Music, Postcolonialism, and Gender: The Construction of Irish National Identity, 1725-1874. By Leith Davis. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2006. Pp. xvi + 326, acknowledgments, introduction, illustrations, notes, bibliography, index. $65.00 cloth, $30.00 paper) Music, Postcolonialism, and Gender is one of the most thorough, analytically sophisticated, and intellectually exciting studies of European song culture and history in decades and should become a classic in the field of folksong scholarship. The book surveys Irish print and manuscript materials, identifies an historical trajectory from these materials, and analyzes the ways that the discourse of gender interweaves with the determinations of colonialism. That the book was published by the University of Notre Dame, one of the premier centers for the study of Irish literature, history, and culture, attests to its importance. Carefully researched and artfully argued, this study of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century texts on Irish music shows these works shaping the imagining of the Irish nation within the fraught colonial dynamic with England. Davis insists that "the examination of Irish music and of the discourse that links that music to Irish society is as crucial to our understanding of the complexities involved in the construction of Irish identity - both at home and abroad - as the examination of Irish literature is already acknowledged to be" (5). Tracing the idea of Ireland as an exceptionally "musical nation," Davis argues that this fixation on Irish musicality represents a power dynamic existing between the colonizing Anglo-Britain and the colonized Ireland going back as far as the commentary of Giraldus Cambrensis in the twelfth century. Examining "how music was written down and what was written about the music," she surveys "introductions, prefaces, and contents of musical collections, lyrics, histories, fictional texts, and reviews, all of which . . . contributed to the imagining of Ireland as the 'Land of Song'" (6). Drawing on post-colonial theory, Davis sees the texts she examines as sites both of colonial co-optation by English and Anglo-Irish writers, and of simultaneous resistance, within the socio-cultural politics of Gaelic- and Anglo-Ireland under English rule. Two strategies direct her analysis. The first is a concept of hybridization and ambiguity that locates in Irish music a "double inscription" that is "a continuous negotiation between the original cultures of the native Irish and the dominant cultures, both Anglo-Irish and English" (a negotiation by turns "complicit" and "liberatory" in particular texts and textual moments) (9) . The second is a recognition of the importance of gender in the colonial dynamic - both studying the contributions of particular women to eighteenthand nineteenth-century collection and discussion of Irish music, and also analyzing "masculinizing" and "feminizing" discourse within texts to show such gendering enacting a power dynamic vis-a-vis Ireland as an English colony. This analysis of gender in the formation of political hegemony is one of the most nuanced, lucid, and convincing demonstrations of the topic that I have read. Music, Postcolonialism, and Gender shows images of and ideas about gender to be inextricably imbricated in the dynamics and formations of inequality. …


Unsupervised node embedding methods (e.g., DeepWalk, LINE, and node2vec) have attracted growing interests given their simplicity and effectiveness. However, although these methods have been proved effective in a variety of applications, none of the existing work has analyzed the robustness of them. This could be very risky if these methods are attacked by an adversarial party. In this paper, we take the task of link prediction as an example, which is one of the most fundamental problems for graph analysis, and introduce a data positioning attack to node embedding methods. We give a complete characterization of attacker's utilities and present efficient solutions to adversarial attacks for two popular node embedding methods: DeepWalk and LINE. We evaluate our proposed attack model on multiple real-world graphs. Experimental results show that our proposed model can significantly affect the results of link prediction by slightly changing the graph structures (e.g., adding or removing a few edges). We also show that our proposed model is very general and can be transferable across different embedding methods. Finally, we conduct a case study on a coauthor network to better understand our attack method.


This article analyses the significance of Jakarta's night venues, defined in a narrow way (bars, clubs and prostitution complexes). They represent not only forms of modernisation and their acceptance in a city from the developing world, but they show how usual means of controlling the night have different understandings and produce different types of arrangements, regarding where one is located. We show how informal agreements are central to ordering the night and to governance processes, and how they produce different types of territories within an Indonesian context. The first part draws a topography of the night-time economy in Jakarta, showing how the evolution of the venues reflects both the growth of the metropolis and Indonesia's different political regimes. Then the paper analyses the inner (dis)organisation of the venues and neighbourhoods in which they are concentrated, before assessing the meaning of the policies aimed at creating order in the city at night, showing how appearances of order take precedence over the effective planning of the metropolis.


The increasing number of aging people around the world, especially in developing countries, and its economic, social, and health consequences demonstrate the necessity of studies focusing on the elderly. The results of the studies can provide ways for solving the existing and future problems that are associated with the aging population. Although research studies on elderly are conducted in Iran and other developing countries, many remain unpublished or published in the languages that cannot be universally used because there are not many English language journals in the area of healthy aging. The Elderly Health Research Center in the School of Public Health at Shahid Sadoughi University (SSU) of Medical Sciences in Yazd, Iran is the publisher of the Elderly Health Journal (EHJ), an English language and peer-reviewed journal. The EHJ received the approval from Iran's Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance and periodical commission of Ministry of Health and Medical Education. The call for papers was through e-mails and announcements on the SSU website. We are pleased to release the first issue of the EHJ, containing eight papers related to aging and health. We hope that the readers will find the papers useful. We will do the best we can to receive international indexing for the journal. So we invite researchers, students, and practitioners in the area of healthy aging to submit their research-based articles to assist us in achieving our final goal, which is aging health promotion around the world especially in developing countries. We welcome constructive suggestions to improve the overall quality of the EHJ. Looking forward to seeing your comments and manuscripts.


The author creates a conceptual model for risk premia strategies, focusing on the notion of a continuum running from pure alpha to pure beta and where on this continuum a given manager or investor would like to engage with the markets. He suggests that a risk premium that is nearly completely unknown is really a source of alpha, which then becomes more risk premia–like as it gains market acceptance. As such, there is an inexorable pull toward commoditization for any known and profitable investment strategy. A key question for both risk premia asset managers and investors is how to operate in this dynamic environment. The investment manager might consider how to adapt and perhaps research and migrate to new, less-commoditized strategies over time. The investor must decide what mix of managers along this continuum to select. Finally, the author provides empirical evidence that naïve versions of some of the most known risk premia strategies have indeed shown signs of commoditization in the post-crisis period as compared to the pre-crisis period. Broadly, he suggests that in the face of investment strategy degradation, investors and managers must consider adaptive approaches to the markets and to upgrading their strategies or strategy allocations. TOPICS: Analysis of individual factors/risk premia, factor-based models, style investing Key Findings • Alternative risk premia (ARP) strategies tend to experience an inexorable pull toward efficiency, commoditization, and beta over time, especially as new market participants enter the space to take advantage of ARP opportunities. • Key questions then involve where on the spectrum running from alpha, to risk premia, to something more akin to beta managers and investors want to operate and how to migrate away from strategies that may have deteriorated. • These are important considerations given that there is indeed some evidence that performance/diversification deterioration has occurred in typical ARP strategies. The author suggests that an adaptive, innovative approach to ARP may be ideal.


Influential scientists are urging journal publishers to free their published works so they can be accessed in comprehensive digital archives. That would create the opportunity for new services that dynamically interconnect material in the archives. To achieve this, two issues endemic to scholarly journal publishing need to be tackled: decoupling journal content from publishing process; defragmentation of the control of access to works at the article level. It is not necessary to wait for publishers to act. It was predicted that, enabled by links, e-journal publishing will become more distributed. (Hitchcock et al. 1998) An editorially controlled new model e-journal that links material from over 100 distributed, open access sources realises that prediction. Perspectives in Electronic Publishing (PeP) combines the functions of a review journal with original materials and access to full-text papers on a focussed topic, in this case on electronic publishing, in a single coherent package that indexes and links selected works. The paper describes the main features of PeP and how it can be used, and considers whether PeP contributes to the scientists' objective of a dynamic and integrated scientific literature.


We address the effects of processing parameters on residual stresses and fatigue properties of LY2 Al alloy by laser shock processing (LSP). Results show that compressive residual stresses are generated near the surface of samples due to LSP. The maximum compressive residual stress at the surface by two LSP impacts on one side is higher than that by one LSP impact. The maximum value of tensile residual stress is found at the mid-plane of samples subjected to two-sided LSP. Compared with fatigue lives of samples treated by single-sided LSP, lives of those treated by two-sided LSP are lower. However, these are higher than untreated ones.


