One of the most colourful figures in English political history, John Wilkes (1726 - 97) is remembered as the father of the British free press, defender of civil and political liberties and hero to American colonists, who attended closely to his outspoken endorsements of liberty. Wilkes's political career was rancorous, involving duels, imprisonments in the Tower of London and the Massacre of St. George's Fields, in which seven of his supporters were shot dead by government troops. And he was equally famous for his 'private' life - a confessed libertine, a member of the notorious Hellfire Club and the author of what has been called the dirtiest poem in the English language. This lively biography draws a full portrait of John Wilkes from his childhood days through his heyday as a journalist and agitator, his defiance of government prosecutions for libel and obscenity, his fight against exclusion from Parliament and his service as lord mayor of London on the eve of the American Revolution. Told here with the force and immediacy of a firsthand newspaper account, Wilkes's own remarkable story is inseparable from the larger story of modern liberties and how they came to fruition.


Aims: The ability to share stories is critical to self-expression, relationship development and community engagement. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of a Storysharing® intervention on personal narrative construction by children with intellectual disability and their supporters. Methods: A small, within group study was conducted in a community, special school in England. Eleven children, aged 13-18 years, and their classroom supporters participated. Video capture of personal story telling in child-adult dyads was conducted pre- and post- a Storysharing® intervention. Video footage sampled to two minutes was transcribed and analysed using structural-functional linguistics. Within group changes were analysed. Results: Post-intervention measures revealed significant changes to the discourse structure with the supporters using fewer questions and more scaffolded prompts, and the children initiating more statements. The narratives were more sustained and the structural elements of narrative were significantly different. Evaluative elements, although non-significant, revealed key emergent themes. Conclusion: Changes in the construction of personal narratives by the children with their supporters appear to be associated with the intervention. The potential of Storysharing® as a vehicle for the personal narrative development of individuals with intellectual disability in partnership with their supporters would benefit from further investigation.


Weft knitting offers the highest potential concerning the patterning possibilities and 3D shaping. Among them, cables design are unique architectures of the weft knitted fabrics, formed by using the stitch transfer, one of the fundamental technique of modern knitting. In fact, nearly all the patterns presented in current samples range contain a certain number of transferred stitches. The basic concept of cables consists in producing a series of plain stitch columns on a purl-stitch base. After a number of rows, some of the stitches, corresponding to half the stitch columns in question, are transferred on other stitch columns, while the stitches of the latter are transferred to the previous stitch columns. The stitches are thus crossed over and produce the cable effect. The students enrolled at Faculty of Textiles, Leather and Industrial Management from Iasi, following the knitwear and apparel technology study program, are provided with the relevant skills for the development of various knitted patterns by using professional software, programming, setting the knitting parameters and manufacturing the fabrics. The classical learning method of cables involves the study based on graphic knitting schemes, accompanied by long explanatory texts. Within the knitting lab, specialized teachers have developed new multimedia based learning methods. Thus, videos have been produced to demonstrate the stages of achieving a cable design effect. Also, html interactive knitting schemes have been developed that show and explain sequentially the work phases to make automated knitting programs. Students are using specialized Computer Aided Design programs to develop and test new programs for knitting cable designs, on computerized flat knitting machines. The paper presents the applications of such type, which are available for the students from knitting specialization, in html format, on the Faculty Moodle platform: http://www.moodle.tex.tuiasi.ro.


Fully endorsed by Liverpool Football Club, this is the first official book dedicated to the legendary ground of Anfield. Written by a leading club authority and illustrated with 150 atmospheric images and rare behind-the-scenes photographs, This is Anfield explores the ground's rich and eventful history, covering all the famous games played there, as well a range of iconic themes and characteristics forever linked to the stadium. These include the famous Boot Room, the beautiful Shankly Gates, the legendary Kop and, of course, not forgetting the fabled European nights. Published to coincide with Anfield's redevelopment, this is a book that all Reds fans will treasure.


A new performance metric, the two-dimensional (2D) contrast threshold surface, is proposed to characterize the systematic performance of a multi-spectral imaging sensor. Specifically, how to measure this performance metric is presented based on the discriminations of a set of sine-wave test patterns with different radiance magnitudes and spectral properties. The theoretical model for predicting the 2D contrast threshold surface is derived based on an analytical description of the effective contrast between the test pattern and its background, in which the impacts of fusion algorithms on the 2D contrast threshold surface are also discussed using the minimum threshold match criteria. Preliminary simulation results show that this model can be used to quantitatively characterize the real influence of the spectral dierences and spatial frequencies on the contrast thresholds required for the observer to just resolve the images of the test patterns through a multi-spectral imaging sensor.


This report was prepared by the Southwestern Regional Ecosystem Management Study Team composed of management and research biologists. The USDA Forest Service Southwestern Regions Regional Forester, Larry Henson, and the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station Director, Denver Burns, chartered this team to recommend an ecological basis for ecosystem management. This report is not intended to provide details on all aspects of ecosystem management; it simply provides information and makes recommendations for an ecological basis for ecosystem management. The report is not a decision document. It does not allocate resources on public lands nor does it make recommendations to that effect. The report of this Study Team may be relied upon as input in processes initiated under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), National Forest Management Act (NFMA), Endangered Species Act (ESA), Administrative Procedures Act (APA), and other applicable laws. The information contained in this report is general in nature, rather than site specific. Implementation of ecosystem management and allocation of resources on Forest Service administered lands is the responsibility of the National Forest System in partnership with Forest Service Research and State and Private Forestry. Implementation is done through Forest and project plans that are subject to the NEPA process of disclosing the effects of proposed actions and affording the opportunity for public comment. The Southwestern Region follows a planning process for projects called Integrated Resource Management (IRM). The opinions expressed by the authors do not necessarily represent the policy or position of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Forest Service, The Nature Conservancy, or the Arizona Game and Fish Department. The Study Team acknowledges the valuable input of more than 50 individuals from various agencies, universities, professional organizations, and other groups who provided thoughtful comments of an earlier draft of this document. Some of their comments are included in Appendix 3.


