Drawing on the papers in this volume that precede it, our discussion brings all the chapters of the long story of Alsonyek into a single narrative, discussing in more interpretive terms notions of persistent place, community, aggregation and coalescence, with an eye on different scales of analysis and the broader tempo of change. We look especially at the remarkably long persistence of Alsonyek, the intensity of its occupation and the trajectory of population increase and decline at the site. We begin by comparing general conditions of early village emergence with the specific evidence for the development of settlement and population in Transdanubia and beyond in central Europe, before summarising date estimates for the successive periods of occupation at Alsonyek itself, from Starcevo through LBK and Sopot to the Lengyel. We emphasise the long continuity of occupation except for the gap between Starcevo and LBK, the probable overlap between LBK and Sopot, and the acceleration of growth in the Lengyel period. The exceptional persistence of place seen at Alsonyek is examined in further detail, with comparison to elsewhere leading on to discussion of the sense of place and community that may have been experienced through the Alsonyek sequence. Characterisation of the Lengyel occupation as not only a major aggregation but also a coalescent community is explored; the causes of such developments elsewhere, as seen in the historical and ethnographic record, are noted, including periods of social instability and inter-community violence. The extraordinary intensity of activity at Alsonyek is further modelled in various ways to provide estimates of population and numbers of buildings in use through the Lengyel sequence. The peak of intense activity was probably only maintained for a generation or two around 4700 cal BC, and the decline of the Lengyel site was perhaps only slightly slower than its rise (covering two or three generations in the latter part of the 47th century cal BC). Activity did not reduce to its pre-Lengyel levels, however, but persisted for several more centuries at perhaps two or three times the intensity of any pre-Lengyel occupation. A search for the causes of the Alsonyek aggregation - and of its decline - remains challenging, though answers may eventually be found in the further study of the regional settlement complex or the detailed history of disease. No extensive signs of violence have so far been recorded. We further discuss possible constituents of the coalescence represented at Alsonyek, noting the frequent houses and possible households and neighbourhoods, and looking beyond these to the idea of wards, clans and moieties. Possible clues to internal differences within the site are noted for future research, and it is only with further work that the full Alsonyek story can be told.


A mob scene erupted in April 1990 in the sleepy hamlet of Caneada, a small town on the northern edge of the Allegheny Mountains. In addition to riots and numerous arrests, six senior citizens, handcuffed to a heavy chain, formed a human barricade across the steel bridge spanning the Genesee River. Their purpose was to prevent the siting commission of a low-level radioactive waste dump from getting across the bridge. In the past few decades, finding sites for undesirable facilities, such as prisons and garbage landfills, has become ever more difficult. The difficulty lies not in tracking down technically suitable sites, but in the so-called NIMBY syndrome. People might agree that a facility is desperately needed just as long as it is Not In My Backyard. The unfortunate results of this proverbial game of hot potato are ever-mounting social and economic costs. State and local governments will continue to spend small fortunes finding sites to facilities that everyone desires hi principle but nobody seems to want on their block. In Slaying the NIMBY Dragon, Herbert Inhaber draws on the experience of many NIMBY cases. He discusses new approaches to overcoming NIMBY, such as . the reverse Dutch auction. Reverse, because undesirable objects are being auctioned. This market approach holds promise for meeting the objections of potential neighbors of a LULU (Locally Unwanted Land Use) as well as society's need to get the facilities built. According to Inhaber, a site auction works better than negotiation--the community handles it on their own, and when they are satisfied with a site they offer a bid. The hefty bonus would go to the first county that agrees to have a site built in their backyard. Psychological components of the NIMBY syndrome are also discussed--logical objections and why people think as they do about LULUs. Inhaber believes that the trick to handling this problem is to take account of these personal sentiments and accomplish the nation's work at the same time. Inhaber adopts an optimistic approach to a problem that many believe has become a national fixture with no solution. The nuclear industry has been trying, without success, to dispose of its waste for about four decades, to take just one example. Inhaber believes there is a way to assuage the fears of an affected community while simultaneously preserving the environment and the people. This book will be of interest to environmentalists, developers, policymakers, and those in the fields of waste industry, nuclear, and risk analysis.


ABSTRACT The authors discuss how tangible user interface objects can be important educational and entertainment tools in environmental education. The authors describe their interactive installation artwork Reefs on the Edge, which incorporates tangible user interface objects and combines environmental science and multiple art forms to explore coral reef ecosystems that are threatened by the effects of climate change. The authors/artists argue that the use of tangible user interface in an installation-art setting can help engage and inform the public about crucial environmental issues.


"Bibliographic utilities" is the collective name for a group of computer service organizations that maintain large databases of cataloging records and offer various cataloging support services and related products to libraries and other customers who access those records on an online, timesharing basis. The databases maintained by most bibliographic utilities are essentially online union catalogs. As outlined in subsequent sections of this report, all bibliographic utilities acquire cataloging records in machine-readable form from the Library of Congress and other subscription sources. In most cases, their databases also include cataloging records contributed by participating libraries. Regardless of source, databases maintained by bibliographic utilities contain two kinds of information: (1) descriptive cataloging and classification data in the MARC format appropriate to the items being cataloged, and (2) holdings information for libraries that have added specific items to their collections. The following reports describe and discuss eight organizations that offer online, timeshared cataloging support services in North America: 1. The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC); 2. The Research Libraries Group (RLG), which operates the Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN); 3. The Western Library Network (WLN); 4. Auto-Graphics, Incorporated, which operates the Impact/ONLINE CAT service; 5. A-G Canada, a subsidiary of Auto-Graphics that operates Impact/MARCit, a bibliographic utility originally developed by Utlas; 6. Brodart Automation, which operates the Interactive Access System (IAS); 7. The Library Corporation, which offers the ITS.MARC cataloging service; and 8. Data Research Associates, which operates Open DRA Net, an Internet-based information service that provides online access to cataloging records and other databases. Other bibliographic utilities operate in Europe, the Pacific Rim, and Latin America. They maintain similar databases of cataloging records, but are generally unavailable to North American libraries. Chapman (1997), Nicholas and Boydell (1996), and Saffady (1996) discuss the British Library's BLAISE-LINE service. The Dutch Project for Integrated Catalogue Automation (PICA) is described by Bossers (1989, 1991), Costers (1987, 1991), Costers and Koopman (1995), Feijen (1991), Oosterop (1996), Plaister (1987), Sens (1995), Smit (1992), Vos (1997), and Wagner (1993). The Australian Bibliographic Network (ABN) is discussed in many publications, including Baskin (1982), Burrows (1984), Cathro (1988, 1989, 1991), Clayton (1988), Conklin (1988), Eaves (1981), Hannan (1982), Hosking (1987), Keany (1997), Kirkby (1981), MacDougall (1991), Pearce and Trainor (1994), Ralli (1989, 1996), and Steele (1990). Pezeril (1995) provides a history of SIBIL France, a bibliographic utility for university and research libraries. Hardeck (1997), Rosemann and Sens (1997), and Schmiede and Wenzel (1996) discuss German cataloging cooperatives. Sercar et al. (1996) discuss COBISS, a Slovenian bibliographic utility. SABINET, a South African bibliographic utility, is described by Boshoff and Bergesen (1982), Plessis (1996), Plessis and Malan (1995), and Roos (1994). McGinn (1988) surveys Latin American databases of cataloging records. In North America, the earliest bibliographic utilities were organized in the 1970s to support technical processing operations through cooperative cataloging and computer-assisted card production. Their origins and development are discussed by Buckle (1993), Butler (1975), DeGennaro (1981), Epstein (1979), Evans (1995), Freedman (1977), Fry (1980), Hildreth (1987, 1987a), Jacob et al. (1979), Levine and Logan (1977), Martin (1977, 1986), Matthews (1979), Matthews and Williams (1982), McQueen and Boss (1985), Robinson (1980), Schultz (1983), Scott (1981), Stevens (1980), and Webster and Warden (1980), among others. …


Antarctica, one of the world's last great wildernesses, presents special challenges for international law. Fears that Antarctica would become a front in the Cold War catalysed agreement on the 1959 Antarctic Treaty which neither legitimized nor challenged the existing sovereign claims to the continent. The unique Antarctic Treaty System has provided the foundation for peaceful, harmonious and effective governance. There are, however, new anxieties about the frozen continent and the Southern Ocean. Antarctica already feels the effects of climate change and ocean acidification. Claimant states assert rights to the Antarctic continental shelf and interest in Antarctic resources grows. Tourism brings new environmental and safety risks. China and other powers are increasing their activities, with some questioning the consensus of the 'Antarctic club'. Security concerns are increasingly discussed, despite Antarctica's dedication to peaceful purposes. This book brings together the main primary international materials concerning the regulation and governance of Antarctica, including multilateral and bilateral treaties, United Nations materials, 'soft laws', and judicial decisions. It covers the spectrum of Antarctic issues from environmental protection to scientific cooperation to tourism. As it shows, Antarctic law has constantly adapted to meet new challenges and is a sophisticated, inclusive, dynamic and responsive regime.


The object under study in this paper is the distinct core competency of information systems (IS) academics. The author is concerned that, while many would agree that it has more to do with thinking skills than technical expertise, thinking skills are poorly defined. This paper will suggest a definition using the multiple perspectives literature that is growing in popularity both in IS and the theory of knowledge. More specifically, this paper will explore the argument that the core competency of IS academics be recognised as applied critical thinking where this is defined as offering unique and useful perspectives on industry related problems. While there is some recognition of this role for IS academics already, the lack of explicit definitions of 'critique' and practical examples may be blocking its development as a feasible core competency. The idea being that academics would develop ways to critique management practice constructively rather than invent more classroom based methodologies. In this way, academics would have a useful service to offer busy developers. Examples of possible critique methods are presented with some discussion about how they might be applied.