Background: The road traffic accidents (RTAs) have caused life losses and economical damages in Iran. In spite of the high rate of RTAs and related death, no study has been conducted on RTAs in Qazvin province.
Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the status and trend of RTAs in Qazvin from 2006 to 2015.
Methods: This is a 10 years epidemiological study on documented data in accidents recording system (ARS) at non-communicable disease control center of Qazvin. ARS is an intelligent managed system in which the figures of all accidents and injuries records. All data from ARS were extracted from RAS by an expert staff and analyzed.
Findings: Total number of traffic accidents in Qazvin from 2006 to 2015 was 65945; the central city (Qazvin) with 50168 and Takestan city with 7213 were in the top position of RTAs in Qazvin. The number of RTAs was associated with fluctuation, annually. The lowest and highest number of RTAs have been occurred in 2014 (n=5720) and 2012 (n=9718), respectively.
Conclusion: This study revealed the increasing trend of RTAs specific rates per thousands of population from 2013 which has direct and indirect cost effects on the community.
Keywords: Traffic Accidents, Accidents, Qazvin


Conventional stoichiometric theory, which is used to study the limitation of zooplankton production by C, N, and other elements, is extended to include the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) 20:5(n−3) and 22:6(n−3). Using typical biochemical compositions of consumer (Calanus helgolandicus) and algal food (hypothetical diatom‐dinoflagellate mixtures), the analysis shows that PUFAs or macronutrients can be important in limiting zooplankton production, depending on the biochemical compositions of consumer and food and the efficiencies with which dietary components are used. Predicted limitation by fatty acids is strongest when zooplankton use a monospecific diet, indicating that such limitation may be of particular significance in laboratory zooplankton, which are often fed phytoplankton monocultures. The analysis illustrates several factors that operate to minimize the limiting potential of fatty acids to the extent that limitation by C or N could occur: selective grazing to obtain a nutritionally balanced diet, plasticity in consumer biochemical composition, and high C requirements for respiration. The possibility of macronutrient limitation is increased further if zooplankton are able to actively synthesize essential PUFAs, although this is not thought to be the case in most aquatic systems. The work highlights the need for complete data sets incorporating fatty acids and bulk elemental properties of consumers and prey, as well as an improved understanding of the roles and cycling of essential fatty acids, if we are to be able to provide a unified view of zooplankton nutrition.


How have theatre and performance research methods and methodologies engaged the expanding diversity of performing arts practices? How can students best combine performance/theatre research approaches in their projects? This book's 29 contributors provide hands-on answers to such questions. Challenging and debating received research wisdom and exploring innovative procedures for rigorous inquiry via archives, technology, practice-as-research, scenography, performer training, applied theatre/performance, body in performance and more, they create a focused compendium of future research options.

Key Features

Created in association with TaPRA, the leading UK Theatre and Performance Research organisation, with chapters produced by specialist groupings.
Provides many detailed project case studies and examples - including successful practice-based PhDs - plus analysis of dynamic couplings between methods, methodologies and skill-sets.
Introduction interrogates crucial qualities of performing arts research that constitute theatre and performance as, variously, single-, multi-, inter-, and trans-disciplinary.
Contributors include: Maggie B. Gale (Chair of Drama, University of Manchester); Steve Dixon (Professor of Digital Performance, Brunel University); Joanne 'Bob' Whalley and Lee Miller (University Lecturers and founders Fictional Dogshelf Theatre Company); Simon Ellis and Rosemary Lee (independent performance/dance makers); Roberta Mock (Professor of Performance, University of Plymouth).


This article explores the contradictions between the EU and EU national states industrial policies and the Single Market program of elimination of NTBs (non-tariff barriers). The scope of NTBs connected to European industrial policy is divided into two spheres: the first are barriers on the level of Member States and the second are barriers on the EU level. On the national level, after the 1992 programme, the EU Member States continued to adopt many technical national regulations. On the EU level measures such as new standards, environment and anti-dumping rules, as well as Community expenditures in the different funds constitute new NTBs. Moreover, external competitors have to face other NTBs, such as VERs (Voluntary export restrictions), biased rules on public procurement, ecolabeling, and limitations on ownership, among other barriers. In this essay I demonstrate that the EU and the European national states run an active, unofficial industrial policy that distort the internal and external competition. The paper concludes that the EU industrial policy is not harmonized with the Single Market.


In the last decades, several geophysical research expeditions have led to a significant growth of the seismic database in the Central Arctic Ocean. In particular, the combination of seismic data with results of scientific deep drilling in 2004 have dramatically changed the view on the Arctic climate evolution. Since then, several proposals have been submitted to the Integrated Ocean Drilling Programme (IODP) to solve certain scientific problems through deep drilling. Seismic data are crucial to foster any progress regarding these proposals in the Arctic, in order to justify the selection of the drill sites. This contribution reviews the current distribution of seismic reflection data, especially in the High Arctic. This study will focus on various areas of the High Arctic and briefly address the scientific questions for these specific regions.


This is a reflexive hermeneutic study exploring the emotions of individuals during strategic and organisational change from an objectivist ontology and subjectivist epistemology. It explores individuals' emotions and individuals' variations from organisations' cultural expectations and cultural fit. It considers individuals' emotions collectively, and the psychology of emotions as a basis on which organisational change could be managed.It provides insight into the emotional complexity of organisational life during periods of change, the work derived feelings and emotions individuals struggle with on a daily basis, the feelings and emotions that influence and shape, and can in turn be influenced and shaped, by change events, and the stark management conditioning arising from the emotional devoid reality and manipulation of organisational expectations and mechanistically driven change programmes. This emotional insight belies the emotion arid legacy of process driven change solutions, and adds to the growing voice that seeks to usurp the emotionally sanitised picture of organisational life. It informs the debate that seeks to influence the transformation of managerial objectivism, change practise, and behaviour, so that emotions are recognised, welcomed, respected, supported and embraced in the workplace. The research environment is one of constant strategic and organisational change. Within this context, the early research "hunches", drawn from the author's intuition, and life history, that an individual's feelings and emotions, their nature of being, their self motivation, their relationships, and the nature of control, can be considered a reasonable way of looking at and interpreting how individuals interact in everyday life, and their personal response to change, are brought vividly to life and evolved.


Internationalization represents an expansion of economic activity beyond the boundaries of domicile economy and includes export and import activities. Because it allows lowering costs by accessing a new suppliers or increase revenues by accessing new markets, it represents an opportunity for gaining competitive advantage for small and medium enterprises on both domestic and foreign markets. This paper empirically analysis effects of external business factors: location, availability of financing, competition and cooperation, on internationalization of SMEs in case of both export and import activities. Results from this research should help governments in determining key areas and measures for successful internationalization of manufacturing SMEs.


Background
The Obstetrics and Periodontal Therapy (OPT) study, a randomized controlled trial, reported no effect of periodontal treatment on preterm birth. Even though there were more spontaneous abortions or stillbirths in the control group, sensitivity analyses using conventional approaches did not change the results. The development of newer epidemiological methods to assess bias caused by the truncated outcome, and the availability of OPT study data in the public domain, allowed us to reanalyse these data.

Methods
We used the survivor average causal effect (SACE), also known as the principal strata effect, to correct potential bias resulting from unequal survival of fetuses in the treatment and control arms of the OPT study.

Results
The risks of preterm and spontaneous abortions or stillbirths were respectively 49/413 (11.86%) and 5/413 (1.21%) in the periodontal treatment group, and 52/410 (12.68%) and 14/410 (3.33%) respectively in the control group. The risk differences (%) comparing periodontal treatment and control groups were -0.82%: 95% confidence interval (CI) -5.30% to 3.67% for preterm birth, and -2.12%: 95% CI -4.14% to -0.11% for spontaneous abortions or stillbirths before correction. Risk differences for preterm birth comparing periodontal treatment and control groups increased in magnitude, reached statistical significance and showed a beneficial effect of periodontal treatment after correction for bias using SACE.

Conclusions
Periodontal treatment provided to mothers with mild to moderate periodontal disease before 21 weeks of gestation may prevent preterm births.


The aim of this presentation is to provide an insight into our experience of developing and delivering a summer programme which relies on innovative, technology-based teaching and learning to explore current issues in eLaw. The eLaw Summer Institute (ELSI), which is currently in its 6th year, is a valuable opportunity for students to acquire expertise in areas such as Electronic Commerce Law, Intellectual Property Law and Cyber Law.We will demonstrate the effectiveness of the use of technology within the legal curriculum of the Summer Institute, explore the challenges arising, and, the manner in which they have been met.Given that the subject-matter of ELSI concerns the interface between the legal system and development in information and communications technology, ELSI embraces technology in the delivery of the programme, including the more 'traditional' use of Power Point presentations and Blackboard, and the more innovative methods including the use of CDs to supply reading materials, asynchronous classes recorded on DVD or available via the internet to download, and personal response system to encourage class participation. The use of technology has also spread beyond the Summer Institute into the wider UCC Law Faculty curriculum, in particular at postgraduate levels and in relation to continuing professional development. In this regard, ELSI has operated as an effective launch-pad for innovative forms of teaching and learning.In delivering the programme, the importance of adopting a reflective approach to the lecturing and learning experience has become increasingly evident as we attempt to improve the course annually. During the currency of the Fifth eLaw Summer Institute (2009), the ELSI directors devised a student questionnaire which sought to elicit views from students on matters concerning the design and delivery of the programme. This 'programme questionnaire' was unlike previous subject-based students questionnaires that had been administered annually enabling to gauge the student experience of technology based delivery.


RNA silencing pathways were first discovered in plants. Through genetic analysis, it has been established that the key silencing components called Dicer-like (DCL) genes have been shown to cooperatively process RNA substrates of multiple origin into distinct 21, 22 and 24 nt small RNAs. However, only few detailed biochemical analysis of the corresponding complexes has been carried out in plants, mainly due to the large unstable complexes that are hard to obtain or reconstitute in heterologous systems. Reconstitution of activity needs thorough understanding of all protein partners in the complex, something that is still an ongoing process in plant systems. Here, we use biochemical analysis to uncover properties of two previously identified native dicer-like activities from wheat germ. We find that standard wheat germ extract contains Dicer-like enzymes that convert double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into two classes of small interfering RNAs of 21 and 24 nt in size. The 21 nt dicing activity, likely an siRNA producing complex known as DCL4, is 950 kDa-1.2 mDa in size and is highly unstable during purification processes but has a rather vast range for activity. On the contrary, the 24 nt dicing complex, likely the DCL3 activity, is relatively stable and comparatively smaller in size, but has stricter conditions for effective processing of dsRNA substrates. While both activities could process completely complementary dsRNA albeit with varying abilities, we show that DCL3-like 24 nt producing activity is equally good in processing incompletely complementary RNAs.


