This report considers how increased commodity prices might influence enrollment in and benefits from the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) using two complementary models: a likely-to-bid model that uses National Resources Inventory data to simulate offers to the general signup portion of the CRP and an opt-out model that simulates retention of current CRP contracts. Under several higher crop price scenarios, including one that incorporates 15 billion gallons of crop-based biofuels production, maintaining the CRP as currently configured will lead to significant expenditure increases. If constraints are placed on increasing rental rates, it might be possible to meet enrollment goals with moderate increases in CRP rental rates — but this will mean accepting lower average Environmental Benefits Index scores as landowners with profitable but environmentally sensitive lands choose not to enroll.


The P-element is one of the best understood eukaryotic transposable elements. It invaded Drosophila melanogaster populations within a few decades, but was thought to be absent from close relatives, including D. simulans. Five decades after the spread in D. melanogaster, we provide evidence that the P-element has also invaded D. simulans. P-elements in D. simulans appears to have been acquired recently from D. melanogaster probably via a single horizontal transfer event. Expression data indicate that the P-element is processed in the germline of D. simulans, and genomic data show an enrichment of P-element insertions in putative origins of replication, similar to that seen in D. melanogaster. This ongoing spread of the P-element in natural populations provides an unique opportunity to understand the dynamics of transposable element spreads and the associated piRNA defense mechanisms.


Milk yield is a key selection trait in dairy cows. During the course of lactation, milk yield follows a typical curvilinear pattern characterized by an initial increase immediately after calving, a rise to peak before an eventual decline. Cows in mid-lactation are typically in the decline phase and would require supplementation to ensure persistency in milk yield, particularly during summer when pasture availability is limited. This study evaluated the milk yield responses of purebred and
crossbred dairy cows to two levels (1 or 2 kg/cow/day) of canola meal or cracked lupins supplementation in a pasture-based production system. Fifty Holstein-Friesian (HF) and Jersey x Holstein-Friesian (JHF) dairy cows (10 unsupplemented control and 40 supplemented) were randomly assigned to treatment groups after balancing for initial milk yield, BCS and days in milk (mean initial milk yield, body weight and body condition scores were 122.5 ± 12.1 litres/d, 352.6 ± 31 kg, and 2.5 respectively). A 2 x 2 x 2 balanced factorial experimental design representing 2
breeds, 2 supplements and 2 feeding levels was utilized. All cows had ad libitum access to the basal diet of barley and ryegrass while supplemented cows had three weeks of adjustment before the 12 weeks of feeding trial commenced. All cows were milked twice daily and milk yield individually recorded automatically at milking. Data were tested for significance by fitting the fixed effects of breed, supplement, feeding level and their first order interactions using mixed model procedures in SAS with cow and days in milk as random effects. Overall differences between treatment means were declared significant at P 0.26). Supplementing with lupins at 1kg/cow/day gave the best milk yield response and would be a far cheaper option for supplementing mid-lactation cows than canola.


Newly synthesized carboxyamide ligand N,N'-bis(2-carboxy-1-oxophenelenyl) pyridine 2,6- diamine and their Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes have been synthesized and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques. Vibrational spectra indicate coordination of amide and carboxylate oxygen of the ligand. Mass spectrum explains the successive degradation of the molecular species in solution and justifies ML complexes. The electron paramagnetic resonance of the Cu(II) complex shows g║ > g > 2.03 was observed indicated that unpaired electron most likely reside in the dx 2 -y 2 ( or less likely a dxy) ground state, which is consistent with the proposed square based geometry. Electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements reveal square planar geometry for metal complexes. Molecular structure of the complexes has been optimized by MM + calculations and supports a square planar geometry. The bio-efficacy of the ligands and its metal complexes has been examined against the growth of bacteria in vitro to evaluate their anti-microbial potential.


Minimum Energy Estimation is a way of filtering the state of a nonlinear system from partial and inexact measurements. It is a generalization of Gauss' method of least squares. Its application to filtering of control systems goes back at least to Mortenson who called it Maximum Likelyhood Estimation [12]. For linear, Gaussian systems it reduces to maximum likelihood estimation (aka Kalman Filtering) but this is not true for nonlinear systems. We prefer the name Minimum Energy Estimation (MEE) that was introduced by Hijab [4]. Both Mortenson and Hijab dealt with systems in continuous time, we extend their methods to discrete time systems and show how power series techniques can lessen the computational burden. Moving Horizon Estimation (MHE) is a moving window version of MEE. It computes the solution to an optimal control problem over a past moving window that is constrained by the actual observations on the window. The optimal state trajectory at the end of the window is the MEE estimate at this time. The cost in the optimal control problem is usually taken to be an L2 norm of the three slack variables; the initial condion noise, the driving noise and the measurement noise. MHE requires the buffering of the measurements over the past window. The optimal control problem is solved in real time by a nonlinear program solver but it becomes more difficult as the length of the window is increased. The power series approach to MME can be applied to MHE and this permits the choice of a very short past window consisting of one time step. This speeds up MHE and allows its real time implementaion on faster processes.


This study is concerned with filling the gap that exists in our understanding of Venetian
diplomacy. Historical works on Renaissance diplomacy have tended to be general, and the
experience of Venice in the fifteenth century has been largely overlooked (partly because of
the lack of extant diplomatic material). Yet this period is of key importance in the history
of diplomacy; it was during the mid-fifteenth century that Italian states first used resident
ambassadors, something which became accepted practice in sixteenth century Europe.
My approach has been to carry out a prosopographical analysis of every patrician
who was appointed by Venice as an ambassador between 1454 and 1494. This has allowed
investigation into their economic standing, family connections, intellectual interests, and
political importance. Such a socio-political approach not only tells us much about
diplomatic practices, but also casts light on the development of elite groups in Venice.
The first chapter of the study is introductory, explaining the chronological context of
the study and outlining the debate over residency and the use of prosopography. Chapter
two discusses elites, describes the personnel who manned Venetian missions, and explains
the pattern of Venetian representation. Chapter three compares the theory and the reality of
Venetian diplomatic practices. Chapters four and five focus more closely on the
prosopography and consider the importance of family connections for ambassadors, their
humanist interests, their political standing. The final chapter looks at the development of
resident and permanent diplomacy in Venice.
I argue that Venetian ambassadors were drawn from the highest echelons of Venetian
society and that their elevated status affected the nature of Venetian diplomacy. The type of
men appointed by the Republic meant that Venice lagged behind many of its neighbours
(especially the Princely states) in the use of resident ambassadors. This was primarily due
to the nature of the Republic itself; Venice did not encourage long absences abroad or
diplomatic specialisation. The Venetian experience shows that the speed at which Italian
states responded to changes in diplomacy varied considerably and was closely related to
their own cultural and political values.


Off-policy evaluation of sequential decision policies from observational data is necessary in applications of batch reinforcement learning such as education and healthcare. In such settings, however, unobserved variables confound observed actions, rendering exact evaluation of new policies impossible, i.e., unidentifiable. We develop a robust approach that estimates sharp bounds on the (unidentifiable) value of a given policy in an infinite-horizon problem given data from another policy with unobserved confounding, subject to a sensitivity model. We consider stationary or baseline unobserved confounding and compute bounds by optimizing over the set of all stationary state-occupancy ratios that agree with a new partially identified estimating equation and the sensitivity model. We prove convergence to the sharp bounds as we collect more confounded data. Although checking set membership is a linear program, the support function is given by a difficult nonconvex optimization problem. We develop approximations based on nonconvex projected gradient descent and demonstrate the resulting bounds empirically.


The use of extendible distal femoral replacements is a relatively new treatment alternative for malignant bone tumours in growing individuals. Although their appearance was widely appreciated, questions about functional practicality and longevity remain unclear. With longer follow-up, advantages of immediate functional restoration and beneficial psychological aspects seem to be overshadowed by an increase in complications such as aseptic loosening, infection or prosthetic failure. We have reviewed 18 children with such tumours who were treated between 1983 and 1990 by custom-made Stanmore extendible distal femoral replacements. Four died from metastatic disease within 2.5 years of operation and two required amputation for local recurrence or chronic infection. The remaining 12 patients were followed for a mean of 8.7 years (6 to 13.2). A mean total lengthening of 5.2 cm was achieved, requiring, on average, 4.3 operations. Using the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society rating score the functional result at review was, on average, 77% of the expected normal function, with seven patients achieving > or = 80%. Revision of the prosthesis was required in ten patients, in six for aseptic loosening, at a mean of 6.2 years after the initial procedure.


Translated and introduced by accomplished Japanese language and literature scholar William Scott Wilson, this anthology compiles the writings of 12 samurai warriors and paints a cultural picture of feudal Japan between the 13th and 17th centuries. Each warrior's text is preceded by a brief summary of his life and career. What emerges from this collection is a picture of the samurai class that not only acknowledges a man's behavior on the battlefield but also surprises with its depth and humanity.