ABSTRACT Earthquake data from two short‐period ocean‐bottom seismometer (OBS) networks deployed for over a year on the continental slope off New York and southern New England were used to evaluate seismicity and ground motions along the continental margin. Our OBS networks located only one earthquake of M c ∼1.5 near the shelf edge during six months of recording, suggesting that seismic activity ( M Lg >3.0) of the margin as far as 150–200 km offshore is probably successfully monitored by land stations without the need for OBS deployments. The spectral acceleration from two local earthquakes recorded by the OBS was found to be generally similar to the acceleration from these earthquakes recorded at several seismic stations on land and to hybrid empirical acceleration relationships for eastern North America. Therefore, the seismic attenuation used for eastern North America can be extended in this region at least to the continental slope. However, additional offshore studies are needed to verify these preliminary conclusions.


Ambient aerosol, CCN (cloud condensation nu-clei) and hygroscopic properties were measured with a size-segregated CCNC (cloud condensation nuclei counter) in a boreal environment of southern Finland at the SMEAR (Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations) II station. The instrumental setup operated at five levels of super-saturation S covering a range from 0.1–1 % and measured particles with a size range of 20–300 nm; a total of 29 non-consecutive months of data are presented. The median critical diameter D c ranged from 150 nm at S of 0.1 % to 46 nm at S of 1.0 %. The median aerosol hygroscopicity parameter κ ranged from 0.41 at S of 0.1 % to 0.14 at S of 1.0 %, indicating that ambient aerosol in Hyytiälä is less hygro-scopic than the global continental or European continental averages. It is, however, more hygroscopic than the ambient aerosol in an Amazon rainforest, a European high Alpine site or a forested mountainous site. A fairly low hygroscop-icity in Hyytiälä is likely a result of a large organic fraction present in the aerosol mass comparative to other locations within Europe. A considerable difference in particle hygro-scopicity was found between particles smaller and larger than ∼ 100 nm in diameter, possibly pointing out to the effect of cloud processing increasing κ of particles > 100 nm in diameter. The hygroscopicity of the smaller, ∼ 50 nm particles did not change seasonally, whereas particles with a diameter of ∼ 150 nm showed a decreased hygroscopicity in the summer, likely resulting from the increased VOC emissions of the surrounding boreal forest and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. For the most part, no diurnal patterns of aerosol hygroscopic properties were found. Exceptions to this were the weak diurnal patterns of small, ∼ 50 nm particles in the spring and summer, when a peak in hygroscopicity around noon was observed. No difference in CCN activation and hy-groscopic properties was found on days with or without atmospheric new particle formation. During all seasons, except summer, a CCN-inactive fraction was found to be present, rendering the aerosol of 75–300 nm in diameter as internally mixed in the summer and not internally mixed for the rest of the year.


The beat-to-beat dynamic Starling mechanism (DSM), the dynamic modulation of stroke volume (SV) because of breath-by-breath changes in left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), reflects ventricular-arterial coupling. The purpose of this study was to test whether the LVEDP-SV relationship remained impaired in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients after normalization of LVEDP. Right heart catheterization and model-flow analysis of the arterial pressure waveform were performed while preload was manipulated using lower-body negative pressure to alter LVEDP. The DSM was compared at similar levels of LVEDP between HFpEF patients ( n = 10) and age-matched healthy controls ( n = 12) (HFpEF vs.

CONTROLS
10.9 ± 3.8 vs. 11.2 ± 1.3 mmHg, P = 1.00). Transfer function analysis between diastolic pulmonary artery pressure (PAD) representing dynamic changes in LVEDP vs. SV index was applied to obtain gain and coherence of the DSM. The DSM gain was significantly lower in HFpEF patients than in the controls, even at a similar level of LVEDP (0.46 ± 0.19 vs. 0.99 ± 0.39 ml·m-2·mmHg-1, P = 0.0018). Moreover, the power spectral density of PAD, the input variability, was greater in the HFpEF group than the controls (0.75 ± 0.38 vs. 0.28 ± 0.26 mmHg2, P = 0.01). Conversely, the power spectral density of SV index, the output variability, was not different between the groups ( P = 0.97). There was no difference in the coherence, which confirms the reliability of the linear transfer function between the two groups (0.71 ± 0.13 vs. 0.77 ± 0.19, P = 0.87). The DSM gain in HFpEF patients is impaired compared with age-matched controls even at a similar level of LVEDP, which may reflect intrinsic LV diastolic dysfunction and incompetence of ventricular-arterial coupling. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The beat-to-beat dynamic Starling mechanism (DSM), the dynamic modulation of stroke volume because of breath-by-breath changes in left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), reflects ventricular-arterial coupling. Although the DSM gain is impaired in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patients, it is not clear whether this is because of higher LVEDP or left-ventricular diastolic dysfunction. The DSM gain in HFpEF patients is severely impaired, even at a similar level of LVEDP, which may reflect intrinsic left-ventricular diastolic dysfunction.


We present results on the mass, spin, and redshift distributions with phenomenological population models using the 10 binary black hole (BBH) mergers detected in the first and second observing runs completed by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. We constrain properties of the BBH mass spectrum using models with a range of parameterizations of the BBH mass and spin distributions. We find that the mass distribution of the more massive BH in such binaries is well approximated by models with no more than 1% of BHs more massive than 45 M ⊙ and a power-law index of α = 1.3 − 1.7 + 1.4 (90% credibility). We also show that BBHs are unlikely to be composed of BHs with large spins aligned to the orbital angular momentum. Modeling the evolution of the BBH merger rate with redshift, we show that it is flat or increasing with redshift with 93% probability. Marginalizing over uncertainties in the BBH population, we find robust estimates of the BBH merger rate density of R = 53.2 − 28.2 + 55.8 Gpc−3 yr−1 (90% credibility). As the BBH catalog grows in future observing runs, we expect that uncertainties in the population model parameters will shrink, potentially providing insights into the formation of BHs via supernovae, binary interactions of massive stars, stellar cluster dynamics, and the formation history of BHs across cosmic time.


Aim : Considering positive effects of hospital information system (HIS) in patients' treatment and organization performance, it is necessary to evaluate the quality of services provided by these systems. Hence, this research was aimed to evaluate HIS usability after training evaluators based on heuristic method in Isfahan hospitals. Methods: This research is a practical, descriptive, and cross-sectional study, which was conducted in Isfahan educational hospitals in 2014. In this research, four evaluators assessed four HIS (Kosar, Rayavaran Tose, Pooya Samaneh Diva, Sayan) independently. Data collection tools were researcher-made check lists based on 10 Nielsen's components, which validity of the checklist was verified by faculty members, as well as medical informatics and hospital information technology specialists. Checklist not required to reliability but because of the proliferation evaluators of reliability with group training of evaluators that are involved in the process was provided. Then data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 software (IBM Company, USA). Result: The results indicated that the total of detected problems in Kosar System, Rayavaran Tose System, Pooya Samaneh Diva System, and Sayan System were %31, %34, %24, and %24, respectively. The highest number of problems with %58 was related to users' freedom and dominating the system, and the lowest number with %16 was related to the component of match between the system and the real world. Conclusion: Despite the widespread use in the country, the design of many existing health systems has usability problems, which can affect the quality of users' interaction with the system and, therefore, caring outcome. Observing available standards and regulations in designing information system user interface like mentioned components in this research can lead to problem reduction.


BACKGROUND
 Exercise and a healthy diet can improve the quality of life and prognosis of prostate cancer survivors, but there have been limited studies on the feasibility of web-based lifestyle interventions in this population.

 OBJECTIVE
 This study aims to develop a data-driven grounded theory of web-based engagement by prostate cancer survivors based on their experience in the Community of Wellness, a 12-week randomized clinical trial designed to support healthy diet and exercise habits.

 METHODS
 TrueNTH's Community of Wellness was a four-arm pilot study of men with prostate cancer (N=202) who received progressive levels of behavioral support (level 1: website; level 2: website with individualized diet and exercise recommendations; level 3: website with individualized diet and exercise recommendations, Fitbit, and text messages; and level 4: website with individualized diet and exercise recommendations, Fitbit and text messages, and separate phone calls with an exercise trainer and a registered dietitian). The primary aim of the study is to determine the feasibility and estimate the effects on behaviors (results reported in a separate paper). Following the 12-week intervention, we invited participants to participate in 4 focus groups, one for each intervention level. In this report, we used grounded theory analyses including open, axial, and selective coding to generate codes and themes from the focus group transcripts. Categories were refined across levels using embodied categorization and constant comparative methods.

 RESULTS
 In total, 20 men with prostate cancer participated in the focus groups: 5, 4, 5, and 6 men in levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Participants converged on 5 common factors influencing engagement with the intervention: environment (home environment, competing priorities, and other lifestyle programs), motivation (accountability and discordance experienced within the health care system), preparedness (technology literacy, health literacy, trust, and readiness to change), program design (communication, materials, and customization), and program support (education, ally, and community). Each of these factors influenced the survivors' long-term impressions and habits. We proposed a grounded theory associating these constructs to describe the components contributing to the intuitiveness of a web-based lifestyle intervention.