We study how workers' wages respond to TFP-driven innovations in firms' labor productivity. Using unique data with highly reliable firm-level output prices and quantities in the manufacturing sector in Sweden, we are able to derive measures of physical (as opposed to revenue) TFP to instrument labor productivity in the wage equations. We find that the reaction of wages to sectoral labor productivity is almost three times larger than the response to pure idiosyncratic (firm-level) shocks, a result which crucially hinges on the use of physical TFP as an instrument. These results are all robust to a number of empirical specifications, including models accounting for selection on both the demand and supply side through worker-firm (match) fixed effects. Further results suggest that technological progress at the firm level has negligible effects on the firm-level composition of employees.


Summary. In April 2004 the European Commission adopted the eHealth Action Plan and urged the member states of the European Union to develop national eHealth implementation strategies and corresponding action plans to support their delivery. Extensive eHealth infrastructures and systems were soon viewed as central to the future provision of safe, efficient, high quality and citizen-centred healthcare. However, the ambitious plans and high expectations were soon followed by even larger failures. Based on the findings from the two international case studies undertaken by the article's author, the article has presented the conceptual e-health development framework, which introduces a much more complex understanding of eHealth development processes than the prevailing technocratic view towards technology-led organisational change. Considerable attention is paid to the organisational changes that have to take place along and the role that stakeholders play while implementing technology-led organisational change in healthcare contexts. Purpose—the purpose of this article is to deliver a conceptual framework for the analysis of eHealth development, which would correspond to the contemporary needs of practical eHealth development. Design/methodology/approach—the research findings presented in the article were delivered using qualitative research methodology and associated research methods such as document analysis, in-depth interviews and participant observation. Findings—the article has delivered a conceptual framework of eHealth development at the national level. Research limitations/implications—the research findings are based on two international case studies undertaken by the author in the UK. While using the results in other countries, local realities and contexts have to be taken into account. Practical implications—the article has presented empirically grounded new insights in relation to eHealth development at the national level. These results are in particular useful for practitioners because it has produced new knowledge on the conditions under which stakeholder engagement may (or may not) contribute to the innovation in patient care and sustainability of organisational change. Originality/Value—the research findings are based on two international case studies undertaken by the author. Research methods have involved relatively rarely used participant observation methods, which requires additional resources in terms of time and effort from the researcher, but also bears financial costs. However the richness of the research material and data gathered has paid off these efforts.


This paper will attempt to define a new area of research: affective communication through the use of affective objects. An affective object may be defined as any physical object which has the ability to sense emotional data from a person, map that information to an abstract form of expression and communicate that information expressively, either back to the subject herself or to another person. This paper will also propose a theory of how to utilize existing knowledge (i.e. how humans interpret the expressive qualities of modalities such as color, sound, and light) to inform the invention process.


The application of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to inhibit bacterial growth is based on the principle that the exposure of DNA to UV radiation results in the formation of cytotoxic lesions, leading to inactivation of microorganisms. Herein, we present the impacts of UV radiation on bacterial cultures' properties from the biological, biochemical and molecular biological perspective. For experiments, commercial bacterial cultures (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium) and isolates from patients with bacterial infections (Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were employed. The above-mentioned strains were exposed to UV using a laboratory source and to stratospheric UV using a 3D printed probe carried by a stratospheric balloon. The length of flight was approximately two hours, and the probe was enriched by sensors for the external environment (temperature, pressure and relative humidity). After the landing, bacterial cultures were cultivated immediately. Experimental results showed a significant effect of UV radiation (both laboratory UV and UV from the stratosphere) on the growth, reproduction, behavior and structure of bacterial cultures. In all parts of the experiment, UV from the stratosphere showed stronger effects when compared to the effects of laboratory UV. The growth of bacteria was inhibited by more than 50% in all cases; moreover, in the case of P. aeruginosa, the growth was even totally inhibited. Due to the effect of UV radiation, an increased susceptibility of bacterial strains to environmental influences was also observed. By using commercial tests for biochemical markers of Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, significant disparities in exposed and non-exposed strains were found. Protein patterns obtained using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry revealed that UV exposure is able to affect the proteins' expression, leading to their downregulation, observed as the disappearance of their peaks from the mass spectrum.


Neural architectures inspired by our own human cognitive system, such as the recently introduced world models, have been shown to outperform traditional deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods in a variety of different domains. Instead of the relatively simple architectures employed in most RL experiments, world models rely on multiple different neural components that are responsible for visual information processing, memory, and decision-making. However, so far the components of these models have to be trained separately and through a variety of specialized training methods. This paper demonstrates the surprising finding that models with the same precise parts can be instead efficiently trained end-to-end through a genetic algorithm (GA), reaching a comparable performance to the original world model by solving a challenging car racing task. An analysis of the evolved visual and memory system indicates that they include a similar effective representation to the system trained through gradient descent. Additionally, in contrast to gradient descent methods that struggle with discrete variables, GAs also work directly with such representations, opening up opportunities for classical planning in latent space. This paper adds additional evidence on the effectiveness of deep neuroevolution for tasks that require the intricate orchestration of multiple components in complex heterogeneous architectures.


An important issue in ad hoc sensor networks is the limited energy supply within network nodes. Therefore, power consumption is crucial in the routing design. Cluster schemes are efficient in energy saving. This paper proposes a new algorithm called dynamic cluster in which energy in the entire network is distributed and unique route from the source to the destination is designed. In this algorithm, energy efficiency is distributed and improved by (1) optimizing the selection of clusterheads in which both residual energy of the nodes and total power consumption of the cluster are considered; (2) optimizing the number of nodes in the clusters according to the size of the networks and the total power consumption of the cluster; (3) rotating the roles of clusterheads to average the power consumption among clusterheads and normal nodes; and (4) breaking the clusters and reforming them to compensate the difference of the power consumption in different area. Energy efficiency is also improved by defining a unique route to reduce flooding in route discovery and to avoid duplicate data transmission by multiple routes. Index Terms — ad hoc sensor networks, power consumption, cluster schemes, dynamic cluster algorithm.


Posttraumatic elbow stiffness in children can be a severe obstacle to accomplishing basic activities of daily living, including dressing, and participating in recreational activities. The etiology of this stiffness is typically extrinsic or instrinsic pathology caused by an earlier supracondylar humerus fracture, elbow dislocation, or elbow fracture-dislocation. Children with functional limitations, typically associated with flexion contractures greater than 30 degrees or less than a functional arc (30 to 130 degrees) can benefit from surgical contracture release, which consistently improves range of motion.


A major focus in speciation genetics is to identify the chromosomal regions and genes that reduce hybridization and gene flow. We investigated the genetic architecture of mating behavior in the parasitoid wasp species pair Nasonia giraulti and Nasonia oneida that exhibit strong prezygotic isolation. Behavioral analysis showed that N. oneida females had consistently higher latency times, and broke off the mating sequence more often in the mounting stage when confronted with N. giraulti males compared with males of their own species. N. oneida males produce a lower quantity of the long-range male sex pheromone (4R,5S)-5-hydroxy-4-decanolide (RS-HDL). Crosses between the two species yielded hybrid males with various pheromone quantities, and these males were used in mating trials with females of either species to measure female mate discrimination rates. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis involving 475 recombinant hybrid males (F2), 2148 reciprocally backcrossed females (F3), and a linkage map of 52 equally spaced neutral single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers plus SNPs in 40 candidate mating behavior genes revealed four QTL for male pheromone amount, depending on partner species. Our results demonstrate that the RS-HDL pheromone plays a role in the mating system of N. giraulti and N. oneida, but also that additional communication cues are involved in mate choice. No QTL were found for female mate discrimination, which points at a polygenic architecture of female choice with strong environmental influences.


The combined hepatoprotective effect of Bi- herbal ethanolic extract (BHEE) was evaluated against carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in rats. Ethanolic extract from the leaves of Eclipta alba and seeds of Piper longum at a dose level of 50 mg/kg body weight was administered orally daily once for 14 days. The substantially elevated serum marker enzymes such as SGOT, SGPT, ALP, LDH, ACP, gGT and 5' Nucleotidase, due to CCl4 treatment were restored towards normalization. The biochemical parameters like total protein, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea were also restored towards normal levels. In addition, BHEE significantly decreased the liver weight of CCl4 intoxicated rats. Silymarin at a dose level of 50 mg/kg was used as a standard reference also exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. The results of this study strongly indicate that BHEE has got a potent hepatoprotective action against CCl4 induced hepatic damage in rats.

 Key words: Hepatoprotective, marker enzymes, Bi-herbal ethanolic extract, carbon tetra chloride.


