In this work we propose a novel end-to-end imitation learning approach which combines natural language, vision, and motion information to produce an abstract representation of a task, which in turn can be used to synthesize specific motion controllers at run-time. This multimodal approach enables generalization to a wide variety of environmental conditions and allows an end-user to influence a robot policy through verbal communication. We empirically validate our approach with an extensive set of simulations and show that it achieves a high task success rate over a variety of conditions while remaining amenable to probabilistic interpretability.


Visible light communication (VLC) is an advanced, highly developed optical wireless communication (OWC) technology that can simultaneously provide lighting and high-speed wireless data transmission. A VLC system has several key advantages: ultra-high data rate, secure communication channels, and a lack of interference from electromagnetic (EM) waves, which enable a wide range of applications. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been considered the optimal choice for VLC systems since they can provide excellent illumination performance. However, the quantum confinement Stark effect (QCSE), crystal orientation, carrier lifetime, and recombination factor will influence the modulation bandwidth, and the transmission performance is severely limited. To solve the insufficient modulation bandwidth, micro-LEDs (μ-LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs) are considered as new ideal light sources. Additionally, the development of modulation technology has dramatically increased the transmission capacity of the system. The performance of the VLC system is briefly discussed in this review article, as well as some of its prospective applications in the realms of the industrial Internet of Things (IoT), vehicle communications, and underwater wireless network applications.


ABSTRACT Forecasting is a common data science task that helps organizations with capacity planning, goal setting, and anomaly detection. Despite its importance, there are serious challenges associated with producing reliable and high-quality forecasts—especially when there are a variety of time series and analysts with expertise in time series modeling are relatively rare. To address these challenges, we describe a practical approach to forecasting "at scale" that combines configurable models with analyst-in-the-loop performance analysis. We propose a modular regression model with interpretable parameters that can be intuitively adjusted by analysts with domain knowledge about the time series. We describe performance analyses to compare and evaluate forecasting procedures, and automatically flag forecasts for manual review and adjustment. Tools that help analysts to use their expertise most effectively enable reliable, practical forecasting of business time series.


The Journal of Teacher Education (JTE) has a long, distinguished record of publishing articles focusing on multiple aspects of "learning to teach for social justice, social change, and social responsibility" (Coehran-Smith, 2001, p. 3). Since the most recent themed issue on the topic, "Culture, Diversity, and Transformation," appeared in 2004, the time seemed fight for an update. Furthermore, the current issue devoted to the topic of social justice and teacher education emerged from the field, as we assumed editorship of JTE and noticed that we were receiving a number of quality manuscripts connected by this theme. With this editorial and themed issue, we bring together and highlight current research and scholarship that focus on various practices and conceptions of learning to teach for social justice. We use social justice as an umbrella term to cover projects that differ in their focus (e.g., culturally relevant pedagogy, antiracist pedagogy, intercultural teaching) but share the common aim of preparing teachers to recognize, name, and combat inequity in schools and society. In fall 2009, as we were immersed in the process of working with authors, editing manuscripts, and conceptualizing the editorial for this issue, Mary Travers, the passionate, female vocalist of the folk trio Peter, Paul, and Mary, passed away. Her death saddened members of our editorial team, as it undoubtedly saddened many teacher educators of a certain age both in this country and beyond its borders, who grew up to the music of Peter, Paul, and Mary and developed their social consciousness to the tunes that became anthems of the civil rights and antiwar movements. (1) Memories of those songs sparked the idea for organizing this piece. The lyrics of "If I Had a Hammer," written by Pete Seeger and Lee Hays but spread "all over this land" by Peter, Paul, and Mary, seemed both appropriate and timely for framing an editorial on the status of social justice in teacher education as represented by the articles in this issue. (2) Seeger and Hays wrote "If I Had a Hammer" in 1949 with the labor rights movement in mind, using three symbols associated with the workplace of the time: the hammer, the bell, and the song. The lyrics reminded workers that they already had in their hands the means to bring about equality. The hammer, the characteristic tool of the laborer, could be transformed into the hammer of justice. The bell that marked the beginning and ending of the workday could become the bell of freedom. The songs that men, women, and children have historically sung to ease the drudgery of hard labor could become songs about love and caring for one another. In this editorial, we apply the metaphorical tools of hammer, bell, and song to the topic of learning to teach for social justice. We interpret the hammer as the tools (theories, ideologies, epistemologies, and practices) we have for learning and teaching about social justice. We see the bell as the means of sending a clear and persuasive message to educators and teacher educators about the relevance of teaching for social justice. We understand the song as the means to unite those who may agree on the goals of teaching for social justice but may disagree on how to go about achieving them, as well as to convince those who may not support those goals that we must work together to create a just, democratic society. We argue that the hammer, the bell, and the song must be used in concert and in balance if we are to advance an agenda for learning to teach for social justice. The Hammer of Justice A hammer is a hand tool used to deliver a blow or make an impact. While most often used to build or construct, it can also be used to break down, deconstruct, or destroy. In teaching and teacher education, the hammer represents the theories, ideologies, epistemologies, and practices used to fight against social injustice. Teacher educators have a number of hammers at their disposal. …


Fire affects foliage and thus, whole-crown C fixation potential. When repeated throughout a rotation, therefore, fire has a potential impact on stemwood growth and C allocation among the foliage, stem and roots. Depending on frequency and intensity, prescribed fire causes foliage damage that may lead to a long-term reduction in stand growth. Past research, however, is inconclusive regarding the effect of repeated prescribed fire on tree growth (Boyer 1987, Waldrop et al. 1987, Brockway and Lewis 1997).


Turbidite bed thickness distributions are often interpreted in terms of power laws, even when there are significant departures from a single straight line on a log–log exceedence probability plot. Alternatively, these distributions have been described by a lognormal mixture model. Statistical methods used to analyse and distinguish the two models (power law and lognormal mixture) are presented here. In addition, the shortcomings of some frequently applied techniques are discussed, using a new data set from the Tarcău Sandstone of the East Carpathians, Romania, and published data from the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation of Italy. Log–log exceedence plots and least squares fitting by themselves are inappropriate tools for the analysis of bed thickness distributions; they must be accompanied by the assessment of other types of diagrams (cumulative probability, histogram of log‐transformed values, q–q plots) and the use of a measure of goodness‐of‐fit other than R2, such as the chi‐square or the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistics. When interpreting data that do not follow a single straight line on a log–log exceedence plot, it is important to take into account that 'segmented' power laws are not simple mixtures of power law populations with arbitrary parameters. Although a simple model of flow confinement does result in segmented plots at the centre of a basin, the segmented shape of the exceedence curve breaks down as the sampling location moves away from the basin centre. The lognormal mixture model is a sedimentologically intuitive alternative to the power law distribution. The expectation–maximization algorithm can be used to estimate the parameters and thus to model lognormal bed thickness mixtures. Taking into account these observations, the bed thickness data from the Tarcău Sandstone are best described by a lognormal mixture model with two components. Compared with the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation, in which bed thicknesses of thin beds have a larger variability than thicknesses of the thicker beds, the thinner‐bedded population of the Tarcău Sandstone has a lower variability than the thicker‐bedded population. Such differences might reflect contrasting depositional settings, such as the difference between channel levées and basin plains.


The sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Put. (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), also known as sting or cereal pest, is one of the most economically important pests of wheat in the world. In this study, a collapsible nylon cloth cage experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using remote sensing techniques to detect stress in wheat caused by the density of sunn pests. The results show we can detect the amount of stress in wheat caused by different life stages of sunn pest with a hand-held radiometer. Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) based indices; NDVIsg, NDVId, NDVIr, and structure insensitive pigment index (SIPI) were chosen out of 19 indices initially tested. The NDVI based vegetation indices derived from hyperspectral data, recorded by a hand held spectroradiometer, were used to determine the predicted indices using the initial number of Sunn Pest (NOSP). Overall, r2 values of all predicted indices calculated for 3rd instars were lower than those of 4th and adult stage. When r2 was considered separately, predicted NDVIr index value (87.4) was the highest and predicted SIPI index value is lowest (80.7) in 3rd instars. The highest r2 value was obtained in adult stage of sunn pest is NDVIsg (96.9) compare with NDVId (95.5), NDVIr (92.4) and SIPI (94.2). It was also concluded that remote sensing could detect not only the different stages pest damage on wheat, but also the number of sunn pest stages density affect in controlled experiments.


Industrial energy is a major component of the total energy use in a nation. However, energy is not without a cost in its production, availability, use and even its environmental impact on society. In addition, most of the energy resources are depletable, thereby necessitating their sustainable use through energy efficiency improvement programs. In this investigation, an attempt was made to study the energy consumption pattern and management in a beverage plant in Nigeria. The plot of energy intensity and productivity for the period of 1989-1996 showed an increase in growth in energy intensity coupled with a simultaneous productivity declining trend which portrayed inefficiency in the plant's energy use. A combustion analysis of the boilers in the plant also revealed that it was possible to obtain a fuel saving of about 12% by improving boiler efficiency alone. This would reduce the total energy cost of the plant by at least 1.1% per annum and also cut down CO 2 emissions into the atmosphere by at least 1071 tons every year. Based on these revelations, the paper presents other direct benefits of energy efficiency improvements to the industry. Strategies and policies for institutionalising energy efficiency improvements both at the micro (firm) and macro (national) levels for energy conservation in the country are also recommended.


