This chapter looks at the regulation of collective bargaining and at ways in which employers can, in certain circumstances, be required in law to recognise trade unions and to consult collectively with their workforces. After briefly considering why the UK maintains a tradition of voluntarism as far as collective bargaining and collective agreements are concerned, it goes on to assess the work of the Central Arbitration Committee—the authority which has the major enforcing role in respect of the law in this field. This is followed by an analysis of four distinct, but interrelated areas of regulation: disclosure of information for collective bargaining purposes, compulsory union recognition, European Works Councils and the Information and Consultation Regulations.


Adventitious buds regenerated from homogenized leaf tissue of Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl. 'Crimson Frost' were micropropagated to determine types and frequencies of the variants obtained. Plants grown for one year in a greenhouse showed 67% variation and 33% normality. A higher rate of variation was observed in leaf color rather than in leaf shape. The variations in leaf color and leaf shape were 67% and 19%, respectively. In regard to flower type, greater numbers of semidouble and double types were obtained as compared to single types. Both flower types showed a much higher rate of normal (mixed) color (81%) as compared to pink, red or white (19%). An sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis profile of protein extracted from leaves of the stock plants and the variants indicated no difference between them and did not reflect the variation in phenotype.


We investigated whether there was a correlation between the simultaneous assessments of augmentation index (AI) and pulse wave velocity (PWV), undertaken by the SphygmoCor system, and what were the principal factors responsible for differences in these two putative assessments of arterial stiffness, in 105 offspring (41 men, 64 women) aged 19-71 years, of patients with familial hypertension. Arterial stiffness was measured using the SphygmoCor pulse wave analysis system. AI and PWV correlated significantly and positively (r = 0.29, p < 0.005) and the strength of the correlation was greater when each gender was examined separately. This led us to observe several-fold higher AI in women (22.04 +/- 12) than in men (8.59 +/- 13) (p < 0.001); the difference could be explained only in part by an inverse regression correlation between AI and height (r = -0.45; p < 0.001), but not PWV. AI was also more influenced than PWV by heart rate and blood pressure. AI is strongly correlated with a previously validated estimate of arterial stiffness, PWV. It is probable that separate normal ranges should be established for men and women, while further studies determine what parameters other than height are responsible for the gender difference.


This project helped drive business efficiencies and growth, and new product development success within a company. The project aims were to embed a new product development system, bring extended shelf life beef products to market, and add value to waste bones and meat off-cuts. Evidence of achievement exists in the improved product development procedures, sales of new individual priced primals and peppered beef products, equipment purchased for diced beef products, improved delegation, motivation and communication in production, and sales of category 3 waste bones. The knowledge transferred in product innovation and technology, and meat microbiology has helped to underpin major strategic business objectives towards improved provision of wholesome assured quality beef products of a premium quality and being innovative with new products and methods, whilst building a better team through investment in people and skills.


Party polarization in the House of Representatives has increased in recent decades. Explaining this development has been difficult, given current interpretations of American elections. The dominant framework for interpreting elections has been to see them as candidate-centered, or individualistic. This framework may have seemed appropriate as a way to see elections during the 1970s and 1980s, when identification with parties declined and split-ticket voting increased. With increasing party differences, however, the presumptions that campaigns focus on candidates separate from parties, and that voters are less partisan in their voting, do not provide a satisfactory framework for understanding our current situation. This proposed book explains the emergence of party polarization by focusing on how the constituencies of House districts affect partisan outcomes and the subsequent voting behavior of House members. This proposed analysis is premised on the simple argument that members are elected from districts, and an explanation of polarization must begin with districts. The origins of polarization lie in the realignment of the electoral bases of the parties, and the shifting demographic composition of America. Liberal voting is more likely among members from urban, lower-income, largely non-white districts. Conservative voting is more likely among members from higher-income, largely white districts. Realignment has resulted in Democrats representing urban, lower-income, heavily non-white districts, while Republicans are more likely to come from suburban-rural, more affluent, white districts. Perhaps most important, the percentage of districts with a substantial proportion of non-whites is steadily increasing in the United States. The analysis will focus primarily on changes since the 1960s.


With the exception of Raphael Lemkin's efforts on behalf of the 1948 Genocide Convention, no idea has moved faster in the international normative arena than "the responsibility to protect" (RtoP), which was formulated in 2001 by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS). Friends and foes have pointed to the commission's conceptual contribution to reframing sovereignty as contingent rather than absolute, and to establishing a framework for forestalling or stopping mass atrocities via a three-pronged responsibility—to prevent, to react, and to rebuild. But until the international military action against Libya in March 2011, the sharp end of the RtoP stick—the use of military force—had been replaced by evasiveness and skittishness from diplomats, scholars, and policy analysts.


Disinformation and so-called fake news are contemporary phenomena with rich histories. Disinformation, or the willful introduction of false information for the purposes of causing harm, recalls infamous foreign interference operations in national media systems. Outcries over fake news, or dubious stories with the trappings of news, have coincided with the introduction of new media technologies that disrupt the publication, distribution and consumption of news -- from the so-called rumour-mongering broadsheets centuries ago to the blogosphere recently. Designating a news organization as fake, or der Lügenpresse, has a darker history, associated with authoritarian regimes or populist bombast diminishing the reputation of 'elite media' and the value of inconvenient truths. In a series of empirical studies, using digital methods and data journalism, the authors inquire into the extent to which social media have enabled the penetration of foreign disinformation operations, the widespread publication and spread of dubious content as well as extreme commentators with considerable followings attacking mainstream media as fake.


This study aims to address the question: can the structural reliability of an offshore wind turbine (OWT) under fatigue loading conditions be predicted more consistently? To respond to that question this study addresses the following specific aims: (1) to obtain a systematic approach that takes into consideration the amount of information available for the uncertainty modeling of the model input parameters and (2) to determine the impact of the most sensitive input parameters on the structural reliability of the OWT through a surrogate model. First, a coupled model to determine the fatigue life of the support structure considering the soil-structure interaction under 15 different loading conditions was developed. Second, a sensitivity scheme using two global analyses was developed to consistently establish the most and least important input parameters of the model. Third, systematic uncertainty quantification (UQ) scheme was employed to model the uncertainties of model input parameters based on their available—data-driven and physics-informed—information. Finally, the impact of the proposed UQ framework on the OWT structural reliability was evaluated through the estimation of the probability of failure of the structure based on the fatigue limit state design criterion. The results show high sensitivity for the wind speed and moderate sensitivity for parameters usually considered as deterministic values in design standards. Additionally, it is shown that applying systematic UQ not only produces a more efficient and better approximation of the fatigue life under uncertainty, but also a more accurate estimation of the structural reliability of offshore wind turbine's structure during conceptual design. Consequently, more reliable, and robust estimations of the structural designs for large offshore wind turbines with limited information may be achieved during the early stages of design.


In Translation and the Problem of Sway Douglas Robinson offers the concept of "sway" to bring together discussion of two translational phenomena that have traditionally been considered in isolation, i.e. norms and errors: norms as ideological pressures to conform to the source text, and deviations from the source text as driven by ideological pressures to conform to some extratextual authority. The two theoretical constructs around which the discussion of translational sway is organized are Peirce's "interpretant" as rethought by Lawrence Venuti and "narrativity" as rethought by Mona Baker. Robinson offers a series of "friendly amendments" to both, looking closely at specific translation histories (Alex. Matson to and from Finnish, two English translations of Dostoevsky) as well as theoretical models from Aristotle to Peirce to expand the range and power of these concepts. In addition to translation and interpreting scholars this book will be of interest to scholars of communication and social interaction.


This qualitative study investigated personal accounts of autonomy and reliance of 5 counselors-in-training who used the Landro Play Analyzer during supervision of counseling skills. In-depth interviews, researcher memos, participant follow-up, and collaborative data analysis were used.  A theoretical model was developed describing (a) causal conditions that underlie factors that facilitate or inhibit strategies for autonomy or dependence, (b) phenomena that emerged from those conditions, (c) the context influencing strategy development, (d) intervening conditions influencing strategy development, (e) actual strategies influencing interaction with self and supervision, and (f) consequences of those strategies. Implications for counselors and counselor educators are addressed.


The paper presents the optimizing procedure of the product range manufactured by a company which operates in the area of production and sales of the milling and bakery products. The paper authors have taken this company as an example since the products it manufactures and commercializes address to population and are required to meet both qualitative and quantitative market requirements. After a brief overview of the company, one analyses its production capacity, staff structure and distribution as well as the concern of the company for the employees' training in its activity field, so as to fulfill all the necessary and required conditions for developing a qualitative activity. The analysis continues with: the cost of the product before optimization, software presentation and computerized optimization procedure, the selection of the products to be optimized, data collection, the optimization procedure, results obtaining and analysis, choosing the optimal solution for the analyzed products analysis and for the future competitiveness of the company.


On 14 June, Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev announced proposals to gradually raise the retirement age in Russia from 2019. The Russian leadership wants to use this reform to tighten its budget and boost economic growth. Despite the media distraction caused by the Football World Cup, there is growing protest against the proposal. Trade unions, loyal opposition and Alexei Navalny are planning demonstrations. The Kremlin has framed the unpopular reform as a government project that President Putin has nothing to do with. Nevertheless, confidence in the President has been dented. A clear social response could lead to a weakening of the reform and although the Kremlin has many instruments at its disposal to stem the threat of protests, it lacks the means to regain the trust it has lost.


