ABSTRACT Research question: While national sporting governing bodies are encouraged to implement programmes which seek to enhance their international sporting success, comparative studies on elite sport policies have provided limited empirical evidence in support of the relationship between such programmes and the achievement of sporting outcomes. Following the SPLISS framework, this study examines the longitudinal impact of four programme-level factors – financial support, human resources, coaching provision and foundation phase activity – on the international success of women's national football teams. Research methods: Data from 55 Union of European Football Associations' (UEFA) members were collected over a seven-year-period (2011-2017). The associations between programme-level factors and FIFA ranking points are verified through panel regression analyses. Controls for economic, talent pool, political, socio-cultural, climate and men's football legacy variables are included. Results and Findings: The results reveal that highly specialised coaching provision has a significant and positive impact on international success in women's football, while our proxies for financial support, human resources and foundation phase activity have no notable explanatory power for the success of women's national teams. A country's economic development, talent pool, climate and men's football legacy are significant predictors of its women's football performance level. Implications: This paper offers practical insights into the organisation and management of women's football in UEFA nations and contributes to the theoretical debate on comparative analysis of the sporting performance of countries. This article confirms that an exclusively quantitative approach does not permit definitive conclusions to be drawn on the complex relationship between elite sport policies and international sporting outcomes.


During the Apartheid era in South Africa, women were marginalised from sport. The ability to participate in sport in South Africa is intrinsically linked to the political history of the country. Sport played a dynamic role in the struggle against the diabolical system of apartheid in South Africa and has a powerful role to play in the transformation and nation building of South Africa. Women have made great strides in sport in recent years in South Africa and the way in which media portray these sporting achievements is critically important to dislodging negative stereotypes and overcoming discrimination of women in sport. The unfair coverage of women's sport displays gender based attitudes which systematically disadvantage women's position in society. Women's participation in sport has grown dramatically but despite this growth coverage of women in sport remains inferior to that given to men in sport across all media. Media need to acknowledge, promote and celebrate the wealth of talent that there is to be enjoyed by society. Newspaper reports are seldom challenged for not being accurate or truthful. But readers have a right to truthful information and reporting, and being trustworthy to the reader is the basis of good journalism. Media need to collectively reflect a diversity of content to ensure public access to a variety of viewpoints and they should expect societal intervention if the media fail to meet professional standards. The print media has a fundamental role to play in shaping public opinion and undoubtedly have an influence in portraying women in sport in South Africa. This study critically analyses the influence of the print media in portraying women in sport.


Carl James, David Este, Wanda Thomas Bernard, Akua Benjamin, Bethan Lloyd, and Tana Turner. Race and Well-being: The Lives, Hopes, and Activism of African Canadians. Halifax: Fernwood Books, 2010. 205 pp. Index. Bibliography. $22.95 sc. This book fills a gap in research that focuses specifically on one of the largest racialized groups in Canada, African Canadians. The authors define the term "African Canadian" as a diverse group which includes Canadian-born Blacks (i.e., third generation and more), first- or second-generation Blacks of Caribbean descent, and first- or second-generation Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa. The research data were gathered in three cities: Halifax, Calgary, and Toronto, a small, medium, and large city, respectively. The key research questions addressed in the book are: How do African Canadian boys, girls, men, women, and elders experience racism and violence in their lives? How do racism and violence affect the health and well-being of individuals, families, and communities? What actions do these people take to counteract the effects of racism and violence in their lives? What other actions can individuals, families, and communities take to increase their understanding of the root causes and effects of racism and violence? (3) The authors draw on a large data set derived from community forums involving 300 African Canadians, a questionnaire administered to 900 people who self-identified as African Canadian and were over the age of 18, as well as 120 interviews with key informants (both Black and White) and Black community members. The authors candidly acknowledge that the book represents a "first culling through of the research data" (vii). The book consists of an introduction, seven chapters, an index, and select bibliography. The writing style is engaging and free of academic jargon. The introductory chapter provides a historical and contemporary context for each research site, research methodology, and an overview of the main theories and concepts: Afrocentrism, Critical Race Theory, Anti-Black Racism and Critical Hope. This is a place where it would be helpful to talk about how these theories inform the research methodology. In chapter 2 the authors endeavor to summarize the Canadian historical scene from "slavery to the present day" (36). While this is a mighty task, the authors manage to highlight several key events within 30 pages. They begin with a brief historical account of slavery and end with an overview of the Black population in Canada. Unfortunately, the census data used are from 2001, even though the 2006 data were available before this book was published. Chapter 3 examines the multiple manifestations of racism by looking at four sub-scales of experiences: 1) exoticization: being constructed as the Other; 2) dehumanization: terrorism at every turn; 3) marginalization: being considered inferior; and 4) alienation: the immigrant experience. …


This study has investigated on the obstacles to the production of social network games. It also tried to find their production tools in order to remove existing obstacles, which will guide to design and create new production tools. The new production tool is designed to make it easy for Terrain, UI, and Object tools to be used for essential functions, game linkage, and testing. The detailed explanation about the structure design and functions of the new production tool is also written and added for better understanding. To test its functions, texture of the animation application was printed on top of the production tool. The test result showed stable processing speed. I also made a "Farming" trial-game to test how easily social network games can be developed. As a result, more stable framework, which could not be made without production tools, was able to be designed and even the time spent on developing it became shortened.


This volume brings to life 19 case studies featuring forest plants and animals. The botanical cases are presented according to the main part of the plant being used - the fruit, bark, roots or wood. Sometimes the plants have multiple uses, or different cultures may use the same part of a particular plant in different ways. Animals and animal products that require forest habitat are also critical for rural livelihoods, and are represented in this volume by bush meat and weevil larvae. In each case, the contributors describe the main characteristics of the forest product, its historical usage, harvesting and management, and how it is processed and traded. In closing, each author comments briefly on trends and current issues regarding the resource. The final chapter reviews common themes and lessons that can be drawn from these cases.


The reaction of the hydroxyl radical with chloride on the surface of sea salt aerosol producing gas phase Cl 2 and particulate OH − and its implications for the chemistry of the marine boundary layer under coastal, remote, and very remote conditions have been investigated with a numerical model. This reaction had been suggested by Laskin et al. (2003) to play a major role in the sulfur cycle in the marine boundary layer by increasing the sulfate production in sea salt by O 3 oxidation due to the additional production of alkalinity in the particle. Based on literature data a new "best estimate" for the rate coefficient of the reaction was deduced and applied, showing that the additional initial sulfate production by this reaction is less than 1%, therefore having only a minor impact on sulfate production. Even though the gas phase concentration of Cl 2 increased strongly in the model, the concentration of Cl radicals increased by less than 5% for the "best guess" case. Additional feedbacks between the cycles of chlorine and sulfur in the marine boundary layer are discussed as well as a two-stage acidification of large fresh sea salt aerosol.


The complement regulatory protein decay accelerating factor (DAF; CD55), inhibits the alternative complement pathway by accelerating decay of the convertase enzymes formed by C3b and factor B. We show, using surface plasmon resonance, that in the absence of Mg2+, DAF binds C3b, factor B, and the Bb subunit with low affinity (KD, 14 ± 0.1, 44 ± 10, and 20 ± 7 μm, respectively). In the presence of Mg2+, DAF bound Bb or the von Willebrand factor type A subunit of Bb with higher affinities (KD, 1.3 ± 0.5 and 2.2 ± 0.1 μm, respectively). Interaction with the proenzyme C3bB was investigated by flowing factor B across a C3b-coated surface in the absence of factor D. The dissociation rate was dependent on the time of incubation, suggesting that a time-dependent conformational transition stabilized the C3b-factor B interaction. Activation by factor D (forming C3bBb) increased the complex half-life; however, the enzyme became susceptible to rapid decay by DAF, unlike the proenzyme, which was unaffected. A convertase assembled with cobra venom factor and Bb was decayed by DAF, albeit far less efficiently than C3bBb. DAF did not bind cobra venom factor, implying that Bb decay is accelerated, at least in part, through DAF binding of this subunit. It is likely that DAF binds the complex with higher affinity/avidity, promoting a conformational change in either or both subunits accelerating decay. Such analysis of component and regulator interactions will inform our understanding of inhibitory mechanisms and the ways in which regulatory proteins cooperate to control the complement cascade.


Several complexes of alumaphosphinine ring with cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) were optimized at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p), and the single-point calculations were performed at MP2/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Different aspects of cation- interaction, including interaction energy calculations, charge transfer values, and the variations in aromaticity of the ring upon complexation, were also considered. Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis was performed to calculate the charge transfer and natural population analysis of the complexes. Quantum Theory of Atoms In Molecules (QTAIM) was also applied to analyze the properties of the bond critical points in the complexes. Finally, Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift (NICS), the Harmonic Oscillator Model of Aromaticity (HOMA), the Para-Delocalization Index (PDI), and the aromatic  fluctuationindex (FLU) were applied to evaluate the variation of aromaticity of the alumaphosphinine ring induced upon complexation.


