An estimation approach to three-dimensional reconstruction from parallel ray projections, with incomplete and very noisy data, is described. Using a stochastic dynamic model for an object of interest in a probed domain of known background density, the reconstruction problem is reformulated as a n onlinear state estimation problem. An approximate minimum mean square error globally optimal algorithm for the solution of this problem is presented. The algorithm, which is recursive in a hybrid frequency-space domain, operates directly on the Fourier transformed projection data, eliminating altogether the attempt to invert the projection integral equation. The simulation example considered in this paper demonstrates that good object estimates may be obtained with as few as five views in a limited sector of 90° and at a signal-to-noise ratio as low as 0 dB.


With the rise of metaprogramming in Scala, manipulating ASTs has become a daily job. Yet the standard API provides only low-level mechanisms to transform or to collect information on those data structures. Moreover, those mechanisms often force the programmer to manipulate state in order to retrieve information on these ASTs. In this report, we try to solve those problems by introducing TQL, a high-level combinator Scala library to transform and query data structures in a purely functional way. Parser combinators allow to combine several small parsers to build a bigger one in an expressive way. In this report, we argue that we can apply the same concept to data structure manipulation and construct complicated traversers on top of smaller ones. Yet combinators may feel unnatural or too complicated for certain usage. We therefore built a library on top of TQL to manipulate data structures as a collection. We then put TQL in practice to scala.meta ASTs, and describe the challenges we face when traversing a real-word data structure, especially performance-wise.


This Article examines international law from the perspective of compliance. Using insights from international relations theory, the Article adopts a theory in which compliance comes about in a model of rational, self-interested states. Specifically, states are concerned about both reputational and direct sanctions for their conduct. The model allows us to consider international law in a new light. Most strikingly, one is forced to reconsider two of the most fundamental doctrinal points in the field - the definitions of customary international law (CIL) and of international law itself. A reputational model of compliance makes it clear that CIL affects the behavior of a state because other states believe that the first state has a commitment that it must honor. A failure to honor that commitment hurts a state's reputation because it signals that it is prepared to breach its obligations. This implies a definition that turns on the existence of an obligation in the eyes of other states rather than the conventional requirements of state practice and a sense of legal obligation felt by the breaching state. Classical definitions of international law look to two primary sources of law - treaties and CIL. A reputational theory, however, would label as international law any commitment that materially alters state incentives. This includes agreements that fall short of the traditional definition, including what is often referred to as "soft law." The Article points out that there is no way to categorize treaties and CIL as "law" without also including soft law. Agreements such as ministerial accords or memoranda of understanding represent commitments by a state which, if breached, will have a reputational impact. For this reason, these soft law agreements should be included in the definition of international law. The Article also calls for a refocusing of international law scholarship. Because international law works through reputational and direct sanctions, we must recognize that these sanctions have limited force. As a result, international law is more likely to have an impact on events when the stakes are relatively modest. The implication is that many of the topics that receive the most attention in international law - the laws of war, territorial limits, arms agreements, and so on - are unlikely to be affected by international law. On the other hand, issues such as international economic matters, environmental issues, and so on, can more easily be affected by international law. This suggests that the international law academy should focus greater attention on the latter subjects and less on the former.


Drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters play an important role in hepatic drug metabolism and disposition and therefore have major implications on the fate of drugs in the human body. Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported proteomic expression data for pharmacologically relevant enzymes and transporters providing rich data that can be used for simulation and modelling. However, systematic analysis and understanding of the expression of these proteins in human tissue and commonly used in vitro systems is lacking. New LC-MS techniques in quantitative proteomics are transforming the approach to quantitative pharmacology and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) for physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. In this webinar, Dr. Amin Rostami (Certara) and Dr. Brahim Achour (University of Manchester) will discuss the scientific and economic implications of this approach on the IVIVE of enzyme and transporter-mediated drug pharmacokinetics using PBPK models.


The social contagion paradigm has demonstrated false memories occur for items when they are suggested to the participant during a collaborative recall phase. The current experiment examined the effect of perceptual elaboration (generation of sensory and elaborative details) and re-study (repeated encoding) on false memories in the social contagion paradigm. Participants either performed a perceptual elaboration task or completed a math filler task after viewing six slides and collaborating with the confederate. Half of the participants in each condition were given an opportunity to restudy the original slides. Perceptual elaboration increased false recall, but decreased false recognition. Re-study decreased false recall and only decreased false recognition if in conjunction with perceptual elaboration.


In this paper, hourly terrestrial radiation: direct beam, diffuse and global solar radiation are modelled and calculated based on daily measured data for a horizontal surface. In addition, the same parameters were modelled for inclined surfaces. Most of the parameters modelled in this work represent a part of the input data required by building thermal simulation and solar energy systems software. Important trends of the solar radiation on tilted surfaces as a function of time and direction are being presented and discussed. The comparison of some of the results with measured data from other sources shows good agreement. The effect of tilt angle and orientation on the incident solar radiation fluxes arepresented along with optimum surface tilt angles and directions for maximum solar radiation collection in Muscat area. The results presented in this paper are quite useful for quick estimation of solar radiation for calculations of cooling load and solar collector performance. Also, the models and the computer code developed in this work form the backbone of any computer-aided building thermal design and solar systems design calculations.


This study proposes a simulation model aimed at exploring how copyright law should be designed; that is, a desirable combination of copyright length and breadth. The model incorporates the specific properties of creative industries but is hard to deal with analytically because of its dynamic characteristics. Changes in social welfare under different copyright designs are thus examined by using numerical simulation. The simulation results reveal that a short and narrow copyright is the best, whereas a long and broad copyright is the worst. Moreover, in the long run, a long copyright can reduce social welfare even if the breadth is narrow.


This paper is an analysis of published articles that discuss the history of the Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA) to the Post-Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) as well as evaluates the different dynamics and relationships formed by these agreements. The articles primarily focus on different aspects of the agreements and specific countries affected. Throughout all of the articles, industrialized countries and developed countries are interchangeable. A few articles, for example Growing Protectionism (1985), use the term Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA), which is the same as Multi-Fiber Arrangement. The term European Union (EU) and European Community (EC) are also interchangeable. This paper examines and compares articles to discuss the history of the textile and apparel trade from MFA to present.


We investigated the morphology of seed, particularly of the endosperm of intact and abscising 'Shimizu Hakuto' peach (Prunus persica Batsch) subjected to different fruit thinning levels for four years. The objective was to study the anatomical basis for physiological fruit drop which occurs from end of Stage 2 to beginning of Stage 3 of fruit growth. The percentage of physiological fruit drop was significantly higher (P = 0.05) in trees subjected to heavy fruit thinning (HFT) than in those subjected to light fruit thinning (LFT) or standard fruit thinning (SFT). The mean endosperm length in fruit which dropped at the peak of physiological fruit drop from trees under HFT was equal to that of intact fruit collected at 65 days after full bloom (DAFB); the mean embryo length in dropped fruit was shorter than that in the intact fruit collected at the same time. Endosperm and embryo cells in dropped fruit showed typical necrotic symptoms, such as cells with shrunken cytoplasm and collapsing cell nucleus. Collapsing cell nucleus in the endosperm of the intact fruit collected from trees under HFT began at 66 DAFB that corresponded with the time when the endosperm stopped growing. Morphology of chalazal haustorium was observed in the on-tree fruit collected from the beginning to the middle of Growth Stage 2 in trees under HFT and SFT. Although most chalazal haustoria had reached the chalaza at the beginning of Growth Stage 2 in both fruit thinning levels, those in most of HFT fruit exhibited abnormal shrinking at 54 DAFB. These results indicate that a series of events take place in the seeds predestined to drop. That is, after certain factor(s) that cause shrinking of the chalazal haustorium and retardation of embryo growth to occur, assimilated reserves in the endosperm cannot be translocated to the embryo because of shrinkage of the chalazal haustorium. Finally, necrosis of embryo is induced.


Many stocking programs are performed without any subsequent assessments to determine the survival of the stocked fish, often due to the difficulties in distinguishing stocked from wild fish. A series of optimisation trials were undertaken to determine the suitability of calcein (2,4-bis-[N,N′–di(carbomethyl)-aminomethyl]fluorescein) for chemically marking hatchery-reared Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata (Steindachner), fry and fingerlings. The technique was optimised by trialling immersion times for salt (2.5 or 5 min), calcein concentrations (0.5 or 1%) and calcein immersion times (5 or 10 min). A general-purpose modulated probe fluorometer was used as a non-lethal detection method to establish mark retention and distinguish between calcein-marked and unmarked fish. Five minutes of saline immersion, followed by 10 min of calcein immersion at a calcein concentration of 1% was the optimal marking method. Growth and survival of fish was not affected as a result of any of the calcein-marking methods. It is therefore effective to calcein-mark Australian bass fry and fingerlings before stocking and to non-lethally detect marked individuals using a field-portable meter to assist in the assessment of stocking programs. Findings from this study may also reflect the potential use of calcein to chemically mark fry and fingerlings of other fish species.


