Part I of this review summarized the initial research on hygienic behaviour of honey bees, Apis mellifera. This early work that concerned hygienic behaviour as a mechanism of resistance to American foulbrood (AFB) has been the foundation for all subsequent research on hygienic behaviour. In Part II, research on hygienic behaviour in relation to other bee diseases and to Varroa jacobsoni and in Apis species and subspecies is reviewed. In addition, techniques to screen bee colonies for the behaviour are detailed, and practical applications of breeding bees for hygienic behaviour are given. A section on neuroethology demonstrates how modern neurobiological techniques are being used to detect the reasons for differences in responses of hygienic and non-hygienic bees to abnormal brood.


This article outlines the history, context, importance, and development of ten or so "vectors" of an emerging change in the law comprising the "comprehensive law movement." This is a movement towards law as a positive force in the resolution and administration of legal matters. The vectors include: creative problem solving, therapeutic jurisprudence, preventive law, restorative justice, collaborative law, transformative mediation, and holistic justice. The movement utilizes the insights of procedural justice and other social science-based understanding of the intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics of legal affairs and legal disputes. Developments such as problem solving courts, which include drug treatment courts, unified family courts, and mental health courts, are examples of the comprehensive law movement in application. This movement and its vectors intersect in two broad areas: first, it explicitly seeks to optimize human wellbeing in the administration of law, the resolution of legal disputes, and the resolution of legal matters, when to do so does not impinge or reduce the legal rights of the individuals involved. Second, in resolving legal matters, it explicitly considers more than strict legal rights, duties, and obligations; it includes needs, goals, values, beliefs, resources, relationships, psychological dynamics, and other nonlegal factors in its analysis of legal problems and legal solutions. The legal profession has been suffering from a "tripartite crisis" in the past two decades or so, of deprofessionalism and incivility, low public opinion of lawyers, and lawyer distress and dissatisfaction. The comprehensive law movement holds promise for infusing a set of restorative, therapeutic, collaborative, reconciliative, cooperative, and humanistic values into law practice and the administration of laws that may appeal to many lawyers and many clients. In offering an alternative to the traditional approach to law and lawyering, the comprehensive law movement may help to ameliorate some of the internal and external dissatisfaction with lawyers and the legal system.


Many governments have intensified conditions on social security payments, implementing new paternalist and neoliberal policy ideals that individualise responsibility for overcoming poverty. This article explores how such policy ideals can operate with a racialised impact in the context of income management, a type of welfare conditionality in Australia that delivers cashless welfare transfers. Income management originally applied only to Indigenous welfare recipients, but has since been expanded. The government's rationale for the scheme is to limit access to alcohol and other drugs, and promote 'socially responsible behaviour'. However, empirical evidence indicates that income management in the Northern Territory has not been successful in achieving the government's policy objectives. Income management is built upon a policy narrative of addiction – those subject to it are portrayed as addicted to welfare payments and to alcohol. This article critiques these depictions and outlines a range of pragmatic, political and ethical concerns about income management.


PARALLEL TEXT RETRIEVAL ON TEMPORALLY VERSIONED DOCUMENT COLLECTIONS Ozlem Gur M.S. in Computer Engineering Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Cevdet Aykanat September, 2008 In recent years, as the access to the Internet is getting easier and cheaper, the amount and the rate of change of the online data presented to the Internet users are increasing at an astonishing rate. This ever-changing nature of the Internet causes an ever-decaying and replenishing information collection where newly presented data generally replaces old and sometimes valuable data. There are many recent studies aiming to preserve this valuable temporal data and size and number of temporal Web data collections are increasing. We believe that soon, information retrieval systems responding to time-range queries in a reasonable amount of time will emerge as a means of accessing vast temporal Web data collections. Due to tremendous size of temporal data and excessive number of query submissions per unit time, temporal information retrieval systems will have to utilize parallelism as much as possible. In parallel systems, in order to index collections using inverted indices, a strategy on distribution of the inverted indices has to be followed. In this study, the feasibility of time-based partitioned versus term-based partitioned temporalweb inverted-indices is analyzed and a novel parallel text retrieval system for answering temporal web queries is implemented considering the number of queries processed in unit time. Moreover, we investigate the performance of skip-list based and randomized-select based ranking schemes on time-based and termbased partitioned inverted indexes. Finally, we compare time-balanced and sizebalanced time-based partitioning schemes. The experimental results at small to medium number of processors reveal that for medium to long length queries time-based partitioning works better.


The temporal stability of saccade latency, and the effects of training, particularly in "express saccade makers" (ESMs), has received little attention. ESMs are healthy, naïve, adults, who persist in executing very many low latency "express saccades" (ES; saccades with latency of 80 ms to 130 ms), in conditions designed to suppress such responses. We investigated the stability of ES production (%ES) in 59 ESM and 54 non-ESM participants in overlap tasks. Within a single session, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for %ES in two runs of 200 trials was 0.97 (p<0.001); participants in whom >30% of saccades over the two runs were ES, were classified as ESMs. For 60 participants tested over two sessions 12 weeks apart, and 30 participants tested in three sessions over approximately six months, the ICC for %ES was uniformly high (0.95, p<0.001 and 0.97, p<0.001 respectively) and participants behaved consistently with their initial classification. Fourteen participants (7 ESMs) were then exposed to training consisting of either gap or overlap tasks. Training increased %ES in both groups. However, when tested in overlap tasks, it was not sufficient to transform Normal participants into ESMs. We conclude that the pattern of saccade behaviour exhibited by ESMs constitutes a stable and distinct oculomotor phenotype.


SUMMARY Alarm substance is a chemical signal released from fish skin epithelial cells after a predator causes skin damage. When other prey fish detect alarm substance by olfaction, they perform stereotypical predator-avoidance behaviours to decrease predation risk. The objective of this study was to explore the effect of sublethal cadmium (Cd) exposure on the behavioural and physiological responses of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to alarm substance. Waterborne exposure to 2 μg Cd l–1 for 7 days eliminated normal antipredator behaviours exhibited in response to alarm substance, whereas exposures of shorter duration or lower concentration had no effect on normal behaviour. Furthermore, dietary exposure to 3 μg Cd g–1 in the food for 7 days, which produced the same whole-body Cd accumulation as waterborne exposure to 2 μg l–1, did not alter normal behaviour, indicating that an effect specific to waterborne exposure alone (i.e. Cd accumulation in the olfactory system) results in behavioural alteration. Whole-body phosphor screen autoradiography of fish exposed to 109Cd demonstrated that Cd deposition in the olfactory system (rosette, nerve and bulb) during waterborne exposure was greater than in all other organs of accumulation except the gill. However, Cd could not be detected in the brain. A short-term elevation in plasma cortisol occurred in response to alarm substance under control conditions. Cd exposures of 2 μg l–1 waterborne and 3 μg g–1 dietary for 7 days both inhibited this plasma cortisol elevation but did not alter baseline cortisol levels. Our results suggest that exposure to waterborne Cd at environmentally realistic levels (2 μg l–1) can disrupt the normal behavioural and physiological responses of fish to alarm substance and can thereby alter predator-avoidance strategies, with potential impacts on aquatic fish communities.


The present paper deals with the conditions related to spring arrival in Oltenia between 2000 and 2010. A first general evaluation may be achieved by comparing the mean general indexes for the entire region of Oltenia for each spring, which are calculated as a mean of the indexes of spring arrival for all the meteorological stations from Oltenia, including the mountainous area. Out of the 11 analysed years, the lowest value was 171.1°C, registered in the spring of 2003, which followed the coldest winter (2002-2003) of the studied interval (Bogdan, Marinică, Marinică, 2010); the highest value reached 460.7°C and it was registered in the spring of 2002 that followed a warm winter, 2001-2002, the general mean of which is on the 9 th place in the increasing hierarchy of the general temperature means for winter during the analysed interval. The general mean of the index for the 11 analysed years is 366.0°C with a positive percentage deviation of 43.2%, which, according to a Hellmann's type of criterion established by us, emphasizes that springs were early (E) during the entire period. The negative deviation of the latest spring (2003) was of -29.1.1%, which means a late spring (L). The second value of the index was 262.9°C, which means a normal spring. The positive deviation of this general mean of the spring arrival index for the spring in question (2003) reached 7.1%, which means a normal spring, in fact, the single normal spring of the entire interval. For Oltenia, as well as for the entire country, the decade 2000-2010 was warm. It stands out through – the warmest winters, which also registered the highest frequency, the earliest springs, the hottest summers with the more extended dog days' periods, the exceeding of certain absolute thermal maximum values in the country, some of them considered real "climatic thresholds", all induced by the climate variation limits of the end of the 20 th century and the beginning of the 21 st century. The predominance of early springs represent a proof of the regional climatic changes during this interval.


