Prepare for the new Certified Ethical Hacker version 8 exam with this Sybex guideSecurity professionals remain in high demand. The Certified Ethical Hacker is a one-of-a-kind certification designed to give the candidate a look inside the mind of a hacker. This study guide provides a concise, easy-to-follow approach that covers all of the exam objectives and includes numerous examples and hands-on exercises. Coverage includes cryptography, footprinting and reconnaissance, scanning networks, enumeration of services, gaining access to a system, Trojans, viruses, worms, covert channels, and much more. A companion website includes additional study tools, Including practice exam and chapter review questions and electronic flashcards. * Security remains the fastest growing segment of IT, and CEH certification provides unique skills * The CEH also satisfies the Department of Defense's 8570 Directive, which requires all Information Assurance government positions to hold one of the approved certifications * This Sybex study guide is perfect for candidates studying on their own as well as those who are taking the CEHv8 course * Covers all the exam objectives with an easy-to-follow approach * Companion website includes practice exam questions, flashcards, and a searchable Glossary of key termsCEHv8: Certified Ethical Hacker Version 8 Study Guide is the book you need when you're ready to tackle this challenging exam Also available as a set, Etical Hacking and Web Hacking Set, 9781119072171 with The Web Application Hacker's Handbook: Finding and Exploiting Security Flaws, 2nd Edition.


Abstract We compare two contracts for managing systematic longevity risk in retirement: a collective arrangement that distributes the risk among participants, and a market-provided annuity contract. We evaluate the contracts' appeal with respect to the retiree's welfare, and the viability of the market solution through the financial reward to the annuity provider's equityholders. We find that individuals prefer to bear the risk under a collective arrangement than to insure it with a life insurers' annuity contract subject to insolvency risk (albeit small). Under realistic capital provision hypotheses, the annuity provider is incapable of adequately compensating its equityholders for bearing systematic longevity risk.


Objective and design α1-Antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a genetic disorder that may be a pathogenic factor in vascular aneurysms and dissection. The aim of this study was to measure the diameters of the Valsalva sinuses (VS), sinotubular junction (STJ), ascending aorta (AA) and aortic arch (AAr) and elastic properties of the AA (distensibility, stiffness and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI strain)) in AATD subjects. Patients 33 AATD subjects (all Z-homozygous, 17 male, 16 female) were examined. Aortic elastic properties, namely, distensibility and stiffness index, were calculated from the echocardiographically-derived thoracic aortic diameters and TDI strain was measured on the wall of the AA 3 cm above the aortic valve. The results were compared with those obtained in healthy controls matched for age, sex and body mass index. Results AATD subjects had larger aortic diameters (VS: 3.5±0.5 vs 3.2±0.5 cm, p<0.05; STJ 2.7±0.4 vs 2.4±0.4 cm, p<0.01; AA 3.3±0.5 vs 2.9±0.4 cm, p<0.01; AAr 2.3±0.3 vs 2.1±0.3 cm, p=0.05); greater aortic stiffness 14.9±11.9 versus 7.4±4.4 (pure numbers, p<0.005); and less aortic distensibility 2.4±1.8 versus 4.0±2.6 10−6×cm2×dyne−1, p<0.005. Peak systolic (S) and diastolic (E and A) waves of the aortic wall TDI were similar in patients and controls (S wave: 5.4±1.6 vs 5.9± 2.3 cm/s; E wave: −4.8±2.2 vs −4.5±2.2 cm/s; A wave: −6.1±2.2 vs −6.2±2.4 cm/s) while TDI strain of the aortic wall was lesser in patients than controls (−14.7±8.0% vs −28.3±7.1%, p<0.001). Conclusions AATD subjects have a larger AA with abnormal elastic properties as compared to controls. The increase in stiffness, decrease in distensibility and abnormal strain of the aortic wall may all reflect pathological changes in its elastic tissue.


The purpose of this study is to present the formation and organizational aspects of a new insurance company in Kansas. It is during these initial years that a new company experiences considerable difficulty. Problems such as personnel selection, agent training, selection of investments, and financial management are just a few of the difficulties encountered by a new company. The material used in this study was acquired through correspondence with the new life insurance companies, informative conferences with company agents, and the facilities available at Forsyth Library on the campus of Fort Hays Kansas State College. The study revealed that necessary legal requirements for capitalization of a new insurance company in Kansas could be supplemented with additional regulatory statutes, to provide greater security for the policyholder and also the stockholder. The study al so revealed a trend toward a holding company formation of new insurance companies to enable diversification in its operation. The most important feature of a new organization lies in its management. The guidance of a new firm, both in its home office operation and its field operation requires experienced and intelligent personnel. Surplus, growth, and economic and social contributions are also examined in this study. A precise and accurate measurement of this area of the study could not be made, due to the lack of necessary material.


Innovation is an undisputed catalyst for company growth, yet many managers across industries fail to create a climate that encourages and rewards innovation. "Managing Creativity and Innovation" explores the manager's role in sparking organizational creativity and offers insight into what managers and leaders must do to increase successful innovation. Contents include: generating new ideas and recognizing opportunities; moving innovation to market; removing mental blocks to creativity; establishing a strategic direction for profitable product development; brainstorming and fostering creative conflict within groups; creating an innovation-friendly culture; plus, readers can access free interactive tools on the Harvard Business Essentials companion web site.Series Adviser: Ralph Katz Dr. Katz is professor of management at Northeastern University's College of Business and in the Management of Technology Group of M.I.T.'s Sloan School of Management. He has carried out extensive management research on technology-based innovation with emphasis in the management of technical professionals and project teams. The reliable source for busy managers, "The Harvard Business Essentials" series is designed to provide comprehensive advice, personal coaching, background information, and guidance on the most relevant topics in business.Drawing on rich content from Harvard Business School Publishing and other sources, these concise guides are carefully crafted to provide a highly practical resource for readers with all levels of experience. To assure quality and accuracy, each volume is closely reviewed by a specialized content adviser from a world class business school. Whether you are a new manager interested in expanding your skills or an experienced executive looking for a personal resource, these solution-oriented books offer reliable answers at your fingertips.


This article discusses North Korea as a case of state-induced famine, or faminogenesis. A famine from 1994 to 2000 killed 3–5% of North Korea's population, and mass hunger reappeared in 2010–2012, despite reforms meant to address the shortage of food. In addition, a prison population of about 200,000 people is systematically deprived of food; this might be considered penal starvation. There seems little recourse under international law to punish the perpetrators of state-induced famine and penal starvation. State-induced famine does, however, fit some of the criteria of genocide in the United Nations Convention against Genocide, and could also be considered a crime against humanity under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. There would seem, then, to have been a case for referral of North Korea's recently deceased leader, Kim Jong Il, to the International Criminal Court, and it is still a case for referral of Kim's successors. However, strategic concerns about North Korea's nuclear weapons outweigh humanitarian concerns about North Korea' s citizens.


The study objectives were to (a) examine the association between total number of trauma types experienced and child/adolescent behavioral problems and (b) determine whether the number of trauma types experienced predicted youth behavioral problems above and beyond demographic characteristics, using a diverse set of 20 types of trauma. Data came from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network's (NCTSN) Core Data Set (CDS), which includes youth assessed and treated for trauma across the United States. Participants who experienced at least one type of trauma were included in the sample (N = 11,028; age = 1½-18 years; 52.3% girls). Random effects models were used to account for possible intraclass correlations given treatment services were provided at different NCTSN centers. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations among demographic characteristics, trauma, and emotional and behavioral problems as measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Significant dose–response relations were found between total number of trauma types and behavior problems for all CBCL scales, except Sleep, one of the subscales only administered to 1½- to 5-year-olds. Thus, each additional trauma type endorsed significantly increased the odds for scoring above the clinical threshold. Results provide further evidence of strong associations between diverse traumatic childhood experiences and a diverse range of behavior problems, and underscore the need for a trauma-informed public health and social welfare approach to prevention, risk reduction, and early intervention for traumatized youth.