"In this paper I examine Nuaulu attitudes to a rainforest environment as these are reflected in their use of it over a 25 year period, and especially in their reactions to commercial logging and changes wrought by Indonesian government transmigration policy in the nineteen-eighties. My main focus is on how the Nuaulu reconcile a new ecological and political order which happens to work for the present to their advantage, or at least to the advantage of some of them, with a 'traditional' set of beliefs which are underpinned by an entirely different set of cultural assumptions. Existing shared knowledge of how nature works, of how in different contexts it interacts with and contrasts with that shared abstraction which we call 'culture,' presently co-exist with views which challenge this consensus, views brought about and sustained by wholesale transformation of the rainforest and the apparent possibility that humans can extract from the environment at levels previously non-comprehendable. The rhetoric of which I speak in the title is in the form of public and semi-public utterances and pronouncements which address directly or indirectly the changes, adjustments and values implicit in Nuaulu representations and utilisation of nature. The practices refer to both the routine daily patterns of subsistence and social interaction, and the incentive to those changes in their environment which they perceive - or are persuaded to believe - offer new opportunities.

"I begin by stating briefly the history of Nuaulu settlement between 1850 and 1970, and summarising the position on land tenure as it existed between 1970 and 1980. I go on to examine the consequences of logging, local spontaneous immigration, government-controlled transmigration and new patterns of Nuaulu extraction in the Ruatan valley to which these led. I conclude by noting the effects of recent changes on forest extraction, in the light of Nuaulu conceptualisation of forest and in relation to theories of the degradation of the commons."


Finishing up letter 'S', and in another rare departure from our A–Z list of supplement components, we decided it was important to address the issue of 'stacking'—strategically combining or cycling the use of different supplement products. While this originated and still resonates mostly with body builders, it is an issue that has consequences for athletes of all types and levels due to the prevalence of multiple supplement use. Moving on to 'T' we deal with taurine, theobromine and theophylline: all three of these can be found in sports drinks/bars, which purport to stimulate performance.

### J Pearce, L E Norton

In this summary, stacking is defined as the consumption of two or more supplements at the same time in an attempt to maximise results. This practice originated from anabolic steroid regimes of body builders and other resistance training athletes where products were combined, often to address the side effects or potentiate the actions of individual products.1 A more global view of supplement stacking in sports nutrition finds that supplement combinations can be deliberate or unintentional. Deliberate stacking aims to take advantage of positive physiological responses that arise from combining nutrients, foods or compounds (eg, vitamin C enhancing iron absorption). Few studies have examined the possible benefits to stacking2–5 and have produced equivocal results despite theoretical support. Combining creatine with β-alanine had a unique effect on delaying fatigue while stacking creatine with hydroxy-B-methylbutyrate produced additive effects on lean body mass.4 ,5 The combination of β-alanine (intracellular) and bicarbonate (extracellular) buffers for events involving sustained high-intensity exercise that produces significant acidosis warrants comprehensive study.6 While stacking some supplements may provide additional benefits, some athletes may not be aware that taking multiple supplement products creates the potential for doubling up on some ingredients or co-ingesting ingredients that are best not combined. Inadvertent or unintentional …


As many as 20-70% of patients undergoing breast conserving surgery require repeat surgeries due to a close or positive surgical margin diagnosed post-operatively [1]. Currently there are no widely accepted tools for intra-operative margin assessment which is a significant unmet clinical need. Our group has developed a first-generation optical visible spectral imaging platform to image the molecular composition of breast tumor margins and has tested it clinically in 48 patients in a previously published study [2]. The goal of this paper is to report on the performance metrics of the system and compare it to clinical criteria for intra-operative tumor margin assessment. The system was found to have an average signal to noise ratio (SNR) >100 and <15% error in the extraction of optical properties indicating that there is sufficient SNR to leverage the differences in optical properties between negative and close/positive margins. The probe had a sensing depth of 0.5-2.2 mm over the wavelength range of 450-600 nm which is consistent with the pathologic criterion for clear margins of 0-2 mm. There was <1% cross-talk between adjacent channels of the multi-channel probe which shows that multiple sites can be measured simultaneously with negligible cross-talk between adjacent sites. Lastly, the system and measurement procedure were found to be reproducible when evaluated with repeated measures, with a low coefficient of variation (<0.11). The only aspect of the system not optimized for intra-operative use was the imaging time. The manuscript includes a discussion of how the speed of the system can be improved to work within the time constraints of an intra-operative setting.


Rate constants of hydrogen-atom abstraction from n-butanol by the HȮ2 radical have been calculated. Conventional transition state theory employing rigid-rotor harmonic-oscillator approximations for all but the torsional degrees of freedom is used with tight transition states. The Pitzer–Gwinn-like approximation using Fourier fits to internal rotations was applied to determine the one-dimensional hindered potentials. Asymmetric Eckart barriers were used to model tunneling in one-dimensional through saddle points. Activation entropies for all of the reaction channels have been determined. Hydrogen bonds formed in the transition states lead to ring structures, which lower the energy barrier and thus an increase in the rate constant for abstraction. Conversely, entropy is lost when the ring structure is formed and this decreases the frequency factor for abstraction; therefore, both of these effect influence the rate constants in opposite ways. Abstraction of an α hydrogen atom is dominant throughout the whole temperature range, and the branching ratio decreases from 96.1% at 500 K to 46.6% at 2000 K. As the carbon chain lengthens, the influence from the OH group lessens and hence δ hydrogens behave in a similar fashion to primary H-atoms in n-butane. The estimated uncertainty for the individual rate constants is a factor of 2.5. Computed total, kt, and individual rate constants, based on the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//MP2/6-311G(d,p) potential energy surface, in the temperature range of 500–2000 K for n-butanol + HȮ2 are reported as follows (cm3 mol−1 s−1):

© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 155–164, 2012


REASON FOR PERFORMING STUDY
Common methods used to treat back problems in horses need to be assessed objectively.

OBJECTIVES
To measure spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and evaluate the effects of chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone, compared with active and inactive control groups.

METHODS
Baseline MNTs at 7 sites within the thoracolumbar and sacral regions were measured in 38 healthy mature horses exhibiting no clinical signs of lumbar pain. Horses were assigned to one of 3 treatment groups: instrument-assisted chiropractic treatment, therapeutic massage and phenylbutazone; or 2 control groups: ridden exercise (active control) or routine paddock turnout with no ridden exercise (inactive control). MNT measurements were repeated at 1, 3 and 7 days post treatment. The percentage change from baseline MNT values was calculated within groups.

RESULTS
On Day 7, the median MNT had increased by 27, 12 and 8% in the chiropractic, massage and phenylbutazone groups, respectively. MNT changes of <1% were seen within the active and inactive control groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Chiropractic treatment and massage therapy increased spinal MNTs within horses not exhibiting signs of lumbar pain.

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE
Pressure algometry provides an objective tool to evaluate the effects of commonly used, but currently unproven treatment modalities on spinal MNTs. Future studies need to evaluate combined treatment effects and longer-term MNT changes in horses with documented back pain.


Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of pars-plana vitreous aspiration during combined trabeculectomy, phacoemulsification, and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes with shallow anterior chamber (AC) to prevent its associated complications. Patients and methods Fifty-four eyes of 46 patients were included in this study. All eyes were indicated for combined trabeculectomy, phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. All eyes had very shallow AC and injection of a viscoelastic substance through AC paracentesis failed to deepen the AC. Vitreous aspiration was performed with a 27 G needle on a 3 ml syringe over the pars plana 3.5 mm posterior to the limbus in the superotemporal quadrant. The cases were followed up for 12 months. The main outcome measures were the volume of aspirated vitreous, and intraoperative and postoperative complications. Results Intraoperative deepening of the AC occurred in all cases after vitreous aspiration. Aspirated vitreous volume varied from 0.3 to 0.7 ml (average 0.47 ml). There was no evidence of positive vitreous pressure during surgery in any case. No intraoperative complications occurred in all cases. Postoperative complications were detected in the form of shallow AC with hypotony in 5.5% of the cases (3 out of 54 cases) and shallow AC with high intraocular pressure was reported in 3.7% of the cases (2 out of 54 cases). All cases were managed without the need for a second surgery. Complications related to vitreous aspiration like vitreous hemorrhage, retinal tear, or detachment were not observed in any case. Conclusion Pars-plana vitreous aspiration is a safe procedure to prevent intraoperative shallow AC and its associated complications during combined trabeculectomy, phacoemulsification, and IOL implantation.


This article uses data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey to describe the patterns and determinants of private interhousehold transfers. Russian households have experienced large reductions in income during the post‐Soviet transition period, with a particularly severe decline occurring in the fall of 1998. Sharply declining fertility, increasing mortality, and past demographic catastrophes have left a population that is both young (few elderly) and old (one of the oldest working‐age populations in the world). Informal networks in Russia are likely to take on distinctive characteristics as the country's economic institutions are underdeveloped and there is a very limited social safety net, while household structure closely resembles that found in much wealthier countries. Although it is often assumed that the elderly in Russia are a highly vulnerable economic group, we actually find that transfers flow strongly from elderly and "empty‐nest" households to households in the early part of the life course. This is especially true for older households in rural areas. Descriptive statistical models show a tendency toward increasing net transfer outflow as households age, expressed first through declining transfer receipt and later through increased giving of transfers. Although the tendency toward net transfer outflow slows down for the elderly, we also find that elderly pension income, which proved more consistent through the initial posttransition period than wages or other public transfers, are redistributed to younger households.