On September 20, 2010, U.S. Senators Patrick Leahy (D-Vermont) and Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) introduced the most far-reaching and comprehensive U.S. legislation to date aimed at modernizing intellectual property rights regulations and combating online piracy and counterfeiting: The Combating Online Infringement and Counterfeits Act ("COICA" or "the Act"). (1) With the recent U.K. adoption of the Digital Economy Act (2) and the French adoption of The Creation and Internet Law, (3) the world has hotly anticipated a U.S. response to online copyright infringement. COICA, the latest effort by Senators Leahy and Hatch to advance intellectual property legislation in the United States, could be a vital part of the eventual U.S. response. (4) COICA would provide the Justice Department with the tools necessary to monitor and terminate websites that promote or provide access to the unauthorized downloading, streaming, or selling of copyrighted material and counterfeit goods. (5) Such goods include movies, music, software, and pharmaceuticals. (6) Currently, the policing of such "rogue websites," many of which are foreign-owned and operated, is difficult: The websites are often maintained by vast global piracy networks, and those piracy networks have been tolerated--and sometimes protected--in China, India, Russia, and even Canada. (7) Intellectual property theft costs the U.S. economy more than $100 billon each year. (8) More than $20 billion of the annual loss is attributable to the piracy of copyrighted movies, music, and other entertainment. (9) Digital media piracy is so prevalent that as few as one in three music CDs and one in twenty music downloads are sold legitimately worldwide. (10) In 2002, between 400,000 and 600,000 movies were illegally downloaded every day. (11) COICA would provide U.S. anti-piracy enforcement agencies with increased power to combat websites "dedicated to infringing activities." (12) The Act would give "teeth to the Justice Department for enforcement by expediting the process for cracking down on websites that are dedicated to making infringing goods and services available." (13) Specifically, the Act would grant the Attorney General authority to issue temporary restraining orders, preliminary injunctions, or injunctions against websites determined to be "dedicated to infringing activities." (14) Moreover, COICA would grant the Attorney General authority to commence an in rem action against a domain name used by an infringing website. (15) COICA would allow such actions to be brought (1) in the United State's jurisdiction where the domain name registrar or registry is located, or (2) in the District of Columbia for websites registered outside the United States. (16) This latter provision allows the Justice Department to prevent the importation of infringing and counterfeit goods. (17) For example, if a foreign-registered website were participating in infringing activities, the Justice Department would be able to act against third-party Internet service providers ("ISPs") payment processors and ad network providers--all of which would likely be critical to the infringing websites financial viability--by, among other things, "blocking online access to the rogue [website] or not processing the website's purchases." (18) COICA's introduction comes in the midst of U.S.-led negotiations for a plurilateral multinational agreement establishing international standards for intellectual property rights enforcement: the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement ("ACTA"). (19) To date, almost forty countries have agreed to ACTA's guidelines for reducing online intellectual property theft, e.g. counterfeit goods, generic medicines and copyright infringement. (20) Similar to the COICA, one of ACTA's major prongs addresses "Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement in the Digital Environment." (21) Because key U.S. role in drafting ACTA, COICA would effectively provide a mechanism for U. …


The increasingly sedentary habits of children, and rising obesity levels, are prompting concern for children's future health. Children with autistic spectrum condition (ASC) show a clear trend in this regard. Within school, an understanding of how an individual's fitness compares to age norms is important in order to design appropriate exercise programmes. This study assessed 100 children with ASC and learning difficulty, and found a wide variation in fitness levels as measured by the Eurofit tests. In addition the measure of cardiopulmonary fitness (VO2 max) was generally poor. In boys, body mass index (BMI) showed only a modest correlation with this measure of cardio-pulmonary fitness, with the results for the girls not being significant.

Using a variant of the established BMI calculation did not improve the correlation. To our knowledge this article offers the first set of published Eurofit test results for children with ASC and highlights the generally poor level of cardio-pulmonary fitness in this group of children.


This article deals with one specific intervention strategy to promote small businesses and microenterprises – the provision of credit to small entrepreneurs. The supply of credit as such is just one of many means of intervention possible under targeted programmes. Contrary to the amount of attention given to the supply of credit, it is not the 'panacea', not the overriding solution to the question of how best to stimulate small-scale activity.Credit is very popular with the donors, largly because it depends on the availability of money, which donors have in large quantities and are anxious to dispose of. By relying too heavily on credit extension, donor interventions can sometimes destroy more than they build up; it is therefore imperative that strict criteria are observed for any form of credit extension to small-scale enterprises.In this article the role of credit with regard to commercial development will be briefly touched upon, especially where small enterprises are concerned. An outline will be give...


Nowadays geographic vector data is produced both by public and private institutions using well defined specifications or crowdsourcing via Web 2.0 mapping portals. As a result, multiple representations of the same real world objects exist, without any links between these different representations. This becomes an issue when integration, updates, or multi-level analysis needs to be performed, as well as for data quality assessment. In this paper a multi-criteria data matching approach allowing the automatic definition of links between identical features is proposed. The originality of the approach is that the process is guided by an explicit representation and fusion of knowledge from various sources. Moreover the imperfection (imprecision, uncertainty, and incompleteness) is explicitly modeled in the process. Belief theory is used to represent and fuse knowledge from different sources, to model imperfection, and make a decision. Experiments are reported on real data coming from different producers, having different scales and either representing relief (isolated points) or road networks (linear data).