"As jazz, his music is not very interesting. He is a capable but rather anonymous sounding player with an undistinguished sound on the tenor, occasional intonation problems on the soprano, and a determinedly low-keyed approach.... and at present the saxophonist is the best-selling artist on Taylor's CTI label." --New York Times, February 13, 1977 Despite the fact that it commands a large portion of the jazz marketplace, smooth jazz has become the "elephant in the room" in jazz studies--its absence from contemporary jazz scholarship is made all the more conspicuous by its ubiquity in contemporary society. With a few exceptions, there has been little discussion of its history, characteristics, or reception within the discipline. What notice it has received has come mainly from the popular press, and even there it is often dismissed as being too commercial to be substantial. Throughout its development, various terms have been used to describe this music, many of which betray its apparent lack of legitimacy: jazz-pop, light jazz, jazz-lite, or just crossover. The latter term in particular references the style's self-conscious positioning within the music market, and highlights its intent to appeal to both jazz and mainstream (i.e., non-jazz) listeners alike. As the opening quote illustrates, this commercialism often stands in direct contrast to the critical reception of the music, and continues to undermine musicians' attempts to establish the music as a serious musical genre with respect to jazz and popular music criticism. For example, in 1977, New York Times critic Robert Palmer quips: "The best way to listen to jazz pop is to forget that many jazz fans consider it a failed art music" (Palmer 1977). Following recent developments in jazz and black music research, I argue that giving preference to historical narratives that favor Eurocentric ideas of autonomy and unity over sociological, popular, or even commercial concerns serves only to undermine the richness and complexity of the jazz idioms as a whole (Ake 2002; 2007; DeVeaux 1997; Ramsey 2003). This article is not meant as an apology for what has traditionally been a marginalized style within the discipline; rather, I hope to lend my voice to the growing chorus of recent jazz scholarship that aims to open up a space for the discussion of crossover genres, such as smooth jazz, and to reimagine a jazz history that includes such varied expressions of the jazz experience. Toward a Definition of Smooth Jazz Like other designations in jazz, the term smooth jazz is slippery and contested. The phrase is itself an arbitrary industry buzzword: the product of record label executives, marketing firms, and focus groups. With the radio and recording industries at a loss as to how to market this increasingly popular genre in the early 1990s, California-based consulting firm Broadcast Architecture was brought in to organize a focus group in order to address the problem of "branding" this musical trend. As Frank Cody, the consultant in charge of the group, explains in a recent Boston Globe interview: "It was actually a listener [who put the words together].... At that moment, light bulbs went off over everybody's heads" (Rodman 2006). Despite the relative novelty of the moniker, similar and related terms have been in use since the mid-1970s as a means of separating this music--a cleanly produced amalgam of R&B, funk, soul, and jazz--from the more high-brow jazz-rock efforts of groups like Weather Report, Return to Forever, The Mahavishnu Orchestra, and Herbie Hancock's Head Hunters. In the popular press, terms such as crossover, pop-jazz, and jazz-lite stood against labels like jazz-rock, jazz-fusion, or just fusion as a means of separating the two subgenres as early as 1974. The early 1990s radio-led efforts to label this music, coupled with Billboard's creation of its smooth and fusion-inspired Contemporary Jazz chart around the same time, represent the final step in smooth jazz's development as a commercially viable (if not artistically acceptable) jazz style. …


Aspects of thermally induced nonlinearities in the index of refraction are investigated for the case of degenerate four-wave mixing (DFWM). An expression for the reflectivity is derived within the framework of a coupled thermodynamic–electromagnetic theory, and some implications for the conjugation efficiency are briefly discussed. We also report on experimental measurements of phase-conjugate reflectivities in excess of 200% at 532 nm and comment on the role of saturation effects and pump delays in obtaining the observed efficiencies. Finally, the results of near-field conjugation beam-quality studies are presented with a view toward examining some of the parameters crucial to conjugation fidelity in typical DFWM experimental setups.


Patient care emergencies may periodically occur at any time in any setting, particularly the inpatient setting. To respond to these emergencies, it is important that obstetrician-gynecologists prepare themselves by assessing potential emergencies that might occur, creating plans that include establishing early warning systems, designating specialized first responders, conducting emergency drills, and debriefing staff after actual events to identify strengths and opportunities for improvement. Having such systems in place may reduce or prevent the severity of medical emergencies.


Silicon has become the material of choice for fabrication of high circuit density, low defect density and high speed integration devices. CMOS technology has been favoured as an attractive candidate to take advantage of the performance enhancements available through miniturisation. However, hot carrier effects in general, and hot electron currents in particular, are posing as the main obstacle to a new era of sub-micron architecture in semiconductor device technology. Electron transport in modern sub-micron device is often governed by mechanisms that were not relevant to long-channel devices. Many of the classical device models are based upon such convenient assumptions as "thermal equilibrium" and "uniform local electric field". With the downscaling of devices, hot electron currents are becoming increasingly inherent. These currents arise from the fact that electrical fields in small geometry devices can reach very high values and can vary rapidly in space. The large electric field can Impart significant kinetic energies to the carriers. In thermal equilibrium, all elementary excitations in a semiconductor (eg. Electrons, holes, phonons) can be characterised by a temperature that is the same as the lattice temperature. Under the influence of large electric fields, however, the distribution function of these elementally excitations deviate from those in thermal equilibrium. The term "Hot Carriers" is often used to describe these non-equilibrium situations. In this thesis hot electron currents, in particular their physical origins and dependence upon various operational and geometrical parameters, have been discussed and then quantified in a number of models based on the "Lucky Drift" theory of transport. Temperature is then used as a tool to differentiate between the underlying physical processes, and to determine if reliability problems related to hot electron effects would improve under cryogenic operation. It has been the prime objective of this work from the outset to concentrate on the study of N-channel devices. This is primarily due to the fact that N-channel MOSFET's are more prone to hot electron effects, and therefore, studies in the nature of this enhanced susceptibility could prove to be more fruitful.


We examine academic research laboratories as examples of intractable governance sites. These spaces often elude regulatory warnings and rules because of the professional status of faculty members, the opacity of scientific work to outsiders, and loose coupling of policy and practice in organizations. We describe one university's efforts to create a system for managing laboratory health, safety, and environmental hazards, thereby constraining conventional faculty habit to ignore administrative and legal procedures. We demonstrate the specific struggles safety managers face in creating system responsiveness, that is, feedback to re-channel noncompliant laboratory practices. We show how faculty members are buffered from the consequences of their activities, thus impeding the goals of responsibility and accountability. We conclude by asking where such pockets of intractability reside in other organizations and whether the surrounding buffer, if there is one, may nonetheless paradoxically create an effective margin of safety.


of God. Anjali follows her mother's lead, but the pair promptly discovers that good intentions don't go far in solving entrenched problems and that as members of the Brahmin caste, they are met with skepticism, even derision, by those they seek to help. Kelkar necessarily tackles multiple weighty historical themes to do justice to this complex period: Hindu-Muslim rioting; the caste system and socioeconomic tensions; self identification among the Untouchables; Gandhi's influence and personal class bias; British imperial attitudes during wartime. The book is at its narrative best when it focuses on Anjali's concerns, such as burning her foreign-made clothing and getting used to homespun wear; discovering that her Untouchable acquaintance rejects Gandhi's "Harijan" term as condescending and prefers "Dalit," or "oppressed"; falling out with a Muslim friend during the riots. However, many incidents require context, and too often that is delivered in the form of didactic political conversation that slows the pacing. This is nonetheless a thought-provoking, accessible work for middle grades, and readers for whom Gandhi equates simply with ahimsa, or nonviolence, will consider the virtues and the limits of that political strategy. EB


The study is an investigative survey of library users' satisfaction of library services, resources, staff conduct and impact of the library on the academic achievements of users.  Qualitative data was collected from College students, faculty and library staff of two academic libraries in Ghana using questionnaires and interview instruments. The survey established that library services, information resources and the physical library environment have value because users have shown high satisfaction of them. Material lending, photocopying, library space and staff conduct recorded higher level of satisfaction. It is however recommended that academic libraries in Ghana should be equipped with online resources, adequate and knowledgeable staff, and computer systems with high broadband. Also, libraries should endeavor to market library services and resources in order to demonstrate value among stakeholders.

 Key words: Library value, library impact, user satisfaction, Ghana, information resources, service quality, staff conduct.


On 25 July 2018 the Grand Chamber of the CJEU delivered the eagerly awaited decision on Art. 3(a) Reg. 469/2009 following the referral by Justice Arnold in Teva (C-121/2017). In answering the question what it means to be protected by the basic patent under Art. 3(a) Reg. 469/2009, the CJEU formulated a two-pronged requirement. In order to be eligible for a supplementary protection certificate (SPC) the product (i) must necessarily fall under the invention covered by the basic patent and (ii) be specifically identifiable in that patent. This further formula in the case law following Medeva (C-322/10) is open to a number of interpretations, the most restrictive of which is that the CJEU has adopted a core-inventive-advance test with the first prong and required an individual disclosure of the product with the second prong. This article proposes a purposive implementation of the decision which takes into account the policy goals underlying the CJEU case law. These goals are to prevent multiple SPCs for the same product in conjunction with a number of other active ingredients ("evergreening"), unless such combinations represent a "totally separate innovation" (C-443/12), and to prevent the grant of a certificate for monotherapy products that were developed by a third unrelated entity after the priority date of the basic patent. In order to achieve the first goal, an inventive-advance test is necessary, but also sufficient. In order to ensure the second goal, requiring a disclosure of the product in an individualized form is in some cases sufficient, but not necessary where the patentee has, after the priority date of the basic patent, developed the product and obtained the MA submitted in support of the application for a certificate. In view of the persistent lack of clarity of the case law, the article concludes with some thoughts on the role of the CJEU, the task of the lawmakers and the implication of the Unified Patent Court Agreement (UPCA) for the operation of the SPC system.


The detection of impervious surface (IS) in heterogeneous urban areas is one of the most challenging tasks in urban remote sensing. One of the limitations in IS detection at the parcel level is the lack of sufficient training data. In this study, a generic model of spatial distribution of roof materials is considered to overcome this limitation. A generic model that is based on spectral, spatial and textural information which is extracted from available training data is proposed. An object-based approach is used to extract the information inherent in the image. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis is used for dimensionality reduction and to discriminate between different spatial, spectral and textural attributes. The generic model is composed of a discriminant function based on linear combinations of the predictor variables that provide the best discrimination among the groups. The discriminate analysis result shows that of the 54 attributes extracted from the WorldView-2 image, only 13 attributes related to spatial, spectral and textural information are useful for discriminating different roof materials. Finally, this model is applied to different WorldView-2 images from different areas and proves that this model has good potential to predict roof materials from the WorldView-2 images without using training data.