Hiscock R, Branston JR, McNeill A, et al. Tobacco industry strategies undermine government tax policy: evidence from commercial data. Tobacco Control 2018;27:488497. In the original article there was an error in the calculation of Value Added Tax (VAT). We calculated the VAT sales tax that is applicable to tobacco sales in the UK as a proportion of the final sales price rather than as a proportion of the preVAT price, leading to a slight overestimation of the size of the tax and hence an underestimation of the industry's revenues. For example, in December 2012 the average price for a pack of premium cigarettes was £6.85. We originally calculated the VAT liable to be £1.37 but the correct VAT liable was £1.14. Thus, the industry revenue was underestimated by about 23 p: originally the net revenue was calculated as £1.41 whereas the corrected net revenue was £1.64. This error does not change the fundamental result or substance of the paper. Thus, no text requires alteration. The difference was greater for later months in the dataset and for more expensive brands as VAT is a tax on value (updated table 1 & figure 5 reproduced here). However, the percentage change was greater for cheaper brands as the change represented a higher proportion of a lower price. Similarly, when looking at updated and original change in net revenue post budget (updated and original figure 6 reproduced here), the recalculation made a greater difference further from the budget (average change from previous month April to October: 0 p, November and December: 1 p, January to March: 2 p). Thus,figure 6 the tobacco industry was able to overshift to a greater extent than thought previously, after initially undershifting at the time of the budget.


This thesis investigates the relationship between identity and discourse in a networked collaborative environment in order to explore the following question: Is the construction of a common identity taking place? The research question draws on the socio-cultural theory and, in particular, on the view according to which the development of a common identity is an important dimension of learning. More specifically, the thesis builds upon recent criticism attracted by the sociocultural notion of ―Community of Practice‖ for its inadequate account of the relationship between identity, language and practice, both in traditional and computer-mediated settings. The empirical section of the thesis reports a study which applies the concept of recognition work developed by James Gee to the discursive dynamics identified in a ―discussion room‖ of an Italian online community of young psychologists and psychology students. In the study, discourse analysis was carried out on 20 online discussions and on 23 semi-structured interviews. The findings demonstrate that the notion of recognition work can be used to study how identities are constructed and negotiated through discourse, and provide an additional insight into the role of computer-mediated communication in the relationship between identity and learning. The findings also have theoretical implications, raising the question as to whether the emphasis on communities of practice has exhausted its possible contributions to a socio-cultural theory of learning. Additionally, the thesis also considers the implications for the design of virtual learning environments that try to foster collaborative learning through networked discourse.


Aim/Purpose: One of the most critical challenges to the student learning experience in online classes would be providing interactions between students and instructors as effective as in face-to-face learning. This study introduces perceived instructor presence as a way to promote such interactions and investigates its effects on student learning experience in online learning.

Background: Drawing upon theories of constructivism and social presence, this study proposes a research model to explore the causal relationships from the interactivity of a communication tool to the perception of instructor presence and to student learning experiences such as engagement and satisfaction.

Methodology: The survey method was used to collect data from online business classes where an interactive communication tool was required to use for class communication and collaboration. Partial Least Squares analysis was used as the primary data analysis tool.

Contribution: This study introduces perceived instructor presence in the online learning context and empirically tests its effects on the online learning experience. This study also contributes to the online learning literature by confirming the constructivist's point of view on learning that interactions lead to better learning experiences, in the online learning environment.

Findings: The study results show that the use of an interactive communication tool in online learning fosters strong student-instructor interactions and promotes students' perceptions of instructor presence, which eventually enhances student engagement and satisfaction in online classes.

Recommendations for Practitioners: This study recommends practitioners (e.g., teachers and professors) to use more interactive communication tools such as Microsoft Teams and Slack to promote the instructor presence in their online classes, which ultimately increase student engagement and satisfaction. Practitioners are also recommended to develop and use any other teaching methods or activities that can increase perceived instructor presence, which has a direct impact on student engagement in online learning.

Recommendation for Researchers: While the fellow researchers can take one of the future research directions in this paper, it is recommended to consider more fundamental approaches to the study of online learning. For example, the concept of presence is a radical difference when courses are moved from face-to-face to online learning. Future research could investigate how various types of presence can play differently in online learning.

Impact on Society: Better learning experiences are likely to have a significant impact on society's well-being, and the findings of this study suggest how student learning experiences can be improved in online classes. Furthermore, this is particularly useful when many face-to-face classes were forced to switch to online classes abruptly during the COVID-19 pandemic as many students, parents, and educators were concerned with online learning experiences.

Future Research: A replication study with different communication tools in various courses would be good future research to support the generalizability of the findings. Another interesting future research is to employ other types of dependent variables, such as tool adoption and academic performance. It would be worth investigating how different types of learning experiences can be associated with various learning tools. As this study finds that an interactive communication tool is associated with student engagement, gamification can be associated with student enjoyment in online learning.


Abstract Migration from South and East Mediterranean (SEM) countries has been considered a growing security threat in the EU and Gulf states following the 9/11 attacks and the Arab uprisings. Since 2011, the economic slowdown, regime changes and socio-political instability have spurred growing migration pressure from SEM countries. However, the securitisation of migration of young citizens from these countries in the EU and the Gulf states is manifested in the drastic limitation of migrants' inflows, and in the selection of prospective migrants on demographic, socio-economic and political grounds. Today's 'governmentality' of youth migration from SEM countries poses ethical and development-related issues.


To examine the loss of entanglement in a two-particle Gaussian system, we
couple it to an environment and use the Non-Rotating Wave master equation
to study the system's dynamics. We also present a derivation of this equation.
We consider two di�fferent types of evolution. Under free evolution we �and that entanglement is lost quickly between the particles. When a harmonic
potential is added between the particles, two very different behaviours can
be observed, namely in the over and under-damped cases respectively, where
the strength of the damping is determined by how large the coupling to the
bath is with respect to the frequency of the potential.
In the over-damped case, we �nd that the entanglement vanishes at even
shorter times than it does in the free evolution. In the (very) under-damped
case, we observe that the entanglement does not vanish. Instead it oscillates
towards a stable value


In the last years new trends in Logistics and Supply Chain Management have arisen as a reaction to the changes in demand patterns. Manufactures are in a constant search for new methods and strategies for designing not only an efficient but also an agile Supply Chain from supplier to customer. Quality and Pricing are no longer the only influential factors for a company, now Logistics has become a new tool for gaining leverage over competitors.
The present work aims to apply these new approaches to a real case study in a manufacturing plant of a multinational corporation of power and automation technologies sector. The goal of this work is to study a representative piece used in the assembly of the final product of the company, detect the weak points along its Supply Chain to the client (production and handling) and develop strategies towards a better future development. To this end, firstly a review of the relevant literature and the conceptual framework has been done focusing on Inventory Control, Supply Reliability and Quality Assurance. Secondly, the current as-is situation has been studied and the piece has been analysed following the conclusions extracted from the State-of-the-Art. Afterwards, a failure occurrence Database has been built and analyse. This analysis is guided towards determining the influence of a set of factors on the behaviour of the two vital parameters in any failure risk analysis: likelihood of occurrence and severity.
The conclusions extracted from the data analysis allow assigning priorities. This analysis is strongly focused on the cause-effect relationship, and the importance of finding the cause for definitely removing the problem. It has been observed that few failure types gather the main number of occurrences and solution costs. Moreover, the latter the failure is detected, the bigger the severity of its consequences. Regarding failure causes, it has been observed a lack of efficiency in determining the source of problems. From the specified ones, a Defective Assembly is a highly frequent cause, and efforts should be specially focus here.
In order to reduce the impact of these occurrences, several strategies have been proposed aiming to reduce risk, cost and time related to failure occurrence, at the same time that they seek an improvement in quality. It has been concluded that Training Sessions should be organized for covering several aspects of the piece assembly and testing. The improvement of Working Instructions linked to the introduction of new interactive resources has been widely discussed. Due to the results of the piece's characteristics study, a revision of the current Security Stock strategy should be carried out, together with the evaluation of the suitability of creating a new character in the company: an expert in this piece. Finally, it has been detected that several improving opportunities are linked to the need of a deeper analysis of the piece's parts, so that more specific information could be obtained.


In this paper is developed a simple mathematical model of transient heat transfer under soil with plastic mulch in order to determine with numerical studies the influence of different plastic mulches on the soil temperature and the evolutions of temperatures at different depths with time. The governing differential equations are solved by a Galerkin Finite Element Model, taking into account the nonlinearities due to radiative heat exchange between the soil surface, the plastic mulch and the atmosphere. The model was validated experimentally giving good approximation of the model to the measured data. Simulations were run with the validated model in order to determine the optimal combination of mulch optical properties to maximize the soil temperature with a Taguchi's analysis, proving that the material most used nowadays in Colombia is not the optimal and giving quantitative results of the properties the optimal mulch must possess.


In this paper, we analyze the effect that the timing of wage setting (i. e. whether wages set sequentially or simultaneously) has on the investment in R&D of firms, when that investment increases the productivity of labor, in the context of a Cournot duopoly. Contrary to the result obtained in the literature on wage bargaining, we obtain that unions may choose to set wages simultaneously. This is obtained if the size of the market is small enough and the efficiency of the R&D technology is great enought. It is in this case that firms spend most on R&D. By contrast, when unions choose to set wages sequentially, spending by firms on R&D is at its lowest.