"Companies have been implementing large agile projects for a number of years, but the 'stigma' of 'agile only works for small projects' continues to be a frequent barrier for newcomers and a rallying cry for agile critics. What has been missing from the agile literature is a solid, practical book on the specifics of developing large projects in an agile way. Dean Leffingwell's book Scaling Software Agility fills this gap admirably. It offers a practical guide to large project issues such as architecture, requirements development, multi-level release planning, and team organization. Leffingwell's book is a necessary guide for large projects and large organizations making the transition to agile development." i¾–Jim Highsmith, director, Agile Practice, Cutter Consortium, author of Agile Project Management "There's tension between building software fast and delivering software that lasts, between being ultra-responsive to changes in the market and maintaining a degree of stability. In his latest work, Scaling Software Agility, Dean Leffingwell shows how to achieve a pragmatic balance among these forces. Leffingwell's observations of the problem, his advice on the solution, and his description of the resulting best practices come from experience: he's been there, done that, and has seen what's worked." i¾–Grady Booch, IBM FellowAgile development practices, while still controversial in some circles, offer undeniable benefits: faster time to market, better responsiveness to changing customer requirements, and higher quality. However, agile practices have been defined and recommended primarily to small teams. In Scaling Software Agility, Dean Leffingwell describes how agile methods can be applied to enterprise-class development. Part I provides an overview of the most common and effective agile methods. Part II describes seven best practices of agility that natively scale to the enterprise level. Part III describes an additional set of seven organizational capabilities that companies can master to achieve the full benefits of software agility on an enterprise scale.This book is invaluable to software developers, testers and QA personnel, managers and team leads, as well as to executives of software organizations whose objective is to increase the quality and productivity of the software development process but who are faced with all the challenges of developing software on an enterprise scale.Foreword Preface Acknowledgments About the Authori¾ Part I: Overview of Software Agility Chapter 1: Introduction to Agile Methods Chapter 2: Why the Waterfall Model Doesn't Work Chapter 3: The Essence of XP Chapter 4: The Essence of Scrum Chapter 5: The Essence of RUP Chapter 6: Lean Software, DSDM, and FDD Chapter 7: The Essence of Agile Chapter 8: The Challenge of Scaling Agile Part II: Seven Agile Team Practices That Scale Chapter 9: The Define/Build/Test Component Team Chapter 10: Two Levels of Planning and Tracking Chapter 11: Mastering the Iteration Chapter 12: Smaller, More Frequent Releases Chapter 13: Concurrent Testing Chapter 14: Continuous Integration Chapter 15: Regular Reflection and Adaptation Part III: Creating the Agile Enterprise Chapter 16: Intentional Architecture Chapter 17: Lean Requirements at Scale: Vision, Roadmap, and Just-in-Time Elaboration Chapter 18: Systems of Systems and the Agile Release Train Chapter 19: Managing Highly Distributed Development Chapter 20: Impact on Customers and Operations Chapter 21: Changing the Organization Chapter 22: Measuring Business Performance Conclusion: Agility Works at Scale Bibliography Indexi¾


Restrictions on pumping water from underground aquifers are limiting veg- etable production in Southwest Texas. To determine yield, quality, and water use effi- ciency (WUE) of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. group Cantalupensis, 'Caravelle'), six irrigation systems with varying input levels and their interactions with stand establish- ment (containerized transplants vs. direct seeding) were examined. Irrigation systems were: 1) pre-irrigated followed by dryland conditions; 2) furrow/no mulch; 3) furrow/ mulch (40-µm-thick black polyethylene); 4) surface drip (0 cm depth)/mulch; 5) subsur- face drip (10-cm depth)/mulch; and 6) subsurface drip (30-cm depth)/mulch. Field experiments were conducted on a silty clay loam soil during four seasons (1995-98). In 1995, marketable fruit yields were greater for subsurface drip systems at 30-cm depth than for furrow systems, with or without plastic mulch. Transplants grown with surface drip irrigation produced 75% greater yield in the 9-count fruit class size during early harvest than did those grown with subsurface drip (10- or 30-cm depth), but total yield was unaffected by drip tape depth placement. In 1996, the driest season of these studies, direct- seeded plants had higher total yields than did transplants; yield was greatest for direct- seeded plants on subsurface drip placed at 10- or 30-cm soil depth, and for transplants on subsurface drip at 10-cm depth. Soluble solids content was minimally affected by irriga- tion method, but was higher in fruit from transplants than in those from direct-seeded plants in 3 years. Across all seasons, the average water applied for drip systems was 53% lower than that for conventional furrow systems, and WUE was 2.3-fold as great.


Background/Context The overrepresentation of some minority groups in special education in the United States raises concerns about racial inequality and stratification within schools. While many actors and mechanisms within the school system may contribute to racial disparities in special education, the role of teachers is particularly important given that teachers are often the first ones to refer students for services. Previous studies examining biases in teacher perception of student disability have used simulations and vignettes that lack information on how teachers may perceive their own students. Purpose of the Study This study examined whether teachers disproportionately perceive minority students as having a disability based on survey information from teachers about their students. The study provides additional insight into teacher perception of student disability by accounting for student background, teacher traits, and school characteristics. Research Design The study used data on a nationally representative sample of high school sophomores from the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002. The dataset included surveys that asked teachers about their students, including whether they perceived them to have a disability. Logistic regression models were used to model the relationship between teacher perception of student disability and student race, controlling for background factors relevant to identification for a disability. Results The findings show that while teachers were more likely to perceive Black, Hispanic, and Native American students as having a disability compared to White students, controlling for individual background characteristics and school contextual factors often resulted in underidentification. The exception is Asian Americans, who were consistently less likely to be perceived to have a disability. Conclusions/Recommendations Since teachers were less likely to perceive certain racial minority students as having a disability when accounting for student background characteristics, the finding provides a different perspective on how teachers may contribute to disproportionality in special education. The results also raise concerns about whether racial minority students are appropriately identified for services, especially Asian Americans who were consistently less likely to be perceived to have a disability, even when their achievement and behavior were similar to those of other students. Policies and practices should focus on using culturally and linguistically appropriate methods to identify students who may have disabilities.


The suitability of the foliar N/P ratio was evaluated as a predictor of nutrient limitation in an alpine ecosystem of the Colorado Front Range. We hypothesized that foliar N/P ratios are directly correlated with the alpine soil nutrient status. We used a long-term fertilization experiment conducted in three alpine plant communities, where 48 plots were established consisting of four replicates of control, N, P, and N + P additions. We characterized four extractable P fractions, maximum P sorption capacity, and extractable NO 3 -N and NH 4 -N, measured N and P adsorption fluxes, determined the soil moisture content, and measured the total N and P concentrations in soils and below- and aboveground plant material. The fertilized plots exhibited significantly higher nutrient concentrations in above- and belowground plant materials and adsorption fluxes of N and P (P 4.14), which may have partially contributed to increased P flux. A correlation analysis showed that N and P accumulations in aboveground plant material could not be predicted by the traditional extractable N and P tests. Nutrient adsorption flux measurements and especially P showed better correlation with nutrient accumulation in below- and aboveground plant material (r = 0.53 and 0.43, respectively, P < 0.001). This moderate correlation suggested, however, that the N/P ratio index is somewhat limited in providing a definitive answer for the nutrient limitation status of this alpine ecosystem.


Esports, or competitive video gaming competitions, bring together aspects of sports, business, leisure, technology, and digital media, appealing to academics across multiple disciplines. Yet, esports scholarship remains highly fragmented, with scholars operating within traditional academic silos and forgoing opportunities to build on esports' interdisciplinary nature. The purpose of this integrative review is to synthesize esports scholarship from across disciplines, identify critical scholarly issues, and develop a pragmatic, interdisciplinary research agenda. We find that extant esports scholarship is categorized by literature seeking to conceptualize and legitimize esports via sport parallels, with a focus on the consumers and culture of esports. Scholarly issues include researchers examining esports in their respective academic silos, omitting opportunities to connect conceptually similar streams of literature. Overall, we synthesize esports scholarship, bridge chasms between disjointed streams of literature, and outline a pragmatic research agenda which could benefit from interdisciplinary inquiries based on a shared understanding of esports.


Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic arterial occlusive disease of the lower extremities caused by atherosclerosis. The most common presenting symptom of PAD is intermittent claudication (IC) with exercise induced pain experienced in the calves, thighs or buttocks that is relieved with rest. Research investigating the effects of PAD-IC on lower limb mobility is limited to five studies on the temporal-spatial gait parameters (e.g. stride length, cadence, support times, speed) in PAD-IC populations that produced conflicting results. Gardner et al. (2001) speculated that the temporal-spatial gait parameters of individuals with PAD-IC could be improved by participation in exercise programs. To date there has been no attempt to determine the validity of this proposition. There has also been no research on the underlying mechanism of these temporal-spatial gait parameters namely gait kinematics (angular joint displacement, velocity and acceleration). Observed limitations in temporal-spatial gait parameters may be explained by the effects of musculoskeletal abnormalities on lower limb joint kinematics during the gait cycle. Understanding of the relationships between temporal-spatial gait parameters and gait kinematics in PAD-IC allows more precise identification of gait abnormality and its effects on lower limb mobility in this population. Analysis of variability in gait kinematics is becoming more commonly used as a clinical tool for evaluation of lower limb mobility in the elderly, lower limb disease populations and individual responses to exercise programs. Increased movement variability in lower limb kinematics has been traditionally associated with decreased movement performance due to disease and aging. However, more recent research from a dynamical systems perspective has indicated that movement variability may be of functional importance in motor control and may provide flexibility when adjusting to movement constraints imposed by disease.