The Online Journal requested that I evaluate Professor Strong's empirical research, "Realizing Rationality: An Empirical Assessment of International Commercial Mediation," reported in 23 Wash. & Lee. L. Rev. 1973 (2016). The purpose of Professor Strong's research is to help "fill the informational gap" about international commercial mediation for the United Nations Commission on International Trade (hereinafter UNICITRAL) Working Group II (Arbitration and Conciliation) so that the Working Group could better assess whether, in fact, there is a need for a new UNCITRAL instrument to enforce global commercial mediation agreements. Professor Strong's research offers insightful nuggets about international commercial mediation that merit further exploration. For example, her research showed that pre-dispute mediation clauses play a central role in incentivizing the increased use of international commercial mediation. In another highlighted contribution, survey respondents reported time and money to be the top two drivers that contributed to their decision to use international commercial mediation. A third insight is that surveyed participants value international commercial mediation for different reasons when they are asked to prospectively opine about its value versus when asked to opine about mediation's value when deciding to use mediation. Although these insights are noteworthy, they do not justify broad application because of methodological weaknesses in the research. To strengthen future research, I propose three fundamental research design modifications. First, the researcher should take affirmative steps to minimize the U.S.-centric bias around mediation. Second, the sampled pool should be more representative of those stakeholders who might be affected by the passage of the proposed global treaty. Third, the label used to describe this neutral facilitated process should be clearly defined to minimize the debate over whether mediation and conciliation are the same or a different dispute resolution procedure.


Recent advances in programmable data planes, software-defined networking, and the adoption of IPv6 support novel, more complex load balancing strategies. We introduce the Multipath Classification Algorithm (MCA), a probing algorithm that extends traceroute to identify and classify load balancing in Internet routes. MCA extends existing formalism and techniques to consider that load balancers may use arbitrary combinations of bits in the packet header for load balancing. We propose optimizations to reduce probing cost that are applicable to MCA and existing load balancing measurement techniques. Through large-scale measurement campaigns, we characterize and study the evolution of load balancing on the IPv4 and IPv6 Internet with multiple transport protocols. Our results show that load balancing is more prevalent and that load balancing strategies are more mature than previous characterizations have found.


Objective The aim of this study is to compare the screen time and digital gaming habits of Turkish children before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Material and Methods This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a university hospital between May 7, 2020 and June 27, 2020. Healthy children aged 3–10 years who applied to the pediatrics clinics for outpatient care were included in the study. A structured survey was applied to the parents who agreed to participate. Results A total of 253 children were included in the study. It was found that the ratio of children with screen time of ≥1 hour during the pandemic was significantly higher than before the pandemic (p<0.001). It was determined that the ratio of children watching both adult and children's programs increased during the pandemic (p<0.001). The ratio of children playing digital games during the pandemic was also found to be increased significantly compared with that before the pandemic (p<0.001). Conclusion This study demonstrated that screen and digital gaming time increased independently of sociodemographic characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with before the pandemic.


The last deglaciation in the Northern Hemisphere was interrupted by two major stadials, the so-called "Mystery Interval" (17.5–14.5 ka) and the Younger Dryas (12.9–11.7 ka). During these events, the North Atlantic region was marked by cold surface conditions, yet simultaneous glacier and snowline retreat. Rerouting of Laurentide Ice Sheet meltwater from the Gulf of Mexico to an eastern or northern spillway may have reduced meridional overturning circulation at the onset of the Younger Dryas. However, this hypothesis has not been tested for the Mystery Interval. Paired Mg/Ca and δ 18 O measurements on foraminifera from laminated Orca Basin sediments in the Gulf of Mexico, constrained by 35 14 C dates, document the timing of meltwater input with subcentennial resolution. Isolating the δ 18 O of seawater (termed δ 18 O GOM ) reveals three major melting episodes from ca. 17.5 ka until 12.9 ka, followed by a rapid cessation, consistent with meltwater rerouting at the onset of the Younger Dryas. Conversely, inferred meltwater fl ow to the Gulf of Mexico during the Mystery Interval does not support a simple routing event, but is consistent with glacier and snowline retreat. We suggest that summer melting of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during this stadial may have been an important mechanism for enhanced winter sea-ice formation, hypercold winter conditions, and enhanced seasonality in the North Atlantic region.


This paper investigates the superior frictional performance of Ti-DLC films, by examining the evolution of microstructure and its effect on the mechanical and tribological properties. The superior frictional performance of Ti-DLC films can be attributed to the special microstructure related to the development of embedded fullerene-like microstructures as a result of incorporation of TiO2 clusters. The factors contributing to the ultralow friction include high hardness and cohesion, excellent toughness, and high load bearing capacity (brought by the increased crosslinking and elastic energy storage ability), the friction-induced structural transformation rendering an ultralow shear resistance and the excellent resistance to oxidation-induced mechanical property degradation (due to the doped TiO2). The Raman, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscope and micro-indentation measurements consistently reveal or indicate the formation of curved graphene sheets or fullerene-like microstructures with increasing CH4/Ar ratio.


Multi-view autostereoscopic displays provide an immersive, glasses-free 3D viewing experience, but they require correctly filtered content from multiple viewpoints. This, however, cannot be easily obtained with current stereoscopic production pipelines. We provide a practical solution that takes a stereoscopic video as an input and converts it to multi-view and filtered video streams that can be used to drive multi-view autostereoscopic displays. The method combines a phase-based video magnification and an interperspective antialiasing into a single filtering process. The whole algorithm is simple and can be efficiently implemented on current GPUs to yield a near real-time performance. Furthermore, the ability to retarget disparity is naturally supported. Our method is robust and works well for challenging video scenes with defocus blur, motion blur, transparent materials, and specularities. We show that our results are superior when compared to the state-of-the-art depth-based rendering methods. Finally, we showcase the method in the context of a real-time 3D videoconferencing system that requires only two cameras.


The most direct way to probe the strength of an electric field, is to measure the force that
exerts to a charged particle. For a time varying field, charge placement within an interval
substantially shorter than the characteristic period of variation of the field is essential for
sampling its temporal evolution. Employing such a scheme to track the field variation
of light waves that changes its direction 1015 times per second, charge release shall be
confined within a fraction of a femtosecond.
In this thesis, the complete characterization of a light pulse is demonstrated experimentally
for the first time by probing its field variation using a 250 attosecond electron
burst. Such an ultrafast charge probe, can be generated by the impulsive ionization of
atoms, using an XUV attosecond pulse precisely synchronized with the light waveform to
be characterized. The technique allows access to the instantaneous value of the electric
field of IR, visible, or UV light and thereby opens the door for the synthesis of controlled,
extremely broadband and arbitrarily shaped light waveforms.
The above experiments, are presented along with critical pertinent developments on the
generation of few-cycle phase-controlled light waveforms and their subsequent exploitation,
for the generation of isolated XUV attosecond pulses.
Precisely characterized and controlled light fields and XUV attosecond pulses employed
in combination, hold the promise for probe and control of elementary processes evolving
on an attosecond time scale.


This article pursues a topological reading of Milestones, one of the most influential books in the history of Islamism. Written by Muslim thinker Sayyid Qutb, the general interest in this crucial text has largely remained restricted to the fields of Islamic Studies and Security Studies. This article aims to make the case for assuming a philosophical standpoint, relocating its significance beyond the above-mentioned fields. A creative and topological reading of this text will allow the spatial complexity of Qutb's eschatological vision to be fully exposed, while also unpacking the way in which antagonistic relations have variously been articulated by this thinker. The underlying conviction is that such an examination can offer new perspectives from which to examine and develop current debates on political universalism and antagonism in the tradition of continental philosophy.


A high resolution (300-400 m grid spacing), process oriented modeling study was undertaken to elucidate the physical processes affecting the characteristics and distribution of sea-floor sedimentary environments in Long Island Sound. Simulations using idealized forcing and high-resolution bathymetry were performed using a three-dimensional circulation model ECOM (BLUMBERG and MELLOR, 1987) and a stationary shallow water wave model HISWA (HOLTHUIJSEN et al., 1989). The relative contributions of tide-, density-, wind- and wave-driven bottom currents are assessed and related to observed characteristics of the sea-floor environments, and simple bedload sediment transport simulations are performed. The fine grid spacing allows features with scales of several kilometers to be resolved. The simulations clearly show physical processes that affect the observed sea-floor characteristics at both regional and local scales. Simulations of near-bottom tidal currents reveal a strong gradient in the funnel-shaped eastern part of the Sound, which parallels an observed gradient in sedimentary environments from erosion or nondeposition, through bedload transport and sediment sorting, to fine-grained deposition. A simulation of estuarine flow driven by the along-axis gradient in salinity shows generally westward bottom currents of 2-4 cm/s that are locally enhanced to 6-8 cm/s along the axial depression of the Sound. Bottom wind-driven currents flow downwind along the shallow margins of the basin, but flow against the wind in the deeper regions. These bottom flows (in opposition to the wind) are strongest in the axial depression and add to the estuarine flow when winds are from the west. The combination of enhanced bottom currents due to both estuarine circulation and the prevailing westerly winds provide an explanation for the relatively coarse sediments found along parts of the axial depression. Climatological simulations of wave-driven bottom currents show that frequent high-energy events occur along the shallow margins of the Sound, explaining the occurrence of relatively coarse sediments in these regions. Bedload sediment transport calculations show that the estuarine circulation coupled with the oscillatory tidal currents result in a net westward transport of sand in much of the eastern Sound. Local departures from this regional westward trend occur around topographic and shoreline irregularities, and there is strong predicted convergence of bedload transport over most of the large, linear sand ridges in the eastern Sound, providing a mechanism which prevents their decay. The strong correlation between the near-bottom current intensity based on the model results and the sediment response, as indicated by the distribution of sedimentary environments, provides a framework for predicting the long-term effects of anthropogenic activities.