Asthma is a chronic allergic disease characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), and mucus hypersecretion. T-lymphocytes are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, mediating airway inflammatory reactions by secreting cytokines. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Notch signaling pathways are associated with T cell signaling, proliferation, and differentiation, and are important in the progression of asthma. Thus, compounds that can modulate T cell proliferation and function may be of clinical value. Here, we assessed the effects of tangeretin, a plant-derived flavonoid, in experimental asthma. BALB/c mice at postnatal day (P) 12 were challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Separate groups of mice (n=18/group) were administered tangeretin at 25 or 50 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage. Dexamethasone was used as a positive control. Tangeretin treatment reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and also restored the normal histology of lung tissues. OVA-specific IgE levels in serum and BALF were reduced. AHR, as determined by airway resistance and lung compliance, was normalized. Flow cytometry analyses revealed a reduced Th17 cell population. Tangeretin reduced the levels of Th2 and Th17 cytokines and raised IFN-γ levels. PI3K signaling was inhibited. The expressions of the Notch 1 receptor and its ligands Jagged 1 and 2 were downregulated by tangeretin. Our findings support the possible use of tangeretin for treating allergic asthma.


In this paper linear precoder at the transmitter and iterative frequency domain equalizer (FDE) at the receiver are jointly designed to achieve the target quality-of-service (QoS) with minimum transmission power consumption. We first devise a semi-analytical tool that precisely tracks the performance evolution of the iterative process, and then provide a set of quality-of-convergence (QoC) constraints such that the target QoS can be achieved after iterations. We thus formulate the design problem as a joint QoS/QoC constrained power allocation problem, which is shown to be convex. Despite the widely adopted suboptimal solvers, we develop a specific IPM solver by revealing the underlying sparsity in the mathematical structure of the problem, which significantly reduces the computational cost, and keeps the performance advantages as well. Extensive simulation results are given to support the mathematical development of the problem.


We present CASIE, a system that extracts information about cybersecurity events from text and populates a semantic model, with the ultimate goal of integration into a knowledge graph of cybersecurity data. It was trained on a new corpus of 1,000 English news articles from 2017–2019 that are labeled with rich, event-based annotations and that covers both cyberattack and vulnerability-related events. Our model defines five event subtypes along with their semantic roles and 20 event-relevant argument types (e.g., file, device, software, money). CASIE uses different deep neural networks approaches with attention and can incorporate rich linguistic features and word embeddings. We have conducted experiments on each component in the event detection pipeline and the results show that each subsystem performs well.


A generic intuition says that the pre-log, or multiplexing gain, cannot be larger than the minimum of the number of transmit and receive dimensions. This suggests that for the scalar broadcast channel, the pre-log cannot exceed one. By contrast, in this note, we show that when the noises are anti-correlated and feedback is present, then a pre-log of two can be attained. In other words, in this special case, in the limit of high SNR, the scalar Gaussian broadcast channel turns into two parallel AWGN channels. Achievability is established via a coding strategy due to Schalkwijk, Kailath, and Ozarow.


Abstract. The diurnal variation of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height is studied using high-resolution radiosonde observations available at 3 h intervals for 3 days continuously from 34 intensive campaigns conducted during the period December 2010–March 2014 over a tropical station Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E; 375 m), in the Indian monsoon region. The heights of the ABL during the different stages of its diurnal evolution, namely, the convective boundary layer (CBL), the stable boundary layer (SBL), and the residual layer (RL) are obtained to study the diurnal variabilities. A clear diurnal variation is observed in 9 campaigns out of the 34 campaigns. In 7 campaigns the SBL did not form in the entire day and in the remaining 18 campaigns the SBL formed intermittently. The SBL forms for 33–55 % of the time during nighttime and 9 and 25 % during the evening and morning hours, respectively. The mean SBL height is within 0.3 km above the surface which increases slightly just after midnight (02:00 IST) and remains almost constant until the morning. The mean CBL height is within 3.0 km above the surface, which generally increases from morning to evening. The mean RL height is within 2 km above the surface which generally decreases slowly as the night progresses. The diurnal variation of the ABL height over the Indian region is stronger during the pre-monsoon and weaker during winter season. The CBL is higher during the summer monsoon and lower during the winter season while the RL is higher during the winter season and lower during the summer season. During all the seasons, the ABL height peaks during the afternoon (∼ 14:00 IST) and remains elevated until evening (∼ 17:00 IST). The ABL suddenly collapses at 20:00 IST and increases slightly in the night. Interestingly, it is found that the low level clouds have an effect on the ABL height variability, but the deep convective clouds do not. The lifting condensation level (LCL) is generally found to occur below the ABL for the majority of the database and they are randomly related.


March 16th, 1966, marked the jubilee of Commonwealth sponsored scientific research in Australia. In 1916 the Commonwealth Government set up an Advisory Council of Science and Industry. This was the culmination of an interest in scientific research which went back to the very beginning of federation and had been expressed by active attempts to bring science to the aid of agriculture.

This book is an account of the developments which led up to the formation of the Advisory Council by the Hughes Government in 1916. It carries the story on to 1926, when a later Prime Minister, Mr S. M. Bruce, introduced the Bill to found the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. In those days there were vivid contrasts in the views of scientists, politicians and men of affairs as to how science could most effectively influence the nation's future.


We consider a multimarket framework where a set of firms compete on two interrelated oligopolistic markets. Prior to competing in these markets, firms can spy on others in order to increase the quality of their product. We characterize the equilibrium espionage networks and networks that maximize social welfare under the most interesting scenario of diseconomies of scope. We find that in some situations firms may refrain from spying even if it is costless. Moreover, even though spying leads to increased product quality, there exist situations where it is detrimental to both consumer welfare and social welfare.


This book examines contemporary approaches to restitution from the perspective of museums. It focuses on the ways in which these institutions have been addressing the subject at a regional, national and international level. In particular, it explores contemporary practices and recent claims, and investigates to what extent the question of restitution as an issue of ownership is still at large, or whether museums have found additional ways to conceptualise and practice restitution, by thinking beyond the issue of ownership. The challenges, benefits and drawbacks of recent and current museum practice are explored. At the same time, the book discusses how these museum practices are received , and informed, by source communities, institutional and governmental agendas and visitors' expectations in order to explore issues of authority, collaboration and shared or conflicting values between the different communities involved in the process. This important book will contribute to the developing body of literature that academics, professionals, policy makers and students can refer to in order to understand how restitution has been negotiated, 'materialised', practiced and evaluated within museums.


The indigenous mixed inocula were cultured and enriched from the thickened waste sewage sludge for heavy metal bioleaching. The mixed inocula were then used for bioleaching, and 2 g/L sulphur was added. The influences of FeSO4?7H2O dosage on heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) bioleaching were investigated. Results show that the addition of FeSO4?7H2O accelerates the bioleaching process. With the FeSO4?7H2O addition, pH of the sludge decreases and the Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) increases more rapidly. The presence of FeSO4?7H2O obviously increases the solubilisation of Zn, Cu and Cd, but has insignificant impact on the Pb solubilisation. FeSO4?7H2O also changes the nitrogen loss and the phosphorus loss. The suitable FeSO4?7H2O dosage is 5?10 g/L; higher dosages cannot accelerate the heavy metal bioleaching more. With the addition of 10 g/L FeSO4?7H2O and 2 g/L sulphur powder, 81.4% of Zn, 81.1% of Cu, 67.6% of Pb and 56.6% of Cd are solubilised from the sludge after 15-day bioleaching at 28?C and an agitating speed of 180 r/min.


The paper tackles the integration of engineering performance simulations in the conceptual phase of architectural design, with specific focus on parametric design processes. A general framework is exemplified, in which the use of performance simulations and the learning process of the designer are discussed in relation to the parameterization process. A specific case study is presented more in details regarding the design of an atrium for the reuse of an existing building in Shenyang-China. Performance simulations concerning the thermal comfort in the atrium are presented and discussed in relation to the general framework.


This article explores photographic works produced by key members of the Minsk School of Photography before and after the collapse of the USSR in the 1980s and 1990s. Mostly reworking found images from the Soviet past, these artists employed the visual language of that period to disassociate themselves from Soviet practices of photographic recording. Appropriating conventions of the portrait genre, the Minsk photographers used them to create a stream of obfuscated representations in which individuals are presented devoid of their originary contexts, biographies, and, frequently, faces. Through their de-facing tactics, these photographers visualized forms of indirect postcolonial presence. Erasing subjectivity and abstracting imprints of lived experience, their vicarious photography articulates a model of dealing with history that allows presence without identity or identification.