Therefore, for the purposes of this thesis, a series of studies were undertaken to investigate 1) the temporal-spatial gait parameters, gait kinematics, lower limb movement variability, walking performance, physiological responses to exercise and physical activity levels of individuals with and without PAD-IC and 2) the effects of a long term exercise program on these same variables in individuals with PAD-IC compared to individuals with and without PAD-IC.

Study 1 (Chapter 3) examined the lower limb mobility characteristics (temporal-spatial gait parameters and gait kinematics) of individuals with PAD-IC and the relationships between lower limb mobility, walking performance, physiological responses to exercise and physical activity levels in this population. Study 2 (Chapters 4 & 5) assessed intralimb joint coordination and single joint movement variability in patients with PAD-IC and without PAD-IC (CON). Lower limb mobility characteristics were determined via 2D motion analysis. A graded treadmill test was used to assess walking performance (pain free walking distance/time (PFWD/T) and maximal walking distance/time (MWD/T) and peak physiological responses to exercise (VO2peak, HRpeak, RERpeak and VEpeak). Physical activity levels were measured via a 7 d pedometer recording following motion analysis. Intralimb coordination variability was measured using parameterization, vector coding and normalized root mean square techniques applied to relative motion plots of various joint couplings. Single joint movement variability was measured using spanning set and coefficient of variation. Study 3 (Chapter 6) examined the effects of a 12 mth exercise program on the lower limb mobility of individuals with PAD-IC. A further aim was to examine the extent to which lower limb mobility contributes to long term exercise induced changes in walking performance, peak physiological responses to exercise and physical activity levels in PAD-IC patients. Finally study 4 (Chapter 7) investigated the effects of a 12 mth exercise program on walking performance and lower limb movement variability using intralimb joint coordination and single joint assessment techniques in individuals with and without PAD-IC.

Compared to CON, PAD-IC temporal-spatial gait parameters were significantly lower (P < .05), except for single support ipsilateral limb time. PAD-IC participants spent a greater percentage of time in gait support phases, took longer to complete a stride and had reduced stride length and walking speeds during the gait cycle. Participants with PAD-IC joint angular kinematics showed significantly reduced displacement of ankle plantar flexion (P = .017), knee ROM (P = .021) and hip extension (P = .016) compared to the CON participants during the gait cycle. All joint minimum and maximum angular velocities and accelerations, physiological responses to exercise (walking) and physical activity levels were significantly lower for PAD-IC compared to the CON participants. The PAD-IC participants displayed significantly higher levels of lower limb movement variability in all joints when assessed using the intralimb joint coordination and single joint movement variability techniques.

The 12 mth exercise program had no significant effect on lower limb mobility, peak physiological responses to exercise or physical activity levels in PAD-IC patients who received normal medical therapy treatment and a 12 mth exercise program (TPAD-IC) compared to PAD-IC patients who received normal medical therapy (CPAD-IC) . However, the TPAD-IC participants demonstrated significantly greater walking performance (171% improvement in PFWT and 120% improvement in MWT) compared with baseline. The 12 mth supervised exercise program made no significant
impact on the lower limb movement variability of the TPAD-IC group as determined by either intralimb joint coordination or single joint analysis techniques.

The results of these studies show that patients with PAD-IC have reduced lower limb mobility (temporal-spatial gait parameters and gait kinematics) and increased lower limb movement variability. The derived gait kinematics highlighted that the push-off (or toe-off) of the gait cycle in PAD-IC patients is significantly reduced compared to healthy age matched controls. The increased level of lower limb movement variability may be an adaptation to the gradual onset of claudication pain in this population. Patients with PAD-IC also demonstrated reduced walking performance, peak physiological responses to exercise and physical activity levels compared to healthy age matched controls. PAD-IC patients involved in a 12 mth supervised exercise program exhibited no change in lower limb mobility characteristics, physiological responses to exercise or physical activity levels. Gardner et al.'s (2001) speculation that the reduced temporal-spatial gait parameters of PAD-IC patients could be modified to resemble that of age matched controls through the use of an exercise program was not supported by the data. However, a 12 mth supervised exercise program did cause a significant improvement in walking performance in this population sample. It is suggested that the improvement in walking performance may be due at least in part, to adaptation of peripheral physiological mechanisms.


IntroductionIs racial inequality an unwelcome intruder to the new discourse on economic inequality? The present discourse on economic inequality emphasizes decades-long trends that have increased economic inequality, whether as a result of reoccurring features in the structure of capitalist economies1 or more recent changes in institutional, structural, and economic conditions.2 Researchers direct us to the rising fortunes of the top earners and asset holders relative to the rest,3 the declining fortunes of the middle class4 harmed by stagnating wages,5 and the declining share of industries (like manufacturing) in the economy.6 This new economic inequality discourse has preoccupied economists,7 garnered its own "beat" in leading publications,8 led to bestselling books,9 transfixed current political debates,10 and now (finally) seduced legal academia. The new economic inequality is salient in part because it is a phenomenon not fully constrained by race, ethnicity, or geography that risks altering the fortunes of all "our kids," including those formerly firmly ensconced within the American dream.11Racial inequality, by contrast, is not new. one might debate the extent, trend line, and causes of racial inequality, but the fact of racial inequality (that socioeconomic status differs on the basis of race or ethnicity) is neither much in contention nor novel. Perhaps for this reason, the role of racial inequality in this new calculus is uncertain. one may note that certain racial, ethnic, or gender groups have experienced greater income and wealth losses from the recession, losses as yet unrecovered.12 or even that trends that affect many Americans, such as wage stagnation for lower skilled jobs, declines in unionization, or changes in the relative share of manufacturing jobs, affect some groups more than others.13 But the fact of racial inequality is a given. Indeed, what is "new" about the present discourse on American inequality is that it emphasizes changes that affect us all. As one commentator recently put it pointedly: "[Structural inequity has leapt the racial barrier."14Add to the unremarkable, un-newness of racial inequality that race may complicate the search for solutions. The proffered solutions to the new economic inequality are not typically targeted at particular racial or ethnic groups. Rather, solutions seek to increase the rewards from work for all (through stronger worker organizations and wage gains),15 alter the general tax structure,16 and increase investments in and the quality of training and credentialing institutions like college and apprenticeship programs.17 And momentum on economic inequality seems most vigorously organized behind movements such as minimum-wage increases and paid sick leave that eschew a racial lens not just, it seems, for expedience, but because these remedies urgently address the immediate harm of wage and work conditions.18 Indeed, even highlighting racial inequality as a distinct problem does not necessarily require adopting race- or ethnicity-specific solutions. Many of the interventions needed for everyone in the emerging economic reality-better education and training, higher wages-may simply be needed more urgently for historically disadvantaged groups. But the interventions are not fundamentally different.Given this account, what does one gain from highlighting racial inequality in contemporary inequality discourse? one can start by acknowledging that sometimes nothing is gained. For reasons of social-movement solidarity, tactics and strategy, and efficacy of solutions, race is often not the point. The workers who benefit from recent wage reforms or affordable housing creation are typically racially and ethnically diverse, and a majority are women.19 The role of racial, ethnic, or gender stratification may be salient in the condition of these workers and families, but it need not always be the dimension around which the remedies are organized.Lawyers and legal academics face a more specific version of this general problem of joining concerns about racial inequality with economic inequality. …


Fairness-aware learning mainly focuses on single task learning (STL). The fairness implications of multi-task learning (MTL) have only recently been considered and a seminal approach has been proposed that considers the fairness-accuracy trade-off for each task and the performance trade-off among different tasks. Instead of a rigid fairness-accuracy trade-off formulation, we propose a flexible approach that learns how to be fair in a MTL setting by selecting which objective (accuracy or fairness) to optimize at each step. We introduce the L2T-FMT algorithm that is a teacher-student network trained collaboratively; the student learns to solve the fair MTL problem while the teacher instructs the student to learn from either accuracy or fairness, depending on what is harder to learn for each task. Moreover, this dynamic selection of which objective to use at each step for each task reduces the number of trade-off weights from 2T to T, where T is the number of tasks. Our experiments on three real datasets show that L2T-FMT improves on both fairness (12-19%) and accuracy (up to 2%) over state-of-the-art approaches.


We use experimental data from 35 randomly selected communities in Burundi to examine the impact of exposure to conflict on social-, risk- and time preferences. These types of preferences are important as they determine people's propensity to invest and their ability to overcome social dilemmas, so that changes therein foster or hinder economic growth. We find that conflict affects preferences. Individuals that have been exposed to greater levels of violence display more altruistic behavior towards their neighbors, are more risk seeking, and have higher discount rates. Adverse, but temporary, shocks can thus alter savings and investments decisions, and potentially have long-run consequences.