Some neurons depend on signals from their environment for their survival. In particular, sympathetic neurons are supported by nerve growth factor (NGF) that is secreted by their targets. Previous observations have indicated that NGF was internalized and transported back to the neuronal cell body. Using NGF anchored to beads, MacInnis and Campenot (see the Perspective by Miller and Kaplan) now show that although sympathetic rat neurons in compartmentalized culture do require NGF for survival, their survival does not require that NGF be internalized and transported. B. L. MacInnis, R. B. Campenot, Retrograde support of neuronal survival without retrograde transport of nerve growth factor. Science 295, 1536-1539 (2002). [Abstract] [Full Text] F. D. Miller, D. R. Kaplan, TRK makes the retrograde. Science 295, 1471-1473 (2002). [Full Text]


Reservoir inflow forecasting is a crucial task for reservoir management. Without considering precipitation predictions, the lead time for inflow is subject to the concentration time of precipitation in the basin. With the development of numeric weather prediction (NWP) techniques, it is possible to forecast inflows with long lead times. Since larger uncertainty usually occurs during the forecasting process, much attention has been paid to probabilistic forecasts, which uses a probabilistic distribution function instead of a deterministic value to predict the future status. In this study, we aim at establishing a probabilistic inflow forecasting scheme in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Basin based on NWP data retrieved from the Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) database by using the Bayesian model averaging (BMA) method, and evaluating the skills of the probabilistic inflow forecasts. An artificial neural network (ANN) is used to implement hydrologic modelling. Results show that the corrected TIGGE NWP data can be applied sufficiently to inflow forecasting at 1–3 d lead times. Despite the fact that the raw ensemble inflow forecasts are unreliable, the BMA probabilistic inflow forecasts perform much better than the raw ensemble forecasts in terms of probabilistic style and deterministic style, indicating the established scheme can offer a useful approach to probabilistic inflow forecasting.


The ultimate composition of the CO2 stream captured from fossil fuel power plants or other CO2 intensive industries and transported to a storage site using high pressure pipelines will be governed by safety, environmental and economic considerations. So far, most of the studies performed on this topic have been limited in scope, primarily focusing on investigating the impact of the CO2 stream impurities on each part of the Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) chain in isolation. This is a significant drawback given the markedly different sensitivities of the pipeline, well bore materials and storage sites to the various impurities. For example, given the risk of water table contamination, trace elements such as Lead, Mercury and Arsenic in the CO2 stream are of far greater concern in an aquifer storage site than compared to the pipeline. On the other hand, even small concentrations of water in the CO2 stream are detrimental to the pipeline due to corrosion, but of benefit even at high concentrations during storage given the immobilisation effect of water on CO2. 'What is good for the pipeline is not necessarily good for storage'. It is clear that the optimum composition and concentration of the impurities in the captured CO2 stream involves a delicate balance between the different requirements within the CCS chain, spanning capture, transportation and storage, with cost and safety implications being the over-arching factor. Pivotal to these considerations is an understanding of the impact of the impurities on the physico-chemical properties of CO2 and its hazard profile. This paper presents and overview of the current FP7 European Commission CO2QUEST project involving the collaboration of 12 industry and academic partners in Europe, China and Canada aimed at addressing fundamentally important and urgent issues regarding the impact of the typical CO2 streams impurities captured from fossil fuel power plants on its safe and economic transportation and storage. The work programme, spanning 36 months, focuses on the development of state-of-the-art mathematical models, backed, by laboratory and industrial-scale experimentation using unique EC-funded test facilities to perform a comprehensive techno-economic, risk-based assessment of the impact of the CO2 stream impurities on the phase behaviour and the physico-chemical reactions governing the pipeline and storage site integrities. The above involves the determination of the important CO2 mixtures that have the most profound impact upon the pipeline pressure drop, compressor power requirements, pipeline propensity to ductile and brittle facture propagation, corrosion of the pipeline and well bore materials, geochemical interactions within the well bore and storage site, and the ensuing health and environmental hazards. Based on a cost/benefit analysis and whole system approach, the results will in turn be used to provide recommendations for tolerance levels, mixing protocols and control measures for pipeline networks and storage infrastructure thus contributing to the development of relevant standards for the safe design and operation of CCS. Acknowledgement: The CO2QUEST project has received funding from the European Union 7th Framework Programme FP7-ENERGY-2012-1-2STAGE under grant agreement number 309102.


We examine the micro-earthquake seismicity recorded by two temporary arrays of ocean bottom seismometers on the outer rise oshore southern Chile on young oceanic plate of ages 14 Ma and 6 Ma, respectively. The arrays were in operation from December 2004-January 2005 and consisted of 17 instruments and 12 instruments, respectively. Approximately 10 locatable events per day were recorded by each of the arrays. The catalogue, which is complete for magnitudes above 1.2-1.5, is characterized by a high b value, i.e., a high ratio of small to large events, and the data set is remarkable in that a large proportion of the events form clusters whose members show a high degree of waveform similarity. The largest cluster thus identified consisted of 27 similar events (average inter-event correlation coecient >0.8 for a 9.5 s window), and waveform similarity persists far into the coda. Inter-event spacing is irregular, but very short waiting times of a few minutes are far more common than expected from a Poisson distribution. Seismicity with these features (high b value, large number of similar events with short waiting times) is typical of swarm activity, which, based on empirical evidence and theoretical considerations, is generally thought to be driven by fluid pressure variations. Because no pronounced outer rise bulge exists on the very young plate in the study region, it is unlikely that melt is accessible from decompression melting or opening of cracks. A fluid source related to processes at the nearby ridge is conceivable for the younger segment but less likely for the older one. We infer that the fluid source could be seawater, which enters through fractures in the crust. Most of the similar-earthquake clusters are within the crust, but some of them locate significantly below the Moho. If our interpretation is correct, this implies that water is present within the mantle. Hydration of the mantle is also indicated by a decrease of Pn velocities below the outer rise seen on a refraction profile through one of the arrays (Contreras-Reyes et al., 2007). The deepest events within the array on the 6 Ma old plate occur where the temperature reaches 500-600 C, consistent with the value observed for large intraplate earthquakes within the mantle (650 C), suggesting that the maximum temperature at which these fluid-mediated micro-earthquakes can occur is similar or identical to that of large earthquakes.


The widespread use vision systems in robotics introduces a number of challenges related to management of image acquisition and image processing tasks, as well as their coupling to the robot control function. With the proliferation of more distributed setups and flexible robotic architectures, the workflow of image acquisition needs to support a wider variety of communication styles and application scenarios. This paper presents FxIS, a flexible image acquisition service targeting distributed robotic systems with event-based communication. The principal idea a FxIS is in composition of a number of execution threads with a set of concurrent data structures, supporting acquisition from multiple cameras that is closely synchronized in time, both between the cameras and with the request timestamp.


Research on equity in mathematics education has documented the benefits of group work and classroom discourse, both of which can support learning of mathematics content (e.g., Freeman, et al., 2014; Kilpatrick, Swafford, & Findell, 2001; Webb, et al., 2013) and the development of identities of participation among students in discourse-rich classroom environments (e.g., Boaler & Greeno, 2000; Cobb, Stephan, & Gravemeijer, 2001; Gresalfi, 2009; Hand & Gresalfi, 2015). Less is known, however, about how and why individual students vary in the ways they take up opportunities to participate in discourse within a given classroom ecology. These issues are particularly salient for students of color and female students whose marginalization from mathematics classroom discourse has been well documented in the literature (e.g., Chizhik, 2001; Cohen & Lotan, 2014; Spencer, Logel, & Davies, 2016; Steele, Spencer, & Aronson, 2002). In this phenomenological case study, I examine a diverse group of students' descriptions and explanations of their participation in discourse in an Emerging Scholars Program (ESP) calculus workshop, an undergraduate-level, elective course where group work is emphasized in support of students' success in the concurrent calculus course. A localized, explanatory theory is generated for the patterns and differences in discourse participation that emerge among students. Instances of discourse are analyzed from a sociocultural perspective in terms of students' moment-to-moment identifications with discursive obligations, defined by the socially constructed norms of what it means to be a successful contributor to mathematical conversations in the workshop community. Identifications emerge through students' fulfillment (or non-fulfillment) of these obligations occurring in modes of affiliation, compliance, avoidance, or resistance. Variations in identification are primarily explained in terms of the situational roles students describe themselves occupying relative to other participants. Furthermore, students often interpret these roles in connection to identity-related factors acting at sociocategorical, community, school, classroom, and intrapersonal levels (c.f., Martin, 2000, 2012). Implications for ESP workshop design and mathematics classroom discourse are discussed, with focus on supporting equitable mathematics discourse in workshop settings among students from marginalized groups.


Seventy-five percent of Americans claim religious affiliation, which can impact their taxpaying responsibilities. In this illuminating book, Samuel D. Brunson describes the many problems and breakdowns that can occur when tax meets religion in the United States, and shows how the US government has too often responded to these issues in an unprincipled, ad hoc manner. God and the IRS offers a better framework to understand tax and religion. It should be read by scholars of religion and the law, policymakers, and individuals interested in understanding the implications of taxation on their religious practices.
https://www.amazon.com/God-IRS-Accommodating-Religious-Practice/dp/1107176301


This project aims to explore the fictional image of the feral child through practice-based and critical research. The novel Consider The Lilies, comprising the main body of the thesis,
explores the relationship between Vicky, a woman who suffered isolated confinement as a child, and Jack, the main narrator, as he searches for his lost identity.

In the critical component, analysis of the image using historical perspectives locates its function within the text as one of radical critique, reviewing existing social practices from a
defamiliansed perspective. Exploration of contemporary texts focuses this critique on the role of language in the formation of the individual consciousness. The application of psychoanalytic theories, in particular the work of Julia Kristeva on the semiotic chora, identifies the function of the fictional image of the feral child as a catalyst permitting the expression of the semiotic in the text. An examination of a specific text, Jill Dawson's Wild Boy (2003) tests this proposition and evaluates the poetics involved in the composition.

