PURPOSE
Research studies have demonstrated the need for and the ability of dental hygienists to provide local anesthetics for pain control and reduction of patient anxiety. Although two-thirds of state dental practice laws allow these services to be performed by dental hygienists, controversy exists between organized dentistry and dental hygiene regarding the administration of local anesthetics by dental hygienists. Some dentists believe the quality of care would be compromised and patient safety jeopardized because dental hygienists do not have adequate background knowledge to prevent complications and recognize emergencies caused by anesthetics. The purpose of this study was to collect quantitative data addressing safety when dental hygienists administer local anesthetics.

RESULTS
Eighteen responses were received, for a response rate of 69%. These data showed, over a 10-year period, no reports of disciplinary actions against dental hygienists for the administration of local anesthetics.

CONCLUSION
This study affirmed public safety, which should be helpful to states considering statutes to allow the administration of local anesthetics by dental hygienists. Results suggest that properly educated dental hygienists in the states surveyed have administered local anesthetics to patients without harm.


ABSTRACT Objective/Background This pilot study explored the efficacy of a novel forehead cooling device for perceived sleep difficulties and hot flashes in menopausal-age women. Participants 20 women (55.1 ± 4.2 years; 19 post-menopausal) with insomnia symptoms and self-reported two or more hot flashes per day. Methods Participants completed daily assessments of sleep and hot flashes (via diaries) across 1 baseline week and 4 weeks of open-label, in-home, nightly treatment with a forehead cooling device (15–18°C) along with sleep hygiene instructions. They also completed ratings of insomnia and menopausal symptoms using standardized questionnaires. Results Women reported reductions in sleep onset latency (SOL), wakefulness after sleep onset (WASO), and nocturnal hot flash severity during the first week of treatment (SOL: 25.7 ± 18.4 min; WASO: 36.3 ± 27.3 min; hot flash severity: 3.0 ± 2.8) compared with baseline (SOL: 38 ± 26.3 min; WASO: 52.2 ± 35.6 min; hot flash severity: 6.8 ± 3.7), with further improvements after 2–4 weeks of use (p < .001). There were also clinically meaningful reductions in insomnia severity and hot flash-related daily interference and lower psychological and physical symptom scores on the Greene climacteric scale after treatment (all p's<0.001). Conclusions This exploratory, naturalistic, pilot study shows that nightly use of a forehead cooling device produces improvements in self-reported sleep and reductions in insomnia, hot flash, and other menopausal, symptoms. Controlled studies are warranted to determine the role of this therapy in the management of sleep difficulties and menopausal symptoms in women. Further mechanistic studies are needed to understand the physiological impact of forehead cooling on sleep and menopausal symptoms.


Abstract Is public support for redistribution affected by the number of people experiencing economic strain in a country? This question is investigated by comparing twenty-eight countries in the fourth round of the European Social Survey 2008–09 using two-level linear regression models. The results show that individuals reporting economic strain support redistribution more strongly than those who do not experience economic strain. Further, individuals living in countries where many other people report economic strain also support redistribution more strongly than individuals living in countries with less economic strain. The latter correlation is not explained by objective measures of the economic situation such as household income or the income dispersal of the country. The country-level effect of economic strain holds for all income levels. It is largely driven by a tendency to strongly believe in redistribution when living in countries of widespread economic strain. The results indicate that governments would receive more rather than less public support for redistributive policies during periods of economic strain.


This article examines the academic historiography on the Jewish Workers' Bund produced by Israeli and Zionist scholars. While the contribution of Israeli scholars to the historiography on the Bund has been significant in both quantity and quality, their works have had to grapple with the tension between the goals of Zionist historiography and the Bund's political and ideological commitments, namely the party's radical opposition to nationalism in general and to Zionism in particular. To various degrees, Israeli scholars sought to "nationalise" the Yiddish-speaking labour movement in Eastern Europe and incorporate it into a coherent narrative of the Jews' past as an "organic" nation. As a result of their authors' ideological and methodological preconceptions, and by portraying it as a nationalist movement, these works often misrepresent the Bund's ideas, policies and activities.


The treatment of respiratory infections is often empiric, necessitating the use of agents with a broad range of antimicrobial activity. The fluoroquinolones, having activity against common respiratory pathogens, fit this description. New fluoroquinolones have been developed in an attempt to improve the in vitro activity against a wide variety of respiratory tract pathogens. The objective of the study is to compare in vitro activity of newest fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, with levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin using three major respiratory pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of four fluoroquinolones were tested against 93 S pneumoniae, 62 H influenzae and 60 M catarrhalis, ie 215 isolates by the E-test method. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS)-approved interpretive criteria were used throughout. All isolates were susceptible to the tested fluoro-quinolones. Ninety per cent of S pneumoniae strains were inhibited by ciprofloxacin at concentrations of 2 mg/L. The gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin MICs were lower than the ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin MICs against S pneumoniae. In contrast to S pneumoniae, in vitro activities of gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin offered no apparent advantages over ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin for H influenzae and M catarrhalis. La Actividad in Vitro de las Fluorquinolonas Contra los Patógenos Respiratorios S Aydemir1, A Tunger1, F Cilli1


This research essay will be situated within the throat singing traditions of the Inuit First Nations people of Canada. As both Paula Conlon's entry in the Grove Music Refernce and Elaine Keillor's book describe, Inuit throat singing began as a tradition for women and children to play as a game for when the men are away hunting. This tradition has evolved into quite a complex art form as Claude Charron describes in "Toward Transcription and Analysis of Inuit Throat-Games: Microstructure". In 2005, Inuk throat singer Tanya Tagaq released her first album which began her career of a solo throat singer with immense success. This research aims to explore and unpack the Canadian First Nations relations through Tagaq's music. Stephanie Stèvance discusses how Tagaq's virtuosic solo technique has advanced Inuit throat singing into higher regard in the art spheres of popular Canadian culture. Using recent album reviews and newspaper articles, this essay will explore the first nations relations in Canada through the Inuk "superstar" Tanya Tagaq.


Nowadays, due to excessive queuing, Internet delays grow sometimes as large as the propagation delay from moon to earth - for which the bufferbloat term was recently coined. Some points to active queue management (AQM) as its solution, others propose end-to-end congestion control techniques - like BitTorrent that recently replaced TCP with the LEDBAT transport protocol. In this demo, we implement a methodology to monitor the upstream queuing delay experienced by remote hosts, both those using LEDBAT, through LEDBAT's native one-way delay measurements, and those using TCP, through the timestamp option. By actively taking part into torrent downloads as leechers, our software is able to infer (and visualize) the amount of access delay suffered by the remote peers.


The objectives of this study were to compare the behaviors, postures, and heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratios (H:L) of laying hens housed in a cage system when offered a Ca premolt treatment and low-energy molt diets vs. a traditional feed withdrawal (FW) treatment during and after molt. A total of 144 Hy-Line W-36 hens (85 wk of age), housed 3 hens/cage (413 cm(2)/hen), were used. Hens were allotted to treatments according to a randomized complete block design, with the cage location and initial BW as the blocking criteria. Six treatments were compared in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with 2 Ca premolt treatments (fine or coarse) and 3 low-energy molt diets (FW, soybean hulls, or wheat middlings). The 2 Ca premolt treatments differed only in Ca particle size (fine was 0.14 mm and coarse was 2.27 mm mean diameter). Two postures and 5 behaviors were recorded and H:L was measured. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS, with P < 0.05 considered significant. There were no differences in behaviors, postures, or H:L during the premolt baseline period. The Ca premolt treatment had no carryover effects during or after molt for behaviors or postures. During molt, hens in the FW treatment were more active, and they ate and drank less compared with hens fed soybean hulls or wheat middlings, but there were no differences in aggression, nonnutritive pecking, or sitting. Drinking and aggression during and after molt were not different, but hens postmolt engaged in more sitting and feeding and less activity, nonnutritive pecking, and preening compared with during molt. There were no differences in H:L during or after molt. In conclusion, a Ca premolt treatment did not affect the behavior of the laying hen. The low-energy molt diets did not adversely affect behavior compared with FW and did not increase H:L; therefore, they could be useful alternatives for inducing molt in laying hens.


In this paper we describe insights for theories of natural intelligence that arise from recent advances in architectures for robot intelligence. In particular we advocate a sketch theory for the study of both natural and artificial intelligence that consists of a set of constraints on architectures. The sketch includes the use of multiple shared workspaces, parallel asynchronous refinement of shared representations, statistical integration of evidence within and across modalities, massively parallel prediction and content addressable memory to allow binding across workspaces.


Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy (DN) but outcomes of many clinical trials are controversial. To define the role of antioxidants in kidney protection during the development of diabetic nephropathy, we have generated a novel genetic antioxidant mouse model with over- or under-expression of lipoic acid synthase gene (Lias). These models have been mated with Ins2Akita/+ mice, a type I diabetic mouse model. We compare the major pathologic changes and oxidative stress status in two new strains of the mice with controls. Our results show that Ins2Akita/+ mice with under-expressed Lias gene, exhibit higher oxidative stress and more severe DN features (albuminuria, glomerular basement membrane thickening and mesangial matrix expansion). In contrast, Ins2Akita/+ mice with highly-expressed Lias gene display lower oxidative stress and less DN pathologic changes. Our study demonstrates that strengthening endogenous antioxidant capacity could be an effective strategy for prevention and treatment of DN.