Foreign language teaching implies learning an enormous number of words. The learning methods which are commonly used for this purpose, are still far from ideal. Serious psychological objections can be raised to learning isolated words. Presenting words in texts, however, does not guarantee that pupils will pay sufficient attention to the forms of the new words and to the ways in which these words are related to the text. A good retention of the new words requires that the traces of the words in memory are embedded in one or more meaningful memory systems. So there has to be created a situation in which the pupils will pay more attention to the relations between the new words and the text.In an exploratory investigation which was carried out by Prof. Eikeboom and the author, we have tried to obtain this situation by asking the pupils to guess the meaning of new words from the context. A hundred and six second and third grade pupils of a large suburban High School served as subjects in this study. They worked at a Dutch story in which a number of words had been replaced by quasi-words. Half of the subjects had to guess the meaning of the quasi-words from the context, the other half could look up the meaning of the words in the margin and in a word-list. The subjects were submitted to an immediate and a postponed vocabulary test.The hypothesis was that in particular in the postponed test the subjects in the guessing condition would have memorized more or at least as many words as the subjects in the'margin condition. This hypothesis was founded on the supposition that the guessers would have to work actively on the new words and their context, whereas the subjects in the margin condition would "substitute" the meaning of the new words whithout paying attention to the forms or the context of the new words. This hypothesis was partly confirmed, that is to say for the third grade classes, by means of an analysis of variance with repeated measures. An unexpected but interesting result was that the second grade classes differed significantly from the third grade classes in the guessing condition, but not in the margin condition. This may point to the instructability of using the context to guess the meaning of new words.Finally the three methodological difficulties which occurred in this investi-gation, are discussed. These difficulties refer to: 1) the guessing ability of the subjects, 2) the necessity of confirmations in the guessing condition, and 3) the factors which influence the possibility to guess the meaning of words correctly .


This article approaches parallelism as a semiotic phenomenon that can operate across verbal art and other media in performance. It presents an approach to different media and the uniting performance mode as construing "metered frames." Multimedial parallelism is analyzed as a phenomenon resulting from the coordination of expressions in relation to these frames to form members of parallel groups. The focus is on rituals that involve interaction with the unseen world. Discussion of parallelism between speech and empirical aspects of performance extends to the potential for presumed parallelism between speech and unseen objects, agents, and forces. John Miles Foley's concept of "performance arena" is extended to performers' and audiences' perceptions and expectations about "reality" in ritual performance. The mapping of otherworld locations and cosmology onto empirical spaces in performance is also discussed.


Estrogen receptor β blocks inflammation in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by transrepressing gene expression. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterized by inflammation and demyelination of neurons (see commentary by Gosselin and Rivest). MS is mediated by microglia, which are macrophage-like cells resident in the CNS, and T helper 1 (TH1) and TH17 cells, which are proinflammatory T cell subsets that infiltrate the CNS. Estrogens and synthetic ligands of estrogen receptors (ERs) have beneficial outcomes in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), a mouse model of MS, through their anti-inflammatory effects, but the mechanisms involved are unclear. Saijo et al. showed that ERβ was more abundant than ERα in mouse microglia and that synthetic ERβ-specific ligands (such as Indazole-Cl), but not ERα-specific ligands (such as 17β-estradiol), blocked the expression of proinflammatory genes in microglia and astrocytes in vitro. Indazole-Cl prevented the development of EAE in mice when administered before the onset of paralysis, as well as promoting resolution of EAE when provided to mice after they exhibited symptoms of disease. The authors identified ADIOL as an endogenous ERβ ligand that prevented the expression of proinflammatory genes in microglia and inhibited the development of EAE in mice. Expression of the proinflammatory genes examined in this study requires the transcription factor AP-1. Saijo et al. showed that ADIOL-stimulated ERβ blocked the function of AP-1 in microglia by binding to AP-1 at promoter sites and recruiting the corepressor protein CtBP, a mechanism known as transrepression. Together, these data suggest an ERβ-specific, anti-inflammatory mechanism in microglia that may provide an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of MS. K. Saijo, J. G. Collier, A. C. Li, J. A. Katzenellenbogen, C. K. Glass, An ADIOL-ERβ-CtBP transrepression pathway negatively regulates microglia-mediated inflammation. Cell 145, 584–595 (2011). [Online Journal] D. Gosselin, S. Rivest, Estrogen receptor transrepresses brain inflammation. Cell 145, 495–497 (2011). [Online Journal]


Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq, Thomas E. Ricks, Penguin Press, New York, 2006,496 pages, $27.95. Thomas E. Ricks, the prominent Washington Post military affairs reporter, has contributed his own assessment of the evolving U.S. entanglement in Iraq in his new book, Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq. This work follows just several months after Michael R. Gordon and retired General Bernard E. Trainor released Cobra JI: The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq (Pantheon, Westminster, MD, 2006), and will undoubtedly elicit strong reactions from those in uniform. Ricks broadens the aperture of debate, sharply needling the Bush administration and senior military leaders for their slapdash approach to the postwar effort. He is especially caustic about U.S. leaders' failure to understand that we had wandered into the pernicious thicket of an insurgency; about our misdirected and sluggish response once we did recognize that we were facing an insurgency; and about the abysmal conditions that led to the Abu Ghraib scandal. While Ricks conducts a trenchant post-mortem of the convoluted lead-up and embarkation to war, Fiasco primarily focuses on the time between the occupation of Baghdad in April 2003 and the second battle for Fallujah in late 2004. There are no unprecedented revelations here. Ricks does not reveal the hideaway locations for weapons of mass destruction, nor does he uncover evidence to substantiate pre-war claims about clandestine Baathist-Al Qaeda linkages. Instead, what he brings is a numbing degree of clarity, both anecdotal and evidentiary, to support three essential claims. The first claim involves the argument for going to war. Ricks contends that it would have been insufficient to muster support had it not been made in the shadow of 9/11. With sad repetitiveness, he demonstrates how Congress seemed to sleep through the administration's drumbeat, unwilling to challenge even the wobbliest assertions that had been flagged within the intelligence community. He also indicts the media for its own docility at the time, singling out Judith Miller for her series in The New York Times that seemed to validate the administration's claims about weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Unfortunately, Fiasco went to press just a bit too soon to take note of a late July 2006 poll revealing that more than 60 percent of the American public still believe that Iraq had a WMD program. This, despite scores of post-invasion investigative reports that have consistently asserted the opposite-that there is scant evidence of anything resembling the notion that Saddam aspired to reinvigorating such efforts. It makes one wonder where the American public gets its news. Ricks's second focus for critique is the lack of post-war planning. One senses the reporter's increasingly visceral response to what sometimes seems like a deliberate avoidance of preparation for the aftermath. He cites an Army War College convocation led by historian Conrad Crane in December 2002 that presciently warned: "The possibility of the United States winning the war and losing the peace is real and serious. . . Thinking about the war now and the occupation later is not an acceptable solution." Ricks condemns the planning done by Joint Task Force IV, under the direction of then-Brigadier General Steve Hawkins, citing one officer's assessment of JTF IV as "fifty-five yahoos with shareware who were clueless." But even here, Ricks is not so much turning over new rocks as reinforcing what has already reified into conventional wisdom. After all, in the days immediately following the fall of Baghdad, the whole world watched spellbound as Iraqi citizens ransacked their own edifices of culture while American soldiers stood by, seemingly mystified by the erupting chaos around them. Ricks is most ruthlessly effective when he disrobes the emperor by dissecting the administration's unwaveringly sunshiny outlook. …


The World of Lucha Libre is an insider's account of lucha libre , the popular Mexican form of professional wrestling. Heather Levi spent more than a year immersed in the world of wrestling in Mexico City. Not only did she observe live events and interview wrestlers, referees, officials, promoters, and reporters; she also apprenticed with a retired luchador (wrestler). Drawing on her insider's perspective, she explores lucha libre as a cultural performance, an occupational subculture, and a set of symbols that circulate through Mexican culture and politics. Levi argues that the broad appeal of lucha libre lies in its capacity to stage contradictions at the heart of Mexican national identity: between the rural and the urban, tradition and modernity, ritual and parody, machismo and feminism, politics and spectacle.

Levi considers lucha libre in light of scholarship about sport, modernization, and the formation of the Mexican nation-state, and in connection to professional wrestling in the United States. She examines the role of secrecy in wrestling, the relationship between wrestlers and the characters they embody, and the meanings of the masks worn by luchadors. She discusses male wrestlers who perform masculine roles, those who cross-dress and perform feminine roles, and female wrestlers who wrestle each other. Investigating the relationship between lucha libre and the mass media, she highlights the history of the sport's engagement with television: it was televised briefly in the early 1950s, but not again until 1991. Finally, Levi traces the circulation of lucha libre symbols in avant-garde artistic movements and its appropriation in left-wing political discourse. The World of Lucha Libre shows how a sport imported from the United States in the 1930s came to be an iconic symbol of Mexican cultural authenticity.


A study of the kinetics and products obtained from the reactions of 3-methylfuran with the main atmospheric oxidants has been performed. The rate coefficients for the gas-phase reaction of 3-methylfuran with OH and NO 3 radicals have been determined at room temperature and atmospheric pressure (air and N 2 as bath gases), using a relative method with different experimental techniques. The rate coefficients obtained for these reactions were (in units cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 ) k OH = (1.13 ± 0.22) × 10 −10 and k NO 3 = (1.26 ± 0.18) × 10 −11 . Products from the reaction of 3-methylfuran with OH, NO 3 and Cl atoms in the absence and in the presence of NO have also been determined. The main reaction products obtained were chlorinated methylfuranones and hydroxy-methylfuranones in the reaction of 3-methylfuran with Cl atoms, 2-methylbutenedial, 3-methyl-2,5-furanodione and hydroxy-methylfuranones in the reaction of 3-methylfuran with OH and NO 3 radicals and also nitrated compounds in the reaction with NO 3 radicals. The results indicate that, in all cases, the main reaction path is the addition to the double bond of the aromatic ring followed by ring opening in the case of OH and NO 3 radicals. The formation of 3-furaldehyde and hydroxy-methylfuranones (in the reactions of 3-methylfuran with Cl atoms and NO 3 radicals) confirmed the H-atom abstraction from the methyl group and from the aromatic ring, respectively. This study represents the first product determination for Cl atoms and NO 3 radicals in reactions with 3-methylfuran. The reaction mechanisms and atmospheric implications of the reactions under consideration are also discussed.