I. INTRODUCTION Up to the moment more than one hundred species and subspecies of Neniinae are known from Central and South America. They are incorporated into 22 genera and subgenera, almost exclusively based on characters of the shells. Only little is known of the anatomy of the animals (Binney, 1871; Binney & Bland, 1871; Baker, 1961; Hesse, 1925; Scott, 1954; Loosjes, 1957; Pilsbry, 1926; Polinski, 1922; Zilch, 1953, 1959). These authors described the radula and/or the genital organs of one or several species. Thus from eleven species the radula has been described and from five the genital apparatus. By the courtesy of Prof. Dr. W. Weyrauch we were able to study the anatomical features of a relatively large number (38) of Peruvian and Argentine Neniinae. We wish to express our most cordial thanks to him for his generosity and also to Dr. B. Hubendick, who provided us with a sample of Nenia tridens (Chemnitz) from Puerto Rico. In Thiele's (1929/31) classification the American Neniinae are grouped into three genera, Nenia, Peruinia and Temesa, based on characters of the shells and of the radula. It turned out impossible to fit the information we found, into this system as it indicates the presence of many more units. In this survey we will follow Zilch's (1960) classification, which enumerates a number of genera and subgenera, based on conchological characters, although the order will be altered according to the results obtained (conf. chapter IV). Thus conchological data of the genera or subgenera involved have to be studied in Zilch (1960), or eventually in Thiele (1929/31).


Silicon oxycarbide (SiCxOy) has been extensively investigated due to its wide use in the Si semiconductor industry in applications that include low-k dielectrics, passivation layers, and etch-stop layers. Furthermore, SiCxOy research has been exploring its prospective use in numerous other technological usages, such as lighting, energy, and biological applications. The latter include white light-emitting materials, hydrogen storage materials, gas sensors, anode materials for lithium batteries, and biomedical devices. SiCxOy materials can intensively luminescence in a broad emission spectral range that spans the ultraviolet, the visible, and even the near-infrared spectrum, when doped with erbium. Herein, we present pertinent results on the material behaviors from chemically synthesized SiCxOy thin films and nanowires. Moreover, their light-emitting properties and underlying mechanisms for light emission are explored in conjunction with data from their thin film counterparts, which are also employed as baseline comparison metric. We further highlight major challenges and promises of such materials.


A classic of cultural criticism, "Race," Writing, and Difference provides a broad introduction to the idea of "race" as a meaningful category in the study of literature and the shaping of critical theory. This collection demonstrates the variety of critical approaches through which one may discuss the complexities of racial "otherness" in various modes of discourse. Now, fifteen years after their first publication, these essays have managed to escape the cliches associated with the race-class-gender trinity of '80s criticism, and remain a provocative overview of the complex interplay between race, writing, and difference.


The trends in web development of educational applications and of Web 2.0 or social applications are converging. Platforms are designed to host a variety of software components (called widgets or plugins), which can be organised or combined (mashed-up) at user's convenience. Such platforms can be exploited as both personalised learning environment (PLE) and as social network applications. This article argues that six qualitative dimensions can be defined to analyse the main features of these platforms: the screen dimension measures the visual integration, the data dimension measures the portability of data, the temporal dimension measures the rate of data synchronisation, the social dimension measures the networking of users, the activity dimension measures the structuring of users' interactions with the environment, and the runtime dimension measures the flexibility in accessing the environment from different end points. As a proof of concept of the introduced dimensions, a few familiar Web 2.0 platforms are first measured along each dimension and then, using the results visualised as spider diagrams, compared with respect to their usefulness as PLEs.


Large coal-fired power plants were typically designed as a base load units. Any changes in load level, as well as start-up time, are noticeably slow on that kind of units. However, in order to adapt to changing market conditions with increasing number of renewable energy sources, coal-fired power plants need to improve their flexibility. In the paper, 200 MWe class unit has been taken into consideration. During the test campaign, a minimum safe load of the unit was decreased from 60 to 40%. Paper presents results of a model that was made using EbsilonProfessional software. The simulation model is comprised of boiler and turbine part of the power unit. Obtained results were validated using measurements collected from the test campaign. Parameters important from the technical and economical point of view were investigated. Results revealed that simulation model can be utilised successfully to scrutinise coal-fired units under off-design operation conditions. As the outcome of the performed analysis, a number of issues related to low load operation of the coal-fired unit are presented and discussed. Paper indicates sensitive areas that need to be addressed when operation in decreased safe load is considered. Finally, overall potential for flexibility improvement for 200 MWe class coal-fired units has been evaluated.


OBJECTIVE
To examine, using an Ecological Systems Theoretical framework, relationships between weight status and child, parent and community characteristics and risk factors among preschool children.

METHODS
Cross-sectional data was collected from 140 children and their parents from 11 randomly selected preschools. Outcome variables included: motor development; perceived competence; objectively measured physical activity; time spent in active and quiet play; location and number of televisions; parental rules around physical activity and time spent watching television; availability of sport and physical activity programs; and parks and open spaces and access to footpaths.

RESULTS
Overweight children spent more time in quiet play and watching television and less time in active play and physical activity. Perceived competence and motor development were similar for both overweight and non-overweight children. Associations between weight status and several parent and community characteristics were not evident, except for access to footpaths. Overweight children had greater access to footpaths compared with non-overweight children (p=0.046).

CONCLUSION
The results reported here showed little difference between overweight and non-overweight children in relation to a variety of child, parent and community variables. However, for some characteristics, differences in older children have been reported. Longitudinal studies are required to confirm when these characteristics begin to differ, what effects these differences have on behaviour and weight-status, and therefore when targeted treatment should be provided during a child's development.