Genetic ablation of calcium-independent phospholipase A2γ (iPLA2γ) results in profound alterations in hippocampal phospholipid metabolism and mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis resulting in enlarged and degenerating mitochondria leading to autophagy and cognitive dysfunction. Shotgun lipidomics demonstrated multiple alterations in hippocampal lipid metabolism in iPLA2γ−/− mice including: 1) a markedly elevated hippocampal cardiolipin content with an altered molecular species composition characterized by a shift to shorter chain length molecular species; 2) alterations in both choline and ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, including a decreased plasmenylethanolamine content; 3) increased oxidized phosphatidylethanolamine molecular species; and 4) an increased content of ceramides. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated the presence of enlarged heteromorphic lamellar structures undergoing degeneration accompanied by the presence of ubiquitin positive spheroid inclusion bodies. Purification of these enlarged heteromorphic lamellar structures by buoyant density centrifugation and subsequent SDS-PAGE and proteomics identified them as degenerating mitochondria. Collectively, these results identify the obligatory role of iPLA2γ in neuronal mitochondrial lipid metabolism and membrane structure demonstrating that iPLA2γ loss of function results in a mitochondrial neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degenerating mitochondria, autophagy, and cognitive dysfunction.


The tailings basin associated with Western Mining Corporation's Pilot Uranium Mill at Kalgoorlie, W.A., will leak approximately 5,000 cubic metres of low level radioactive liquid waste containing dissolved Radium226 into subsurface soils. The value of soil adsorption as a barrier to the transport of dissolved Radium with the seepage was investigated.

A review of available literature describing adsorption mechanisms, and the behavioural trends shown by various cations in the soil solution, implied that dissolved Radium could be removed from percolating solutions by a number of adsorption mechanisms, and that Radium adsorption in a specific waste disposal scenario, would depend on both the chemical composition of the waste and the mineralogical composition of the soil.

Soil from the tailings basin was found to belong to the textural class of Sandy Clays and comprised around 50% by weight kaolinite with minor montmorillonite. Barium, Calcium and Radium Chloride solutions, and a laboratory, prepared tailings liquor supplied by Western Mining Corporation Ltd., were used in a series of adsorption experiments with the sandy clay to determine the Radium removal potential and the operative removal mechanism. The experiments with Barium indicated a maximum of around 11,000 milligrams of Radium could be adsorbed per kilogram of soil by a cation exchange mechanism. Clay minerals were implicated as the active soil constituents.

The transport of dissolved Barium through an experimental soil column was successfully modelled using a solute transport equation which accounted for both kinetic and equilibrium aspects of solute adsorption.

The adsorption experiments using the synthetic tailings liquor implied Radium removal would be significantly depressed in that chemical environment; however, in view of the predicted seepage mechanism, and the large quantity of removal potential available below the tailings basin, this was considered of less importance in the overall scheme.

If the seepage is held against gravity drainage, in the unsaturated zone of the soil profile, Radium migration will be retarded physically as well as by soil adsorption. If vertical seepage continues simultaneous to absorption, it appears the soil could exchange virtually all the dissolved Radium for less hazardous cations already associated with the exchange complex.

The basis of managing the completed disposal facility would be the prevention of recharge events occurring through the covering material and thus prevention of the possibility that adsorbed Radium could be redisplaced from the exchange complex. If this can be achieved the cation exchange complex in the subsurface soils would be expected to effectively retard Radium migration.


Most gas sensors suffer from the cross sensitivity to environmental temperature, which significantly reduces the accuracy and reliability of measurements. Current solutions require the fabrication of a thermometer in close proximity to the gas sensor or an identical reference sensor to compensate for the sensor drift due to temperature. This increases the device size, fabrication cost, and the power required to operate the sensor; and also adds to the complexity of the device circuit for signal processing. Here, we demonstrate a single resonant gas sensor, based on a microbeam uniformly coated with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), capable of simultaneously measuring environmental temperature and gas concentration (water vapor). Using the electrostatic harmonic voltage, we actuate the microbeam simultaneously near the first and second vibration modes. The frequency shifts of these two modes due to physical stimuli changes are monitored in real time. The lower electrode of the clamped-clamped microbeam resonator is perforated to reduce the effect of squeeze film damping, thereby allowing operation under atmospheric pressure. We demonstrate experimentally the effectiveness of this technique to measure the environmental temperature and gas concentration. Based on the theoretical analysis and the Allan deviation results, a minimum detectable temperature of 0.03 °C and water vapor concentration of 4.6 ppm is demonstrated.


The tubular fossil Cloudina is emerging as an important Ediacaran index fossil. How- ever, its morphology, skeletogenesis, reproduction, and phylogenetic affinity have not been fully resolved. New material from the Dengying Formation of south China confirms that Cloudina tubes consist of eccentrically and sometimes deeply nested funnels and that the tubes lack transverse cross-walls, inconsistent with the traditional cone-in-cone morpho- logical reconstruction. Tube walls are composed of micrometer-sized, more or less equant crystals. A number of Cloudina tubes branch dichotomously, in which daughter funnels split within parent ones. The Cloudina animal is interpreted to have been able to initiate biomineralization of new funnels within old ones. Its skeleton was probably secreted as calcite crystals suspended in organic matrix; the crystals do not appear to have nucleated and grown on a sheeted substrate. It was clearly capable of asexual reproduction, through budding within parent funnels rather than at the apertural end. The morphology, skele- togenesis, and asexual reproduction of Cloudina are broadly similar to modern serpulid annelids, indicating possible phylogenetic relationships or morphological convergence.


Spiritual healers in contemporary Germany comprise a heterogeneous and growing group, yet little data exists about them. Therefore, one aim of this study was to learn about which biographical aspects and events were important to the process of becoming a healer and which biographical aspects drove clients to consult a healer. The study was based on semi-structured interviews combined with participant observations. All data were recorded digitally, transcribed, entered into the software program MAXQDA and analysed subjected to Content Analysis. In total, 15 healers (nine male, six female) and 16 clients (13 female, three male) were included. According to the healers, a talent for healing can be inborn, inherited or developed through life experiences. Most of the healers experienced a crisis, which prompted their transformation to healers (the wounded healer type). A smaller group became healers mainly out of interest without going through crisis and by focusing on the spiritual attitude itself (the healer by interest type). The basis of healing is seen as a connection to a transcendent reality, which enables an open, loving and empathetic attitude. The experience of crises and illnesses and the importance of spirituality are major biographical similarities between healers and clients. Near-death experiences as an extreme form of crisis were reported from a few healers and clients. The connections between healing talents and crises, including a deepened exploration of near-death experiences and questions regarding inclining towards spirituality could be of interest in further studies.


This project aims at assessment of learning outcome of teaching evolutionary theory to pre-service primary school teacher students. The quality of the students understanding and use of evolutionary theory after their participation in seminars and lectures was made by analysing written reflections of the students. The texts were primarily written by students to show that the knowledge requirements of the course were accomplished but they were here used to analyse their ability to communicate the content but also to evaluate the depth of their understanding of evolutionary theory. For this assessment two different methods were used aiming at the two different targets. One was focused on the students' use of evolutionary terminology and to what extent they used the language of an evolutionist. Here, we also analysed whether the students gave accurate explanations or descriptions without using the traditional evolutionary terminology. Thus, mainly the students´ ability in their own writing to present evolutionary reflections in an everyday language was here investigated. This ability may be useful when teaching young students without using a theoretical framework. For the assessment of quality of the students' own understanding of the theory Doll's criteria, the four R´s, richness, recursion, relations, and rigor, were used. Richness refers to the depth, the layers of meaning in their texts. Recursion is here referring to the students' use of making thoughts loop back on themselves and earlier experiences. The use of relations are important when developing thinking in different areas. Here, both the students' references to relations to other persons as well as to objects, theories, places etc. were recorded. Rigor means in this context to purposely look for different alternatives, relations, connections, new combinations, interpretations and patterns. The results may briefly be summarized as follows: 1) most of the students use evolutionary terminology and 2) are fairly good at presenting their thoughts within the theoretical framework in everyday language, although 3) they often show problems in distinguishing processes on molecular, individual, and population levels.


Increasing evidence that decreased bone density and increased rates of bone fracture are associated with abnormal metabolic states such as hyperglycemia and insulin resistance indicates that diabetes is a risk factor for osteoporosis. In this study, we observed that TallyHo/JngJ (TH) mice, a polygenic model of type II diabetes, spontaneously developed bone deformities with osteoporotic features. Female and male TH mice significantly gained more body weight than control C57BL/6 mice upon aging. Interestingly, bone density was considerably decreased in male TH mice, which displayed hyperglycemia. The osteoblast-specific bone forming markers osteocalcin and osteoprotegerin were decreased in TH mice, whereas osteoclast-driven bone resorption markers such as IL-6 and RANKL were significantly elevated in the bone marrow and blood of TH mice. In addition, RANKL expression was prominently increased in CD4+ T cells of TH mice upon T cell receptor stimulation, which was in accordance with enhanced IL-17 production. IL-17 production in CD4+ T cells was directly promoted by treatment with leptin while IFN-γ production was not. Moreover, blockade of IFN-γ further increased RANKL expression and IL-17 production in TH-CD4+ T cells. In addition, the osteoporotic phenotype of TH mice was improved by treatment with alendronate. These results strongly indicate that increased leptin in TH mice may act in conjunction with IL-6 to preferentially stimulate IL-17 production in CD4+ T cells and induce RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Accordingly, we propose that TH mice could constitute a beneficial model for osteoporosis.