Abstract The noise-generating characteristics of two types of railway wheel design have been studied theoretically. These are "resilient wheels" in which a viscoelastic layer is located between the type and the web, and wheels with constrained layer damping treatments applied to the web. A method of predicting the rolling noise of these wheel types using the TWINS rolling noise model has been developed. For this, a modal description of the wheel must be constructed. A finite element model is used to calculate the mode shapes and modal masses. The modal damping is predicted by a complex modal analysis of the finite element model in which a material-specific damping parameter is used. Analyses have been carried out for a number of resilient wheels with different stiffnesses of their resilient layer, including the case where the wheel becomes a conventional one by specifying the resilient element as steel. The sound power radiated by both the wheel and the rail are shown to be dependent on this stiffness. A number of configurations of wheels with constrained layer damping treatments have been analysed taking into account the frequency variation of the properties of real damping materials. Significant reductions in the wheel sound power are shown to be possible.


ABSTRACT Nearly all the world's governments have prepared and submitted their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), setting out their climate pledges under the 2015 Paris Agreement. These NDCs are to be regularly updated, and many countries are expected to submit a new NDC in 2020. While several studies have assessed the content and potential impacts of the NDCs, this article focusses on the preparatory process and asks the question: under what conditions can countries be expected to develop NDCs that are sufficiently ambitious to contribute to fulfilling the Paris Agreement goals? For some countries, in particular developing nations and emerging economies, the process of preparing and implementing NDCs presents challenges in terms of political support; financial, human and technical resources; and analytical capabilities. With a view to improving future NDCs, this article provides insights from the first round of NDCs. Using results from four surveys carried out in 2015, 2017 and 2018 targeting government representatives and other stakeholders from primarily developing countries and emerging economies, the article finds that the NDC preparation process contributed positively to national climate policy processes. For example, it raised political awareness and preparedness for preparing and implementing climate policies across various ministries and agencies. It also prompted institutional innovation and more coordination between various policy areas. However, more can be done to enhance analytical capacity in order for countries to make commitments based on robust analysis and data. Key policy insights In many countries, the preparation of the NDCs positively contributed to national climate policy processes by raising awareness and catalysing institutional change. The NDC process improved political buy-in across government and non-government stakeholders thereby laying the foundation for future higher NDC and climate policy ambition. A better understanding of broader impacts and the involvement of affected stakeholders in a targeted way could be conducive to reaching the goals defined in the Paris Agreement and support realistic, yet ambitious target setting. Conversely, process-related problems may lead to implementation problems. More analytical, financial and technical resources are needed to implement the first round of NDCs and support countries in preparing future NDC cycles.


This thesis presents two computer packages to simulate the rotary forging process, by means of a mathematical model. The results are displayed in a graphical and numerical manner, showing the tool movement and the tool / workpiece interaction.

The first package, PATH, is shown to be capable of simulating the motions of all known rotary forging systems. Its results show the rotary forging tool path throughout a chosen process. The motions of any rotary forging system can be programed by a simple set of instructions displayed on the screen, and the results displayed quickly and graphically. The widely used motions of rocking - die rotary forging machines were investigated. From these investigations, formulae were put forward, which were shown to be capable of predicting the tool motion of any rocking - die rotary forging situation.

The second package, PROFS, presents a meshed representation of the tools and workpieces used in rotary forging systems. The rotary forging tool is represented as a conic wire frame mesh, on which no forces or loads are considered to act. The workpiece is represented as a cylinder constructed from a number of hexahedral elements. The elements are treated in either a non - constant volume or a constant volume manner.

The non - constant volume model workpiece is one which is simply cut away by the action of the tool on it. This model is similar to a process of 'rotary cutting'.

Using the model, a technique of investigation into the progression of the contact geometries created during a real rotary forging, was developed. It enabled the progression and size of the contact geometry to be followed from start to finish of the forging cycle. No consideration of the loads or forces occurring during the process was taken into account.

The constant model workpiece requires that its volume remains fixed during the simulation. This is achieved by a radial expansion of the elements of the workpiece as it is being 'deformed' by the tool. Again no consideration of the loads or forces occurring in rotary forging was taken into account. Investigations, using the model, enabled the instantaneous contact geometries, contact areas, and displaced volumes of material to be predicted during two real rotary forging processes. Results revealed the potential of PROFS, to determine areas of workpiece instability in the early stages of forging, and reveal ares of insufficient die fill. The potential of data from the simulations, to control a rotary forging machine, is discussed, and is seen as the first step towards the design and manufacture of rotary forging parts and dies by a C.A.D. - C.A.M. route.

Contact areas produced during the rotary forging process are essential for any calculations of the forces and stresses occurring in the die and workpiece. The possibility of PROFS to be used as a die / design tool and in pre production trials for new parts is discussed.

A physical simulation of a non - constant volume model workpiece was carried out using a 'short lead milling' technique to cut away a solid workpiece. This revealed the instantaneous contact geometries and areas of the workpiece, which were shown to be accurately predicted by PROFS using the non - constant volume. The results confirmed the accuracy and validity of the simulated instantaneous geometries, allowing a large degree of confidence to be assumed in the accuracy of the package.

A data base of radial, circumferential, and custom die profiles has been built up and incorporated into PROFS. From the data base a chosen profile can be used to generate a conic meshed representation of a rotary forging die. Investigations, using a die generated from a custom profile, revealed areas of possible workpiece instability.

The two packages put forward in this thesis have been shown to be capable of simulating the motions and contact geometries of the rotary forging process, and confirmed using physical and real rotary forging comparisons.


— We fabricated the inverted-staggered etch stopper structure oxide-based TFT and investigated the characteristics of oxide TFT under the 400 nm wavelength light illumination. When 400 nm light was illuminated, the threshold voltage (V th ) decreased and subthreshold slope (SS) increased at forward sweep, while V th and SS were not altered when larger wavelength lights, such as 650 nm, 550 nm and 450 nm, were illuminated. At reverse sweep, the transfer curve barely changed even under 400 nm light. Our experimental results support that photo-induced hole carriers are captured by donor-like interface trap and it caused the decrease of V th and increase of SS. We investigated the interface trap density increases proportionally to the photo-induced hole concentration at active layer.


This paper discusses the results from general equilibrium trade models executed towards the end of the Uruguay Round, reporting both aggregate and regional gains. These results were generated some 5 years ago, and were important to the debates at the end of the Uruguay Round as to what would be the foregone gains were the Round not to conclude. The paper argues that there are substantial, and at times hard to explain inconsistencies across model results. One model shows most of the gains come from agricultural liberalization, another from textiles, and yet another from tariff cuts. One model shows developing countries account for around 10% of the total gain, another shows them to gain over 50%. One model shows developing countries losing from elimination of the MFA, another shows them as large gainers. One model shows that imperfectly competitive and scale economy effects double global gains, another shows almost no impact. These differences occur even where similar data sets, and benchmark years are used, and are hard to explain on the basis of parametric specifications for models seemingly used though these are frequently poorly exposited. The paper also discusses the verification of models relative to behaviour since the Round concluded, expressing skepticism as to its feasibility for reasons set out in the paper. It also attempts to discuss what, if any, are the implications for the developing countries, and the possible ways forward in making these models more useable in the Millennium Round.


With the potential of precarious work to limit consumer willingness to spend, delay family formation and create too much uncertainty in the labour force, governments are paying close attention to these issues in Canada and abroad. Further, they are looking at a number of tools to address these issues, including changes to labour legislation and improvements in safety nets. But how widespread are employment risks and insecurities, and is it getting worse over time? In this Commentary, we look at the common meanings of precarious work in academic and policy research finding that various meanings help bring attention to employment arrangements with elevated insecurity. We examine trends in non-standard work in Canada and find that the overall prevalence of non-standard work has stabilized over the last couple of decades after growing sharply in the early 1990s. Non-standard work tends to be more insecure than "traditional" jobs, so its persistence over time and, in particular, increases in the prevalence of temporary employment – with large concentrations in health, education, and food services sectors, among others – prompts a deeper investigation. Many forces contribute to the creation of non-standard work. They include factors such as business desires for flexibility – often associated with globalization and technological change – but also worker preferences, which play a major role. In our view, the complexity behind causes of non-standard job creation, and the lessons from some international attempts to address specific areas of concerns through blunt legislative tools, militates in favour of looking to options that bolster the safety net. We think that although reviews of labour laws and their enforcement may lead to constructive discussions and new ideas to improve enforcement, interventions to shape employment arrangements with legislation pose the greatest risks of stymying job creation. In this Commentary, we present a list of options to reduce the income-related vulnerabilities and uncertainties faced by many non-standard workers. These include reducing gaps in health coverage, improving Employment Insurance (EI) eligibility, boosting access to social programs, and ensuring uptake of programs that improve access to education and skills training programs for workers. All of these options should help policymakers design the social safety net in ways that mitigates common risks in non-standard work, while supporting labour market dynamism.