Counterfeiting is one of the oldest crimes in history. In ancient Rome, wine traders counterfeited wine trademarks on amphorae, selling inexpensive local wine as fine Roman wine. By the 13th century, counterfeiting had become so common that, in some European countries, copying a trademark was punished with torture and death. Today, counterfeiting hits almost every sector, from pharmaceuticals to toys, from auto-parts to content goods (movies, music, software, video games, etc.), but luxury and fashion goods are often the preferred targets of counterfeiters. These products are the most illegally reproduced worldwide for a multitude of reasons, linked to both demand and supply. On the demand side, counterfeiters exploit the heritage of meanings associated with the original goods, enticing status-seeking consumers who cannot afford the authentic goods into buying false versions in order to project the same prestige, high brand image and social status as the authentic goods. Some consumers of counterfeits may think they are "smart shoppers†, getting a great deal on a product that resembles an original. Still others may hold "anti-big-business†sentiments towards luxury brands, perceiving them as distant corporations charging unreasonably high prices for their products. On the supply side, counterfeiters are very interested in reproducing luxury goods since they are part of a very lucrative market with significant margins yet require relatively simple, mass-production technologies. Thus, counterfeiting may imply large profits with small investments and limited risks, given that the probability of being caught is rather small, and even if caught, the conviction rates are low and penalty rates often light. For these reasons, counterfeiting is especially flourishing in emerging economies, where Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) enforcement is still in its infancy and local governments are oftentimes permissive with local "entrepreneurs†, particularly when these countries may be more focused on more immediate needs, such as hunger, employment, safety, and transportation. As a result, complying with international policy and enforcing the IPRs of global, luxury companies is certainly not a priority. The consequences of these instances are dramatic for legitimate brands, as "loxury†products, meaning counterfeit luxury goods, not only reduce revenues and profits, but also tarnish the brand's image, equity, and reputation, which are the essence of what a luxury brand really is.


Information notice and data subject's consent are the current main legal safeguards of data protection and privacy rights: they reflect individuals' instances, such as self-determination and control over one's own private sphere, that have been acknowledged in many jurisdictions. However, the theoretic strength of these safeguards appears frustrated by current online practices that seem suggesting to give-up with their most common form of implementation: privacy notices and request for consent. These measures are proving to be unsuccessful in increasing users' awareness and in fostering a privacy protective-behaviour. As recent studies have shown, although people declare privacy concerns, their actual behaviour diverges from their statements (the "privacy paradox"), as they seem to increasingly disclose personal data and to not even read privacy notices available online; eventually, the current privacy notices are not effective in regulating user's data disclosure. Behaviourally informed approaches to regulatory problems, already applied to different areas of information provision and public policy, helped to clarify the reasons of similar peoples' behaviour that cannot be reduced to a simplistic "users do not care about privacy." Highlighting the regulatory weakness of traditional information notices, applied behavioural science has also demonstrated to be particularly effective in improving users' decision-making and attaining concrete policy objectives if accompanied by ad hoc design interventions to display the relevant, salient information. As users do not read privacy policies or act in contradiction with them, other strategies might be more successful in promoting, "nudging," privacy-protective behaviour. The use of innovative information notices, like salient alerts and nudges, seems to be a promising means of behavioural change also in the area of digital privacy, a possible new area of application of behavioural insights. Building on recent studies in the field ( conducted mainly in the U.S.), this paper considers new forms of privacy notices (like "visceral" 2 Syracuse Journal of International Law and Commerce, Vol. 43, No. 1 [2015], Art. 4 https://surface.syr.edu/jilc/vol43/iss1/4 2015] Addressing the 'Failure' of Informed Consent 71 notices), as alternative or complement to current legal (technical) measures for data protection. For the informed consent approach (or "notice and choice" approach) to work, it needs to be improved with welldesigned, transparent and regulated nudging system, capable to help citizens in their decision-making as regards their privacy. Without disregarding the challenges and limitations of nudging strategies in public policy in general and in the privacy area in particular, and examining their legal grounds, the paper aims also to integrate that branch of legal-policy research that see "nudging" methods as an effective way to gently encourage safer behaviours in the citizens.


Previous studies have shown considerable differences at both the population and individual levels in the timing of menopause and the experience of physical and emotional changes related to menopause (generally called symptoms). Attempts to understand this variation have not found a consistent pattern, suggesting that the existing approaches to the study of menopause may have failed to capture some of the complexity of the phenomenon. Previous research on British Pakistanis has not included in-depth study of menopause. The present study has sought to demonstrate that a biosocial research design can improve our understanding of the menopause transition both among British Pakistanis and more generally.
This study used a range of methods including semi-structured questionnaire-based interviews and anthropometrics (n=257), life history interviews (n=19), and daily participant observation among middle-aged British Pakistani women in the Leeds/Bradford area of West Yorkshire. Statistical procedures were used on the quantitative data using SPSS 15; qualitative data were analysed using a thematic coding system and NVivo software.
This study found that British Pakistani women of a higher occupational social class were more likely to experience hot flushes than women from lower social classes and women who perceive themselves to be of higher status were more likely to have an earlier menopause than their lower status counterparts. Women from the Choudhary Jatt biradari (a caste-related kinship group) were more likely to have a later menopause and were less likely to experience hot flushes than women from other biradaris. Levels of reported anxiety and acculturation were both positively associated with hot flush severity. Women reported a wide range of changes due to menopause and attributed changes to menopause that previous researchers considered to be unrelated to menopause. Attribution of symptoms to menopause was associated with menopausal status, age, and migration status. Women interpreted some items from a standard checklist in ways other than intended by the checklist's developers, based on local ideas about menopause. British Pakistani women's understandings and perceptions of menopause are intimately linked with their understandings of Islam, sexuality, menstruation, and ageing, as well as their ethnic identity and notions of purity and modesty. Social issues like acculturation, social support, kinship networks, class, and the history of tensions between Pakistanis and the wider society appear to be very important to consider in understanding menopause among British Pakistani women. Social issues such as these may play a role in influencing both the timing and the experience of menopause among women in other groups and thus should be considered in future studies.