This thesis studies several aspects of the strategy which central banks follow in implementing monetary policy and its implications for the behaviour of exchange rates. The first chapter provides an introduction to the thesis and a review of the relevant literature. The following two chapters analyse the effects of information releases on the high frequency behaviour of the DEM/USD exchange rate, and investigate how these effects are related to the central banks' policy decisions and their strategy for disclosing information to the market. Chapter 2 studies the effects of monetary policy signals released by the Deutsche Bundesbank and the US Federal Reserve, showing that they have a strong impact on exchange rates, and that these effects depend on the channel used to release the policy information, and on when the information is released. Chapter 3 extends this analysis by examining the reaction to publicly announced macroeconomic information emanating from Germany and the US, and associates this reaction with market expectations regarding future monetary policy decisions and the timing of the announcement of those decisions. Alternative monetary policy frameworks and their implication for the behaviour of exchange rates are the topic of the following three chapters. Chapter 4 examines the policy framework in 44 developing countries, covering topics such as the choice of price stability as the objective for monetary policy, the potential conflicts between achieving this objective and other functions of the central bank (in particular the maintenance of financial stability), and central bank independence. Chapter 5 analyses the experience of seven countries that have adopted a policy strategy centered on inflation targets, and investigates how this affected the behaviour of the central banks. Chapter 6 investigates the implications of the strategies analysed in the previous chapters for the stability of financial markets, using price data for several financial assets from a panel of eighteen OECD countries. Finally, Chapter 7 summarises the conclusions of the thesis and provides suggestions for further work.


Based on a survey of 97 firms in the garments, textiles, automotive, electrical and electronics, and food manufacturing industries; the paper highlights the difficulties faced by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in accessing finance. For both firms with access to finance as well as those that did not make any finance request, financing obstacles posed as one of the top four serious problems for the growth of their businesses. The survey indicates the continued dependence of SMEs on internal sources of financing not only during the start-up phase but also to finance the current operations of the business. Close to 41 percent of the respondents intend to expand the size and scope of their business in the next two years. Sixty-seven percent said that financing the expansion through internal funds alone is not sufficient with the same proportion of firms indicating that they would finance their expansion by making a loan request. Previous surveys also showed a substantial proportion of firms that planned to borrow in the future. However, the continuing dependence of firms on internal sources of financing seem to suggest a gap between the plans of firms to borrow and the actual amount of funding made available by banks. SMEs particularly the smaller ones have been unable to access funds due to their limited track record, limited acceptable collateral, and inadequate financial statements and business plans. The bank survey showed that the top reasons for turning down financial requests were the firms` poor credit history, insufficient collateral, and insufficient sales, income or cash flow, unstable business type, and poor business plan. To improve MSMEs access to finance, the paper suggests the implementation of the Central Credit Information Corporation in order to address informational asymmetries. Changing the mindsets of banks and introducing nontraditional approach to SME lending would also be important along with trainings and capacity-building programs for SMEs to improve their financial literacy and management capacity.


Patents have wide appeal to students, faculty, and employers and can be a potent tool for integrating information literacy (IL) into engineering and technology curricula. There is evidence to show that students use patents to assess the patentability of their design ideas, explore the state of the art in a given area of technology, and to inspire creativity in their work. Faculty use patents and other complementary forms of gray literature to go beyond the traditional IL world of scholarly literature and engage students with information problems that reflect real-world design challenges. Working with patents allows students to develop strategic, innovative, and practical information skills that are valuable and attractive to employers in the modern technology workplace. Putting these ideas of patent-related information literacy into practice, this paper will discuss the collaborative efforts between academic librarians and disciplinary faculty to integrate patent IL content into a scaffolded IL sequence in a technology-focused undergraduate curriculum. This sequence, which also covers scholarly information and technical standards, presents students with increasingly complex information problems over the course of their academic career. The entire IL sequence, which includes four design classes, will be described, with a primary focus on how patent IL fits into and enhances this


Aircraft structure design is a complex industrial process that requires multidisciplinary analyzes and considerations in fields as diverse as aerodynamics, structure, materials and systems, as well as the right compromise between the constraints imposed by these different fields, in order to meet the overall performances required for aircraft. In the field of business jets and military aircraft, given the research into ever more efficient aerodynamic formulas, the constant desire to design "as light as possible", and the increase in fuselage sizes, aircraft flexibility has increased considerably over the last few decades. This has required the consideration of increasingly complex aeroelastic coupling phenomena that are present in the flight envelope from the very first phases in aircraft development. The challenge goes far beyond the domain of aerostructural performance alone, since aeroelasticity can also have a significant impact on related domains, such as aircraft performances, handling qualities, or system design. It has merely reinforced the potentially major impacts of aeroelasticity on the risks, costs and deadlines for new aircraft programs: aeroelasticity is now seen as one of the main disciplines in design, and as one of the "critical" processes in the aircraft development logic.
This highly-challenging context has been the source of major and constant modifications in the field of aeroelasticity since the 1990s at Dassault Aviation. Today, this trend continues, and aeroelasticity will have to tackle a series of entirely new challenges and needs, and continue to reinvent itself at the same pace if it is to avoid hampering innovation and future technological breakthroughs. In this perspective, this article gives an overview of the current best industrial ractices in terms of aeroelasticity in the military aircraft and business jet domains at Dassault Aviation. The main aspects of this challenging and exciting field are covered: the numerical methods and tools, the experimental validation process, the aircraft program expectations and aspects relating to human organization. It discusses the principles and guidelines rather than details about the basic equations and methods. The last part presents the future industrial challenges in the field of aeroelasticity for Dassault Aviation.


At Yucca Mountain, NV, future changes in climatic conditions will probably alter net infiltration, drainage below the bottom of the evapotranspiration zone within the soil profile, or flow across the interface between soil and the densely welded part of the Tiva Canyon Tuff. The objectives of this study were to: (i) develop a semiempirical model and forecast average net infiltration rates, using the limited meteorological data from analog meteorological stations, for interglacial (present day), and future monsoon, glacial transition, and glacial climates over the Yucca Mountain region; and (ii) corroborate the computed net infiltration rates by comparing them with the empirically and numerically determined groundwater recharge and percolation rates through the unsaturated zone from published data. This study approached calculations of net infiltration, aridity, and precipitation‐effectiveness indices using a modified Budyko's water‐balance model, with reference‐surface potential evapotranspiration determined from the radiation‐based Penman formula. Results of calculations show that net infiltration rates are expected to generally increase from the present‐day climate to monsoon climate, to glacial transition climate, and then to the glacial climate, following a power law relationship between net infiltration and precipitation. The forecasting results indicate the overlap between the ranges of net infiltration for different climates. Forecasting of net infiltration for different climate states is subject to numerous uncertainties associated with selecting climate analog sites, using relatively short analog meteorological records, neglecting the effects of vegetation and surface runoff and run‐on on a local scale, as well as possible anthropogenically induced climate changes.


Thin surfaced asphalts are designed in a similar manner to spray sealed asphalts considering only rutting as the major mode of failure while there is no consideration for fatigue in the current mechanistic empirical pavement design method adopted by Austroads. However, sprayed seal surfacing are less sensitive to vertical deflection compared to thin surfaced asphalts. Thin surfaced asphalts are commonly prematurely failed by fatigue before any major rutting failure. In this research, the Austroads tolerable deflection criteria was investigated utilizing deflection and cumulative traffic data from 30 thin asphalt pavement sections from Queensland. The data showed that the current Austroads tolerable deflection criterion is largely overestimating the design life of these pavement sections. A new calibrated tolerable deflection criterion was developed. The calibrated tolerable deflection criterion was used with synthetic deflection data and pavement responses generated by multilayer elastic analysis using Circly software for 200 pavement sections to develop a new subgrade criterion. The new subgrade criterion is designed to limit the maximum pavement deflection to be within the calibrated tolerable deflection. By limiting the maximum deflection of the thin asphalt pavements to the new calibrated tolerable deflection, it is expected that surface curvature will be reduced and therefore the fatigue life of these pavements will be significantly improved and it will limit the premature failures of these surfaces. The new criterion produces a stiffer pavement structure compared to the current method. The high stiffness can be achieved by using thicker base course or stabilized bases and subbases structures.


Responding to the need within the human-computer interaction field to address ubiquitous and multitasking systems more scientifically, this research extends the usefulness of a new research framework for a particular class of systems. Notification systems are interfaces used in a divided-attention, multitasking situation, attempting to deliver current, valued information through a variety of platforms and modes in an efficient and effective manner. Through review of literature and experiences with empirical dual-task perceptual studies, we recognize a lack of unifying framework for understanding, classifying, analyzing, developing, evaluating, and discussing notification systems—fundamentally inhibiting scientific growth and knowledge reuse that should help designers advance the state-of-the-art.
To this end, we developed a framework (referred to as the IRC framework) for notification systems research based on a core taxonomy of critical parameters describing user goals. Next, we extend the framework, focusing on three key aspects: (1) a system description process , allowing articulation of abstract design objectives that focus on critical user requirements; (2) interface usability evaluation tools, enabling comparison of the design and user's models, while supporting generalizability of research and early identification of usability concerns; and (3) design comparison and reuse mechanisms , saving time and effort in requirements analysis and early design stages by enabling design reuse and appreciation of design progress.
Results from this research include the development of tools to express IRC design models (IRCspec) and user's models (IRCresults ), and the extension of the critical parameters concept. Validation studies with novice designers show sufficient assessment accuracy and consistency. Leveraging these tools that help designers express abstract, yet critical, design intentions and effects as classification and retrieval indices, we develop a repository for reusable design knowledge (a claims library ). Responding to challenges of design knowledge access that we observed through initial user testing, we introduce a vision for an integrated design environment (LINK-UP) to operationalize the IRC framework and notification systems claims library in a computer-aided design support system. Proof-of-concept testing results encourage the thought that when valuable design tools embody critical parameters and are coupled with readily accessible reusable design knowledge, interface development will improve as a scientific endeavor.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the practice of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) of teacher educators (N=108) in three Education Colleges in Myanmar. A quantitative survey research design focusing on a set of questionnaire was used. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the TPACK-based practices of teacher educators in terms of their Education College, experience, degree, rank, department and gender. However, significant differences were unearthed in their practices of technological knowledge according to their experience and degree. Besides, by their ranks, significant differences were found in the practice of technological and content knowledge.