The aim of this article is to discuss challenges in the development of Specialist Nursing Educations as a result of the 2007 Swedish Higher Education Reform: the implementation of the so-called Bologna process. Certain challenges follow this reform, particularly since the specialist nursing programmes will be part of the second cycle of the higher education system, and it will be possible to combine the professional degree with a masters degree (one year). Possible strategies in four areas related to the Specialist Nursing Education are discussed: integration of research-based knowledge, experienced-based knowledge, improvement knowledge, and strategies for collaboration between university institutions and clinics. Specific didactical issues are raised.


Introduction: Four first-order derivative, three difference and three zero-order spectrophotometric techniques were developed for the assay of Raltegravir in tablets. Materials and Methods: Spectrophotometric techniques such as zero order (D0), first-order derivative (D!) and difference spectroscopic methods have been developed in water and phosphate buffers (pH 3, pH 4, and pH 5) for the determination of Raltegravir. Results: Raltegravir has obeyed Beer-Lambert's law 1–150 in zero order (D0) and 10–150 μg/mL in both first-order derivative (D!) and difference spectroscopic methods. Conclusion: Raltegravir has shown a wide range of linearity in all the methods, and all the methods were validated as per the ICH guidelines. These simple methods can be successfully applied for the assay of Raltegravir in tablets.


Porous binary Ti-10Mo alloys were prepared using non-spherical titanium, molybdenum powders by the powder metallurgy (PM) space holder technique. Based on the three-dimensional analysis of porosity characteristics, a detailed assessment of the effects of porosity on mechanical properties and corrosion resistances in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was carried out. For comparison, PM-fabricated CP-Ti with 50.5% porosity sintered at 1200 °C for 2 h and dense Ti-10Mo alloy sintered at 1450 °C for 2 h (relative density is 97.2% and porosity is 2.8%) were studied simultaneously. The results show that with the space-holder volume contents rising from 63 to 79%, the open porosity and average pore size (d50) increase remarkably, while the pore size distribution (d10–d90) tends to be stable at about 100 μm. The average pore sizes (d50) of porous Ti-10Mo alloy can be controlled in the range of 70–380 μm. The PM-fabricated porous Ti-10Mo alloy can achieve a wide range of mechanical properties, with yield compression strength of 248.2–76.9 MPa, and elastic modulus of 6.4–1.7 GPa. In addition, the yield compression strength and the elastic modulus meet the linear regression and exponential formula, respectively. With the porosity of Ti-10Mo alloy increasing from 2.8 to 66.9%, the corrosion rate rises exponentially from 1.6 g/m2·day to 17.1 g/m2·day. In comparison to CP Ti with nearly the same porosity, Ti-10Mo alloy shows significantly higher corrosion resistance. As a result, the relationships between porosity and mechanical properties, corrosion resistances of Ti-10Mo alloys were established, which can be used as a design reference in material selection for orthopedic applications.


This paper describes the author's doctoral study that intends to explore alternative means to communicate interactions design research with focus on the communication of hybrid interactions. This exploration is realized by proposing and validating different approaches in various design cases. The processes and outcomes contribute to the ongoing discussion in the interaction design community on bridging the gap between research and design, in particular, in designing hybrid interactive systems.


Introduction The oral hygiene of a pregnant woman affects both the mother's health and her child's, as much as the general hygiene does on the society health. The effects of dietary and oral hygiene habits of the pregnant women on oral health have been frequently studied in the different societies. However, in this regards the literature has paid less attention to the ethnic groups in a country. The present study aimed to study the oral health care and dietary changes during pregnancy compared to non-pregnancy in a minority ethnic group (Asian women) resident in the UK. Materials & Methods The survey was conducted on a group of 54 Asian pregnant women referring to the General Hospital of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, by interviewing and filling out a questionnaire containing some oral health issues. The results were analysed using Chi-Square test. Results About 72 of the women had changed their diet when they had been pregnant. About 63 and 56 had increased the consumption of sweetened stuffs and milk, respectively. About 65 of the pregnant women brushed their teeth once a day and 59 had found their gum bleeding during toothbrushing. About 61 of the women were aware of the advantages of using fluoride toothpaste. Most women (80 ) were knowledgeable about free dental treatment during pregnancy. About 78 had been visited regularly by dentists. Majority of the women (about 83 ) had not attended any health educational sessions. 43 of the women were nonsmokers. Conclusion In the group surveyed, the increased consumption of sweetened stuffs and the incidence of gum bleeding was recorded for more than half of the pregnant women. Non-attendance of most women in health educational sessions were negative aspects in oral health. Of the positive aspects, regular toothbrushing, awareness of women from fluoride advantages, low prevalence of smoking and regular dental visiting were included.


Immigration and genetic modification (GM) are two contentious sociocultural issues that have attracted considerable academic, political, and public attention in New Zealand. Although seemingly disparate, the discourses around the two issues share common anxieties about the protection and breaching of a range of boundaries, particularly national, cultural, political, and genetic ones. This article argues that the issues of immigration and GM epitomize the struggles over the politics of recognition and redistribution. On the one hand, these issues are steeped in the contested culture-driven politics of identity. On the other hand, they grapple with the economic realities of a globalized world and the ways in which economic wedges are driven between people on cultural lines. Studied together, the discourses of immigration and GM reveal how boundaries are created, maintained, and policed in an era of globalization and technoscience.


Beyond Meat, a food technology company based in California, is currently developing a range of plant-based proteins that aim to provide more sustainable, ethical, and healthful alternatives to conventional meat. Its products are also aiming to be viscerally equivalent in terms of their meatlike taste, texture, and overall sensory experience. These alternative proteins (APs) are not, however, intended merely as a substitute for conventional meat. Instead they are viewed and marketed by their developers as meat, made simply from a different raw material and via different methods. Yet as animal meat has become increasingly linked with environmental, health, and ethical concerns, Beyond Meat is having to negotiate a careful balance between positioning its products as meatlike in some respects and not meatlike in others in order to gain consumer adoption. To become "meat" in consumer thinking not only depends on the things these APs are made of—both material and ideological—but also the things that are actively excluded; as such, their materiality is made of purposefully chosen "stuff" and "non-stuff." The article explores this decision-making via my fieldwork encounters with Beyond Meat9s products. Using a visceral-autoethnographic approach, I discuss how certain (non)stuff was "made to matter and not matter" (Evans and Miele 2012) to me during these encounters, and how this careful balancing of stuff can create new and problematic imaginaries, moral politics, and misguided understandings of what constitutes "better" foods and "better" eaters. The observations made contribute to existing discussions on visceral methodologies, perceptions of (novel) foods, embodied consumption practices, and the ways in which bodies are made as eaters and things as food.


Monitoring the system and services is unavoidable if quality of service (QoS) is to be provided. This paper describes monitoring of middleware components, which express the business logic of e-business applications, and the environment in which they execute. Middleware components have become important because of their prominent role in the EAI (Enterprise Application Integration) and implementation of n-tier web applications. We have developed a framework and a supporting toolkit that enables a QoS specialist/engineer to facilitate monitoring and reporting. Two types of monitored data are collected. The QoS engineer identifies critical activities withing a component so that their delays can be captured. Also collected are data from probing sub-systems forming the environment in which the components execute. We discuss in detail our approach to instrumentation of monitoring probes. Probes habe been successfully instrumented for a number of (sub)systems that form the environment in which the componenets execute, systems that include operating, network, and DB systems.


The objective of our study was to measure the chemotaxis response of the wild type (N2) and mutant ( unc-2 VC854) strains of C. elegans at three different potassium chloride (KCl) buffer concentrations. The experiment was performed by transferring C. elegans , to an agar plate with 20μL of KCl treatment buffer and recording their sinusoidal head movements after a 10 second acclimatization period. We counted the number of sinusoidal head movements of the C. elegans in the videos.  We then performed a two-way ANOVA analysis and found that the interaction between the type of strain and the response to the KCl concentration level had a p value of 0.08. This indicated that the difference in chemotaxis response to increasing KCl concentration levels between the wild-type (WT) and the mutant strains of C. elegans was not significant. We observed no trend in the chemotaxis response of C. elegans at increasing KCl concentrations. We observed a trend of higher chemotaxis response rate in WT as compared to mutant. As for the effect of mutation on response to increasing KCl concentration, we observed no trend for the WT; however, there was a trend of increasing chemotaxis response with increasing KCl for the mutant.


Zeolite 5A° has been used as an efficient and cost effective activating catalyst for the synthesis of 2-(2-chloroquinoline-3-yl)-3-substituted phenyl thiazolidin-4-ones starting from N-aryl-2- chloroquinolin-3-yl-azomethine and thioglycolic acid. The reactions were carried out under microwave irradiation. The catalyst could be recycled and used for several times. This reaction is scalable to multigram scale and the methodology has resulted in an efficient synthesis. Herein benign, environ friendly, efficient and extremely fast procedure for the synthesis of 2-(2- chloroquinoline-3-yl)-3-substituted phenyl thiazolidin-4-ones have been demonstrated. The produced thiazolidinone molecules were characterized on the basis of Elemental analysis, IR, Mass and 1H-NMR. The synthesized moieties were screened for antibacterial activity against certain strains of test bacteria, Viz. Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive), Pseudomonas vulgaris (Gram positive), Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (Gram negative) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative).Their antibacterial activities are reported (Table 1). The screening data suggest that compounds 4b, 4c and 4g are highly active against two strains each of gram positive and gram negative bacteria showing the broadest spectrum of antibacterial activity.