ABSTRACT Sexual violence is prevalent as a plot device in Thai primetime television dramas, called lakhon. In the dramas, it is common for the hero to rape the heroine as part of a plot in which the two are fated to be together. The act of rape, and sexual violence more generally, is contextualized by narratives and ethical frameworks that make sexual violence comprehensible and legitimate. Gender violence is grounded in historical notions of sexual authority that deny female sexual agency. Thai lakhon, being the main form of televised domestic entertainment in Thailand, represent a critical element in the regulation of gendered forms of behavior and contribute to a culture in which women are subject to judgment and punishment.


Date on Master's Thesis/Doctoral Dissertation 5-2014 Document Type Doctoral Dissertation Degree Name Ph. D. Department Fine Arts Degree Program Art History, PhD Committee Chair Fulton, Christopher B. Committee Co-Chair (if applicable) Paice, Kimberly Committee Member Paice, Kimberly Committee Member James, Pearl Committee Member Byers, Thomas Subject Armory Show (1913 : New York, N.Y.)--History; Women in art; Art, Modern--20th century--Exhibitions; Art, American--20th century--Exhibitions Abstract This dissertation is the first comprehensive study of women's involvement in the 1913 Armory Show as financial backers, art collectors, and artists. The Association of American Painters and Sculptors organized this seminal exhibition, which represents a pivotal change in the course of artistic developments in the early twentieth century. For the first time in American history, the public could view contemporary works of art created by both Europeans and Americans in a huge exhibition. Due to the new abstract work on display, the show sparked controversy and debates about art and challenged both American artists and collectors to reconsider artistic production and consumption. The Armory Show has been celebrated over the past century as a watershed moment in the history of art. However, most of the art historical discourse has championed the work of the men artists and organizers to the exclusion of women, thus portraying the Armory Show as a gendered event and thereby rendering women's participation in the development of American modern art as negligible. This study reveals that women participated in the Armory Show as critical financial backers, influential art collectors shaping visual culture, and artists who exhibited their work alongside their male colleagues. The purpose of this dissertation is to reclaim the valuable work of women who were ardent supporters and producers of modern art and whose lives intersected at this colossal event. Before, during, and after the Armory Show, women were highly visible participants in modern society, moving into public spheres that empowered them as creators of cultural capital at a transitional time in history. The inclusion of these women and their work is needed to tell a complete story of both the Armory Show and the development of modern art in this country. Recommended Citation Shircliff, Jennifer Pfeifer 1954-, "Women of the 1913 Armory Show : their contributions to the development of American modern art." (2014). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1322. https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1322  Download


The author conducted 1-year study investigating the causation and management of eye trauma at Farabi Eye' center. All patients sustaining eye injuries who were evaluated by ophthalmology service over one year interval were included. . A formal questionnaire was completed with details of the injuiy being obtained. An ophthalmologic examination was performed on each patient, and examination findings and diagnostic tests obtained, diagnosis and treatment were recorded and analyzed. Nine hundreds and sixty-one injuries (65%) occured in males and 503 (35%) in females. The average age was 30 years. This study included 1464 eye injuries. Four handreds and eighty-five (nearly 30%) of patients were in pediatric age group. Seventy percent of all patients were admitted within 24 hours of their injury. Fourty percent of all injuries occurred in the street, 30% at home, 15% at the work place , the rest either in school or sport field. Among those older than 65 years of age, 70% of injuries were the result of fall. Seventy percent of all eye injuries were caused by blunt trauma. Diagnosis and management were recorded. Conclusions : Tehran and other metropolitans population is more likely to sustain eye trauma as the result of an assault and is less likely to be involved in a work- or sports-related one. Given poor compliance without patient management and follow-up, aggressive primary management may be indicated to optimize visual outcome


The work presented here demonstrates rules of and validates models for nuclear body (NB) dynamics. Simulation tools developed in the course of this work can be used in future work to generate hypotheses about related aspects of nuclear architecture. Initially I examined the mobility of vimentin nuclear bodies bodies (VNB) in interphase by single particle tracking and analysis of fluorescence images from 4-D confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). These synthetic nuclear bodies are observed in cells transfected with labelled nuclear-targeted Xenopus laevis vimentin. Analysis shows that VNBs undergo anomalous diffusion in the nuclei, independent of metabolic energy. Individual bodies display either one of the three modes of diffusion -- directed, restricted or simple. The consistency of modes and magnitudes of diffusion constants between VNBs and bona fide nuclear bodies points to a generic mechanism that mediates and regulates the mobility of nuclear bodies. Since the results of diffusion analysis of VNBs did not agree with a simple diffusion model, I tested the alternative interchromosomal domain (ICD) compartment model. The ICD model predicts that in interphase cell nuclei, individual decompacted chromosomes do not intermingle, but are separated by a significant interchromatin space forming a network of channels. These networks could affect the mobility of nuclear bodies. Monte Carlo simulations that predict the effects of channels and other obstructions on NB diffusion were tested, but they could not explain deviation from ideal behaviour. Fitting an empirical model of `critical diffusion' produced similar results. Therefore the ICD model as a purely obstructing network of channels needs modification, to possibly include binding. To examine the role of chromatin density in intra-nuclear diffusion, I employed multidimensional fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) in living cells. The influence of chromatin density on diffusive mobility of the nuclear yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) appears marginal. A 2-D diffusion simulation to better characterize the experiment provides a tool to produce `diffusion maps' of the nucleus. The related aspect of nuclear body integrity and dynamics was examined for the distribution of topoisomerase II beta (TopoIIb), which localizes preferentially in the nucleolus. The experimentally observed diffusion and binding dynamics were formulated as a compartment model and fitted to the experiments. The model topology, flux constants and residence times estimates could be validated, providing a predictive model of TopoIIb dynamics By demonstrating that VNB diffusion is anomalous and consistent with other bona fide NBs, I have revealed a mechanism that regulates NB mobility. The diffusion of these bodies deviates however from ideal diffusion, and can be explained by neither the effect of chromatin density on molecular diffusion, nor the different models of NB diffusion. I have shown that binding rather than diffusion appears to determine nuclear body localization and dynamics, as in the case of TopoIIb. Nuclear bodies and nuclear architecture has been recently hypothesized as emerging from simple local interactions. The predictive model for TopoIIb distribution dynamics provides evidence for this. The models presented here, are in keeping with the increasing trend to abstract nuclear dynamics as mathematical models. It is hoped that the work presented here will contribute to the effort of arriving at an integrated model for nuclear bodies and therefore better understanding nuclear architecture.


The growth of many sectors in modern society has increased the degradation of the environment. Consequently, it generates great ecological unbalance, enhancing the importance of sustainable development, since it stimulates productivity, job and income creation, while reduces the rates of deforestation, erosion and water and soil pollution. In this context, sustainability indicators can be useful to monitor the environmental and social changes. We analyse different proposals adopted in Brazil and present an adaptive methodology, based on Bossel's criteria (1996a, 1996b). It enables the choice of the most relevant indicators according to the sustainability study and the geographic region focused.


It has been suggested that interference in symbolically cued bimanual reaction time tasks is caused primarily by the perceptual processing of stimuli and not by motor preparation of the required movements. Here subjects made movements of the right and left index fingers that varied in their spatial and motor congruence. Spatial congruence was manipulated by presenting symbolic cues (i.e., pairs of letters) on a computer screen cueing the required movement directions. Motor congruence was manipulated by altering hand orientation. Results showed that interference occurs at both the stage of stimulus processing and the stage of motor preparation. These effects were reflected in the latencies of the different bimanual movements with both motor incongruence and spatial incongruence causing significant increases in reaction time. However, spatially incongruent movements that were made in response to incongruent visual cues demonstrated changes in reaction time that were more than double those of movements that required simultaneous activation of nonhomologous muscles. Therefore in symbolically cued bimanual reaction-time tasks, although both motor and spatial constraints operate, there is a clear dominance of spatial incongruence on performance. While motor congruence effects are likely due to cross-facilitation in corticospinal pathways, spatial incongruence effects are probably due to interference between the mechanisms that identify incongruent stimuli and translate these cues into the appropriate movements.


This expert guide covers what you need to know to program with Visual Basic 2008, employ the latest Visual Studio 2008 tools, and operate efficiently within the .NET Framework. In an easy-to-follow style, the book moves from in-depth explanations to practical instruction to real-world examples. Explore basic coding in VB 2008 and learn to build interfaces without coding by using Visual Studio 2008's drag-and-drop visual tools. You?ll get up to speed on LINQ and handle key tasks such as programming TreeView controls, and more.


One of the most daunting challenges facing the new U.S. administration is health care reform. The size of the system, the number of stakeholders, and ever-rising costs make the problem seem almost intractable. But in Chaos and Organization in Health Care, two leading physicians offer an optimistic prognosis. In their frontline work as providers, Thomas Lee and James Mongan see the inefficiency, the missed opportunities, and the occasional harm that can result from the current system. The root cause of these problems, they argue, is chaos in the delivery of care. If the problem is chaos, the solution is organization, and in this timely and outspoken book, they offer a plan. In many ways, this chaos is caused by something good: the dramatic progress in medical science--the explosion of medical knowledge and the exponential increase in treatment options. Imposed on a fragmented system of small practices and individual patients with multiple providers, progress results in chaos. Lee and Mongan argue that attacking this chaos is even more important than whether health care is managed by government or controlled by market forces. Some providers are already tightly organized, adapting management principles from business and offering care that is by many measures safer, better, and less costly. Lee and Mongan propose multiple strategies that can be adopted nationwide, including electronic medical records and information systems for sharing knowledge; team-based care, with doctors and other providers working together; and disease management programs to coordinate care for the sickest patients.