Option theory is beginning to generate robust insights in the legal literature, and it is particularly well-suited to contract law. This Article develops an embedded options theory of indefinite contracts, focusing on the proper scope of the indefiniteness doctrine - a core principle of contract law invalidating contracts that are too vague. This approach offers answers to two puzzling questions. First, why do parties write deliberately vague contracts, especially when they can contract with precise, verifiable metrics at a low cost? Second, what should a court do when confronted with an indefinite contract? Should it throw out the entire contract, impose a popular term, or do something else? This Article shows how the use of indefinite terms plus active judicial gap-filling can create an embedded option - the valuable opportunity to take action in the future based on outcomes that are uncertain today. It then argues that these embedded options can be problematic from an economic point of view because they are unlikely to be fully appreciated by both parties to the contract. This means that embedded interpretative options will sometimes distort efficient trade and investment decisions. In short, there are under-explored costs to contractual gap-filling. Ultimately, then, courts should resist the temptation to instinctively plug gaps and recognize that the indefiniteness doctrine has a meaningful role to play in contract law.


This paper reviews data regarding the effects of the legislation banning smoking in enclosed public places, including workplaces, restaurants and bars which entered into force in several countries of Europe starting with the year 2004. The source of data is represented by articles and short information published in peer reviewed journals or in electronic format between the years 2005 and 2008. Highlights include a consideration of the effects of these laws on the attitudes of the population regarding their implementation, exposure to passive smoking in public places as well as the scientific evidence on the public health and economic impact of these laws. The results of smoking ban in public places observed in several parts of Europe support initiatives in many countries toward implementing smoke-free legislation, particularly those who have ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which calls for legislation to reduce tobacco smoke pollution.


Dallas Water Utilities (DWU) has stopped relying solely on traditional open-cut trenching methods. Instead, we look to trenchless technologies to minimize costs and disruption to the public. Having completed two successful projects, the department is now ready to replace a corrosion-deteriorated wastewater interceptor main on the west side of the city, built from 1949 to 1953. The replacement of the existing 48 in. interceptor will require the installation of more than 10,000 ft of 48 in. main by microtunneling at a cost of $6.3 million. This main has an average depth of more than 25 ft in a limestone shale with a ground-water table over the pipe. Construction is set to begin November 1992. The project should take less than a year to complete. Throughout the 1970s and '80s, as the Dallas area grew, we created and extended pipelines and system capacity to meet demand. Traditional open-cut methods are cost-effective for these new developments. Water and wastewater pipes, however, need to be replaced or substantially rehabilitated due to deterioration, old age, neglect, inferior materials and workmanship, lack of adequate construction inspection, and increased traffic loading. Also, redevelopment in many areas of the city requires an increase in the capacity of the existing pipe systems. In these instances, trenchless methods are most effective.


Economists have long relied on cross-country regression analysis to identify the determinants of continued growth, but with only limited success. This book demonstrates the value of a different approach.


This retrospective reviews the policies that affect the fertility of American women, both policies designed to alter fertility intentionally as well as those that change childbearing unintentionally. Becker's seminal work on the economics of fertility serves as the theoretical foundation for this literature. After describing Becker's economic model, we review the empirical literature on fertility responses to social welfare policies, tax policies, the mandated health care coverage of infertility treatments, abortion policies, and government-sponsored family planning services. We also address several Supreme Court cases that have played an important role in the interpretation of these policies. Where relevant, this retrospective describes the distributional effects of these natalist policies. We also discuss the limitations of this literature and identify important gaps. Unlike most developed countries that have created strategies to increase fertility to support their ageing population, the United States spends considerably less time and thought on this issue. Our reading of the literature suggests that we have many public policies that have affected and continue to influence the fertility choices made by families in the United States and that this is a topical area that deserves more attention in policy debates. C � 2012 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.


Many spectrochemical laboratories still use supplies designed without provision for automatic arc ignition, despite the commercial availability of modern d.c. power supplies for arc excitation. Brockman and Hockhgesang (1) published two basic ignitor circuits which use a two winding r-f transformer to couple a triggering spark into the d.c. circuit. Sinclair (2) used a simpler circuit with a single winding autotransformer.


In this work, we present the Text Conditioned Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Network, (TAC-GAN) a text to image Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) for synthesizing images from their text descriptions. Former approaches have tried to condition the generative process on the textual data; but allying it to the usage of class information, known to diversify the generated samples and improve their structural coherence, has not been explored. We trained the presented TAC-GAN model on the Oxford-102 dataset of flowers, and evaluated the discriminability of the generated images with Inception-Score, as well as their diversity using the Multi-Scale Structural Similarity Index (MS-SSIM). Our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art models, i.e., its inception score is 3.45, corresponding to a relative increase of 7.8% compared to the recently introduced StackGan. A comparison of the mean MS-SSIM scores of the training and generated samples per class shows that our approach is able to generate highly diverse images with an average MS-SSIM of 0.14 over all generated classes.


While information encoding through optically induced orientation of azo dyes in organic matrices is being extensively pursued, we propose the alternative of starting out with poled films and to locally reduce their second-harmonic generation capacity by a focused near-infrared femtosecond laser beam of moderate intensity. Arrays of dots irradiated under varying conditions are subsequently imaged in situ as dark spots on a bright background. The samples are also examined through conventional optical microscopy and through atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that, of these techniques, second-harmonic imaging performs best in the task of information retrieval.