Systems DTU Orbit (20/10/2019) Photonic Crystal Fibres as the Transmission Medium for Future Optical Communication Systems During this Ph.D. work, air-silica photonic crystal fibres(PCFs) have been investigated for telecommunication applications. PCFs have a complicated cladding structure, where air holes, running along the entire fibre length, ensure light guidance. Photonic crystal fibres can be classified into two major groups: index guiding PCFs and photonic bandgap fibres (PBGFs). Several aspects of index guiding PCFs are similar to conventional fibres. On the contrary, PBGFs form a fundamentally new class of fibres and their properties differ considerably from those observed for both conventional fibres and index guiding PCFs. Nevertheless, both PCF types exhibit numerous novel properties { not obtainable by standard fibre technology { that are very attractive for optical communication systems. Even though PCFs have now existed already for a decade, their exploitation for telecommunication applications has begun only recently. This thesis follows the evolution of PCFs as transmission media from the beginning up to now and presents state-of-the-art results of their various possible system applications. Index guiding PCFs have been investigated for transmission purposes. In this thesis, some of the initial transmission experiments comprising PCFs are presented. Among others, the first reported 10 Gbit/s transmission over 5.6 km PCF is described. The total transmission distance over index guiding PCF is increased to 57.6 km, more than four times longer than the achievable lengths of the date. The total capacity carried on a single wavelength is increased to 80 Gbit/s, the highest capacity transmitted on a single wavelength over PCF today, by polarisation multiplexed differential phase shift keying signal transmission. Index guiding PCFs have also been studied for signal processing applications as well, and exploited for building fully functional, entirely PCF based optical transmission links and networks. The first 40 Gbit/s transmission over 5.6 km PCF with mid-span spectral inversion dispersion compensation realised in a highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibre is demonstrated. The first optical network with broadcast, transmission and wavelength conversion functionalities, all realised in PCFs is presented. Furthermore, index guiding PCFs have been investigated for dispersion compensation. A novel dispersion compensating photonic crystal fibre (DC-PCF) design, which exhibits a large dispersion coefficient of ¡1353 ps/(nm¢km) at 1550 nm, while relative dispersion slope matching with standard single mode fibre is ensured, has been presented. The proposed design is compared with other reported DC-PCF designs. Advantages and limitations of the presented design are discussed. Thereby, the great potential of index guiding PCFs as transmission media, as nonlinear media for signal processing or as dispersion compensating fibre for future high capacity long-haul transmission systems is demonstrated. Finally, the telecommunication applications of photonic bandgap fibres are investigated. This work focusses on air-guiding photonic bandgap fibres (AG-PBGFs) and their system applications. The first and currently only reported data transmission over AG-PBGF is described. The potentials and current limitations of AG-PBGFs as transmission fibres are discussed. A polarisation delay interferometer, exploiting the large birefringence of AG-PBGFs, realised in only 2.4 m AG PBGF for demodulation of 9.95 and 39.8 Gbit/s di®erential phase shift keying modulated signals is demonstrated, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of AG-PBGF for realising stable and compact fibre birefringence based optical devices.


This article develops the process of jurisdictional proof in investor-state arbitrations. Investor-state arbitration is the only international forum in which capital exporters can pursue claims against host states for violations of the host state's international legal obligations. Arbitral tribunals are not courts of general jurisdiction; they are limited by the specific arbitral consent given by the state. Jurisdiction therefore is the central battleground of investor-state arbitrations and the appropriate focus of scholarship. But as this article will demonstrate, existing scholarship fundamentally ignores the importance of the process of jurisdictional decision making, i.e., jurisdictional proof, focusing instead on the stated legal rationale on the face of the decisions examined. This failure to focus on jurisdictional proof has significant practical and theoretical consequences. As this article will show, tribunals must compare the force of jurisdictional arguments actually advanced in a dispute to each other. Appropriate jurisdictional analysis is premised upon an even-handed balancing test rather than by the development and application of formal rules. By focusing solely on the stated legal rationale supporting a jurisdictional decision, scholarship has incorrectly attempted to discover formal legal rules driving the decision rather than understanding the manner of balancing the relevant competing interests. This theoretical reconception not only offers important insights for the ongoing scholarly dialogue on jurisdiction, but can be applied to offer practical redress to a central failing in recent investor-state jurisdictional decisions denying jurisdiction over multi-billion dollar claims. These decisions denied jurisdiction because investors supposedly failed to carry a burden by clear and convincing evidence that formal legal rules had been satisfied. Such failure immediately implicates the set aside of these decisions in question either under applicable mechanism provided in a multilateral treaty such as the World Bank's ICSID Convention or upon motion to the courts at the place of arbitration such as occurred recently in BG Group v. Republic of Argentina, 665 F.3d 1363 (D.C. Cir. 2012).


Abernathy's (1978) empirical work on the automotive industry investigated relationships among an organization's boundary (all manufacturing plants), its organizational design (fluid vs. specific), and its ability to execute product and/or process innovations. Abernathy's ideas of dominant designs and the locus of innovation have been central to scholars of innovation, R&D, and strategic management. Similarly, building on March and Simon's (1958) concept of organizations as decision making systems, Woodward (1965), Burns and Stalker (1966), and Lawrence and Lorsch (1967) examined relationships among organizational boundaries, organization structure, and innovation in a set of industries that varied by technology and environmental uncertainty. These and other early empirical works have led a diverse group of scholars to develop theories about firm boundaries, organization design, and the ability to innovate.


Several international treaties and declarations affirm adequate housing as a fundamental human right. However, the United States, while a signatory to several of these agreements, does not recognize this right. Homelessness violates the right to housing. Moreover, homelessness often subjects individuals to additional rights violations. These additional violations often occur because governments criminalize homelessness. Public order laws that criminalize basic life-sustaining behaviors, such as sitting, lying, and sleeping in public spaces, violate several constitutional rights when applied to unsheltered individuals experiencing homelessness. Devoid of any accommodation aside from the public streets, such individuals must necessarily perform the prohibited conduct in public, constantly risking arrest based solely on their status "crime" of experiencing homelessness. This project uses primary and secondary domestic and international legal authority, including constitutional, statutory, and case law to analyze how the United States has systematically failed to recognize the right to housing, and specifically critiques statutory regimes that perpetuate and exacerbate homelessness by making it a crime. This project will then consider approaches that Scotland and France have taken that model the provisions of the right to housing described in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights as possible exemplars for the United States. Preliminary research, including the applicability of these human rights-based international models suggests that the United States should adopt a human rights framework, including ratifying international instruments where appropriate, that recognizes and implements the human right to housing. Ultimately, the United States should respect and recognize the right to housing in order to appropriately and adequately combat the criminalization of homelessness. GUILTY OF HOMELESSNESS: EVALUATING THE CRIMINALIZATION OF HOMELESSNESS THROUGH A HUMAN RIGHTS FRAMEWORK


Postcard of a group of men tending to a meal being prepared on the ground. Three of the men are actively engaged with various cooking utensils, while the two in the back look on. They appear to be standing in a barren landscape. There are no distinguishing landscape elements. Two names are listed on the back of the postcard, but it cannot be stated with certainty to whom they apply.


A series of well diffusion assays determined that Bifidobacterium longum B6 (B6) and Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 25598 (LP) best inhibited pathogenic bacteria. These bacteria were freeze-dried in the presence of sucrose, trehalose and soymilk to determine the best conditions for survival. Cultures were anaerobically grown overnight and centrifuged. Cell pellets were resuspended in 10 mL of 4% sucrose + 18% soymilk (SS), 4% trehalose + 18% soymilk (TS) or 4% sucrose + 4% trehalose + 18% soymilk (STS). Suspensions were freeze dried and stored at room temperature in the dark. Statistical analysis found that at 24 days, treatments SS and STS were shown to be significantly better than TS (P ≤0.05). Bacteria were then freeze-dried with 4% sucrose + 4% trehalose + 18% soymilk (STS). Freeze dried bacteria were added to isolated soy protein powder. Samples were vacuum packaged and stored in the dark at room temperature or 4C. The product was prepared for sampling on days 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90. Statistical analysis of percent reduction of bacterial counts (P ≤0.05) showed significant differences for bacteria, bacteria and treatment, and time. Actual counts and log reduction suggest that bacteria freeze-dried with the cryoprotectant solution STS and stored at 4C best support bacterial growth in soy protein isolate powder.


The area of investigation is situated close to the contact zone between the Pieniny Klippen Belt, Krynica Subunit of the Magura Nappe and the Neogene strata of the Orava–Nowy Targ Intramontane Basin (southern Poland). In the area studied, marine deposits of the Stare Bystre Formation outcrop at the surface where they emerge from beneath freshwater and terrestrial Neogene and Quaternary deposits. Nannofossil assemblages from all samples are strongly dominated by reworked species. The Early Miocene age (NN2) of the Stare Bystre Formation has been determined on the base of the first occurrence of Sphenolithus disbelemnos after Shackleton et al. (2000). During the Late Oligocene (NP25/NN1), the frontal part of Magura Nappe was thrust northwards on to the terminal Krosno flysch basin. The northwards thrusting of the Magura Nappe was accompanied by the formation of the piggy-back basin on the Magura Nappe, filled with the synrorogenic turbidites belonging to the Zawada, Kremna and Stare Bystre formations (NN2).