Background: Cleft Lip (CL) and Cleft Palate (CP) are one of the most common and immediately recognizable craniofacial malformations worldwide, forming the fourth most common congenital anomalies among newborns. Current research evidence suggests that cleft lip/palate CL/CP is caused by a combination of both environmental and genetic risk factors. CL is repaired at 3 months of age in most centers, including the one used for the study, Al-Babtain Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, where the infant is of an appropriate size and weight. Cleft palate (CP) is repaired at a later time, often between 9 and 12 months of age. The country of Kuwait was the focus of this research study, where the mean incidence of CL at the time was established to be 1.48 per 1,000 births. The incidence of CL/CP confers significant financial burden and psychological pressure on patients' families. A survey was conducted to assess levels of public knowledge and awareness regarding CP and CL, its management and associated risk factors. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional survey of CL +/- CP patients (CL(P)) under the age of 8 who have undergone CL surgical repair between the ages of 3 and 6 months during 2010 until 2017, at Al-Babtain Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery in Kuwait. All participants have received full orthodontic treatment prior to undergoing CL surgical repair. A total of 261 participants were surveyed. The response rate was 38% (100/261). The survey was of an open-ended nature. Results were tabulated according to preconceived questions and later expressed as percentages. Results: More than half of the participants (54/100) have not heard of CL/CP prior to having an affected child. Quarter of parents (25/100) felt it was appropriate to have CL surgically repaired between the ages of 1 and 3 months; more than half of parents (63/100) felt it was best to operate between the ages of 3 and 6 months; and only 12% of parents (12/100) thought it was best to operate between the ages of 6 and 12 month. Almost all patients (91/100) were satisfied with the aesthetic outcome of CL surgery. More than three-quarter of parents (81/100) demonstrated an understanding for the need for feeding support via specialized feeding bottles and correct positioning whilst feeding a child affected with an orofacial cleft. 82% of patients (82/100) were actively engaged in post-operative follow-up. Over half of the participants (54/100) were aware that their children may require subsequent operations to CL repair as part of CL sequelae treatment, whilst 37% of parents (37/100) felt that CL was a heritable condition that could be passed onto offspring. Conclusion: The present survey showcased key knowledge gaps about CL/CP amongst caregivers, limiting the standard of care to CL patients. Such limitation could be addressed by media campaigns aimed at increasing public awareness of orofacial clefts. This could be delivered via conventional routes such as: television; radio; billboards; and leaflets, or through social media, a more contemporary platform with a high adoption rate amongst teenagers in Kuwait. The establishment of specialized antenatal cleft clinics could overcome any uncertainty amongst caregivers, thus raising the general level of orofacial cleft awareness.


The financial impact of the rising number of pediatric mental health hospitalizations is unknown. Therefore, this study assessed costs, reimbursements, and net profits or losses for 111,705 mental health and non-mental health medical hospitalizations in children's hospitals with use of the Pediatric Health Information System and Revenue Management Program. Average financial margins were calculated as (reimbursement per day) - (cost per day), and they were lowest for mental health hospitalizations ($136/day), next lowest for suicide attempt ($518/day), and highest for other medical hospitalizations ($611/day). For 10 of 17 hospitals, margin per day for mental health hospitalizations was lower than margin per day for other medical hospitalizations. For these 10 hospitals, the total net loss for inpatient and observation status mental health hospitalizations, compared with other medical hospitalizations, was $27 million (median, $2.2 million per hospital). Financial margins were usually lower for mental health vs non-mental health medical hospitalizations.


In the past few years the long-held concern with animal welfare in Britain has combined with an increased insterest in professional ethics. The book is the product of this concern, filling a gap in publications in both the UK and the US. There is evidence of the highest ethical obligations being placed on veterinarians; for example, The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons' declaration for joining members and their Guide to Professional Conduct. This book will give veterinarians a starting point to frame clear opinions on how to deal with the ethical dilemmas they face each day.


Parallelism, as it applies to accessorial liability, mandates that the accessory's fault element be the same as that of the principal. By the second half of the 20th century, parallelism had been rejected and replaced by the requirement that the Crown must prove that the accessory had knowledge of the "essential matters" that renders the principal's conduct unlawful, even in circumstances where the principal's knowledge of the essential matters does not have to be proven. The High Court's decision of Tabe, however, has breathed life back into the parallelism principle by applying it in the context of Drugs Misuse Act 1986 (Qld). The effect of the decision is that an accessory to the possession of a dangerous drug can be convicted without proof that he/she knew that the principal possessed a thing that was or was likely to be a dangerous drug. This article analyses the demise of parallelism, and its subsequent reinvigoration and argues that it should have been left in the pages of legal history.


Fighting a long history of beach-destroying structures and man-made inlets, coastal engineers are finding that the answer to beach erosion lies in a deeper understanding of its dynamic process. It has been said that it is much easier to send a spaceship to the moon than build a coastal structure, says Bill Baird, a coastal engineer in Ottawa, Canada. For a beach erosion problem, there is never a simple solution. Today, those who approach the problem have many factions to consider—property owners, business developers, federal and local regulations and, of course, the fragile ecosystem of the coasts. Protecting and restructuring the coasts requires a multi-disciplinary effort, and, as many engineers admit, the science is complex and the regulations are few and hard to enforce. Property owners naturally have a vested interest in the preservation of their beaches, but many argue that the worldwide popularity of our nation's shores compels the federal government to further invest in beach protection and restoration. They point to the numbers. In the December 1995 CERCular, a newsletter from the Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC), James Houston, CERC's director, wrote that travel and tourism is the largest industry in the U.S., contributing $746 billion to the country's gross domestic product. Coastal states earn 85% of all tourist revenues, mostly because of the attraction to the beaches. Miami Beach, Fla., for example, takes in over twice as many tourists annually as Yellowstone National Park, the Grand Canyon and Yosemite National Park combined. Today, coastal engineers recognize erosion's unpredictability and have committed themselves to acquiring a deeper understanding of the shore system. The knowledge they seek is not just for building new structures that control erosion, but also to ammend structures that have undermined that natural flow of the sand and the ecosystem of the beach. The complicated interaction between waves and the shore has challenged many a computer model, and frustrated practically every engineer trying to master it. But recent advances in monitoring and modeling by the Army Corps of Engineers promise to deliver more information about coastal processes. Though 90% of the Corps' shore protection dollars go toward beach nourishment projects, innovative designs of coastal structures might also put coastal engineers a few steps closer to balancing the human need for beaches with the ocean's pull on the sand.


Using German linked employer-employee data this paper investigates the gender wage gap at the time of entering the labour market and its development during workers' early career. The analysis contributes to the existing research on gender wage differentials among young workers by providing evidence on the impact of women's disproportionate concentration in lower-paying industries, occupations, establishments and job-cells, i.e. occupations within establishments. The estimation results reveal that all types of segregation and particularly job-cell segregation are significant determinants of the gender wage gap, while skill endowments and differences in work histories are found to be of minor importance. At the time of labour market entry women's wage disadvantages can almost entirely be explained by the fact that they start their working career in lower-paying occupations and establishments. With progressing labour market experience, however, gender segregation becomes less important and cannot fully account for a slight widening of the wage differential among young men and women. Therefore, part of the early career wage gap remains unexplained.


The overall aim in the development of the Local Ecological Footprinting Tool (LEFT) was to design a web‐based tool that could provide quickly obtained quantitative data on ecological risk to assist landowners when making land‐use change decisions. The Local Ecological Footprinting Tool works for almost any region in the world and uses freely available satellite imagery, biotic and abiotic data from existing global databases, models and algorithms to deliver a customised report for a selected area within one hour of job submission. Biotic data automatically obtained for a selected landscape includes terrestrial vertebrate and plant species occurrence data, information on their conservation status and remotely sensed vegetation productivity. Abiotic information obtained includes temperature, precipitation, water availability, insolation, topography, elevation, distribution of urban infrastructure and location of wetlands. The tool performs a number of analyses on the biotic and abiotic data to produce maps for the selected area at a 30 m resolution depicting land cover type, numbers of globally threatened terrestrial vertebrate and plant species, beta‐diversity of terrestrial vertebrates and plants, habitat intactness, wetland habitat connectivity, numbers of migratory species and vegetation resilience. Results are also aggregated to produce a summary map demonstrating areas of high and low ecological risk across the selected area. The Local Ecological Footprinting Tool has been designed to be intuitive to use, requiring no specialised software or user expertise. Input is extremely easy and requires the user to highlight the area of interest on a map or using grid co‐ordinates. Output is delivered via the web application and comprises a customised PDF containing the maps and a zip file of geographical information system (GIS) data for the area requested. Users may run an unlimited number of LEFT analyses and download reports free of charge. In addition to the free tool described in this paper, there is also a paid service: individual LEFT analyses can be upgraded for a charge to allow access to the geographically subsetted datasets generated for each report. These data are supplied as a zip file containing raster datasets for the layers in the LEFT analysis in GeoTIFF format. These can be opened and queried in a GIS software package.