Monolithic CMOS compatible AlGaInP visible LED arrays have been demonstrated on a novel platform called silicon on lattice-engineered substrate (SOLES). SOLES wafers are based on Si1−xGex virtual substrate technology and are suitable for the practical fabrication of SOI CMOS circuits and III–V-based optoelectronic devices on a common silicon substrate. A combination of oxide–oxide wafer bonding and hydrogen-induced exfoliation was used to transfer a thin layer of device-quality silicon on insulator on the top of the Si1−xGex buffers graded to 100% Ge to realize SOLES. Epitaxial layers of a double heterojunction AlGaInP LED emitting near the red region of the visible spectrum (λ = 671 nm) were grown by MOCVD on SOLES wafers using a patterned oxide hard mask. CMOS compatibility was achieved by accessing the n-GaAs cathode of the LED through the underlying n-Ge layer of the Si1−xGex graded buffer rather than etching through the LED stack. The LED was capped with Si to avoid exposing CMOS tools to III–V materials during processing. The Si anode and Ge cathode of the resulting LED structure were contacted using Ti/Al CMOS compatible metallurgy. The prototype array is an important step towards the realization of monolithically integrated optical interconnects in high speed digital systems.


In the unsteady flow environment experienced by wind turbine blades, large excursions in local angle of attack and significant three-dimensional flows arise that complicate the prediction of stall onset and unsteady loading. Accurate predictions of the dynamic loads are critical to the pursuit of lightweight, reliable structures to lower the cost of wind energy (Ref. 1). To this end, diagnostic measurement tools capable of fine spatial resolution and high frequency response are important for better understanding unsteady aerodynamic effects on blade pressure distribution. The sparseness of conventional pressure transducers has historically provided motivation for the development of pressure-sensitive paint (PSP), an optical surface pressure measurement technique with inherently fine spatial resolution. Within the last decade, the bandwidth of certain paint formulations has been significantly increased to resolve unsteady flows; a flat frequency response on the order of several kHz is now readily achievable (Ref. 2). PSP consists of luminescent molecules adhered to the test surface by a thin binder layer, typically on the order of 10 microns. The luminophore responds to the local partial pressure of oxygen, which is directly proportional to absolute air pressure. An illumination source such as a light-emitting diode or expanded laser beam excites the luminophore, and the emitted light intensity captured by a scientific-grade camera is converted to absolute pressure via calibration. Each point on the painted surface thus responds as a molecular-sized transducer, with spatial resolution limited by the camera pixel size. Recent advancements in unsteady PSP data acquisition and processing techniques have been developed for rotating blades to account for errors caused by model movement and deformation in nonuniform illumination fields. The single-shot lifetime technique (Ref. 3) and motion capturing technique (Ref. 4) are two methods which have arisen. Due to its straightforward procedure and commonality of required hardware, the single-shot technique has been used across a range of small test facilities (Ref. 5, 6) and large-scale wind tunnels (Ref. 7). PSP measurements have been historically limited to the compressible flow regime to achieve sufficient signalto-noise ratio in the data images (Ref. 8, 9). Recent wind tunnel testing with unsteady PSP has been geared toward helicopter applications (Ref. 10, 11), although temperature error due to compressibility effects has been noted. Under isothermal conditions or with an accurate temperature correction available, laser-based excitation and highly reflective paints can enable instantaneous PSP measurements at Mach numbers near M 0.15, corresponding to dynamic pressures of approximately 1.5 kPa (Ref. 6, 12). Unsteady aerodynamic effects can result in even larger pressure differences, considering that peak suction levels on oscillating airfoils can reach factors of the free stream dynamic pressure (Ref. 13). With the present availability of suitable paints, the above considerations present an opportunity for PSP to be deployed as a measurement tool for resolving the global pressure distribution on wind turbine blades.


This dissertation study is focused on operationalizing and validating the construct of isomorphism in supervision. Liddle and Saba (1983) defined isomorphism as the "recursive replication of processes and content between counseling and supervision. The construct has not been validated in the literature (Bernard & Goodyear, 2004), occurs in supervision at an unconscious level (Williams, 1997), is not understood by supervisees (Raichelson, Herron, Primavera, & Ramirez, 1997), and yet plays an integral and foundational role in how supervision is facilitated and structured (Gentry, 1986; Liddle, Breunline, Schwartz, & Constantine, 1984; Liddle & Saba, 1983; White & Russell, 1997). In order to operationalize and validate the construct, a self-report survey was created to measure for levels of isomorphism using a survey creation methodology proposed by Colton and Covert (2007) and Lounsbury, Gibson, and Saudargas (2005). The eight steps of the aforementioned methodology were conducted by the researcher and this dissertation constitutes the methods and results of steps seven and eight, the pilot study and validation study. The results of the study found that the Isomorphism Scale has an acceptable level of internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .893) with 30 items. An exploratory factor analysis found nine underlying factors accounting for 68.65% of the variance. There was strong convergent validity evidence for the composite and factor scores of the Isomorphism Scale when compared to the subscales of the SWAISupervisor (correlations ranged between .119 and .353), the SIQ-Supervisor (correlations ranged between .134 and .195), and the SSI-Supervisor (correlations ranged between .121 and .358). There was also incremental validity evidence found with the composite score of the Isomorphism Scale accounting for a significant amount of variance in the "Attractive" subscale of the SSI-Supervisor, ∆ [delta] R = .016, F(1, 269) = 6.87, p = .009, and the "Interpersonally Sensitive" subscale of the SSI-Supervisor, ∆ [delta] R = .026, F(1, 267) = 10.34, p = .001. There was no concurrent validity evidence found in the analysis. The results show that the Isomorphism Scale is a reliable and valid instrument that validates the core facets of isomorphism posited by White and Russell (1997).


Recently, Dynamic Neural Field models have shed light on the flexible and dynamic processes underlying young children's emergent categorisation and word learning (DNF; e.g., Spencer & Schoner [1]). DNF models are a distinct class of neural network in which perceptual features can be represented topologically and time continuously, complementing existing connectionist models of cognitive development by building category representations that are available for inspection at any given stage in learning. Recent research in infant categorization and word learning has demonstrated that young children's ability to learn and generalise labels for novel object categories is profoundly affected by the perceptual variability of the to-be-learned category. We have captured these data in a DNF model of children's category label learning. Given a known vocabulary, our model exploits mutual exclusivity via simple associative processes to map novel labels to novel categories, and is able to retain and generalize these newly-formed mappings. The model was used to generate the testable prediction that children's generalizations of novel category labels should be contingent on the number and closeness of objects' perceptual neighbours. We present a replication of this prediction, via an empirical study with 30-month-old children. In line with the model, children were only able to generalize novel words to completely novel objects when those objects were central to the just-encountered category, rather than peripheral. This empirical replication demonstrates the predictive validity of DNF models when applied to cognitive development. Further, the data suggest that children's ability to categorise and learn labels is not a conceptually-based, stepwise phenomenon, but rather a graded, emergent process. As such, these data add weight to associative, dynamic systems approaches to understanding language learning, categorisation, and cognition more generally.


The article deals with the development of Greek social model during the past 25 years. The facts in the article are extracted from the works of Greek and foreign authors and are explained in a chronological manner. The author poses a question and answers to it positively: can social security develop successfully in an economically lagging behind country? The achievements of Greek social security may present a solid basis for the critics of free market apologists in showing the significance of strong social security. Besides the numerous, mainly extensive, results of the Greek social model, it has some negative features as clienteleism, corruption and "amoral familialism" which, of course, can not be positive examples for the followers. Not only positive sides are worth to study for Lithuanian scholars and students. The negative sides of Greek social model are worth to study too, as they have some comparative resemblance with Eastern European model in general and Lithuanian model in particular.


From the Publisher:
for graphics programmers. OpenGL is a powerful software interface for graphics hardware that allows graphics programmers to produce high- quality color images of 3D objects. The functions in the OpenGL library enable programmers to build geometric models, view models interactively in 3D space, control color and lighting, manipulate pixels, and perform such tasks as alpha blending, anti-aliasing, creating atmospheric effects, and texture mapping.
Open Inventor is an object-oriented 3D toolkit built on OpenGL that provides a 3D scene database, a built-in event model for user interaction, and the ability to print objects and exchange data with other graphics formats.
The OpenGL Technical Library provides tutorial and reference books for OpenGL and Open Inventor. The library enables programmers to gain a practical understanding of these important software standards and shows how to unlock their full potential.