European integration provokes competition between the European metropolitan areas. At the same time, the question at which locations services of highest centrality are produced remains open. The paper analyses how far the German capital Berlin accepts the challenge to accomodate headquarters of multinational firms. Our investigation shows that Berlin's qualifications to attract headquarters are quite well. The number of headquarters residing in Berlin has increased subtly but contiuous during the last 15 years. One advantage could be the spatial proximity to the Eastern European markets.


In this study, I aimed at analyzing the territorial structure of the international trade in Romania in 2011 on the level of each development region. Starting from the values of the export and import trade flows pertaining to each region of Romania and using statistical methods of analysis, we processed the existing data in order to determine the distribution of foreign trade and to emphasize the regional poles of competitiveness from this point of view. Since other indexes, such as the trade balance or the import/export coverage ratio, are also marks of competitiveness and of the increase or decrease in the performance of a certain economy, we also calculated these indexes for each region of the country. In order to statistically substantiate the existence of a certain degree of spatial concentration of the Romanian international trade in different regions of the country, we resorted to the boxplot graphical representation and to the Gini square and the Gini index respectively.


Queer/of African descent/woman centered/multi-disciplined/about Spirit...delta dandi is a living cacophony of monologues, chants, choral tellings, blood memories dance and song. Through glimpses of the transmigration of one Spirit's many lives/delta dandi asks how does collective grief and trauma inform the Black-American experience? What must a Soul do to heal? What is the traditional role of Queers in ritual?. A re-imagining of sacred concerts and tone poems that jazz icons Duke Ellington and Mary Lou Williams innovated/delta dandi is ritual jazz theatre conjuring transformation and Love.

Women & Their Work in partnership with The National Performance Network presented the premiere of delta dandi at the Long Center Rollins Studio Theatre 1/9 & 1/10 2009 8PM in Austin, Texas with support from The Long Center Catalyst 8, The John L. Warfield Center for African and African American Studies, University of Texas Austin, allgo (Austin's Queer People of Color Organization), Austin Script Works and a host of individual donors.

Writer/Conductor/Producer Sharon Bridgforth; Composer/Conductor/Performer-Helga Davis; Choreographer/Conductor/Performer-Baraka de Soleil; Florinda Bryant & Sonja Perryman; with Monique Cortez, Andrea Edgerson, Karla Legaspy, Leigh Gaymon-Jones and Azure D. Osborne-Lee. Set Designer: Leilah Stewart. Costumer: Miramar Dichoso. Technical Director: Tramaine Berryhill. Dramaturge: Jen Margulies. For more information go to: http://sharonbridgforth.com

*delta dandi is a National Performance Network Creation Fund Project co-commissioned by Women & Their Work, in partnership with Center On Halsted and the National Performance Network. Major contributors of the National Performance Network are Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, Ford Foundation, Nathan Cummings Foundation, and the National Endowment for the Arts (a federal agency). For more information: go to http://www.npnweb.org

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The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is working with the Social Security Administration (SSA) to establish the Occupational Requirements Survey (ORS), an establishment survey that collects information on the vocational preparation and the cognitive and physical requirements of occupations in the U.S. economy, as well as the environmental conditions in which those occupations are performed. In preparation for the first ORS production sample, we studied several potential sample designs and assessed each for practicality and coverage of the population. In addition, we considered how and if the ORS sample might be coordinated with the sample of BLS's National Compensation Survey (NCS). In this paper, we evaluate each sample design option, describe the sample design that was selected for the first ORS production sample, and outline plans for monitoring the effectiveness of the selected sample design.


Unlike index funds, smart beta mutual funds (SBFs) attempt to beat the market by weighting securities based on price, value, momentum, and other fundamental characteristics through careful adherence to trading rules based upon these traits. Since their debut, SBFs have attracted over a trillion dollars. This research attempts to ascertain whether SBFs beat their category averages and whether limiting the costs of investing in SBFs can enhance their performance relative to category averages. Our findings show that SBFs do not necessarily outperform the market, as measured using category averages. Return and risk are both higher, resulting in risk-adjusted performance that is very similar to the average of their respective category. However, performance can be greatly improved by selecting SBFs that charge less for their services. Limiting the sample to those SBFs with the lowest 25% of expense ratios results in even better performance.


Using recent survey data on South Korean firms' strategies for sourcing intermediate goods from abroad, we investigate whether there exists a productivity premium of offshoring by considering organizational forms (insourcing versus outsourcing) and the income level of offshored countries (North versus South) altogether. Thus, we consider the following four offshoring types: outsourcing from South, insourcing from South, outsourcing from North and insourcing from North. Unlike previous studies, we give particular attention to the comparison between outsourcing from North and insourcing from South and find that firms outsourcing from North are more productive than firms sourcing from their own affiliates in South. We offer three critical conditions to incorporate our empirical findings into the standard firm heterogeneity model: the fixed cost is higher for insourcing than for outsourcing and is higher in North than in South, the headquarters receive a larger share of the final revenue through insourcing than through outsourcing, and sourcing from North guarantees better profitability (or a bigger share) in the market for the headquarters than sourcing from South. Thus, this article contributes to the literature by identifying a new productivity order.


Testimony is the mainstay of human communication and essential for the spread of knowledge. But testimony may also spread error. Under what conditions does it yield knowledge in the person addressed? Must the recipient trust the attester? And does the attester have to know what is affirmed? A related question is what is required for the recipient to be justified in believing testimony. Is testimony-based justification acquired in the same way as testimony-based knowledge? This paper addresses these and other questions. It offers a theory of the role of testimony in producing knowledge and justification, a sketch of a conception of knowledge that supports this theory, a brief account of how trust of others can be squared with critical habits of mind, and an outline of some important standards for intellectual responsibility in giving and receiving testimony.