The simultaneous development of practice-based and critical research is discussed in the chapter on the poetics of wildness which traces the writing process and its motivation. The concluding arguments consolidate the position that the fictional image of the feral child acts as a catalyst permitting an address to the unspeakable and the expression of the semiotic in the text which carries a revolutionary potential but recognise that this image is only one means of making such address, situating this research as part of an ongoing poetics which will continue to influence future writing.


Intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) span the approximate mass range $100$--$10^5\,M_\odot$, between black holes (BHs) formed by stellar collapse and the supermassive BHs at the centers of galaxies. Mergers of IMBH binaries are the most energetic gravitational-wave sources accessible by the terrestrial detector network. Searches of the first two observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo did not yield any significant IMBH binary signals. In the third observing run (O3), the increased network sensitivity enabled the detection of GW190521, a signal consistent with a binary merger of mass $\sim 150\,M_\odot\,$ providing direct evidence of IMBH formation. Here we report on a dedicated search of O3 data for further IMBH binary mergers, combining both modelled (matched filter) and model independent search methods. We find some marginal candidates, but none are sufficiently significant to indicate detection of further IMBH mergers. We quantify the sensitivity of the individual search methods and of the combined search using a suite of IMBH binary signals obtained via numerical relativity, including the effects of spins misaligned with the binary orbital axis, and present the resulting upper limits on astrophysical merger rates. Our most stringent limit is for equal mass and aligned spin BH binary of total mass $200\,M_\odot$ and effective aligned spin 0.8 at $0.056\,Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}$ (90 $\%$ confidence), a factor of 3.5 more constraining than previous LIGO-Virgo limits. We also update the estimated rate of mergers similar to GW190521 to $0.08\, Gpc^{-3}yr^{-1}$.


Existing studies indicate the widespread existence of secondary traumatic stress (STS) in aid personnel and suggest the need for preventive and response strategies. This study examined the effectiveness of an integrated approach to reducing STS among aid personnel through a model that used psychoeducation, psychodrama, and cognitive behavioral resolution techniques. Data were collected preand post-intervention with the Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL) (Stamm, 2009) and at a two-month followup (TMFU) for the intervention and control groups. An analysis of variance test was used to evaluate whether the intervention group showed more change on ProQOL scores than did the control groups. The results were not significant, indicating a small decrease in STS and burnout symptoms and a slight increase in compassion satisfaction. However, results from the TMFU open questionnaire suggested that retention of learning was higher with the intervention group than with the active control group. This finding challenges the widely held assumption that training is an effective modality of support for aid personnel exposed to trauma and traumatized populations, and underscores the urgent need to conduct evidence-based study of the efficacy of training for STS mitigation. The pilot research the author conducted (Gertel Kraybill, 2013) as antecedent to this dissertation, using the expressive trauma integration (ETI) model in a format of six individual sessions incorporating expressive therapy and psychoeducation, offers a promising alternative to existing STS training.


For most Europeans and North Americans at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the legacy of the French and the Industrial Revolutions was a social and economic transformation which saw the virtual destruction of one social class, the peasantry, and the hegemony of a newer one, the bourgeoisie. In the ensuing 'age of capital' the rise of the bourgeoisie and its relationship with the nobility is as complex as it is important, and a degree of generalisation must be forgiven in what is a musical, rather than a social, history. The pace and the precise nature of this transformation differed from region to region; this chapter, however, is concerned only with the principal areas of Europe in which it is evident: Great Britain, France and the German-speaking lands. And although the bourgeoisie was by no means exclusively citified, my focus will be London, Paris and Vienna, as it is in these, the major European capitals of the early nineteenth century, that the developments can be seen at their most concentrated.

Because Britain had had her political revolution at an earlier date, the power of the monarchy posed no great threat, and, for the most part, little inconvenience. Nor did the rise of the bourgeoisie significantly challenge the nobility, since new industrial capital soon formed the main component in national capital, overtaking landed inheritance, and leaving the latter safe in the hands of its hereditary owners for their own posterity. This also meant that surplus aristocratic capital could be invested in new and exciting ventures such as the railways which had the advantage of being not only British, but on home ground, as opposed to some of the more distant foreign ventures, where the volatility of local conditions could, and often did, jeopardise investments; the loss of the American states was a sobering lesson, in terms of national imperial pride as well as of economics.


This study investigates the economic status of the enterprises engaged in greenhouse cultivation activities in Elmalı (Antalya) and examines the contribution of the highland greenhouse production to the regional economic development, thus attempting to generate certain data that would provide guidance to future investors and enterprises that will invest in greenhouse cultivation in highland conditions. The current research was carried out in Gölova, Çukurelma, Salur, Eskisar, Zümrütova, the quarters of Elmalı where greenhouse enterprises are largely concentrated. The data used in the study were collected through questionnaires from 90 greenhouse enterprises designated using the Neyman Stratified Sampling method. The research data belong to 2015 production period. The enterprises engaged in greenhouse cultivation in Elmalı (Antalya) were divided into 3 groups according to the size of their land. According to data obtained in the study, the share of greenhouse production among other business activities of the companies was 52.59%, generating an average income of 44,667 TL (Turkish Liras). The production costs of the enterprises mainly involved seedling costs (18.93%), followed by fertilizer costs (18.00%) and permanent-family labour (14.69%). The mean absolute profit of the enterprises was calculated as 43,602.69 TL. The average unit (1 kg) product cost was calculated as 0.69 TL for enterprises. The mean relative profit rate for enterprises was 1.53. As the greenhouse cultivation period in highland conditions coincides with summer months, the enterprises had no heating costs. Since greenhouse-growing activities increase business potentials and opportunities in the region, they can reduce migration from rural areas to cities. The expansion of greenhouse cultivation could be reached by reducing the unit product cost, as well as by growing appropriate products for domestic and international demand and large-scale investments.


Simultaneous three-phase flow of gas, oil and water is a common phenomenon in enhanced oil recovery techniques such as water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection. Reliable reservoir simulations are required to predict the performance of these injections before field application. However, heavy oil displacement by gas or water can lead to viscous fingering due to the unfavorable mobility ratio between heavy oil and the displacing fluid. In addition, the injection of partially dissolvable gases such as CO2 can result in compositional effects, which can bring about a significant reduction of oil viscosity and hence can cause variations of the mobility ratio. Estimations of three-phase relative permeability under such conditions are extremely complex, and using conventional techniques for the estimation can lead to erroneous results. We used the results of four coreflood experiments, carried out on a core, to estimate two-phase and three-phase relative permeability. A new history matching methodology for laboratory experiments was used that takes into account the instability and the compositional effects in the estimation processes. The results demonstrate that a simultaneous CO2 and water injection (CO2-simultaneous water and gas (SWAG)) can be adequately matched using the relative permeabilities of a secondary gas/liquid and a tertiary oil/water. In heavy oil WAG injection, the injected water follows the CO2 path due its lower resistance as a result of the CO2 dissolution in the oil and the resultant reduction of the oil viscosity. This is contrary to WAG injection in conventional oils, where gas and water open up separate saturations paths. It is also important to include capillary pressure (Pc), even in high permeable porous media, as we observed that the inclusion of capillary pressure dampened the propagation of the viscous fingers and hence helped the front to become stabilized, leading to a more realistic simulated sweep efficiency.


This thesis considers how refugee-led community organisations generate social capital for their service users. The concept of social capital has become popular in policy debates in recent years, and previous research has attributed social capital creation for their service users to refugee community organisations (RCOs). This research aimed to analyse the process by which social capital is created by refugee community organisations, and what this means for the members of these organisations in terms of resources. The potential of the current political and economic climate to affect individual asylum-seekers and refugees, and refugee community organisations is considered, with particular emphasis on the funding situation for RCOs. Data was collected via an eight-month case study with an RCO for ethnic-Albanians in London. Interviews and focus groups with staff, volunteers and service users were held. To further understand the broader context in which RCOs are operating, interviews were also held with professionals that work with refugee community organisations, either as representatives of funding bodies, or as capacity-builders. A questionnaire survey of refugee community organisations with income over a certain threshold in London was also carried out in order to further contextualise the findings from the case study. Data from the researcher's observation journal, the interviews and focus groups was analysed using software Nvivo 8 software. Woolcock's work on social capital was used in combination with Rex's typology of immigrant association functions. It was found that in the case study there was strong evidence of bonding and linking social capital. These social capital connections enabled service users to access a wide range of resources. There was less clear evidence of bridging social capital creation. Data from interviews with professionals and the survey revealed that other RCOs work, or at least, aspire to work, in the same way as the case study RCO to create social capital for their service users. The case study also revealed that working in partnership with specialist agencies was key to the success of the RCO, a finding that was also supported by the other data. Finally, the research found that funding uncertainty is an ongoing difficulty for many RCOs.