Introduction: The mechanisms behind the detrimental effects of ethanol on the liver remain uncertain. It has been suggested that the presence of ethanol in the gut lumen promotes a 'leaky gut' allowing bacterial products to translocate to the bloodstream causing an inflammatory response. Furthermore, the ethanol-induced hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) has emerged as a potential safeguard from ethanol-induced liver injury. Here, we aimed to investigate how ethanol administered intragastrically and intravenously, respectively, influences circulating markers of inflammation and FGF-21. Materials and Method:In a double-blinded, randomized cross-over design, we subjected 12 fasted healthy men (age 25.3±3.9 years; body mass index (BMI) 22.6±2.6 kg/m2 (mean±SD)) to intragastrically instilled ethanol (0.70 g ethanol per kg body weight in a 20% (v/w) solution infused over 5 minutes) and isoethanolaemic iv ethanol infusion, respectively, on two separate experimental days, and evaluated a range of circulating markers of inflammation and liver function as well as FGF-21. Results: No increment in plasma sCD163, or any other inflammation markers (lipopolysaccharide binding protein, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-10 (IL), IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-8), was observed. Plasma FGF-21 levels increased significantly (nine times baseline level), similarly and throughout both experimental days. Conclusion:Neither 'oral' nor iv ethanol elicited significant changes in circulating markers of macrophage activation or inflammation, but increased plasma FGF-21 significantly regardless of the administration form suggesting a direct ethanol effect on FGF-21 secretion. Disclosure A.R. Lanng: None. L.S. Gasbjerg: Stock/Shareholder; Self; Antag Therapeutics. N.C. Bergmann: Employee; Self; Zealand Pharma A/S. H. Moller: Other Relationship; Self; IQ-products. M. Gillum: None. H. Gronbaek: Board Member; Self; Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals, Inc., Novartis AG. Research Support; Self; Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., AbbVie Inc., Novo Nordisk A/S. T. Vilsboll: Advisory Panel; Self; Amgen Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, AstraZeneca, MSD K.K., Sanofi, Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Self; Amgen Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, AstraZeneca, MSD K.K., Sanofi, Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Amgen Inc., Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, AstraZeneca, MSD K.K., Sanofi, Novo Nordisk A/S. Research Support; Self; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk A/S. F.K. Knop: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca. Consultant; Self; AstraZeneca. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca. Advisory Panel; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Eli Lilly and Company. Advisory Panel; Self; Amgen Inc.. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp.. Advisory Panel; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Novo Nordisk A/S. Consultant; Self; Amgen Inc.. Advisory Panel; Self; MedImmune, Sanofi. Consultant; Self; Sanofi. Research Support; Self; Sanofi. Speaker9s Bureau; Self; Sanofi.


Greenhouses in Japan are usually made of steel pipes and plastic films. A greenhouse comprises arch and straight pipes. The structure is simple, and the construction cost is reasonable. However, typhoons and other disasters have caused considerable damage involving collapse of many structures, including greenhouses. This was caused by the lack of structural strength because of its simplicity. Snows and storms have only brought minor damages in the Nara prefecture until recent years. However, the number of incidents causing damage has been increasing because of the abnormal weather. Therefore, the farmers in the Nara prefecture need strong greenhouses. The basic greenhouse model is the two-dimensional structure of the arch pipe. Some studies conducted stress analysis on this two-dimensional structure. It has been observed that almost all greenhouses have undergone a three-dimensional collapse. This research proposes a new trussbased structure; structural design was conducted using a three-dimensional model. We focused on the rigidity and attempted to analyse the eigenvalues for both the new structure and the conventional one. Consequently, the number of eigenmodes in the new structure was found to be less than the number of those in the conventional one between 0 Hz and 10 Hz. We consider that the numbers of eigenmodes were transferred to a higher frequency range. The new structure showed good resistance to collapse by resonance.


The trickster narrative situates the participant audience, the listeners and readers, in agonistic imagination: there, in comic discourse, the trickster is being, nothingness and liberation; a loose seam in consciousness; that wild space over and between sounds, words, sentences end narratives; and at last the trickster is comic shit. (Gerald Vizenor, Narrative Chance) Gerald Vizenor is a curious figure in American literature. A mixedblood Ojibway poet, playwright, journalist, essayist, novelist, and critic, Vizenor writes stories that incorporate research, polemic, quotation, criticism, and poetry, as well as standard narrative materials. "What are these hybrids, these mongrels?" the reader demands when first confronted with his noncanonical stories. As Robert Silberman puts it, "The didactic and imaginative impulses are constantly at odes in Vizenor's work" (13-14). Despite critic Arnold Krupat's 1989 call for the application of contemporary literary theory to Native American texts (Krupat and Swann 113-28), Vizenor's writing has remained problematic for those who attempt to fit it into a paradigm of Native American literature.(1) In Crossbloods: Bone Courts, Bingo and Other Reports, Vizenor defends his mongrel texts quoting Roland Barthes, contending that "narrative is first and foremost a prodigious variety of genres, themselves distributed amongst different substances--as though any material would fit to receive men's stories" (65). Through his narrator in "Four Skin Documents," Vizenor pokes gentle fun at editors (and readers) who have trouble accepting satire, criticism and "facts" in the same narrative package (Landfill Meditations 163-65). Vizenor has theoretical and political reasons for refusing to commit to conventional form or genre. Theoretically, he aligns himself with the postmodern tradition, as evidenced by the critics he cites in his collected essays--Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Lacan, to name a few. In Vizenor's view, one looks for neither meaning nor truth in the postmodern novel. Griever: An American Monkey King in China begins with an Octavio Paz epigraph: "Writing is a search for the meaning that writing itself violently expels. At the end of the search meaning evaporates and reveals to us a reality that literally is meaningless." In The Heirs of Columbus, Vizenor quotes Milan Kundera: "The novel...is the territory where no one possesses the truth" (185). And in The Trickster of Liberty, he cites Julie Kristeva's definitions of the dissident, clearly aligning himself with the writer who "experiments with the limits of identity, producing texts where the law does not exist outside language" (155-56). In other words, language not reality, identity or truth--is preeminent in the postmodern text. In Narrative Chance, Vizenor defines postmodernism as "an overture to amend the formal interpretation and transubstantiation of tribal literatures" (4), thus making his political agenda perfectly clear. He has declared war--word war--on the "racist denial of tribal languages" (11). Like N. Scott Momaday, Vizenor views words as both cause and cure. He believes that when social scientists attempt to capture American Indian culture in "cold litanies and catechistic monodramas" (Trickster x), they not only reify the flexible nature of native culture, but reinvent it for their own self-serving ends. In Wordarrows: Indians and Whites in the New Fur Trade, Vizenor argues that written language has been the privileged weapon of the dominant party in the culture wars since the earliest days of contact; consequently, few of those victimized by it know how to use it. As Tosamah tells his pan-Indian congregation in Momaday's House Made of Dawn, contemporary tribal people live in a white world. Surrounded by the white man's word, they "are as children, mere babes in the wood," but, says Tosamah, "a child can listen and learn" (94). …


Translation and Conflict: A Narrative Account demonstrates that translation is part of the institution of war and that translators and interpreters participate in circulating as well as resisting the narratives that create the intellectual and moral environment for violent conflict. Drawing on narrative theory and using numerous examples from historical as well as and contemporary conflicts, it provides an original and coherent model of analysis that pays equal attention to micro and macro aspects of the circulation of narratives in translation, to translation and interpreting, and to questions of dominance and resistance. The study is particularly significant at this juncture of history, with the increased interest in the positioning of translators in politically sensitive contexts, the growing concern with translators' and interpreters' divided loyalties in settings such as Guantanamo Bay, Iraq, Afghanistan, Kosovo, and a host of other arenas of conflict, and the emergence of several activist communities of translators and interpreters with highly politicized agendas of their own, including Babels, Translators for Peace, Tlaxcala and ECOS and Translators and Interpreters Peace Network.

Including further reading suggestions at the end of each chapter, Translation and Conflict is relevant to students on courses of translation, intercultural studies and sociology as well as the reader interested in the study of social and political movements.


On the evening of 4 July 1917, at the height of the anti-government uprising, the Provisional Government's Minister of Justice, Pave! N. Pereverzev, authorized a press release accusing the Bolshevik leaders of treasonable activities. The report published the next day alleged that Lenin had been sent to Russia by the German government to rally support for a separate peace with Germany and "to undermine the confidence of the Russian people in the Provisional Government. " The money for his activity was allegedly channeled from Berlin to Petrograd, by way of Stockholm. In Stockholm the transfer was carried out by the Bolshevik Jakub Ftirstenberg (Hanecki) and the Russo-German Social Democrat Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus) . The main recipients in Petrograd were the Bolshevik lawyer Mieczyslaw Kozlowski and Evgeniia M. Sumenson, a relative of FtirstenbergHanecki. She and Kozlowski ran a trading business as a cover for financial dealings with Ftirstenberg, thus making the transfer of German funds look like a legitimate business transaction.


The elderly in America represent a significant and growing population. One relevant engineering aspect of an aging population is the suitability of residential environments for the independent-living elderly. Engineers, architects, and designers are increasingly involved in the design and assessment of residential living environments for elderly persons. These designs should consider the fundamental principles and techniques of human factors to make certain that residential settings enhance independence and overall quality of life for the independent-living elderly. One way to help designers with this task is to develop a design guidelines handbook. However, to ensure designs are appropriate for the elderly, a prerequisite must be that guidelines are based on sound human factors principles. Creating a design guidelines handbook based in science requires a significant amount of work, in terms of understanding the aging process, developing guidelines, and validating the applicability of the guidelines. Therefore, developing these guideline sets and compiling into a handbook is outside the scope of this thesis. The role of this thesis is to bridge the gap between calling for the development and actually creating the handbook. Specifically, this thesis presents a model to categorize and analyze existing guidelines through use of a research matrix. The matrix provides a human factors based context to view existing work and highlights areas for additional research. This thesis also proposes the expansion of this matrix to be used as a framework for a future handbook. In addition to the above research matrix, a guidelines development methodology is proposed. The methodology is a process that focuses on developing guidelines based on human factors principles. After presenting the case for developing a guidelines handbook, and proposing a methodology to do so, a rationale to implement a handbook is described. This rationale concludes that the injury rates experienced by the elderly may, in some cases, be substantially reduced, by developing designs that accommodate the decreased functional abilities of the elderly. Developing human factors based guidelines and a handbook might ultimately help designers with this task.


AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate majority of excitatory synaptic
transmission, and are involved in fast neuronal glial signaling in the central
nervous system (CNS). These receptors are tetrameric assemblies that
function as homomeric or heteromeric combinations of four AMPAR
subunits (GluA1-4). Many key AMPAR properties are determined by the
GluA2 subunit, the absence of which renders the AMPAR calcium
permeable. Calcium permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs) are relatively
widespread in the CNS being present in certain neurons and many glia.
The calcium permeability of neuronal AMPARs is known to be relatively
plastic, changing during development and following high frequency
synaptic activity. It is clear that calcium permeable AMPARs play an
important role in normal functions of Bergmann glia and oligodendrocyte
precursor cells, however factors that regulate the CP-AMPAR in glial cells
are still poorly understood.
Little is known about the transmembrane auxiliary AMPA subunit (TARPs)
present in glial cells. In Chapter 3 of this thesis, I consider the role of
transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) in controlling
AMPAR channel properties and trafficking. In particular, these experiments
identify γ-5 as a novel TARP that occurs mainly in glial cells, and is present
at high levels in Bergmann glia. Functionally, this TARP appears selective
for long form AMPAR subunits (predominantly calcium permeable). My
experiments also demonstrate that γ-5 co-localizes with a late endosome
protein. Uniquely, γ-5 appears selective for the trafficking of GluA2, and is
dependent on the protein SAP97 for trafficking and/or localisation. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which are responsible for the
formation of myelinating cells in the CNS, form a large proportion of the
glial cells present in developing brain. OPCs are vulnerable to cell death in
conditions such as periventricular white matter damage (hypoxic-ischemic
white matter injury) in newborns. In Chapter 4, I have investigated factors
that regulate calcium permeable AMPARs in OPCs, including mGluRs and
purinergic receptors. Surprisingly I find that these receptors regulate
calcium permeable AMPARs. This chapter identifies key mechanisms
underlying this switch in AMPAR subtype, including the TARP γ-2
(Stargazin) that is involved in mGluR-induced 'plasticity' of AMPARs in
OPCs. The experiments described in the final chapter, investigates the
transmembrane AMPAR regulatory protein cornichon-3 (CNIH3). In this
thesis I identified that the AMPAR regulatory protein cornichon-3 (CNIH3)
is expressed at the cell surface in OPCs and that when over-expressed
can influence their AMPAR channel properties.


Abstract Purpose: Managers of healthcare organizations must be much more dynamic and agile to survive in a competitive environment. Administrators, managers, and leaders in healthcare organizations must meet both patients' and staff's needs, expectations, and requests at the maximum level in order to create organizational agility. What counts among these responsibilities is the use of operational competitive capabilities at the highest level and being organizationally agile? In this context, this study determines the relationship between the operational competitive capabilities of health-care organizations and organizational agility and examines the mediating role of organizational agility between operational competitive capabilities and organizational performance in healthcare organizations in Turkey. Methodology: The data was collected from the 220 managers of health organizations in Turkey through questionnaires, which were analyzed with the SPSS 26 and AMOS 26 programs. Results: The findings revealed a positive relationship between operational competitive capabilities of managers and between organizational agility and organizational agility, which have a full mediating role between operational competitive capabilities and organizational performance in healthcare organizations. Conclusion: Today's healthcare organizations' managers face such important problems and unexpected developments as adapting to a rapidly changing environment and struggles to avoid uncertainty. Therefore, the managers must use their operational competitive capabilities at the highest level and be organizationally agile to maximize their organizations' performance and survive in this highly competitive environment.


1 Exotic species invasion onto abandoned farmlands has been linked to an increase in the availability of soil nutrients after cultivation. Avena barbata Pott. (hereafter Avena) is an exotic annual grass that invades old-fields in south-western Australia and persists for decades after abandonment. We hypothesized that the competitive ability of Avena against native woody seedlings is increased on old-fields affected by P-fertilizer residues.

2 We tested this hypothesis in a pot study by growing single native seedlings in competition with increasing densities of Avena, at old-field and pre-agricultural levels of soil P. Then, we planted the same four species, Acacia acuminata Benth., Allocasuarina campestris (Diels) L.A.S.Johnson, Eucalyptus loxophleba Benth. subsp. loxophleba and Hakea recurva Meisn., into plots within an old-field affected by P-fertilizer residues, and removed Avena from half of the plots. Also, as water availability limits seedling establishment, particularly in the presence of Avena, we compared the establishment of seedlings planted into microcatchments to improve water availability with that of seedlings planted into level sites.

3 We found that P enrichment did not substantially enhance the ability of Avena to compete with any of the native species that we tested in pots. Avena was the superior competitor against all four native species at both P levels.

4 In the field, the chances of native seedling establishment were markedly improved by the removal of Avena. Microcatchments improved the survival of E. loxophleba subsp. loxophleba in competition with Avena, but not that of the three other native species. In the absence of Avena, microcatchments made inconsistent or little difference to the survival and biomass of the planted native seedlings.

5 Synthesis and applications. Reducing soil P will not be sufficient to promote species coexistence on old-fields because Avena remains competitive at low soil P. The combination of the land-use legacies, reduced native seed supply and the introduction of an invasive species that is a superior competitor regardless of P availability, all contribute to the persistence of this invasive species on old-fields in south-western Australia. The restoration of the historic ecosystem will require intense effort and there is a risk that planted communities will be prone to re-invasion


ABSTRACT:What is the legacy of Peoples Temple? Forty years after the events at Jonestown it seems that "Jonestown" has solidified itself as a landmark moment in American religious history. Jonestown has become synonymous with the problems of charismatic religious leadership and religious violence. Yet, the group who died at Jonestown, Peoples Temple, is largely unknown to people who reference the Jonestown murders/suicides. This article argues that revisiting Peoples Temple's goals of apostolic socialism and racial reconciliation offer important insights for understanding the group's legacy that can contribute insight into ways of solving ongoing social problems related to poverty and racial inequality in the United States.


The autonomic airway ganglia that comprise the intrinsic lung innervation are derived from vagal neural crest cells (NCC) that migrate tangentially from the foregut into the embryonic lung buds. The aim of this PhD thesis was to investigate the mechanisms that direct NCC from the foregut into the lungs and that subsequently influence their development. A novel combination of cell labelling, using Wnt1Cre:Rosa26YFP double transgenic reporter mice, and Optical Projection Tomography (OPT) imaging was employed to visualize lung innervation. Results showed that NCC migrated into the lungs from the esophagus early in development, accumulated around the epithelial tubules and differentiated into an extensive network of neurons and glial cells. Next, chick intraspecies grafting was used to test the developmental potential of lung and gut NCC. Results showed that when NCC from the gut were back-grafted into the early migration pathway these cells colonised both the lungs and gut, indicating that vagal NCC are not prespecified to colonise either organ and are thus likely to respond to common signalling cues. When potential cues were tested in organotypic lung culture, NCC migrated towards sources of the RET (Rearranged during Transfection) ligand GDNF (Glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor), suggesting that the RET signalling pathway is involved in NCC colonisation of the lung. However, examination of RET mutants indicated that this pathway is not necessary for NCC colonisation of the lung, since lung innervation in Ret-/- mouse embryos was similar to controls. Lung innervation was further examined in several mouse mutants with known NCC defects. Intrinsic ganglia formation was altered in Sox10Dom and Tbx1 mutant mouse lungs, implicating a role for vagal nerve projections in guiding NCC within the lung. Together these studies have described the development of intrinsic lung innervation in the avian and mammal and examined multiple mechanisms underlying NCC development within the lung.


The paper suggests that 17th-century writers sometimes thought about disciplines, methods, and concepts as skilful, in the sense that these objects and processes held information, were used as tools to aid discrimination (where their use might also be skilful), and were the aggregated experience of people with skill as well as the product of their activities. The paper also suggests that servants were thought about in a similar way. Drawing on range of printed texts and a series of 'ideal servant' emblems from the 16th to the 18th century – in which servant chimeras and cyborgs appear with limbs and heads replaced by animal parts and/or inanimate objects connected with domestic service – the paper asks: in what ways did these materials place servants placed in relation to skill, or make them part of an institution in which one might be skilled, or part of a practice susceptible to modification by skill? The paper concludes by looking closely at a 1682 print and argues that it articulates a similar sense of skill as that found in 17th-century written materials. The print – in which a servant holds the tools of high-status arts in which one might be skilled, but servants were not – occupies an intermediate position between the emblematic servant of the sixteenth to mid-seventeenth century (whose capacities and attributes are expressed by the conventional significance of animals and tools) and the joke automaton maidservant of the eighteenth and nineteenth (made out of the objects around which and through which the work of domestic service takes place – the composite servant-body figures the energy of the living servant that puts them in motion).