The role of base excision repair in the repair of alkylation damage produced by a series of sequence specific oligopyrrole-containing analogues of distamycin A that tether benzoic acid mustard (BAM) has been examined. Whereas BAM alkylates and cross-links in the major groove of DNA, attachment to pyrrole units produces monoalkylations in the minor groove of DNA at AT tracts. Both sequence specificity of alkylation and cytotoxicity increase from one to three attached pyrrole units (compounds 1-3), and with 3 alkylation is selective for purine-N3 in the sequence 5'-TTTTGPu (where Pu = guanine or adenine). In a model bacterial (Escherichia coli) system repair of the sequence specific minor groove alkylations produced by 2 and 3 does not appear to involve BER, since neither a formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase repair deficient E. coli mutant (BH 20, fpg- mutant) nor a 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase repair deficient mutant (GC 4803, tag-alkA- mutant) showed increased cytotoxicity to 2 or 3 compared with the wild type, AB 1157. The monopyrrole compound 1 was, however, approximately 4-fold more cytotoxic to the GC 4803 mutant compared with wild type and BH 20, suggesting a role for the 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase in the recognition and excision of the adducts formed by 1. In contrast, increased sensitivity (> 10-fold) was observed for the conventional nitrogen mustard BAM in the BH 20 strain, suggesting a role for the formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase in the repair of the lesions produced by the agent. In a cell-free system the E. coli 3-methyladenine-DNA glycosylase (AlkA) was shown to remove alkylations at 5'-TTTTGPu sequences. However, the efficiency in removing the adducts formed by the oligopyrrole compounds decreased dramatically from compound 1 to compound 3. Increasing the size of the DNA adduct formed in the minor groove therefore decreased the efficiency of recognition and removal of the adduct by the DNA glycosylase.


Groundwater samples were collected from different locations around Karaikal area and analyzed for their physicochemical characteristics. Eight groundwater samples were collected (five from Pondicherry and three from Tamil Nadu, India and studied for the period of January 2011 to October 2011 for two different seasons. The present investigation is focused on the determination of physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Chlorides (Cl ), Sulphate (SO4 2) and Nitrate (NO3 - ). Groundwater suitability for domestic and irrigation purposes was examined by using WHO and BIS standards, which indicate the groundwater in a few areas, were not much suitable for domestic and agriculture purposes. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the quality of groundwater especially in the Karaikal and nearby area whether groundwater is used for drinking and domestic purposes.


Spotted flounder Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most abundant species within demersal fish assemblages next to the continental shelf (up to 200 m depth) of the Mediterranean Sea. In spite of the ecological importance of this species in the central Tyrrhenian Sea, many aspects of its biology (e.g. feeding behaviour) are poorly described. In order to analyze how feeding habits are related to the ontogenetic changes in this species, 2636 specimens (between 9 and 26 cm of total length TL) were collected from November 2000 to January 2002. During ontogenetic development spotted flounder occupied different trophic levels: diet shifted from mysids, predominantly in the smaller spotted flounder ( 19 cm TL). Before the transition to the icthyophagous phase, a more generalist foraging behaviour including decapods ( Processa sp., Alpheus glaber ), molluscs ( Turitella sp.) and benthic fish ( Lesuerigobius spp., Gobius niger, Callionymus spp., Arnoglossus laterna ) dominated the diet. Seasonal analysis of the diet showed an increase in the presence of mysids in summer and autumn, and of decapods in summer and spring. Teleosteans are present throughout the year without significant variations. Daily ration values, computed from the Eggers method, ranged from 1.57% to 2.83% wet body weight, showing a negative relationship between reproduction and daily consumption rate.


We describe a rational expectations model in which speculative bubbles in house prices can emerge. When a bubble emerges, both speculators and their lenders prefer interest-only (IO) mortgages to traditional mortgages. By contrast, absent a bubble there is no scope for mutual gains from using IOs. Using data compiled for over 200 US cities for the period 2000-2008, we find that IOs were used sparingly in cities where elastic housing supply kept house prices in check, but were common in cities with inelastic supply where house prices rose sharply and then crashed. We confirm that the use of IOs in these cities is not proxying for other mortgage market characteristics such as subprime, securitization, or high leverage. Moreover, the use of IOs does not appear to have been a response to houses becoming more expensive; if anything, their use anticipated future appreciation. We also confirm that, as implied by our model, IOs were more likely to be repaid early, and those that survived until prices fell were more likely to default. These findings suggest that the recent boom-bust in the housing market was associated with a speculative bubble.


Simulations of production costs, flows, and prices are crucial inputs to generation and transmission planning studies. To calculate average system performance for many alternatives over long time periods, it is necessary to simulate large numbers of hourly combinations of renewable production and loads across large regions. As this is usually impractical for full network representations of such systems, aggregation of buses and lines is desirable. We propose an improved aggregation method for creating multi-area representations of power systems that yields more accurate estimates of the quantities required by planners. The method is based on partitioning the original large system into smaller areas and making a reduced equivalent for each area. The partitioning is based on available transfer capability (ATC) between each pair of network buses. Because ATC depends on net load conditions, separate partitions are defined for subsets of similar load and wind conditions, significantly enhancing the accuracy of optimal power flow solutions. We test the method on the IEEE 118-bus test system and the Polish 3120-bus system considering 150 load/wind scenarios, comparing the results to those of admittance-based partitioning methods. Accuracy is improved with only a negligible increase in simulation time.


A ribonucleolytic activity that cleaves within the Shine/Dalgarno sequences of the bacteriophage T4 motA and ORF2 mRNAs was recently described. We have identified additional sites of processing within several other ribosome binding sites, including two sites in the polycistronic frd transcript. Deletion mutants (farP) that overproduce the product of frd are defective in this mRNA processing. The mutants were used to identify processing events dependent on the T4 activity including attack at nuclease-sensitive sites within the coding sequences of some genes and within the intercistronic region 5' of gene 43. All known processing sites lie within similar sequences. Another mutant in mRNA processing carries a point mutation in one of the open reading frames (orf61.9) removed by the farP deletions. Introduction of a cloned copy of this open reading frame into a unique site in the chromosome of farP phage is sufficient to restore mRNA processing capability. The open reading frame probably encodes the T4 regB protein.


Fluorescence analysis applied in the study of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) provides a new method and theory to study probiotics and realize the detection and identification of the strains. It is also possible to achieve automation and computerization. In this letter, the differences between the fluorescence spectra of lactobacillus casei-BDI (Lc-BDI) and Streptococcus thermophilus (St) are shown, and the second-order derivative spectra are used to further study the diversity of these two strains. According to the results, with the excitation wavelengths of 285 and 340 nm, there are significant differences between them. The experiment is repeated for 6 times, showing good repetitiveness.


In QCD simulations at small lattice spacings, the topological charge Q evolves very slowly and, if this quantity is not properly equilibrated, we could get incorrect results for physical quantities, or incorrect estimates of their errors. We use the known relation between the dependence of masses and decay constants on the QCD vacuum angle theta and the squared topological charge Q^2 together with chiral perturbation theory results for the dependence of masses and decay constants on theta to estimate the size of these effects and suggest strategies for dealing with them. For the partially quenched case, we sketch an alternative derivation of the known $\chi$PT results of Aoki and Fukaya, using the nonperturbatively correct chiral theory worked out by Golterman, Sharpe and Singleton, and by Sharpe and Shoresh. With the MILC collaboration's ensembles of lattices with four flavors of HISQ dynamical quarks, we measure the $Q^2$ dependence of masses and decay constants and compare to the $\chi$PT forms. The observed agreement gives us confidence that we can reliably estimate the errors from slow topology change, and even correct for its leading effects.


Elections have become an integral element of many United Nations peacekeeping missions over the past decade. The reason for this is clear: the focus of most UN missions has shifted from one of pure peacebuilding to one of state re-building or, in some cases like East Timor, state creation. In such cases, elections provide an inescapable means for jump-starting a ne past-conflict political order, for stimulating the development of democratic politics; for choosing representatives; for forming governments; and for conferring legitimacy upon the new political order. They also provide a clear signal that legitimate domestic authority has been returned —and hence that the role of the international community may be coming to an end. For all of these reasons, elections have become a central part of many LIN peacekeeping missions. In addition, electoral assistance outside peacekeeping missions has become something of a growth industry since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the 'third wave' of democratization has led to a threefold increase in the number of putatively democratic governments around the globe.


A repeated-measures design is one in which multiple, or repeated, measurements are made on each experimental unit. The experimental unit could be a person or an animal, and repeated measurements might be taken serially in time, such as in weekly systolic blood pressures or monthly weights. The repeated assessments might be measured under different experimental conditions. Repeated measurements on the same experimental unit can also be taken at a point in time. For example, it might be of interest to measure the diameter of each of several lesions within each person or animal in a study. The dependency, or correlation, among responses measured in the same individual is the defining feature of a repeated-measures design. This correlation necessitates a statistical analysis that appropriately accounts for the dependency among measurements within the same experimental unit, which results in a more precise and powerful statistical analysis. Repeated-measures analysis encompasses a spectrum of applications, which in the simplest case is a generalization of the paired t test.1 A repeated-measures within-subjects design can be thought of as an extension of the paired t test that involves 3 assessments in the same experimental unit. Repeated-measures analysis can also handle more complex, higher-order designs with within-subject components and multifactor between-subjects components. The focus here is on within-subjects designs.