We obtain three stationary axially symmetric solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations for rigidly rotating charged dust in a force–free electromagnetic field. The first solution, expressed in terms of Bessel functions of the first and second kind and hyperbolic functions, is not discussed beyond the derivation of one of the metric functions, because it already exists in the literature in a number of different situations. The other two solutions do not seem to exist in the literature. The second one is expressed in terms of modified Bessel functions of the first and second kind and circular functions. We obtain all the metric tensor components and electromagnetic 4–potential as well as the mass and charge densities for particular values of the arbitrary constants involved, but we do not discuss it beyond this point. The third solution is based on four arbitrary constants and different combinations of their values and of relations between them give rise to a number of different space–times, some of which are known solutions, but some are not. The cylindrically symmetric space–time of Som & Raychaudhuri is a particular case of this solution. A stationary axially symmetric space–time, which is a new solution for rotating neutral dust, is another and the interior van Stockum solution is a particular case of this. A number of interesting properties of the solution are pointed out.


Today, indoor mold and moisture, and their associated health effects, are a society-wide problem. The economic consequences of indoor mold and moisture are enormous. Their global dimension has been emphasized in several recent international publications, stressing that the most important means for avoiding adverse health effects is the prevention (or minimization) of persistent dampness and microbial growth on interior surfaces and in building structures. This book aims to describe the fundamentals of indoor mold growth as a prerequisite to tackle mold growth in the existing building stock as well as in future energy efficient buildings. It brings together different disciplinary points of view on indoor mold, ranging from physics and material science to microbiology and health sciences. The contents have been outlined according to three main issues: Fundamentals, particularly addressing the crucial roles of water and materials, Health, including a state-of-the-art description of the health-related effects of indoor molds, and Strategies, integrating remediation, prevention and policies.


The Intergenerational Justice Review is a peer-reviewed English language journal, reflecting the current state of research on intergenerational justice. The IGJR publishes articles from humanities, social sciences, and international law. The journal is released biannually and employs a double-blind peer review process. Its editorial board consists of about 50 internationally renowned experts from ten different countries. IGJR is indexed under Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ). The topic of issue 1/2020 ( which is planned to be the first part of a double issue) will be "Housing crisis: How can we improve the situation for young people?" We welcome submissions to the issue 1/2020 that analyse the housing situation of the young generation. Topic outline In many European countries, and especially in large cities and university towns, affordable housing is a pressing and sometimes explosive issue. In the debate about such questions as home ownership or rent increase caps (Mietpreisbremse – German: rent brakes), the intergenerational perspective is often forgotten. But different generations are affected in noticeably different ways. Rising rent and purchase prices and the failure of housing construction programmes make it ever more difficult for young people to access the housing market. The quality of housing is a key factor in living standards and wellbeing, as well as an integral element of social integration, yet in 2014 a total of 7.8% of young people in the European Union (aged between 15 and 29) were in severe housing need, 25.7% of the young people in the EU lived in overcrowded households, and 13.6% lived in households that spent 40% or more of their equivalised disposable income on housing (Eurostat 2016). In response to the 2008/9 financial crisis, government programmes for public and social housing aimed at the poorer parts of the population were cut back, leading to diminishing access to affordable housing, especially in urbanised areas. For young people, this means that they have to pay higher rents. Today, therefore, they often live longer in their parental homes, or in the private rental sector, than previous generations (Ronald/Lennartz 2018). What is often referred to as a "housing crisis" can certainly be seen as a question of intergenerational justice, because the baby boomers had easier access to housing or to the means to finance it. Today, the baby boomer generation benefits from housing inequality in two ways: through property values and rental income. At the same time, with pension systems under pressure because of ageing populations, the ownership of residential property has become an important component of old-age provision (Helbrecht/Geisenkauser 2012). Younger generations, on the other hand, are disadvantaged in two respects: today's increased demand leads to further pressure on the housing market in the low-price segment, which in turn leads to an increase in the rent burden for lower and middle income groups, and also makes the purchase of residential property more difficult. In many parts of Europe, such as the Southeast of the UK, in the 1980s the average cost of a first home was three to four times the annual average salary; today it can be ten or twelve times the annual average salary. From this perspective, it can certainly be argued that the housing market situation is not intergenerationally fair. And in many European countries, ownership of real estate has become a much greater source of wealth inequality between generations than salary differentials. This gloomy picture of housing and home ownership is, however, by no means universal. Statistics point to significant differences between countries, and international comparisons show that successful housing policies are possible. An EU comparison shows that the percentage of households managed by a person aged 18–29 who spends 40% or more of their disposable income on housing costs ranges from 1.3% (in Malta) to 45.4% (in Greece) (Leach et al. 2016). It is clear that some countries perform significantly better than others in providing affordable housing for the next generation. Articles could approach the topic through a broad range of questions, including: How did the housing crisis come to be and how can housing inequality for young people be improved? Why are some countries better than others at providing affordable housing for the next generation? What are the similarities and differences? What lessons can be drawn from cross-country comparisons? What political levers, such as subsidies, could be introduced to help the younger generation achieve more affordable and long-term housing security? Is the German Mietpreisbremse a successful instrument for this and how does it affect the young generation? Planet vs. people: It is often suggested that the solution to the housing crisis is to build more homes, but this raises the question of encroaching on green spaces and the environmental impact that this implies. How can that tension be resolved? How can urbanisation and the housing market become more environmentally friendly? Another solution is to use existing housing stock more efficiently. Can government policy help to bring this about, for example by incentivising the fuller occupation of large houses with unused spare bedrooms, or by discouraging the ownership of second homes through higher taxation? What is the potential of new forms of housing, such as shared housing, multi-generational housing, homeshare (housing for help)? How does homelessness affect young people in particular and how can it be combated? How can those who work in the media be encouraged to address this topic? Submission Requirements Submissions will be accepted until 31 December 2019. Articles may be submitted electronically through the IGJR homepage (see "Submissions"). Articles should be no more than 30,000 characters in length (including spaces but excluding bibliography, figures, photographs and tables). For details, see the author guidelines Demography Prize: Note that this topic is closely related to the subject of the next Demography Prize promoted by the Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations (FRFG) and the Intergenerational Foundation (IF). The prize is endowed with 10,000€ and has 31 December 2019 as its deadline. Young researchers may also wish to participate in this essay competition, and it is hoped that this edition of the IGJR will contain a selection of the best prize submissions in English. More information will become available shortly on www.intergenerationaljustice.org and www.if.org.uk . References Eurostat (2016): Young people – housing conditions. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/46039.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Ronald, Richard / Lennartz, Christian (2018): Housing careers, intergenerational support and family relations. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 147-159. Helbrecht, Ilse / Geilenheuser, Tim (2012): Demographischer Wandel, Generationeneffekte und Wohnungsmarktentwicklung: Wohneigentum als Altersvorsorge? In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 70 (5), 425–436. Recommended literature Dorling, Danny (2015): All That is Solid: How the Great Housing Disaster Defines Our Times, and What We Can Do About It. London: Allen Lane. Dustmann, Christian / Fitzenberger, Bernd / Zimmerman, Markus (2018): Housing Expenditures and Income Inequality, Cream Discussion Paper 16/18, London: Centre for Research and Analysis of Migration, URL: http://www.cream-migration.org/publ_ uploads/CDP_16_18.pdf. Viewed 24 October 2018. Eurostat (2016): Young people – housing conditions, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/pdfscache/46039.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Eurostat (2015): Housing cost overburden rate. http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_lvho07a&lang=en. Viewed 27 September 2018. Helbrecht, Ilse / Geilenheuser, Tim (2012): Demographischer Wandel, Generationeneffekte und Wohnungsmarktentwicklung: Wohneigentum als Altersvorsorge? In: Raumforschung und Raumordnung, 70 (5), 425–436. Hills, John / Cunliffe, Jack / Obolenskaya, Polina / Karagiannaki, Eleni (2015): Falling behind, getting ahead: the changing structure of inequality in the UK, 2007-2013. Social Policy in Cold Climate. London: LSE. Leach, Jeremy / Broeks, Miriam / Ostenvik, Kristin / Kingman, David (2016): European Intergenerational Fairness Index: A Crisis for the Young. London: Intergenerational Foundation: http://www.if.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/European-Intergenerational-Fairness-Index_Final-2016.pdf. Viewed 27 September 2018. Lennartz, Christian / Helbrecht, Ilse (2018): The housing careers of younger adults and intergenerational support in Germany's 'society of renters'. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 317-336. Morton, Alex (2013): Housing and Intergenerational Fairness. London: Policy Exchange. National Housing Federation (2014): Broken Market, Broken Dreams. London: NHF. Ronald, Richard / Lennartz, Christian (2018): Housing careers, intergenerational support and family relations. In: Housing Studies, 33 (2), 147-159. Rugg, Julie J. / Quilgars, Deborah (2015): Young People and Housing: A Review of the Present Policy and Practice Landscape. In: Youth and Policy. Issue 114. Shaw, Randy (2018): Generation Priced Out. Who Gets to Live in the New Urban America, Oakland, CA: University of California Press. Shelter (2010): The Human Cost: How the Lack of Affordable Housing Impacts on All Aspects of Life. London: Shelter.