 CONCLUSIONS
 These analyses suggest that web-based lifestyle interventions are more intuitive when we optimize participants' technology and health literacy; tailor interface design, content, and feedback; and leverage key motivators (ie, health care providers, family members, web-based coach) and environmental factors (ie, familiarity with other lifestyle programs). Together, these grounded theory–based efforts may improve engagement with web-based interventions designed to support prostate cancer survivorship.


Objective: In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study and evaluation of the quality of life for people with schizophrenia. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive literature review on the quality of life for people with schizophrenia who are living in the community. Method: An integrative literature review was undertaken to review literature in the field of medical/mental health in relevant databases. Results: A total of 21 studies were reviewed and categorised according to three themes identified from the literature: the quality of life and socio-demographic characteristics of people with schizophrenia; the quality of life of people with schizophrenia internationally; and the quality of life of people with schizophrenia in cross-cultural studies. Conclusion: Quality of life for people with schizophrenia depends on many factors, including cultural and econontic factors, homogeneity of the society, traditional role of the family, social support, and availability of the mental health services. Recommendations for further studies, particularly in the Arab world, are made.


The Indo-Pacific fish Terapon jarbua is recorded for the first time in the Mediterranean. This record is evidentially the result of T. jarbua entering the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal (Lessepsian migration). The present record increases the total number of known Lessepsian fish to 74. A comparison of Mediterranean and Red Sea specimens of T. jarbua with specimens from the Far East suggests the necessity for genetic studies in order to clarify the unity of this taxon.


The use of a battery to meet the electricity demand in Indonesia is still needed in the community. Inside there is a liquid electrolyte battery that serves as an energy source battery. In this study, the source of energy used is garlic, spinach and salt. All energy sources are mixed into three compositions based on a predetermined mass ratio. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the electrolyte of garlic, spinach and salt as an alternative source of electrical energy in the battery dry. How to adjust the composition of the material with a mass percentage used are: a. Composition I is 20% garlic, raw spinach 40% and 40% salt; b. Composition II was 40% garlic, raw spinach 20% and 40% salt; c. Composition III was  40% garlic, raw spinach 40% and 20% salt. Results from this research that a battery with a composition III has the highest electrical power to the composition III is 0974 mW. Therefore, a mixture of the composition III which contains garlic and spinach contain a lot of acid. To salt is not very influential on electric power because the salt is neutral Keywords: garlic, spinach and salt


Caring for children with chronic diseases, such as cancer, can impose lots of responsibilities on parents. The present study aimed to investigate time and effort required for care activities among parents of children with cancer in pediatric educational treatment center, Tabriz, Iran. In this descriptive comparative study, parents of 150 children with cancer who were under treatment in pediatric educational treatment center, Tabriz were selected through convenience sampling. Care of My Child with Cancer questionnaire was used to measure the time and effort spent on taking care of children. The data were analyzed using descriptive (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential (Friedman test) statistics. The most difficult and time-consuming tasks were physical care activities and usual care for the ill child and other children for the mothers, but emotional factors, information, communication needs, and maintaining family performance while facing disease and treatment for the fathers. The study findings emphasized the effect of childhood cancer on families. While taking care of patients physically, mothers can be provided with information about the disease, treatment, and child care so as to reduce a part of their care burden. Besides, supportive interventions can be used to decrease the fathers' emotional care burden.


Indian jurisprudence on fair, reasonable, and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) licensing practices for standard-essential patents (SEPs) is at a relatively nascent stage. Unlike U.S. and EU courts, which have dealt with cases concerning calculating a FRAND royalty for a considerable time, Indian courts and the Indian antitrust authority — the Competition Commission of India (CCI) — have only just begun to decide such cases. In its initial orders in the first two antitrust complaints concerning SEPs, the CCI seemed to favor using the smallest salable patent-practicing component (SSPPC) as the royalty base to determine a FRAND royalty. However, in the short time since the CCI's orders, the Delhi High Court has rendered contrary decisions in two SEP infringement suits. The Delhi High Court's decisions use the value of the downstream product as a royalty base and rely on comparable licenses to determine a FRAND royalty. The Delhi High Court's decisions are not only consistent with sound economic principles, but also indicate that the court is responding to the judicial and industry trends in the rest of the world. Because the CCI is still investigating the antitrust complaints with respect to the same SEPs, the CCI could benefit from considering the legal and economic arguments in the Delhi High Court's decisions. It would be counterproductive for the emerging FRAND jurisprudence in India if the judiciary and the competition authority take opposing views toward the rights of SEP holders and SEP implementers.


Journalism, Gender and Power revisits the key themes explored in the 1998 edited collection News, Gender and Power. It takes stock of progress made to date, and also breaks ground in advancing critical understandings of how and why gender matters for journalism and current democratic cultures. This new volume develops research insights into issues such as the influence of media ownership and control on sexism, women's employment, and 'macho' news cultures, the gendering of objectivity and impartiality, tensions around the professional identities of journalists, news coverage of violence against women, the sexualization of women in the news, the everyday experience of normative hierarchies and biases in newswork, and the gendering of news audience expectations, amongst other issues. These issues prompt vital questions for feminist and gender-centred explorations concerned with reimagining journalism in the public interest. Contributors to this volume challenge familiar perspectives, and in so doing, extend current parameters of dialogue and debate in fresh directions relevant to the increasingly digitalized, interactive intersections of journalism with gender and power around the globe. Journalism, Gender and Power will inspire readers to rethink conventional assumptions around gender in news reporting—conceptual, professional, and strategic—with an eye to forging alternative, progressive ways forward.


In this paper, we study p2p systems, where peers have to share their available resources between their own and other peers' needs. One such example is a system of peers who use their capacity-limited access links both for their upstream and downstream connections. In the selfish approach, each peer would like to exploit the full capacity of his access link only for his downloads. However, if all peers acted selfishly, the system would collapse. In order to motivate peers to cooperate, we propose a distributed reputation-based system according to which peers earn reputation analogous to their contributions. In this way, each peer has to trade off the capacity he will dedicate for uploading in order to increase his reputation and therefore his revenue and the capacity he will dedicate for his downloads. All peers act rationally, trying to maximize their utility. Our proposed policies lead rational peers to cooperation while promoting fairness, as peers receive resources in proportion to their contributions. Our policies outperform existing work in this area in which the slowest link becomes the bottleneck of a heterogeneous system of different link capacity peers. On the contrary, no such bottleneck appears when our policies are used, improving the performance of the system. Finally, we apply our reputation-based approach in a BitTorrent-like file sharing system and we highlight the potential performance gains.


Shifting climates are affecting a diverse range of species, with many taxa predicted to become extinct. A great proportion of reptile species are at risk of extinction within the 21st century due to climate change, yet species-specific impacts of climate change are difficult to predict. This is partly due to inter-specific variance in the physiological and behavioural traits which mediate environmental temperature effects at the organismal level. A Tasmanian lizard genus, Niveoscincus, provides an excellent example of this, as variation in altitudinal distribution between species has led to divergent adaptations to local thermal conditions. In this thesis, I provide a systematic assessment of traits likely to mediate climate change effects on widespread lowland and range-restricted highland members of the Niveoscincus genus.

Variation in thermal niche width underlies extinction risk from climate change, yet basal physiological data is often unavailable and there is little understanding of the way physiology varies within and between species. I determined the critical thermal limits and evaporative water loss rates of a widespread lowland species of snow skink, N. metallicus, and two highland species of snow skink, N. microlepidotus and N. greeni, in a laboratory setting. I found that the widespread lowland species had significantly higher critical thermal minimum and maximum temperatures, and significantly lower evaporative water loss rates than either of the highland species. I then examined the potential for these critical thermal limits to mediate climate effects on the activity periods from 2010 – 2100. Projections indicate that both widespread lowland and highland snow skink species will experience an increase in their available activity period during the 21st century under predicted climate change.

Behavioural plasticity is at the forefront of organisms' potential to respond to novel environments yet our understanding of the extent of behavioural plasticity possessed by species is limited. I examined the potential for behavioural responses to changes in basking opportunity by a high and low altitude population of two widespread lowland species, N. ocellatus and N. metallicus, and two highland species of snow skink, N. microlepidotus and N. greeni, in a laboratory setting. All of the populations and species showed reductions in the time spent basking in response to increased basking opportunity. The widespread lowland species, but not the highland species, showed reductions in body temperature when exposed to increased basking opportunity. These plastic behavioural and body temperature responses to the thermal environment have the potential to mediate climate change effects on these species.

Annually reproducing widespread lowland Niveoscincus species interact with biennially reproducing highland Niveoscincus species in narrow zones ~1100 m above sea level. Warming temperatures projected under climate change may enable widespread lowland species to invade higher altitude areas. Consequently, the reduced reproductive rate of highland species may act as an evolutionary trap under climate change, as widespread lowland species outnumber and outcompete highland species at increasingly high altitude areas. Using a spatially-explicit individual-based model I simulated an interacting population of the widespread lowland, N. ocellatus, and the highland, N. microlepidotus, snow skink species on Mount Wellington, Tasmania. Higher temperatures were projected to increase the abundance and upper range boundary of N. ocellatus. The increase in competition for territory is predicted to drive N. microlepidotus into a long acting extinction vortex.