Raffaelea lauricola is the causal agent of laurel wilt and a fungal symbiont of its vector, the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Beetle populations increase rapidly where redbays have died from laurel wilt. In a series of experiments using bolts from healthy and diseased trees, X. glabratus reproduced better in bolts from diseased redbay; ratio of beetles emerged to entrance holes (BE/EH ratio) ranged from 4.1 to 6.0 in diseased bolts versus 0.3 to 1.9 in healthy bolts. Emergence was greater from redbay bolts when their ends were treated with paraffin wax compared to untreated bolts. Although sassafras sapwood has been considered poor brood material for X. glabratus, bolts from a diseased sassafras had BE/EH ratios comparable to those from diseased redbay bolts. It was hypothesized that better brood production in bolts from diseased trees was due to precolonization of the bolts by R. lauricola, which would allow for better establishment of the pathogen in beetle tunnels. However, the frequency of R. lauricola isolation and colony forming units (CFU) per beetle did not differ between beetles emerged from diseased versus healthy redbay bolts. Changes in the xylem of trees with laurel wilt appear to provide conditions favorable for brood production.


This thesis aims to propose a multi-agent based hierarchical model for the operations of container terminals. We have divided our model into four key agents that are involved in each sub processes. The proposed agent allocation policies are recommended for different situations that may occur at a container terminal. A software prototype is developed which implements the hierarchical model. This web based application is used in order to simulate the various processes involved in the following operations on the marine side in a case study of a container terminal in Sweden by adopting a multi-agent based simulation technique. Due to the increase in usage of container transportation, container terminals are experiencing difficulties in the management of the operations. The software provides a decision support capability to terminal managers for scheduling and managing the operations effectively while also visually presenting the time it takes to complete the process and its associated cost. Terminal managers need to implement certain policies to improve the management and operations of the container terminal. The policies are evaluated and tested under various cases to provide a more comparative overview. The results of the simulation experiments indicate that the waiting time for arriving vessels is decreasing when in queue with more than three vessels arriving on same day.


WHEN DISCUSSING COSMOPOLITANISM in early modern England, scholars have tended to stress its development within royal court culture and the trade in luxury goods. R. Malcolm Smuts, for example, has noted the "fascination for European culture" in the court of Charles I, while Linda Levy Peck has examined how "the well-off increasingly identified themselves as cosmopolitan through the appropriation of continental luxuries." (1) In her study of the effects of this fascination with Continental culture, Anna Bryson has shrewdly analyzed how the manners and social behavior of English men and women were influenced by courtesy literature and translations of foreign conduct books. (2) In this essay, I want to look at English cosmopolitanism in connection with a more diffuse, less courtly, and less luxurious set of commodities: books in Latin of Christian and humanist scholarship, and books in English of Puritan and Catholic polemic, both of which were printed abroad and imported into England. These two types of foreign books helped foster intellectual exchange but also stimulated religious discord, contradictory effects, I argue, that contributed to an emerging split in the meaning and politics of early modern cosmopolitanism. As the English book trade grew in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, its printers and booksellers maintained close ties to Continental authors, papermakers, printers, booksellers, and merchants. English stationers relied in particular on their Continental counterparts to supply them with one specific type of book, Latin texts of Christian and humanist scholarship. These books were part of what was known as the Latin trade, and they were books that English stationers tended to avoid publishing themselves. Printers on the Continent were able to produce them more cheaply and more accurately than English printers could, and after the books were printed the Continent had a larger potential readership for them than England did. (3) This does not mean, however, that these publications were unprofitable for English booksellers; in 1616, members of the Stationers' Company established the Latin Stock in an attempt to monopolize the market for these books. Though the stock company lasted little more than a decade and was largely unsuccessful, its very existence testifies to the financial gains that could be realized from importing Latin books from abroad and selling them in English bookshops. (4) The prevalence of books in the Latin trade can be difficult to determine since most of its titles are not included in Pollard and Redgrave's Short-Title Catalogue (STC). (5) But various lists of the holdings of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century libraries, especially those of early modern intellectuals, academics, and university students, suggest how plentiful these books could be. Over 90 percent of the 194 printed books listed in the library of Bishop Richard Cox following his death in 1581 were Continental publications, almost all in Latin. (6) Books that survive from the libraries of John Donne and Ben Jonson show a similar tilt toward Continental publications (80 percent). (7) Of course, not all readers shared this taste for Continental or Latin publications; in 1625, only about 40 to 50 percent of the books in Roger Townshend's library were Continental publications, while of the 241 books in the wide-ranging library of Frances Egerton, the Countess of Bridgewater, none was in Latin or Greek, though eighteen were in French. (8) The division in the English book trade between foreign and domestic books was often blamed on English printers, whom authors lambasted for "carelessness," "lack of skill," and being "absolutely ignorant of the liberal arts." Edward Grant, for example, asked in exasperation, "Where amongst us is that noble printer, Robert Estienne?" not to mention his sons Henri and Charles Estienne and other learned Continental printers like Aldus Manutius, Sebastian Gryphius, Jean Crespin, Christopher Plantin, and Johann Heruagius. …


Since athletic development and functioning are heavily dependent on sufficient recuperation, sleep in athletes is becoming a topic of increasing interest. Still, existing scientific evidence points to inadequate sleep in athletes, especially in females. This may be due to the fact that sleep is vulnerable to disturbances caused by stress and cognitive and emotional reactions to stress, such as worry and negative affect, which may exacerbate and prolong the stress response. Such disturbing factors are frequently experienced by junior athletes aiming for performance development and rise in the rankings, but may be damaging to athletic progression. Based on limited research in non-athletic samples, mental resilience may protect individuals against the detrimental effects of stress on sleep. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the extent to which sex, mental resilience, emotional (negative affect) and cognitive (worry) reactions to stress, and perceived stress, uniquely contributed to sleep quality in a cross-sectional study including 632 junior athletes. A multiple hierarchical linear regression showed that females had poorer sleep quality than males, while the mental resilience sub-components Social Resources and Structured Style were positively associated with sleep quality, providing a protective function and thus preventing sleep quality from deteriorating. Simultaneously, worry, as well as perceived stress, were negatively associated with sleep quality. Together, the independent variables explained 28% of the variance in sleep quality. A dominance analysis showed that perceived stress had the largest relative relationship with sleep quality. Based on these results, close attention should be paid to athletes' abilities to manage worry and perceived stress, and the potential of mental resilience as a protective factor that could prevent sleep from deteriorating. The latter might be especially relevant for female athletes. Since performance margins are progressively becoming smaller and smaller, every improvement that adequate sleep can provide will be beneficial in terms of improved functioning and athletic performance.


INTRODUCTION Since the 2000s, interest in research data management (RDM) has grown considerably. As a result, a large body of literature has discussed a broad variety of aspects related to data management. But, few studies have examined and also interpreted from visual perception the intellectual structure and progressive development of the existing literature on RDM. METHODS Guided by five research questions, this study employed bibliometric techniques and a visualization tool (CiteSpace) to identify and analyze the patterns of the scholarly publications about RDM. RESULTS Through CiteSpace's modeling and computing, the knowledge (or network) structures, significant studies, notable topics, and development trends in the literature of RDM were revealed. DISCUSSION The majority of the literature pertinent to RDM was published after 2002. Major research clusters within this interdisciplinary field include "scientific collaboration," "research support service," and "data literacy," while the "scientific collaboration" research cluster was the most active. Topics such as "digital curation" and "information processing" appeared most frequently in the RDM literature. Additionally, there was a sharp increase in several specific topics, such as "digital library," "big data," and "data sharing." CONCLUSION By looking into the "profile" of the literature on RDM, in terms of knowledge structure, evolving trends, and important topics in the domain, this work will add new information to current discussions about RDM, new service development, and future research focuses in this area.


The well-being of physicians has been a trending topic among professionals in the field, medical organizations, and the media in recent years. The increased attention placed on burnout is with good reason, as research indicates that burnout among physicians is increasing at an alarming rate. Burnout can affect aspects of physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health. Three symptoms define burnout: loss of enthusiasm for work (emotional exhaustion), cynicism (depersonalization), and low sense of personal accomplishment (lack of efficacy). Identifying and combatting burnout can prove to be difficult. The most beneficial way to address burnout is to view it as a two-way street in which organizations and physicians commit to preventing, identifying, and addressing burnout. On the individual level, burnout and burnout prevention can be addressed through various lifestyle changes including mindfulness, adjusting eating habits, maintaining physical activity levels, and improving sleep habits. While we as individuals can try to mitigate the symptoms and causes of burnout, health care organizations and policymakers must do their part in addressing the problem as well. Wellness promotion and burnout prevention can and should begin in medical school, and continue throughout training and into our careers.


Background and Objectives: Pain is a complex subjective experience which has proved difficult to measure in reproducible way. It is found that operative pain is more severe after surgery and thereafter gradually diminishes over next 24 hours. Providing effective analgesia for patients undergoing major surgery is a daily challenge for most anaesthetists. Methods: 60 patients in the age group 20-60 years belonging to ASA I-II posted for elective lower limb surgeries were studied. The patients were divided in to two groups of 30 each. Group A0.5% Bupivacaine 15ml (75mg) with 0.5ml (150 ug) Buprenorphine (preservative free) Group B0.5% Bupivacaine 15ml (75mg) with 1ml (50ug) Fentanyl (preservative free) Intraoperatively, sensory and motor blockade, quality and duration of Postoperative analgesia, hemodynamic and respiratory parameters, side effects like nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, urinary retention, pruritus were studied. Patients were monitored for 48 hours postoperatively to look for any delayed complications. Results: Addition of 50 mcg fentanyl to 0.5 % bupivacaine (group B) resulted in faster onset of sensory and motor blockade which was statistically insignificant compared to 150mcg buprenorphine with 0.5% bupivacaine (group A). Duration of analgesia was significantly longer in Group A with mean duration of 766.6 minutes as compared to 471 min in Group B. Both the groups provided a good hemodynamic stability. There was no significant respiratory depression in both the groups. The incidence of Nausea and vomiting was more in group A (40 %) compared to group B (10 %) and mild pruritus which did not require any treatment was more in group B (10%) compared to none in group A. Conclusion: In this comparative study an effort was made to study the peri operative analgesic efficacy of Inj. Buprenorphine and Inj. Fentanyl with 0.5 % Bupivacaine epidurally for lower limb surgeries. There were no significant hemodynamic and respiratory side effects in either of the groups. Both buprenorphine and fentanyl along with bupivacaine 0.5% can be given epidurally as a single shot injection for perioperative analgesia obviating the need for epidural catheter.