Many astrophysical phenomena are highly subsonic, requiring specialized numerical methods suitable for long-time integration. In a series of earlier papers we described the development of MAESTRO, a low Mach number stellar hydrodynamics code that can be used to simulate long-time, low-speed flows that would be prohibitively expensive to model using traditional compressible codes. MAESTRO is based on an equation set derived using low Mach number asymptotics; this equation set does not explicitly track acoustic waves and thus allows a significant increase in the time step. MAESTRO is suitable for two- and three-dimensional local atmospheric flows as well as three-dimensional full-star flows. Here, we continue the development of MAESTRO by incorporating adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The primary difference between MAESTRO and other structured grid AMR approaches for incompressible and low Mach number flows is the presence of the time-dependent base state, whose evolution is coupled to the evolution of the full solution. We also describe how to incorporate the expansion of the base state for full-star flows, which involves a novel mapping technique between the one-dimensional base state and the Cartesian grid, as well as a number of overall improvements to the algorithm. We examine the efficiency and accuracy of our adaptive code, and demonstrate that it is suitable for further study of our initial scientific application, the convective phase of Type Ia supernovae.


This paper investigates the effects that different styles of textual explanation have on explainee's trust in an AI medical support scenario. From the literature, we focused on four different styles of explanation: contrastive, general, truthful, and thorough. We conducted a user study in which we presented explanations of a fictional mammography diagnosis application system to 48 non-expert users. We carried out a between-subject comparison between four groups of 11-13 people each looking at a different explanation style. Our findings suggest that contrastive and thorough explanations produce higher personal attachment trust scores compared to general explanation style, while truthful explanation shows no difference compared to the rest of explanations. This means that users who received contrastive and thorough explanation types found the explanation given significantly more agreeable and suiting their personal taste. These findings, even though not conclusive, confirm the impact of explanation style on users trust towards AI systems and may inform future explanation design and evaluation studies.


Although change can be considered an inevitable part of life, the process itself can be both challenging and confronting. This is no less the case than for early adolescents as they negotiate the transition from primary to secondary school. Whilst this transition can be considered a regular part of the formal school experience, it can represent a significant challenge to all who are involved including students, parents and teachers. As schools plan to support these stakeholders through the process an understanding of the issues faced by each group is important. Whilst transition may be fraught a focus on the relational aspects of the process can help to ameliorate many of the challenges presented during this change. This article examines the importance for schools of a focus on relationships to ensure that the concerns of all stakeholders are acknowledged and accounted for in the planning of school transition programs.


ABSTRACTAir pollution caused by fine particulate matter (PM2.5), volatile organic compounds, and bioaerosols is a major environmental risk to health. We developed a photocatalytic air cleaner for reducing the pollution levels of indoor air; we improved the photocatalytic system by using UV-LED for the removal of acetaldehyde and PM2.5 and by reducing the weight and size of the system. The efficiency of photocatalysis depends on the surface area and materials. Therefore, we prepared a nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2)-coated aluminum plate irradiated by UV-LED lamps (wavelength: 375 nm) as a photocatalytic air cleaner. Passing air continuously through a TiO2-coated aluminum plate (5 × 10 × 1 cm) under black light for 200 min decomposed 90% of 5 ppm acetaldehyde (12.4 µmol h–1) and generated two carbon dioxide molecules (25.43 µmol h–1) at a molar ratio of 1:2, indicating complete decomposition of acetaldehyde with high efficiency. This photocatalytic air cleaner was applied to the decomposition of acetaldehyde and inactivation and removal of aerosol-associated influenza virus. Acetaldehyde (20 ppm) in a 1-m3 cubic space was eliminated in 60 min at a half-life of 8 min. The aerosol-associated infectivity and the RNA genome of influenza virus A/PR/8/1934 (H1N1) produced by a nebulizer in a 779-L cubic space were eliminated within 7 min; however, they were detectable for up to 28 minutes when the functional photocatalytic air cleaner was not used. The presence of intermediate breakdown products of influenza virus indicated that the virus was broken down by photocatalysis. Thus, the photocatalytic air cleaner efficiently decomposed and eliminated organic chemicals, acetaldehyde, and aerosol-associated influenza virus infectivity and viral RNA, indicating that it can clean and detoxify the indoor air in a closed space for maintaining a safer environment.


Historically, countries that have achieved and sustained high growth rates over long periods are those that were able to maintain high domestic saving rates, enabling strong and sustained domestic investment. In the case of African countries, domestic saving has remained low, leading to high investment-saving gaps and increased dependence on external capital. A key reason is the inadequate performance in domestic saving mobilization in the public sector and in the private sector. But an important factor that has been overlooked is the leakage of resources through capital flight. This paper analyses the linkages between capital flight and domestic saving in the case of African countries. The analysis suggests that strategies aimed at stemming capital flight should be an important part of any plan to increase domestic saving. The paper discusses policies for raising saving and preventing capital flight which are derived from the analysis of the drivers of capital flight and domestic savings. In particular, it emphasizes two sets of strategies: incentives-based and institutions-based strategies. It concludes that emphasis should primarily be on the latter.


ABSTRACT Scilla hakkariensis, sp. nov. (Asparagaceae), described herein as a new species to science, is endemic to the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. It is related to S. libanotica Speta and S. mischtschenkoana Grossh., but clearly differs from them based on the morphological differences presented in the species description. Specifically, it is easily distinguished from both of them by its seeds without elaiosome. In addition, the conservation status, a distribution map, and notes on the biogeography and ecology of the new species are given.


There are no data obtained in biopsy material on the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and HPV genotypes in Croatian women with cervical carcinoma and precursor lesions. Therefore, the prevalence of HPVand HPVgenotypes was investigated in archival material of cervical carcinoma and precursor lesions kept at Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka. DNA was isolated from formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue, histologically classified as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) III (n =43), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n =54) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) (n =40). HPV testing was performed bypolimerase chain reaction (PCR) using generic and genotype specific primers. The prevalence of HPV DNA was 93.02%, 92.59%, and 92.5% in CIN III, SCC and ADC, respectively. In CIN III and SCC, HPV-16 was the most common high-risk genotype, identified in 65% and 52%, followed by HPV-18 in 22.5% and 28% of cases, respectively. HPV-18 showed a statistically significant prevalence in ADC (67.6%) as compared with SCC (chi(2)=9.924; p_ 0.01). Study results revealed a high prevalence of HPV-DNA in examined cervical lesions (>90%). HPV-16 predominated in SCC and HPV-18 in ADC. Single infection was more frequently present than multiple infections in all three histological groups.


Aims: Competitiveness in modern viticulture requires that vineyard management techniques used for crop regulation, besides being economically viable, would assure stable grape composition improvement across variability of genotypes and seasons. Pre-flowering basal leaf removal has previously been shown as an effective tool in controlling yield primarily through a reduced fruit-set. This study aims to evaluate the impact of early leaf removal on the differential growth of the various berry organs (skin, flesh and seeds) as well as the constancy of such effects across season variability and their impact on final grape composition.Methods and results: Pre-bloom defoliation (D) of the first six basal leaves on main shoots was applied to the field-grown Barbera cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.) from 2006 to 2008 and compared with non-defoliated (ND) controls. Over a three-year period, defoliation induced a 34% average reduction in berry number as compared to ND, which led to a notable decrease in fruit-set (-7.6 %), cluster mass (-34%) and yield per shoot (-30%). The berry mass showed a significant relationship with the year factor, as berry size in D shoots was larger, similar and smaller than ND in 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. In both treatments, skin mass was closely correlated with berry mass and, within each season and berry mass category, D had relative skin mass values higher than ND. Although the effects were milder in 2007, D induced a significant increase in soluble solids, anthocyanins and phenolics, whereas total acidity was unaffected.Conclusion: These results indicate that, regardless of final berry size, a pre-flowering defoliation favors skin development, which results in higher relative skin mass than ND vines. This effect appears to predominate over variations due to specific weather and cultural conditions along the season and leads to a marked improvement in final grape composition.Significance and impact of study: Repeatability of results implies a strong physiological regulation of this technique and encourages extension of its use in areas where the occurrence of high cropping and large clusters with a high degree of compactness does exist. In a global warming scenario, it is also relevant that the yield decrease and the improvement in overall grape composition are not obtained at the expense of a further reduction in berry acidity.


Much of the debate concerning the question "Was Protolanguage Holophrastic?" assumes that protolanguage existed as a single, stable transitional form between communication systems akin to those of modern primates and human languages as we know them today. The present paper argues for a spectrum of protolanguages preceding modern languages emphasizing that (i) protospeech was intertwined with protosign and gesture; (ii) grammar emerged from a growing population of constructions; and (iii) an increasing protolexicon drove the emergence of phonological structure. This framework weakens arguments for the view that the earliest protolanguages were not holophrastic while advancing the claim that protolanguages became increasingly compositional over time en route to the emergence of true languages.


In producing a user interface design to visualize search results for a digital library called Envision [Nowell, France, Hix, Heath, & Fox, 1996] [Fox, Hix, Nowell, et al., 1993] [Nowell & Hix, 1993], we found that choosing graphical devices and document attributes to be encoded with each graphical device is a surprisingly difficult task. By graphical devices we mean those visual display elements (e.g., color, shape, size, position, etc.) used to convey encoded, semantic information. Research in the areas of psychophysics of visual search and identification tasks, graphical perception, and graphical language development provides scientific guidance for design and evaluation of graphical encodings which might otherwise be reduced to opinion and personal taste. However, literature offers inconclusive and often conflicting viewpoints, suggesting a need for further research. The goal of this research was to determine empirically the effectiveness of graphical devices for encoding nominal and quantitative information in complex visualization displays. Using the Envision Graphic View, we conducted a within-subjects empirical investigation of the effectiveness of three graphical devices N icon color, icon shape, and icon size N in communicating nominal (document type) and quantitative (document relevance) data. Our study provides empirical evidence regarding the relative effectiveness of icon color, shape, and size for conveying both nominal and quantitative data. While our studies consistently rank color as most effective, the rankings differ for shape and size. For nominal data, icon shape ranks ahead of icon size by all measures except time for task completion, which places shape behind size. For quantitative data, we found, by all measures, that encodings with icon shape are more effective than with icon size. We conclude that the nature of tasks performed and the relative importance of measures of effectiveness are more significant than the type of data represented for designers choosing among rankings.