Interview in eight sessions (January–February 2014) with Steele Professor of Astronomy Richard Ellis, whose life has taken him from a small coastal town in Wales to the edge of the universe. He recounts that trajectory in this oral history, starting with his upbringing and education in Wales and his youthful enthusiasm for astronomy, which he pursued through studies at University College London (B.Sc. 1971) and Oxford University (D.Phil. 1974). Having the good fortune to begin his career at the dawn of the "golden era" of British astronomy, he describes his years on the faculty of the University of Durham, where he worked with physics department head and future UK Astronomer Royal A. Wolfendale to develop the "Durham group" into an internationally recognized astronomy program. He talks about his work at the Royal Greenwich Observatory, his galactic and extragalactic studies carried out at British observatories and elsewhere, most notably the Anglo-Australian Telescope, and his involvement in mapping the future of British astronomy.

In 1993, he became the Plumian Professor at the University of Cambridge and director of Cambridge's Institute of Astronomy, and in 1999 he joined the faculty of Caltech, where he served as director of Palomar Observatory/Caltech Optical Observatories (2000–05), carried out pioneering observations at the W. M. Keck Observatories and Hubble Space Telescope, and was centrally involved in still-ongoing efforts to build the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT).

Ellis details his years of research in observational cosmology, probing galactic evolution and distribution at ever-higher redshifts, and his work on gravitational lensing and dark matter, the cosmic "dark ages" and cosmic dawn, and the pursuit of the most distant objects in the universe. He recalls his role in the 1987 discovery of the first cosmologically distant supernova and subsequent involvement in the supernova cosmology project, an investigation that won the 2011 Nobel Prize in physics for three of its principal scientists. He talks about his collaborations and interactions with numerous colleagues and students, including D. Axon, R. Blandford, A. Boksenberg, G. Efstathiou, D. Lynden-Bell, J. Peebles, M. Rees, W. Sargent, D. Saxon, B. Tinsley, and T. Tombrello, and shares his perspectives on the science and sociology of the astrophysical communities in Great Britain and the United States. Recaps of his election to the UK Royal Society and his designation as a Commander of the British Empire (CBE)—the latter formalized at a Buckingham Palace reception with HRH Prince Charles—also form part of this oral history.

Note: Occasional allusions in this manuscript to a Royal Society memoir or biography refer to an autobiography that Ellis was asked to prepare for the Royal Society at the time he was elected a Fellow in 1995. A copy of the bio is appended to this oral history.


While quality of life (QOL) is the result of satisfying human needs, our current provision strategies result in global environmental degradation. To ensure sustainable QOL, we need to understand the environmental impact of human needs satisfaction. In this paper we deconstruct QOL, and apply the fundamental human needs framework developed by Max-Neef et al to calculate the carbon and energy footprints of subsistence, protection, creation, freedom, leisure, identity, understanding and participation. We find that half of global carbon emissions are driven by subsistence and protection. A similar amount are due to freedom, identity, creation and leisure together, whereas understanding and participation jointly account for less than 4% of global emissions. We use 35 objective and subjective indicators to evaluate human needs satisfaction and their associated carbon footprints across nations. We find that the relationship between QOL and environmental impact is more complex than previously identified through aggregated or single indicators. Satisfying needs such as protection, identity and leisure is generally not correlated with their corresponding footprints. In contrast, the likelihood of satisfying needs for understanding, creation, participation and freedom, increases steeply when moving from low to moderate emissions, and then stagnates. Most objective indicators show a threshold trend with respect to footprints, but most subjective indicators show no relationship, except for freedom and creation. Our study signals the importance of considering both subjective and objective satisfaction to assess QOL-impact relationships at the needs level. In this way, resources could be strategically invested where they strongly relate to social outcomes, and spared where non-consumption satisfiers could be more effective. Through this approach, decoupling human needs satisfaction from environmental damage becomes more attainable.


For over 150 years the studios and corridors of The Glasgow School of Art have been adorned with an extensive collection of plaster casts – a diverse mix of life-size Greek, Roman and medieval figures, smaller anatomical examples and a selection of architectural detailing and decorations. The casts also offer means of understanding contemporary patterns of collecting. Many of the early examples were donated by bodies such as the Glasgow Dilettanti Society and the Glasgow Architectural Society, and later on, there was an accelerated process of acquisition to replace damaged pieces or to acquire multiple copies of popular in-demand items, some of which were loaned from the School to other educational institutions. These later acquisitions were purchased from one of a number of British and European companies who provided trade catalogues; and of these companies, Giusti and Co., a Glasgow-based firm specializing in plaster mold making and casting, retained links with GSA until the late 1990s.

Plaster casts were important teaching aids from the School's earliest years when 'drawing from the antique' was a key component in the structured programme of art education managed by the Department of Science and Art and known as the South Kensington system. By the mid-20th century, teaching from casts had become less fashionable, and it is known that entire cast collections were disposed of at art schools across the UK. At The GSA, however, there was always sufficient interest shown by individual staff and students for the collection to be retained. In addition, the casts' association with the interior of the celebrated Mackintosh Building has meant that their relevance has taken on an added cultural significance.

In 2014 the Mackintosh Building suffered a dramatic fire, and many of the plaster casts were damaged. For some, the effects were relatively light, and these casts found a temporary home in the GSA's Reid Building, where their presence offers an interesting juxtaposition to Steven Holl's contemporary architectural response to the Mackintosh Building. For other items in the collection, the effects of heat and smoke were devastating. This ushered in a remarkable phase in the casts' story: an unprecedented conservation campaign led by Graciela Ainsworth that sought to preserve them "as were" immediately after the fire. The intent was not to preserve them "in amber", but as objects that proudly wear their scars. As such, their aura and patina carries unique and renewed meanings. As part of the re-opening of the Mackintosh Building in 2019, the collection of plaster casts will be re-installed as proud members of the GSA community. No longer simply a backdrop, they now represent objects of memory and experience, and the collection of plaster casts will contribute towards new creative directions for staff and students alike.


A New York Times bestseller A Washington Post bestseller Named the top investigative journalism book of 2013 by Nieman Reports Selected as one of Publishers Weekly's Top 10 Books of 2013 "[A] courageous and exhaustive examination of the way a number of clandestine campaigns--full of crimes, cover-ups, and assassinations--became the United States' main strategy for combating terrorism." --Teju Cole, The New Yorker, Best Books of 2013 In Dirty Wars, Jeremy Scahill, author of the New York Times best-seller Blackwater, takes us inside America's new covert wars. The foot soldiers in these battles operate globally and inside the United States with orders from the White House to do whatever is necessary to hunt down, capture or kill individuals designated by the president as enemies. Drawn from the ranks of the Navy SEALs, Delta Force, former Blackwater and other private security contractors, the CIA's Special Activities Division and the Joint Special Operations Command ( JSOC), these elite soldiers operate worldwide, with thousands of secret commandos working in more than one hundred countries. Funded through "black budgets," Special Operations Forces conduct missions in denied areas, engage in targeted killings, snatch and grab individuals and direct drone, AC-130 and cruise missile strikes. While the Bush administration deployed these ghost militias, President Barack Obama has expanded their operations and given them new scope and legitimacy. Dirty Wars follows the consequences of the declaration that "the world is a battlefield," as Scahill uncovers the most important foreign policy story of our time. From Afghanistan to Yemen, Somalia and beyond, Scahill reports from the frontlines in this high-stakes investigation and explores the depths of America's global killing machine. He goes beneath the surface of these covert wars, conducted in the shadows, outside the range of the press, without effective congressional oversight or public debate. And, based on unprecedented access, Scahill tells the chilling story of an American citizen marked for assassination by his own government. As US leaders draw the country deeper into conflicts across the globe, setting the world stage for enormous destabilization and blowback, Americans are not only at greater risk--we are changing as a nation. Scahill unmasks the shadow warriors who prosecute these secret wars and puts a human face on the casualties of unaccountable violence that is now official policy: victims of night raids, secret prisons, cruise missile attacks and drone strikes, and whole classes of people branded as "suspected militants." Through his brave reporting, Scahill exposes the true nature of the dirty wars the United States government struggles to keep hidden.


Arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO(2)) has long been established as a technique for monitoring critical care patients. Motion artifacts (MA) are physical disturbances of the patient that detrimentally affect the measured arterial pulse waveform. Identification and discrimination of these motion artifacts is fundamental to improving sensitivity towards genuine,clinical events such as hypoxemia. In this paper we investigate different Artificial Neural Network :implementations in the discrimination between normal and distorted waveforms in the Bayesian framework. We compare this against a neural network method of reconstructing the arterial pulse waveform from a resampled version. This method uses the neural network as a means of filtering out MA corrupted waveforms from normal waveforms. These two approaches provide methods for discriminating between normal and abnormal (MA corrupted) arterial pulse waveforms. We investigate the application of these techniques to identify the characteristics of normal arterial pulse waveforms in the development of an effective classification paradigm. We conclude that although the waveform classification system can successfully discriminate between 83.2% of normal and MA waveforms, the method of signal reconstruction offers an attractive means of identifying MA by attaining accuracies of 97% on average.


Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1998.