In Imagining Inclusive Society in Nineteenth-Century Novels, Pam Morris traces a dramatic transformation of British public consciousness that occurred between the Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867. This brief period saw a shift from a naturalized acceptance of social hierarchy to a general imagining of a modern mass culture. Central to this collective revisioning of social relations was the pressure to restyle political leadership in terms of popular legitimacy, to develop a more inclusive mode of discourse within an increasingly heterogeneous public sphere and to find new ways of inscribing social distinctions and exclusions. Morris argues that in the transformed public sphere of mid-nineteenth-century Britain, the urbane code of civility collapsed under the strain of the conflicting interests that constitute mass society. It was replaced by a "code of sincerity," often manipulative and always ideological in that its inclusiveness was based upon a formally egalitarian assumption of mutual interiorities. The irresistible movement toward mass politics shifted the location of power into the public domain. Increasingly, national leaders sought to gain legitimacy by projecting a performance of charismatic "sincerity" as a flattering and insinuating mode of address to mass audiences. Yet, by the latter decades of the century, while the code of sincerity continued to dominate popular and political culture, traditional political and intellectual elites were reinscribing social distinctions and exclusions. They did so both culturally-by articulating sensibility as skepticism, irony, and aestheticism-and scientifically-by introducing evolutionist notions of sensibility and attaching these to a rigorous disciplinary code of bodily visuality. Through an intensive, intertextual reading of six key novels (Bronte's Shirley, Thackeray's Henry Esmond, Dickens's Bleak House and Our Mutual Friend, Gaskell's North and South, and Eliot's Romola) and an array of Victorian periodicals and political essays, Morris analyzes just how actively novelists engaged in these social transformations. Drawing on a wide range of literary, cultural, and historical thinkers-Jurgen Habermas, Michel Foucault, Benedict Anderson, Mary Poovey, and Charles Tilly-Morris makes an original and highly sophisticated contribution to our understanding of the complex and always contested processes of imagining social inclusiveness.


Abstract. New particle formation driven by acid–base chemistry was initiated in the CLOUD chamber at CERN by introducing atmospherically relevant levels of gas-phase sulfuric acid and dimethylamine (DMA). Ammonia was also present in the chamber as a gas-phase contaminant from earlier experiments. The composition of particles with volume median diameters (VMDs) as small as 10 nm was measured by the Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS). Particulate ammonium-to-dimethylaminium ratios were higher than the gas-phase ammonia-to-DMA ratios, suggesting preferential uptake of ammonia over DMA for the collected 10–30 nm VMD particles. This behavior is not consistent with present nanoparticle physicochemical models, which predict a higher dimethylaminium fraction when NH3 and DMA are present at similar gas-phase concentrations. Despite the presence in the gas phase of at least 100 times higher base concentrations than sulfuric acid, the recently formed particles always had measured base : acid ratios lower than 1 : 1. The lowest base fractions were found in particles below 15 nm VMD, with a strong size-dependent composition gradient. The reasons for the very acidic composition remain uncertain, but a plausible explanation is that the particles did not reach thermodynamic equilibrium with respect to the bases due to rapid heterogeneous conversion of SO2 to sulfate. These results indicate that sulfuric acid does not require stabilization by ammonium or dimethylaminium as acid–base pairs in particles as small as 10 nm.


The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic activity and additional pharmacological properties of [3,4-d]piridazine derivatives and the explanation of their mechanism of action. On the basis of the results of preliminary studies ('writhing' and 'hot plate' test) seven structures from the group of fifteen compounds were selected for further studies. In these studies, tested compounds showed a significant antinociceptive effect in animal models of pain induced by formalin, capsaicin and glutamic acid. They also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan and zymosan A induced animal models of acute inflammation. Investigated compounds are characterized by a wide therapeutic index. They also proved to be safe in terms of cardiovascular effects (no influence on QTC interval). In subsequent studies, including experiments on isolated organs, radioligand assays, biochemical and behavioral tests, it was demonstrated that analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of the investigated structures is largely due to their antihistaminic activity, the phosphodiesterase inhibition and additional mechanisms. In the case of the compound TZ 64 the interaction with 5-HT1A receptor is important, whereas for several other compounds weak α-adrenoreceptor blocking properties, weak antagonism to 5-HT3 receptor or antioxidant activity cannot be excluded.


To further the potential for applied personality studies, we present a methodology for assessing personality in nonhu- man animals without a priori assumptions, using behavioral measures to discriminate personality survey results. Our study group consisted of 12 free-ranging, provisioned, adult Tibetan macaques Macaca thibetana at the Valley of the Wild Monkeys, China. We asked familiar Chinese park guards and scientists to rate each of the 12 macaques using 27-item personality surveys. We also recorded behavioral observations (> 100 hrs) from August-September, 2012. The personality surveys showed reliability in 22 of the items that were then utilized in a principal component analysis that revealed five components: Insecurity, Reactivity, Boldness, Sociability, and Leadership. Prior personality research on Macaca show comparable components. In order to determine which behaviors would best predict those five personality components, we conducted discriminant analyses using behavioral measures as predictors. We found that behavioral measures of avoidance, lunging, fear-grinning, self-directed behaviors, touching, proximity and chasing could significantly predict personality component scores in certain situations. Finally, we analyzed the effects of sit- uation (provisioning and tourists) and found situation influenced proximity and rates of avoidance and self-directed behaviors. Wider implementation of this methodology may permit long-term analysis of personality using behavioral proxies for established personality traits, in particular on research investigating the effects of tourism and provisioning on personality (Current Zoology 60 (3): 362-372, 2014).


We performed petrographic, cathodoluminescence, electron-microprobe, and isotopic analyses of brachiopod shells from the Permian Kapp Starostin Formation in West Spitsbergen to reevaluate the >9‰ negative shift in δ13C and δ18O values reported in 1989 by M. Gruszczynski, S. Halas, A. Hoffman, and K. Malkowski. The δ13C and δ18O values within shells typically decrease with increasing luminescence, indicating diagenesis. Nonluminescent (NL) shell δ13C and δ18O values are 4.3‰ and 6.2‰ higher, respectively, than those of associated cements and matrix. For the same stratigraphic interval, δ13C and δ18O values of the NL shells are equal to, or substantially greater than, those reported by Gruszczynski et al. For the interval where those authors saw a 10‰ δ13C shift, our mostly NL Spiriferella polaris shells only yield a 1.5‰ shift. Gruszczynski et al. reported a 9‰ δ18O shift, whereas we observe almost none. Our results strongly suggest that the >9‰ isotopic shifts reported in Gruszczynski et al. are diagenetic artifacts. On the other hand, their Kazanian-Tatarian δ13C maximum of 7.5‰ is substantiated by our data. This Late Permian 13C maximum represents the highest spiriferid brachiopod δ13C values in the Phanerozoic and, within stratigraphic uncertainty, correlates with the whole-rock δ13C maximum in East Greenland and northwestern Europe. The δ13C shift may reflect changes in global storage of organic carbon indicated by coal-volume changes in the Late Permian.


A CD-ROM brief is an electronic version of a paper brief stored on a compact disk with read-only memory. The CD-ROM (compact disk, read only memory) contains the briefs, authorities cited in the briefs, and the entire appellate record. It may be viewed without the necessity of any special programs or equipment other than standard computer equipment with a CD-ROM drive. A brief on CD-ROM will look identical to the original paper brief on the computer screen or if printed from the CD-ROM. Where the CD-ROM has enhanced features and differs dramatically from the paper brief is its ability to hyperlink by a click of the mouse to all the record and case citations, making the access to that information much easier. Since the first CD-ROM brief filing in 1997, the use of CD-ROM briefs has become more pervasive and is continuing to rise. This certainly will increase in the coming years. Recent high-profile appeals using CD-ROM briefs include Microsoft's antitrust litigation in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and the Oklahoma City bombing trial in the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit. The 11th Circuit also has used CD-ROM briefs in both the Bush election recount and the Elian Gonzalez cases. Advancements in technology have driven down the cost of preparing CD-ROM briefs. Even those cases where the damages in issue are relatively low are now good candidates for CD-ROM briefs, given the advantages they offer to the court and parties. CAPABILITIES The CD-ROM brief contains hyperlinks throughout the brief that are connected to the complete record and the legal authorities. This allows the user to jump instantly to specific documents or authorities. The use of hyperlinking eases access to the record and authorities. For example, suppose the reader of the CD-ROM sees on the computer screen a proposition followed by a case authority. To find, access and review that authority, the reader need only double-click on the citation, which will be underlined, with the mouse, which then pulls up that authority. Readers can review the authority and print it, if they want to do so. When finished reviewing the authority, the CD-ROM user can "backtrack" to the point in the brief where the reader first examined the proposition, and then continue reading the brief. A CD-ROM brief also can contain secondary links, which are additional hyperlinks contained within the cited material. For example, if the brief cites to the testimony of a witness, the reader can hyperlink to the particular testimony. If within that testimony the witness refers to an exhibit, a secondary link can be added to the exhibit so that the reader can click on the secondary link in the reporter's record testimony and go directly to the exhibit about which the witness is testifying. Another capability of the CD-ROM brief is the display of video and audio testimony. For instance, in a particular appeal there might be critical testimony from a video deposition that was offered at trial. Rather than just reading what the deponent said, with a CD-ROM the user can click on the hyperlink and pull up the actual video of the individual. A case also might have a particularly relevant video as an exhibit--for example, a videotape of an accident at issue in the case or a video tape created by an expert. The appellate court would be able watch the video without having to find a video player and television monitor to watch the videotape. Finally, the CD-ROM has a toolbar carrying useful items to annotate the CD-ROM brief. For example, the reader can highlight portions of the electronic brief with a highlighter or add notes to portions of the CD-ROM brief. The reader has the ability to print and review just the highlights or notes or print a copy of the brief with the user's highlights or notes. DATA STORAGE The CD-ROM disk, with a four-inch diameter, has the capacity to store up to 80,000 images of non-electronic--that is, scanned--documents or 150,000 pages of electronic text, such as briefing and the reporter's record, if electronic. …