Distance learning may pose challenges to students in terms of satisfaction and academic success. This study examined the relationship between the final grade received in a distance learning course and the student characteristic of gender. Examined were differences in online course achievement between male and female students through the lens of identity theory. The sample included 959 education majors at a regional university. Simple main effect tests were conducted after assumption tests for the planned analysis of covariance were not met. Findings indicated that for students with lower overall GPAs, there were differences in online course achievement between male and female education majors. For students with mid-level and higher overall GPAs, no differences existed.


Laparoscopic surgical simulation is a valuable and validated training tool. We examined its perception and use among general surgery residents at our institution. Questionnaires were sent to all 29 general surgery residents with a 93 per cent response rate. Residents were divided into junior residents (JR; PGY 1–2) and senior residents (SR; PGY 3–5). JR spent more hours in the simulation center and completed their assigned tasks faster than SR (14 vs 52 days). Thirty-three per cent of SR felt that simulation training should be limited to JR in contrast to only 8 per cent of JR. However, 93 per cent of residents agreed that the program improved their laparoscopic skills. Most residents feel that simulation training is essential and mandatory in current surgical residency (75% of JR and 67% of SR) and needs to be extended to open surgery (67% JR and 60% SR). Seventy-five per cent of JR, but only 13 per cent of SR, feel that residents' involvement in procedures should be based on performance in surgical simulation. JR ranked simulation training first in useful ways to learn new skills, whereas SR ranked proctorship highest. JR have a higher use of simulation training and a higher perception of its utility.


An increasing amount of scientific work is performed in silico, such that the entire process of investigation, from experiment to publication, is performed by computer. Unfortunately, this has made the problem of scientific reproducibility even harder, due to the complexity and imprecision of specifying and recreating the computing environments needed to run a given piece of software. Here, we consider from a high level what techniques and technologies must be put in place to allow for the accurate preservation of the execution of software. We assume that there exists a suitable digital archive for storing digital objects; what is missing are frameworks for precisely specifying, assembling, and executing software with all of its dependencies. We discuss the fundamental problems of managing implicit dependencies and outline two broad approaches: preserving the mess, and encouraging cleanliness. We introduce three prototype tools for preserving software executions: Parrot, Umbrella, and Prune.


ffffffff? BANKS, K.; DODGE., R.E.; FISHER, L.; STOUT, D., and JAAP, W., 1998. Florida Coral Reef Damage from Nuclear Submarine Grounding and Proposed Restoration. Journal of Coastal Research, SI(26), 64-71. Royal Palm Beach (Flor :::nr^ms* ida)'ISSN 0749-0208. ^B^S^S^S^ The United States submarine Memphis grounded in approximately 10 m water depth on a tropical coral reef off ^^^Nh^^^^ southeast Florida in February, 1993. The grounding caused extensive physical and biological damage to the reef substrate and to the coral community. As part of a claim by the State of Florida against the United States, the impact of the grounding was assessed, and the area of damage was determined through field and photographic studies. A recovery rate for the reef was assigned from literature estimates. The NOAA Habitat Equivalency Model (HEM) was used to calculate the reef area needed to be replaced in order to compensate for damages. A plan devised to restore the reef included: removal of loose rubble generated from the grounding; stabilization of reef faces in danger of collapse; emplacement of six different types of artificial reefs; transplantation of reef-building corals (15% of the number dam aged) to bare damaged substrate and to the artificial reefs; and a 20 year monitoring period to assess restoration plan efficacy. Settlement of the claim in April, 1997 resulted in an award of $750,000 to the Ecosystem Management Trust Fund of the State of Florida. Utilization of this fund necessitates a revised plan to restore the damaged reef within economic constraints. This plan will involve rubble removal/stabilization, artificial reef emplacement, stony coral transplantation, and monitoring. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS: Coral reef, coral reef restoration, coral reef assessment, ship grounding.


This programme of work was aimed at the synthesis of a range of linear hydrocarbon molecules bearing functionality at each end. It was envisaged that by the application of an intramolecular Nicholas reaction the linear chain would cyclise to afford an [alpha],[beta] disubstituted cycloalkanone.

The Nicholas reaction is based on the propargyl carbonium ions, stabilised with binuclear cobalt species, which are subject to nucleophilic attack at the propargyl position. This reaction has previously been exploited in syntheses in an intermolecular fashion, however, few approaches involving an intramolecular reaction have appeared in the literature. Thus, in the present study, investigation of the latter was undertaken.
In this novel approach a series of 5,6 or 7 membered carbocyclic compounds were synthesised from precursor molecules containing 8,9,10 or 11 carbon chains. During this exercise one or two asymmetric centres were also created in a series of reactions that are the equivalent of a 1,4-addition of ethyne to an enone. All the synthetic steps were thoroughly investigated and optimised.

It was also demonstrated that for unsymmetrical linear ketones, the kinetic enolates seem to predominate irrespective of the reaction conditions employed. This was in contrast to enolate formation in unsymmetrically substituted cyclic ketones, where selectivity between the kinetic and thermodynamic enolates has been observed by appropriate choice of base. Infra-red, [sup]1H N.M.R., [sup]13C N.M.R. and Mass spectroscopy analyses were performed on all the compounds synthesised. However cobalt complexed compounds showed some paramagnetism, possibly due to the presence of some paramagnetic impurities or by-products. This led to difficulties in interpretation of spectra as a result of line broadening.

Future work might usefully investigate the use of these methodologies in the synthesis of fused carbocycles, heterocycles and highly functionalised fused ring systems, generated from a tandem intramolecular reaction involving a Nicholas reaction followed bya Pauson-Khand reaction.


The widespread applications of GIS have challenged librarians worldwide to provide geospatial collections and services to their users. Despite the fact that collection development policies in digital environment have derived from the policies set down in traditional environments of information, geospatial data address a wide array of issues (metadata, standards, reliability, co-operations, data management etc) that require special attention as well as an understanding of both cartographic and geographic concepts.
Therefore, geospatial collection development policies compose a basic element for those libraries, wishing to support their user's access in geospatial data. Since a lot of libraries internationally have adopted the World Wide Web as a mechanism for enhancing existing services, it is common place for patrons to use it as the starting point to explore the GIS services their library offers.
Therefore, in this initial research, we aim to research academic libraries' websites worldwide, for the presence of information regarding GIS services in order to investigate: 1) How many libraries with GIS services have geospatial collection development policies? 2) What kind of services they offer? 3) Do they use commercial or open source software?
We also intend to proceed to comparisons across regions and extract specific conclusions, regarding the use of geospatial collection development policies and the developed GIS services.
The results of this study confirmed our initial hypothesis that geospatial collections development policies are not world wide adopted by academic libraries for constructing geospatial collections, while user education programmes are considered as an important issue for the efficient use of technological infrastructure and data. Finally, we conclude that FOSS (Free Open Source Software) GIS is not widely accepted as the main software in the use of geospatial data in libraries.


Attila Borhidi, botanist and member of HAS, compared the
world of plants to the strategies of a society, to make it more
educational for those who make basic decisions concerning
the cohabitation of human and plant life. Plants do not
constitute some amorphous biomass, but take various, basic,
functionary forms, of which over 50 categories are known.
These then adjust to their environment according to various
strategy-types, which, at the same time, correspond to types
of human social behavior. The plants living in an undisturbed
territory may be competitors, specialists, generalists
or pioneers that react well to extreme conditions. Anthropotolerant
or even anthropophil species react to the presence
of the human being. It would help resolve the conflicts
between human and plant life if we developed human
strategies that respect the nature of plants.


Many of the states of the United States have statutes, constitutional provisions, and court decisions that deny individuals the right to have a family, specifically a spouse and children, based on sexual orientation.
Advocates have made a wide variety of arguments attacking such restrictions. Scholars and litigants frequently argue that such acts violate constitutional guarantees of equal protection or invade a constitutional right to privacy. However, such arguments are often defeated by counter arguments presented with religious, moral, and even emotional fervor.
This article presents and defends a new analytical framework based on liberty of contract to advance gay rights. The context explored in this article for this new paradigm is the area of gay rights to family. Thus, this article will begin in Part I by presenting a survey of the primary encroachments on the liberty of gay people to enter into formal arrangements to create a family. Part II of this article will discuss the Lochner decision and develop its potential for renewed application. Part II will also discuss the philosophy and history that led up to that decision and certain other decisions from that era. Finally, Part II will present critical analyses of the downfall of Lochner and its analytical framework. The goal of this part is to explain the meaning of the Lochnerian liberty of contract interest.
Part III will explain that many of the traditional criticisms of Lochner are unfounded and are currently being re-considered by scholars. Part III will admit to certain shortcomings of the traditional Lochner framework but will set forth more fully the modification to that framework outlined briefly a bove, making the framework more balanced and appropriate for use by modern courts. Part III will then apply that approach to gay rights to family, hypothesizing the results in each of the three main areas under inquiry here: rights to marry, adopt, and enter into surrogacy arrangements.
Finally, this article will conclude in part with a summary of what has been considered. It will then make some final remarks about the potential usefulness of a modified Lochnerian approach to liberty of contract, and thus to liberty itself.