This Article begins with what should seem a relatively straightforward proposition: it is impossible to fully understand the holding of a case without understanding its "deference regime" — the standard of review or burden of proof that governs the case. If a court holds in the context of a habeas petition that a constitutional right was not "clearly established," that does not mean that the court would hold that the right does not exist were it writing on a blank slate. If a court refuses to invalidate a granted patent, which is presumed valid and can only be held invalid upon a showing of clear and convincing evidence, that does not mean that the court believes the patent should have been granted in the first place. And if an appellate court holds that a trial court's ruling was not "plain error," that does not mean that the appellate court believes the trial court necessarily reached the correct result or would have affirmed the ruling if the review were more searching. Yet in case after case, we find that judges (and their clerks) confuse one deference regime for another or ignore deference entirely. In so doing, they make what we term deference mistakes. Courts in standard criminal cases regularly rely upon habeas precedents holding that a federal right was not "clearly established" to conclude that the right does not exist. The Federal Circuit and the Patent and Trademark Office regularly rely on precedents involving granted patents (which are presumed valid) to justify granting new patents (which are not entitled to that presumption). And courts of appeals regularly rely upon "plain error" precedents to justify holdings in cases where the standard of review is less deferential. Although the problem of deference mistakes cuts across legal doctrines, it has been neither identified nor described in prior scholarship. Our article presents a multitude of examples of deference mistakes in practice and explains why they are likely to occur. Deference mistakes may seem relatively innocuous, particularly if they are confined to individual cases. But that appearance is misleading. We develop a theoretical model of how deference mistakes, coupled with particular asymmetries in adjudication, can generate systematic shifts in legal doctrine. Deference mistakes may have contributed to the current patent crisis by adding to the proliferation of bad patents. They may also be partly responsible for retrenchment in the law of constitutional criminal procedure rights or the pro-employer shift in employment discrimination law. After analyzing the potential for deference mistakes to affect the long-term evolution of the law, we discuss potential solutions.


Organic fertilizers are an essential source for plant nutrients and a soil conditioner in agriculture. Due to its sources and the composition of the organic inputs as well as the type, functionality and failures of the applied treatment process, the organic fertilizer may contain various amounts of infectious agents and toxic chemicals, especially the antibiotics that can be introduced to the subsequent food chain. A range of human and animal pathogens of bacterial, viral and parasitic origin have been the cause of foodborne epidemics due to unintended contamination from organic fertilizers. The use of antibiotics by humans and in animal feeds will also end up in the organic fertilizers. These antibiotics and other chemicals, depending on the sources of the organics, will enhance the likelihood of occurrence of resistant and multi-resistant strains of microorganisms in society and have been reported to cause ecotoxicological environ‐ mental effects and disruption of the ecological balance. Exposure of microorganisms to sublethal concentration of antibiotics in the organic products induces antibiotic resistance. WHO guidelines for the reuse of excreta and other organic matters identify the risk for the exposed groups to the reuse of the excreta and are applicable in the use of organic fertilizers in agriculture.


National narratives have often served to mobilize the masses for war by providing myths and distorted interpretations of the past, while conversely wars were major sources for producing national narratives. Because national history is very likely to remain a central topic in history
 education, albeit in ways that differ from how the topic was used fifty years ago, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the underlying structures and mechanisms of these narratives in history textbooks. After outlining the historical interconnectedness of the emerging nation
 states and history teaching, this review article explains the complexity of the history textbook as an educational resource. Next, we identify some current problems and challenges in history textbook research. We continue by discussing promising research trends related mainly to national narratives,
 such as the analysis of images, the use of digital tools, and studies of the autonomy of textbook narratives and of history textbooks in relation to other media. Another recent reorientation is textbook research that uses a holistic approach . By this we mean studies that examine the
 history textbook as a whole: composition, periodization, visual intertextuality and chapters that do not at first glance appear to focus on national history. These studies offer new insights and explanations for the perpetuation of national narratives in history textbooks.


Two distinct stress coping strategies, proactive and reactive, have been stated in various animal studies, each associated with a set of behavioural and physiological characteristics. In a given challenging situation, proactive animals show more aggression, a higher general activity and a predominant sympathetic reaction. In contrast, the reactive copers respond more with immobility and avoidance, and a predominant parasympathetic/hypothalamic activation. This divergence in coping has also been indicated in salmonid fish. Interestingly, many of the differences reported between sea-ranched and wild fish resembles characteristics that differentiate proactive and reactive copers. In the present thesis it is shown that individuals with divergent stress coping styles are identifiable in several brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Further, the results show that the distribution of individuals displaying these distinct stress coping strategies differs between populations. This strongly indicates that these traits are heritable and that the variation in selection regime in the native rivers influences these traits. In addition, the results show that populations with hatchery origin are biased towards having higher frequencies of trout displaying a proactive style than populations having wild origin. Also, even though the frequency of early sexual maturation, known as a viable alternative life history in salmonids, differs between populations of brown trout, no link between stress coping strategy and early sexual maturation were found. However, this thesis show that maternal contribution, in the form of egg size, is of major importance whether the progeny will sexually mature early and that it also might be of importance for stress coping strategy. Further, correlations of traits commonly associated with stress coping strategies and behavioural syndromes across context and over time is investigated. The results show that individuals with a strong sympathetic reactivity are more prone to change their behaviour than others.


Heterobimetallic complexes where half-sandwich complexes of ruthenium(II), rhodium(III) and iridium(III) are connected by three bromo-bridges to Re(CO)3 have been prepd. from metathesis reactions of [RuBr(m-Br)(h6-arene)]2 (arene = C6H6, C6H3Et3-1,3,5 or p-cymene) or [MBr(m-Br)Cp*]2 (M = Rh or Ir) with [Re(m-Br)(CO)3(C4H8O)]2. The crystal structures of [(h6-arene)Ru(m-Br)3Re(CO)3] (arene = C6H6 or C6H3Et3-1,3,5) and [Cp*M(m-Br)3Re(CO)3] (M = Rh or Ir) have been detd. by X-ray anal. In soln. all complexes were in dynamic equil. with isomeric ionic compds. of general formula [M2(m-Br)3(p-ligand)2][Re2(m-Br)3(CO)6] (M = Ru, Rh or Ir). The solid state structures of [Ru2(m-Br)3(h6-C6H3Et3-1,3,5)2][Re2(m-Br)3(CO)6] and [Ru2(m-Br)3(h6-p-MeC6H4Pri)][Re2(m-Br)3(CO)6] are described.


This Article examines the origins of the unique relationship between the psychiatric diagnosis Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the law and considers the implications of that relationship for contemporary uses of the diagnosis in legal settings. PTSD stands apart from all other diagnoses in psychiatry's standard classification system, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) - and is the focus of significant controversy within psychiatry - because its diagnostic criteria require a determination of causation. By diagnosing a person with PTSD, a clinician necessarily assigns responsibility to a specific event or agent for causing the person's symptoms, a practice more commonly associated with the law. In short, the diagnosis uniquely medicalizes liability. The law has turned to PTSD, on the erroneous assumption that its location in the DSM signifies that it is well-settled science, to serve as a mechanism to resolve difficult problems in assessing legal responsibility. These uses include determining whether a criminal complainant is credible and when emotional distress from another's negligence is sufficient in itself to serve as a basis for liability. However, by adopting PTSD's conceptualization of causation of psychological injury, courts unknowingly delegate normative determinations of liability to psychiatry broadly and to the individual psychiatrists who present PTSD evidence at trial. I argue that the legal system should consider PTSD's origins and its persistent controversies as part of a broader reexamination of the role of the diagnosis in the law.


The genus Camellia sinensis belongs to the family of Theaceae of the flowering plants. The leaves and leaf buds of C. sinensis are used to produce tea. The chemical composition of tea leaves has been thoroughly studied and the main constituents belong to the polyphenol group accounting for 25 to 35% on a dry weight basis. C. sinensis also contains various chemical constituents including methylxanthines, amino acids, chlorophyll, carotenoids, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and more than 600 volatile compounds. Literature reports indicated that consumption of tea protects from various physiological and pharmacological effects which could be because of the presence of crucial therapeutic compounds which are more bio-stable and direct acting than those present in other medicinal plants. The activities of the compounds from tea are so pervading that they are virtually broad spectrum in their actions. This article provides a critical review of different phytochemicals isolated from tea and their associated medicinal properties as well as the chemical constituents responsible for aroma, taste and color.


This paper examines how preservice teachers and middle school students reason about distributions as they consider graphs of two data sets having identical means but different spreads. Results show that while both subject groups reasoned about the task using the aspects of average and variation, relatively more preservice teachers than middle school students combined both aspects to constitute an emerging form of distributional reasoning in their responses. Moreover, these emergent distributional reasoners were more likely to see the data sets as fundamentally different despite the identical means used in the task.


