO2 and mixed oxides) and porous Nb2O5 oxide. The influence of the charge/discharge rate on the electrode characteristics also has been evaluated. Although the rough and porous electrodes provide a high interfacial capacitance, the maximum capacitance cannot be fully employed at high charge/discharge rates because only a small part of the effective surface area is accessible. The benefit of pseudo-capacitive material properties on charge delivery was observed. However, these materials suffer similar limitations at high charge/discharge rate and, hence, are only utilising the surface bound pseudo-capacitive sites. Porous Nb2O5 electrodes were investigated to study the performance of capacitor electrodes. These electrodes predominantly deliver the charge via reversible non-faradaic mechanisms and hence do not produce irreversible by-products. They can deliver very high potential pulses while maintaining high impedance and, thus, charge lost by faradaic currents are kept low. By producing Nb oxide by plasma electrolysis oxidation a porous surface structure is obtained which has the potential to provide a biocompatible interface for cell adherence and growth. This thesis covers a multidisciplinary area. In an attempt to connect diverse fields, such as electrophysiology, materials science and electrochemistry, the first chapters have been attributed to explaining fundamental aspects of the respective fields. This thesis also reviews the current opinion of pacing and sensing theory, with special focus on some areas where detailed explanation is needed for the fundamental nature of electrostimulation/sensing.


Wilhelm RA¶pke is best known for his decisive intellectual contributions to the economic reforms that took post-war West Germany from ruin to riches within a decade. In this informative book, Samuel Gregg presents RA¶pke as a sophisticated A©conomiste-philosophe in the tradition of Adam Smith, who was as much concerned with exploring and reforming the moral, social and intellectual foundations of the market economy, as he was in examining subjects such as business-cycles, trade-policy, inflation, employment, and the welfare state. By situating RA¶pke's ideas in the history of modern Western economic thought, Samuel Gregg illustrates that while RA¶pke's 'neoliberalism' departed from much nineteenth-century classical liberal thought, it was also profoundly anti-Keynesian and contested key aspects of the post-war Keynesian economic consensus.


Present society, marked among other things by population aging due to sharp decline in birth rates and population migration respectively, feels the need of an update regarding the reporting to rights, roles and status of the citizen. Respect for the other at all stages of physical and mental development should on the one hand be transmitted through educational, economic, social policies, but on the other hand its correct implementation is essential. Elderly people constitute one of those most vulnerable categories to multiple forms of violence in the Eastern European area, because of the risks to which they are exposed. Physical, mental and conscience integrity of elderly are increasingly endangered in contemporaneity. In the present paper we will insist on the current image and perception regarding the role and status of the elderly in society, on certain elements characteristic of protection and social services whose beneficiaries are people included in this age category and equally, on the strategies that can be improved for an active integration in the economic, community and cultural life.


Sustainability is at the forefront of discussion regarding the development of our natural environments. With the tourism industry continuing to expand, particularly in developing nations and small island economies, it has become apparent that the sustainability and longevity of developments must be considered. The Maldives is an example of a nation experiencing accelerating growth within the tourism development sector, with resort development increasing at unprecedented annual rates. The review of literature and precedent studies establishes an understanding of the current opinions and concepts regarding sustainable development. Alongside this, three resorts, each of different character and concept, have been compared and contrasted to establish the positive and negative effects they are having on the natural environment. Coupled with the three case studies, the theoretical and informative research, as well as smaller examples, forms the basis of a suggested best-practice method of uniting man and nature, and creating equilibrium between development and the fragile environment. The suggested methods and research show that sustainable development can assist with the protection of the environment in the Maldives. However, its success is dependent on the implementation of practices by both the government and developers themselves. The evidence of sustainability in practice in resort development in the Maldives shows that, through design and planning, the fragile environment can be protected and conserved at the same time as contributing to the Maldivian society and economy.


General-purpose programmers have come to expect a high degree of portability among widely varying architectures. Advances in run-time systems for parallel programs have been proposed in order to harness available resources as efficiently as possible. Simultaneously, advances in algorithmic methods of dynamically balancing computational load have been proposed in order to respond to variations in actual performance and therefore in run-time. The primary mechanism for harnessing idle resources effectively, task migration, can be used alongside the primary mechanism for dynamic load balancing, data redistribution. Besides the fact that the two methods can be used simultaneously to spur further increases in performance, the run-time information-gathering infrastructure necessary to detect and use idle resources can also benefit dynamically load-balanced applications. This paper describes an architecture for and preliminary implementation of a system that combines data-parallel load balancing with task-parallel load balancing. Performance test results are included as well.


As many as one in six Union navy sailors was African American, many of them former slaves. This richly detailed history shows that the free blacks and "contraband" slaves who joined the U.S. Navy during the Civil War were essential to Northern victories at sea. Through their role in preserving the Union, they helped to win recognition for African Americans as full citizens. African Americans joined the U.S. Navy from the first days of the war and soon demonstrated to a skeptical Northern population that they would fight for their freedom. Faced with the hazards of battle, African American sailors performed with great heroism, and several earned the nation's highest military tribute, the Medal of Honor. Their service in the navy paved the way for their wider employment in the U.S. Army. Despite the lack of official records on the subject, Ramold has combed through mountains of memoirs, court documents, pension reports, and other sources to discover the true magnitude of African Americans' contribution to the naval effort. The book presents a vivid description of the lives of these sailors from enlistment to discharge, telling the story as much as possible in the words of the sailors themselves. A dozen rare photographs illustrate the range of African American service. Ramold demonstrates that the navy, from necessity and from tradition, treated African Americans in its ranks far more equitably than did the army or any other public institution in antebellum America. Decades later, black sailors would be consigned to work in the mess hall, but in the Civil War era they fought side by side with white sailors, were treated equally in courts-martial, and received the same pay and benefits. "Slaves, Sailors, Citizens" allows us to rediscover these largely forgotten heroes, whose story can now take its rightful place in the history of the war and in the struggle of slaves and free blacks to become citizens.