For centuries people have visited libraries to find information, and the practical needs of housing collections and accommodating readers have been the driving force behind library design. As technology advances of the past 20 years have made it possible for people to find information without entering a library building, some have even asked whether the bricks-and-mortar library is doomed to extinction. But today we know that this (bad) vision hasn't come true. Of course, it was imperative to rethink library services fundamentally and in this context also to rethink completely the functions of library buildings. In this ongoing process one term became more and more a magic word - "flexibility"! When Gerhard Liebers, the doyen of building libraries in Germany, came back from a study tour to the United States in the early fifties, his experiences condensed in the term "flexibility". He was absolutely enchanted by the in those days modern and in Germany, at least in the field of library construction, still unknown modular construction principle (Liebers, 2002). Over the years the requirement of flexibility as an important aspect in the planning and briefing of new library buildings became more and more important. Today it is regarded as one of the most decisive, perhaps the basic principle of modern library buildings and in particular it got a new quality.


This article (based in part on ROBERT W. ADLER, RESTORING COLORADO RIVER ECOSYSTEMS: A TROUBLED SENSE OF IMMENSITY (ISLAND PRESS 2007)) argues that collaborative approaches to Colorado River restoration are desirable, but that we cannot pursue collaboration as a goal unto itself, that is, the end goal of collaboration cannot merely be to get along. Rather, the end goal must be an acceptable future for the Colorado River that addresses the real needs of multiple interest groups, including, at a minimum, the long-term health of Colorado River ecosystems in the United States and Mexico. The article critiques the three major collaborative processes along the main stem of the Colorado River to see how well they stand up to those principles. Although all of those programs are well-intentioned and do some good, I suggest that each of those efforts is driven primarily by a goal of protecting ongoing water development in the face of environmental compliance challenges under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and other laws and regulations, and not by a more fundamental goal of ecosystem restoration. As such, to date those programs have avoided rather than confronted and resolved core value disputes between ecosystem-based and economic goals. The article then discusses a third alternative approach involving much broader strategies to ecosystem restoration while promoting the legitimate needs and interests of all of the major parties involved in Colorado River disputes. That approach would seek to identify and find alternative ways to provide key resources currently drawn from the Colorado River (water, power, recreation) in more sustainable ways.


June Almeida (nee Hart) was internationally renowned virologist who pioneered new methods for viral imaging and diagnosis.

She was brought up in a flat in a tenement building in Glasgow, and, although shining academically, left school at 16 without funding to go to university. Nevertheless, she became an internationally renowned virologist whose skills in electron microscopy enabled her not only to identify viruses whose fine structure had hitherto been unknown but also to shed light on the pathogenesis of viral infections, and to pioneer and improve methods for viral diagnosis.

On leaving school in 1947, June became a laboratory technician in histopathology at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary on a salary of 25 shillings a week, and then got a job at St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, working in the same discipline. She then married an artist and emigrated to Canada, where, by chance, there was a vacancy in the Ontario Cancer Institute in Toronto for an electron microscopy technician. Her skills soon became apparent, and, despite having no formal qualifications, …


Volatility of Indonesia Rupiah and Jakarta Composite Index remain one of main issues in Indonesia economy after 1997 Asian crisis. The objectives of this research are (1) determining the volatility of Indonesia Rupiah to US Dollar exchange rates and Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) and (2) analysing the dynamic volatility transmission between exchange rates and JCI. Exchange rate and JCI volatility were measured using GJR-GARCH approach. Estimated using VAR model, this study found that current volatility of exchange rate (ER) respond significantly to the change of volatility of Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) in the previous month. On the other hand, change in previous exchange rate volatility did not affect current JCI volatility.


Collegiate Recovery Programs (CRPs), rooted in slow-moving academic institutions, can be contrasted with relatively fast-moving private treatment entities, and this contrast has great potential for both conflict and mutual benefit. Conflict may arise from a misunderstanding about the role of CRPs in the continuum of care - frequently thought to be a referral source, when, in fact, they work best as a post-treatment resource, improving outcomes for students in recovery. Young adults are the fastest growing demographic seeking treatment for substance use disorders, and, because of this changing age profile, more treatment entities are seeking to serve young adults and coming into contact with CRPs. This presentation explores the nuances and ethical challenges facing those interactions and describes the benefits of collaboration when pursued thoughtfully. The experiences of a CRP and a sober living/IOP facility in Austin, Texas will also be presented as a framework for collaboration.


This article details Cultural DeCoding, a humanities based high school extension program for gifted and talented Year 11 and 12 students in Western Australia. The brainchild of Dr Annette Pedersen (UWA & John XXIII College) and Dr Angela McCarthy (UNDA), the program runs for four days across the summer holidays before the start of the school term. The program fills a gap that exists in the education of gifted and talented secondary students who are interested in the humanities. It is comprised of sessions run by academics who facilitate discussion and activities based on their area of research and teaching expertise. The group is deliberately kept small in order to give students a chance to engage deeply and respectfully with like-minded others. The intention is to give these students an experience of what university will be like, and to have a chance to think philosophically; namely, critically, creatively and morally, in collaboration with others.


The social and economic transformation which has been occurring in the life of the elderly, and the increase of the Brazilian population aged 60 years or over is discussed. The migration process (in 1940 the rural population was 68.8% and in 1980, 32.4%) and the intense urbanisation in major Brazilian cities has been particularly evident for the elderly population, or for those growing older in these cities. This new social organization had increased the problems of loneliness and poverty among the elderly. Furthermore, as a consequence of the loss of social status which has reduced their participation in contemporary society, the elderly have been loosing the emotional suport within their own families. Traditionally, older people are viewed as an integral part of the family and enjoy high esteem and prestige. There are factors which play an important role in the family changes - these factors are the decrease in the number of children, their dispersion owing to migration and urbanisation, and the increase in the number of divorces between couples. The relatively longer life span of women has brought unique consequences such as a decrease of income, an increase in the number of widows and a longer period of chronic disease, as well as the changing role of women and their participation in the labour force which further diminish the chances of family support. This paper also discusses certain aspects related to the issues of work, retirement and social expenditure (dependency ratio).


Author(s): Price, Phillip N.; Addy, Nathan; Kiliccote, Sila | Abstract: We analyze data from 36 commercial and government buildings that participated in a Demand Response (DR) program in California, to investigate the extent to which DR load shed in each building depends on outdoor air temperature, and whether the load shed varies systematically from year to year. Our baseline model has substantially lower error than other standard models but uncertainty in the load shed is still an impediment to addressing these questions. The model is accurate enough in 29 buildings to be used to investigate the relationship between outdoor temperature and the DR load shed, and data availability and accuracy are sufficient to investigate year-to-year persistence of load shed in 19 buildings. We find that for buildings in this dataset, most buildings shed several percent of their load during DR events. In about two thirds of buildings, higher outdoor air temperature lead to slightly reduced load shed. Year-to-year changes in load shed were generally small, except that in several buildings the load shed was small or nonexistent in the first year of participation in the program and increased subsequently.


Roadways paved with open graded asphalt mixes typically generate lower traffic noise levels as compared to other types of pavements. A program was initiated in 2005 in California to evaluate the effectiveness of noise reducing surfaces over time and the pavement characteristics affecting those noise levels. In this study, tire/pavement noise was measured using the onboard sound intensity method. Data were collected on four different types of mixes: conventional open graded asphalt concrete, rubberized asphalt concrete that are open graded, rubberized asphalt concrete that are gap graded, and dense graded asphalt concrete mixes. A total of 72 field pavement sections that were at that time less than 8 years old were included in the study. Various pavement characteristics were measured and their effects on noise levels were evaluated using principal components regression, in addition to ordinary least-squares regression. This research confirmed that open graded pavements exhibit reduced tire noise compared to dense and gap graded mixes and quantified this reduction for typical mixes in California.


Over-exploitation of top predators and fish stocks has altered ecosystems towards less productive systems with fewer trophic levels. In the Celtic Sea (CS), discards and bycatch levels have prompted concern about some fisheries, while fin and humpback whales are recovering from centuries of over-exploitation. A lack of empirical evidence on the preferred diet of some predators such as whales in the CS has hindered the implementation of effective conservation measures using an ecosystem-based approach to fisheries management. Using a Bayesian framework (SIAR), stable carbon (d 13 C) and nitrogen (d 15 N) isotope mixing models were used to assign proportionate diet solutions to fin and humpback whales (skin biopsies) and putative prey items: herring (Clupea harengus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica and Nyctiphanes couchii) in the CS. Krill was the single most important prey item in the diet of fin whales, but one of the least important for humpback whales (albeit based on a small sample of humpback whale samples). Age 0 sprat and herring comprised a large proportion of the diet of both species, followed by older sprat (age 1–2) and older herring (age 2–4). An ecosystem based approach to fisheries management will be required in the CS if we seek effective conservation of both fin and humpback whales, and sustainable fisheries.