The objective of this research is to recommend a rational design method for bridge anchor bolt connections used by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). An experimental investigation of the behavior of 3/4 inch diameter and 1-1/2 inch diameter, A449 canister/grout anchor bolts under various loading conditions was conducted. Shear loads were applied to anchor bolts subjected to various eccentricities, and the results obtained were used to develop tension/shear interaction relationships. Elliptical tension/shear interaction relationships provided the best fit to the test data. However, closed-form solutions using tri-linear tension/shear interactions could be conservatively used by bridge designers at WSDOT. To verify the tension/shear interaction relationships, tests were performed on half-scale multiple anchor bolt connections, consisting of two anchor bolts parallel to the applied shear load. The strengths indicated by the multiple anchor bolt tests were conservative when compared to the results obtained from the testing program. It has also been determined that the AISC/LRFD tension stress limits for bearing type connections could be used for designing WSDOT anchor bolt connections with A449 1-1/2 inch diameter bolts.


Epidural electrical stimulation (EES) showed promises to improve standing and walking after neurological disorders. To date, EES has been delivered continuously, although time-dependent stimulations would likely be more efficient to activate specific subsets of sensorimotor circuits with the appropriate timing. To address this issue, we developed a real-time stimulation platform that allows to trigger EES during pre-defined phases of the gait cycle in freely walking rats. We leveraged this platform to demonstrate the ability of time-dependent EES to modulate key aspects of locomotor kinematics in rats with complete spinal cord transection. This platform will support the development of personalized stimulation strategies that can be tailored to the need of individual subjects.


Background A minority of patients with adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia who relapse are rescued. The aim of this population-based study was to assess the results of reinduction treatment and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients in second complete remission. Design and Methods Between 2003–2007, 76 adults (<66 years) with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Burkitt's leukemia excluded) were prospectively reported to The Swedish Adult Acute Leukemia Registry and later evaluated. Results Reinduction with: (i) mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine (MEA); (ii) fludarabine, cytarabine, pegylated-asparaginase plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (FLAG-Asp); and (iii) cytarabine, betamethasone, cyclophosphamide, daunorubicin, and vincristine (ABCDV) resulted in complete remission in 6/9 (67%), 10/16 (63%) and 9/21 (43%) of the patients, respectively. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation was performed during second complete remission in 29 patients. Multivariate analysis regarding overall survival after relapse revealed that age over 35 years at diagnosis and relapse within 18 months were negative prognostic factors. Overall survival rates at 3 and 5 years were 22% (95% CI: 13–32) and 15% (95% CI: 7–24). Of 19 patients less than 35 years at diagnosis who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation in second remission, ten (53%) are still alive at a median of 5.5 years (range, 4.2–8.3) after relapse, whereas all patients over 35 years old at diagnosis have died. Conclusions Allogeneic stem cell transplantation remains the treatment of choice for young adults with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Both (i) mitoxantrone, etoposide, and cytarabine and (ii) fludarabine, cytarabine, pegylated-asparaginase plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor seem effective as reinduction treatments and should be further evaluated. New salvage strategies are needed, especially for patients over 35 years old at diagnosis.


A group of bacterial strains formerly known as CDC group M-5 are opportunistic pathogens to humans. In 1993, a name, Neisseria weaveri, was proposed by two independent studies to harbor CDC group M-5 strains, namely N. weaveri Holmes et al. 1993 and N. weaveri Andersen et al. 1993, with two different 'type' strains. However, no study has been conducted on to the relatedness of the two 'type' strains, although the close relationship of the two taxa has long been accepted unofficially. Formally, the status of the name N. weaveri Andersen et al. 1993 is illegitimate because it is a later homonym of N. weaveri Holmes et al., 1993; but the name of the strain is still validly published. In this study, we attempt to resolve the confusion caused by the apparent duplication of the species N. weaveri (with different type strains) using whole genome shotgun sequencing. We also sought to gain insight into the genetic characteristics of N. weaveri by conducting comparative genomics. On the basis of genomic similarities revealed through a comparative genomic study, we propose that N. weaveri Andersen et al. 1993 should be re-classified as a later heterotypic synonym of N. weaveri Holmes et al., 1993.


The paper, which is in two parts, describes an investigation of the nature and origin of the 'whistling atmospherics' or 'whistlers' which are sometimes observed at frequencies below 15 kc/s. The first part describes an experimental study of their properties, in the course of which a considerable number of whistlers were recorded and analyzed, and the law of the variation of their frequency with time determined. Some whistlers are heard to follow impulsive atmospherics, and these are found to be produced in the normal way by lightning strokes taking place within a distance of about 2000 km. Other whistlers are unaccompanied by atmospherics; they differ from the former type in several further respects. The diurnal and annual variations of the properties of both types of whistler have also been studied. In the second part of the paper a theory of the origin of the whistling atmospherics, originally due to Barkhausen (1930) and Eckersley (1935), is developed in detail. The theory proposes that they are due to waves which originate in normal impulsive atmospherics and travel through the outer ionosphere, following the lines of force of the earth's magnetic field and crossing over the equator at a great height. During their journey they become dispersed so as to arrive as 'whistlers'. They may be reflected from the earth's surface back along the same path, one or more times, to produce whistlers with increased dispersions. The effects responsible for the guiding of the waves along the lines of the geomagnetic field provide sufficient focusing action to prevent the energy from being spread unduly. Measurements of the degree of dispersion of the whistlers have been interpreted to yield information about the density of electrons in the atmosphere at very great heights. The density required seems considerably larger than could reasonably have been expected. If the free electrons are produced by ionization of the terrestrial atmosphere its temperature m these regions must be at least 7200° K. The results might alternatively be explained on the assumption that the electrons are falling in from outside, and if this were so it might account for the relationship between the occurrence of whistlers and magnetic activity.


Rheumatoid Arthritis is the autoimmune disorder occurs due to the change in life style, improper diet plans, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption etc. It generally affects the joints and creates swelling and severe pain in joints which leads to further destruction of bone and cartilages. Due to autoimmune responses the factors like Tumor Necrosis Factor- α , Interleukins-1 are introduced to synovial and synovial membrane which creates the swelling and pain. These factors further produce reactive oxygen species and inducing osteoclasts which destruct the bone and cartilages. Along with the drugs the several natural herbal treatments are also available for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. This includes varies medicinal plants form which acacia species is more potent and efficient. Acacia Senegal is the plant which blocks the receptors and decreases the level of tumor necrosis factor- α . Present work on rheumatoid arthritis mainly covers classification, factors responsible, pathophysiology, severity, current treatment and its drawbacks, herbal treatment and its benefits in treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.


Two familiar ideas in the theory of binding are explored: that semantic binding is preferred over coreference (Reinhart 1983) and that (pronoun) binding seeks the closest antecedent (Fox 2000). It is shown that both proposals, when combined, yield an alternative and arguably simpler approach to the co-binding facts discussed by Heim (1993), but that neither alone does (contrary to what is suggested in Fox 2000). Then a unification of both ideas is proposed. Interestingly, the resulting system no longer entails one of Heim's (1993) conclusions, namely, that (co)reference must be marked by syntactic (co)indexing.


A current English education policy is to encourage all state primary schools to become academies: state-funded, non-selective, and highly autonomous establishments. Primary schools have been able to opt-in to academy status since 2010 and academies now account for twenty-one per-cent of the primary sector. This paper investigates the causal effect of voluntary academy conversion on primary school assessment outcomes, and on entry-year intake composition. Unlike existing evidence focused on earlier academies formed from failing secondary schools, no evidence is found of an academy conversion effect on attainment for the average pupil, although pupils with special educational needs do perform better in reading tests after academy conversion. There is no evidence that academy conversion affects the composition of the entry-year intake.


Aquaporins (AQPs) are cellular water channel proteins known to play a key role in regulating the hydraulic conductance of roots (Lo) and leaves (Kleaf) in plants. Using potted grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. 'Syrah') on a gravimetric irrigation platform, we examined the effects of progressive water stress and recovery therefrom, and soil application of abscisic acid (ABA) on the relationships between Lo, Kleaf, leaf stomatal conductance (gs) and gene expression of leaf and root AQPs. We test the hypothesis that water stress (potentially resulting in endogenous ABA biosynthesis) and exogenous ABA application increase Lo due to enhanced root AQP activity but decrease g(s) and Kleaf due to stomatal closure and decreased leaf AQP activity. Leaf and stem water potentials, g(s), Lo and Kleaf were measured at different time points along the experiment and leaf and roots samples were taken at the same time to determine AQP expression. Both, water stress and ABA application reduced g(s) to 50 mmol m-2 s-1 three days after the experiment was started. While Kleaf decreased by 75% in the water-stressed plants compared to the well-watered plants, it was unchanged with exogenous ABA. Upon rewatering, the water-stressed plants reached 66% of the initial g(s) and had Kleaf values similar to the well-watered plants. Positive linear relationships were observed between Lo and gs, and between Lo and transpiration that were related to vine water status and ABA application.