Introduction Governments across Canada are investing millions of dollars into the creation of electronic health records systems. While these systems offer great promise of improving the nation's health care system, they also pose considerable risks to individual privacy. In this brief paper I hope to do two things. First, I hope to foster a clearer understanding of the risks. The risks are often misrepresented or misunderstood because of some prevalent misconceptions about the nature of the proposed electronic systems. For that reason, some explanation of the systems is needed. I use Alberta's Electronic Health Record as an exemplar. Once the nature of the risk is delineated, I sketch some of the steps which I believe are necessary for dealing with them. Alberta's Electronic Health Record--Wrestling with Misconceptions Discussion of a provincial or national electronic health record (EHR) often conjures up the image of a massive new database created by the government and containing a lifetime of one's health information. This picture is undoubtedly fostered by the loose descriptions which are so often offered by proponents of such systems. But it is mistaken on at least two significant counts. In the first place, there is no new warehouse of information. Rather, the Alberta's EHR is an electronic network that links the patient records which are collected and maintained by health professionals and by regional health authorities. The EHR provides a portal through which this information can flow from one care provider to another. Pharmacist Kumar, who operates a community pharmacy, can use his computer to obtain information about a patient from Dr. Lee's record. A crucial point to emphasize is that professional responsibility is maintained by those who have traditionally had responsibility for the collection, use and disclosure of health information. I will return to this point below. A second common misconception is that all information collected by any health professional will be made available through the data exchange system. This need not be the case, and at the present time it is not the case. For instance, the information which is currently available through the Alberta Electronic Health Record is merely a subset of the information which is available within Capital Health's netCARE. (1) And the information which is available through netCARE is itself just a subset of information which physicians and clinics in the region maintain within their own records. Simply stated, much of the health information collected in a variety of settings is not available through current electronic health records. Security and Electronic Health Records The creation of a network linking databases full of health information, information which most people find to be among the most sensitive, creates some new risks. Hackers may invade the system and view individuals' health information or--far worse--change it. Health records may be lost through computer failures. But electronic databases loaded with important personal information are now ubiquitous, and dangers such as these threaten all of them. We have developed confidence in our ability to deal effectively with these hazards. Why should we doubt our ability to manage threats to electronic health records using the state-of-the-art technology and practices developed for other arenas of the electronic environment? Electronic Health Records and Professional Responsibility As noted earlier, the EHR is not a massive new record; rather, it is a portal for the transfer of patient information. Information is collected and recorded by one health care provider and flows through this network to other health care providers. In one sense, the advent of the system changes nothing. Health care providers--be they individual professionals or large regional authorities--maintain responsibility for their patients' health information. …


How should we study citizenship in authoritarian regimes? We propose studying how citizenship is performed using the "public transcript"—communication between ordinary citizens and political authorities. The stakes of these strategic communications allow us to observe the roles citizens play to elicit assistance from authoritarian elites. We use this technique to study citizenship in contemporary China, analyzing evidence from an original database of over eight thousand appeals to local officials. These public transcripts reveal three ideal-type scripts of citizenship. First, we observe individuals performing subjecthood, positioning themselves as subalterns before benevolent rulers. We also identify an authoritarian legal citizenship that appeals to the formal legal commitments of the state. Finally, we find evidence for a socialist citizenship which appeals to the moral duties of officials to provide collective welfare. This approach eschews a classification scheme based on regime types, instead acknowledging that diverse performances of citizenship can coexist within a single state.


The topic of collocations is popular in vocabulary acquisition-based studies. Researchers (Boers, Demecheleer, Coxhead, & Webb, 2014; Pellicer-Sanchez, 2017; Webb, Newton, & Chang, 2013) implement many strategies for teaching/testing collocations, varying from intuitive noticing to repetition/drilling and analysis-based activities. However, collocational competence is slow to develop in learners of English as a second/additional language (L2), and so far, there is no clear understanding of factors impacting collocation acquisition. This dissertation examines external and internal factors influencing collocation recognition and controlled production by speakers of English as L2 in three consecutive studies.
The first study was based on an acceptability judgment-focused reading-comprehension task and a survey that compared populations of speakers of English as a first language (L1) and L2. This phase identified that speakers of English as L2 with higher test scores implemented similar reading-comprehension strategies as speakers of English as L1. Additionally, the factors of English as a predominant language of communication, L1, and vocabulary learning strategies were the most significant external factors. The results of the second and third stages of the research were based on a teaching module, pre- and post-instruction cloze and multiple-choice/acceptability judgement matrix-based tests, and a post-test survey. The findings suggested that such interconnected characteristics of collocations as frequency of occurrence and co-occurrence and morphosyntactic type (MST) influence collocation recognition and production. In terms of frequency, collocations with low frequency of occurrence and high frequency of co-occurrence were found to be more difficult to recognize pre-instruction and more susceptible to teaching intervention. In terms of MST, Verb + Noun, Adjective + Noun, and Verb + Adjective were strong pre-instruction test score predictors; however, they were not easily acquired, and it was Verb + Adjective and Adverb + Adjective collocations that showed an improvement in post-instruction test scores. Other research implications concern strategies of teaching/testing collocations based on their characteristics. The testing format of a cloze and multiple-choice/acceptability judgment matrix modelled after Revier (2009) was an effective measurement of recognition and production of whole collocations in the sentence-level context. Additionally, a blended teaching approach based on noticing, repetition, and deep processing proved successful.


The Schiff base ligand, derived from imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde with L-phenylalanine and the Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes were synthesized. The synthesized ligand and its complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moment, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, UV-Vis., ESR, mass spectra, TGA, CV and powder XRD. The analytical data shows that the metal to ligand ratio is 1:1. The molar conductance data reveal that all the complexes are non-electrolytes. The results show that the ligands act as a tridentate monobasic donor coordinating through the azomethine nitrogen, imidazole nitrogen and carboxylato oxygen atoms. The TGA data indicates the presence of coordinated water molecules in these complexes. The crystallinity of these compounds was proved by the powder XRD pattern. Antimicrobial studies indicate that the complexes exhibit more activity than the ligand.


Millions of women and children are living in poverty in South Africa. Many interventions have been implemented in an attempt to alleviate their poverty, from government assistance grants to community-based organizations. However, mothers also employ their own coping mechanisms to mitigate the impacts of poverty in their households. Following a model of multi-dimensional poverty that incorporates material, emotional, spiritual, and social elements of poverty, this paper explores the various ways that government, community, and individuals are making an impact on the experience of poverty among impoverished families with young children. Through participant observation and in-depth, qualitative interviews with HIV-positive, unemployed mothers belonging to Philani Nutrition Center's Outreach program, this study came to several key conclusions. One, government social assistance grants alleviate only minor forms of material deprivation among poor families and, due to their limited scope, fail to sufficiently address the poverty of unemployed households. Two, social networks and community resources provide a significant source of emotional support for unemployed mothers, especially those with HIV. Philani Nutrition Center's peer-based outreach model addresses many of the gaps left by government programs in achieving greater overall quality of life in the lives of impoverished women and children. Three, individual resiliency among mothers contributes to their family's wellbeing as well, as the women employ their own strengths and identify creative solutions to mitigate the effects of poverty. This paper concludes that it is important to analyze the specific impacts of various poverty alleviation interventions to ensure that all aspects of a family's wellbeing are sufficiently addressed. Looking at the strategies employed by mothers living in poverty offers valuable insight into the capabilities of the poor, as well as highlighting areas where further support is needed.


PRIMATEs are a family of permutation-based authenticated encryption algorithms for lightweight applications. They are currently under submission to the CAESAR competition. There are three PRIMATEs: the basic SpongeWrap-variant HANUMAN, GIBBON for speed-critical applications, and APE for additional security when nonces are reused or unverified plaintext is released. When resistance against hardware side-channel attacks is required, the PRIMATEs permutation has been designed to offer an efficient threshold implementation to counter first-order DPA attacks, based on glitch-free secret-sharing-based masking.


Abstract:The results of the fifteenth Indian General Election defied the predictions of most political analysts who had feared a fractured verdict from the electorate. Instead the Indian National Congress emerged with a plurality of seats (winning 206 out of a possible 543). With the support of a small handful of parties it has thereby been able to form a stable government. A postelection analysis suggests that the Congress's emphasis on rural development and the personal stature of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh contributed significantly toward its victory. Also, the charge from the Bharatiya Janata Party, principal opposition party, that the Congress had not shown sufficient resolve on questions of national security, did not seem to move the electorate.


Until relatively recently the impact of the law on the work of information professionals has been limited and confined principally to matters concerning copyright. However, in today's information society, librarians and information practitioners are increasingly engaging in activities that bring them into contact with varied and complex aspects of law, going beyond copyright into areas such as libel, freedom of information, professional liability, privacy and human rights. The range of legal knowledge that is required of a competent and prudent information professional has therefore expanded significantly. This classic text offers both a complete picture of the law as it affects information management and an exploration of the fundamental principles that underlie practice. It uses individual cases to illustrate legal principles and contextualize specific regulations. Legal information often appears dense and impenetrable, but this approachable text cuts through the legalese to present the reader with exactly the information they need in a digestible form. This completely updated edition includes new chapters on the Re-use of Public Sector Information, Human Rights, and Legal Deposit. A helpful glossary of terms is now included, and the chapter on Cybercrime and Computer Misuse has been substantially expanded. This book enables every information worker to quickly identify and assess the legal hazards that may be associated with their work. It is also the perfect textbook of law for information studies students.