During the field studies concerning job satisfaction and commitment, the authors observed that there were no fundamental differences between answers provided by middle and low level managers and ordinary workers, concerning determinants of these phenomena: they showed the same low level of empowerment and complained about the same items to a comparable degree. The authors conducted the survey in a manufacturing plant with foreign investment by a worldwide operating company, located in Poland (Lower Silesia) in the Spring of 2014. The sample consisted of 81 workers, 25 administrative staff and 11 managers, thus general n=117. The chi-square test of independence, a p-value calculated by Monte Carlo simulation were used to determine whether or not and in which spheres the questioned managers differed from the workers and administrative staff. Consequently, the authors show that in conditions similar to those encountered in the analyzed manufacturing plant, centralization of power may be considerably high and managers of the middle and lower level may be more similar to workers in many respects. Next, the possible reasons for that "disempowerment" in terms of the socalled "end-of-the-pipe model" structure are given and discussed. The authors show also that some kind of remedy can be found in such situations using the simplest empowerment strategy – the so-called suggestion empowerment, as well as TQM or Lean Management practices (e.g., quality circles, 5M, TPM).


This commentary explores the ways in which body sovereignty has been illustrated and supported in the sovereign space of Te Matatini (Ki Te Ao). It is suggested that the 2019 Te Matatini Ki Te Ao Kapa Haka Finals were a space that privileged Te Ao Mäori and body sovereignty in multiple, intersecting ways. I propose that sovereign spaces such as Te Matatini provide an alternative illustration, discourse and narrative to current coloniality that restricts, limits and does not acknowledge body sovereignty. Te Matatini centres Mäori bodies and Mäori sovereignty through kapa haka and creates a space for multiple levels of body sovereignty, for multiple genders, different ablebodiedness and different sized bodies. Te Matatini Ki Te Ao centres tängata Mäori and creates a sovereign space for Mäori bodies to exist and be valued.


Studies suggest that the experience of anxiety or exposure to stressful events may contribute to the 'disinhibition' of dietary restraint (diet breaking) and promote symptoms of binge eating and bulimia. Mechanisms by which such factors lead to overeating are not clearly understood, and competing theoretical explanations have not been sufficiently tested using
reliable and robust methodological approaches within the laboratory. The current research adopted a psychophysiological approach to the measurement of stress-eating and information processing, using an aggregation of experimental paradigms taken from cardiovascular/stress and dietary restraint literatures, to investigate the effects of self-directed ego threat stress on female restrained eaters, with and without bulimic symptoms.
The first main aim was to test two competing theoretical explanations of overeating [bingeing] in response to stress - the limited capacity versus the 'escape' theory. Taken together, the results obtained from three experiments revealed only limited support for the limited capacity model. Some support was obtained for the 'escape' theory. These results were also discussed in relation to restraint theory, and the continuum and new generation cognitive models of BN.
The second main aim was to ascertain the existence of information processing and memory biases for scheme-relevant cues unrelated to eating [self-directed ego threat] in the two target populations. Results from these analyses provided further support for restraint theory, the 'escape'theory of bingeing, and the continuum and new generation cognitive models of BN.
Two more minor aims of the current research were a) to assess arousal responses in response to post-stress food ingestion in the two target populations, b) to assess whether temporal/habituation effects occurred in respect of information processing of ego-threat stimuli.


We offer an explanation for the forward premium puzzle in foreign exchange markets based upon investor overconfidence. In the model, overconfident individuals overreact to their information about future inflation, which causes greater overshooting in the forward rate than in the spot rate. Thus, when agents observe a signal of higher future inflation, the consequent rise in the forward premium predicts a subsequent downward correction of the spot rate. The model can explain the magnitude of the forward premium bias and several other stylized facts related to the joint behavior of forward and spot exchange rates. Our approach is also consistent with the availability of profitable carry trade strategies.


We have proposed a cyclotron for cancer therapy, called Skeleton Cyclotron, which is based on non-insulation (NI) high temperature superconducting (HTS) technology. The Skeleton Cyclotron consists of circular main coils for the isochronous field and non-circular sector coils for the azimuthally varying field (AVF). In order to establish the development technology of HTS multi-coil system for the skeleton cyclotron, we have now designed a small half-size multi-coil system for demonstration, called Ultra-Baby Cyclotron, at the operating current of 540 A, the operating temperature of 20 K and the magnetic field of 1.6 T at the extraction radius of 0.2 m. The NI HTS coil can make both high current density and high magnetic field, so it can achieve miniaturization of its size and high intensity beams. Furthermore, in NI coils, the current flows not only in the coil winding direction but also in the radial direction. Therefore, even if the local normal transition occurs in the coil windings, the current can bypass into the neighboring wires and thermal stability can be improved. On the other hand, when the normal transition and quench occur, the electromagnetic and mechanical behaviors in NI coils are different from those of conventional insulated coil. Therefore, we developed a current distribution analysis code for non-insulation HTS coils and simulated the current distributions during the normal transition and quench in NI REBCO coil system for Skeleton Cyclotron.


The First Crusade received its name and shape late. To its contemporaries, the event was a journey and the men who took part in it pilgrims. Only later were those participants dubbed Crusaders "those signed with the Cross." In fact, many developments with regard to the First Crusade, like the bestowing of the cross and the elaboration of Crusaders' privileges, did not occur until the late twelfth century, almost one hundred years after the event itself. In a greatly expanded second edition, Edward Peters brings together the primary texts that document eleventh-century reform ecclesiology, the appearance of new social groups and their attitudes, the institutional and literary evidence dealing with Holy War and pilgrimage, and, most important, the firsthand experiences by men who participated in the events of 1095-1099. Peters supplements his previous work by including a considerable number of texts not available at the time of the original publication. The new material, which constitutes nearly one-third of the book, consists chiefly of materials from non-Christian sources, especially translations of documents written in Hebrew and Arabic. In addition, Peters has extensively revised and expanded the Introduction to address the most important issues of recent scholarship."