Text-to-Image diffusion models have made tremendous progress over the past two years, enabling the generation of highly realistic images based on open-domain text descriptions. However, despite their success, text descriptions often struggle to adequately convey detailed controls, even when composed of long and complex texts. Moreover, recent studies have also shown that these models face challenges in understanding such complex texts and generating the corresponding images. Therefore, there is a growing need to enable more control modes beyond text description. In this paper, we introduce Uni-ControlNet, a unified framework that allows for the simultaneous utilization of different local controls (e.g., edge maps, depth map, segmentation masks) and global controls (e.g., CLIP image embeddings) in a flexible and composable manner within one single model. Unlike existing methods, Uni-ControlNet only requires the fine-tuning of two additional adapters upon frozen pre-trained text-to-image diffusion models, eliminating the huge cost of training from scratch. Moreover, thanks to some dedicated adapter designs, Uni-ControlNet only necessitates a constant number (i.e., 2) of adapters, regardless of the number of local or global controls used. This not only reduces the fine-tuning costs and model size, making it more suitable for real-world deployment, but also facilitate composability of different conditions. Through both quantitative and qualitative comparisons, Uni-ControlNet demonstrates its superiority over existing methods in terms of controllability, generation quality and composability. Code is available at \url{https://github.com/ShihaoZhaoZSH/Uni-ControlNet}.


Impact Loading and Functional Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage by Roman M. Natoli This thesis presents two advances for alleviating the problem of articular cartilage degeneration: mitigating degradative changes that follow mechanically induced injuries and growing functional neo-cartilage for diseased tissue replacement. Experiments demonstrate that cartilage subjected to a single, nonsurface disrupting 1.1 J (Low) impact experiences sufficient degeneration over 4 weeks to become functionally equivalent to tissue subjected to a single, surface disrupting 2.8 J (High) impact. By 24 hrs post High impact, cell death and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release increased, changes in gene expression distinguished injured from adjacent tissue, and compressive stiffness decreased. In contrast, Low impacted tissue did not show decreased compressive stiffness until 4 weeks, revealing that Low impacted tissue experiences a delayed biological response. Post-injury treatment with the polymer P188, growth factor IGF-I, or matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor doxycycline partially ameliorated cell death and sGAG loss, two detrimental changes that occurred following either Low or High impact. With 1 week of treatment after Low impact, P188 reduced cell death 75% and IGF-I decreased sGAG release 49%. Following High impact, doxycycline treatment reduced 1 and 2 week sGAG release by 30% and 38%, respectively. As a novel method for engineering functional replacement tissue to use in cases of established disease, the GAG degrading enzyme chondroitinase ABC (C-ABC) improved the tensile integrity of articular cartilage constructs grown with a scaffold-less approach. C-ABC application increased ultimate tensile strength and tensile stiffness, reaching values of 1.4 and 3.4 MPa, respectively. Moreover, construct collagen concentration was ~22% by wet weight. Though C-ABC temporarily depleted sGAG, by 6 weeks no significant differences in compressive stiffness remained. Furthermore, chondrocyte phenotype was maintained, as constructs contained collagen type II, but not collagen type I. Decorin decreased following C-ABC treatment, but recovered during subsequent culture. The known ability of decorin to control collagen fibrillogenesis suggests a putative mechanism for C-ABC's effects. Diseased articular cartilage heals poorly. For patients, the last resort is total joint replacement, though its associated morbidity and the limited lifespan of its results drive the need for alternate treatment strategies. Decreasing degradative changes post-injury and increasing functional properties of engineered cartilage are two significant improvements.


Physical ageing caused by 25-years natural storage is studied in glassy As25S75 by conventional DSC technique. The observed effect was recorded as a significant increase in the value of glass transition temperature and endothermic peak area in the vicinity of glass-to-supercooled liquid transition. This result testifies, that marginal values of non-reversible heat flow in temperature-modulated DSC (ΔHnr), observed for as-prepared (or short-term aged) AsxS100-x samples within 22.5 < x < 29.5 compositional range [Ping Chen et al 2008 Phys. Rev. B78 224208], can significantly increase after longer period of physical ageing. Owing to these and previous results on collapse of the reversibility window in AsxSe100-x glasses after long-term physical ageing, we have concluded that marginality of non-reversible heat flow is not a sufficient criterion for express identification of the optimally-constrained self-organized phases in chalcogenide glasses. To make a conclusion on the marginality of ΔHnr, the long-term component of physical ageing should be taken into account. A comparison between conventional or temperature-modulated DSC scans recorded for long-term aged and rejuvenated glass samples is considered as a suitable criterion for physical ageing in glasses and, therefore, for the possibility of their network to be optimally-constrained. (© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Translators and interpreters suffer from an onslaught of job stressors. In a working context where time pressures, technology, and competition are increasingly threatening professional linguists, and where translation and interpreting can be transitory, low-status, and poorly-paid occupations (e.g. Dam and Zethsen 2016), it is not difficult to conceive that stressors can impact the productivity and well-being of translators and interpreters. But while a certain amount of stress can be healthy and enhance translation performance, occupational stress that results from disparities between one's ethical values and expected behaviours—known as ethical stress—can have nefarious consequences for individuals and even lead to burnout.

Ethical issues can occur in any translation or interpreting situation where profound moral questions of what is 'right' or 'wrong' underlie professional decision-making. For example, Hermans (2009, 93) recounts the case of the interpreter Gunter Deckert who was convicted for interpreting a lecture in which the American Frederic Leuchter denied the existence of gas chambers in Auschwitz, something which is forbidden by law in Germany. Although in this instance the interpreter agreed with Leuchter's claims, Hermans questions whether the conviction was morally justified and whether interpreters assume responsibility for the speeches they interpret. Should they faithfully interpret a speech they consider morally dubious? Interpreters are likely to ask themselves this very question when they are sent out on challenging assignments that conflict with their personal goals, values, or beliefs (Bontempo and Malcolm 2012). Similarly, translators can find themselves in situations where they have to translate texts whose ideological content is offensive to them or situations where they have to compromise their professional ethics (Abdallah 2010). Otherwise they may face loss of employment, disgrace, or worse. Making ethical decisions in these contexts can be particularly challenging, and this is exacerbated by the fact that 'it is not always possible for the translator to know to just what ends their translation will ultimately be put' (McAlester 2003, 226). Translators and interpreters are part of a complex network of people (or 'agents') who can be affected by the ethical decisions they make. As a result, ethical decision-making can be stressful, mentally draining, and even impair our progress to becoming human beings in an existential sense.


Level 2 Details on Endocrine Disruptors 1. What are Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs)?..................................................................2 1.1 What is the endocrine system?.........................................................................................2 1.2 What is the definition of endocrine disruptors?....................................................................2 1.3 Why is there concern about endocrine disruptors?...............................................................3


In this third of five volumes tracing the history of Japanese literature through Mishima Yukio, Jin'ichi Konishi portrays the high medieval period. Here he continues to examine the influence of Chinese literature on Japanese writers, addressing in particular reactions to Sung ideas, Zen Buddhism, and the ideal of literary vocation, michi. This volume focuses on three areas in which Konishi has long made distinctive contributions: court poetry (waka), featuring twelfth-and thirteenth-century works, especially those of Fujiwara Teika (1162-1241); standard linked poetry (renga), from its inception to its full harvest in the work of Sogi (1421-1502); and the theatrical form noh, including the work of Zeami (ca. 1365-1443) and Komparu Zenchiku (1405-?). The author also considers prose narrative and popular song.Originally published in 1991.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Salmonella target and enter epithelial cells at permissive entry sites: some cells are more likely to be infected than others. However the parameters that lead to host cell heterogeneity are not known. Here, we quantitatively characterized host cell "vulnerability" towards Salmonella infection based on imaged parameters. We performed successive infections of the same host cell population followed by automated high-throuput microscopy and observed that infected cells have higher probability of being re-infected. Establishing a predictive model we identified two combined origins of host cell vulnerability: the pathogen-induced cellular vulnerability emerging from Salmonella uptake and persisting at later stage of the infection, and the host cell-inherent vulnerability. We linked the host cell inherent vulnerability with its morphological attributes such as the local cell crowding, and with host cell cholesterol content. This showed that the probability of Salmonella infection success can be forecast from morphological or molecular host cell parameters.


Abstract The Large Helical Device (LHD) has six superconducting coil pairs that form a magnetic field, and plasma experiments of LHD require high accuracy and stability to control the coil current, which must be controlled in a wide range to change the magnetic field. This paper introduces the power system for the LHD superconducting magnets and the enhancement of the power supplies. When designing the power supplies, it is difficult to satisfy the requirements for the current control with a simple controller installed in each power supply because of the tight magnetic coupling between the superconducting coils. In addition, synchronized operation of these power supplies is important for LHD operation. To satisfy the current control requirements and to synchronize operation of the power supplies, six dc power supplies controlled by a computer system were constructed and are operating. The fundamental operation of the LHD is performed under the dc magnetic field, and a power system suitable for steady-state operation was designed and constructed. With the progress in fusion plasma research, more dynamic experiments are planned, and they require dynamic control of the magnetic field. For this purpose, the output voltages of power supplies were enhanced using additional pulse power supplies.