In recent years, the recognition of Gilles Deleuze as one of the major philosophers of the twentieth century has heightened attention to his brilliant and complex writings on film. What is the place of Cinema 1 and Cinema 2 in the corpus of his philosophy? How and why does Deleuze consider cinema as a singular object of philosophical attention, a specific mode of thought? How does his philosophy of film combine and further his approaches to time, movement, and perception, and how does it produce an escape from subjectivity and a plunge into the immanence of images? How does it recode and utilize Henri Bergson's thought and Andre Bazin's film theory? What does it tell us about perceiving a world in images-indeed about our relation to the world? These are the central questions addressed in Paola Marrati's powerful and clear elucidation of Deleuze's philosophy of film. Humanities, film studies, and social science scholars will find this book a valuable contribution to the philosophical literature on cinema and its pertinence in contemporary life.


Some degree of disabling hearing loss is present in 466 million people world-wide , representing 5% of the world's population and the majority of these are adults over 65 years old. Hearing loss is associated with increased risks of social isolation, depression, dementia, stroke, vision loss, diabetes and mortality. It is in the top five causes of years lived with disability in 2015, 2016 and 2017 for males and top 10 for females. Hearing aids are a suitable treatment for mild to moderate loses but for some they do not provide enough benefit. Cochlear implantation is a proven and effective treatment for bilateral severe to profound hearing loss, yet despite good funding in high income countries, the utilisation of CI is poor (less than 10% of suitable patients), especially in the older adult population who arguably need it most. Prevalence data shows that hearing loss increases with age, but the provision of implants in the over 65 s is even lower, despite there being no clinical barriers to older adults receiving a CI. Survey data shows that awareness activities are needed for both professionals and the general population to improve knowledge of what a CI is and how it can help.


OBJECTIVES
To evaluate impacts of a telephonic transitional care program on service use and spending for Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries at a rural hospital.

STUDY DESIGN
Observational cohort study.

METHODS
Patients discharged from Atlantic General Hospital (AGH) with an AGH primary care provider were assigned a nurse care coordinator for 30 days. The nurse reviewed the patient's conditions, assessed needs for transition support, conducted weekly telephone calls (beginning 24-72 hours after discharge) to monitor adherence to treatment plans, and scheduled follow-up appointments. Using claims data, we evaluated impacts on service use and spending using a difference-in-differences design with a matched comparison group.

RESULTS
The intervention reduced Medicare spending in the 6-month period after discharge by 30.8%, or $1333 per beneficiary per month (90% CI, -$2078 to -$589), which was partly driven by a 39.4% reduction in spending for inpatient claims (difference, -$729; 90% CI, -$1234 to -$225). There were no statistically significant changes in the 14-day ambulatory care follow-up rate, 30-day unplanned readmission rate, number of inpatient admissions, or number of emergency department visits, although this may be due to modest statistical power to detect effects.

CONCLUSIONS
The estimated $5.4 million in savings from this intervention more than offset the costs of the $1.1 million funding for the award. Although other studies have found that care transitions programs can improve outcomes, this study was unique in the size of the impacts relative to the low-touch intervention and the location in a small rural healthcare system.


In this work, we present the construction of multilingual parallel corpora with annotation of multiword expressions (MWEs). MWEs include verbal MWEs (vMWEs) defined in the PARSEME shared task that have a verb as the head of the studied terms. The annotated vMWEs are also bilingually and multilingually aligned manually. The languages covered include English, Chinese, Polish, and German. Our original English corpus is taken from the PARSEME shared task in 2018. We performed machine translation of this source corpus followed by human post editing and annotation of target MWEs. Strict quality control was applied for error limitation, i.e., each MT output sentence received first manual post editing and annotation plus second manual quality rechecking. One of our findings during corpora preparation is that accurate translation of MWEs presents challenges to MT systems. To facilitate further MT research, we present a categorisation of the error types encountered by MT systems in performing MWE related translation. To acquire a broader view of MT issues, we selected four popular state-of-the-art MT models for comparisons namely: Microsoft Bing Translator, GoogleMT, Baidu Fanyi and DeepL MT. Because of the noise removal, translation post editing and MWE annotation by human professionals, we believe our AlphaMWE dataset will be an asset for cross-lingual and multilingual research, such as MT and information extraction. Our multilingual corpora are available as open access at github.com/poethan/AlphaMWE.


Firms make forward-looking decisions. We provide evidence that firms' investment decisions contain news about future aggregate conditions. This information is best extracted by dimension-reduction techniques. The investment-based signal improves upon the widely-used GDP forecasts found in the Survey of Professional Forecasters. We appeal to news-driven business cycle theory to explain our result, suggesting that these investment decisions contain firms' information about future productivity shocks. This theory also helps us to understand why accounting-based measures of investment reveal the news while market-based measures of value do not.


The general tone of this second volume of letters is considerably darker than that of the first. Though Under the Volcano (published in 1947) was behind Lowry, it would never leave him alone. The success of the novel became a curse: he could not avoid helping his translators; he longed for a film treatment of the book; he found it difficult to become fully engaged in new work; the celebrity associated with a best-seller was, as he put it in a poem, a 'disaster' akin to your house burning down.Illnessses, the death of friends, threats of eviction from his beloved foreshore Dollarton home, and drink plagued Lowry. And yet, he made repeated attempts to escape his personal abysses. He made new friends, re-established a good working relationship with his editor Albert Erskine, began several new projects, and continued to write superb letters. The more than 400 included here, all written during the last decade of his life, reveal a man fascinated with films, bristling with plans for his masterwork The Voyage That Never Ends, eager to discuss the virtues of Faulkner, Fitzgerald, Cocteau, and the work of friends like Gerald Noxon or Jimmy Stern. There is also a selection from his several hundred 'love notes' written to Margerie Lowry and pinned to places in the Dollarton shack or to trees along the 'forest path to spring.' These notes, like much else in the volume, are published here for the first time, providing interesting glimpses into Lowry's private world. The letters written just before his sudden death in England in 1957 are among his most moving; they reveal a weariness of spirit, a deep regret for the loss of his Dollarton paradise, but also the courage, self-deprecating humour, love of language, and keen intelligence that characterize everything he wrote. In addition to a critical introduction and detailed chronologies, this volume includes photographs, many of the drawings with which Lowry illustrated his letters, and reproductions of holograph letters.


Solid electrolytes for solid-state Li-ion batteries are stimulating considerable interest for next-generation energy storage applications. The Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet-type solid electrolyte has received appreciable attention as a result of its high ionic conductivity. However, several challenges for the successful application of solid-state devices based on Li7La3Zr2O12 remain, such as dendrite formation and maintaining physical contact at interfaces over many Li intercalation/extraction cycles. Here, we apply first-principles density functional theory to provide insights into the Li7La3Zr2O12 particle morphology under various physical and chemical conditions. Our findings indicate Li segregation at the surfaces, suggesting Li-rich grain boundaries at typical synthesis and sintering conditions. On the basis of our results, we propose practical strategies to curb Li segregation at the Li7La3Zr2O12 interfaces. This approach can be extended to other Li-ion conductors for the design of practical energy storage de...


Tourism crowding management is an important part of sustainable tourism
development. Tourism managers are responsible for preserving the natural and
cultural resources which form the bases for attractions. In addition, tourist site
managers are responsible for making sure tourists can experience the sites relatively
free from excessive crowds. The importance of crowding issues in tourism is
reinforced by considerable previous research attention. Several researchers have
investigated tourists' crowding-related norms as a way of providing suggestions to
site management personnel. Previous research has identified many factors which can
influence tourists' perceptions of crowding. Most researchers have tried to establish
crowding specific concepts to support the sound conservation as well as the use of the
resources, while at the same time supporting successful businesses and quality visitor
experiences. Building on the previous literature, the central aim of this thesis is to
compare crowding-related issues between different kinds of sites in order to develop a
crowding management model specifically relevant to tourist attractions. In developing
the crowding management model, three comparative studies were conducted; the first
explored tourists' actual use levels and tourists' perceived use levels, the second
studied factors influencing tourists' perceptions of crowding and the third investigated
crowding managerial strategies. These comparative studies were conducted at five
sites in Cairns, Australia and five sites in Xi'an, China. The sites employed in the two
destinations involve very different environments. The sites in Cairns are located in a
developed country and are environmentally based settings, while the cultural sites in
Xi'an are located in a rapidly developing country. These differences provide
important points of contrast but facilitate the construction of a broadly based
understanding of crowding management at tourist attractions.

In Study One, observations were conducted to find out the visitors' actual use levels
of the settings. In order to compare the actual visitor use levels and the perceived use
levels, a questionnaire based survey of on-site visitors (N = 585) was used to reveal
tourists' crowding-related norms. The questionnaire study was then linked to detailed
observation studies conducted earlier at the sites. Several evaluative dimensions
reported by previous researchers were followed to measure use levels, including "preference", "desirability", and "tolerance". The tolerance and preference data were
used to undertake a comparison with the actual visitor use levels. The key findings of
this study using single sample t test comparisons were that several aspects of
crowding management were a problem at sites in Xi'an but not in Cairns. Moreover,
the actual visitor use levels exceeded visitors' preference at some popular sites in
Xi'an in the peak season. These findings were not replicated in Cairns.