The advantages of digitizing medical radiographs are twofold. First, they can be transmitted via networks, second, they may be archived on appropriate storage devices. Modern equipment for medical imaging already provides digital images, therefore post-digitization can be discarded. Depending on medical investigation the amount of image data to be stored can be very large. As a consequence digital image compression schemes have been developed in order to reduce
transmission times on networks and seizure on digital storage media. One distinguishes between lossless and lossy compression methods. In the first case a compressed/decompressed radiograph differs in no detail from the original radiograph whereas the second method introduces a loss of image quality and/or information. Lossless image compression is limited by a maximum compression factor of roughly 2.5. In lossy image compression the compression factor is
unlimited but one can observe a degradation in image quality dependent on the compression factor. This might result in a wrong diagnosis.
In order to profit from lossy image compression without introducing smearing or blurring in radiographs resulting in a wrong diagnosis one has to establish quantitative image quality measures. These measures should objectively keep track of image degradation during lossy image data reduction. They should help the user estimating the highest compression factor for which a safe and error-free diagnosis is still possible. An optimization between tolerable image quality losses and a sufficiently high compression factor can be achieved.
The present work introduces a method for calculating image quality parameters in a specialized field of medical imaging: coronary arteriography. In order to avoid calculating global image quality measures (like the mean squared error MSE) three different algorithms are used to subdivide an image into its diagnostically relevant parts. These are vessel regions, their boundaries and edge brim points. Thereafter image quality parameters are calculated in the
diagnostically relevant image regions. The subdivision of the coronary arteriographs and the following calculation of image quality parameters allows to study the effects of lossy image compression in the diagnostically image regions separately. The parameters are dependent on the compression factor and consider image noise. With quantitative and reproducible image quality measures one is able to calculate image quality degradations in arbitrary coronary arteriographs. Cumbersome re-investigations on image quality losses after the application of a new (i.e. another) lossy compression algorithm can be avoided.
The compression algorithm used is based on Daubechies-4 Scaling- and Wavelet-functions. It was chosen since it introduces small objective image degradations although the compression factor can be chosen quite high. Diagnostically relevant image regions are preserved during lossy compression. This can be proven by the image quality parameters. The effects of lossy image
compression on diagnostically relevant image regions in coronary arteriography are shown in three examples. As a conclusion the benefits and limitations of the introduced method are presented.


An intriguing feature of the Standard Model is that the representations of the unbroken gauge symmetries are vector-like whereas those of the spontaneously broken gauge symmetries are chiral. Here we provide a toy model which shows that a natural explanation of this property could emerge in higher dimensional field theories and discuss the difficulties that arise in the attempt to construct a realistic theory. An interesting aspect of this type of models is that the 4D low energy effective theory is not generically gauge invariant. However, the non-invariant contributions to the observable quantities are very small, of the order of the square of the ratio between the light particle mass scale and the Kaluza-Klein mass scale. Remarkably, when we take the unbroken limit both the chiral asymmetry and the non-invariant terms disappear. © SISSA 2007.


The aim of this paper is to present the colour lexicon, including both basic and non-basic terms, found in Kashubian (or Cassubian), a West Slavic language spoken by a relatively small community inhabiting the coast of the Baltic Sea (the Pomorskie Province in Poland). The results of the five-minute elicitation list task show that Kashubian basic colour terms include words for white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, grey and pink. As regards the terms for purple and orange, due to language contact (Kashubian people are bilingual), many informants use the Polish words naming these colours; however, these words may – as the results of the task indicate – be treated as non-basic terms. Besides, it is worth considering whether Kashubian, like Russian and Ukrainian, has evolved a second basic term for blue.


The lamb industry in Victoria is a significant component of the state economy with annual exports in the vicinity of $1 billion. GPS and visualisation tools can be used to monitor grazing animal movements at the farm scale and observe interactions with the environment. Modelling the spatial-temporal movements of grazing animals in response to environmental conditions provides input for the design of paddocks with the aim of improving management procedures, animal performance and animal welfare. The term "biological shepherding" is associated with the re-design of environmental conditions and the analysis of responses from grazing animals. The combination of biological shepherding with geo-visual analytics (geo-spatial data analysis with visualisation) provides a framework for improving landscape design and supports research in grazing behaviour in variable landscapes, heat stress avoidance behaviour during summer months, and modelling excreta distributions (with respect to nitrogen emissions and nitrogen return for fertilising the paddock). Nitrogen losses due to excreta are mainly in the form of gaseous emissions to the atmosphere and leaching into the groundwater. In this study, background and context are provided in the case of biological shepherding and tracking animal movements. Examples are provided of recent applications in regional Australia and New Zealand. Based on experimental data and computer simulation, and using data visualisation and feature extraction, it was demonstrated that livestock excreta are not always randomly located, but concentrated around localised gathering points, sometimes separated by the nature of the excretion. Farmers require information on the nitrogen losses in order to reduce emissions to meet local and international nitrogen leaching and greenhouse gas targets and to improve the efficiency of nutrient management.


If you want to learn how to use Microsoft Powerpoint, then get the "How To Use Microsoft Powerpoint 2010" guide. This guide will help you to create presentations using Microsoft Powerpoint 2010. By studying this guide, you can learn how to make high-tech and professional looking presentations in a short period of time. This guide offers the following significant advantages to its readers: - This guide will help you in the use of standard and built-in presentation themes. You can also learn how to create your own themes. - You will learn presentation creation from scratch, including media-rich and featured presentations. - Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 offers nine different types of slide layout options; the guide will direct you in choosing a specific type of layout for each slide. - PowerPoint 2010 will teach you how to insert text and data to outline your presentation slides. - You will also learn to insert the various kinds of illustrations, like shapes, charts, tables, etc. to organize the presentation contents and hence make it convey more to the audience. - The guide will also help you to change the look and formatting of your presentation by employing a simple step-by-step process. - You will also learn how hyperlinks are created among different kinds of file types. - Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 offers tools to print the outline, speaker notes and handouts for the audience. You can learn the printing of all the aforementioned presentation contents in a handy way. - Finally, you can also learn to protect your presentation with the password to deny unauthorized access. The guide is divided into different chapters having comprehensive details of different tools, features and functions of Microsoft PowerPoint 2010. It will certainly be a a beneficial service package for those who want to learn Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 and make use of it in their practical and professional life. Click Buy Now to get it now!


Following an open invitation to suggest suitable topics, the authors' suggestion and outline was selected. The upcoming Special Issue of this peer-reviewed journal will be the first in its field devoted solely to the Pedagogy of Online Language Teaching. This current and relevant theme has stimulated a number of high-quality, original contributions.
Apart from inviting, selecting and editing the nine articles that form the core of the Special Issue, the editors also provide an introduction which reviews current literature in the area and offers a framework for online pedagogy in a range of contexts. The pedagogical framework is based on work by both authors, outlining the changes in learners' and tutors' roles in a fast developing multimodal environment and the resulting necessity for new skills and training.
CALICO is a prestigious international journal, published in the USA, with a readership amongst all language practitioners interested in CALL.


In this chapter, we review previous quantitative studies, which have focused on family-related outcomes of atypical work arrangements, including non-standard working hours and temporary work. Altogether, it seems that non-standard working hours have more often received research attention than temporary work, as far as family-related outcomes are concerned. Specifically, the results of our review reveal that non-standard working hours do not inevitably result in negative family-related outcomes, for example, work–family conflict, marital instability, children's socio-emotional or cognitive problems. However, there are certain risk factors, such as night shifts, small children at home, which might increase the likelihood for negative family-related outcomes. Thus far, published studies on the effects of temporary work arrangements on family-related outcomes are rare. Moreover, these earlier findings are inconclusive, with only some evidence for the detrimental effects of temporary work on family-related effects, for example, work–family conflict, work–family enrichment. On the basis of our findings, we also suggest an integrative model for future research and present some of the implications for policy makers and organizations.


In the Southeastern United States, forests are subject to a variety of damage-causing wind phenomena that range in scale from very localized (downbursts and tornadoes) to broad spatial scales (hurricanes). Incorporating the threat of wind damage into forest management plans requires tools capable of assessing risk across this range of scales. Our conceptual approach involves breaking down the risk into components of event risk and resource vulnerability. Event risk can be simply stated as the probability of an event of a certain magnitude occurring in a given area and can be evaluated based on climatology. For wind related threats, resource vulnerability is determined by a complex function of stand and site characteristics. Although there is little that can be done to mitigate event risk, resource vulnerability can be manipulated through management activities. We have proposed a framework that includes a hierarchy of models for evaluating forest vulnerability to wind damage across a range of scales (from an individual tree, to a forest stand, up to the landscape scale); which, when combined with climatological models of event risk will provide a consistent wind-related threat-assessment tool.