The buckling and postbuckling behaviors of a composite beam with single delamination are investigated. A three-dimensional finite element model using the commercial code ANSYS is employed for this purpose. The finite elements analyses have been performed using a linear buckling model based on the solution of the eigenvalues problem, and a non-linear one based on an incremental-iterative method. The large displacements have been taken into account in the nonlinear analysis. Instead of contact elements a new delamination closure device using rigid compression-only beam elements is developed. Effect of delamination length, position through thickness and stacking sequence of the plies on the buckling and postbuckling of laminates is investigated. It has been found that significant decreases occur in the critical buckling loads after a certain value of the delamination length. The position of delamination and the fiber orientation also affect these loads. © 2009 IAU, Arak Branch. All rights reserved.


by Klaus Lohrmann. Geschichte der Juden in Wien 1. Berlin: Philo, 2000. 192 pp. Euro 25.00.As part of a planned six-volume history of Viennese Jews from the Middle Ages to the present, the author here undertakes in approximately 160 pages the presentation of events from the first emergence of Jews in Vienna in 1194 to the enforced baptisms of 1420/21. It is the declared goal of the series to replace the summarizing account of the history of Viennese Jews written by Hans Tietze by creating an encyclopedic work that will suffice academic demands for the next hundred years. The fact that already this first volume only partially meets these demands stems from the book's fragmentary and dispersed documentation and from the resulting thematic limitation. The main problem is, however, the author's focusing on the "development of the ethics of economy in the Middle Ages with its obvious influences on the Chrisan-Jewish relationship" (see dust jacket of book).This thematic limitation is all the more surprising since Lohrmann, given the structure and orientation of his study, seems in fact to be aiming at another goal. So the work is based on varied and little known source material consisting of deeds, records, letters, bills, legal texts, Jewish custom, religious writings, etc. which the author knows how to evaluate in an informed manner. One must also credit him for the fact that he does not let the object of his investigation as predetermined by regional criteria turn his study into only an isolated case study. Rather Vienna serves the author much as a mirror of European conditions, which he finds documented on the basis of cross references to the situation of Jews in other cities.Also the format of the book gives rise to the assumption that the analysis will be complex. While not explicitly structured, this study consists of three major complementary sections. The first section (pp. 13-92) deals with the position of Jews in the public life of Vienna, or more precisely the tasks they were allowed to be in charge of. Beginning with the example of Schlom, a coin master in the service of Leopold V in the late 12th century, what are analyzed here are the basic conditions for professional activities, especially in the areas of finance and credit, the legal privileges, as well as the legal limitations, of the Vienna Jews, economic factors, taxes and fees, etc. (Chapter 2, pages 35-58). The author is successful in Chapter 3 (pp. 59-92) in illuminating the economic importance of Jews in late medieval society as it is significantly specified in the subtitle: "Moneyers, Merchants, and Finance Experts."With Chapter 4 (pp. 93-126) the author shifts thematically to the inner structure and the conditions of being relative to Jewish communal life in late Medieval Vienna, as well as some of its protagonists. The breadth and scope include the structuring of the Jewish Quarter (pp. 93-102), a compilation of biographical dates of specific Rabbis from the 12(th) to the 15(th) centuries, and the inner organization of the Jewish community, which the author characterizes as an oligarchical leadership drawn from those families involved in financial businesses.This observation provides the transition to Chapter 5, which deals with important Jewish families (pp. 127-137). The reader now has the opportunity to come to grips with the previously discussed abstractions in terms of actual living human beings who are introduced according to their biographical dates, their genealogy, and their professional functions, in addition to the financial transactions they performed. Despite the absence of systematizing aids, such as charts and family trees, which would have made the narrative interconnections more easily understandable, this survey is without doubt a good aid for further research into this area. …


We investigate the light-curve properties of a sample of 26 spectroscopically confirmed hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe-I) in the Palomar Transient Factory survey. These events are brighter than SNe Ib/c and SNe Ic-BL, on average, by about 4 and 2 mag, respectively. The peak absolute magnitudes of SLSNe-I in rest-frame g band span −22 ≲ Mg ≲ −20 mag, and these peaks are not powered by radioactive 56Ni, unless strong asymmetries are at play. The rise timescales are longer for SLSNe than for normal SNe Ib/c, by roughly 10 days, for events with similar decay times. Thus, SLSNe-I can be considered as a separate population based on photometric properties. After peak, SLSNe-I decay with a wide range of slopes, with no obvious gap between rapidly declining and slowly declining events. The latter events show more irregularities (bumps) in the light curves at all times. At late times, the SLSN-I light curves slow down and cluster around the 56Co radioactive decay rate. Powering the late-time light curves with radioactive decay would require between 1 and 10 M⊙ of Ni masses. Alternatively, a simple magnetar model can reasonably fit the majority of SLSNe-I light curves, with four exceptions, and can mimic the radioactive decay of 56Co, up to ∼400 days from explosion. The resulting spin values do not correlate with the host-galaxy metallicities. Finally, the analysis of our sample cannot strengthen the case for using SLSNe-I for cosmology.


Although generalised exchange has been considered to be a key ingredient of organisational social capital, it has attracted limited attention in the organisational behaviour (OB) literature. Drawing upon studies of generalised exchange in a wide range of social science disciplines and social exchange research in the OB literature, I aim to answer a key question about generalised exchange: why do some people and not others engage in generalised exchange?
In this thesis, I propose that the rule of collective reciprocity is the fundamental regulating mechanism of generalised exchange and introduce the concept of generalised exchange orientation (GEO) – individuals' beliefs in favour of the rule – as an individual characteristic that motivates individuals to engage in generalised exchange. I create a theoretical framework on the antecedents and consequences of GEO and conduct three empirical studies to examine the propositions. In the first study, I develop and validate scales to measure GEO and orientations to other forms of social exchange. The results support the new scales' validity and their measurement invariance between the United States and Japan. The second study is to analyse the antecedents of GEO and indicates that task interdependence and depersonalised trust promote GEO over time. The third study involves analysing the impact of GEO on knowledge-sharing behaviours on an in-house online platform, and it shows that GEO promotes the behaviours, moderated by organisational identification. This evidence unpacks the micro-foundations of the occurrence of generalised exchange in organisations and provide insights into the development of individual orientation towards generalised exchange. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed.


This essay explores S. Y. Agnon's Jerusalem in a number of texts, spanning nearly his entire life—and beyond, into posthumous publications. I argue that the two constitutive events of the 1940s—the Shoah and the war of 1948 that led to the establishment of the State of Israel—hardly figure in Agnon's representation of Jerusalem, which remains largely an anachronistic site of pre-1948 pilgrimage and millennial visions. Rather than interpret this as part of a seamlessly religious worldview consistent with "holistic" poetic and political positions (especially post-1967), I suggest that there is a nonhistorical version of Jerusalem as the site of ultimate reconciliation and deliverance that is often "hidden in plain view" in some of the most audacious of Agnon's fictions. I conclude with a reading of the enigmatic short story, "Ma'gelei tsedek."


Security is most commonly seen as a business concept. This is one reason for the poor uptake and implementation of standard security processes in non-business environments such as general medical practice. It is clear that protection of sensitive patient information is imperative yet the overarching conceptual business processes required to ensure this protection are not well suited to this context. The issue of sensitivity of information, together with the expectation that security can be effectively implemented by non-security trained professionals creates an insecure environment. The general security processes used by business, including those for risk assessment, are difficult to operationally put into practice in the medical environment and this one-sizefits-all approach is shown to be ineffective. Therefore more explicit models are required which provide contextually relevant guidance and can be implemented within the capability of those using them.


A good society relies on the education of its citizenry. Following the 1983 publication of A Nation at Risk (National Commission on Excellence in Education), America turned a skeptical eye toward its educational institutions. Specifically targeting the leadership of its schools, our country called for a closer examination of the characteristics of school administrators and what factors predicted an effective school. Influenced by the parallel findings in business and organizational management, the habits, beliefs, practices, personalities, and styles of leaders were closely assessed for their ability to instill a sense of community and good will in their respective organization. Toward the end of the 20th century, social scientists suggested that effective leadership was more than profit margins, effective offices and power. Revealing a persuasive nexus between leadership and spirituality, theorists such as Parker J. Palmer and others set the stage for a new standard by which leaders would be judged. The morality and integrity of leaders became more important than ever. This essay will explore the concept of spirituality and its influence in leadership throughout history. Although this dimension has been overlooked until recently, it is a critical component to a leader's effectiveness, particularly in education.