Decorative ornamentation involves a careful balance between accent and order. Existing techniques leave artists either with tedious manual processes or the uncontrolled automatic generation of rather homogeneous patterns that lack creatively-placed visual highlights. We present a method to close this gap, offering the control and quality of manual creation, and the efficiency and accuracy of computation. At the core of our system, customizable and modularly combinable element placement functions fill a space automatically under global design constraints. We provide a set of example placement functions that implement order based on design principles for ornamentation such as balanced element distribution and symmetry. To create structural hierarchies and to guide an ornament to the space it fills, we allow artists to direct the connectivity of elements with drawn strokes. Artists can also draw guides to create vector fields, which organize the ornament along streamlines. Path planning automatically routes around obstacles while aligning the ornament to their borders. Our method combines high-level control mechanisms like taking guidance from example images to low-level control like placing single elements as visual accents and making local edits within the computed ornament. By automating tedious tasks and offering familiar input mechanisms like drawing, we enable artists to focus on the creative intent.


Tight autoregulation of vessel tone guarantees proper delivery of nutrients to the tissues. This regulation is maintained at a more delicate level in the brain since any decrease in the supply of glucose and oxygen to neuronal tissues might lead to unrecoverable injury. Functional near infrared spectroscopy has been proposed as a new tool to monitor the cerebrovascular response during cognitive activity. We have observed that during a Stroop task three distinct oscillatory patterns govern the control of the cerebrovascular reactivity: very low frequency (0.02-0.05 Hz), low frequency (0.08-0.12 Hz) and high frequency (0.12-0.18 Hz). High frequency oscillations have been shown to be related to stress level of the subjects. Our findings indicate that as the stress level is increased so does the energy of the high frequency component indicating a higher stimulation from the autonomic nervous system.


Marine palynology and benthic and planktonic foraminiferal geochemistry are combined to reveal longand short-term (Milankovitch-scale) paleoceanographic changes across the upper half of the Olduvai Subchron (ca. 1.86--1.77 Ma, lower Pleistocene) in DSDP Hole 603C from the lower New Jersey continental rise. Planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca ratios reveal annual sea-surface temperatures between 14.5° and 25°C, whereas modern values vary between 16° and 20°e. Despite evidence of downslope transport in much of ( the studied interval, dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch assemblages appear to reflect fluctuating temperate to subtropical water masses. These assemblages comprise both neritic and oceanic species, and are marked by a transition upsection from warm conditions, dominated by Lingulodinium machaerophorum, Polysphaeridium zoharyi and Cymatiosphaera? invaginata, to cooler conditions dominated by Filisphaera filifera. Combining dinoflagellate cyst proxies with planktonic foraminiferal geochemistry allows downslope transport events to be recognized during glacial episodes, and events dominated by intensified bottom-water circulation during interglacial episodes. Sixtytwo in-situ dinoflagellate cyst and acritarch taxa were recorded including several not previously described.


The Major purpose of this research is to discover what kinds of promotron tools that is effective to deliver the message from company to customers especially in cosmetics industry. Cosmetics business is the growing and profitable industries, with the mushrooming of new cosmetics companies, make the cosmetics market becomes more and more challenging, fast moving, and fierce competition in this field. In order to survive, one of the ways company can do IS by doing some of promotion. The problem is there are so many promotion tools can be used in the market, and many companies spend most of their budget to hold promotron while, the top priorities for business are always the same which are increase revenue, reduce costs, and improve profitability. Besides that, nowadays customers are flooded with information. The increasing amount of product lines, brands, store, shopping mall, and electronic media are also giving opportunities for customer to choose the product they really want. Unfortunately, it can make customers have more difficulty in making decision on buying. Based on this, it?s very important for a company to have correct promotion tools, so that company can arrange the promotion budget more effectively and probably reduce costs.


The complex interactions between water resources, land-use change and water technologies are a major issue in many emerging countries of Southern America. Usable water resources are affected by natural conditions, such as, strong seasonal contrasts and high climatic variability, and rapid changes of land use and land cover that is caused by the dramatic expansion of agricultural land and urbanization processes.

So far, the effects of the changing climate have had minor effects on water resources. Although regional data is rather scarce, global climate models predict substantial changes of climatic conditions in the future. A further pressure is that demand for water supply and waste water, both in terms of amount and spatial expansion, is increasing rapidly due to higher population densities caused by natural population growth and migration as well as higher per capita consumption.

Integrated Water Resource Management in Brazil aims to present the results of the joint project IWAS-AGUA DF which deals with problems, causes and solutions in water supply in scope of integrated water resource management in western Central Brazil. The basic idea of the IWRM approach to be presented is to show how natural conditions and human interference are interacting and how technologies as well as concepts might help to manage such water resource systems in a sustainable way.

ISBN: 9781780404905 (eBook)

ISBN: 9781780404899 (Print)


It is important to investigate the threat posed to commercial aircraft by on board electronic transmitters in the passenger cabin and the cargo holds of large transport aircraft. These transmitters may be in the form of unintentional use of portable electronic devices or even intentional radio frequency (RF) threat sources from terrorists. Thus, it is of interest to determine the "interference path loss" (IPL) from a transmitting device inside the cabin of such aircraft to the antenna terminals of a potential victim system of the aircraft. Past studies have concentrated on measurements. These efforts to measure IPL directly have demonstrated that accurate and repeatible measurements are difficult to obtain. Very little modeling work has been done successfully to understand the IPL on aircraft. In this thesis, we propose a 3-step methodology to quantify the interference path loss (IPL). We then apply this methodology to a broad class of aircraft and show results. To validate our results, we compare our findings to known measurements and discuss possible sources of errors. Finally we suggest areas of improvement to our analysis and propose future work.


Telocytes (TCs) represent a new type of interstitial cells, and were discovered by Prof. Popescu and his collaborators from Bucharest in 2005, and described as Interstitial Cajal-Like Cells (ICLCs). In 2010, Prof. Popescu and Prof. Faussone-Pellegrini from Florence, based on their expertise in morphology, agreed that in fact ICLCs were a brand-new entity and they renamed them telocytes. TCs are characterized by specific veil- or ribbon-like extensions called telopodes. Telopodes aid TCs in forming homo- or hetero-cellular contacts; thus, assembling three-dimensional networks that organizes the stromal and the parenchymal components of the organs. TCs can transfer information to neighbor cells ensuring a short-distance communication, and remotely by the release a wide variety of extracellular vesicles: exosomes, ectosomes, and multivesicular bodies. Here, we reviewed the evolution of the interest regarding TCs in different organs, in normal and pathological conditions. The main focus was on the role of TCs in gastrointestinal tract, urinary bladder, reproductive tract, and heart. This chapter sums up information about the possibilities that TCs are capable to behave as sen-sors/mediators in nervous activity, to represent mesenchymal stem cell precursors in adulthood, and to control and determine the differentiation/maturation of other cell types either during development or in postnatal life.


Competition is reported in the general education literature as having a largely detrimental impact upon student engagement and long-term motivation, yet competition has long been an accepted part of the music education ensemble landscape. Adjudicated ensemble competitions and competition-festivals are commonplace in most Australian states, as opposed to large-scale cooperative events. Arguments advanced in support of competitive events revolve primarily around perceived extra-musical benefits framed from the director / conductor perspective. The student voice is rarely considered in assessments of the impact of participation. This study presents student feedback following participation in an alternative large-scale cooperative music ensemble festival. Students were surveyed immediately after the event, and key findings revealed enhanced enjoyment and motivation to continue and improve across all year levels and playing groups following the cooperative festival. These findings indicate the need for music educators to rethink the purpose of large-scale music ensemble events, understand the potential of cooperative events in promoting long-term musical engagement, and highlight the importance and value of acknowledging the student voice.


After a long period of dominance by the centre‐right, social democracy is once more in the ascendancy in Europe. At the same time social democracy is cross‐cut by competing ideological paradigms, ranging from an unreformed or 'traditional' model through to the neo‐liberal tinged 'Third Way' agenda. With social democratic‐led governments in power in France, Germany and Great Britain, this ideological competition has to a certain extent been mapped onto these member states' statecraft agendas. The article makes three points. First, that there is a high degree of institutional 'fit' between of the Federal Republic and the European Union and that this potentially favours the successful transfer of German policy initiatives to the EU level. Second, that the 'Red‐Green model' of political co‐operation between the SPD and Greens is grounded within the parameters of sub‐national politics and is not easily adapted to the demands of the national and supranational levels. Third, that as a result of this, any distinctively 'German' social democratic agenda for Europe is more likely to have the ideas of the 'Neue Mitte' at its core.


Eating habits of western populations are changing due to modern lifestyles. As a result, people are becoming more susceptible to chronic and degenerative diseases. This fact has motivated the food industry to develop functional products that could decrease the incidence of those disorders. It is well known that fruit juices, milk and soymilk possess high concentrations of antioxidant and bioactive substances. Hence, the development of these functional beverages is a potential way to take advantage of their nutritional properties and exotic flavors that could attract the interest of consumers. At the same time, application of the right preservation treatment is of high relevance in order to obtain safe products with convenient shelf life and high concentration of health-related compounds. This fact represents a great challenge that scientists and technologists are currently facing. Today, novel preservation processes such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), high intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) and ultrasound (US), among others, are being evaluated as an alternative to heat pasteurization, obtaining promising results. Hence, this review gathers the most relevant information about the development of mixed beverages containing fruit juices and milk or soymilk. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks of the application of non-thermal treatments for functional beverages' preservation with high content of bioactive compounds are also mentioned.