Arabic culture was a central and shaping phenomenon in medieval Europe, yet its influence on medieval literature has been ignored or marginalized for the last two centuries. In this ground-breaking book, now returned to print with a new afterword by the author, Maria Rosa Menocal argues that major modifications of the medieval canon and its literary history are necessary. Menocal reviews the Arabic cultural presence in a variety of key settings, including the courts of William of Aquitaine and Frederick II, the universities in London, Paris, and Bologna, and Cluny under Peter the Venerable, and she examines how our perception of specific texts including the courtly love lyric and the works of Dante and Boccaccio would be altered by an acknowledgment of the Arabic cultural component.


A Seat Track Attach Mechanism (SAM) is a multiple-use clamping device intended for use in mounting various objects on the standard seat tracks used on the International Space Station (ISS). The basic SAM design could also be adapted to other settings in which seat tracks are available: for example, SAM-like devices could be used as universal aircraft-seat-track mounting clamps. A SAM (see figure) is easily installed by inserting it in a seat track, then actuating a locking lever to clamp the SAM to the track. The SAM includes an over-center locking feature that prevents premature disengagement that could be caused by some inadvertent movements of persons or objects in the vicinity. A SAM can be installed in, or removed from, any position along a seat track, without regard for the locations of the circular access holes. Hence, one or more SAM(s) can be used to mount an object or objects on a track or a pair of tracks in an infinite number of preferred configurations. A SAM can be incorporated into a dual swivel device, so that two of the SAMs can be made to lock onto two side-by-side seat tracks simultaneously, as would be the case in a standard ISS rack bay where two side-by-side racks reside. The main benefit to using two SAMs in a side-by-side arrangement is to provide a coupled load. By picking up load points on two seat tracks, a coupled loading is created, improving the stability and strength since the load is spread to two seat tracks at a short distance.


Although there have been many studies devoted to the Gothic in European and American Romantic literatures, it remains largely overlooked in Ukrainian literature. The British scholar Neil Cornwell has attempted an analysis of the Gothic in Russian literature, including in his work references to the Ukrainian prose writer Mykola Hohol' [Nikolai Gogol']. Cornwell and Leonard J. Kent see the supernatural in Hohol's oeuvre as evidence of Gothic influences. On the whole, however, the Gothic imagination in Hohol's stories has not been studied in depth. The same is true for the works of other Ukrainian Romantic authors living in the Russian Empire—e.g., Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnov"ianenko, Oleksa Storozhenko, and Panteleimon Kulish, as well as those living in Galicia, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, such as Omelian Partyts'kyi, Orest Avdykovs'kyi, Volodyslav Lozyns'kyi, and Lev Sapohivs'kyi. My preliminary analysis reveals that Gothic elements are very vivid in their works. Also, there is evidence suggesting that European Gothic authors, such as Horace Walpole, Ann Radcliffe, Matthew Lewis, Jacques Cazotte and Charles Maturin, whose works were popular among the intelligentsia of both the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires, influenced them.
My first goal will be to show that there was awareness of the Gothic among Ukrainian Romantic authors. Against this background, I will examine their oeuvre and catalogue those works, which belong to the Gothic genre, thus, defininng and establishing the Ukrainian Gothic canon. I will then test whether there are common themes among these writers, and whether they echo the concerns of West European Gothic literature. Since the supernatural is one of the constituent elements of Gothic prose, I will engage in a comparative analysis of the depiction of supernatural occurrences in the Ukrainian and West European Gothic. I will attempt to provide a psychological interpretation of the supernatural in order to identify the symbols, hidden behind these images in the works of the Ukrainian and West European Gothic authors. My investigation will strive to trace wheter there are any similarities or differences between them and will reveal the manner in which the Ukrainian Gothic relates to the West European Gothic. By examining what is being borrowed, and what is being discarded by Ukrainian Gothic literature, as well as the innovations it introduces, I will determine the specificity of the Ukrainian Gothic. As part of my work, I also propose to extend the notion of the Gothic to folklore by investigating the manner in which oral literature could have served as a common source for the Gothic in both West European and Ukrainian literature. I expect that such an analysis will allow me to reevaluate previous scholarly approaches to Ukrainian Romanticism, which saw the supernatural element as being solely a product of the folkloric imagination. It will also allow me to identify any specific elements in Ukrainian Gothic works, which might have originated in the West European Gothic.
My dissertation aspires to initiate a discussion of the nature of the Gothic in Ukrainian Romanticism and lay the groundwork for subsequent analysis of the Gothic within the oeuvre of those Ukrainian Modernist and Post-Modernist writers, whose works also show evidence of this trend.


Abstract Objective: To investigate the effect of cognitive therapy supervision on the enhancement of supervisee competence and improvement in the clinical outcome of patients under cognitive therapy conducted by the supervisee. Patients and Methods: This pilot study included 1 supervisor, 5 supervisees, and 8 patients. Trainee supervisees provided cognitive therapy to the patients individually during audiotaped sessions. After reviewing the tape-recorded therapy sessions, the supervisor conducted supervisory sessions with the supervisees. Supervisees' competence was measured by the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale, while patients' overall symptom severity was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. Results: A significant improvement was observed in supervisee competence with progression of supervision. There was a parallel significant improvement in the clinical outcome of the patients under therapy conducted by supervisees. Conclusion: This pilot study highlights the importance of supervision in the improvement of supervisee competence and hence clinical outcome. Key words: Cognitive therapy, Psychotherapy, Teaching, Treatment outcome Introduction Clinical supervision is an intensive relationship focussed on interpersonal interactions in which one person, the supervisor, facilitates the development of therapeutic competence in the supervisee. (1) The purpose of supervision is to facilitate experiential learning (formulating case conceptualisation, technical expertise, and relationship qualities), thereby establishing the fitness of the supervisee to practice (accreditation) while maintaining professional competence standards and promoting professional development. (2) The fundamental purpose is to guide the supervisee in order that he/she may provide safe and effective therapy to patients. (3) Supervision, therefore, is exceptionally important in professional practice. Despite the importance of supervision, there is a dearth of research on the impact of clinical supervision on patient outcome. (4) Cognitive therapy is an effective psychological treatment for a variety of disorders. Outcome studies have demonstrated its efficacy for the treatment of depression, (5) panic disorder, (6,7) generalised anxiety disorder, (8) social phobia, (9,10) substance abuse, (11) post-traumatic stress disorder, (12) and eating disorders. (13,14) Recent studies have confirmed its efficacy in the treatment of other difficult psychiatric problems, including treatment-resistant psychosis (15) and personality disorders. (16) Cognitive therapy places primary emphasis on cognitive processes, including the identification and modification of core beliefs, conditional assumptions, and automatic thoughts. (17) A basic assumption is that the manner in which individuals process information influences their emotions, behaviour, and physiology in a predictable way. Cognitive formulations have been available for many major psychiatric disorders. Various cognitive and behavioural strategies have been developed specifically for different psychiatric disorders. This highlights the importance of cognitive therapy supervision in ensuring therapist competence. There is increasing data to support the notion that the degree of adherence of therapists to cognitive therapy (18) and cognitive therapist competence have a long-term impact on clinical outcomes in case of neurotic disorders (19) and prevention of self-harm. (20) More critically, Tang and DeRubeis have demonstrated that in a therapy course, the session with the lowest rating with regard to therapist competence may be the most robust predictor of clinical outcome. (21) This was a single-centre, non-randomised, longitudinal study that investigated the impact of cognitive therapy supervision on clinical outcome. This study was conducted as a service research in a realistic clinical setting in the psychiatric unit of a general hospital in Hong Kong. …


Archetypal Analysis is the method of choice to compute interpretable matrix factorizations. Every data point is represented as a convex combination of factors, i.e., points on the boundary of the convex hull of the data. This renders computation inefficient. In this paper, we show that the set of vertices of a convex hull, the so-called frame, can be efficiently computed by a quadratic program. We provide theoretical and empirical results for our proposed approach and make use of the frame to accelerate Archetypal Analysis. The novel method yields similar reconstruction errors as baseline competitors but is much faster to compute.


Susceptibility to frost wedging is influenced by rock properties and environmental parameters governing stress intensity at crack tips. The ice pressure causing frost wedging arises from expansion of water upon freezing, or from the adsorptive force that draws water into the interface between ice and rock. Ice pressure is an order of magnitude higher when ice and water pressures remain equal during freezing (confined water) than when free water remains at atmospheric pressure (unconfined water) and adsorptive force conditions prevail. Capillarity generally does not produce stresses of sufficient magnitude to propagate cracks.