The Lake Champlain Basin is threatened by several non-native invasive plant and animal species. The U.S. states of Vermont and New York, and the province of Quebec, Canada share the Lake Champlain watershed. The three jurisdictions work together to protect their water resources and implement Opportunities for Action, a long-term watershed management plan for the Basin. Together they recognise the need to control the introduction, spread, and impact of non-native invasive species in order to preserve the biological and ecological integrity of the Lake Champlain ecosystem independent of political borders. The Lake Champlain Basin Program Aquatic Nuisance Species Subcommittee is developing an invasive species rapid response action plan that addresses invasive species control and spread prevention in the Basin. A rapid response is an effort to contain and control non-native invasive species introductions while they are localised in a short amount of time, such as weeks or months, before they become established and more expensive to manage. Lake managers, policy makers, scientists, academics, and representa- tives of local watershed organisations from the three jurisdictions have shared information and data to foster the development of a comprehensive plan. Gaps in interstate and inter-jurisdictional laws and policy have been identified by reviewing all necessary permits for aquatic invasive species control methods. Examining the interface of law, policy, and permits aids in identifying regulatory and policy inadequacies, and opportunities for corrective legislation. Partnering among diverse organisations has allowed strategic invasive species rapid response planning that builds on managers' and policy makers' concerns, provides options, fosters inter-jurisdictional cooperation, and considers social, economic, and political impacts of invasive species man- agement. The rapid response planning process identifies lead agencies from each of the three jurisdictions, recommends the formation of one governing body, and includes detailed steps of a rapid response process. The goal of the rapid response plan is to foster dialogue among permit applicants, scientists, and regulatory agencies, to ensure the fastest action possible. The Lake Champlain Basin invasive species rapid response planning process provides an applicable model for the United Nations Educa- tional Scientific Organisation Hydrology for the Environment, Life, and Policy (HELP) basins around the world.


[Excerpt] The progress and development of the ILR School during the past 50 years, though sometimes uneven in both pace and direction, has largely met the promise and expectations embodied in the founding legislation. The fulfillment of the legislative purpose testifies to the contributions of those many individuals and institutions with whom we have interacted over this period of astonishing growth in size, complexity of structure and programs, and recognized stature at home and abroad in both the academic and practitioner worlds. Because the largest part of my professional life h a s been spent as a member of the ILR community—as undergraduate student in the school's early years, as faculty member, and now, until my pending retirement in that role, as dean, in this last chapter I want to offer some observations on the school's future that have been informed by this experience. Although these are personal views, I am confident that they are not unique but are shared widely among the school's constituencies of faculty, students, alumni, and the external publics we have served over the years. Although one hopes that the future of an institution such as the ILR School can be what we want it to be, it is important to recognize and acknowledge the limits of control. That is a lesson we have learned from coping with and adapting to a constantly changing environment in our 50-year history. I will not burden you with the details of that experience, but it is useful to contrast briefly the economic, social, and political environment of the school as a nascent institution in the late 1940s and 1950s and the comparable dimensions of its more recent past.


Mr A. D. Gibbs writes: Allen et al. suggest that tourmaline-quartz pebbles in the Torridonian of Scotland may be used to reconstruct contemporary erosion levels in the Precambrian rocks to the northwest. The authors state that the pebbles are indicators of granite intrusions in the pre-Ketilidian block at a level much higher than the present erosion surface. In the course of my mapping in the Buksefjorden region to the south of Godthab, West Greenland, (Ghadwick & Coe 1972) radiating tourmaline aggregates up to 0.7 m in diameter in quartz segregations have been found along the margins of pegmatites in Malene supracrustal sillimanite gneisses and amphibolites. The pegmatites are associated with the roof zone of the Qprqut granite, which is a high level sheeted complex. The Qprqut granite intrudes amphibolite facies gneisses of Amitsoq and Nuk types (McGregor 1973) with ages around 3.7 b.y. and 3.2 b.y. respectively (Black et al. 1971). The granite complex gives an age around 2.6 b.y. (unpublished age quoted in Black et al. 1973), i.e. within the range quoted by Allen et al. for the Torridonian pebbles. The erosion of the roof zones of granites such as the Qorqut at or near the present level of erosion could easily provide a source of quartz-tourmaline pebbles such as those described by the authors. I acknowledge the assistance of K. Ellitsgaard-Rasmussen of the Greenland Geological Survey. Professor J. Sutton replied on behalf of the authors: Mr Gibbs suggestion is most welcome. It will be interesting to see if


ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN HARMONY PERCEPTION SINCE Helmholtz (1877/1954) have relied primarily on psychoacoustical models of the dissonance among the partials of chord tones. Those models are successful in explaining interval perception and the interval structure of common scales, but do not account for even the basics of triadic harmony. By introducing a 3-tone "tension" factor, I show how the sonority of the triads of diatonic music can be explained.Moreover, the relative size of the intervals among the partials in triads determines the major/minor modality of chords: major chords have a predominance of larger lower intervals, while minor chords have a predominance of smaller lower intervals. Finally, by invoking the "frequency code" known from linguistics and ethology, the positive/negative valence of the major/minor chords is shown to have an acoustical basis. I conclude that the perception of harmony can be explained by the acoustical structure of triads, without invoking cultural factors.


Purpose of review Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a relatively new disease but its understanding is evolving over a period of time. This review highlights recent advances in the understanding of pathophysiology, diagnostic modalities, short and long-term goals of therapy and novel therapeutic agents. Recent findings The prevalence of EoE is increasing. Upper endoscopy and biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosing EoE but less invasive and more cost-effective testing has been under investigation. Scoring systems to assess symptoms, histology and endoscopic findings can distinguish between active and inactive disease. Step up therapy with 2–4–6 food elimination can result in early identification of triggering foods and reduce frequency of endoscopies. The term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) responsive eosinophilia should be avoided and PPI should be considered a therapeutic modality. Oral viscous budesonide has been more effective than fluticasone in achieving remission. Adrenal suppression should be looked for patients on swallowed steroids. IL-13 antagonists can be a promising therapy for EoE and dilation is a safe and effective treatment modality in patients with EoE but as is expected, does not decrease inflammation. Summary EoE has been increasingly recognized as a cause of food impactions and dysphagia. Less invasive methods for diagnosis and to monitor treatment response have been studied but need validation in children. Short-term treatment goals include symptomatic and histological improvement, with prevention of fibrostenotic disease the primary long-term goal. Elemental diet and empiric elimination diet appear to be successful in inducing remission. PPI and swallowed steroids cause symptomatic improvement and histological remission but relapse is common after discontinuation of therapy.


Children's interpretation of scopally ambiguous sentences has been the subject of much recent research. In this paper, we address this issue by looking at children's interpretation of sentences containing an ambiguity between different scope-bearing elements, namely negation and a modal verb in Italian. We present experimental results suggesting that Italian-speaking children differ from Italian-speaking adults in that they choose strong inverse scope interpretations rather than weak surface scope interpretations.


Status Quo: Automated systems will replace the human operator at different tasks in everyday life. From today's perspective, these new technologies offer predicted but also unknown benefits. However, as every other new technology, also automated systems will have drawbacks for some stakeholders in our society. As long as new technologies are within readiness levels of research, their impact is mostly negligible. The technology readiness level of automated driving in road traffic is pushed forward strongly by many
researchers and developers all over the world. Consequently, the demand for safety assurance gets urgent. From today's perspective, a concept that evaluates the safety of automated driving in an affordable and meaningful way is missing. However, this concept
is necessary to enable the introduction of automated driving to public road traffic.
Objectives: The objective of this thesis is to improve the understanding of the challenge for safety assurance on automated vehicles. Therefore a concept is aimed for, that estimates
the safety impact for the stakeholders of automated driving. Estimations are always based on assumptions and suffer from uncertainty. For that reason the concept needs to consider and express the underlying assumptions and uncertainties.
Methodology: The methodology for reaching the objectives is formed around the core assumption of the concept: The safety of an Object under Test can be described by the parameter of a probability distribution. This parameter connects the number of
events that result from driving a distance with the safety performance of the OuT.
Based on this core assumption a model for safety evaluation is developed iteratively. First of all the relevant stakeholders that are influenced by the technology are identified and analyzed. The second step identifies measurable requirements for the safety of automated vehicles from the stakeholder's perspectives. Based on this
preliminary work on the one hand a usage strategy is defined that controls the introduction of automated vehicles. On the other hand an examination strategy is developed to evaluate whether this strategy enables the automation to meet the requirements. In step four the usage strategy is examined for the Autobahn automation being one representative use case. The results, meaning testing effort and introduction possibilities, are compared and discussed. A refinement of stakeholders as well as requirements is performed.
Such a refinement is necessary as only a more precise and subtle analysis will lead to a share between efforts and benefits of the introduction of automated vehicles that forms a basis for the discussion on the safety assurance challenge.
Results: The results of the thesis can be grouped into four mayor insights.
Firstly, the number of rare events like accidents can be handled as being a product of a random experiment that depends on a safety performance of a traffic participant and the number of driven kilometers. From today's perspective a falsification of this approach
was not found and thus builds a simple first approach. Secondly, the statistical proof of safety based on real-world driving is not economically feasible before mass application of the automated vehicle. Thirdly, refinement of the requirements is necessary and
justifiable to reduce the safety requirements. Splitting up the requirements of society and vehicle users leads to reduced testing efforts and an uncertainty-based usage strategy.
This uncertainty most likely will reduce during usage, thus also enabling a statistical statement on safety at one point in future. Lastly, a method consisting of evaluation criteria as well as an introduction simulation is developed to examine proposed usage
strategies. Thereby the possible safety impacts of the usage are studied.
Conclusion: As the safety of automated driving cannot be proven statistically before introduction, the introduction needs to be performed despite and under consideration of an estimated uncertainty. This does not mean that the introduced vehicles are less safe compared to their benchmark; however during introduction it will be uncertain.
As long as the uncertainty stays above a threshold a usage strategy that is included into the safety assurance concept is necessary. Such a usage strategy would be cautious and based on regular observation of the events encountered by introduced vehicles.
Several challenges have been identified for the developed introduction concept of automated vehicles. Based on these challenges further work should mainly address two topics: 1. The identification and collection of data that is necessary for concept application.
2. The answer of an unavoidable question: How much harm, caused by a human built machine, is acceptable for the exposed humans?