The systems studied involve deposition of metals of a larger atomic diameter on a Cu{100} single crystal surface under vacuum and determining the structures formed along with the effect on the Cu{100} substrate. Cu microelectrodes were fabricated and characterised with Indium electrodeposited on the electrode surface. The In on Cu{ 100} growth mode is compared with the growth mode of electrodeposited Indium on Cu microelectrodes.

The Cu{100}/In system has been studied for the In coverage range 0.1-0.65 monolayer using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The Auger signal versus deposition time plot for the deposition of In on Cu{ 100} is characteristic of the Stranski-Krastanov growth mode. In this deposition mechanism the first atomic layer grows in a layer by layer fashion but when monolayer point is reached, subsequent growth occurs in the form of 3D crystallites. At a concentration of 0.4±0.05 monolayer In forms a ( 9 V 2 x 2 a / 2 )R 4 5 ° on the Cu{100} surface which on heating above a temperature of 373K undergoes a reproducible phase transition to form a c(2x2) phase. Increasing the In deposited to a surface concentration of 0.6±0.05 monolayer results in a Cu{100}-c(4x4)-ln overlayer structure which remains uniform with heating. A Tensor LEED analysis was conducted on this structure in conjunction with K. Pussi et al., from which it was found that the In overlayer consisted of two layers. The In layer closest to bulk comprises a c(2x2) structure with In atoms occupying 4 fold hollow sites with respect to substrate. The top layer is a c(4x4) In layer in which the atoms lie at four fold hollow sites with respect to the c(2 x2 ) layer.

The deposition of 0.25ML Sb on clean Cu{ 100} at room temperature results in a p(2x2) LEED pattern which is confirmed by STM. Using Tensor LEED calculations, the structure of the Cu{100}-p(2x2)-Sb phase has been determined. The results show that despite the large size mismatch between Sb (atomic radius = 1.450A) and Cu (atomic radius = 1.278A), a surface alloy is formed in which Sb atoms substitute Cu atoms in the outermost layer. Sb is found to ripple outward from the surface by 0.56+0.05 A. The second and deeper Cu layers are found to be close to their bulk values. As the Sb coverage is increased to a concentration of 0.33ML, the surface exhibits a p(6x6 ) LEED pattern. The atomic resolution STM images for this surface display alternating double and single rows of atoms implying a reconstruction in the selvedge. Based on the STM and LEED results possible models for the Cu{ 100}- p(6 x6 )-Sb structure have been proposed. The favoured structures are based on a slight deformation from the simple c(2 x2 ) surface.

Cu microelectrodes were fabricated and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. The Cu microelectrodes were found to have a potential window of —0.08 to -0.6V in HCIO4, although this can be improved with pH adjustment, with the potential window found to be at a maximum of +0.1 to -1 .0V at a pH of 4. Chronoamperometric data was taken in differing concentrations of HCIO4 giving resistance, capacitance and RC time constant values for the Cu microelectrode in an HCIO4 electrolyte system.

Indium was electrochemically deposited on the Cu microelectrode at a potential of— 0.6V. Cyclic voltammograms are taken at different scan rates to determine the dynamics of In deposition. At low scan rates there was an increase in the amount of. In deposited as witnessed by hysteresis on the cyclic voltammograms. This hysteresis is thought to be caused by In on In deposition. Al scan rates of 1.0Vs"! and above it is thought that little or no In deposition occurs as peaks corresponding to indium reduction or subsequent oxidation are no longer observed. SEM and EDX were used to confirm the deposition of In on the Cu microelectrodes. Chronoamperometric measurements were taken to determine the growth mode and nucleation type of the deposited In. From these measurements, a plot of I/Imax versus t for the. In deposition is compared with nucleation and growth models for 2D progressive, 2D instantaneous, 3D progressive and 3D instantaneous. After comparison it was found that the electrodeposition of In on Cu microelectrodes obeys a progressive nucleation mode with further In growth found to be 3D. This result compares favourably with the growth mode for In deposition on a Cu{ 100} substrate under vacuum, with the growth mode for both being 3D. It was found that the nucleation types for both were remarkably similar with vacuum deposited In and electrodeposited indium both undergoing progressive nucleation.


Film stocks are vanishing, but the iconic images of the silver screen remain-albeit in new, sleeker formats. Today, viewers can in-stantly stream movies on televisions, computers, and smartphones. Gone are the days when films could only be seen in theaters or rented at video stores: movies are now accessible at the click of a button, and there are no reels, tapes, or discs to store. Any film or show worth keeping may be collected in the virtual cloud and accessed at will through services like Netflix, Hulu, and Amazon Instant. The movies have changed, and we are changing with them. The ways we communicate, receive information, travel, and socialize have all been revolutionized. In Streaming, Wheeler Winston Dixon reveals the positive and negative consequences of the transition to digital formatting and distribution, exploring the ways in which digital cinema has altered contemporary filmmaking and our culture. Many industry professionals and audience members feel that the new format fundamentally alters the art, while others laud the liberation of the moving image from the "imperfect" medium of film, asserting that it is both inevitable and desirable. Dixon argues that the change is neither good nor bad; it's simply a fact. Hollywood has embraced digital production and distribution because it is easier, faster, and cheaper, but the displacement of older technology will not come without controversy. This groundbreaking book illuminates the challenges of preserving media in the digital age and explores what stands to be lost, from the rich hues of traditional film stocks to the classic movies that are not profitable enough to offer in streaming formats. Dixon also investigates the financial challenges of the new distribution model, the incorporation of new content such as webisodes, and the issue of ownership in an age when companies have the power to pull purchased items from consumer devices at their own discretion. Streaming touches on every aspect of the shift to digital production and distribution. It explains not only how the new technology is affecting movies, music, books, and games, but also how instant access is permanently changing the habits of viewers and influencing our culture.


Electromagnetic Devices (EMDs) have been used for scale management in the field. The proposed mechanism for their function is that the device imparts an electromagnetic pulse that provides sufficient energy to cause homogeneous nucleation, resulting in the formation of very small particles (5-8 microns) which pass through the production system, preventing heterogeneous nucleation and deposition. This paper summarises an experimental programme to examine the proposed mechanism of operation of the EMD under controlled laboratory conditions. Flow experiments were performed under ambient conditions using a mixed North Sea Seawater (NSSW) / Nelson Forties Formation Water (NFFW) scaling system. Experiments were performed with the EMD active and compared to baseline experiments where the EMD was inactive, to assess if the device impacted the scaling process.
 A full quantitative assessment for each experiment was performed including; assessment of the mass of scale deposited and its location, full effluent analysis by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP) and effluent sample filtration for solids content, morphology using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy / Energy Dispersive X-ray (ESEM/EDX) analysis and particle size distribution (PSD). From the experiments performed, it was found that the device impacted the scale deposition process in comparison to when it was not activated. Results indicated that although a similar amount of scale is lost from solution, less deposit was collected in the test apparatus itself. The precipitate in the effluent samples (which had passed through the apparatus) was found to have a mean particle size in the region of 10 microns, with a significant proportion of the distribution of particles below 1 micron; this was confirmed by ESEM/EDX and PSD. A further particle distribution range was identified as less than 0.22 microns. This material (10-20% of that injected) passed through the 0.22 micron filter used to collect the solid, but was accounted for when the experimental procedure was adapted.
 The results from this study indicate that under the conditions used, the EMD has an impact on the scaling process resulting in homogeneous nucleation of smaller scale particles that are transported through the apparatus. This supports the mechanism reported previously and provides a greater understanding to how such devices work in the field.


Memantine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, is currently the only drug proposed for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease.1 It has been shown to have neuroprotective effects by inhibiting the excitotoxic effect of NMDA glutamate receptors.2 Memantine has a tolerability profile similar to placebo.1 However, the worsening of psychotic symptoms in patients with Lewy body dementia (LBD) treated with memantine has been recently reported.3 We describe three patients with probable Alzheimer's disease who developed worsening or de novo visual hallucinations and agitation after memantine treatment.

Patient 1 was a 65-year-old woman with a 2-year history of slowly progressive cognitive decline, affecting episodic memory, naming and executive-attentive skills. Functional abilities of daily living were impaired. Physical and neurological examination, routine blood tests and electrocardiogram (ECG) were normal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a bilateral frontotemporal atrophy. A diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease was made, and she was treated initially with rivastigmine, then 2 years later with donepezil (10 mg/day) for a further 2 years. Because the patient's Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was 14/30 at 69 years, she was prescribed a combination treatment with memantine. Her other drugs included vitamin E supplements, citalopram and quetiapine for mild agitation. One week after the starting …


Since its initial identification, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been shown to be capable of selectively inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. However, translation of the encouraging preclinical studies of this cytokine into the clinic has been restricted by its extremely short half-life, the presence of resistant cancer cell populations, and its inefficient in vivo delivery. Recently, there has been exceptional progress in developing novel formulations to increase the circulatory half-life of TRAIL and new combinations to treat cancers that are resistant to TRAIL. In particular, TRAIL-based nanotherapies offer the potential to improve the stability of TRAIL and prolong its half-life in plasma, to specifically deliver TRAIL to a particular target site, and to overcome resistance to TRAIL. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state-of-the art drug delivery systems that are currently being tested or developed to improve the biological attributes of TRAIL-based therapies.