Two distinct crack geometries are analyzed. In coarse-grained porous sedimentary rock, the diameter of pores dictates effective crack aperture and a crack with effectively constant aperture (rectangular crack) results. In other rocks, the aperture of cracks diminishes gradually toward the crack tip (tapered crack).

Rectangular cracks more than ∼1 mm long will propagate for short-term confined-water conditions, or with stress corrosion, for long-term unconfined-water conditions. The tapered cracks of crystalline rock must be 14 cm long to propagate under short-term confined-water freezing and 1.4 cm long for long-term loading with unconfined-water conditions. Tapered cracks an order of magnitude shorter will propagate with unconfined water if they are connected to a reservoir of unfrozen water, allowing adsorptive force suction.

Cracks with aspect ratio (maximum aperture/crack length) greater than 0.01 and terminating in sharp crack tips are most susceptible to frost wedging, because ice expansion in these wide cracks causes sufficient dilation to produce critical stress intensity at the crack tip. Some relaxation of ice pressure by plastic flow is expected in wide cracks, but its effect is small.


A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and spectrum of helminths of free range pigs in Homabay District, Kenya. Faecal samples from 372 pigs were examined using the modified McMaster technique and post-mortem examination of 30 pigs carried out. Out of the 372 pigs examined, 308 (83%) were excreting nematode eggs. The nematode eggs encountered were those of Strongyles (75%), Strongyloides spp (26.6%), Trichuris spp (7.8%), Ascaris spp (5.4%) and Metastrongylus spp (0.3%). Coproculture of Strongyle-type nematode egg positive faecal samples revealed the presence of Oesophagostomum spp (74%), Hyostrongylus rubidus (22%) and Trichostrongylus spp (4%). The post-mortem examination revealed presence of Hyostrongylus rubidus, Physocephalus sexalatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomun dentatum, Trichuris suis and Metastrongylus pudendodectus. The highest prevalence of helminth infections was recorded in finishers (88%) and the lowest in adults (79%). The highest mean helminth egg per gram of faeces (epg) was recorded in adults (1,175) and the lowest was in piglets (526). Pigs from Riana division had the highest prevalence (91%) of infection and mean epg (1,109), while those from Asego Division had the lowest prevalence (50%) and mean epg (100). Female pigs recorded a higher mean epg (567) compared to males (416). Age had significant influence on infection with Strongyles (p = 0.04) with growers and finishers recording higher levels of infection than adults. Sex had significant effect on the prevalence of infections with Strongyles (p = 0.028) and Ascaris suum (p = 0.012) with females recording higher levels of infection than males. Division of origin of pigs had significant influence on the prevalence of infection with Ascaris suum (p = 0.000) and Strongyles (p = 0.000) with the mean epgs for Riana and Ndhiwa divisions being significantly higher than those of Pala Division. This study indicates that helminths are highly prevalent in the study area with low to moderate levels of infections and may be one of the contributing factors to low productivity. Therefore, there is need to formulate appropriate control measures for the parasites in order to increase livestock productivity.


A "portfolio" is a bundled set of contracts. In the most commercially important example – which is our subject – an "originating bank" finances the home purchases of individual borrowers. The bank bundles the consequent mortgage backed securities ("the mbs") into a portfolio, which it then sells to a firm – an "originator" –, which buys portfolios from several originating banks. The originator next sells its portfolios to a major bank, which markets the portfolios to public investment vehicles, such as a trust. "Portfolio contracts" govern each of these sales. We show that these contracts could not be enforced against the portfolio sellers for two reasons. First, in contrast to goods sellers, who warrant that the goods perform, the originating bank warrants that each of the underlying mbs that constitute the portfolio was created in accordance with good underwriting practice. Hence, breach is observable to the goods buyer – the goods do not perform – but breach is not observable to the portfolio buyer -- efficiently and inefficiently created mbs are facially identical. It proved too costly for a portfolio buyer to "get behind" a nonperforming mbs – that is, to reconstruct how the originating bank made that particular loan. Second, the goods in a bundle usually are homogenous so the buyer can prove damages by extrapolating the loss on sampled goods to the whole. In contrast, the mbs in a portfolio usually are heterogeneous: the loans have different face values and the individual obligors usually pay different sums before defaulting. Hence, the portfolio buyer must prove damages contract by contract. This is very costly because portfolios commonly contain thousands of mbs. Because the originators remade the unenforceable originating bank warranties made to them to their sellers, who remade them to the public investment vehicles, no one could – and no one did – enforce the portfolio contracts. Anticipating this result, the originating banks reduced pre-loan screening of potential borrowers. This increased the number of marginal borrowers with two results: (i) many borrowers defaulted because they could not pay; (ii) some borrowers who could pay defaulted strategically because they believed that the large number of defaulters overwhelmed a portfolio buyer's capacity to pursue them. Anecdotal data indicates that market agents today continue to sell mbs portfolios under unenforceable contracts. A material fall in housing prices thus could yield consequences similar to those that obtained in the Great Recession.


We show that armed conflict affects social capital as measured by trust and associational membership. Using the case of Uganda and two rounds of nationally representative individual-level data bracketing a large number of battle events, we find that self-reported generalized trust and associational membership decreased during the conflict in districts in which battle events took place. Exploiting the different timing of two distinct waves of violence, we provide suggestive evidence for a rapid recovery of social capital. Evidence from a variety of identification strategies, including difference-in-difference and instrumental variable estimates, suggests that these relationships are causal.


Background and objective: The personal data protection in the field of health has become crucial in the context of the patient confidentiality and the privacy of information. The Personal Data Protection Law of 2016 and the Patient Rights Regulation (PRR) of 1998 are taken as a basis for the personal data retention in the field of health in Turkey. The PRR, which came into force in 1998 and updated in 2014, has combined the rights of the inpatients and the outpatients in a legal text. According to the text, the respect to the patient confidentiality involves ensuring both the privacy of patient information and the privacy of body. This study was carried out to determine the attitudes of patients hospitalized at Eskisehir Osmangazi University Hospital (ESOGU) towards the confidentiality of information related to patients and privacy, which are included in the right to privacy-an important component of patient rights. Materials and methods: The data were collected from 517 individuals receiving inpatient treatment at Eskisehir Osmangazi University Hospital. The aim and content of the research were explained to the patients, and volunteering patients were included in the study. Research data were collected through a survey form in face-to-face interviews group, 201 (38.9%) patients were treated in internal clinics and 316 (61.1%) patients in surgical clinics. SPSS 20.0 was used for data analysis. The average age of patients was 52.4 ± 15.7. Results: 90 % of the patients agree that the retention of the privacy of patient information and patient confidentiality is a right. Patients feel stronger if they have knowledge of their rights and responsibilities when receiving healthcare services.


Usually IS programs are in the College of Business either as a department or in a department with one or more business disciplines. Information Technology is the newest of the computing sciences and is just getting established at some universities. Recently there have been departments, schools, colleges formed that include Information System (IS), Information Technology (IT) and Computer Science (CS). This panel consists of an IS, IT and CS faculty member who will discuss the implications, cultures, advantages and disadvantages of a close association of different computing disciplines. Each of the panelist have experiences with two or more such programs at different states of their respective life cycles and at institutions of different types (Carnegie classification,) situated in diverse geographic locales and in diverse financial circumstances. These differences provide additional influences contributing to formation of our views and opinions. Are there common (not prejudicial) findings? For our students, having several faculty from related fields in adjacent departments, provides both short term proximity/convenience and a longer term hedge against employment setbacks. For faculty this provides a critical mass in their respective sub-disciplines and an opportunity for collaboration, self learning and professional growth. The Georgia Southern University model may prove beneficial to other colleges and universities considering this kind of merger. There are many economy of resource possibilities within this arrangement and some turf disagreements are inevitable. Hopefully, we can serve as both an example of how to consolidate related disciplines and some pitfalls to avoid. Proceedings of the 7 Annual Conference of the Southern Association for Information Systems 105


AIMS
Alcohol consumption is a modifiable and plausible risk factor for age-related cognitive decline but more longitudinal studies investigating the association are needed. Our aims were to estimate associations of adult-life alcohol consumption and consumption patterns with age-related cognitive decline.

METHODS
We investigated the associations of self-reported adult-life weekly alcohol consumption and weekly extreme binge drinking (≥10 units on the same occasion) with changes in test scores on an identical validated test of intelligence completed in early adulthood and late midlife in 2498 Danish men from the Lifestyle and Cognition Follow-up study 2015. Analyses were adjusted for year of birth, retest interval, baseline IQ, education and smoking.

RESULTS
Men with adult-life alcohol consumption of more than 28 units/week had a larger decline in IQ scores from early adulthood to late midlife than men consuming 1-14 units/week (B29-35units/week = -3.6; P < 0.001). Likewise, a 1-year increase in weekly extreme binge drinking was associated with a 0.12-point decline in IQ scores (P < 0.001). Weekly extreme binge drinking explained more variance in IQ changes than average weekly consumption. In analyses including mutual adjustment of weekly extreme binge drinking and average weekly alcohol consumption, the estimated IQ decline associated with extreme binge drinking was largely unaffected, whereas the association with weekly alcohol consumption became non-significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Adult-life heavy alcohol consumption and extreme binge drinking appear to be associated with larger cognitive decline in men. Moreover, extreme binge drinking may be more important than weekly alcohol consumption in relation to cognitive decline.