This project investigates how Ruth Crawford's applications of concepts from Charles Seeger's Manual of Dissonant Counterpoint can inform non-tonal jazz improvisation and composition. Crawford and Seeger's collaboration between 1929 and 1931 culminated in a distinctive compositional approach called dissonant counterpoint that was founded on a dialectic between the traditions of Western concert music, and experimentation with various types of dissonance. This commentary argues that innovation in jazz emerges from a similar dialectic between convention and experimentation, which is enriched by practices extrinsic to the jazz tradition. I have developed a collection of recordings for solo piano and piano trio that embody various syntheses of dissonant counterpoint and jazz. Following a critique of mainstream jazz practices, I refer to Crawford and Seeger's discourse to advances two primary aims: Firstly, to develop distinctive approaches to non- tonal pitch organisation suitable for both composition and improvisation; and secondly, to develop templates for improvisation (called referents) that encourage sophisticated, contrapuntal musical textures. Each type of referent discussed in this commentary requires the performer to engage with the construction of reference materials while they improvise. Rather than relating to chord progressions that are unchanged during multiple repetitions (solo choruses), improvisers are provided with multilayered reference information that can be configured in a variety of ways. Some compositions provide independent, contrasting harmonic streams that are synthesised and juxtaposed by the performer as they improvise. Some referents supply metrical and rhythmic information that co-ordinates multilayered improvisations. Other compositions supply sets of modules that are sequenced, combined and varied by the improviser. Each referent engenders textural sophistication by embedding a concept of counterpoint within the information that performers relate as they improvise. I conclude by considering ways that my assimilation of modernist techniques reveals a metamodern sensibility, an emergent trend identified by cultural theorists Velmeulen and Van Den Akker.


All three volume of Clive James's sharp and funny autiobiography where first we meet the young Clive James - dressed in shorts and growing up in post-war Sydney. With "Falling Towards England", we find Clive living in a Swiss Cottage B&B, where he practises the Twist, anticipates poetical masterpieces he's yet to compose, and worries about his wardrobe. Finally "May Week was in June" sees Clive at Cambridge University, where he enthusiastically involves himself in college life (generally female lives) until May week - not only in June but also a fortnight long - when he gets married. The rest is history, or awaiting a fourth volume of memoirs.


Despite the soaring use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in mobile applications, uniformly sustaining high-performance inference on mobile has been elusive due to the excessive computational demands of modern CNNs and the increasing diversity of deployed devices. A popular alternative comprises offloading CNN processing to powerful cloud-based servers. Nevertheless, by relying on the cloud to produce outputs, emerging mission-critical and high-mobility applications, such as drone obstacle avoidance or interactive applications, can suffer from the dynamic connectivity conditions and the uncertain availability of the cloud. In this paper, we propose SPINN, a distributed inference system that employs synergistic device-cloud computation together with a progressive inference method to deliver fast and robust CNN inference across diverse settings. The proposed system introduces a novel scheduler that co-optimises the early-exit policy and the CNN splitting at run time, in order to adapt to dynamic conditions and meet user-defined service-level requirements. Quantitative evaluation illustrates that SPINN outperforms its state-of-the-art collaborative inference counterparts by up to 2× in achieved throughput under varying network conditions, reduces the server cost by up to 6.8× and improves accuracy by 20.7% under latency constraints, while providing robust operation under uncertain connectivity conditions and significant energy savings compared to cloud-centric execution.


Restructuring the board of directors, or organizing a formal board in a private company, can be the starting point for reversing performance declines in severely underperforming, but not yet insolvent, companies. This article provides an overview of 1) the qualities needed in the new chairman, 2) the shortcomings of the existing board and qualities sought in new directors, 3) the early agenda of the new board, and 4) the ongoing agenda and its core components as viewed in the context of performance enhancement and value creation. Board restructuring as the first step in performance enhancement is a specialized process requiring a unique type of leadership. Executed well, it can lead to substantial increase in shareholder value.


Sea-level change has influenced human population globally since prehistoric times. Even in early phases of cultural development human populations were faced with marine regression and transgression as a result of changing climate and corresponding glacio-isostatic adjustment. Global marine regression during the last glaciation changed the palaeogeography of the continental shelf, converting former marine environments to attractive terrestrial habitats for prehistoric humans. These areas of the shelf were used as hunting and gathering areas, as migration routes between continents, and most probably witnessed the earliest developments in seafaring and marine exploitation, until the postglacial transgression re-submerged these palaeo-landscapes. Based on modern marine research technologies and the integration of large databases, proxy data are increasingly available for the reconstruction of Quaternary submerged landscapes. Also, prehistoric archaeological remains from the recent sea bottom are shedding new light on human prehistoric development driven by rapidly changing climate and environment. This publication contributes to the exchange of ideas and new results in this young and challenging field of underwater palaeoenvironmental investigation.


Formation of highly impermeable assemblages on membranes in water treatment can result in significant problems in maintaining permeate flux and necessitate frequent cleaning of the membrane. In this study, we describe the hydraulic properties of montmorillonite clay particles and examine the link between microscopic particle–particle interactions and the bulk properties of the clay assemblage. In particular, we show that changes in the ionic composition of feed waters can have a dramatic impact on the fouling properties of montmorillonite particles with highly impermeable, voluminous filter cakes formed at low ionic concentrations and dramatically more porous assemblages formed at higher ionic strengths.


This paper presents the development of a tool for EnVironmental Assessment (EVA) of novel propulsion cycles implementing the Technoeconomical Environmental and Risk Analysis (TERA) approach. For nearly 3 decades emissions certification and legislation has been mainly focused on the landing and take-off cycle. Exhaust emissions measurements of NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons are taken at Sea Level Static (SLS) conditions for 4 different power settings (idle, descent, approach and take-off) and are consecutively used for calculating the total emissions during the ICAO landing and take-off cycle. With the global warming issue becoming ever more important, stringent emissions legislation is soon to follow, focusing on all flight phases of an aircraft. Unfortunately, emissions measurements at altitude are either extremely expensive, as in the case of altitude test facility measurements, or unrealistic, as in the case of direct in flight measurements. Compensating for these difficulties, various existing methods can be used to estimate emissions at altitude from ground measurements. Such methods, however, are of limited help when it comes to assessing novel propulsion cycles or existing engine configurations with no SLS measurements available. The authors are proposing a simple and fast method for the calculation of SLS emissions, mainly implementing ICAO exhaust emissions data, corrections for combustor inlet conditions and technology factors. With the SLS emissions estimated, existing methods may be implemented to calculate emissions at altitude. The tool developed couples emissions predictions and environmental models together with engine and aircraft performance models in order to estimate the total emissions and Global Warming Potential of novel engine designs during all flight phases (i.e. the whole flight cycle). The engine performance module stands in the center of all information exchange. In this study, EVA and the described emissions prediction methodology have been used for the preliminary design analysis of three spool high bypass ratio turbofan engines. The capability of EVA to radically explore the design space available in novel engine configurations, while accounting for fuel burn and global warming potential during the whole flight cycle of an aircraft, is illustrated.


Many citizen science projects deal with high attrition rates. The Dutch Great Influenza Survey is an exception to this rule. In the current study, we conducted an online questionnaire (N=1610) to investigate the motivation and learning impact of this loyal, active participant base. Results show that the desire to contribute to a larger (scientific) goal is the most important motivator for all types of participants and that availability of scientific information and data are important for learning. We suggest similar projects seek (social) media attention regularly, linking project findings to current events and including the importance of participants' contribution. Abstract


Purpose
Within the "wicked" concept of ageing, this paper aims to primarily model an integrated approach to identifying and evaluating opportunities that deliver innovative outcomes in Ageing Well Practice, Health and Economic Policy and Research Actions using a collaborative and entrepreneurial mindset. The strategic focus is on a "Boomer" (user)-driven and facilitated Network – that brings together health professionals, research specialists, technologists, ageing well providers, "encore" career specialists, life-style providers, community groups, wealth creation specialists and industry innovators to streamline the progression of identified concepts to valued users and markets and enhance the economy.

Design/methodology/approach
Using the unit of analysis for innovation, i.e. the "added-value" as perceived by the user and not simply a product or a technology, the identified "opportunity-outcome" will embed a new service concept or intervention, which embraces and promotes ageing well, independent living or resident-centred care in the community and delivers direct and indirect economic benefits.

Findings
The authors model a point of differentiation in facilitating existing ageing well policies in the community, through a focus on an integrated and multi-dimensional collaborative framework that can deliver user value and contributes to community and economic benefits.

Research limitations/implications
Generalising results without a commercial business case from this single strategic viewpoint requires caution. The positive outcomes from this innovation collaborative concept can be used to guide further policy development and business investment in ageing well needs.