Distance learning provides a relatively new method for teaching in higher education. However, the evaluation of these programmes is insufficient at present. The current study adds to the body of research providing guidance for distance educators. The qualitative data collected on 28 students in Hong Kong and Cairo indicates that there are differences based on cultural context in the following areas: communication with peers and module leaders as well as variations in willingness to discuss problems and provide recommendations to enhance the distance education programme. The conclusion points to issues that should be addressed at the module leader and administrative levels.


Our ability to learn about sequences of events allows us to perceive melody in music, to coordinate the movement of our bodies, and to understand spoken language. Much of this sequential behavior proceeds outside of our conscious awareness. In this dissertation, I consider two questions: (1) What is the nature of the processes underlying our implicit sequence learning behavior? (2) To what degree does sequential behavior in different domains and tasks rely on similar underlying mechanisms? A cross section of current theories of sequential learning are evaluated in their ability to account for human learning studies drawn from both serial reaction time (SRT) and statistical word learning tasks. Five novel experiments are reported which differentiate between competing theories concerning the mechanisms underlying implicit sequence learning. A view emerges which describes implicit sequence learning as a relatively simple and limited process with a memory substrate utilizing distinct spatial codes for events in time as opposed to aggregate context.


The purposes of the research were to study ethical behaviors through business administrationus students perception in the field of in Rajamangala university of Technology Phra Nakhon in the following aspects: honesty, discipline, favor, responsibilities, diligence selfhelp and gratefulness. The sample groups were 300 students of Business Administration. The results were as the following: the ethical behaviors were at a moderate level. When compared by gender it was found that there was statistically significant differences at .05. When compared by achievement it was found that there was significant differences at .05.


During routine dissection of a 25-year-old male cadaver, we observed a venous ring formed by the right obturator vein. The inferior vesical artery also originated from obturator artery bilaterally, and the right inferior vesical artery traveled through the venous ring described above. Knowledge of such variation may be important during surgery of the pelvis and interpretation of pelvic imaging.


The infrequent publications about women's agency in European diplomacy have concerned themselves with either the early modern age or the post-World War I period, but women remain virtually absent from the diplomatic history of the long nineteenth century. To determine their place in the European political world of this period, this article examines the experiences of four Russian diplomats' wives. The biographical approach reveals contradictions in patriarchal discourse: it required a diplomat's wife to be worthy of her role as a representative of the Russian Empire, yet effectively dismissed her from politics. From this another contradiction ensued: as a diplomat's wife played no political role, the ministry turned a blind eye if her actions challenged traditional social and gender norms, even when such actions led to the neglect of her duties as her husband's helpmeet.


Slavery and Reform in West Africa: Towards Emancipation in Nineteenth Century Senegal and the Gold Coast. By Trevor R. Getz. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, and Oxford: James Currey Publishers, 2004. Pp. v, 257; 6 maps. $65.00 cloth, $26.95 paper. This monograph fills important gaps in our knowledge about slavery and abolition in both the Wolof and Serer regions of Senegal and the Akan and Ga-Adangbe regions of the Gold Coast. Trevor Getz, author of Slavery and Reform in West Africa (Athens, Ohio, 2004) is an assistant professor in African studies at the University of San Francisco. His excellent book grew out of a doctoral dissertation at the School of Oriental and African Studies directed by Richard Rathbone. Its moderate length is deceptive, since the research and documentation is both exhaustive and meticulous, ranging from the national archives in Dakar and Accra to the colonial holdings in Kew, Britain, and Aix-en Provence, France, and to private collections, such as those of the Basel Mission. He has made particularly good use of hitherto unused Ghanaian district court records for the investigation of traditional slavery and less familiar aspects of the implementation of emancipation laws at the local level. And the analysis is cogent. What makes the book doubly useful and informative are the significant historiographical debates dealt with throughout the body of the text, as the author challenges the conclusions of other writers and grapples with every conceivable relevant topic, ranging from disputes over the quantification and causal forces behind the Atlantic slave trade; the continued use of indigenous slaves in the production of gum Arabic, peanuts, and palm oil during the period of so-called "legitimate trade"; the famous "slave mode of production question" as applied to the two regions; and most important, to the complex problems surrounding the numbers of slaves who left their masters in key districts and the speed and methods by which French and British colonial regimes responded to opportunities for liberation following the promulgation of emancipation ordinances (pp. 149-53). Getz's central objective in this book was to analyze the circumstances under which the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of slavery could occur and the numerous constraints against the effective implementation of such laws. Although he pays generous credit to other historians who have laid down the groundwork in this field, he points out that the discussion of pressure group and the ideological and policy origins of emancipation laws in Paris and London that had characterized some of those earlier studies provides only the bare bones, and that the complex interactions of individuals and forces in West Africa itself-the attitudes of African chiefs, coastal merchants, inland traders, and other slave holders; the actions of colonial administrators; and, most important, the actions of the slaves themselves were of greater consequence in the long run. Getz's analytical style allows for explanations on the intricacies of indigenous slavery and the nuanced responses of Africans to colonial emancipation policies with a high degree of precision and sophistication. Wherever possible, he provides statistics on slave court cases and liberations (e.g., pp. 149-51). And while there is no important substantive or methodological question beyond the scope of this work, it is refreshing to find an author who modestly refuses to speculate on absolute answers to certain questions (for example, the total numbers of slaves in a given society) when the evidence is sparse or ambiguous.1 It is rare to find a historical book that uses the comparative method effectively. But Slavery and Reform in West Africa manages to achieve this at nearly every level, including analysis of traditional leadership hierarchies and the customary laws governing land, labor, family, and slaves in both the Wolof/Serer region and the Akan and Ga/Adangbe states, plus colonial ideologies, antislavery policies, and administrative techniques. …


OBJECTIVE Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a severe and, often fatal illness. Ebola spread is fast among human beings. Monitoring and surveillance of contacts is an effective measure to stop an epidemic. The aim of this research is to analyze the effectiveness of an intervention based on contact tracing and monitoring the quarantine people. METHODS Longitudinal analytical study with community intervention. The intervention consisted of establishing a continuous surveillance of the population of Lunsar (Sierra Leone) to detect new cases of Ebola, establishing quarantine to 96 people. During the process, Health Promotion activities were carried out. The study period includes from February 9 to March 24, 2015. The data obtained were analyzed with the statistical package SPSS, version 20.0. RESULTS 7 houses, with 96 people in total, were quarantined (the average quarantine was 24.2 ± 4.9 days). At the end of the follow-up, 16 (16.7%) people tested positive for Ebola, 13 (81.2%) of whom ended up dying. The Ebola risk of infection was higher after having performed funeral practices at home (OR = 3.64, p<0.001). Furthermore, the odds ratio associated with survival result 21 times greater (OR = 21, p <0.001) in people not infected during quarantine. CONCLUSIONS The contagions have occurred in families where there has been a deceaded at home. The tasks performed by the outreach team have been able to influence that only 16.7% of the quarantine people were infected. Nurses were essential in health promotion and social support to families.


Surface water is an important resource that can create tensions between different countries sharing the same water sources to know that the agriculture is considered as the last sector that exploits less water compared to the industry which uses very large water quantities. The future strategies of agricultural development in the most of these countries depend on the ability to maintain, improve and expand irrigated agriculture. In this light, this chapter is written in the way to show some steps of the evaluation of surface water for irrigation purpose. The results obtained from this research make it possible to evaluate the suitability of surface water for irrigation and to draw useful recommendations for dam managers and farmers.


This report presents a retrospective review of 73 fatal road traffic collisions (RTCs) which occurred in Cumbria during 2012 and 2014 that resulted in 78 deaths and 2,120 potential years of life lost (PYLL). The data was compiled from collision investigation reports produced by Cumbria Constabulary's Collision Investigation Unit. To develop effective prevention programmes in Cumbria, the factors associated with fatal RTCs must be identified and understood. The intelligence within this report is therefore intended to support local decision-making and inform the development of local plans to reduce the risk of death from RTCs in the county.
Collision investigators attend each serious and potentially fatal RTC that occurs in the county. The files which are prepared by the collision investigators include photographs of the collision scene, witness statements, maps and diagrams, toxicology results, and their findings which are then compiled into a report. On average, a collision investigator in Cumbria arrives at the scene in 1 hour and 08 minutes following the collision.
At the time of writing, 55 inquests had been held in relation to the fatal RTCs included within this report, resulting in a coroner's verdict. The most common verdict delivered was 'road traffic collision' (n.27, 35%) closely followed by 'accidental death' (n.15, 31%). There was also 1 verdict of misadventure and 1 narrative verdict delivered and in 2 cases the inquest verdict was unknown. There were 8 cases where the inquest was still pending. The remaining 15 cases had been passed to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)


The first woman to deliver the John E.C. Brierley Memorial Lecture in November 2016, Susan Franck explores common but flawed accounts of international arbitration based on anecdotes and myths while encouraging the audience to pay more attention to scientific facts. While acknowledging the challenges of living in a "post-factual" society, she argues that international arbitration, whether commercial or investment-based, is caught within a larger geo-political maelstrom which includes a backlash against globalization, the popularization of populism, and a turn toward nationalism. Rather than permitting decisions to be affected by an emotive torrent of intuitive forces that facilitate decisions based upon fear or easily accepted cognitive narratives, she recommends proceeding based upon rationality, data analysis, and with an eye towards evidence-based reform. In an effort to connect data and normative choices, Professor Franck explores existing empirical research on international arbitration, with a focus on cognitive illusions and how intuitive decision-making impairs quality both decision-making and the implementation of appropriate reform of international arbitration. She ultimately challenges stakeholders to move past ideological debates in an effort to find common ground in the valuation of vetted facts and rule of law values.