There has recently been growing interest in the study of atmospheric particulate matter, specifically towards improved understanding of the long-term transport and impact of different elements of the lithosphere on atmospheric pollution. Close to the ground level, a fairly thin layer of the lithosphere and atmosphere, on both sides of their interface, serves as the major platform for human life and activity. Both the lithosphere and the atmosphere are mutually responsible for sustaining their natural equilibrium. Investigations related to the studies of atmospheric particulate matter are intended to provide information that is still required for the implementation and the eventual revision of European standard tolerance norms for environmental protection. To this aim, WHO (the World Health Organization) and the EU (European Union) Working Groups on airborne particles are requiring additional information in this field. Airborne particles of heavy metals, especially in overdose, may harm population health in a long or a short term. Our objective in the present study is to describe and compare the presence of heavy metals in the Brussels atmosphere during three days periods including Saturdays, Sundays and Mondays and their possible effect on human health. The heavy metals were divided into three main groups for: "high dangerous elements" (Pb, Sb, Cd and As); "non dangerous and low dangerous elements" (Sn, Cu, Ti, Cs, Bi, Zr, W, Ag, V, Ni and Al) and "micro-elements" (Co, Zn, Mn, Mg and Cr). This study has been carried out during the period extending from September 2002 up to October 2003.


For many years appearance models in computer graphics focused on general models for reflectance functions coupled with texture maps. Recently it has been recognized that even very common materials such as hair, skin, fabric, and rusting metal require more sophisticated models to appear realistic. We will begin by briefly reviewing basic reflectance models and the use of texture maps. We then describe common themes in advanced material models that include combining the effects of layers, groups of particles and/or fibers. We will survey the detailed models necessary needed to model materials such as (but not limited to) skin (including pigmentation, pores, subsurface scattering), plants (including internal structure) and automotive paints (including color flop and sparkle). We will then treat the modeling of complex appearance due to aging and weathering processes. A general taxonomy of effects will be presented, as well as methods to simulate and to capture these effects.


The EU dairy industry faces an unprecedented level of change. The anticipated removal of milk quotas and the move to a less restricted global trade environment will provide the industry with both opportunities and challenges. The primary challenge will be the need for the industry to deal with more volatile prices. Active management of the risks associated with these more volatile prices will help to place the industry in a more competitive position. However this will require the industry and policy makers to embrace a new set of tools. For example the US dairy industry has been much more active in the management of risk and lessons from their experience provide a valuable insight into which tools may be more appropriate in an EU context.


[Summary of the book containing this chapter]: Despite the much vaunted 'end of religion' and the growth of secularism, people are engaging like never before in their own 'spiritualities of life'. Across the West, paranormal belief is on the rise. The Ashgate Research Companion to Paranormal Cultures brings together the work of international scholars across the social sciences and humanities to question how and why people are seeking meaning in the realm of the paranormal, a heretofore subjugated knowledge.

With contributions from the UK and other European countries, the USA, Australia and Canada, this ground-breaking book attends to the paranormal as a position from which to critique dominant forms of knowledge production and spirituality.

A rich exploration of everyday life practices, textual engagements and discourses relating to the paranormal, as well as the mediation, technology and art of paranormal activity, this book explores themes such as subcultures and mainstreaming, as well as epistemological, methodological, and phenomenological questions, and the role of the paranormal in social change.

The Ashgate Research Companion to Paranormal Cultures constitutes an essential resource for those interested in the academic study of cultural engagements with paranormality; it will appeal to scholars of cultural and media studies, popular culture, sociology, cultural geography, literature, film and music.


During the last decade, interest and research on Asians in Latin America has shown a remarkable growth. This is demonstrated by the breadth of works now available—books, journal articles, journals, conference proceedings, dissertations, master's theses, honors papers, films, recordings and other publications—in the social sciences, literature, arts, business, religion, language use, and education. Academic support for Asians in Latin America Studies has also developed through conferences, working groups projects linked to research centers on transnational and comparative studies, discussion lists, and interest groups within ethnic/compara-tive / transnational / diaspora / area / global studies associations. In compiling this selected bibliography on Asians in Latin America for Amerasia Journal, I limited the scope to publications during 1990-2002. Materials not included in the bibliography (due to space constraints) are works of literature and art (films, videos, music), community newspapers and magazines, academic journals, websites, works in Asian and other languages, conference proceedings, exhibition catalogs, community directories, geneaological and biographical works, unpublished manuscripts, undergraduate honors papers, some master's theses, and works on pre-Columbian contact, mission churches (many from Fuller Theological Seminary), external/foreign affairs, Alberto Fujimori, dekasegui (Japanese Latino return migrants) and Peruvian / Latino internment in the United States during World War II. There was no attempt to include journal articles, which represents another rich data source, in the original scope of this bibliography. The bibliography is organized by the broader "Asians" category, then alphabetically by ethnic group, and within each group it is organized alphabetically by country or region.


Cosmopolitanism seems to have lost its critical edge. While it used to be a critical ideology prescribing a more universal world, it now appears to merely describe the globalized world we live in. But has cosmopolitanism really lost touch with its radical roots ? Could it not reconnect with its previous ability to challenge arbitrary exclusions? Revisiting demanding theories of democracy in a post-national light, James D. Ingram sketches the possible contours of a new radical cosmopolitics.


Land surveyors must be constantly aware that a clear understanding of their legal responsibilities has a direct bearing on their professional status. Their ability to purchase Professional Liability insurance rests on maintaining a low frequency of claims alleging professional negligence. They should have a consciousness of the criteria society will use in judging their professional competence, how damages will be assessed for professional failure, and the role their fellow practitioner may take as an expert witness in allegations made against them. In no event should a land surveyor expand his responsibilities by issuing guarantees or warranties of performance. Good business practice dictates that he make increased effort to lessen his professional liability burden by improving communications. Also, he must make an effort to avoid any act which might demean his professional image. Uplifting technical and business procedures, and recognizing the importance of his professional conduct will aid him in maintaining his professional liability insurability.


This paper investigates the development of Paul's personality and the influences that shaped it in D.H. Lawrence's major novel Sons and Lovers. The study has approached the novel from psychological perspective, particularly, emphasizing the protagonist's various attempts to manipulate the three women characters he came in contact with, in order to create a personality for his own self, and it also reveals Lawrence's treatment of women through the delineation of their characters and their relationship to Paul Morel. The qualitative research paradigm is adopted focusing on textual data analysis of the novel. The findings of the study revealed that what Lawrence actually wrote about was the relationship between man and a series of female stereotypes, for women characters were treated unfairly by the author, who seems to blame them for their attempts to absorb the character of Paul. And that a healthy and successful relationship between men and women is a dream that is difficult to achieve. This can be seen through Paul's failure to establish a successful and healthy relationship with all of the three women characters in the novel. At the end of the novel, Paul decides to free himself and go on alone. Freedom is what he has been looking for, and that kind of free life cannot be achieved unless he runs away from the women he came to know.


This paper presents a heuristics-inducing method for generating initial ideas for opportunities. It consists of the presentation of snippets of theory and research, selected for their inspirational value and relevance to a particular industry, to business owners in that industry to brainstorm about applications in products and services. In this approach, the researcher bridges the worlds of academia and business, and actively contributes to the opportunity recognition process by selecting, presenting and discussing information. The method is applied to the dating market: searching, matching and/or interacting services, whether internet based or real-life. Participants were ten Australians or New Zealanders dating service owners. The presented information concerns social psychological research outcomes on factors that contribute to attraction and forming bonds, and specific issues relevant to the dating market, e.g., gender imbalances in enrollment. A range of initial ideas for future possibilities in the dating market are presented.


The new edition of The SAGE Handbook of E-Learning Researchretains the original effort of the first edition by focusing on research while capturing the leading edge of e-learning development and practice. Chapters focus on areas of development in e-learning technology, theory, practice, pedagogy and method of analysis. Covering the full extent of e-learning can be a challenge as developments and new features appear daily. The editors of this book meet this challenge by including contributions from leading researchers in areas that have gained a sufficient critical mass to provide reliable results and practices. The 25 chapters are organised into six key areas: 1. THEORY 2. LITERACY & LEARNING 3. METHODS & PERSPECTIVES 4. PEDAGOGY & PRACTICE 5. BEYOND THE CLASSROOM 6. FUTURES


We study nondeterministic multiparty quantum communication with a quantum generalization of broadcasts. We show that, with number-in-hand classical inputs, the communication complexity of a Boolean function in this communication model equals the logarithm of the support rank of the corresponding tensor, whereas the approximation complexity in this model equals the logarithm of the border support rank. This characterisation allows us to prove a log-rank conjecture posed by Villagra et al. for nondeterministic multiparty quantum communication with message-passing.
The support rank characterization of the communication model connects quantum communication complexity intimately to the theory of asymptotic entanglement transformation and algebraic complexity theory. In this context, we introduce the graphwise equality problem. For a cycle graph, the complexity of this communication problem is closely related to the complexity of the computational problem of multiplying matrices, or more precisely, it equals the logarithm of the asymptotic support rank of the iterated matrix multiplication tensor. We employ Strassen's laser method to show that asymptotically there exist nontrivial protocols for every odd-player cyclic equality problem. We exhibit an efficient protocol for the 5-player problem for small inputs, and we show how Young flattenings yield nontrivial complexity lower bounds.