Practical implications
Such an integrated innovation collaborative structure provides the capacity to identify ageing well opportunities, to contract enterprises, both SMEs' and larger companies, for development of the opportunities into user-valued outcomes, to network venture resources and deliver these outcomes to a sustainable market of ageing well citizens.

Social implications
The Ageing Well Innovation collaborative framework identifies practical ways to integrate new concepts of ageing participation to be realised by the increasing number of "Boomers". It provides a self-managing process for linking individuals, public and private parties to maximise information and ideas flow, and engagement of the skilled resources in the Boomer group.

Originality/value
The innovation collaborative structure proposed is not simply novel but is a targeted focus on entrepreneurship and innovation applied strategically to the needs of ageing boomers and community needs. The added-value is in the demonstrated enhancement to effective innovation outcomes in community ageing and the economy.


Multiple dimensions of dialogue as pedagogical practice are examined in the following three essays. In the first piece, "When Life Imitates Art: Notes on the Nature of Dialogue," poet and essayist Jane Vanderbosch reflects about the politics of silence and voice in graduate school. She analyzes how power and politics charge the atmosphere of the classroom. In "The Pedagogy of Dialogue: A Relation Between Means and End," Grace Deniston-Trochta focuses on self-examining the possibility of dialogue in a large "pit" classroom. She proposes teacher as listener/learner, a teacher who is self-reflective and respectful. In the final essay, "Managing the Silence of Children," Ed Check considers how power and control are mediated in the lives of students and teachers. He implicates himself in his discussion as he reflects on a conversation with his nephew. Throughout, the writers dissect pedagogy as dialogue through the personal as political. Each reveals how telling one's truths is a site to rethink institutionalized strategies and self-imposed silences.


This paper examines the background and psychology of the open source movement and suggests ways to decrease resistance to the adoption of open source systems in libraries, which have typically favoured proprietary systems. Resistance is frequently based on deep-rooted institutional and psychological factors, which can be overcome with sensitive and purposive training and implementation strategies. While the paper is directed at libraries specifically, many of the underlying causes of resistance to open source apply to institutions generally, and the suggestions outlined could be applicable in many industries beyond libraries.


In the recent years treatment of typhoid fever with existing popular drugs has been unsatisfactory, because of the emergent resistant strains of Salmonella typhi throughout the world including Pakistan. Third generation cephalosporins, such as ceftriaxone and cefixime, have emerged as a satisfactory alternative drugs to previous oral typhoid fever therapies. Previous studies in Pakistan have shown a cure rate of more than 95% with parenteral ceflriaxone in children with MDR typhoid fever (Naqvi et aI., 1992). The major limitations for available third generation cephalosporins are cost and the necessity for parenteral administration. Many studies have reported changes in clinical responses to many drugs due to the effects of age, liver dysfunction, malnutrition and fever on the kinetics of these drugs. However, new anti-typhoidal drugs have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine the effects of age and/or concomitant complications with typhoid fever (liver dysfunction, malnutrition and fever) on the pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) of new anti-typhoidal drugs, which may ultimately alter drug activity. Children with MDR typhoid fever were administered either ceftriaxone (65mg/ Kg once daily) for 14 days or cefixime (10, 15 and 20mg/ Kg/day in two divided doses) for 14 days. Similar previous study on cefixime (I0mg/ Kg) had been conducted by us in children with MDR typhoid fever. Serum levels of ceftriaxone and cefixime were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The pharmacokinetic parameters i.e.maximum serum concentration (Cmax), minimum serum concentration (Cmin), halflife (t1/2), area under the serum concentration versus time curve (AVC), volume of distribution (V d) and serum clearance (ClS) were calculated. Salmonella typhi was isolated from blood obtained from 119 children (64 in the ceftriaxone study, 30 in the first cefixime study and 25 in second study of cefixime) and these isolates were found to be resistant to the first line oral therapies (ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) of typhoid fever. All patients successfully completed the study as per protocol. The relapse rate was 5% in ceftriaxone study and 2% in cefixime studies. The time to deffervescence in ceftriaxone study was 5.5 days, whereas in first cefixime study it was 9.5, 6.4 and 11.1 days for the dose levels of 10, 15 and 20mg/ Kg body weight respectively and in cefixime previous study was 14.9 days. However, there was no mortality or any other complication observed during the course all studies. On day three of treatment, the pharmacokinetic parameters including Cmax, Cmin, t1/2, AUC, Vd, and Cls were estimated for both drugs (ceftriaxone and cefixime) in children with MDR typhoid fever. Compared with the published data in children, the results of this study showed that ceftriaxone has lower Cmax and higher t1/2, AUC, Vd and Cls values. The mean peak serum cefixime concentrations in the two studies were fairly linear in pediatric patients on doses of 10 to 20mg/ Kg. However, the values of Cmax, t1/2, AUC, Vd were higher, whereas Cls was lower than that reported in previously in children and adults. To determine the effects of age on the pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftriaxone and cefixime were investigated in children with MDR typhoid fever. Pediatric patients in this study were divided into two groups (group one included all children ages 5 years, and group two were those> 5 years of age). The effects of age on the pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftriaxone and cefixime (previous study) were not significant. Whereas, it is significantly affected the V d and Cls of cefixime. The influence of the transient liver dysfunction (in some patients) due to typhoid fever on the pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone and cefixime was also examined. In ceftriaxone study, the Cm.. and AVC were significantly lower and Vd was significantly higher in children with liver dysfunction than those of children with normal liver function. Whereas, the Cmax, t1/2 CIs were not significantly affected. However, in both cefixime studies, liver dysfunction had no significant effects on their pharmacokinetic parameters. In order to assess the effects of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of cefixime in children with typhoid fever, data was analyzed by comparing data obtained from children with or without malnutrition. The mean values of pharmacokinetic parameters in children with malnutrition were not significantly different form those of children with normal nutritional status. The effects of fever duration on ceftriaxone and cefixime pharmacokinetics were examined in children with MDR typhoid fever. Children were divided into two groups (Le., group one included all children with I week of fever duration). The Cls of cefixime (previous study) was significantly lower in group one than that of group two. Whereas, other pharmacokinetic parameters of this study and the ceftriaxone and cefixime studies were not significantly affected by duration of fever. In conclusion based on the above data, it can be safely that 14 days course of once-daily ceftriaxone (65mg/ Kg body weight), showed a safe and effective alternative therapy to first line therapies for the treatment of MDR typhoid fever in children. In addition, ceftriaxone shortens duration of fever substantially, thus reducing the hospital stay. In addition, this study also suggests that a 14 days course of twice-daily cefixime 15mg/ Kg provides safe and effective therapy than that of 10 and 20mg/ Kg, and also provides alternative therapy to first line therapy. In addition, cefixime is an oral formulation, so can be prescribed on an outpatient basis for children experiencing MDR typhoid fever. Therefore, its use would be preferable for patients that not require hospitalization. Since the transient liver dysfunction significantly affects the pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftriaxone, therefore dosage adjustment may be required in children requiring ceftriaxone. Whereas, the affects of liver dysfunction on the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefixime were not significant, therefore dosage adjustment may be not required in children requiring cefixime. Hoever, age, malnutrition and fever related changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftriaxone and cefixime were not satisticaly significant. Therefore, it is concluded that dosage adjustment would not be necessary in children requiring ceftriaxone as well as cefixime.


Once again Ryan McGinness blurs the lines between fine art and design in his latest experimental book. Featured are McGinness current paintings and sculptures from different bodies of work Mindscapes, Blackholes and Women as well as site-specific work made for these pages. For Women, his photographic sessions resulted in 2D forms, their gestures and movements captured, and their images layered with graphics. Reproductions of reproductions fold in on themselves as McGinness treats the metadata captions about the work with as much (or even more) importance as the reproduced works they describe. Adventurous typography is also employed with incongruous phrases and texts culled from the artists sketchbook. McGinness is as experimental as ever, and has produced a collection of new work imbued with youthful energy. The stunning juxtapositions of all these elements create a textured and vividly explosive book that continues to reward readers after multiple visits.


Presenters, such as analysts briefing to an executive committee, often use visualizations to convey information. In these cases, providing clear visual guidance is important to communicate key concepts without confusion. This paper explores visual cues that guide attention to a particular area of a visualization. We developed a visual cue taxonomy distinguishing internal from external cues, designed a web tool based on the taxonomy, and conducted a user study with 24 participants to understand user preferences in choosing visual cues. Participants perceived internal cues (e.g., transparency, brightness, and magnification) as the most useful visual cues and often combined them with other internal or external cues to emphasize areas of focus for their audience. Interviews also revealed that the choice of visual cues depends on not only the chart type, but also the presentation setting, the audience, and the function cues are serving. Considering the complexity of choosing visual cues, we provide design implications for improving the organization, consistency, and integration of visual cues within existing workflows.


Over the centuries, European debate about the nature and status of images of God and sacred figures has often upset the established order and shaken societies to their core. Out of this debate, an identifiable doctrine has emerged of the image in general and of the divine image in particular. This fascinating work concentrates on these historical arguments, from the period of Late Antiquity up to the great and classic defenses of images by St. John of Damascus and Theodore of Studion. Icon extends beyond the immediate concerns of religion, philosophy, aesthetics, history, and art, to engage them all.