ABSTRACT As organizations adapt to be more effective in dynamic and competitive environments, the role of their organizational culture in either supporting or resisting internal changes is critical. The organization's leadership must seek a culture that fits with new strategic demands, and that culture itself may need to change as the strategy evolves. Helping leaders manage culture change effectively is the focus of this research. Changing a culture generally means changing some of the organization's values, beliefs, and customary ways of doing things. Such changes are often disruptive. They can violate implied (or actual) contractual agreements with various stakeholders based on established routines and patterns of past behaviors. It is like one team changing the rules of a game during the game. Depending on how this is done and communicated to the stakeholders (e.g., fans, referees, the other team), some parties to the game may view the changes as unfair, or even unethical. Leaders must be able to see, understand, and attend to these changes to reduce the likelihood of dysfunctional stakeholder behavior. We discuss culture as a strategic variable and consider the ethical dimension of culture change. By sharing an example of cultural change and misalignment in one organization, we are able to explore its process of coming to understand its culture and then begin to create a new culture to support its competitive strategy. INTRODUCTION Examining an organization's culture has become a target for organizational analysis. The emphasis on understanding social and symbolic processes of organizations has increased - rational aspects alone no longer dominate the management literature. The concept of culture is used to capture the essence of what must change or adapt within an organization for it to be more competitive in the marketplace. Culture is the set of shared values, shared beliefs, and customary ways of thinking and doing things which shape and guide the behavior of organizational members. Its importance lies in its ability to influence the activities of members and the functioning of the organization without the direct imposition of measures and controls. Research shows that member perceptions of the organization's culture are associated with cognitive and affective sources of motivation and job satisfaction (Reichers & Schneider, 1990). Organizational climate - an organization's more temporal and local culture - is an intervening variable between organization design factors and work performance and job satisfaction (deWitte & de Cock, 1988). The concept of culture has been found useful in explaining the achievement of broad organizational goals such as innovation, service, and quality enhancement. Culture is typically measured at the collective level by capturing the norms and expectations that exist in the organization that are intended to govern the behavior of its members. For example, some organizations are competitive - members feel they must out-perform one another. Other organizations are collaborative - members seek each other out to create joint products and outcomes. Culture, by this definition, becomes a powerful construct for researchers' study, and for practitioners to use in affecting member behaviors and thereby affecting their efficiency, satisfaction, and commitment to the organization (i.e., fewer withdrawal behaviors). Culture measures have been used in many leadership and change situations. Its uses have ranged from assessing 'gaps' between an existing and future desired state of affairs to helping top management articulate strategic and structural changes for the organization. Two questions emerge for those using culture as a construct for driving change: (a) To what extent does culture, as an index of the norms, values, and beliefs of organizational members, have the power to guide change, foster adaptation, and yield competitive success ? …


Inflation expectations are central to economics because they affect the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy as well as realized inflation. We survey the recent literature with a focus on the inflation expectations of households. We first review standard data sources and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. We then document that household inflation expectations are biased upwards, dispersed across individuals, and volatile in the time series. We also provide evidence of systematic differences by gender, income, education, and race. Turning to the underlying expectations formation process, we highlight the role of individuals' exposure to price signals in their daily lives, such as price changes in groceries, the role of lifetime experiences, and the role of cognition. We then discuss the literature that links inflation expectations to economic decisions at the individual level, including consumption-savings and financial decisions. We conclude with an outlook for future research. JEL classification: C90, D14, D84, E31, E52, E71, G11


Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TxNIP) is an endogenous inhibitor of thioredoxin, a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase, that regulates cellular redox status. Diabetic mice exhibit increased expression of TxNIP in pancreatic islets, and recent studies suggest that TxNIP is a proapoptotic factor in beta-cells that may contribute to the development of diabetes. Here, we examined the role of TxNIP deficiency in vivo in the development of insulin-deficient diabetes and whether it impacted on pancreatic beta-cell mass and/or insulin secretion. TxNIP-deficient (Hcb-19/TxNIP(-/-)) mice had lower baseline glycemia, higher circulating insulin concentrations, and higher total pancreatic insulin content and beta-cell mass than control mice (C3H). Hcb-19/TxNIP(-/-) did not develop hyperglycemia when injected with standard multiple low doses of streptozotocin (STZ), in contrast to C3H controls. Surprisingly, although beta-cell mass remained higher in Hcb-19/TxNIP(-/-) mice compared with C3H after STZ exposure, the relative decrease induced by STZ was as great or even greater in the TxNIP-deficient animals. Consistently, cultured pancreatic INS-1 cells transfected with small-interfering RNA against TxNIP were more sensitive to cell death induced by direct exposure to STZ or to the combination of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta, interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Furthermore, when corrected for insulin content, isolated pancreatic islets from TxNIP(-/-) mice exhibited reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion. These data indicate that TxNIP functions as a regulator of beta-cell mass and influences insulin secretion. In conclusion, the relative resistance of TxNIP-deficient mice to STZ-induced diabetes appears to be because of an increase in beta-cell mass. However, TxNIP deficiency is associated with sensitization to STZ- and cytokine-induced beta-cell death, indicating complex regulatory roles of TxNIP under different physiological and pathological conditions.


Abstract This article addresses the low velocity oblique impact behavior of adhesively bonded single lap joints, and the effects of adherend strength and plastic ductility, impact energy, overlap length and oblique impact angle on the damage initiation and propagation in the adhesive layer. The experimental contact force-time, contact force-central displacement variations, axial separation lengths through the adhesive layer and permanent central deflections of overlap region, adhesive fracture surfaces were evaluated in detail. In the explicit finite element analyses, the adhesive layer was divided into three zones: upper and lower adhesive interfaces and the adhesive layer between these interfaces. The adhesive interfaces were modeled with cohesive zone approach to predict the failure initiation and propagation along both upper and lower adhesive–adherend interfaces, whereas the elastic-plastic material model was implemented for the middle adhesive region between the upper and lower adhesive interfaces. The proposed finite element model predicted reasonably the damage initiation and propagation through the adhesive layer, and the contact force-time/central displacement variations. Especially, the test and analysis results were compared with those of the adhesively bonded single lap joints under a normal transverse impact load. Increasing oblique impact angle resulted in lower peak contact forces, shorter contact durations and earlier damage initiation and propagation through the adhesive layer. The peak contact forces increased, the contact duration decreased with increasing impact energy. The strength and plastic deformation capability of adherend materials also affected the damage initiation and propagation through the adhesive layer as well as the after-impact joint geometry.


In Ambient Assisted Living research and development, a significant effort has been dedicated to issues like gathering continuous information at home, standardizing formats in order to create environments more easily, extracting further information from raw data using different techniques to reconstruct context. An aspect relatively less developed but also important is the design of personalized end-to-end services for technology users being them either primary (older people) or secondary (medical doctors, caregiver, relatives). This paper explores an effort, internal to the EU project GIRAFFPLUS, for designing such services starting from a state-of-the-art continuous data gathering infrastructure. The paper presents the general project idea, the current choices for the middleware infrastructure and the pursued direction for a set of services personalized to different classes of users.


The Article analyzes the role of class in family structure and family law. Building on Jacobus ten Broek's classic articulation of a "dual system" of family law, we explore the nascent development of a parallel third system of family law. In the early sixties, ten Broek argued that family law had two parts that differ in substance, purpose, and procedure. One system focused on private arrangements and supported the families of those who were economically self-sufficient. Ten Broek maintained, however, that a parallel second system existed, one imposed on those who sought public assistance. In this second system: i) the state, not individual family members, controls the litigation and the settlements; ii) the law imposed may not necessarily reflect the community norms or the parties' understanding of the terms of their own relationships; and iii) the purpose of the litigation is to protect the public fisc and reaffirm mainstream norms, whether or not the results are in the interests of the parties to the litigation. Since then, a middle group of families has emerged. It is more likely than the marginalized group to get married but also more likely than the elite group to divorce, remarry, and cohabit; their nonmarital birth rate, while increasing, remains lower than that of the marginalized group. Within this group, the heretofore largely invisible fight within family law is over how to set the terms for families where women are increasingly the more reliable breadwinners and homemakers, without the ability to lock in understandings that would reflect their greater assumption of family responsibilities. Development of the laws in this third system accordingly requires recognition that the critical choice is whether to accept women's greater authority within the family or accelerate the move away from committed relationships altogether.


Multivariate statistical analysis is an important data analysis technique that has found applications in various areas. In this paper, we study some multivariate statistical analysis methods in Secure 2-party Computation (S2C) framework illustrated by the following scenario: two parties, each having a secret data set, want to conduct the statistical analysis on their joint data, but neither party is willing to disclose its private data to the other party or any third party. The current statistical analysis techniques cannot be used directly to support this kind of computation because they require all parties to send the necessary data to a central place. In this paper, We define two Secure 2-party multivariate statistical analysis problems: Secure 2-party Multivariate Linear Regression problem and Secure 2-party Multivariate Classification problem. We have developed a practical security model, based on which we have developed a number of building blocks for solving these two problems.