Intra- and inter-specific differences in behaviour, physiology and phenology, along with climate-mediated variation in life history traits, are likely to impact the responses of species to climate change. However, the majority of species distribution models do not explicitly incorporate these factors, potentially resulting in erroneous predictions. I incorporated a wide range of biological trait data into a process-based model, NicheMapR, to test the effects of projected climate change on the life history, activity and distribution of N. ocellatus and N. microlepidotus. These models predicted climate change would result in a number of fitness benefits for both of these species, including increased reproductive output and frequency. When simulated across an altitudinal transect the models predicted the widespread lowland species would be able to colonise higher altitude sites under projected climate change.

This thesis represents a comparative examination of the potential for climate change to impact the life history, persistence and distribution of several reptile species. My results suggest that climate change impacts are likely to be population and species-specific, according to climatic and biological processes operating at local scales. This study highlights the potential for climate change to have a number of beneficial effects on the fitness of temperate reptile taxa. However, the downstream effects of climate change for species' abundance, range margins and long term persistence depend on climatic effects on, and responses of, neighbouring competitors. My findings support the call for studies of climate change impacts to take a process-based approach and suggest metamodels provide a promising avenue for future research into the prediction of the responses of species to climate.


Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia that requires medical attention, and its incidence is increasing. Current ion channel blockade therapies and catheter ablation have significant limitations in treatment of AF, mainly because they do not address the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a major underlying pathology that promotes AF; however, conventional antioxidants have not shown impressive therapeutic effects. A more careful design of antioxidant therapies and better selection of patients likely are required to treat effectively AF with antioxidant agents. Current evidence suggest inhibition of prominent cardiac sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and targeting subcellular compartments with the highest levels of ROS may prove to be effective therapies for AF. Increased serum markers of oxidative stress may be an important guide in selecting the AF patients who will most likely respond to antioxidant therapy.


Recent studies have revealed great diversity in the structure, function and efferent innervation of afferent synaptic connections between the cochlear inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), which likely enables audition to process a wide range of sound pressures. By performing an extensive electron microscopic reconstruction of the neural circuitry in the mature mouse organ of Corti, we demonstrate that afferent SGN-dendrites differ in strength and composition of efferent innervation in a manner dependent on their afferent synaptic connectivity with IHCs. SGNs that sample glutamate release from several presynaptic ribbons receive more efferent innervation from lateral olivocochlear projections than those driven by a single ribbon. Next to the prevailing unbranched SGN-dendrites, we found branched SGN-dendrites that can contact several ribbons of 1-2 IHCs. Unexpectedly, medial olivocochlear neurons provide efferent innervation of SGN-dendrites, preferring those contacting single-ribbon, pillar-side synapses. We propose a fine-tuning of afferent and efferent SGN-innervation.


Microarray images are becoming increasingly important in bioinformatics, proteomics, and in the development of patient-specific therapies. The compression, processing, and analysis of these images are relatively new topics of research. In this paper, we focus on microarray image compression using singular value decomposition (SVD), a well known information compaction method. Although the SVD algorithm produces significant compression results, modifications may lead to further improvements. In an attempt to increase the compression ratio while maintaining a high peak signal-to-noise ratio, we adopt a subdivision scheme wherein the modified SVD is applied on each subimage. Experimental results indicate that SVD approaches are promising in compression, and may also lead to improved postprocessing operations and analysis techniques.


For any odd prime power $q$ we first construct a certain non-linear binary code $C(q,2)$ having $(q^2-q)/2$ codewords of length $q$ and weight $(q-1)/2$ each, for which the Hamming distance between any two distinct codewords is in the range $[q/2-3\sqrt q/2,\ q/2+3\sqrt q/2]$ that is, 'almost constant'. Moreover, we prove that $C(q,2)$ is distance-invariant. Several variations and improvements on this theme are then pursued. Thus, we produce other classes of binary codes $C(q,n)$, $n\geq 3$, of length $q$ that have 'almost constant' weights and distances, and which, for fixed $n$ and big $q$, have asymptotically $q^n/n$ codewords. Then we prove the possibility of extending our codes by adding the complements of their codewords. Also, by using results on Artin $L-$series, it is shown that the distribution ofthe $0$'s and $1$'s in the codewords we constructed is quasi-random. Our construction uses character sums associated with the quadratic character $\chi$ of $F_{q^n}$ in which the range of summation is $F_q$. Relations with the duals of the double error correcting BCH codes and the duals of the Melas codes are also discussed.


Leveraging the advanced coherent optical communication technologies, this paper explores the feasibility of using four-dimensional (4D) nonbinary LDPC-coded modulation (4D-NB-LDPC-CM) schemes for long-haul transmission in future optical transport networks. In contrast to our previous works on 4D-NB-LDPC-CM which considered amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise as the dominant impairment, this paper undertakes transmission in a more realistic optical fiber transmission environment, taking into account impairments due to dispersion effects, nonlinear phase noise, Kerr nonlinearities, and stimulated Raman scattering in addition to ASE noise. We first reveal the advantages of using 4D modulation formats in LDPC-coded modulation instead of conventional two-dimensional (2D) modulation formats used with polarization-division multiplexing (PDM). Then we demonstrate that 4D LDPC-coded modulation schemes with nonbinary LDPC component codes significantly outperform not only their conventional PDM-2D counterparts but also the corresponding 4D bit-interleaved LDPC-coded modulation (4D-BI-LDPC-CM) schemes, which employ binary LDPC codes as component codes. We also show that the transmission reach improvement offered by the 4D-NB-LDPC-CM over 4D-BI-LDPC-CM increases as the underlying constellation size and hence the spectral efficiency of transmission increases. Our results suggest that 4D-NB-LDPC-CM can be an excellent candidate for long-haul transmission in next-generation optical networks.


This study was established the foundation with the expressing method on the context awareness platform by using Sensor of the Smart Phone(SP). The data were used for expressing emotions with different SP. The emotion of SP was influenced with the changing of the several variables generating real time and were determined by interacting a mix of emotion depending on the intensity and causality. First, the SP platform was analyzed, which constituted the situational awareness process that can express emotions. Second, a mathematical model for expressing emotion through the SP event design. Third, when SP have to acknowledge, assess, and respond to the current situation, emotional system is the situation immediately. The user"s SP has sense as digitalized data and analysis of data on various sensors. In the point of this article, it was limited that building a two-dimensional table was established by cognitive evaluation, internal emotional state of structural regularities, and using the POMDP model number of the emotional state. In order to influence the emotional perception, the range of influence was limited. Using the tree structure of the way HSVI, the computed time was minimal for matrix operations. Last, the compensation policies were interlocked with the blood type. Designed in advance for optimum algorithms derive scenarios. Using the proposed processing methods, digitized data were applied with SP sensor information. To determine whether the right set of circumstances in order to express appropriate emotion, it was established with the numerical system.


The present report describes a novel etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in horses that, at least for some cases, sporadically appeared as autochthonous infections in geographically distant regions of Germany and Switzerland. The infection was initially diagnosed upon clinical and immunohistological findings. Subsequent comparative sequence analysis of diagnostic PCR products from the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of ssrRNA classified the respective isolates as neither Old World nor New World Leishmania species. However, four isolates subjected to molecular analyses all exhibited a close phylogenetic relationship to Leishmania sp. siamensis, an organism recently identified in a visceral leishmaniasis patient from Thailand. Future investigations will demonstrate if this form of leishmaniasis represents an emerging, and perhaps zoonotic, disease of European, or even global, importance.


In the constant search for better models to help guide policy decisions, central banks have begun to use and develop dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. Although such models were until recently considered theoretically sound but overly restrictive, newly developed methods have proved successful in specifying DSGE models that fit the macroeconomic data well. ; Policy institutions that use DSGE models in policymaking need a reliable method for evaluating the models' effectiveness. This article reviews a procedure recently proposed by the authors and their colleagues. The article first describes how the linear DSGE model can be nested in a vector autoregression (VAR) and then outlines a procedure that can systematically relax the restrictions the DSGE model imposes on the VAR. ; Using the resulting DSGE-VAR specification as a framework, the authors compare the fit and forecasting performance of a DSGE model with several nominal and real rigidities. They use the DSGE-VAR framework to assess the relative importance of different frictions, with particular emphasis on wage and price indexation and habit formation. The DSGE-VAR framework also provides a benchmark that can reveal in what dimensions a DSGE model needs to be improved. ; This DSGE-VAR procedure, the authors believe, shows some promise in delivering robust evaluations of DSGE models.>


In this article the author examines the public and critical reaction to the 2005 independent horror motion picture "Wolf Creek." At issue are questions regarding censorship of motion pictures depicting controversial or objectionable content. She cites the significant dislike of the film voiced by film critic Roger Ebert and the revulsion expressed by users of Internet cinema web sites to establish a "normal" reaction to the film which would be one of disgust. The author presumes that individuals who liked the motion picture balanced their admiration with guilt and introspection, thus giving rise to notions of self-censorship in the experience of media.


This paper represents a study of the material and social status of multi-child families across Russia. The authors provide a rationale for methodologically setting multi-child families apart into a separate social group. The authors' analysis of multi-child families' income levels, material status, standard of living, and levels of satisfaction is predicated on a series of surveys and data from specific Internet resources. The findings characterize the current material status of multi-child families as low, which signals the need for greater attention on the part of the authorities and nongovernmental organizations. In recent years, there have been sharp declines in the real income of multi-child families, which has resulted in greater expenditure on food and less spending on all other items. There is a need to conduct operational monitoring in the course of providing social assistance to multi-child families. This kind of research should help generate the right decisions, domesticate new technology faster, and achieve desired changes in the status of multi-child families.