Recent studies indicate that the tropical ocean is losing oxygen. This becomes crucial in regions adjacent to eastern boundary currents, as the productivity of these systems is already accompanied by oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) at depth below the photic zone. The extent of low oxygen water masses influences dissolved nutrient inventories, as oxygen-sensitive nitrogen (N) loss processes such as denitrification and anammox are enhanced and inorganic phosphorus is remobilized from sediments, resulting in low N:P of upwelled waters, especially in the East Pacific. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of changing N and P supply on the pelagic primary producers and consumers in the photic zone. To achieve this, nutrient manipulation experiments were conducted in the eastern tropical Pacific and Atlantic Ocean using a newly designed shipboard mesocosm setup. Results demonstrated that in these regions, where N:P is generally below the canonical Redfield ratio of 16, inorganic N is the key control of bulk productivity regardless of the amount of P added, especially of bloom-forming diatom species and ciliate consumers (chapter I and II). However, the response of individual species and pools of organic matter was found to be more complex. For example, Phaeocystis globosa and Heterosigma sp. clearly benefitted from high P-levels (chapter I). Both algal groups are considered of inferior quality to mesozooplankton consumers compared to diatom-dominated assemblages. The observation that the relative content of unsaturated fatty acids in the particulate matter was positively related to diatom biomass (chapter I) is a second clue that decreasing N flux to the surface ocean impacts food web productivity. However, the RNA/DNA ratio, as a proxy for nutritional condition, did not change in the copepod Undinula vulgaris when fed on the manipulated mesocosm community over a period of three days (chapter II). The results of the nutrient manipulation experiments off Peru and West Africa were surprisingly similar, despite the fact that the North Atlantic features excess N at depth due to N2-fixation and the lack of suboxic conditions that would promote N-loss processes. Furthermore, pigments characteristic for cyanobacteria indicated that diazotrophs were increasing in those mesocosms that had received a higher initial N load (chapter I and II), which contradicts the common understanding that diazotrophs would benefit from excess P. In addition, we observed that the N:P excretion ratio of copepods (U. vulgaris) feeding on the manipulated mesocosm assemblage was influenced by the N:P of bulk particulate organic matter (PON:POP), which in turn responded directly to the manipulation ratios (chapter II). In order to survey the natural variability in N and P excretion rates in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic, measurements were conducted in shipboard incubations at several stations on three epipelagic copepod species (chapter III). Within species, excretion N:P was positively related to PON:POP at the respective station; however, the low number of stations sampled and the variability of PON:POP within the upper 150 m hampered the establishment of a functional relationship. The N:P excretion ratio was consistently higher in the carnivorous Euchaeta marina compared to the omnivorous U. vulgaris and Scolecithrix danae. This can be attributed to the rather rigid N:P stoichiometry of zooplanktonic prey items of E. marina in contrast to the unicellular food items of the other two species (such as diatoms, dinoflagellates and heterotrophic protists) with more variable N:P. A further question addressed in this study was to what extent atmospheric N sources (N2-fixation and dust) are contributing to secondary production in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic, and how this contribution is related to the vertical flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (chapter IV). We used zooplankton stable nitrogen isotopes (15N) to estimate the relative contribution of atmospheric N sources and found that it ranged from less than 20% off the West African coast to 60% in the open ocean (Guinea Dome region), and was positively related to the depth of the nitracline.


Accidental or intentional contamination in a water distribution system (WDS) has recently attracted attention due to the potential hazard to public health and the complexity of the contaminant characteristics. The accurate and rapid characterization of contaminant sources is necessary to successfully mitigate the threat in the event of contamination. The uncertainty surrounding the contaminants, sensor measurements and water consumption underscores the importance of a probabilistic description of possible contaminant sources. This paper proposes a rapid estimation methodology based on logistic regression (LR) analysis to estimate the likelihood of any given node as a potential source of contamination. Not only does this algorithm yield location-specific probability information, but it can also serve as a prescreening step for simulation‐optimization methods by reducing the decision space and thus alleviating the computational burden. The applications of this approach to two example water networks show that it can efficiently rule out numerous nodes that do not yield contaminant concentrations to match the observations. This elimination process narrows down the search space of the potential contamination locations. The results also indicate that the proposed method efficiently yields a good estimation even when some noise is incorporated into the measurements and demand values at the consumption nodes.


low-grade chronic inflammation, dysregulated adipocytokine production, and increased oxida-tive stress in visceral adipose tissue, which is believed to result in insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and acceleration of atherosclerosis. hypoxia been known to reduce body weight in both humans and animals, the role of the hypoxia response system, including hypoxia-inducible factor and an oxygen sensor, prolyl hydroxylase domain protein (PHD), in the mass metabolism we sought to determine whether deletion of PHD2, a main iso-form of PHD, in adipose tissue affects high-fat diet–induced obesity and glucose intolerance. We showed that PHD2 deficiency in adipocyte resulted in upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor and attenuated high-fat diet–induced body weight gain and glucose intolerance compared with control mice. These effects seemed to be mediated by upregulation of glycolytic enzymes in white adipose tissue and uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue in the PHD2-deficient mice. The PHD2-deficient mice also showed modest improvement in insulin sensitivity. The improvement in glucose metabolism is associated with a decrease in adipocyte size, macrophage infiltration, and abnormal angiogenesis of white adipose tissue in the PHD2-deficient mice. Because of the worldwide pandemic of obesity and diabetes mellitus, a novel strategy that is effective for the treatment of both conditions has been sought. The present study suggests that PHD2 inhibition in adipocyte may be a new therapeutic approach to reduce body weight and to improve glucose tolerance simultaneously.


There has been an explosive interest in the technique of laser assisted deposition of polymer nano-composite films exploiting the matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) with regard to the polymer host as can be judged form recent publications.1-4 In MAPLE, a frozen solution of a polymer in a relatively volatile solvent is used as a laser target. The solvent and concentration are selected so that first, the polymer of interest can dissolve to form a dilute, particulate free solution, second, the majority of the laser energy is initially absorbed by the solvent molecules and not by the solute molecules, and third, there is no photochemical reaction between the solvent and the solute. The light-material interaction in MAPLE can be described as a photothermal process. The photon energy absorbed by the solvent is converted to thermal energy that causes the polymer to be heated but the solvent to vaporize. As the surface solvent molecules are evaporated into the gas phase, polymer molecules are exposed at the gas-target matrix interface. The polymer molecules attain sufficient kinetic energy through collective collisions with the evaporating solvent molecules, to be transferred into the gas phase. By careful optimization of the MAPLE deposition conditions (laser wavelength, repetition rate, solvent type, concentration, temperature, and background gas and gas pressure), this process can occur without any significant polymer decomposition. The MAPLE process proceeds layer-by-layer, depleting the target of solvent and polymer in the same concentration as the starting matrix. When a substrate is positioned directly in the path of the plume, a coating starts to form from the evaporated polymer molecules, while the volatile solvent molecules are evacuated by the pump from the deposition chamber. In case of fabrication of polymer nanocomposites, MAPLE targets are usually prepared as nano-colloids of the additives of interest in the initial polymer solutions. Mixing the components of different nature, organic polymers and inorganic dopants, in the same target at a certain proportion and exposing them to the same laser beam not necessarily brings good quality nano-composite films. The laser pulse energy and wavelength cannot be optimized for each component individually. Also, the mixing proportion in the composite film is dictated by the initial proportion of the target and thus cannot be changed in the process. These limitations were removed in the recently proposed method of multi-beam and multi-target deposition (in its doublebeam/ dual-target variation) using a MAPLE polymer target and one inorganic target, each being concurrently exposed to laser beams of different wavelengths.5-14 Using the method, nano-composite films of polymer poly(methyl methacrylate) known as PMMA doped with a rare earth (RE) inorganic upconversion phosphor compounds were prepared. Also, a nano-composite film of thermoelectric film of inorganic aluminum-doped ZnO known as AZO was impregnated with PMMA nano-fillers with the purpose of improving electrical conductivity and thermoelectric performance.10, 14 The polymer target was a frozen (to a temperature of liquid nitrogen) PMMA solution in chlorobenzene exposed to a 1064- nm laser beam from a Q-switched Nd:YAG pulsed laser. The inorganic targets were the pellets made of the compressed micro-powders of highly efficient RE-doped NaYF4 or the sintered powder of AZO concurrently ablated with the


Practitioners and researchers alike increasingly use social media messages as an additional source of information to analyse stock price movements. In this regard, previous preliminary findings demonstrate the incremental value of considering the multi-dimensional structure of human emotions in sentiment analysis instead of the predominant assessment of the binary positive-negative valence of emotions. Therefore, based on emotion theory and an established sentiment lexicon, we develop and apply an open source dictionary for the analysis of seven different emotions (affection, happiness, satisfaction, fear, anger, depression, and contempt).To investigate the connection between the differential emotions and stock movements we analyse approximately 5.5 million Twitter messages on 33 S&P 100 companies and their respective NYSE stock prices from Yahoo!Finance over a period of three months. Subsequently, we conduct a lagged fixed-effects panel regression on the daily closing value differences. The results generally support the assumption of the necessity of considering a more differentiated sentiment. Moreover, comparing positive and negative valence, we find that only the average negative emotionality strength has a significant connection with company-specific stock price movements. The emotion specific analysis reveals that an increase in depression and happiness strength isassociated with a significant decrease in company-specific stock prices.