Background: In repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), exercise test parameters like peak oxygen uptake and ventilatory efficiency predict mortality. Studies have also suggested cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived right ventricular (RV) size threshold values for pulmonary valve replacement in repaired TOF. However, effects of proposed RV size on exercise capacity and morbidity are not known. Methods: The relationship between CMR-derived ventricular size, function, and pulmonary regurgitation (PR) and NYHA class, exercise performance, and electrocardiogram (ECG) was studied in patients of repaired TOF with pure PR in a retrospective review of records. Results: 46 patients (22 females), mean age 14 years (8–30.8), were studied. There was no relationship between CMR-derived ventricular size, function, or PR and exercise test parameters, or NYHA class. RV end systolic and end diastolic volume correlated positively with the degree of PR. QRS duration on ECG correlated positively with RV end-diastolic volume (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.34) and PR (P < 0.01, r2 = 0.52). Conclusions: In repaired TOF and pure PR, there is no correlation between ventricular size or function and exercise performance. RV size increases with increasing PR. Timing of pulmonary valve replacement in TOF with pure PR needs further prospective evaluation for its effect on morbidity and mortality.


Monetary policy decisions are typically made by independent central banks. But the details of the monetary policy decision-making and accountability structures differ widely across countries. This article outlines the key features of monetary policy governance and accountability arrangements of a range of advanced and emerging countries with similar approaches to monetary policy to that used in New Zealand.


A system of remotely detecting vocal fold pathologies using telephone quality speech is presented. Using VoiceXML, a database of 631 clean speech files of the sustained phonation of the vowel sound /a/ (58 normal subjects, 573 pathologic) from the Disordered Voice Database Model 4337 was transmitted over telephone channels to produce a test corpus. Pitch perturbation features, amplitude perturbation features and a set of measures of the harmonic-to-noise ratio are extracted from the clean and transmitted speech files. These feature sets are used to test and train automatic classifiers, employing the method of Linear Discriminant Analysis. Cross-fold validation was employed to measure classifier performances. While a sustained phonation can be classified as normal or pathologic with accuracy greater than 90%, results indicate that a telephone quality speech can be classified as normal or pathologic with an accuracy of 74.15%. Amplitude perturbation features proving most robust in channel transmission. This study highlights the real possibility for remote diagnosis of voice pathology.


Abstract:  Pemphigus erythematosus, initially described as a combination of pemphigus with lupus erythematosus, and pemphigus foliaceus are now frequently considered localized and generalized variants of superficial pemphigus. Yet diagnostic criteria for pemphigus erythematosus remain controversial. Distinct from pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus displays immune depositions at the dermal‐epidermal junction, which suggests additional immunopathological mechanisms. We present three patients with clinical and histopathologic signs of superficial pemphigus, who all exhibited an immunomorphology characteristic of pemphigus erythematosus. Complement depositions in a granular‐linear fashion were consistently found at the dermal‐epidermal junction besides in vivo bound and circulating antikeratinocyte cell‐surface autoantibodies. Histopathology showed subcorneal acantholysis, and all sera contained antidesmoglein 1 but not antidesmoglein 3 autoantibodies detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Additional autoantibodies against a 230‐kDa protein and against a 190‐kDa protein comigrating with bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 (BP230) and periplakin, respectively, were present in all the patients' sera. As two sera specifically reacted with BP230 by ELISA, the presence of BP230‐specific autoantibodies could be associated with dermal‐epidermal immune staining in these patients. In pemphigus erythematosus, dermal–epidermal immune staining is generally attributed to the deposition of immune complexes, while the presence of BP230‐specific autoantibodies has not been reported in this disease previously. Perhaps, the unique autoantibody profile of the patients in the study permits discrimination between patients with superficial pemphigus that display additional dermal‐epidermal immune staining from those with conventional pemphigus foliaceus on a molecular basis. Further studies will be required to substantiate the frequency of this occurrence and to unravel its pathogenic significance.


Young people's climate activism must stand as one of the most remarkable and important mass movements of our age. At levels of organization from the local to the global, young climate activists are coming together in massive mobilizations, and particularly school strikes, under the names of Fridays For Future, #FridaysForFuture, Youth for Climate, Youth Strike for (or 4) Climate and School Strike for (or 4) Climate. This article responds to the most extensive study of young people's climate action published to date, entitled 'Protest for a Future: Composition, Mobilization and Motives of the Participants in Fridays For Future Climate Protests on 15 March, 2019 in 13 European Cities'. In this significant and provocative article, an analysis is provided of the potential – and the need – for empirical work at local and international levels concerning youth climate activism that recognizes the often complex, liminal nature of young political agency and the diverse, intersecting motives that lead young people to demonstrate for action on climate change. Through this analysis, this article contributes to theoretical innovation to get beyond rigid, top-down understandings of young people's political engagement, and instead build theory from young people's visions of social, economic and political change in response to climate emergency.


Digital art has expanded, challenged, and even redefined notions of public art and supported the concept of a networked commons. The nature of agency within online, networked "systems" and "communities" is crucial to these developments. Electronic networks enable exchange and collectivist strategies that can question existing structures of power and governance. Networks are public spaces that offer enhanced possibilities of interventions into the social world and of archiving and filtering these interventions over time in an ongoing process. Networked activism and tactical response as well as artistic practice that merges physical and virtual space and augments physical sites and existing architectures are among the practices that are important to the impact of digital public art on governance.


Bioremediation of petroleum sludge was conducted by using land-farming method in micro scale and by applying an indigenous bacteria Bacillus megaterium. The samples were from PT. Pertamina Musi Banyuasin district of South Sumatra. The research aim was to evaluate the performance of the bacteria in degrading petroleum sludge. The rate of the biodegradation process was determined by using differential method and the data analyses show that the reaction order is 0.74. Then, the rate of biodegradation constant was determined by using an integral method assuming that the biodegradation process was a first reaction order. From the calculation, it was revealed that the biodegradation reaction constant was 0.0204/day. The bioremediation-kinetics model is y = -0.0204X + 2.0365, and by using this model the bioremediation process could be ended after 99.83 days. The qualitative analysis was carried out by using GC-MS to investigate the components of compounds changed during the bioremediation process. The results show that the B. megaterium could degrade 99.32% of alkane compounds.


Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP), also known as primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, is a rare genetic disorder characterized by pachyderma and periostosis. Acromegaly is a condition caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH) leading to elevated insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, and is characterised by somatic overgrowth and physical disfigurement, notably affecting hands and feet. We present two cases referred with an initial diagnosis of acromegaly that were ultimately diagnosed as PDP. Case 1: A 17 year-old boy presented with enlargement in both feet and hands, finger clubbing, swelling in knee joints, knee pain, coarsening of facial skin lines and forehead skin, and excessive sweating which increased gradually over five years. There were prominent skin folds on the forehead, face, and eyelids. Also, there was an enlargement in both hands and clubbing of the fingers. There was marked swelling in the knee joints and ankles. Genetic analysis revealed a novel homozygous variant NM_005630: c.31C>T (p.Q11*) in the SLCO2A1 gene. Case 2: A 16 year-old boy presented with coarsening of forehead skin and scalp, excessive sweating, and pain in the elbow and knee over three years. Skin folds were prominent on the forehead and scalp. Genetic analysis revealed a homozygous variant NM_005630.2:c.86delG (p.G29Afs*48) in the SLCO2A1 gene. Such clinical presentation contemporaneous with normal GH level and prominent radiological abnormalities prompted the diagnosis of PDP. In conclusion, PDP is a very rare osteoarthrodermopathic disorder with clinical and radiographic presentation that may mimic acromegaly. In the evaluation of patients with acromegaloid appearance, PDP should be considered as a differential diagnosis.


Conservative Irish society perceived itself to be under threat from a variety of 'foreign' cultural expressions in the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. The 'sensational' nature of newspapers and periodicals produced for the broader metropolitan market and espousing the values of a more urban and less controlled society were particular sources of concern for Irish Catholics, as was the musical hall and the newly available cinema productions. The Christian Brothers entered the leisure reading market in September 1914 with their own magazine, Our Boys. The primary focus of this publication was to compete with the imperial and Anglo-centric nature of the British Boys Own genre, a form of popular literature widely available in Ireland. The deeds of Irish heroic figures of the past were emphasised, coloured with a pronounced emphasis on the religious persecution visited on Ireland at the hands of what was described as British 'oppression.' Our Boys engaged in a policy of clearly associating Irish history with the Catholic orientation of the Irish people. Faith and Fatherland were one and the same entity in this mindset, inseparable in terms of Ireland's national experience. The Boy's Own genre, which created the template for this form of popular literature is examined in the initial section of this thesis, leading to an evaluation of the heroic masculinity central to this genre. The Catholic/nationalist nature of Our Boys is then considered from a variety of perspectives – historical and contemporary fiction, cultural and economic material and finally the role played by the magazine in supporting the Church's drive to enshrine conservative values in the legislature of the early Free State.


We develop a microscopic model of layered superconductors, designed specifically for the high-[ital T][sub [ital c]] cuprates, which is valid at all temperatures below the degeneracy temperature and for all relevant length scales. The model is based on the original idea of Bulaevskii, and consists of a stack of two-dimensional conducting planes coupled via interlayer diffusion of charge carriers. The microscopic model presented here reduces to the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau, Lawrence-Doniach, and anisotropic London models in the appropriate limits. We derive the main equations of the interlayer diffusion model, then use the model to examine the role of dimensionality and interlayer scattering on the magnetic properties of layered superconductors.