The day‐to‐day evolution and statistical features of Pc3‐Pc7 band ultralow frequency (ULF) power throughout the southern polar cap suggest that the corrected geomagnetic (CGM) coordinates do not adequately organize the observed hydromagnetic spatial structure. It is shown that that the local‐time distribution of ULF power at sites along CGM latitudinal parallels exhibit fundamental differences and that the CGM latitude of a site in general is not indicative of the site's projection into the magnetosphere. Thus, ULF characteristics observed at a single site in the polar cap cannot be freely generalized to other sites of similar CGM latitude but separated in magnetic local time, and the inadequacy of CGM coordinates in the polar cap has implications for conjugacy/mapping studies in general. In seeking alternative, observationally motivated systems of "polar cap latitudes," it is found that eccentric dipole (ED) coordinates have several strengths in organizing the hydromagnetic spatial structure in the polar cap region. ED latitudes appear to better classify the local‐time ULF power in both magnitude and morphology and better differentiate the "deep polar cap" (where the ULF power is largely UT dependent and nearly free of local‐time structure) from the "peripheral polar cap" (where near‐magnetic noon pulsations dominate at lower and lower frequencies as one increases in ED latitude). Eccentric local time is shown to better align the local‐time profiles in the magnetic east component over several PcX bands but worsen in the magnetic north component. It is suggested that a hybrid ED‐CGM coordinate system might capture the strengths of both CGM and ED coordinates. It is shown that the local‐time morphology of median ULF power at high‐latitude sites is dominantly driven by where they project into the magnetosphere, which is best quantified by their proximity to the low‐altitude cusp on the dayside (which is not necessarily quantified by a site's CGM latitude), and that variations in the local‐time morphology at sites similar in ED latitude are due to both geographic local‐time control (relative amplification or dampening by the diurnal variation in the local ionospheric conductivity) and geomagnetic coastal effects (enhanced power in a coastally mediated direction). Regardless of cause, it is emphasized that the application of CGM latitudes in the polar cap region is not entirely meaningful and likely should be dispensed with in favor of a scheme that is in better accord with the observed hydromagnetic spatial structure.


The strength and the stability of the steel frames is mostly influenced by the connection strength and stiffness. Usually in conventional analysis, the convenient and easy way to design the connection is by using pin or rigid connection. But, in actual the connection is behaved most likely between these two (2) connections. The connection called semi-rigid which possessed a certain degree of rotational restraint. Years ago, numerous studies have been conducted to investigate the behavior of column and developed the design method on semi-rigid connection for braced and unbraced frames. However, semi-rigid connection has not been adopted very enthusiastically by the structural designer due to the lack of confidence about it behavior. They are convenient in using the conventional design method based on BS 5950 [1], Eurocode [2, 3] or AISC. Recently there was a study which proposed the easy way to design column which neglect moment transfer to column known as simplified apin approach [4, 5]. This study is conducted to look into the column at ultimate limit state with the aid of computer software name LUSAS Analyst and to look the reliability of simplified apin approach as a straightforward method compared to conventional design. From the result of this study, it found that the column strength is affected by the stiffness of the connection and the simplified apin approach also reliable to use in design the column without transferring the moment. The value of apin always give more than unity which mean it is reliable.


Geographic Information Technologies are now widespread. Geomatics tools are no longer restricted to a small number of technicians but impact on all of the actors within the land management sector (planners, geologists, foresters…). Many partnerships have emerged due to the increasing number of GIS expert as well as the increasing needs of integrated land approaches. Beyond their original purpose of basic map dissemination, these groups require spatial data infrastructures in order to organize thematic data coproduction. That is the reason why a switch is occurring : from spatial data sharing to spatial knowledge sharing. In this context, the thesis intends to understand and analyse the issues of this new inter-organizational geomatics. Spatial data build a territorial reality reflecting experience and expectations of its producer. That is the reason why the issues are numerous. How can spatial data be simultaneously the result of collective negotiation as well as the object of individual representation? So, the aim of this research is to understand the role of spatial data on the cooperation process of land managers (and stakeholders in land management). In order to give an answer, we choose to study the spatial data appropriation process. This process opens the analysis of how data can be used by a group that has not produced the data itself, as well as in a multi-actor context. We adopt a qualitative, inductive and exploratory methodology called "grounded theory" to build and specify our working hypothesis throughout the research. Four iterations allow a "round-trip" process between empirical observations and theoretical analysis thus progressively exploring different aspects of explanation. A socio-cognitive approach, supported by observations, analyzes spatial data as a boundary-object in a socially and cognitively distributed actor network. Distributed cognition theory offers a framework to understand data as a cognitive and collaborative artefact. Eight exploratory case studies help to identify typical appropriation trajectories, factors and socio-cognitive processes. A systemic approach is applied to the results in order to propose an integrated and complementary vision of appropriation trajectories. The systemic framework of Eric Schwarz is used to highlight the importance of mediation process and focuses on the emergence of spatial knowledge sharing. Finally, an action agenda can be emerge from an assessment of this new way to analyze the interorganizational geomatics. This agenda comprises organisation (from consensus or compromise to an argumentative consensus process), actors (from animator to a facilitator competence) and technology (from standardizing ontologies to negociating ontologies). This research offers a different vantage point on the spatial data question. Systemic and socio-cognitive approaches suggest a new integration of knowledge and information in the context of geographical information technologies. The thesis therefore provides understanding and operation elements so that spatial data sharing can progressively evolve into geomatics learning networks, also termed "communities of practice".


The subsiding Upper Klamath Lake Basin contains sediments that were continuously deposited in a shallow, freshwater lake for more than 40 000 years. Well dated by radiometric methods and containing volcanic ashes of known age, these sediments constitute a valuable paleoclimate record. Sediment constituents and properties that reflect past climatic conditions in the area include pollen, diatoms, sediment geochemistry, and sediment magnetic properties. Many of these proxy measurements are also useful for comparing natural conditions in the lake to conditions following human settlement. Because of its location, the paleoclimate record from Upper Klamath Lake is valuable for comparisons to offshore marine records and as part of latitudinal transects of paleoclimate records along the west coast of the Americas.


Advances in neural electrode technology are enabling brain recordings with increasingly fine spatial and temporal resolution. We explore spatio-temporal (ST) patterns of local field potential spikes using a new high-density active electrode array with 500 μm resolution. We record subdural micro-electrocorticographic (μECoG) signals in vivo from a feline model of acute neocortical epileptiform spikes and seizures induced with local administration of the GABA antagonist, picrotoxin. We employ a clustering algorithm to separate 2-dimensional (2-D) spike patterns to isolate distinct classes of spikes unique to the interictal and ictal states. Our findings indicate that the 2-D patterns can be used to distinguish seizures from non-seizure state. We find two statistically significant ST patterns that uniquely characterize ictal epochs. We conclude that millimeter-scale ST spike dynamics contain useful information about ictal state. This finding may be important to understanding mechanisms underlying local circuit activity during seizure generation. Further work will investigate whether patterns we identify can increase our understanding of seizure dynamics and their underlying mechanisms and inform new electrical stimulation protocols for seizure termination.


In order to construct urban environments that limit negative impacts for global sustainability while supporting human wellbeing, there is a need to better understand how features of the environment influence people's everyday experiences. We present a novel method for studying this combining accessibility analysis and public participatory GIS (PPGIS). Seven environment features are defined and accessibility to them analysed across Stockholm municipality. We estimate the probabilities of positive and negative experiences in places based on these environment features, by using spatial regression to extrapolate from the results of an online PPGIS survey (1784 experiences of 1032 respondents). Six of the seven studied environment features have significant impact on experiential outcome, after accounting for spatial autocorrelation among the data. The results show that number of residents and proximity of nature environments and water, all common quality indicators in urban planning and research, have weak statistically significant effects on people's experiences. However, areas dominated by large working populations or proximity to major roads have very low rates of positive experiences, while areas with high natural temperature regulating capacities have very high rates, showing that there are considerable qualitative differences within urban environments as well as nature environments. Current urban planning practices need to acknowledge these differences to limit impacts on the biosphere while promoting human wellbeing. We suggest that a good way to start addressing this is through transformation of negatively experienced urban areas through designs that integrate closeness to urbanity with possibilities to have nature experiences on a daily basis.


Manganese (Mn)-rich natural rock coatings, so-called rock varnishes, are discussed controversially regarding their genesis. Biogenic and abiogenic mechanisms, as well as a combination of both, have been proposed to be responsible for the Mn oxidation and deposition process. We conducted scanning transmission X-ray microscopy near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (STXM-NEXAFS) measurements to examine the abundance and spatial distribution of the different oxidation states of Mn within these nanoto micrometer thick crusts. Such microanalytical measurements of thin 15 and hard rock crusts require sample preparation with minimal contamination risk. Focused ion beam (FIB) slicing, a wellestablished technique in geosciences, was used in this study to obtain 100-200 nm thin slices of the samples for X-ray transmission spectroscopy. However, even though this preparation is suitable to investigate element distributions and structures in rock samples, we observed that, using standard parameters, modifications of the Mn oxidation states occur in the surfaces of the FIB slices. Based on our results, the preparation technique likely causes the reduction of Mn 4+ to Mn 2+/3+ . 20 We draw attention to this issue, since FIB slicing, SEM imaging, and other preparation and visualization techniques operating in the keV range are well-established in geosciences, but researchers are often unaware of the potential for reduction of Mn and possibly other elements in the samples' surface layers.