Offers the comments of seven scholars on Alan Barnard's critique of Adam Kuper's (2003) attack on the notion of 'indigenous people.' Mathias Guenther suggests that the indigenous peoples debate raises concerns about the contrived nature of constituting & (re)inventing the identity & culture of 'indigenous people.' Justin Kenrick notes that the term 'indigenous peoples' helpfully highlights the commonality of hidden history but unhelpfully hides important dynamic differences. Adam Kuper argues that Barnard's essay intimates that anthropologists should subordinate their priorities to those of activists & slant their reports in order to support political programs. Evie Plaice argues that Barnard's attempt to separate legal from anthropological understandings of the term 'indigenous' is impractical while Trond Thuen agrees with Barnard that Kuper's accusations are misplaced & points out the need for anthropologists to focus instead on the shifting relationship between indigenous peoples & the governments & majorities in their countries. Patrick Wolfe focuses on the political nature of the debate over the category 'indigenous' & Werner Zips calls attention to some key legal issues that were missed in Barnard's repudiation of Kuper's polemic. A rejoinder by Alan Barnard addresses specific statements made by each commentator.


A sequence stratigraphic framework for the late Jurassic Kimmeridgian and Bolonian stages of the Wessex–Weald Basin, southern England is proposed, based on the integration of sedimentological, geophysical and geochemical data. The NERC-funded Rapid Global Geological Events (RGGE) boreholes of Swanworth Quarry 1 and 2, and Metherhills 1, are used as reference sections. Eleven complete depositional sequences and their component systems tracts are recognized within the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, bounded by 12 sequence boundaries (Km1–12). Seventy-four boreholes have been used in this study. During the Kimmeridgian, a major transgression, associated with tectonic movements, led to a marked change in basin geometry. Major deepening of the sea during the late Kimmeridgian (Eudoxus Zone) led to a change from unconformities of basinwide extent to those confined to the basin margins. The progressive deepening of the basin towards a highstand in the mid-Bolonian (Wheatleyensis to Pectinatus zones) was associated with a broad-scale change in sedimentary, faunal and geochemical characters. The 'layer-cake' basin architecture and thickening of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation towards the basin centre suggests a dominantly aggradational system. The partially enclosed nature of the Kimmeridgian and Bolonian seas generated basin dynamics more analogous to those of modern day meromictic lakes. Consequently, sequence stratigraphic approaches derived from continental shelf-margins are inappropriate in epicontinental basins of this type.


The goal of this longitudinal study was to examine how three dimensions of self-reported work performance, including task proficiency, adaptivity, and proactivity, changed between December 2019 and September 2020 in Germany. Based on event system and transition theories, we expected work performance to decline due to the "lockdown" between early April and early May 2020, and to subsequently increase when restrictions were eased between early May and early September 2020. Additionally, we hypothesized that high levels of core self-evaluations (i.e., employees' fundamental evaluations about themselves) buffer the decline and strengthen the recovery in work performance. Data were collected from N = 591 full-time employees across eight measurement points. Results based on discontinuous latent growth curve modeling largely supported the expected trajectories in work performance. Moreover, core self-evaluations positively predicted the levels of work performance, as well as the slopes indicating recovery in task proficiency and adaptivity, but not proactivity.


The edge-ray principle of nonimaging optics states that nonimaging devices can be designed by the mapping of edge rays from the source to the edge of the target. However, in most nonimaging reflectors, including the compound parabolic concentrator (CPC), at least part of the radiation undergoes multiple reflections, some rays even appear to be reflected infinitely many times, and closer examination reveals that some edge rays of the source are not mapped onto the edge of the target even though the CPC is indeed ideal in two dimensions. Using a topological approach, we refine the formulation of the edge-ray principle to ensure its validity for all configurations. We present two different versions of the general principle. The first involves the boundaries of the different zones corresponding to a different number of reflections. The second version is stated in terms of only a single reflection, but it involves the addition of an auxiliary region of phase space. We discuss the use of the edge-ray principle as a design procedure for nonimaging devices. The CPC is used to illustrate all steps of the argument.


Objective: To determine the microbiological quality of home meals and salads samples. Methodology: A total of 180 samples were collected between May 2007 and July 2007 in Ankara, Turkey. The samples were analysed for the presence of total aerobic bacteria (TAB), thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB), Esherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. Results: In the present study, S.aureus, coliforms, E.coli, and Salmonella were not detected in cooked meat meals samples. TAB was detected in 22 (24.4%) meat dishes ranges 102-104. The cooked meat dishes samples were analyzed for the presence of TCB, and detected in 2 (2.2%) meat dishes ranges 103-104. Numbers of the aerobic mesophilic bacteria ranged from 102 to 105 cfu/g and coliforms from 37 to 1400 MPN/g in 17 (18.9%) of salad samples. E.coli was detected at level 102-103 (n=12, 13.3%) and S. aureus was detected in 9 (10.0%) at levels of 103-104 cfu/ g salad samples tested. In 4 (4.4%) of the salads samples S.aureus and E.coli were isolated together. Conclusion: The results indicate that the type of vegetable salads analysed may contain pathogenic bacteria and thereby represent a risk to the consumers in regard to foodborne diseases. Thus, it remains essential to include the significance of effective hygiene practices as an important safety measure in programmes of home hygiene, consumer education, and advice


This article addresses the current state of legislation governing the relationship between the state and the churches, religious organizations, and new religious movements in the Slovak Republic. In addition, this article highlights the most common objections to the legal norms relating to the official registration of churches in Slovakia. I. THE BASIC LEGAL PROTECTIONS OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTIES Religious freedom in the Slovak Republic is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Slovak Republic,1 the constitutional Bill of Basic Rights and Freedoms,2 and the Law on Religious Freedom and the Legal Status of Churches and Religious Organizations.3 These statutes ensure the respect and protection of basic human rights and freedoms and lay out the fundamental conditions of church-state relations. At the same time, they act as an expression of the acceptance and observation of the international obligations and agreements on human rights and freedoms that the Slovak Republic has ratified, which take legal precedence over the Constitution and other laws or enactments of the Slovak Parliament. The position of the Slovak Republic toward religious freedom, churches, and religious organizations is articulated in general terms in the Constitution of the Slovak Republic. The first article of the Slovak Constitution declares that Slovakia is an autonomous, democratic state, governed by the rule of law, with no ties to any particular ideology or religion.4 Article 24, section 1 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic guarantees all citizens freedom of thought, conscience, religious affiliation, and faith, along with the right to change religious affiliations or faiths or to be without any religious affiliation whatsoever. Conscience, thought, religious affiliation, and religious faith are, by their very nature, "forum internum," inviolable, and therefore not subject to any legal restraints. Public expressions of thought, conscience, religious affiliation, or faith ("forum externum"), on the other hand, do not enjoy absolute freedom under the Constitution. Both Article 9, section 2 of the Agreement on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Liberties and Article 24, section 4 of the Constitution of the Slovak Republic, constitutionally protecting and delineating rights of public expression, are subject to the requirements of our democratic society. In other words, the exercise of these rights may not promote conduct in violation of the Constitution, may not threaten or compromise public order and security, health or basic morals, abridge or limit the rights and freedoms of others, or threaten the independence or territorial integrity of the state. A democratic state is obligated to prevent any violations of its interests or of the rights and freedoms of its citizens. The Slovak Constitution guarantees all citizens the right to freely associate and to organize themselves into various societies, clubs, or interest groups5 (Article 29), including, of course, religious societies or churches. Nevertheless, in an official resolution dated February 29, 1996, the European Parliament addressed the growing problem of sect activity in Europe and declared that violations of human rights can no longer be cloaked under the guise of religious freedom.6 Any democratic state must reserve the right to limit religious freedoms in the interest of protecting the above-mentioned values. II. THE STATUS OF STATE-RECOGNIZED CHURCHES OR RELIGIOUS ORGANIZATIONS The statutory scheme governing the legal status of religious organizations in Slovakia, as in a number of other countries, provides for the designation of state-recognized churches or religious organizations. According to the Slovak Law on Religious Freedom and the Legal Status of Churches and Religious Organizations,7 the state recognizes only those churches and religious organizations registered under this law. Although basic freedoms and liberties are guaranteed and equally granted both to members of registered and nonregistered religious organizations and religious organizations may freely operate regardless of whether or not they are registered, it should be noted that registration offers certain distinct advantages. …


Governments and commercial institutions have conducted detailed time-use studies for several decades. In these studies, participants give a detailed record of their activities, locations, and other data over a day, week, or longer period. These studies are particularly valuable for the ubicomp community because of the large number of participants (often the tens of thousands), and because of their public availability. In this paper, we show how to use the data from these studies to provide validated and cheap (although noisy) classifiers, baseline metrics, and other benefits for activity inference applications.


Nick Whines trained as a primary teacher but joined the BBC shortly afterwards and from 1972 was responsible for schools history programmes, initially on radio and from 1985 on television. He describes the process for creating a history programme for radio and the involvement of Bulmershe College and teacher feedback in the planning of programmes. Whines highlights the key role of drama in the broadcasting of history for schools. Before the National Curriculum was introduced in 1990, many primary schools relied on radio and then TV programmes as the core of their history curriculum. Sales of accompanying materials for class use were considerable. Finally he reflects on changes in the use of technology in the classroom in recent years. Interviewed by Nicola Sheldon.