There is a growing recognition of Levinas's importance. It can in part be attributed to an increasing concern that twentieth-century continental philosophy seems to have no place for ethics. In making ethics fundamental to philosophy, rather than a problem to which we might one day return, Levinas transforms continental thought. The book brings together some of the most interesting and far-reaching responses to the work of Levinas, in three different areas: contemporary feminism, psychotherapy, and Levinas's relation to other philosophers. It includes a newly translated paper by Levinas on suffering, and a specially commissioned interview.


ABSTRACT Research on information and communication technologies conducted with a vulnerable sample consists of a unique host of challenges not experienced in research with oft-used student samples. This article suggests that field experiments, conducted through a self-reflexive critical studies lens, are one way that communication researchers may address some of these barriers while keeping in mind sensitivity to inherent power imbalances. While considering the ongoing debate regarding the use of student samples in communication research, this paper examines one longitudinal field experiment that investigated the role of stable ICT access on health outcomes. We discuss the power dynamics at play in the relationships between the primary investigator, research assistants, and participants as well as describe the tradeoffs that are considered in this type of work. The marrying of the positivistic approach of field experiment with a critical studies lens can benefit a growing body of scholarship from various epistemological traditions, invested in socially conscious research within marginalized communities. We provide a self-reflexive analysis of our study along with practical recommendations within the context of our challenges and successes.


Currently in the nuclear industry, surface contamination in the form of radioactive metal or metal oxide deposits is most commonly removed by chemical decontamination, electrochemical decontamination or physical attrition. Physical attrition techniques are generally used on structural materials (concrete, plaster), with (electro)chemical methods being used to decontaminate metallic or painted surfaces. The most common types of (electro)chemical decontamination are the use of simple mineral acids such as nitric acid or cerium (IV) oxidation (MEDOC). Use of both of these reagents frequently results in the dissolution of a layer of the substrate surface increasing the percentage of secondary waste which leads to burdens on downstream effluent treatment and waste management plants. In this context, both mineral acids and MEDOC can be indiscriminate in the surfaces attacked during deployment, e.g. attacking in transit through a pipe system to the site of contamination resulting in both diminished effect of the decontaminating reagent upon arrival at its target site and an increased secondary waste management requirement. This provides two main requirements for a more ideal decontamination reagent: Improved area specificity and a dissolution power equal to or greater than the previously mentioned current decontaminants. Photochemically promoted processes may provide such a decontamination technique. Photochemical reduction of metal ion valence states to aid in heavy metal deposition has already been extensively studied, with reductive manipulation also being achieved with uranium and plutonium simulants (Ce). Importantly photooxidation of a variety of solution phase metals, including neptunium, has also been achieved. Here we briefly review existing decontamination techniques and report on the potential application of photo promoted oxidation technologies to metal dissolution (including process steels) and to the dissolution of adsorbed actinide contaminants.


Virtual Reality is increasingly used for safe evaluation and validation of autonomous vehicles by automotive engineers. However, the design and creation of virtual testing environments is a cumbersome process. Engineers are bound to utilize desktop-based authoring tools, and a high level of expertise is necessary. By performing scene authoring entirely inside VR, faster design iterations become possible. To this end, we propose a VR authoring environment that enables engineers to design road networks and traffic scenarios for automated vehicle testing based on free-hand interaction. We present a 3D interaction technique for the efficient placement and selection of virtual objects that is employed on a 2D panel. We conducted a comparative user study in which our interaction technique outperformed existing approaches regarding precision and task completion time. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the system by a qualitative user study with domain experts.


In the two decades after publication of the Origin of Species, Charles Darwin facilitated the publication of numerous scientific papers by settler naturalists in South Africa. This helped to establish the strong tradition of natural history which has characterised evolutionary research in South African museums, herbaria and universities. Significant developments in the early 20th century included the hominid fossil discoveries of Raymond Dart, Robert Broom, and others, but there was otherwise very little South African involvement in the evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s. Evolutionary biology developed into a distinct discipline in South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s when it was dominated by mammalian palaeontology and a vigorous debate around species concepts. In the post-apartheid era, the main focus of evolutionary biology has been the construction of phylogenies for African plants and animals using molecular data, and the use of these phylogenies to answer questions about taxonomic classification and trait evolution. South African biologists have also recently contributed important evidence for some of Darwin's ideas about plant–animal coevolution, sexual selection, and the role of natural selection in speciation. A bibliographic analysis shows that South African authors produce 2–3% of the world's publications in the field of evolutionary biology, which is much higher than the value of about 0.5% for publications in all sciences. With its extraordinary bio


This paper reports on a small-scale survey of the potential American demand for prize-linked savings accounts, an account that awards prizes as part of the saving product's return. In October 2006, Centra Credit Union launched a prize-linked savings pilot. As part of that initiative, we conducted a mall intercept survey of over 500 people in Clarksville, Indiana, the community where the program was launched. This preliminary data suggests that low-to-moderate income Americans may have substantial demand for prize-linked savings, with a majority of survey participants expressing an interest in opening a prize-linked savings account. As predicted by theory and international experience, interest in prize-linked savings is greatest among people who do not have regular saving habits, who have little actual savings, who play lotteries extensively, and who are optimistic about their futures.


Five years before the 2015 deadline for achieving the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the picture on progress is mixed. Persisting challenges include dysfunctional health systems, gaps in reliable morbidity and mortality data, uneven progress between goals and growing inequity between subpopulations.1–3

Jan Vandemoortele, one of the architects of the MDGs, emphasizes that the MDGs are globally aggregated and "not meant as a uniform yardstick for measuring performance across countries".4 Progress across regions and in individual countries varies with social and political structures, geography and local history. The impact of conflict cannot be underestimated: countries suffering conflict are also performing poorly in meeting their MDGs. One-third of countries with low human development are in conflict, with the impact spilling across borders into neighbouring regions.5 Sub-Saharan Africa, the site of 40% of the world's major conflicts, suffered the highest direct death toll in the decade before 2000. The indirect health implications compound the situation with deaths from consequent disease and malnutrition. In 2008, there were an estimated 41.2 million internally displaced people and refugees globally.3

In these situations, more than any other, the context of MDG progress is critical: conflict disrupts health systems and other government institutions, compromises capacity and renders governance and the legitimacy of authorities uncertain. While securing peace is the main goal, building local ownership of the MDG process and mapping out locally effective programmes are important priorities within that process.4

Afghanistan provides an intriguing and, in certain ways, encouraging example: in 2000, the declaration of the MDGs was irrelevant to the (then) Taliban government and its patchwork of warlord allies. At 0.345, its development index – a composite of life expectancy, education and economic performance – ranked it 174th of 178 countries. Neonatal and infant mortality rates were high. Its maternal mortality ratio, with estimates ranging from 1600 to 2200 per 100 000 live births (6500 reported in Badakshan province), compared poorly with its neighbours.6 Development assistance was minimal. Women were prohibited access to education. The health system was fractured and dysfunctional.

Then, in 2001, the "war on terrorism" brought Afghanistan to the centre of international attention. In the immediate aftermath of the defeat of the Taliban, the health systems vacuum was rapidly filled by international development assistance. Health services, provided by international civil and military agencies, developed without effective integration, sustained by project support in major population centres and lacking a coordinating policy framework or effective governance structures. There were early attempts to secure a strategic approach for development. In 2002, the National development framework7 focused on the acute rehabilitation needs of the country. The 2004 document Securing Afghanistan's future: accomplishments and the strategic path forward,8 while adopting a longer-term perspective, and arguing for more sustainable development of sectors including health, lacked Afghan engagement and a sense of local ownership.

In March 2004, the government appointed a high-level commission to adapt the MDG framework to the Afghan context. The commission was systematic in estimating the extent of attrition during the 1990s, and the constraints imposed by insurgency and lack of quality data. Acknowledging the disadvantages that Afghanistan faced, coming late to the MDG process, they courageously – and unilaterally – extended their MDG deadline by five years to 2020, and added a ninth goal: national security.

These "Afghanized MDGs" have been integrated into national planning processes, set as the monitoring framework for the Afghanistan National Development Strategy and reiterated in the "Afghan Compact", a partnership of donors, multilateral organizations and the government. Despite limited local resources and technical expertise, an unevenly distributed workforce and the challenges of managing multiple international agencies (including the military), the national government maintains its intention to coordinate interventions in health.

Progress against the MDGs has been uneven, but broadly positive: immunization rates against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus have increased from 54% of infants in 2003 to 85% in 2008; mortality rates for children aged less than 5 years have reduced from 257 per 1000 live births in 2001 to 191 in 2006; infant mortality rates have reduced from 165 per 1000 live births to 129 in the same period. For complex social, geographical and political reasons, maternal mortality remains a challenge, though skilled birth attendance has risen from 14% in 2003 to 19% in 2007, and the massive increase in access to health services from virtually no coverage to 82% in 2006 provides a base from which to build further positive progress.

The case-study offers salutary lessons for progress towards MDGs. First, conflict must be addressed if progress is to occur: the context within which the MDGs are monitored is critical. In volatile settings, interim targets, with progressive review and extension, will be more effective in informing programme management than distant goals.4 The assertion of ownership reflected in extending the deadline to 2020, and the addition of what it sees as an obvious and overlooked goal of security, has reframed the MDGs so that they serve local development, rather than sit in judgement on it.