Heat tolerance in poultry production was obtained attention due to the need for genetic lines that can withstand climate changes. This study aimed at investigating heat tolerance in commercial and native broiler genetics, as well as the physiological and growth performance responses of HSP70 genotypes submitted to heat stress. In Experiment I, heterophil:lymphocyte (H:L) ratio, as an indicator of heat tolerance, was compared between commercial broilers (n = 100) and Thai native chickens (n = 100). Growing chickens (with similar initial weight) of each genetic strain were randomly divided into two groups: 1) thermoneutral environment (26 oC ± 2 oC) and 2) heat stress (36 oC ± 2 oC). The results showed that native chickens originating from a tropical environment presented lower H:L ratio and mortality rate compared with commercial broilers. In Experiment II, HSP70 genotypes were compared. PCRRFLP was applied to identify the genotypes (C1C1, n = 38; C1C2, n = 38; and C2C2, n = 28). Ten-week-old chickens of each genotype were evaluated in the same environments described in Experiment I. Heat-stress indicators – respiratory rate (RR), cloacal temperature (CT), packed cell volume (PCV), and average daily gain (ADG) – were measured for three weeks. The significant difference in PCV indicated that C2C2 chickens were less tolerant to heat stress compared to other genotypes. The RR, CT, and ADG were not significantly different among all genotypes. Since the C2C2 genotype was shown to be sensitive to heat stress, C1C1 and C1C2 could be used as markers for heat-tolerant genetic strains of Thai indigenous chickens and hybrid commercial lines.


Attention modules, as simple and effective tools, have not only enabled deep neural networks to achieve state-of-the-art results in many domains, but also enhanced their interpretability. Most current models use deterministic attention modules due to their simplicity and ease of optimization. Stochastic counterparts, on the other hand, are less popular despite their potential benefits. The main reason is that stochastic attention often introduces optimization issues or requires significant model changes. In this paper, we propose a scalable stochastic version of attention that is easy to implement and optimize. We construct simplex-constrained attention distributions by normalizing reparameterizable distributions, making the training process differentiable. We learn their parameters in a Bayesian framework where a data-dependent prior is introduced for regularization. We apply the proposed stochastic attention modules to various attention-based models, with applications to graph node classification, visual question answering, image captioning, machine translation, and language understanding. Our experiments show the proposed method brings consistent improvements over the corresponding baselines.


We obtain the adiabatic compression of femtosecond solitons in fibers with slowly decreasing dispersion (FSDD's) and discover the effect of soliton pulse-width stabilization in FSDD's. A theoretical model for the description of femtosecond-pulse propagation in FSDD's is presented. The model takes into account higher-order nonlinear and dispersive effects in fibers. We present numerical simulations of a generalized nonlinear Schrodinger equation and the adiabatic soliton approximation theory as well. Good quantitative agreement between the theory and the experiments is seen. The effect of soliton pulse-width stabilization in FSDD's is described as a result of the combined action of the third-order dispersion and Raman self-scattering effects. We also show the possibility of obtaining high-quality pulses with less than a 15-fs pulse width in the 1.6-μm spectral region by soliton compression in FSDD's.


From the rise of cyberbullying and hactivism to the issues surrounding digital privacy rights and freedom of speech, the Internet is changing the ways in which we govern and are governed as citizens.

This book examines how citizens encounter and perform new sorts of rights, duties, opportunities and challenges through the Internet. By disrupting prevailing understandings of citizenship and cyberspace, the authors highlight the dynamic relationship between these two concepts. Rather than assuming that these are static or established "facts" of politics and society, the book shows how the challenges and opportunities presented by the Internet inevitably impact upon the action and understanding of political agency. In doing so, it investigates how we conduct ourselves in cyberspace through digital acts. This book provides a new theoretical understanding of what it means to be a citizen today for students and scholars across the social sciences.


Spartina spp. (cordgrasses) often dominates intertidal mudflats and/or low marshes. The landward invasion of these species was typically thought to be restrained by low tidal inundation frequencies and interspecific competition. We noticed that the reported soil salinity levels in some salt marshes were much higher than those at the mean higher high water level, which might inhibit the landward invasion of cordgrass. To test this possibility, we transplanted Spartina alterniflora across an elevational gradient in an invaded salt marsh in the Yellow River Delta National Nature Reserve, where a salt accumulation zone (i.e., salt barren) was previously observed. We found that S. alterniflora was significantly inhibited by the salt barren in high marsh regions, although it performed better at upland and low marsh regions. A common garden experiment further elucidated that S. alterniflora performed best at low salinity levels and that this species is less sensitive to inundation frequency. Our results indicated that the salt barren inhibited the landward invasion of S. alterniflora in salt marshes and provided a natural barrier to protect the upland from invasion. Though field observations suggest that S. alterniflora could propagate along tidal channels, which provide low-salinity corridors for the dispersal of propagules, natural salt barrens can inhibit the landward invasion of Spartina in salt marshes. However, artificial disturbances that break the salt barren band in salt marshes (e.g., artificial ditches) might accelerate the invasion of Spartina spp. This new finding should alert salt marsh managers to pay attention to artificial ditches and/or other human activities when attempting to control Spartina invasion.


Employers today are demanding more and more of employees time. And from campaign barbecues to the blogosphere, workers across the United States are raising the same worried question: How can I get ahead at my job while making sure my family doesn t fall behind?Heather Boushey argues that resolving work-life conflicts is as vital for individuals and families as it is essential for realizing the country s productive potential. The federal government, however, largely ignores the connection between individual work-life conflicts and more sustainable economic growth. The consequence: business and government treat the most important things in life health, children, elders as matters for workers to care about entirely on their own time and dime. That might have worked in the past, but only thanks to a hidden subsidy: the American Wife, a behind-the-scenes, stay-at-home fixer of what economists call market failures. When women left the home out of desire and necessity the old system fell apart. Families and the larger economy have yet to recover.But change is possible. "Finding Time" presents detailed innovations to help Americans find the time they need and help businesses attract more productive workers. A policy wonk with working-class roots and a deep understanding of the stresses faced by families up and down the income ladder, Heather Boushey demonstrates with clarity and compassion that economic efficiency and equity do not have to be enemies. They can be reconciled if we have the vision to forge a new social contract for business, government, and private citizens."


ABSTRACT: This article argues that Derek Walcott's title poem from the Arkansas Testament (1987), a poetic sequence in which he debates acquiring American citizenship, plays with contrasts of scale—both in literal, geographical terms and on the micro-level of poetic figures—to record his complex allegiances to America and to his native St. Lucia. In addition to contrasts of scale, which themselves imply dynamism and movement, Walcott employs metaphors of travel and transportation, figures which also migrate across his poetic sequences. He uses these kinetic figures to document what the United States, as both historical place and artistic abstraction, comes to represent for him as a black expatriate. One of Walcott's greatest influences, W.B. Yeats, famously wrote that "We make out of the quarrel with others rhetoric, but of the quarrel with ourselves, poetry." Recording his quarrel with himself, Walcott uses the language of poetry to weigh the relative sizes of his conflicting concerns: can he, in good conscience, become an American given the racial history of the US South? Regardless of America's potential for racial progress, is citizenship necessarily a betrayal, or diminution, of his Antillean origins? Caught in the self-proclaimed paradox of existing as insider and outsider, traveler and potential citizen, local writer and global figure, Walcott troubles these same categories. Turning to the mobility of metaphor and to his poetry's dramatic juxtapositions of scale, Walcott asks not only whether he can acquire US citizenship but whether he can belong—or wants to belong—to a Global South.


The design of cooperative multi-robot systems is a highly active research area in robotics. Two lines of research in particular have generated interest: the solution of large, weakly coupled MDPs, and the design and implementation of market architectures. We propose a new algorithm which joins together these two lines of research. For a class of coupled MDPs, our algorithm automatically designs a market architecture which causes a decentralized multi-robot system to converge to a consistent policy. We can show that this policy is the same as the one which would be produced by a particular centralized planning algorithm. We demonstrate the new algorithm on three simulation examples: multi-robot towing, multi-robot path planning with a limited fuel resource, and coordinating behaviors in a game of paint ball.


Locomotion in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans depends on neuronal Gαq and Gαs signaling pathways involved in synaptic function. Thus, worms in which either of these signaling pathways are nonfunctional are virtually paralyzed. Edwards et al. found that exposure to blue-violet light restored coordinated locomotion to worms with loss-of-function mutations affecting either Gαq or Gαs signaling pathways. Only short-wavelength light was effective in eliciting locomotion, through a mechanism that did not depend on temperature change, with the maximal response occurring with exposure to ultraviolet light. Prolonged exposure to short-wavelength light was lethal, and, given the option, wild-type worms avoided short-wavelength illumination. A forward genetic screen for motile worms that lacked a locomotive response to short-wavelength light implicated a protein that the authors called LITE-1. Intriguingly, LITE-1 is unrelated to any known photoreceptor protein but instead resembles an insect Gustatory receptor (Gr) protein. When lite-1 was expressed in the neurons of lite-1-null mutant worms, it restored light-induced locomotion; when heterologously expressed in body wall and egg-laying muscles, it elicited light-induced contraction and egg expulsion. Thus, the authors conclude that LITE-1 represents a photoreceptor for ultraviolet light that may allow C. elegans to avoid lethal exposure to sunlight. S. L. Edwards, N. K. Charlie, M. C. Milfort, B. S. Brown, C. N. Gravlin, J. E. Knecht, K. G. Miller, A novel molecular solution for ultraviolet light detection in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Biol. 6, e198 (2008). [PubMed]