The quick deployment without any existing infrastructure makes mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) a striking choice for dynamic situations such as military and rescue operations, disaster recovery, and so on and so forth. However, routing remains one of the major issues in MANET due to the highly dynamic and distributed environment. Energy consumption is also a significant issue in ad hoc networks since the nodes are battery powered. This report discusses some major dominating set based approaches to perform energy efficient routing in mobile ad hoc networks. It also presents the performance results for each of these mentioned approaches in terms of throughput, average end to end delay and the life time in terms of the first node failure. Based on the simulation results, I identified the key issues in these protocols regarding network life time. In this report, I propose and discuss a new approach "Dynamic Dominating Set Generation Algorithm" (DDSG) to optimize the network life time. This algorithm dynamically selects dominating nodes during the process of routing and thus creates a smaller dominating set. DDSG algorithm thereby eliminates the energy consumption from the non-used dominating nodes. In order to further increase the network life time, the algorithm takes into consideration the threshold settings which helps to distribute the process of routing within the network. This helps to eliminate a single dominating node from getting drained out by continuous transmission and reception of packets. In this report, the detailed algorithmic design and performance results through simulation is discussed.


Whole cells of virulent (DI 21 and B 51) and avirulent (ATCC 29690 and EPOY 8803-II) strains of Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida, grown under iron-supplemented or iron-restricted conditions, were able to bind haemin. Iron limitation resulted in an increased binding of haemin by DI 21, B 51 and ATCC 29690 cells but did not affect the haemin-binding ability of the EPOY 8803-II cells. Proteinase K treatment of whole cells markedly reduced the binding of haemin, indicating that protein receptors located at the cell surface are involved in the binding. This was confirmed by the observation that isolated total as well as outer membrane proteins from all the strains, regardless of the iron levels of the media, were able to bind haemin, with the outer membranes showing the strongest binding. Haemin binding by membrane protein extracts was not affected by heat treatment but was almost completely abolished by Proteinase K treatment, suggesting the presence of thermostable protein receptors for haemin. The capsular polysaccharide also appears to play a minor role in binding of haemin. It was concluded that constitutive as well as inducible mechanisms of haemin binding occur in P. damselae subsp. piscicida. These mechanisms would rely mainly upon the direct interaction between the haemin molecules and surface-exposed outer membrane protein receptors.


Land surveyors are using sophisticated digital equipment and the best available technologies to make observations in the field. These three-dimensional data are rigorously tested and adjusted in the office using advanced mathematical and software tools.
In the case of surveying data provided to architects and engineers, a common workflow is for the surveyor to derive representations of surfaces such as terrain in a 2.5D TIN format and to deliver products to clients as 2D vector drawings. From these representations, architects or engineers, reconstruct these simplified 2D drawings into a 3D terrain object.
The latest technological advances of building information modelling (BIM) methods create exceptional opportunities for the land surveying profession. The utilisation of BIM not only preserves the spatial integrity of the 3D components of the field observations but also offers numerous additional opportunities. BIM allow the creation of 3D terrain objects which can be used directly by the other stakeholders on the project. Terrain models within a BIM environment can be equipped with attachments and attributes and therefore used to store supplementary information. Custom made additional objects can describe certain features of a property in 3D, such as a building envelope, easements, underground services or even soil layers. Relevant addition data, such as long- or short-term climate data, precipitation and wind conditions, sun-path, and shadow-casting data can be attached or linked. Customised 3D objects can indicate the internal space-structure of a building, and thus support an Indoor Navigation system. Other customised 3D objects may indicate the ownership or strata title, consequently supporting a future 3D Cadastre registration with accurate spatial data. BIM procedures are automatically recorded therefore the BIM models are legally transparent and traceable.
The project seeks to investigate the impacts and opportunities presented by Building Information Models for land surveyors, and argues that the 3D modelling and common data environment provided by BIM creates important opportunities for land surveyors and for the surveying industry and profession.


This paper departs from the conventional assumption that divides accumulated in work human capital into employer-specific and general labour market skills, and pursues the idea of industry and occupational specificity. Occupation-specific skills are estimated to have an important contribution in wage determination, while the evidence on industry specificity is not strong and in some cases inconclusive. The findings also outline that industry and occupational expertise are truly important to individuals' earnings in industry sectors and occupations that are characterised by high-paying, prestigious but, competitive and demanding jobs, like professional and managerial jobs or jobs in the banking and finance sector.


ABSTRACT High-resolution micro-resistivity images are used to study the distribution of neoformed carbonate concretions in Upper Cenozoic shallowly buried fluvial sandstones in the Kuche Depression, northwest China. The carbonate concretions are high-resistivity white facies on borehole images. Most of them occur as patches 1-40 cm thick and in shapes ranging from equant, oblate, to elongate. These concretions contrast markedly with the poorly cemented or uncemented host sandstones, which appear as dark to immediate grayscale facies on the images. Three patterns of occurrence of carbonate concretions are identified: isolated concretions, discontinuously cemented layers, and continuously cemented layers. Most concretions occur in fine-grained, low-permeability laminae, suggesting that their growth was controlled more probably by diffusion transport rather than advective transport. Grain size, lamination, and distribution of intergranular clay all potentially influenced the selective distribution of carbonate cement in the sandstones. Shale interbeds and terrigenous carbonate rock fragments in the sandstones are potential sources of carbonate cement.


Abstract Technology assessment (TA) is not a new concept. High value energy technology identification needs to be followed by a decision process in which all shareholders contribute. A case study on Combined and Heat Power (CHP) technologies considered is presented to illustrate the applicability of fuzzy analytical hierarchy assessment approach (FAHP). The goal of this paper is to identify and evaluate the best variant of CHP technologies using multi-criteria that are technical feasibly and cost effective reflecting performance parameters. The results depict that technology A2 with an overall ranking of 0.438 is the best alternative compared to others. Taking into consideration decision parameters for the section, A1 is found to be relatively most important with a rating of 0.434 with its reliability and cost effectiveness. The presented fuzzy-based methodology is general expected to be used by a diverse target groups in energy sectors.


The pediatric patient is to be found in hyperbaric facilities throughout the world, receiving hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for both life-threatening and chronic diseases. Objective. To review the experience accumulated at the Israel Naval Medical Institute in the treatment of pediatric patients. Design. A retrospective analysis and review of all records of patients younger than age 18 years. Results. Between 1980 and 1997, 139 pediatric patients age 2 months to 18 years (mean, 7.7 years) received HBO treatment at the Israel Naval Medical Institute. Of the children, 111 (79%) suffered from acute carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning; 13 (9.2%) were treated after crush injury, traumatic ischemia, or compartment syndrome; 4 (2.8%) had clostridial myonecrosis; 1 (0.7%) had necrotizing fasciitis; 5 (3.6%) had refractory osteomyelitis; 2 (1.4%) had suffered massive air embolism; 2 (1.4%) had purpura fulminans; and 1 (0.7%) suffered from decompression sickness. Outcome, judged by neurologic sequelae, mortality, and extent of soft tissue loss and limb amputation, was favorable in 129 patients (93%). Two patients (1.4%) died, 1 as a result of CO poisoning and the other, gas gangrene; 2 of the patients in the CO group (1.4%) remained with neurologic sequelae, and 6 patients in the acute traumatic ischemia group (4.3%) underwent limb amputation. Conclusions. We had a favorable experience with 129 of a total 139 pediatric patients treated at our facility for the indications listed. A basic knowledge of HBO therapy is needed to refer the pediatric patient for treatment when indicated. The needs of the pediatric patient, especially the critically ill, require specific skills and equipment inside the hyperbaric chamber. Close collaboration between the pediatrician and the hyperbaric medicine physician is essential to ensure adequate care for infants and children.


This paper examines some of the strengths, weaknesses, and economic implications associated with various corporate governance systems in OECD countries. Each country has through time developed a wide variety of mechanisms to overcome the agency problems arising from the separation of ownership and control. We discuss the various mechanisms employed in different systems (e.g. the market for corporate control, executive remuneration schemes, concentrated ownership, cross-shareholdings amongst firms) and assess the evidence on whether or not they are conducive to firm performance and economic growth. For example, we show how the corporate governance framework can impinge upon the development of equity markets, R&D and innovative activity, and the development of an active SME sector, and thus impinge upon economic growth. Several policy implications are identified.


The voluntary and community waste sector makes an important contribution to waste objectives (Williams et al, 2006). The community composting sector would appear to be leading the development of innovative biowaste collection and processing systems in areas unsuitable for traditional kerbside. Such schemes can contribute to developing local areas by improving local soils and green spaces as well as diverting waste from landfill. However, this is often only part of the story. Well managed community activity has huge potential for providing work and volunteering opportunities, as well as bringing people together and improving skills, knowledge and self-confidence. Considered collectively these factors may contribute to local sustainability more effectively than reliance on meeting particular targets.