Abstract Background: Skin aging is accompanied by wrinkle formation. At some sites, such as the periorbital skin, this is a relatively early phenomenon. Objective: We evaluated the anti-wrinkle effect of a preparation containing human growth factor and hyaluronic acid serum on periorbital wrinkles (crow's feet). Materials and methods: In total, 23 Korean women (age range: 39–59 years), who were not pregnant, nursing, or undergoing any concurrent therapy, were enrolled in this study. All the patients completed an 8-week trial of twice-daily application of human growth factor and hyaluronic acid serum on the entire face. Efficacy was based on a global photodamage score, photographs, and image analysis using replicas and visiometer analysis every 4 weeks. The standard wrinkle and roughness parameters used in assessing skin by visiometer were calculated and statistically analyzed. Results: Periorbital wrinkles were significantly improved after treatment, with improvements noted both by physician's assessment and visiometer analysis. Conclusion: Topical application of human growth factor and hyaluronic acid was beneficial in reducing periorbital wrinkles.


When our attention is internally oriented toward self-generated thoughts, brain processing to external stimuli becomes attenuated. Studies have shown that visual imagery and auditory/verbal thoughts activate brain regions involved in visual or auditory perception, respectively. However, the potential effects that different mental contents might have on attentional processing were unknown. A recent study from our laboratory showed that visual imagery decreases visual processing to external stimuli to a greater extent than auditory/verbal thoughts. These results demonstrate that different kinds of thoughts differentially affect our attentional and neural processing of external stimuli.


Abstract This paper investigates whether a fusion power plant could be designed to be passively proliferation-proof. Even low neutron production rates enable fissile-fuel breeding, so such a fusion reactor must burn neutron-lean fuels. To burn these fuels economically requires a high-power-density fusion concept, and a D-3He field-reversed configuration will be analyzed here. The paper discusses physics and engineering design features that would defeat attempts to modify the reactor to burn the neutron-rich fuels D-T and D-D. These include burning an advanced fusion fuel, utilizing direct energy conversion, minimizing the radius to leave inadequate room for D-T neutron shielding of superconducting magnets, designing a single-module, full-lifetime fusion core requiring no module changeout, and using an organic coolant.


Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)%%%%One of the key features of the structure theory of totally disconnected locally compact groups is the existence of certain compact open subgroups, called tidy subgroups, which are well-behaved under the action of group automorphisms. If V is a compact open subgroup that is tidy for the automorphism α then there is an associated closed subgroup V__ which is invariant under α. These V__ groups are analogous to eigenspaces for linear operators in the theory of Lie groups. There is a representation of the semi-direct product V__ ⋊ 〈α〉 as a closed subgroup of the stabiliser of an end of a homogeneous tree, and it is this tree-representation that we aim to understand in this thesis. First, we use the properties of the tree-representation to reduce the problem to understanding the automorphism groups of rooted trees that have a self-similarity property which we call R. These groups are compact and hence profinite, which means we can understand them in terms of their finite quotients which have a corresponding property which we call R n . Then we use the software package MAGMA to perform calculations with these finite groups, generating plenty of examples and providing evidence in support of several conjectures about the behaviour of groups with property R. Finally, we describe two general constructions, both of which take a finite group with property Rn and extend it to a profinite group with property R. One construction generates the maximal such group, which turns out to be a type of self-similar group called a finitely constrained group. We show that all groups with property R can be approximated by these finitely constrained groups. The other construction uses finite automata to produce topologically finitely generated groups with property R.


This paper addresses the research question: How do digital backchannels, mediated by Real-Time Communications, facilitate the progress of conference calls? It is argued that whilst the fields of Distributed Work and Computer Supported Collaborative Work have been studied in depth, research into Real-Time Communications (RTC) and Instant Messaging (IM) is at an early stage. There is a paucity of research into the use of these technologies in distributed settings within organisations, especially from a perspective of generating social cohesion within teams. Furthermore, there is no known research into the use of instant messaging to mediate "hidden" interactions between individuals, through digital backchannels, within conference calls. Qualitative empirical evidence is obtained from two case studies of teams using an established corporate RTC product. Goffman's Interaction Order (1983) is presented a suitable lens through which to interpret this mediated form of interaction. Empirical evidence points to concurrent working and use of digital backchannels during meetings and conference calls. Dramaturgy (Goffman 1959) is used to identify and analyse three interaction styles of "bitching", "bouncing" and "brawling". It is found that interactions over digital backchannels fulfil criteria of Interaction Ritual (Goffman 1967) and may contribute to the creation of social cohesion.


The triple bottom line refers to economic, environmental, and social value of an investment and is related to the concept of sustainable development. The triple bottom line is increasingly salient to economic development related disciplines, yet the topic has received little attention within the field of economic development. This study offers three substantive responses to that gap. First, triple bottom line economic development is introduced and defined. Second, research regarding whether and how practitioners prioritize and engage in triple bottom line economic development is presented. Third, implications for the field are considered, including the centrality of the concept to economic development and recommendations to advance theory and practice in this regard.


Judging only by its table of contents, Carole McCartney's latest book might appear merely a straightforward catalogue of cases and literature discussing the uses of forensic fingerprint and DNA identification technology in the criminal justice context. Upon closer examination, however, the reader encounters a powerful lens offered by McCartney through which to reveal modern society's unhesitant and largely unscrutinized embrace of these technologies. McCartney borrows the concept of the 'risk society', taken from the 1997 book Policing the Risk Society by R. V. Ericson and K. D. Haggerty,1 to describe how our burgeoning preoccupation with the identification and elimination of risk has fueled, and been fueled by, the use of ostensibly 'fail-safe risk technologies' (p. xiv).McCartney's thought-provoking central thesis is that the emerging 'technological tyranny' borne of our obsessive desire for certainty and rectitude is deeply problematic. To begin with, the technologies are not as infallible as they seem, as evidenced by reports of malfeasance, contamination, misinterpretation, fundamentally incorrect scientific assumptions and inaccurate or misleading match statistics. The imperfections of DNA and fingerprint evidence, while in themselves not a reason to abandon the forensic use of such evidence, are particularly dangerous precisely because of their perceived infallibility. Second, even assuming the technologies are reliable, their unfettered use may threaten important values other than accuracy and security, such as privacy and fairness. Finally, the elimination of risk and pursuit of certainty are uniquely dangerous as proffered justifications for ever-more-oppressive social control measures-such as vast national DNA databases-because they can never fully be attained. In the end, the more we pursue certainty and security, the more we realize how uncertain and insecure we are. The more uncertain and insecure we feel, the more willing we are to sacrifice core liberal democratic values in the name of certainty and security.


This project identifies and quantifies two potential sources of model risk in the valuation of basket credit derivatives. The framework employed is that of a latent variable model with factor structure which enjoys a great popularity in the financial industry as well as in academia. Preliminary results indicate the prime importance of specifying the factor dependence structure beyond just estimating linear correlations for a Gaussian copula. Model risk is found to be substantial due to two reasons. Firstly, it is well known that the distribution functions of risk factors have lower tail-dependence. Derivatives prices are computed for models that are consistent with this fact. Their prices are shown to differ considerably, relative to the standard Gaussian model, for some products and dramatically for others. Secondly, the lack of convergence (even for very large numbers of simulation runs) for certain estimates that are functions of low probability events is another source of model risk. An efficient route to the solution of this second kind of model risk is the use of variance reduction techniques. Methods for variance reduction in copula based simulations are introduced and their efficiency is demonstrated. Moreover closed form solutions for the last-to default within a given portfolio are derived and worst case model risk which is often impossible to obtain by Monte Carlo simulation is calculated by means of these closed forms. ∗Financial support by the National Centre of Competence in Research "Financial Valuation and Risk Management" (NCCR FINRISK) is acknowledged. NCCR FINRISK is a research programme of the Swiss National Science Foundation.


Andrographis paniculata is an erect annual plant belongs to the family of
Acanthaceae. This species have been reported to possess medicinal
properties such as antiviral, antithrombotic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and
many others. In spite of its significant medicinal importance, fundamental
aspects regarding reproductive biology, mating system and genetic diversity
of A. paniculata has been poorly investigated. The objectives of this study are
to (a) determine the reproductive biology which includes the occurrence of
stigma receptivity, anther dehiscence and pollen viability (b) determine the
occurrence of naturally self and/or cross pollination and (c) elucidate the
genetic diversity of A. paniculata germplasm in Peninsular Malaysia using
molecular marker. Reproductive biology of A. paniculata was studied by investigating floral
development, stigmatic receptivity, anther dehiscence and pollen viability.
Two pollination treatments namely bagged and unbagged were imposed on
seven accessions to study the mating system through self-compatibility and
inbreeding depression. A total of 80 accessions of A. paniculata representing
six different states, namely Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, Kelantan,
Terengganu and Pahang were subjected to Random Amplified Polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) assay using 10 primers to elucidate genetic diversity of this
plant in Peninsular Malaysia.
Results showed that floral development of A. paniculata can be categorised
into five stages based upon flower buds length associated with timing of
anther dehiscence and stigma receptivity. The anthers started to dehisce
when flower buds reached the size of 11.5 mm (Stage III) and stigma
became fully receptive at 12 mm (Stage IV). Both events occurred almost
simultaneously when corolla still remained close. In addition, stigma of A.
paniculata was closely attached to anthers from stage II until flower opening.
Thereby, the mode of mating system of A. paniculata can be defined as
pollination in flower bud before anthesis, also known as preanthesis
cleistogamy. This mechanism of mating system greatly promotes the
occurrence of autonomous self-pollination.