This project sought to identify the causal factors related to loss of position incidents for dynamically positioned vessels, and to explore the possibility of using a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) to model the identified factors. The causal factors behind loss of position incidents were iand sorted by the author through a study of the DP (Dynamic Positioning) system, and analysis of loss of position incidents reported to the International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) register. One or more of three categories were found to be present in more than 90% of all loss of position incidents; propulsion failures, position reference failures and human factors. According to IMCA definition, no loss of position actually has to occur for a scenario to be defined as a loss of position incident. This discovery led to the identification of four terminal events (end of the causal chain) of such incidents; drive-off, drift-off, operation abort and time loss. Due to limitations in the available data, about one third of all incidents resulted in an unknown terminal event. Drive-off occurred in 11 % of the incidents and drift-off in 17 %. Consequently, Loss of Position (LOP), as a minimum occurred in 28 % of all incidents reported to IMCA from 2008 to 2010. Dependencies in causal factors such as system failures, and their resulting terminal events were presented. For modelling of such dependencies a Bayesian Belief Network analysis were utilized. The Bayesian Belief Network was constructed upon the same categories of failure as defined through the data sorting. The process of creating the BBN involved establishing causal flowcharts and use of the GeNIe software package. The main findings regarding the method of Bayesian Belief Network analysis, is that this method enabled the combination of qualitative knowledge (beliefs), with data frequencies in a systematic way. Additionally a Bayesian Belief Network allows for a graphical and intuitive presentation of modelled systems, with the possibility of quick and easy sensitivity analysis. However the method has some limitations. In order to be understandable for the reader, the network must be limited in the number of connections between nodes, which may lead to loss of information, especially in large networks.


We study a model of a firm managing its inventory of a single product by sourcing supplies from two supply sources, a regular supplier who offers a lower unit cost and a longer lead time than a second, emergency, supplier. A practically implementable policy for such a firm is a tailored base-surge (TBS) policy [Allon G, Van Mieghem JA (2010) Global dual sourcing: Tailored base-surge allocation to near- and offshore production. Management Sci. 56(1):110–124] to manage its inventory. Under this policy, the firm procures a constant quantity from the regular supplier in every period and dynamically makes procurement decisions for the emergency supplier. Allon and Van Mieghem describe this practice as using the regular supplier to meet a base level of demand and the emergency supplier to manage demand surges , and they conjecture that this practice is most effective when the lead time difference between the two suppliers is large. We confirm these statements in two ways. First, we show the following analytical result: when demand is composed of a base demand random component plus a surge demand random component, which occurs with a certain small probability, the best TBS policy is close to optimal (over all policies) in a well-defined sense. Second, we also numerically investigate the cost effectiveness of the best TBS policy on a test bed of problem instances. The emphasis of this investigation is the study of the effect of the lead time difference between the two suppliers. Our study reveals that the cost difference between the best TBS policy and the optimal policy decreases dramatically as the lead time of the regular supplier increases. On our test bed, this cost difference decreases from an average (over the test bed) of 21% when the lead time from the regular supplier is two periods (the emergency supplier offers instant delivery) to 3.5% when that lead time is seven periods. This paper was accepted by Martin Lariviere, operations management .


Purpose: Rac GTPase-activating protein 1 (RACGAP1) is associated with cell proliferation, and there is much evidence of its oncogenic role. This study investigated the clinical importance and functional role of RACGAP1 in esophageal carcinoma (EC). Methods: A total of 81 EC patients were enrolled in the study. We assessed the immunohistochemical score of EC tissues and adjacent normal esophageal mucosae, and then performed multiple cell function tests by means of in vitro experiments to elucidate the functional role of RACGAP1 using RNA interference technology in EC cell lines. Results: RACGAP1 was significantly overexpressed in EC tissues compared with the adjacent normal esophageal mucosae (p < 0.0001). Moreover, RACGAP1 overexpression was significantly correlated with poor overall survival (p = 0.032) and disease-free survival (p = 0.012) in EC patients. High RACGAP1 expression was also significantly correlated with the presence of lymphatic invasion (p = 0.012), vessel invasion (p = 0.003), and advanced TNM (tumor-node-metastasis) stage (p = 0.046) in EC patients. In vitro analysis demonstrated that RACGAP1 was involved in the proliferation, tumorigenicity, invasion, migration, and anoikis resistance in EC cells. Conclusions: RACGAP1 plays a pivotal role in EC development, suggesting that it could be used as an indicator of prognosis in EC patients.


In this legal-literary essay, I recount a day I spent watching criminal sentencings in an Alhambra, California courthouse, highlighting the sometimes mundane, sometimes despairing, imports of those proceedings. I note that my analysis resembles that of other scholars who tackle state over-criminalization and selective law enforcement. My original addition exists in the granular attention I pay to the moment-by-moment effects of a sometimes baffling state power on poor and minority people. In this approach, I align myself with advocates of the law and literature school of thought, who believe that the study (or, in this case, practice) of literature will encourage calls for justice by disclosing buried, yet critical, human experience and emotions.


Understanding why deep nets can classify data in large dimensions remains a challenge. It has been proposed that they do so by becoming stable to diffeomorphisms, yet existing empirical measurements support that it is often not the case. We revisit this question by defining a maximum-entropy distribution on diffeomorphisms, that allows to study typical diffeomorphisms of a given norm. We confirm that stability toward diffeomorphisms does not strongly correlate to performance on benchmark data sets of images. By contrast, we find that the stability toward diffeomorphisms relative to that of generic transformations R f correlates remarkably with the test error ϵ t. It is of order unity at initialization but decreases by several decades during training for state-of-the-art architectures. For CIFAR10 and 15 known architectures we find ϵt≈0.2Rf , suggesting that obtaining a small R f is important to achieve good performance. We study how R f depends on the size of the training set and compare it to a simple model of invariant learning.


It is has been reported that obesity can result in the accumulation of various proinflammatory factors such as resistin in adipose tissue. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HIIT on resistin gene expression in visceral adipose tissues in diet-induced obese rats. Nineteen male rats were used in the present study. 6 rats (control group) were fed with standard diet for 8 weeks and then dissected and their visceral adipose tissues were sampled. At the same time, 13 rats were fed with a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. From these obese rats, 6 animals (fat group) were fed a high-fat diet for another 8 weeks and 7 animals (training group), underwent HIIT for 8 weeks. Training included running on a treadmill at 90% VO2max with 5 repetitions of 30 seconds in each session at 29 to 36 meters per minute with one-minute active rest intervals. The latter two groups were also dissected and their visceral adipose tissues were sampled. Measurement of resistin gene expression in tissue samples was done using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Data were analysed with one-way ANOVA. Obesity increased resistin gene expression in rats 2-fold but it was not statistically significant (P= 0.618). HIIT reduced resistin gene expression 8-fold compared to the fat group, but this reduction was not significant, too (P= 0.349). In conclusion, HIIT could reduce resistin gene expression as a proinflammatory factor in the visceral adipose tissue of obese rat. Despite the non-significance of differences, resistin gene expression was reduced several folds, so further studies are needed in this field.
 Keywords: high intense interval training (HIIT), resistin, gene expression, visceral fat, rat


In the context of the deep changes and ethical solicitations that invest our social and cultral life, also the law appears more sensitive and careful to the needs, vulnerability and even lacks of those who, because of several occurrences in their lives, are exposed to other people's, and also to one's own fragility. According to this view, the law on shared custody, promoting a different ethical undertaking of public authorities, increases the value of each parent's responsibility and capability of curing and taking care of their children's emotional and moral needs, in the difficult situation of couple conflict. The principle of double parenthood is the proposed tool to achieve a model of cooperation not to be intended as the continuity of a family after all its ties have been broken, but as a way to restore and requalify children's relationships with both their parents. According to the new connotations that the introduction of shared custody has imposed to the management of parents' responsibility, also a technical advice in the civil procedures of separation and divorce, is aimed at new and dynamic configurations able to solicit to radically rethink all their procedural and methodological finalities. In this new context of double parenthood a technical advice assumes, in fact, the function of mediation and planning of the most suitable interventions to accompany and sustain the transformative run of the family, safeguarding its fondness and emotional resources. Over passing the traditional request to choose the most suitable parent, the expert investigation is aimed at individualizing and searching the affective, pedagogical and relational resources that all family components are able to provide to promote a harmonic psychophysical development of minors during their developmental transitions. According to this new point of view, which wants to stop making a pathology of separation, the new technical advise is intended to draw functional profiles of parenthood, aimed at promoting a balanced relationship between parents and children, without neglecting the conflictual and emotional context where the expert investigation is sometimes carried out, that, if it is not adequately evaluated in all its specific connotations, can increase tensions and even produce further problems. Furthermore, a better evaluation of intersubjectivity and relational aspects of minors, solicits a more and more complete analysis of the family system as a whole, without neglecting the role of minors, of their interactions, backgrounds and needs as children. Therefore, it is much more necessary than in the past, a full cooperation and interaction among judges, attorneys at law and, still, among all professional bodies involved in the delicate task of the defence of children, finalized to favour parents' involvement in the educational process and to allow new models of love expression between parents and children.


BACKGROUND
Pregnancy is a high-risk time for excessive weight gain. The rising prevalence of obesity in women, combined with excess weight gain during pregnancy, means that there are more women with obesity in the postnatal period. This can have adverse health consequences for women in later life and increases the health risks during subsequent pregnancies.