This is an exploratory study on the Twitter profiles managed by 30 Spanish Communication journals. The aim is to analyse the profile management, to identify the features of the most interactive content, and to propose effective practices motivating strategic management. The management variables considered were the following: the launch date of the journal and launch of the Twitter profile; published content and frequency of publication; number of publications in 2016; number of Twitter followers. The identification of the features of the most interactive tweets was performed in a 150-unit sample, taking into consideration the following factors: the number of retweets, likes, type of content (motivation), components forming the content, the date and time of publication, and origin of the publication (internal or unrelated). The results reveal notable practices and certain deficiencies in the strategic management of social profiles. Twitter represents an innovative opportunity in scientific dissemination, and it establishes an inalienable strategy for creating and maintaining the brand-journal while retaining the need to strengthen followers' reciprocity. Other potential uses are suggested.


This study examined the potential for the use of digestate from biogas plants for the fertilisation of kohlrabi. Kohlrabi was grown in two pot experiments in consecutive years using digestate, mineral fertiliser (urea) with a nitrogen (N) content equivalent to that in the digestate, mineral fertiliser with N, phosphate (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) contents equivalent to the digestate, and an unfertilised control. At harvest, the soil receiving the digestate application had higher P, K and Mg contents than the control and the urea treatment. The soil Nmin content was balanced in all fertilised treatments. Soil pH was unaffected by all treatments. Kohlrabi bulbs from the unfertilised control had the lowest weight, nitrate content and ascorbic acid content. Digestate and NPKMg fertiliser treatments increased bulb weight compared with the N-only urea treatment. Ascorbic acid content did not differ between fertilised treatments. There were no differences in bulb nitrate content between the mineral fertiliser treatments, but digestate application gave a low nitrate content. Bulb macroelement contents varied irregularly among treatments.


Do divergent values embedded in distinctive cultures satisfactorily explain current directions in public service ethics around the world? The authors draw upon expert observation by government and corporate officials who administer ethics programs, leaders known for their moral courage, survey research, and the scholarly literature to identify these directions and begin addressing the question. The central argument is that observable practice increasingly invalidates an approach that relies exclusively upon cultural particularities. Identified commonalties susceptible to objective research include shared values and norms such as impartiality and effectiveness in public service, structural elements in part fostered by shared goals and multinational anti-corruption initiatives, and the self-conscious injection of normative components into ethics programs. Emerging from a cross-cultural empirical perspective that allows for mutualities as well as differences, the authors' rich research agenda included investigation of the alleged links between public attitudes and ethics programs and between codes and actual administrative behavior, and development of appropriate measures of ethics programs' effectiveness. They concluded that professional public administration must remain intellectually open to global dialogue on shared values, norms, and structures. More than 100 participants from 53 countries exchanged expertise and insights at the International Conference on Ethics in Government at the invitation of the U.S. Office of Government Ethics and the U.S. Information Agency in November 1994 in Washington, DC. Also represented were the sponsoring organizations, including Connecticut College (New London), the Institute of Public Administration (New York City), Martin Marietta, NYNEX, Pitney Bowes, and United Technologies Corporation. Neither the first nor last international conference on governmental ethics,(1) this meeting was distinguished by (1) the number of represented countries and cultures, (2) the predominance of government officials responsible for administering ethics programs in their respective countries (augmented by corporate ethics officers and a few academics), and (3) its substantive focus on the proposition that democracy and a market economy both depend upon the public's (broadly defined as citizen, consumer, client, and colleague) confidence in the integrity of government institutions and public servants. Conferees were expected to represent their governments in discussions on effective ways to create and administer workable ethics laws and systems. In our estimation,(2) the dialogue centered on the political values of freedom and justice and the administrative values of efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness. We now know that numerous countries around the world operate an active administrative ethics program; structural similarities also became evident, as did the importance of supporting mechanisms such as international organizations. Much of the literature on comparative governmental ethics stresses variations in governmental ethics and associates them with divergent values embedded in the respective cultures (e.g., Heidenheimer, 1970; Huddleston, 1981). Huddleston argues that the three patterns of administrative ethics he identifies "reflect the institutionalization of fundamental political cleavages" (p. 74). He states that, "In sum, not only can we observe wide differences in patterns of administrative ethics between [sic] nations, but even within single systems it is found that ethical patterns may shift over time" (p. 73). Similarly, a recent study of legislative ethics--the rules and laws governing the financial interests of members of national legislatures in 25 democratic countries--concludes that "restrictions on a legislator's conduct and outside activities with respect to private financial interests are a product of numerous political, cultural, and economic factors. …


SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2011 T he nation's severe weather nightmare continued with the deadliest individual United States tornado in 64 years. On Sunday evening, May 22, an EF-5 tornado leveled a portion of Joplin, Missouri, claiming at least 151 lives. At least 20 other individuals perished during the May 21-24 outbreak across the eastern Plains and the Mid-South. The tragic storms were in part fueled by an unusually sharp temperature contrast that led to persistently cool weather across the Northern Plains and much of the West, along with consistently above-normal temperatures in the South and East. Toward month's end, an intense, earlyseason heat wave built across the South, while favorable warmth overspread the Midwest. Extremely cool weather persisted, however, in California and neighboring areas. The cool conditions delayed the Western melt season, leaving substantial high-elevation snow on the ground—except in Arizona and New Mexico—past Memorial Day. Incessantly wet conditions accompanied the cool weather across the northern Plains, triggering widespread flooding in the middle and upper Missouri Valley. In stark contrast, drought worsened across the Southern High Plains and the Deep South. By early June, the U.S. Department of Agriculture categorized at least half of the rangeland and pastures in very poor to poor condition in every southern-tier state from Arizona to Florida, excluding Alabama. Ironically, flood-control efforts extended into drought-affected areas of the lower Mississippi Valley during May, as water from the earlier weatherwatch


The handful of extra-galactic low-energy gamma-ray sources so far observed are all active galaxies, which are expected to dominate future detections. The nature of these compact, highly luminous sources is at present not clear; however, they may be powered by massive black holes. Many of these sources may produce their peak luminosity in the 0.5 to 5.0 MeV energy band, and observation in this energy range will be important in revealing the nature of their central power-house. Improved understanding of the nature of active galaxies will require detailed observations of 10-20 sources, while understanding of their gamma-ray luminosity function and its evolution will require the detection of ~100 sources. From x-ray number counts and the presently available information about active galaxy spectra, we estimate the hard x-ray and low-energy gamma-ray number source-flux relation N(>S) for active galaxies. Instruments capable of detecting ~100 active galaxies at low-energy gamma-ray energies are achievable. These instruments will, however, be observing sources with fluxes some 10⁻³ - 10⁻⁴ times lower than their instrumental background level, and will require careful control of systematic errors. The angular resolution of an instrument, as well as its sensitivity, can limit the number of sources it can observe. We present an investigation of the angular resolution requirements for future low-energy gamma-ray instruments. We find that the strictest requirements arise not from the need to resolve detectable sources, but from the need to control the level of direction-to-direction fluctuations in the diffuse background level. We conclude that gamma-ray instruments capable of detecting 100 active galaxies must have sub-degree angular resolution. We propose use of the coded aperture imaging technique as a method of achieving accurate control of systematic errors and fine angular resolution without unduly increasing the time needed to conduct full-sky surveys. This is a technique that employs a partially opaque mask to spatially modulate the source flux incident upon a position-sensitive photon detector. We present an analysis of coded aperture imaging for instruments that employ masks based on hexagonal uniformly redundant arrays. Rotation of such a mask allows complete, position-by-position background subtraction on short time-scales, and removes the periodic ambiguity inherent in uniformly redundant arrays. An instrument, the Gamma-ray Imaging Payload, has been built that employs these imaging techniques. The primary detector of the instrument is a 41 cm diameter by 5 cm thick NaI(Tl) Anger camera. We describe the design and testing of the instrument in detail. Preliminary results from a balloon flight of the instrument are shown, demonstrating its imaging performance.


email@example.com Abstract | A city shape reflects historical interaction between human and his natural environment, and human perception of this natural context is urban landscape. In this view, study of historical and natural layers of landscape and human impacts on them, gives us the opportunity to understand and represent landscape in a more developed way. Sydney, in Australia is one of the remarkable examples of seaside cities. Influenced by the historical interaction between Sydney and Tasman Sea, the Barangaroo reserve restoration plan is a subset of human's relationship with nature and includes restoring promontory's natural shape in pre-industrial era in a symbolic way. The measures taken in this regard consist of rewriting the historical characteristics of the site in objective way, including morphological features of the natural context, and in subjective way such as the restoration of the local culture. Although the industrial background of the Barangaroo promontory plays a key role for its evolution from a natural edge belonging to the native Australian tribes to an industrial edge at 21st century, it should be noted that the purpose of urban landscape is to democratize public areas based on the dynamic essence of landscape. If urban landscape required by the Sydneysiders would be a space for linking city to nature far from its industrial harbors, shedding industrial maritime heritage will be acceptable, in favour of naturalistic approach of the landscape architect, Peter Walker. This historical return to preindustrial morphology reconnects citizens and nature and also leads to connection of the city to a natural edge instead of continuous urban industrial context. with provided natural conditions, such as indigenous planting and morphological recreation in the form of sandstone blocks and reviving naturalistic native culture, Sydney's identity, in addition to being a harbor and industrial city, will be upgraded to the connection of nature and industry, concrete and sandstone, native and modern culture, and at last society and history through naturalistic landscape.