The purpose of Study Two was to investigate the relationships between tourists' site
evaluations and tourists' use levels. Additionally, the study sought to explain the
tourists' perceptions. Data collected from the same questionnaire survey were also
used in this study. The relationships among tourists' crowding-related perceptions,
including the evaluative dimensions of environment concern, crowd concern,
tolerance, preference, desire and satisfaction, were tested using the independent ttests,
one-way ANOVAs, correlations and multiple regressions. A key finding was
that there were relationships between the three evaluative dimensions. There were
further links to visitors' desire to stay in the settings and their satisfaction with the
settings. The findings varied for the two destinations since tourists had different
perceptions at sites in Cairns and Xi'an. Age, nationality and type of travel influenced
the perception of crowding and other crowding relationships but gender did not.

The final study investigated the ideas, opinions and strategies to control crowding, as
revealed by interviews with a number of key site managers. The semi-structured
interviews were conducted by sampling CEOs and senior managers of six natural sites
in Cairns and ten cultural sites in Xi'an. Data collected in this Study Three were
analyzed by coding the dominant themes in the interviews in a version of the
grounded theory approach. The responses of managers provided considerable
information about crowding management strategies. First, several factors were
identified which lead to crowding in Xi'an, but not in Cairns. These factors included
seasonality, the homogeneous types of tourists, unevenly distributed numbers of
tourists within the sites, facility deficiencies and poor service delivery on the busiest
days. Second, managers in both destinations provided suggestions for better crowding
management. These included ticketing and pricing controls, cooperation with other
sectors, monitoring of problems and contingency plans for crises. The sites in Xi'an
faced more difficulties in controlling tourists' activities in the peak season, especially
in the Golden Weeks. The managers at the Chinese sites paid more attention to
crowding management issues.

As a result of these three linked studies, a crowding management model for tourist
sites was developed. This model provided a structured approach defining the factors
to consider in the crowd management process. Finally, this thesis noted some study
limitations and suggested several future study areas which could contribute to
consolidating the work conducted in the present research. It can be suggested that
researchers and managers need to continue to work together to deal with the
increasingly troubling problem of too many people in the same tourist space.


Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardous pollutants, with increasing emissions in pace with economic development in East Asia, but their distribution and fate in the atmosphere are not yet well understood. We extended the regional atmospheric chemistry model WRF-Chem (Weather Research Forecast model with Chemistry module) to comprehensively study the atmospheric distribution and the fate of low-concentration, slowly degrading semivolatile compounds. The WRF-Chem-PAH model reflects the state-of-the-art understanding of current PAHs studies with several new or updated features. It was applied for PAHs covering a wide range of volatility and hydrophobicity, i.e. phenanthrene, chrysene and benzo[a]pyrene, in East Asia. Temporally highly resolved PAH concentrations and particulate mass fractions were evaluated against observations. The WRF-Chem-PAH model is able to reasonably well simulate the concentration levels and particulate mass fractions of PAHs near the sources and at a remote outflow region of East Asia, in high spatial and temporal resolutions. Sensitivity study shows that the heterogeneous reaction with ozone and the homogeneous reaction with the nitrate radical significantly influence the fate and distributions of PAHs. The methods to implement new species and to correct the transport problems can be applied to other newly implemented species in WRF-Chem.


We propose a novel approach that allows the calculation of a Hilbert transform based complex correlation for unevenly spaced data. This method is especially suitable for high frequency trading data, which are of a particular interest in finance. Its most important feature is the ability to take into account lead-lag relations on different scales, without knowing them in advance. We also present results obtained with this approach while working on Tokyo Stock Exchange intraday quotations. We show that individual sectors and subsectors tend to form important market components which may follow each other with small but significant delays. These components may be recognized by analysing eigenvectors of complex correlation matrix for Nikkei 225 stocks. Interestingly, sectorial components are also found in eigenvectors corresponding to the bulk eigenvalues, traditionally treated as noise.


As the mobile application landscape expands, wireless networks are tasked with supporting different connection profiles, including real-time traffic and delay-sensitive communications. Among many ensuing engineering challenges is the need to better understand the fundamental limits of forward error correction in non-asymptotic regimes. This article seeks to characterize the performance of block codes over finite-state channels with memory. In particular, classical results from information theory are revisited in the context of channels with rare transitions, and bounds on the probabilities of decoding failure are derived for random codes. This creates an analysis framework where channel dependencies within and across codewords are preserved. Such results can subsequently be integrated into a queueing problem formulation. Overall, this study offers new insights about the potential impact of channel correlation on the performance of delay-aware, point-to-point communication links.


Context : a mechanism for the creation of metaphor
When the new South African Constitution was adopted on 8 May 1996, theformer Deputy President Thabo Mbeki - president since June 1999 - madea statement on behalf of the ANC. In his address he used the expression "Iam an African" in an extraordinary way: to promote the idea of a "rainbownation". From a cognitive linguistic view this article analyses the developmentof the metaphor status of this specific expression against thebackground of relevant contextual variables. It is argued that the speechcontext functions in various ways: it filters information from differentconceptual experience domains; it explicates the generic space to somedegree, contrary to its customary role in the creation of a metaphor, inwhich case the generic space functions at a low level of description; and assuch it links the source and target domains of the relevant metaphoricexpression. Although the expression "I am an African" reveals a characteristicmetaphorical structure, cross-domain mapping in this instance takesan opposite route due to the fact that this expression acquires its metaphoricalfeatures at deep-rooted levels of conceptual blending, instigatedby the specific speech context.


Laypeople are increasingly motivated to participate in design processes, but what knowledge do they actually possess that enables such participation? Some studies show that laypeople have gained detailed product knowledge from exposure. This knowledge can be applied to accurately recognize product categories, and to manage emotional expectations. In the experiment presented here, we test if laypeople can apply product category knowledge to production tasks using an animation production toolkit designed by the authors. In a betweensubjects experiment, participants with and without production training produced 3D animations for four distinct genres—comedy, drama, action, and non-fiction. Their task was to deliver versions of a basic animation film by adapting the motion of the film's central figure by using an interactive test device. This device allowed participants to control four parameters of figure motion: velocity, efficiency, fluency, and deformation. As predicted, the animations produced by laypeople and experts were highly similar. We argue that in comparable cases it is important to not underestimate laypeople's product knowledge, as toolkits could be designed to align to this implicit production knowledge in order to increase the motivation of laypeople to participate in the design


Recent research suggests that neural machine translation achieves parity with professional human translation on the WMT Chinese–English news translation task. We empirically test this claim with alternative evaluation protocols, contrasting the evaluation of single sentences and entire documents. In a pairwise ranking experiment, human raters assessing adequacy and fluency show a stronger preference for human over machine translation when evaluating documents as compared to isolated sentences. Our findings emphasise the need to shift towards document-level evaluation as machine translation improves to the degree that errors which are hard or impossible to spot at the sentence-level become decisive in discriminating quality of different translation outputs.


Malnutrition among older adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) is a serious and long-recognized health concern. Identifying nonpharmacological means for enhancing the volume of nutrition intake is an urgent need. Researchers have explored the use of music and music therapy as nonpharmacological avenues in this regard, but most music-based studies related to food intake focus on receptive interventions wherein participants are exposed to recorded music during meal times. The purpose of the present research is to investigate whether residents with ADRD would significantly increase their volume of food intake during the midday meal immediately following 30 minutes of active singing engagement facilitated by a board-certified music therapist (MT-BC). Results indicated no significant change in food intake for participants with ADRD in three long-term care facilities. However, the unintended finding at two facilities wherein participants' food intake was greater during baseline weeks versus treatment weeks led to speculation about the impact of serotonin which researchers report is released during enjoyable music engagement episodes, but that has also long been recognized as an appetite suppressant. With this newly interpreted finding, recommendation is offered for monitoring when music therapy is provided for individuals with ADRD and nutritional complications relative to their meal times toward minimizing potential adverse effects.


This paper reveals that, under themarket fragmentation, Chinese integrating firms have to compete with lots of regional firms in different regions. To gain advantages, firm needs to apply regional repertoires with regional competitive behavior. This paper examines the relationship between regional repertoire and performance, and found out that inertia of regional repertoire is positive associate with performance, which is opposite to the western scholarÂ's theory. Meanwhile, this paper also explore the mediating effects of post-merger synergy, including operation synergy, sales synergy, management synergy and financial synergy, between regional inertia and performance


Advances in computer technology combined with communication technologies have exerted unprecedented pressures for change on libraries. This study investigated the measures to be taken for strengthening information technology in Pakistani libraries. The critical issue identified provides closer insight into the issues affecting overall implementation of IT. This study found out that condition of IT implementation in Pakistani libraries is very pathetic. It highlights the status of existing information technology facilities in Pakistani libraries. It highlights the barriers in the way of IT implementation e.g. scarcity of funds, low level of IT education in library schools, shortage of expertise, obsolete syllabi of library schools, no arrangement for continuing education, lack of planning in IT implementation projects. There seems to be a direct correlation between the IT education in library schools and level of IT implementation in libraries. There is a widening chasm between LIS education in developing countries and those in developed countries. In the light of research questions data were analyzed and elaborated. On the basis of findings, recommendations were given.

 Key words: IT education, IT implementation Pakistani libraries