Although there is some anecdotal and financial evidence for the growth in, and diversity of, community composting, there is very little comprehensive data that draws together the activity of the sector as a whole. The paper addresses this gap by presenting findings from a national survey profiling community based composting. Results show that a range of activities fall under the umbrella of community composting and these include: collecting / receiving and processing material, running education campaigns, promoting home composting and facilitating others to develop / promote community composting. The survey recorded over 100 groups actively engaged in at least one of these activities with many involved in more than one. Overall 80% of groups are involved in collecting and composting material and 20% are involved in composting related activity other than collecting and composting, such as educational and promotional activities. The sector has a large potential for providing work and volunteering opportunities and results indicate over 1,300 volunteers, trainees and staff involved in community composting.

In addition, most groups (68%) carry out composting alongside other waste and recycling activities or, more commonly, alongside non-waste activities such as community gardens, city farms, local food production, day and residential services and work integration schemes. These activities may bring about positive environmental impacts and social benefits over and above quantities of material diverted from landfill, and these benefits often cut across different policy agendas. Knowing and understanding these impacts and benefits is important in understanding the role of the community composting sector. In addition to results from profiling the sector, this paper will also present findings from participatory research with groups to develop ways to better understand and demonstrate the impacts of their work.


We proposed an adaptive steganography of an optical image using bit-planes and multichannel characteristics. The experiment's purpose was to compare the most popular methods used in optical steganography and to examine their advantages and disadvantages. In this paper we describe two digital methods: the first uses less significant bits(LSB) to encode hidden data, and in the other all blocks of $n{\times}n$ pixels are coded by using DCT(Digital Cosine Transformation), and two optical methods: double phase encoding and digital hologram watermarking with double binary phase encoding by using IFTA(Iterative Fourier Transform Algorithm) with phase quantization. Therefore, we investigated the complexity on bit plane and data, similarity insert information into bit planes. As a result, the proposed method increased the insertion capacity and improved the optical image quality as compared to fixing threshold and variable length method.


The presence of semantically empty morphs (linking elements) in compounds poses a challenge for morpheme-based morphology. The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem using Distributed Morphology, which is a highly articulated version of morpheme-based morphology. Specifically, exploiting the empirical similarities between linking elements and expletives, I argue that linking elements are expletives in word domains. Moreover, I demonstrate that the Single Engine Hypothesis of Distributed Morphology theoretically supports the view of linking elements as expletives. In my analysis, linking elements function as markers of wordhood, just as phrasal expletives are markers of phrasehood. I confirm this view by showing that linking elements/expletives occur in all types of compounds.


The problem is discussed of determining the distribution of the intensity and of the degree of spectral coherence of a planar, secondary quasi-homogeneous source from the cross-spectral density function of the field measured over any plane that is parallel to the source. A solution to this problem is presented under the assumption that the degree of spectral coherence g(ρ1 − ρ2, ω) of the quasi-homogeneous source does not vary appreciably across the source over distances |ρ1 − ρ2| that are of the order of or less than the wavelength λ corresponding to the frequency to. The results are illustrated by computational reconstruction of Gaussian-correlated quasi-homogeneous sources.


Removal of inorganic arsenic from As-spiked Lake Washington water by sorption onto activated alumina, iron-oxide-coated sand (IOCS), and an ion exchange resin was studied in laboratory systems. The sorption results could be rationalized only by invoking unanticipated changes in arsenic speciation between As(III) and As(V) in the feed reservoir. The changes in As speciation were subsequently confirmed in independent experiments, and the factors controlling the changes were investigated. Oxidation and reduction reactions sometimes occurred in the same system sequentially over a period of days to weeks, and in other systems both oxidation and reduction seemed to be proceeding simultaneously. Because As(III) has a much lower affinity for the adsorbents than does As(V), arsenic breakthrough was much more rapid when the influent arsenic was in the reduced form. In some cases, the combination of speciation changes in the influent and differential sorption of As(III) and As(V) generated breakthrough curves for total arsenic in which the breakthrough increased and then declined for a period before increasing again. Reduction of As(V) to As(III) was facilitated by filtration of the sample and by incubating the sample in the light, and it was impeded by the addition of PO 4 to solution. Neither filtration nor exposure to light had a discernible effect on the rate of As(III) oxidation. As(III) oxidation was facilitated by autoclaving the sample either before or after the As(III) was added. Although arsenic speciation changes are reproducible and explainable when investigating the behaviour of a given water sample under well controlled laboratory conditions, they are not easily extrapolated to other laboratory systems or field conditions, because they result from chemical and microbially mediated reactions that are strongly interrelated and evolve with time.


We investigated the effect of hypersaline conditions on the water chemistry of the Coorong Lagoon, the terminal estuary of Australia's largest river, and the otolith chemistry of a common fish within the system. Water samples and fish were collected from 10 sites along the Coorong, ranging in salinity from 5.8 to 123.4, on six occasions over 14 months. Water (Ca, Ba, Mg, Mn, and Sr) and otolith (Ba : Ca, Sr : Ca, Mg : Ca, Mn : Ca, Na : Ca, Li : Ca, δ13C, and δ18O) concentrations were measured. Water Sr, Mg, and Ca concentrations exhibited conservative behavior (i.e., concentrations increased with salinity). Water Ba concentration decreased from near‐freshwater to marine salinities followed by an increase from marine to hypersaline waters, a pattern not previously reported in the literature. Three of the six otolith element : Ca ratios and δ18O showed significant linear correlations with salinity, but the best fit model for Ba : Ca was a segmented regression with a breakpoint. Positive linear correlations were also found between otolith Ba : Ca and water Ba : Ca, as well as otolith Mg : Ca and water Mg : Ca. Results have implications for reconstructing past salinities inhabited by fish, because they imply that several elemental and isotopic ratios will be necessary to determine whether fish have inhabited, or been exposed to, hypersaline environments.


This paper analyzes the developmental origins and the evolution of health, cognitive, and socio-emotional skills during early childhood, from age 0 to 5. We explicitly model the dynamic interactions of health with the child's behavior and cognitive skills, as well as the role of parental investment. A dynamic factor model corrects for the presence of measurement error in the proxy for the latent traits. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we find that children's capabilities strongly interact and build on each other: health is an important determinant of early socio-emotional development; in turn socio-emotional skills have a positive impact on the evolution of both health and cognitive functions; on the other side, the effect of cognitive abilities on health is negligible. Furthermore, all facets of human capital display a high degree of persistence. Finally, mother's investments are an important determinant of the child's health, cognitive, and socio-emotional development early in life.


BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is commonly reported in people with hip osteoarthritis (OA) and is a poor prognostic indicator of outcome in OA. This study aimed to identify the clinical features associated with LBP in people with hip OA attending orthopaedic and rheumatology clinics. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was undertaken. Twenty-four people with radiographically confirmed OA were recruited and completed self-report questionnaires for hip and LBP severity (Visual Analogue Scale), hip-related disability (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index) and back-related disability (Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire). Physical examination comprised spinal palpation, pelvic girdle pain provocation tests and hip and spinal range of motion tests. Between-group (presence/absence of LBP) differences in self-report and physical examination items were compared using Mann-Whitney U and Chi-squared tests. RESULTS: A total of 16/24 (66.7%) patients reported LBP. Those with LBP were younger, reported more pain locations and had higher self-report pain and disability. On physical examination, people with LBP and OA hip had reduced hip flexion, greater pain provocation with hip abduction, hip lateral rotation, spinal palpation and a greater number of painful pelvic girdle tests and spinal level palpation. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of patients with hip OA should incorporate examination of the lumbar spine and pelvic regions. It appears from our study that LBP is a common co-morbidity in those with OA of the hip and may indicate greater severity of hip disease, although the small sample size limits interpretation of results. Further research should investigate the exact relationships between presence of LBP and hip OA.


See related articles, p 708, 711, 719, 736, 742 Ischemic stroke in younger adults is far less common than that among older adults, yet the underlying pathogeneses and risk factors are more diverse. Approximately 10% to 15% of all strokes occur in adults aged 18 to 50 years. In part, because of this, the diagnosis of stroke in younger adults can be challenging to differentiate from stroke mimics and to identify the cause or underlying pathogenesis. The TOAST (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment) classification system (Table 1) is parsimonious, yet many younger stroke patients have pathogeneses that are more likely to fall under cardioembolism, other determined pathogenesis, or undetermined pathogenesis rather than large artery atherosclerosis or small-vessel occlusion. Recent studies, both in the United States and Europe, have suggested that ischemic stroke in younger adults is increasing and have demonstrated increases in traditional stroke risk factors that are typically common among older adults (hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, tobacco use, and obesity) to also be common among younger acute stroke patients. Among younger adults presenting with acute stroke, in whom there has been an increasing prevalence of comorbid traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, there is debate about whether or how much those traditional risk factors contribute to the cause of stroke, particularly for those <40 years of age. This review examines some of the common and rarer pathogeneses of ischemic stroke in younger adults (Table 2).


The treatment of the wartime period in Japan's history textbooks has long been a subject of debate and controversy, even a source of international tension. Since their creation, history textbooks have been used to shape national identity and encourage patriotism. This article, drawing on the comparative study of high school history textbooks in Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States by Stanford's Divided Memories and Reconciliation project, compares the treatment of the wartime period in the textbooks of China and Japan. The study found that Japanese textbooks are relatively devoid of overt attempts to promote patriotism and that they contain more information about controversial wartime issues such as the Nanjing Massacre than is widely believed. In contrast, Chinese textbooks, particularly after their revision a decade ago, are consciously aimed at promoting a nationalist view of the past as part of the country's "patriotic education" campaign. The article warns, however, against efforts in Japan to promote a Japanese-style version of patriotic education.