The problem of sustainability represents one of the most important issues that the world has to face nowadays, not only in terms of energy consumption and of the consequent CO2 emissions, but also in terms of material waste streams that end in landfill. 38 million tons of glass waste are produced every year in the European Union and new targets have been set for 2020 towards a more sustainable management of such wastes. Nowadays, only the container glass industry has reached a considerable recycling rate, while for all the other sectors we are still witnessing downgrading processes. Looking at the world of construction, glass has been more and more employed as a structural material thanks to its high transparency and compression strength. Although the use of glass can be attractive under multiple aspects and its production is continuously increasing, once employed as a construction element, it is rarely reused or recycled due to the high-quality requirement demanded to the industry of production. Nevertheless, besides its main applications as a 2-dimensional element, the new technology of cast glass has been recognised as a potential mean of glass recycling. Here, glass is designed and used under the form of repetitive 3-dimensional units assembled in a whole geometrical shape. In fact, thanks to its higher load-bearing capacity under monolithic shapes, this glass can admit less restrictions and potentially incorporate different types of waste. For this reason, the aim of this experimental work is to find a possible combination between glass families, specifically soda-lime, borosilicate and lead-crystal glass, to be recycled as cast glass components. Each type of glass was powdered or grinded under the form of cullet and different mixtures were prepared to be melted at temperatures of 970°C, 1120°C and 1200°C through the kiln-cast tecnique. Finally, an experimental splitting test was performed to define a force trend and a fracture behaviour for each sample. Some preliminary results have been achieved drawing the guidelines for a further investigation. Soda-lime-silica glass and lead-crystal glass mixture revealed to be the most compliant glass recipe with the required physical and mechanical properties, when reheated at 1120°C. The decrease in the melting temperature of the compound and the higher transparency given by the addition of lead glass revealed the potential benefit, in terms of sustainability, for future projects.


Addition of the spreading rates in the back-arc basins of the Lau Basin–Havre Trough and the Mariana Trough to the absolute motions of the Indian and Philippine plates, respectively, provides an estimate of the absolute motion of the Tonga-Kermadec and Mariana trenches. The trenches are moving toward the Pacific Basin for all absolute-motion models. Back-arc spreading is considered an unlikely cause for the trench motion, given the seismic evidence for poor coupling at the trenches. Thus, the cause of spreading at these arcs must rest at least partly with motion of the lower plate. Rollback due to negative buoyancy is rejected as a cause for this motion because it fails to explain the recent onset of the spreading. No-net-torque reference frames for 5 and 10 Ma indicate that the rate of subduction of the Pacific plate at each of these arcs may have increased by 2–3 cm/yr between 5 and 10 Ma, providing support for the model of Furlong et al., in which back-arc spreading is initiated by adjustment of the slab profile to a change in subduction rate.


This is a hands-on, self-help guide to gaining long-lasting confidence and overcoming fear using mindfulness-based therapy. The author explains how many of us are playing the 'confidence game' using the wrong rules, and guides the reader through clear, simple exercises designed to help you manage difficult emotions such as anxiety and build genuine confidence. The Confidence Gap has a gentler, more thoughtful approach to teaching confidence than the typically aggressive/peppy self-help approach. It is instructive, reassuring and gentle in tone, which will appeal to women as well as men and the business market.


The strong relation between sovereign and banking stress is frequently emphasised, especially since the start of the European sovereign debt crisis. This working paper sheds light on the determinants of the link. It studies the stock market performance and the holdings of government debt of the banks stress tested by the European Banking Authority in July and December 2011. A number of results stand out:

 Banks' holdings of the sovereign bonds of vulnerable countries generally decreased during the period December 2010 to September 2011.
 The average stock market performance of each country's banks was very uneven during 2011. The long-term refinancing operation (LTRO) had no material effect on banks' stock market values.
 Greek debt holdings had an effect on banks' market values in the period July to October 2011 while after October this effect disappeared. Holdings of Italian and Irish debt had a material effect on banks' market value in the period October to December 2011. Holdings of debt of other periphery countries, in particular Spain, were not an issue. The July PSI deal did not substantially affect the risk resulting from holdings of debt other than Greek debt.
 The location of banks matters for their market value. This highlights the need to form a banking union in the euroarea.


Abstract The Captain Field is located in Block 13/22a in the Western Moray Firth Basin of the UK North Sea, 80 miles NE of Aberdeen in a water depth of 340 ft. Hydrocarbons are trapped in two geographical regions, the Main and Eastern closures, both with a significant stratigraphic pinchout component. The principal reservoirs consist of turbidite sandstones of Lower Cretaceous age which have been informally subdivided into two stratigraphic units comprising the Upper and Lower Captain Sandstones. At the base of the preserved Jurassic section the Heather Sandstone, Oxfordian in age, provides a secondary reservoir. Reservoir quality is uniformly excellent in the Lower Cretaceous with in situ, Klinkenberg corrected permeability averaging 7 Darcies and porosity in the range 28-34%. The reservoir is generally poorly consolidated sandstone with the depth to the crest of the field at -2700 ft TVDss. The reservoirs contain a total oil-in-place of 1000 MMBO. The Upper Captain Sandstone has a small associated gas cap containing 16 BCF gas-in-place. The oil is heavy, by North Sea standards, with oil gravity ranging from 19° to 21° API and has high in situ viscosity, 150 to 47 cP, at the mean reservoir temperature of 87°F. The fluid properties and offshore location necessitate the employment of innovative horizontal drilling methods, completion design and artificial lift technology in order to achieve an economically viable field development. Extended reach horizontal wells, with reservoir completion lengths of up to 8000 ft, are drilled for all oil producers and water injectors. Development risks were significantly reduced following two appraisal drilling campaigns in 1990 and 1993 culminating with the successful drilling and extended testing of a prototype horizontal field development well (13/22a-10). The field is being developed in two phases, Area A and Area B. First oil production commenced from the Captain platform in March 1997 from Area A and the field now produces at between 50000 and 70000 BOPD. Area B development is now underway with first oil planned for December 2000. Completion of this phase of the development will increase the plateau production rate to 85000 BOPD.


Aim. African Swine Fever (ASF) is a viral infection in domestic pigs and wild boars. It is estimated that ASF causes more than one billion EUR losses in Eastern Europe every year. In Poland, after initial outbreaks in 2014, almost 90% of pig farms stopped their production (in regions affected up to June 2017) due to restrictions (Jarynowski, Belk, 2019). In November 2019, the ASF virus has been confi rmed in a wild boar in the Wschowa poviat, just 30 km from the pig production hub in Wielkopolska (the so-called "swine district"). Recent rapid propagation of the ASF from East to West of Europe encouraged us to prepare analysis of the Internet media awareness in Poland refl ecting the above mentioned social dynamics. Methods. Using computational techniques we analyse agents and events in the Internet media. The intensive control measures against ASF in the European Union signifi cantly transform biosecurity, trade, sanitary, environmental regulations and ethical standards causing protests of various social groups of interest: 1) farmers (who are not ready to apply 101 e-methodology 2019 (6) biosecurity measures), 2) ecologists (who do not agree with governmental policy of wild boar depopulation) and 3) hunters with public administration (that have to take control on wild boar population). Results. In particular, we have reviewed possible ways of public opinion's infl uence using Twitter, Facebook and mainstream websites's data of selected groups of interest. We identify two main frames of events: 1) Culling of wild boar to minimize ASF spread and the risk of transmission to domestic pigs caused massive protest among ecological associations in Poland, due to opposition of some experts in beginning of 2019; 2) jump of the virus to Western Poland caused intensive discussion and lobbying of farmers postulates at the turn of 2019/2020. Conclusions. We claim that reliable analysis of the perception of the ASF is important to understand possible confl icts and issues. We have provided analysis of usability of available Internet resources as Secondary Data Digital Footprints.


The use of Standard Assessment Tasks (SATs) to test six- and seven-yearold children is a contentious feature of the English and Welsh education systems. This study investigated a teacher's implementation of the 1997, 1998 and 1999 Key Stage 1 reading SATs and involved 57 children. 1 SATs were selected for detailed analysis using criteria which aimed to achieve a balance between the grades awarded, girls and boys, year cohorts, and a different reading book for each child. Data was collected from audiotapes of the SATs, field notes, written records and interviews with the teacher. 15 pupils who took their reading SAT in 1999 were also interviewed.

The selected SATs were transcribed and analysed using discourse analysis. The focal question posed by this study was to discover which were the most salient discourses in a teacher's implementation of the Key Stage 1 reading SATs. The concept of intertextuality was used to examine the relationship between these discourses. Intertextuality was defined as signifying the ways in which discourses are associated in particular contexts and cultures with other discourses (intertexts) through similarities in categorisation, semantics, syntax and genre.

The analysis indicated that five main discourses were present throughout the SATs. These were the teacher's interpretation of the SATs handbook, pedagogical techniques, the pupils' discourse, the reading book, and background and linguistic knowledge. Other situational, institutional and societal factors were pervasive but these tended to act as covert influences upon the main discourses.

The teacher found that some of the instructions in the handbook were confusing and contradictory. Her predominant criterion in awarding grades was the number of errors made by the child when reading a selected passage, although the handbook appeared ambivalent on this point. The children's enjoyment, enthusiasm and ability to answer questions about the book made little or no difference to the grade they received. It was also found that the pupils' responses had to meet the teacher's criteria for being an appropriate intertext in order to avoid being classified as incorrect or irrelevant. Most children appeared to enjoy their reading SAT and, with one possible exception, there was no evidence of any anxiety or reluctance to participate in this formal educational testing procedure.