Purpose: As a cyclin-independent atypical CDK, the role of CDK5 in regulating cell proliferation in gastric cancer remains unknown. Experimental Design: Expression of CDK5 in gastric tumor and paired adjacent noncancerous tissues from 437 patients was measured by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and real-time PCR. The subcellular translocation of CDK5 was monitored during gastric cancer cell proliferation. The role of nuclear CDK5 in gastric cancer tumorigenic proliferation and ex vivo xenografts was explored. Furthermore, by screening for compounds in the PubChem database that disrupt CDK5 association with its nuclear export facilitator, we identified a small molecular (NS-0011) that inhibits gastric cancer cell growth. Results: CDK5 level was significantly decreased in the majority of gastric tumor tissues, and the reduction of CDK5 correlated with the severity of gastric cancer based on tumor and lymph node metastasis and patient 5-year fatality rate. Nuclear localization of CDK5 was found to be significantly decreased in tumor tissues and gastric cancer cell lines, whereas exogenously expression of nucleus-targeted CDK5 inhibited the proliferation and xenograft implantation of gastric cancer cells. Treatment with the small molecule NS-0011, which increases CDK5 accumulation in the nucleus, suppressed both cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumorigenesis. Conclusions: Our results suggest that low CDK5 expression is associated with poor overall survival in patients with gastric cancer, and nuclear accumulation of CDK5 inhibits the proliferation and tumorigenicity of human gastric cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res; 21(6); 1419–28. ©2015 AACR.


Introduction In 1997, a new German Web-based patient information system (www.therapie.net) was developed. As a knowledge base, systematic reviews of the effectiveness of health technologies were used. Widely accepted and additional features were introduced into the system in order to gain a high quality product. Methods At the start of the project, text-based patient information was simply converted into HTML format. In the next step, the HON Code principles for medical and health Web sites were implemented. Although the resulting Web pages followed these principles, they were not very user friendly. To improve this deficit all the information available in the system was restructured into main information units. These units determined the basic structure of the information system. Furthermore, the original patient information texts were structured into several divisions and subdivisions, say information levels. This process resulted in a large number of clear text-blocks, each of which showed a branched text navigation bar as well as the content itself. Results Merging different solutions for user interfaces and web design, the system was developed on the basis of the frame technique. The implementation of frames facilitates a constant system environment. A system navigation bar is throughout present at the top of the page. It allows the direct and quick access of a specific part of the system -- e.g. introduction, topics, contact, glossary, imprint. Accessing a specific topic, a text navigation bar appears in a left frame. The navigation bars allow the direct selection of the needed information and give a clear message about the user's location in the information space. The different text blocks and system parts are connected through hyperlinks. To avoid confusion, while the user is following such links, another smaller browser window is opened where appropriate. Thus, for example, if a user comes upon a medical term, which is described in the glossary, he can just click on the word and read its description in the smaller window without leaving the original text. Discussion A lot of patient information sites in the World Wide Web seem to show a good quality of content, but are lacking user friendliness, and vice versa. To combine these two features, we introduced the widely accepted quality principles of the HON code and developed some own principles, which we presumed to meet the user's needs. However, the techniques and possibilities of the web are changing and developing rapidly. Consequently, all providers of web-based patient information will have to be in pace with this development to ensure the high quality of their products. An online survey (starting in May 1999) will be used to evaluate the quality of our approach.


Photography played a critical role in conceptual art of the 1960s and 1970s, as artists turned to photography as both medium and subject matter. Light Years offers the first major survey of the key artists of this period who used photography to new and inventive ends. Whereas some employed photographic images to create slide projections, photographic canvases, and artists' books, others integrated them into sculptural assemblages and multimedia installations. This book highlights the work of acclaimed international artists such as Vito Acconci, John Baldessari, Mel Bochner, Sol LeWitt, Bruce Nauman, Giuseppe Penone, and Ed Ruscha. Matthew Witkovsky's essay provides the larger context for photography within conceptual art, a theme that is further elaborated in texts by Mark Godfrey, Anne Rorimer, and Joshua Shannon. An essay by Robin Kelsey focuses on the pioneering work of John Baldessari in which he explored the element of chance, and an essay by Giuliano Sergio illuminates the lesser-known work of Arte Povera, an Italian movement that sought to dismantle established conventions in both the making and presentation of art.


Bone transport, along with allied techniques of compression distraction, offer exciting new treatment alternatives for the difficult problem of segmental bone loss from acute trauma. Many factors must be considered before indicating these treatment methods, because it is clear that many of the problems that existed with more conventional methods also exist with these techniques. The indications for amputation vs. limb salvage must always be considered in these severe injuries. In less severe injuries with minimal bone loss and soft-tissue injury exposing well-vascularized segments of bone, traditional methods of stabilization, soft-tissue coverage, and grafting lead to more rapid healing times and return to function for patients. These techniques are reserved for the most severe type of injuries for which treatment times are long and complications not infrequent. Therefore, methods to speed treatment, avoid complications, and increase patient acceptance should be actively sought. The great advantage of these techniques is that the vast majority of the reconstruction is done on the injured limb segment, with minimal need for extensive donor-site defects.


BACKGROUND Patient blood management (PBM) can prevent preoperative anaemia, but little is known about practice in Europe. OBJECTIVE To assess the pre and postoperative prevalence and perioperative management of anaemia in patients undergoing elective orthopaedic surgery in Europe. DESIGN An observational study; data were collected from patient records via electronic case report forms. SETTING Seventeen centres in six European countries. Centres were stratified according to whether they had a PBM programme or not. PATIENTS One thousand five hundred and thirty-four patients undergoing major elective hip, knee or spine surgery [49.9% hip, 37.2% knee, 13.0% spine; age 64.0 years (range 18 to 80), 61.3% female]. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Prevalence of preoperative (primary endpoint) and postoperative anaemia [haemoglobin (Hb) <13 g dl−1 (male), Hb <12 g dl−1 (female)], perioperative anaemia management, time to first blood transfusion and number of transfused units. Data are shown as mean (SD) or median (interquartile range). RESULTS Anaemia prevalence increased from 14.1% preoperatively to 85.8% postoperatively. Mean Hb decrease was 1.9 (1.5) and 3.0 (1.3) g dl−1 in preoperatively anaemic and nonanaemic patients, respectively (P < 0.001). In PBM (n = 7) vs. non-PBM centres, preoperative anaemia was less frequent (8.0 vs. 18.5%; P < 0.001) and iron status was assessed more frequently (ferritin 11.0 vs. 2.6%, transferrin saturation 11.0 vs. 0.1%; P < 0.001). Perioperative anaemia correction (mainly transfusion) was given to 34.3%. Intraoperatively, 14.8% of preoperatively anaemic and 2.8% of nonanaemic patients received transfusions [units per patient: 2.4 (1.5) and 2.2 (1.4), median time to first intraoperative transfusion: 130 (88, 158) vs. 179 (135, 256) min; P < 0.001]. Postoperative complications were more frequent in preoperatively anaemic vs. nonanaemic patients (36.9 vs. 22.2%; P = 0.009). CONCLUSION Most patients who underwent elective orthopaedic surgery had normal preoperative Hb levels but became anaemic after the procedure. Those who were anaemic prior to surgery had an increased intraoperative transfusion risk and postoperative complication rate. PBM measures such as iron status assessment and strategies to avoid transfusion are still underused in Europe.


Children's social information processing (SIP) encompasses cognitive and behavioral sequence that underlies social responses. SIP in peer interactions is well studied. Less is known about SIP in mother-child interchanges. Youth who show one SIP pattern a hostile attribution of intent (HAI) bias—in peer interactions consistently exhibit externalizing symptoms. This relationship is less consistently observed for HAI biases toward mothers. I hypothesized that this inconsistent association reflects moderating factors; specifically, engaging in foundational parenting practices (monitoring/supervision, consistent discipline) would weaken the relationship between HAI biases toward mothers and externalizing behaviors. Logistic regression yielded limited support for hypotheses. Consistent discipline predicted externalizing behaviors in some contexts; however, moderator effects were not detected. Isolated parenting practices thus may not buffer against the risk of externalizing behaviors linked to HAI biases toward mothers. Future research might examine how different HAI biases (peer, mother, etc.) related to each other and outcome variables. INDEX WORDS: Children, Social information processing, Monitoring, Consistent discipline, Hostile attribution of intent biases, Parenting, Aggression, Rule-breaking HOSTILE ATTRIBUTION BIASES AND EXTERNALIZING BEHAVIORS: THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING PRACTICES