OBJECTIVE
The primary aim was to produce evidence of whether or not a Phase III trial of a brief weight management intervention, in which postnatal women are encouraged by practice nurses as part of the national child immunisation programme to self-monitor their weight and use an online weight management programme, is feasible and acceptable.

DESIGN
The research involved a cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial and two semistructured interview studies with intervention participants and practice nurses who delivered the intervention. Trial data were collected at baseline and 3 months later. The interview studies took place after trial follow-up.

SETTING
The trial took place in Birmingham, UK.

PARTICIPANTS
Twenty-eight postnatal women who were overweight/obese were recruited via Birmingham Women's Hospital or general practices. Nine intervention participants and seven nurses were interviewed.

INTERVENTIONS
The intervention was delivered in the context of the national child immunisation programme. The intervention group were offered brief support that encouraged self-management of weight when they attended their practice to have their child immunised at 2, 3 and 4 months of age. The intervention involved the provision of motivation and support by nurses to encourage participants to make healthier lifestyle choices through self-monitoring of weight and signposting to an online weight management programme. The role of the nurse was to provide regular external accountability for weight loss. Women were asked to weigh themselves weekly and record this on a record card in their child's health record ('red book') or using the online programme. The behavioural goal was for women to lose 0.5-1 kg per week. The usual-care group received a healthy lifestyle leaflet.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was the feasibility of a Phase III trial to test the effectiveness of the intervention, as assessed against three traffic-light stop-go criteria (recruitment, adherence to regular self-weighing and registration with an online weight management programme).

RESULTS
The traffic-light criteria results were red for recruitment (28/80, 35% of target), amber for registration with the online weight loss programme (9/16, 56%) and green for adherence to weekly self-weighing (10/16, 63%). Nurses delivered the intervention with high fidelity. In the qualitative studies, participants indicated that the intervention was acceptable to them and they welcomed receiving support to lose weight at their child immunisation appointments. Although nurses raised some caveats to implementation, they felt that the intervention was easy to deliver and that it would motivate postnatal women to lose weight.

LIMITATIONS
Fewer participants were recruited than planned.

CONCLUSIONS
Although women and practice nurses responded well to the intervention and adherence to self-weighing was high, recruitment was challenging and there is scope to improve engagement with the intervention.

FUTURE WORK
Future research should focus on investigating other methods of recruitment and, thereafter, testing the effectiveness of the intervention.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN12209332.

FUNDING
This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 25, No. 49. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.


Addressing the spiritual wellbeing of students in New South Wales (NSW) schools is not only important for their overall wellbeing but is now part of the NSW Department of Education and Communities' (NSW DEC, 2015) Wellbeing Framework for Schools, However, research indicates there may be challenges due to difficulties and confusion regarding how to address student spiritual wellbeing in a secular education setting. Using a qualitative design, the current study aimed to explore teacher and counsellor perceptions of spiritual wellbeing, and how these may impact their ability to address spiritual wellbeing in practice. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with three teachers and three school counsellors and the transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. Implications and recommendations for reducing barriers to implementation are considered and avenues for future research are highlighted. In particular, it is recommended for governing bodies of teachers and counsellors to recognise this challenge as an ethical dilemma, to provide education and training to develop teacher and counsellor understandings of spiritual wellbeing and to reflect on their own beliefs within this framework.


The Nanling region of South China hosts the largest W-Sn metallogenic province in the world, accounting for more than 54% of global tungsten resources as well as important resources of tin and rare metals. An important feature of this province, which is shared by a number of other W-Sn metallogenic provinces, is that W deposits occur separately from Sn and Sn-W deposits, with the latter concentrated in the western part of the region (especially along the deep, NE-trending Chenzhou-Linwu fault) and the W deposits to the east of them. All the deposits are associated with ilmenite series, peraluminous granites. However, the granites associated with the Sn and Sn-W deposits can be distinguished from the W granites by their higher bulk-rock εNd values and their higher zircon εHf values. Most importantly, the Sn and Sn-W granites are characterized by higher zircon saturation temperatures (800 ± 20°C) than the W granites (650°–750°C). The Sn and Sn-W granites also contain abundant mantle-derived mafic microgranular enclaves, whereas such enclaves are rare in the W granites. A model is proposed in which the protolith to the W granites released W to the melt as a result of the breakdown of muscovite. The temperature of melting, however, was too low for biotite to melt. In the west, particularly along the Chenzhou-Linwu fault (the location of the Sn and Sn-W deposits), higher temperatures enabled the breakdown of both muscovite and biotite and the consequent release of both Sn and W to form Sn and Sn-W granites. This model, which is based on differences in the protolith melting temperature and thus mobilization temperatures for Sn and W, is potentially applicable to any Sn-W metallogenic province in which the Sn and Sn-W deposits are spatially separated from the W deposits.


The optimum concentration technique for increasing the intensity of the Raman spectrum of a colored substance has been considered in detail. Intensity-concentration data are given for a number of Raman lines. An optimum concentration for a maximum in observed Raman intensity is shown to exist for each of the Raman lines examined. An expression has been derived relating the observed Raman intensity with the molar concentration of a solution of absorbing substance in a transparent solvent by consideration of the absorption of both the exciting radiation and the scattered radiation. The agreement between the theoretical curves and the experimental points is good. More experimental data are necessary to check further the theoretical expression. The best technique for obtaining the Raman spectra of colored substances is to use excitation radiation which will not be absorbed and which will not cause photochemical decomposition. When light sources which emit such radiation are not available, the optimum-concentration technique has been shown to be a possible alternative method for obtaining a Raman spectrum.


Nine, Ebola viruse EBOV ( Zaire ebolavirus ), proteins are extracted from the NCBI repository and their study was carried out. The physicchemical properties and evolutionary link with other such viruses by homology modeling were carried out. All the proteins show rich in leucine domain an ideal requirement for fast attachment of the virus to the receptor molecule on the host cell surface. The prediction of trans-membrane sequence for the entire glycoprotein component reveals the ability of the virus to enter the host with ease. The lack of adequate homology model for the viral proteins indicates its novel origin and lack of well traceable evolutionary link. We studied the homology based model by using various available tools and find similar approach in all, hence finally concentrated only on one method. The model predicted shows well acceptable region on Ramchandran plot. This discrepancy is only due to the fact that we validate the model to Ramchandran plot and the model predicted were not under the well acceptable 'e' value range i.e. >1. Therefore we suggests that vaccine production against this deadly virus should be concentrated on the structure and functions of glycoprotein like low quality secreted glycoprotein (NP_066248), low quality spike glycoprotein(NP_066246)0, small secreted glycoprotein (NP_066247) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (NP_066251). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i4.11588 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(4): 544-552


In spite of remarkable progress in deep latent variable generative modeling, training still remains a challenge due to a combination of optimization and generalization issues. In practice, a combination of heuristic algorithms (such as hand-crafted annealing of KL-terms) is often used in order to achieve the desired results, but such solutions are not robust to changes in model architecture or dataset. The best settings can often vary dramatically from one problem to another, which requires doing expensive parameter sweeps for each new case. Here we develop on the idea of training VAEs with additional constraints as a way to control their behaviour. We first present a detailed theoretical analysis of constrained VAEs, expanding our understanding of how these models work. We then introduce and analyze a practical algorithm termed Generalized ELBO with Constrained Optimization, GECO. The main advantage of GECO for the machine learning practitioner is a more intuitive, yet principled, process of tuning the loss. This involves defining of a set of constraints, which typically have an explicit relation to the desired model performance, in contrast to tweaking abstract hyper-parameters which implicitly affect the model behavior. Encouraging experimental results in several standard datasets indicate that GECO is a very robust and effective tool to balance reconstruction and compression constraints.


The geomorphology and topography of the Cerberus Plains region of Mars show three spatially and temporally distinct, young, aqueous flood channel systems. Flood geomorphology in each of these channels, as seen in Mars Orbiter Camera images, consists of streamlined forms, longitudinal lineations, and a single occurrence of transverse dunes, features similar to those in the flood-carved terrain of the Channeled Scabland in the northwestern United States. As additional geomorphic evidence of flooding, small cones (interpreted as phreatic) are found preferentially in the channels or at their distal ends. Glaciers, lava flows, and CO2-charged density flows are each inconsistent with these geomorphic features. Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter data show two of the three channel systems (Athabasca Valles and an unnamed northern channel system) emanating from the Cerberus Fossae; we suggest that the third channel system (Marte Vallis) also originated at the fissures. The discharges for two of the three systems (Athabasca Valles and Marte Vallis) have been estimated from surface topography to have been on the order of 10 6 m 3 /s. Crater counts indicate that the channels are not only young (extreme Late Amazonian), but also were carved asynchronously. Geomorphic evidence suggests that two of the channels (Athabasca and Marte Valles) experienced more than one flood. Emanation from volcanotectonic fissures instead of chaotic terrain distinguishes these Cerberus Plains channels from the larger, older circum-Chryse channels. Groundwater must have collected in a liquid state prior to flood onset to flow at the estimated discharge rates. Lack of large-scale subsidence near the channels' origination points along the Cerberus Fossae indicates that this groundwater was at least several kilometers deep. c � 2002 Elsevier Science (USA)


Using a political economy framework to analyze the current problems facing US postsecondary education, The New Limits of Education Policy tackles the questions surrounding the future of higher education. The study provides an explanation of why improvement of teaching and learning is not a high priority for the stakeholders involved. Roger Benjamin explains why heightened recognition by the State of the importance of human capital in the knowledge economy will create the external conditions that will, in turn, create the need for an altered incentive system for these stakeholders. He goes on to make a case for additional positive incentives that would reward behavior that improves teaching and learning.