Objectives To compare the efficacy and safety of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including salicylate, for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA). Methods PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Web of Science were searched from 1966 to January 2017. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing topical NSAIDs with placebo or each other in patients with OA and observational studies comparing topical NSAIDs with no treatment or each other irrespective of disease were included. Two investigators identified studies and independently extracted data. Bayesian network and conventional meta-analyses were conducted. The primary outcomes were pain relief for RCTs and risk of adverse effects (AEs) for observational studies. Results 43 studies, comprising 36 RCTs (7 900 patients with OA) and seven observational studies (218 074 participants), were included. Overall, topical NSAIDs were superior to placebo for relieving pain (standardised mean difference (SMD)=−0.30, 95% CI −0.40 to –0.20) and improving function (SMD=−0.35, 95% CI −0.45 to –0.24) in OA. Of all topical NSAIDs, diclofenac patches were most effective for OA pain (SMD=−0.81, 95% CI −1.12 to –0.52) and piroxicam was most effective for functional improvement (SMD=−1.04, 95% CI −1.60 to –0.48) compared with placebo. Although salicylate gel was associated with higher withdrawal rates due to AEs, the remaining topical NSAIDs were not associated with any increased local or systemic AEs. Conclusions Topical NSAIDs were effective and safe for OA. Diclofenac patches may be the most effective topical NSAID for pain relief. No serious gastrointestinal and renal AEs were observed in trials or the general population. However, confirmation of the cardiovascular safety of topical NSAIDs still warrants further observational study.


The CO and NOx exhaust emissions of swirled, strongly pulsed, turbulent jet diffusion flames were studied experimentally in a coflow swirl combustor. Measurements of emissions were performed on the combustor centerline using standard emission analyzers combined with an aspirated sampling probe located downstream of the visible flame tip. The highest levels of CO emissions are generally found for compact, isolated flame puffs, which is consistent with the quenching due to rapid dilution with excess air. The imposition of swirl generally results in a decrease in CO levels by up to a factor of 2.5, suggesting more rapid and compete fuel/air mixing by imposing swirl in the coflow stream. The levels of NO emissions for most cases are generally below the steady-flame value. The NO levels become comparable to the steady-flame value for sufficiently short jet-off times. The swirled coflow air can, in some cases, increase the NO emissions due to a longer combustion residence time due to the flow recirculation within the swirl-induced recirculation zone. Scaling relations, when taking into account the impact of air dilution over an injection cycle on the flame length, reveal a strong correlation between the CO emissions and the global residence time. However, the NO emissions do not successfully correlate with the global residence time. For some specific cases, a compact flame with a simultaneous decrease in both CO and NO emissions compared to the steady flames was observed.


Abstract. In addition to microphysical changes in clouds, changes in nucleation processes of ice cloud due to aerosols would result in substantial changes in cloud top temperature as mildly supercooled clouds are glaciated through heterogenous nucleation processes. Measurements from multiple sensors on multiple observing platforms over the Atlantic Ocean show that the cloud effective temperature increases with mineral dust loading with a slope of +3.06 °C per unit aerosol optical depth. The macrophysical changes in ice cloud top distributions as a consequence of mineral dust-cloud interaction exert a strong cooling effect (up to 16 Wm−2) of thermal infrared radiation on cloud systems. Induced changes of ice particle size by mineral dusts influence cloud emissivity and play a minor role in modulating the outgoing longwave radiation for optically thin ice clouds. Such a strong cooling forcing of thermal infrared radiation would have significant impacts on cloud systems and subsequently on climate.


A correct representation of the ice movement in an Arctic sea-ice–ocean coupled model is essential for a realistic sea-ice and ocean simulation. The aim of this study is to validate the observational and simulated sea-ice drift for the Laptev Sea Shelf region with in situ measurements from the winter of 2007/08. Several satellite remote-sensing data sets are first compared to mooring measurements and afterwards to the sea-ice drift simulated by the coupled sea-ice–ocean model. The different satellite products have a correlation to the in situ data ranging from 0.56 to 0.86. The correlations of sea-ice direction or individual drift vector components between the in situ data and the observations are high, about 0.8. Similar correlations are achieved by the model simulations. The sea-ice drift speed derived from the model and from some satellite products have only moderate correlations of about 0.6 to the in situ record. The standard errors for the satellite products and model simulations drift components are similar to the errors of the satellite products in the central Arctic and are about 0.03 m/s. The fast-ice parameterization implementation in the model was also successfully tested for its influence on the sea-ice drift. In contrast to the satellite products, the model drift simulations have a full temporal and spatial coverage and results are reliable enough to use as sea-ice drift estimates on the Laptev Sea Shelf.


Urban land cover/use types and their areal distributions are fundamental data required for a wide range of studies in the physical and social sciences, as well as by municipalities for land planning purposes. Remote sensing is a key application in global-change science, being very useful for urban climatology and landuse-landcover dynamics analysis. Investigation of radiation properties, energy balance and heat fluxes is based on satellite data from various satellite sensors and in-situ monitoring data, linked to numerical models and quantitative biophysical information extracted from spatially distributed NDVI-data and net radiation. Spectral signatures of different terrain features are used to separate surface units and to classify them into general categories. Have been analysed multi-spectral and multi-temporal digital imagery data (LANDSAT TM, ETM; SAR, MODIS) for Bucharest metropolitan area over 1989 – 2004 period. It provides the most reliable technique of different urban structures monitoring of net radiation and heat fluxes associated with urbanization at the regional scale. The changes over the years of surface biophysical parameters are examined in association with landuse changes to illustrate how these parameters respond to rapid urban expansion. The land cover information provide a spatially-temporally view of urban environment, being an important complement to in-situ measurements.


In recent years, raw milk has emerged as one of the most contentious food commodities, considered a serious health risk by public health officials and a source of healing and nourishment by raw milk proponents. The purpose of this article is to explore the ways in which consumers construct and experience trust in food that is often procured in informal markets. Because the image of an overreaching, exploitative government features prominently in popular narratives surrounding raw milk consumption, this article is explicitly concerned with the role of the state in public food debates. Drawing on two complementary empirical cases of raw milk consumption in the United States and postsocialist Lithuania, I argue that there are two competing projects that underlie the struggles surrounding raw milk provisioning in both sites: the politics of recognition and the politics of sovereignty. As similarly argued by Charles Taylor, the politics of recognition emphasizes the efforts of raw milk consumers to be accepted, supported, and recognized by the larger polity, including its public health institutions, legislative bodies, and welfare state. On the other hand, raw milk proponents call for sovereignty, postulating that food choices and intake should lie outside of state prerogatives. More broadly, this study reveals how trust in a food product is tied to the ongoing legitimacy crisis of the modern state, and in particular how a renewed value of locavorism becomes anchored in a fundamental distrust of the postindustrial, postwelfare state and its institutions.


This thesis is a study of how changing ideas of moral order
between 1780 and 1880 were expressed in the perception of and designs
for the industrial environment. The term industrial environment'
includes industrial plant, especially textile mills, and built
environments that were closely connected with the running of an
industrial enterprise, for example workers' housing and public parks.
The lives and works of five textile entrepreneurs are examined: the
Gotts of Leeds, the Mimes of Wakefield, the Akroyds of Halifax, the
Crossleys of Halifax and the Salts of Bradford and Saltaire.
Chapter One is an examination of the theme of moral order and the
industrial environment in England from 1780-1830. It considers
varying and conflicting moral attitudes to industrial environments,
those of poets like Wordsworth and industrialists like Arkwright. It
includes a detailed criticism of the novel Shirley by Charlotte Bronte.
Chapter Two is an examination of the attitudes of merchants and
clothiers to the rise of the factory system in Leeds. Chapter Three
considers the life and work of Benjamin Gott and his sons. Gott's
attitude to industrial landscape reflected his dual role as a merchant
and manufacturer. The careers of two families of Wakefield merchants,
the Milnes and the Naylors, are examined in Chapter Four. Chapter
Five is an examination of the theme of moral order and the industrial
environment in England from 1830 to 1880. It emphasises how some
Victorian industrialists attempted to extend their moral influence
beyond their factory gates into the places where their workers spent
their leisure time. This is seen as an attempt to foster more cordial
class relations than existed in manufacturing districts in the l840s.This chapter includes a criticism of the novel 'North and South' by
Elizabeth Gaskell. The industrial and social changes in early
Victorian Halifax are outlined in Chapter Six. Chapters Seven and
Eight examine the response of two large manufacturers to class
conflict in Halifax in the 1840s. The Akroyds and the Crossleys
created and sponsored a wide range of 'model' environments including
houses, churches and parks. Chapters Nine and Ten are an examination
of the career and influence of Titus Salt. Salt created a model
mill village, Saltaire, as an antitype to the squalor, crime and
industrial unrest of Bradford where he ran five mills in the 1840s.
An assessment is made of how successful the Akroyds, Crossleys and
Salts were in their attempts to moralise mill workers. Their moral
attitudes are compared with those of the Gotts and the Milnes who made
their careers in the period 1780-1830.