We present a formalism for encoding the logical basis of a qubit into subspaces of multiple physical levels. The need for this multilevel encoding (MLE) arises naturally in situations where the speed of quantum operations exceeds the limits imposed by the addressability of individual energy levels of the qubit physical system. A basic feature of the MLE formalism is the logical equivalence of different physical states and correspondingly, of different physical transformations. This logical equivalence is a source of a significant flexibility in designing logical operations, while the multilevel structure inherently accommodates fast and intense broadband controls thereby facilitating faster quantum operations. Another important practical advantage of MLE is the ability to maintain full quantum-computational fidelity in the presence of mixing and decoherence within encoding subspaces. The formalism is developed in detail for single-qubit operations and generalized for multiple qubits. As an illustrative example, we perform a simulation of closed-loop optimal control of single-qubit operations for a model multilevel system, and subsequently apply these operations at finite temperatures to investigate the effect of decoherence on operational fidelity.


Breast cancer arises from a series of acquired mutations that disrupt normal mammary epithelial homeostasis and create multi-potent cancer stem cells that can differentiate into clinically distinct breast cancer subtypes. Despite improved therapies and advances in early detection, breast cancer remains the leading diagnosed cancer in women. A predominant mechanism initiating invasion and migration for a variety of cancers including breast, is epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT— a trans-differentiation process through which mammary epithelial cells acquire a more aggressive mesenchymal phenotype—is a regulated process during early mammary gland development and involves many transcription factors involved in cell lineage commitment, proliferation, and growth. Despite accumulating evidence for a broad understanding of EMT regulation, the mechanism(s) by which mammary epithelial cells maintain their phenotype is unknown. Mitotic gene bookmarking, i.e., transcription factor binding to target genes during mitosis for post mitotic regulation, is a key epigenetic mechanism to convey regulatory information for cell proliferation, growth, and identity through successive cell divisions. Many phenotypic transcription factors, including the hematopoietic Runt Related Transcription Factor 1 (RUNX1/AML1), bookmark target genes during mitosis. Despite growing evidence, a role for mitotic gene bookmarking in maintaining mammary epithelial phenotype has not been investigated. RUNX1 has been recently identified to play key roles in breast cancer development and progression. Importantly, RUNX1 stabilizes the normal breast epithelial phenotype and prevents EMT through repression of EMT-initiating pathways [9]. Findings reported in this thesis demonstrate that RUNX1 mitotically bookmarks both RNA Pol I and II transcribed genes involved in proliferation, growth, and mammary epithelial phenotype maintenance. Inhibition of RUNX1 DNA binding by a specific small molecule inhibitor led to phenotypic changes, apoptosis, differences in global protein synthesis, and differential expression of ribosomal RNA as well as protein coding genes and long non-coding RNA genes involved in cellular phenotype. Together these findings reveal a novel epigenetic regulatory role of RUNX1 in normallike breast epithelial cells and strongly suggest that mitotic bookmarking of target genes by RUNX1 is required to maintain breast epithelial phenotype. Disruption of RUNX1 bookmarking results in initiation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition, an essential first step in the onset of breast cancer.


This paper addresses initiative works done in the state of Maryland in order to provide a clearing house for unconventional arterial intersection designs (UAIDs) and apply their concepts to selected locations. As a collaborative research effort among the University of Maryland at College Park, Maryland State Highway Administration (MSHA), and Parsons Brinckerhoff Inc., a knowledge base web interface has been built to help traffic engineers, community planners, and elected officials to consider the UAID as a feasible solution for relieving arterial congestion and to select appropriate unconventional design schemes given actual traffic patterns. A great number of statistics on visits and page views show the beneficial effect of the website. The MSHA has also been active in adopting unconventional design concepts at local intersections that incurred operational or safety problems. This paper summarizes four case studies that have been conducted for those locations and treated relatively new UAID concepts, including: 1) superstreet intersection, 2) continuous flow intersection, 3) center turn overpass, and 4) roundabout at high speed approaches. Results of these case studies indicate that the unconventional intersection designs have promise of enhancing not only operational efficiency but also safety along the arterial.


Mahatma Gandhi is revered the world over for his views on freedom and non-violence, ideas that he deployed with great success during India's freedom struggle. As a thinker, he is commonly believed to have been a moral perfectionist: anti-utilitarian in mindset and deeply skeptical of market mechanisms. Yet, when he engaged with the institution of copyright law during his lifetime — as a writer, editor, and publisher — his approach routinely abjured the idealism of his abstract thinking in favor of a lawyerly pragmatism. Characterized by a nuanced, internal understanding of the institution and its conflicting normative goals, Gandhi's thinking on copyright law reveals a reasoned, contextual, and incremental transformation over time, as the economic and political circumstances surrounding his engagement with copyright changed. In it we see a dimension of Gandhi's thinking that has thus far been ignored, emanating from his training as a common lawyer. This Essay traces the development of Gandhi's views on copyright to show how he anticipated several of the central debates and controversies that are today the staple of the copyright wars, and developed an approach to dealing with copyright's various problems, best described as "copyright pragmatism." As an approach that draws on legal and philosophical pragmatism, copyright pragmatism entails a critical engagement with copyright as a legal institution on its own terms, but contextually and with an eye towards its various costs, benefits, and normative goals at each stage of engagement. The Essay then unpacks the analytical moves that copyright pragmatism entails to show how it holds important lessons for the future of copyright thinking and reform.


Wireless Visual Sensor Network (WVSN) is a system that consists of visual sensor nodes with an embedded processor. WVSN devices have limited resources of energy, computation capability, memory, and bandwidth. Due to these limitations the implementation of WVSN for large multimedia data, such as images, become a challenging task. Therefore, it is required compressed images prior to transmission. In addition to the limited resources, the system implementation strongly affects the efficiency of the working system. The main contribution of this research is to offer a technical solution of simpler image compression on the WVSN platform. JPEG 2000 is investigated as an alternative compression method to reduce the size of data transfer on WVSN using Embedded Linux as its operating system. Compressed images are transferred to a receiver on communication of IEEE 802.15.4.. This paper shows that the energy consumption for compression and transmission will reduce to only 10.48%, 13.60%, and 17.11% compared to raw image. BER will significantly reduce by implementing image compression. Therefore, it is demonstrated that this model significantly increases energy efficiency, memory utilization efficiency, and data transfer time with acceptable PSNR, compared to uncompressed images.


Summary Background Improving hypertension control is an important global health priority, yet, to our knowledge, there is no direct evidence on the relationship between blood pressure and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to investigate the relationship between systolic blood pressure and mortality in South Africa and to assess the comparative effectiveness of different systolic blood pressure targets for clinical care and population-wide hypertension management efforts. Methods In this country-wide, population-based cohort study, we used longitudinal data on adults aged 30 years and older from five waves (2008, 2010–11, 2012, 2014–15, and 2017) of the South African National Income Dynamics Study. We estimated the relationship between systolic blood pressure and 6-year all-cause mortality and compared the mortality reductions associated with lowering systolic blood pressure to different targets (120 mm Hg, 130 mm Hg, 140 mm Hg, 150 mm Hg). We also estimated the mean blood pressure reduction required to achieve each target, the share of the population in need of management, and the number needed to treat (NNT) to avert one death under different hypothetical population-wide scale-up scenarios. Findings Of the 8338 age-eligible respondents in the 2010–11 survey, 4993 had all required data and were included in our study. We found a weak, non-linear relationship between systolic blood pressure and 6-year mortality, with larger incremental mortality benefits at higher systolic blood pressure values: reducing systolic blood pressure from 160 mm Hg to 150 mm Hg was associated with a relative risk of mortality of 0·95 (95% CI 0·90 to 0·99; p=0·033), reducing systolic blood pressure from 150 mm Hg to 140 mm Hg had a relative risk of 0·96 (0·91 to 1·01; p=0·12), with no evidence of incremental benefits of reducing systolic blood pressure below 140 mm Hg. At the population level, reducing systolic blood pressure to 150 mm Hg among all those with a starting systolic blood pressure of more than 150 mm Hg was associated with the lowest NNT (n=50), 3·3 deaths averted (95% CI –0·6 to 0·3) per 1000 population, blood pressure management for 16% (95% CI 15·2 to 17·3) of individuals, and a –2·7 mm Hg mean change in systolic blood pressure required to achieve the 150 mm Hg scale-up target (–3·0 to –2·5; p<0·0001). The and middle-income As such, we do not find compelling evidence in support of targets below 140 mm Hg and find that scaling up management based on a 150 mm Hg target is more efficient in terms of the NNT compared with strategies to reduce systolic blood pressure to lower values.


Three datasets (the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, the ERA-40 reanalysis and the LMDz-GCM), are used to analyze the relationships between large-scale dynamics of the stratosphere and the tropospheric planetary waves dur- ing the Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter. First, a cross- spectral analysis clarifies the time scales at which downward propagation of stratospheric anomalies occurs in the low- frequency band (that is at periods longer than 50 days). At these periods the strength of the polar vortex, measured by the 20-hPa Northern Annular Mode (NAM) index and the wave activity flux, measured by the vertical component of the Eliassen-Palm flux (EPz) from both the troposphere and the stratosphere, are significantly related with each other and in lead-lag quadrature. While, in the low-frequency band of the downward propagation, the EPz anomalies of the oppo- site sign around NAM extremes drive the onset and decay of NAM events, we found that the EPz anomalies in the tro- posphere, are significantly larger after stratospheric vortex anomalies than at any time before. This marked difference in the troposphere is related to planetary waves with zonal wavenumbers 1-3, showing that there is a tropospheric plan- etary wave response to the earlier state of the stratosphere at low frequencies. We also find that this effect is due to anomalies in the EPz issued from the northern midlatitudes and polar regions.