The use of lightweight cemented clay has wide applications in infrastructure rehabilitation and in the construction of new facilities. Effects of water content, cement content, air content and fly ash (FA) on the unit weight and strength of lightweight cemented clay are presented and analysed. FA decreases the liquid limit and the plasticity index of the lightweight cemented clay. Consequently, it improves the unit weight, strength and workability of the lightweight cemented clay. For the same generalized stress state, w/wL (ratio of water content to the liquid limit), lightweight cemented clay with a higher replacement ratio has a higher strength for the same input of cement owing to a higher cement/clay-water ratio, C/w. The FA fixation point is a practical indicator to obtain a minimum FA replacement because it is simply obtained from an index test. The prediction of unit weight of the lightweight cemented clay for different water contents, air contents, FA replacement ratios and cement contents is performed and verified. From the critical analysis of test results, a mix design method to attain the target strength and unit weight is suggested. This method is useful from both engineering and economic viewpoints.


This household-based study aimed at exploring factors related to injury, the mechanism of injury, the part of the body that got injured and type of injury, consequences and treatment for injury amongst 470 residents in a semi-urban and rural area in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Results showed that the highest incidence of injury was amongst people in the age range of 20 -29 years, on a Saturday and in December. More than 75percent of injuries happened during daytime. Violence was the leading cause of injury, followed by traffic accidents. The leading mechanisms of injury by age group were bum for children aged 0 to 9 years, violence amongst the age group 10 to 39 years, traffic injury for the age group 30 to 59 years, and fall and laceration for the elderly. The rural injured people had higher costs for treatment and transport, spent more time on transportation and had a longer distance to travel for treatment than the injured from the semi-urban area. It is recommended that particularly amongst children and elderly care givers awareness of injury prevention is promoted. For the young adults injury prevention needs to be geared towards violence and traffic injury.


OF DISSERTATION TISSUES AND TRAUMA: PAIN NEUROSCIENCE EDUCATION FOR VETERANS WITH POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS AND LOW BACK PAIN Low back pain (LBP) is the top reason for Soldiers to seek medical care and one of the top reasons to be medically discharged. Mental health problems and psychosocial stressors have been increasing in Soldiers and are also top causes for medical discharge. Dysregulated stress has contributed to many Soldiers and Veterans to develop chronic LBP as well as mental health disorders like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research suggests that psychosocial characteristics, as opposed to physical factors or tissue health, contribute to chronic pain the most. Focusing entirely on tissues for individuals seeking care for LBP can increase disability and vulnerability. Attributing physical pain to mental health concerns, however, risks stigmatizing patients or making them feel dismissed. The purpose of this dissertation was to develop a pain neuroscience education (PNE) program for Veterans and Soldiers with LBP and stress and determine if PNE is more effective in improving disability, PTSD symptoms, and beliefs about pain compared to traditional education about back pain and stress. This dissertation demonstrated that Veterans with PTSD can comprehend the neuroscience of pain and PTSD at a comparable level to a highly educated Veteran and medical panel without PTSD when adjusting for education. Since a proportion of participants were concerned that using military examples in PNE might increase PTSD symptoms, however, results from pilot testing suggested that the PNE materials developed for this dissertation should be tested in a clinical trial to ensure they do not increase PTSD symptoms. A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that Veterans with PTSD have higher depression and pain-catastrophizing beliefs for a large effect size compared to Veterans without PTSD. Furthermore, Veterans with PTSD have significantly lower pain self-efficacy with a large effect size. Compared to Veterans without PTSD, Veterans with PTSD have higher pain and disability. These results, however, were not confirmed in Veterans presenting to a Physical Therapy clinic. In fact, this dissertation revealed that many of the negative outcomes previously attributed to PTSD in the literature may be due to the correlation between PTSD symptoms and pain-catastrophizing beliefs rather than from trauma. Furthermore, Veterans with chronic LBP do not appear to have different sensitivity levels to pressure based on PTSD symptoms. Finally, the results from a randomized controlled trial provide evidence that PNE greatly improves the confidence of Veterans and Soldiers to increase participation in social, work, and life roles despite the pain as measured by the pain self-efficacy questionnaire. Participants in the experimental group were more likely to achieve a meaningful reduction in disability at the 8week follow-up compared to the control group. Furthermore, Veterans and Soldiers with LBP were more satisfied with how PNE explains pain and believed the PNE curriculum connected with their military experiences better than traditional psychosocial education about stress. Participants in the experimental arm were less likely to believe that exercise is harmful compared to traditional education. Finally, PNE improved PTSD symptoms beyond the clinically meaningful threshold in the experimental arm. In conclusion, PNE appears to be an effective treatment for PTSD, disability, and pain-related beliefs in Veterans and Soldiers with chronic LBP. These results should be replicated in a larger sample to ensure generalizability beyond the current study.


Th is chapter outlines the theory (fi rst explicitly defended by Pinker and Bloom 1990), that the human language faculty is a complex biological adaptation that evolved by natural selection for communication in a knowledgeusing, socially interdependent lifestyle. Th is claim might seem to be anyone's fi rst guess about the evolutionary status of language, and the default prediction from a Darwinian perspective on human psychological abilities. But the theory has proved to be controversial, as shown by the commentaries in Pinker and Bloom (1990) and the numerous debates on language evolution since then (Fitch 2002; Hurford et al. 1998). In the chapter I will discuss the design of the language faculty, the theory that language is an adaptation, alternatives to the theory, an examination of what language might an adaptation for, and how the theory is being tested by new kinds of analyses and evidence.


Antioxidant properties shown by volatile oil of propolis (VOP) from India were investigated by spectrophotometric methods (ABTS, DPPH and NO radical scavenging activity) and a photochemiluminescence (PCL) method (superoxide scavenging activity). It was seen that VOP exhibited superior TEAC activity to that of trolox at the concentration 0.2 mg/mL. It showed dose dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity and NO scavenging activity. It was observed that the overall NO scavenging activity shown by VOP was low which suggests that some of the compounds responsible for NO radical scavenging might be nonvolatile and might not be present in VOP. The superoxide scavenging activity of VOP was determined on nano scale by PCL method. These results indicate that superoxide scavenging activity was more efficient in dilute solutions of VOP. The polyphenol content in the VOP samples was also determined. It was seen that polyphenol content may not be the exclusive cause for the antioxidant activity. From IC50 values it could be concluded that the efficiency of scavenging ABTS radicals by the VOP was more pronounced as compared to scavenging other radicals. These findings indicate that VOP could be an easily accessible source of natural antioxidants.


Understanding the role of immune cells is at the core of cancer research. In this paper, we boost the potential of the You Only Look Once (YOLO) architecture applied to automatic detection of lymphocytes in gigapixel histopathology wholeslide images (WSI) stained with immunohistochemistry by (1) tailoring the YOLO architecture to lymphocyte detection in WSI; (2) guiding training data sampling by exploiting prior knowledge on hard negative samples; (3) pairing the proposed sampling strategy with the focal loss technique. The combination of the proposed improvements increases the F1-score of YOLO by 3% with a speed-up of 4.3X.


EDTA and the antibiotic nisin, in combination with heat, were tested for inhibition of growth of six pectolytic, soft-rotting bacteria in 80% trypticase soy broth (TSB). Fifty percent reduction of growth by EDTA at 25°C in TSB occurred at 3.24 mM for Erwinia chrysanthemi, 2.57 mM for Pseudomonas fluorescens, 0.96 mM for E. carotovora (subsp. carotovora), 0.48 mM for P. viridiflava, 0.17 mM for Xanthomonas campestris (pv. campestris), and 0.16 mM for Cytophaga johnsonae. Nisin at 50 ug/ml was effective against X. campestris and C. johnsonae (over 90% inhibition of growth) but not against the other four bacteria (less than 20% inhibition), which are the more economically important soft-rotters. Combinations of EDTA and nisin were synergistic. A combination of 0.3 mM EDTA + nisin at 50 μg/ml inhibited growth of E. carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, and P. viridiflava by over 70%, and growth of P. fluorescens by 37%. Hot water treatments for 0.3 min at 37 or 49°C reduced survival of bacteria in the presence of EDTA + nisin, but not of EDTA, nisin, or water alone. EDTA + nisin at 37°C reduced CFU/ml of E. carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, P. fluorescens, and P. viridiflava by 2 log units, and at 49°C by 3 log units, compared with the 25°C treatment. Decay of carrot disks inoculated at two inoculum levels (103 and 104 CFU per disk) with E. carotovora, P. fluorescens, or P. viridiflava was reduced by a 1.5-min immersion in 45°C water, with or without EDTA and nisin additives. Immersion in 0.3 mM EDTA + nisin at 15 to 50 μg/ml at 45°C reduced decay due to E. carotovora and to P. fluorescens at the lower inoculum level by an average of about 50% compared with water alone at 45°C, but differences were statistically significant only at the 90% level of confidence and no different than a standard chlorine dip, current commercial practice for cut carrot slices.