Sixteen species of birds have been identified from Quaternary-aged deposits in 'Green Waterhole Cave' (L-81 of the Cave Exploration Group of South Australia cave classification) approximately twenty-four kilometres west of Mt Gambier, south-eastern South Australia. All but three species are referable to modern species. The exceptions are a new accipitrid (to be described by Drs P.V. Rich and G.F. van Tets), a new species of coucal, and a new species of passeriform. It is suggested that one of the extant species and all of the new taxa are examples of Pleistocene gigantism. Geographic range extensions are demonstrated for Gallinula mortierii, Calyptorhynchus lathami and the genera Centropus and Orthonyx. Taphonomic study of the deposit, using faunal composition as the main indicator, implies that water was the accumulating agent. Relative dating of the locality has been made by using sea level curves (last sea level transgression over the present eustatic high) and the presence of megafauna. Dating of the last sea level transgression suggests a maximum age of 125,000 years before present (y .B.P.) for the opening of the cave to the surface, because the cave lacks marine influence. The maximum age of accumulation is anytime before 15,000 y.B.P., which is the time of last occurrence of most mammalian megafauna. BAIRD, R.F., 1985. Avian fossils from Quaternary deposits in 'Green Water hole Cave', south-eastern South Australia. Records of the Australian Museum 37(6): 353-370.


: Does secessionism lead to social polarization? Despite much research on independence movements, their relationship to polarization, a key mechanism theorized as increasing the chances of violent conflict, remains less understood. We argue that secessionist conflicts can polarize along both policy and ethnic group lines even when they take the form of non-violent disputes. However, polarization does not necessarily lead to violence. We explore the case of Catalonia, a region that experienced a deep secessionist crisis in the last months of 2017, using novel data from a panel survey fielded across two key time periods and embedded experiments. We find a society with great levels of affective polarization in that pro- and anti-independence advocates have strong negative views of one another. In addition, there is spillover in terms of the assessment of associated language groups. However, there is a group of moderates in between the two policy poles that limit the extent of this polarization. Contrary to common wisdom, these moderates have very stable preferences. Our results contribute to the understanding of the underexplored polarization dynamics of secessionist movements, particularly in places where high-intensity violence (i.e. terrorism, civil war) has not yet occurred. This study is published within the UNU-WIDER project Inequality and governance in unstable democracies—the mediating role of trust, implemented by a consortium led by Institute of Development Studies (IDS). The support of the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) is gratefully acknowledged.


In order to understand the role of water resources in the establishment and long‐term evolution of settlements investigated by the French Archaeological Mission in the UAE in the oasis of Masāfī, wells and springs of all periods, identified at the surface and in stratified contexts, were mapped and studied thanks to a multidisciplinary approach combining archaeology, geomorphology, geoarchaeology and ethnography. Our study demonstrates that:

 – The Masāfī oasis was located in a specific geological setting entailing the accumulation of groundwater resources at reachable depth.
 – The groundwater resources remained rather stable from the mid‐second millennium BC to the second half of the twentieth century AD. In this respect, the apparent abandonment of the oasis during some periods cannot be explained by water depletion.
 – The groundwater resources have decreased sharply since the second half of the twentieth century AD, due to the introduction of new water extraction technologies, motor pumps and then drillings, as a result of the modernisation and industrialisation of UAE economy.

Our study also stresses the importance of well and spring irrigation in the development of the sedentary settlements in south‐eastern Arabia, technologies that have often been neglected in the regional archaeological literature in favour of the qanāt.


The operando quantification of surface and bulk losses is key to developing strategies for optimizing photoelectrodes and realizing high efficiency photoelectrochemical solar energy conversion systems. This is particularly true for emerging thin film semiconductors, in which photocarrier diffusion lengths, surface and bulk recombination processes, and charge separation and extraction limitations are poorly understood. Insights into mechanisms of efficiency loss can guide strategies for nanostructuring photoelectrodes, engineering interfaces, and incorporating catalysts. However, few experimental methods are available for direct characterization of dominant loss processes under photoelectrochemical operating conditions. In this work, we provide insight into the function and limitations of an emerging semiconductor photoanode, γ-Cu3V2O8, by quantifying the spatial collection efficiency (SCE), which is defined as the fraction of photogenerated charge carriers at each point below the surface that contributes to the measured current. Analyzing SCE profiles at different operating potentials shows that increasing the applied potential primarily acts to reduce surface recombination rather than to increase the thickness of the space charge region under the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Comparing SCE profiles obtained with and without a sacrificial reagent allows surface losses from electronically active defect states to be distinguished from performance bottlenecks arising from slow reaction kinetics. Combining these insights promotes a complete understanding of the photoanode performance and its potential as a water splitting photoanode. More generally, application of the SCE extraction method can aid in the discovery and evaluation of new materials for solar water splitting devices by providing mechanistic details underlying photocurrent generation and loss.


Our Genes, Our Choices: How Genotype and Gene Interactions Affect Behavior - First Prize winner of the 2013 BMA Medical Book Award for Basic and Clinical Sciences - explains how the complexity of human behavior, including concepts of free will, derives from a relatively small number of genes, which direct neurodevelopmental sequence. Are people free to make choices, or do genes determine behavior? Paradoxically, the answer to both questions is "yes," because of neurogenetic individuality, a new theory with profound implications. Author David Goldman uses judicial, political, medical, and ethical examples to illustrate that this lifelong process is guided by individual genotype, molecular and physiologic principles, as well as by randomness and environmental exposures, a combination of factors that we choose and do not choose. Written in an authoritative yet accessible style, the book includes practical descriptions of the function of DNA, discusses the scientific and historical bases of genethics, and introduces topics of epigenetics and the predictive power of behavioral genetics. * First Prize winner of the 2013 BMA Medical Book Award for Basic and Clinical Sciences* Poses and resolves challenges to moral responsibility raised by modern genetics and neuroscience* Analyzes the neurogenetic origins of human behavior and free will * Written by one of the world's most influential neurogeneticists, founder of the Laboratory of Neurogenetics at the National Institutes of Health


The first-year curriculum at American law schools has been remarkably stable for more than 100 years. Many would say ossified. At Harvard, the First-Year Course of Instruction in 1879-80 consisted of Real Property, Contracts, Torts, Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure, and Civil Procedure. These five courses-focused heavily on judge-made common law-dominated Harvard's IL curriculum from the law school's founding into the 21st century. The same five subjects have long commanded the primary attention of first-year students at Fordham, founded in 1905, and at virtually every other U.S. law school throughout the 20th century. Starting in the 1990s, however, a growing number of schools have required a IL course examining different aspects of statutes and regulations. In previous decades, a handful of law schools offered upper-level elective courses in Legislation, including statutory interpretation, to a mixed reception. Administrative Law has been a more regular elective subject, although enrollments by school reflect an uneven proportion of upper-level students. What is new is the array of law schools deciding that a course in Legislation ("Leg"), or Legislation and Regulation ("Leg-Reg"), should be mandatory for first-year students.There are at least 27 schools that require a first-year course in Leg-Reg, generally for either three or four credits. An additional group of schools require 1Ls to take Leg, a course that often includes greater focus on topics related to the legislative process but does not encompass regulations or the regulatory process as a major component. Overall, nearly 40 law schools currently require some kind of Leg-Reg or Leg course, almost all of them as part of the first-year curriculum. The number of schools requiring such a course represents a sharp increase within the past decade alone.This article focuses on the importance for legal education of mandating such a course. Part One addresses three distinct justifications for inserting Leg-Reg into the first year of law school. From a pragmatic standpoint, lawyers since the New Deal have devoted ever-increasing time and energy to understanding, applying, interpreting, litigating, and counseling about statutes and the regulations or agency judgments that flow from those statutes. Legal education must catch up. Immersing first-year law students in a systematic approach to the methodology of statutes and regulations is at least as important to their future legal practice as immersing them in the methodology of the common law.In addition, an early exposure to what it means to "think like a lawyer" outside the courtroom setting can illuminate and deepen appreciation for our three-branch system of government. Courts are the exclusive arbiters of what the common law means, and federal courts have become the primary arbiters of what the Constitution means as well. For statutes, however, the setting is more complex, reflecting a dynamic conversation among all three branches. By requiring first-year students to engage this conversation, law schools generate a more balanced set of insights about how our laws are made and applied. This, in turn, can help to minimize simplistic dichotomies between principled and political decision-making, and encourage students to recognize legislative virtues like consensus building and democratic responsiveness as comparable to the adversarial legalism of the courtroom.Finally, statutory and regulatory subjects dominate the upper-level curriculum. Accordingly, it makes sense in foundational terms to require that students approach these subjects with an understanding of how laws and rules are shaped and informed by legislative and regulatory processes. A sophisticated methodological background should enable students to focus in more rigorous and also nuanced ways when they grapple with finer points of securities law, environmental law, or the law of telecommunications or civil rights.Having taught both a required Leg course and a required Leg-Reg course, I believe there are solid arguments for each option. My current thinking is that Leg-Reg presents the stronger claim, but I will briefly address certain separate strengths of a Leg course as well. Whichever option one may consider, a case can be made that it borders on educational malpractice not to include either Leg-Reg or Leg as a mandatory element of the IL curriculum. The fact that a Leg-Reg or Leg course should be required does not mean that implementing such a course is straightforward. Part Two discusses some challenges that accompany the development of a mandatory Leg-Reg course. These include deciding what topics should be covered and how to calibrate the emphasis between legislation and regulation; determining how Leg-Reg topics may be harmonized with existing subjects, notably Constitutional Law and Administrative Law but also Legal Writing and upper-level electives in Legislation; and reviewing certain institutional obstacles related to staffing a IL course as well as to persuading colleagues with long-standing, sincere investments in their common law subjects to yield some space for a newcomer.