This short documentary shines a light on Greenville Fire-Rescue, its daily operations, and the men and women who serve the Greenville community from behind the scenes. Greenville Fire-Rescue follows a nationwide trend in combining firefighting and emergency medical services (EMS) into one department, meaning no worker is just a paramedic or a firefighter. This documentary follows Greenville Fire-Rescue workers in the field on fire and EMS calls, training and working at the station, and solidifying the bonds that characterize the family they have formed with each other.. All video footage and interviews were shot during volunteer ride-alongs on ambulances and fire trucks with two Greenville Fire-Rescue stations. This piece showcases the history of these departments, the tasks of its workers, and the emotions experienced by those dedicating their lives to saving others. The purpose of the documentary is to provide a unique perspective into the rarely shared culture of the men and women heroically serving the Greenville community, beyond the stereotypes of the general public and information the media shares. The components in this documentary bring life to a necessity that is all too often trivialized or taken for granted by those it serves. Here, through video, I explore not only what the Greenville Fire-Rescue workers do, but also how they do it, and more importantly why they do it.


In what ways do norms and expectations about the actual processes of saving and borrowing create a disjuncture between the formal sector and indigenous experiences? Bridging this divide between every day and formal financial concepts and practices is part of the key to being able to develop more appropriate products and services that will support financial inclusion. This insights brief brings together findings from two over-lapping research projects that address this question. Both studies examined indigenous practices of resource exchange through saving, lending and gifts. In the first, research examined the language used for the core financial concepts of savings and borrowing, and explored some of the social and cultural practices that these concepts involved. This was undertaken in Kitui and dealt specifically with Kikamba terminology. While this was a very focused study, it raised issues that resonated with the second study and which therefore have wider relevance. The second study delved in more depth into the nature of inter-personal transactions involved in financial and other resource transfers in a bid to understand their social dynamics and meaning for those involved. It was undertaken in three areas: Mathira, Kitui and Nyamira.


This thesis investigates accrual mispricing through two related studies. The first examines the impact of earnings quality on accrual mispricing in the US and determines whether mispricing persists at the country level in the high earnings quality environment following the Sarbanes–Oxley Act (SOX) of 2002. The second study determines whether accruals are mispriced at the firm level and if such firm level mispricing persists so that profits can be generated by exploiting this trading strategy. The motivation to investigate the impact of earnings quality on the mispricing of accruals stems from the substantive literature that documents the persistent accrual anomaly (Sloan, 1996; Xie, 2001; Mashruwala et al., 2006) but fails to find its cause. This thesis examines whether this persistent country-level mispricing stems from investors being misled by low earnings quality. When earnings quality is low, investors will not be able to accurately price accruals. Earnings quality could therefore explain the existence of the accrual anomaly. Since SOX improved earnings quality, accrual mispricing should be less in the post-SOX environment. This thesis therefore also examines the mispricing of accruals post-SOX to determine whether it persists. This thesis' second study is motivated by the cross-country (Pincus et al., 2007), country-level (Sloan, 1996; Xie, 2001), and industry-level (Zhang, 2007; Trejo-Pech et al., 2009) evidence that shows differences in mispricing. While cross-country, country-level, and industry-level mispricing have been investigated, there is no evidence on whether a firm-level anomaly exists, and this study therefore attempts to fill that void. This study is also motivated by the findings of Fama and French (2008) and Avramov et al. (2010). Fama and French (2008) investigate the pervasiveness of asset pricing anomalies and conclude that the accrual anomaly is one of few that persist in all size groups, cross sections, and sorts. Avramov et al. (2010) similarly investigate commonalities across asset pricing anomalies and conclude that whilst the majority of asset pricing anomalies are associated with downgrades in firm credit ratings, the accrual anomaly is an exception and remains unaccounted for and robust. Given the pervasiveness of this anomaly over time, this study investigates whether the firm-level accrual anomaly is similarly persistent. Two accrual mispricing models (Mishkin, 1983; Kraft et al., 2007) are employed in the first study to investigate the impact of earnings quality on the accrual anomaly. These models are augmented by including earnings quality proxies to determine their impact on mispricing. Given that both yield identical results, the second study employs only the Mishkin (1983) model to estimate firm-level mispricing. The mispricing model is employed for each firm in each year to estimate firm-level accrual mispricing. Significantly over- and underpriced accrual firms are identified, and a trading strategy of buying underpriced accrual firms and selling overpriced ones is examined for abnormal returns. The results from the first study indicate that earnings quality mitigates accrual mispricing. When investigated in the post-SOX environment, however, there is no evidence of mispricing. This is true even without considering earnings quality. These findings show that SOX have achieved its stated aim of improving disclosure quality so that investors are better able to estimate accrual persistence, mitigating the anomaly. The second study shows, however, that firm-level mispricing still exists. Specifically, it shows that both significantly over- and underpriced accrual firms exist in the same post-SOX sample, whereas at the country level no anomaly was documented. As with the differences in accrual mispricing documented at the aggregate market (Hirshleifer et al., 2009) and industry levels (Trejo-Pech et al., 2009), firm-level mispricing also differs from the country-level anomaly. Further analyses of firm-level mispricing show abnormal returns are available from a strategy of selling overpriced accrual firms and buying underpriced accrual firms. The first study contributes to the literature documenting the impact of earnings quality on accrual mispricing and thus provides evidence of the importance of good disclosure quality in ensuring efficient pricing. It also contributes by showing that SOX has achieved its stated aims of improving disclosure quality and has thus mitigated mispricing at the country level. A further contribution is the direct comparison of the accrual mispricing models of Mishkin (1983) and Kraft et al. (2007) and the evidence that they yield similar results. The second study makes two main contributions: First, it documents that firm-level accrual mispricing exists, even in the absence of a country-level anomaly. Second, the study shows that at the firm level both significantly over- and underpriced accrual firms exist, and it establishes the persistence of this firm-level mispricing. It also documents that investors can profit from a firm-level accrual mispricing strategy.


Around 40 percent of Bangladesh's population are poor people for whom a variable and unpredictable climate can critically restrict livelihood options. This is true in rural and urban areas alike, but this study focuses on the latter. Urban poverty continues to be neglected in research, policy and action for climate change adaptation in the country. The study builds on three propositions: (i) poor urban communities are places where physical and socioeconomic vulnerability coincide; (ii) urban areas are exposed to three forms of climate change impact: rapid-onset events, gradual-onset processes, and cascade effects; and (iii) poor urban people are already adapting to emergent climate change impacts by actively developing various practices. The analytical framework places a strong emphasis on poor people's adaptation practices in order to understand their agency, cultural resources and economic strategies and the structural factors that both support and constrain their agency. The practices are examined in terms of three key elements: the socio-economic resources of poor urban households and communities; institutions and political economy; and external actors and resources. Six low-income settlements have been chosen for case studies from three cities – Dhaka, Chittagong and Khulna. Data collection involves: mini-surveys; qualitative methods; dialogues with local academics, policymakers and civil society groups; and action research. Key analytical findings include the identification and analysis of existing practices under five broad themes (e.g. livelihoods, built environment, networks, institutions, and external supports).


This study explicitly addresses the hypothesis that pitch accents are aligned to syllables by examining the F0 shape of rising accents over similar segmental material differing in syllabic affiliation. A consistent correlate of syllabic affiliation is found in the timing of the rising F0 movement with respect to an independent segmental landmark. Our results provide phonetic evidence of resyllabification and of the role played by the syllable as an abstract unit guiding speech production.


Abstr act. E-maintenance offers various opportunities as well as challenges in contemporary business undergoing transformation. This paper provides an overview of opportunities and challenges in different areas related to emaintenance. Literature review and empirical findings through action oriented research give way to identify and present these opportunities and challenges. One contribution of the paper is, it finds the opportunities and challenges with e-maintenance in different industries which creates a pathway for future direction in further studies regarding e-maintenance. The findings indicate that there is much potential to study these with respect to technology and business.


The dearth of real-time studies of the histories of transatlantic English varieties can be attributed to the lack of readily accessible, electronic corpora. However, for Canadian English (CanE) we now have the Bank of Canadian English (BCE), which consists of c. 2.5 million words from written and spoken sources extending from 1505 to the present. As a lexicographic database, the BCE does not constitute a balanced corpus, but from the onset it was designed to serve as a tool for corpus linguistic study. This paper seeks to determine the utility of the BCE for such study with a test case: the use of the subjunctive in adverbial (if) clauses. After first establishing that CanE patterns with American English (AmE) in having higher rates of subjunctive use in the present-day, the paper analyzes historical data extracted from the BCE to show that CanE, like British English (BrE) shows an increase in subjunctive forms in the first half of the eighteenth century (perhaps the continued effects of prescriptivism) followed by a significant decline beginning in the second half of the century. The generally higher use of the subjunctive in both AmE and CanE may in fact be evidence of "colonial revival" rather than "colonial lag". There is tentative evidence in the BCE of a twentieth-century revival of the subjunctive, which has also been postulated for AmE (Leech et al. 2009). The developmental patterns in the BCE thus parallel those found in much larger corpora and give us quite accurate information about the history of this particular post-colonial variety.