In Bipartite Correlation Clustering (BCC) we are given a complete bipartite graph $G$ with `+' and `-' edges, and we seek a vertex clustering that maximizes the number of agreements: the number of all `+' edges within clusters plus all `-' edges cut across clusters. BCC is known to be NP-hard.
We present a novel approximation algorithm for $k$-BCC, a variant of BCC with an upper bound $k$ on the number of clusters. Our algorithm outputs a $k$-clustering that provably achieves a number of agreements within a multiplicative ${(1-\delta)}$-factor from the optimal, for any desired accuracy $\delta$. It relies on solving a combinatorially constrained bilinear maximization on the bi-adjacency matrix of $G$. It runs in time exponential in $k$ and $\delta^{-1}$, but linear in the size of the input.
Further, we show that, in the (unconstrained) BCC setting, an ${(1-\delta)}$-approximation can be achieved by $O(\delta^{-1})$ clusters regardless of the size of the graph. In turn, our $k$-BCC algorithm implies an Efficient PTAS for the BCC objective of maximizing agreements.


Less than a decade after Washington endorsed a fraudulent case for invading Iraq, similarly misinformed and politically motivated claims are pushing America toward war with Iran. Today the stakes are even higher: such a war could break the back of America's strained superpower status. Challenging the daily clamour of U.S. sabre rattling, Flynt and Hillary Mann Leverett argue that America should renounce thirty years of failed strategy and engage with Iran - just as Nixon revolutionized U.S. foreign policy by going to Beijing and realigning relations with China. Former analysts in both the Bush and Clinton administrations, the Leveretts offer a uniquely informed account of Iran as it actually is today, not as many have caricatured it or wished it to be. They show that Iran's political order is not on the verge of collapse, that most Iranians still support the Islamic Republic, and that Iran's regional influence makes it critical to progress in the Middle East. Drawing on years of research and access to high-level officials, "Going to Tehran" explains how Iran sees the world and why its approach to foreign policy is hardly the irrational behaviour of a rogue nation.


We estimate US household monthly elasticities of demand for some of the more popular organic fruits. To our knowledge, this is the first US-wide, multi-year analysis of price and income elasticities for various organic fruits. We calculate elasticities of demand for low-income, middle class, and rich income bracket households using three estimation techniques: two econometric methods and one machine learning method (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)). Demand estimates are based on Nielsen scanner data from approximately 60,000 households collected from 2011 to 2013. Generally, we find that own-price conditional and unconditional elasticities of demand for organic fruits are negative. Unconditional elasticity magnitudes tend to be largest in the representative middle-class household. Income elasticities of demand measurements are inconsistent and often statistically insignificant. This finding is consistent with the survey literature finding that many consumers buy organic food for mostly moral or ethical reasons. We run two policy experiments: a 10% subsidy of organic fruits, and a 10% tax on conventional fruits. Our hypothetical policies engender a stronger reaction among the general public than habitual buyers of organic fruit; unconditional purchase and expenditure elasticities are generally larger than conditional purchase and expenditure elasticities. Finally, we find that elasticities measured with the LASSO technique are not radically different than those measured with econometric methods. The most noticeable difference between the two analytical techniques is that LASSO is more likely to find price and income elasticities of demand that indistinguishable from zero, both substantively and statistically.


Unification-based theories of grammar allow for an integration of different levels of linguistic descriptions in the common framework of typed feature structures. Dependencies among the levels are expressed by coreferences. Though highly attractive theoretically, using such codescriptions for analysis create problems of efficiency. We present an approach to a modular use of codescriptions on the syntactic and semantic level. Grammatical analysis is performed by tightly coupled parsers running in tandem, each using only designated parts of the grammatical description. In the paper we describe the partitioning of grammatical information for the parsers and present results about the performance.


XML is increasingly important in data exchange and information management. A great deal of efforts have been spent in developing efficient techniques for storing, querying, indexing and accessing XML documents. In this paper we propose a new approach to clustering XML data. In contrast to previous work, which focused on documents defined by different DTDs, the proposed method works for documents with the same DTD. Our approach is to extract features from documents, modeled by ordered labeled trees, and transform the documents to vectors in a high-dimensional Euclidean space based on the occurrences of the features in the documents. We then reduce the dimensionality of the vectors by principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster the vectors in the reduced dimensional space. The PCA enables one to identify vectors with co-occurrent features, thereby enhancing the accuracy of the clustering. We also discuss an extension of our techniques to XML retrieval. Experimental results based on documents obtained from Wisconsin's XML data bank show the effectiveness and good performance of the proposed techniques.


This paper presents a recommender system for both taxi drivers and people expecting to take a taxi, using the knowledge of 1) passengers' mobility patterns and 2) taxi drivers' picking-up/dropping-off behaviors learned from the GPS trajectories of taxicabs. First, this recommender system provides taxi drivers with some locations and the routes to these locations, toward which they are more likely to pick up passengers quickly (during the routes or in these locations) and maximize the profit of the next trip. Second, it recommends people with some locations (within a walking distance) where they can easily find vacant taxis. In our method, we learn the above-mentioned knowledge (represented by probabilities) from GPS trajectories of taxis. Then, we feed the knowledge into a probabilistic model that estimates the profit of the candidate locations for a particular driver based on where and when the driver requests the recommendation. We build our system using historical trajectories generated by over 12,000 taxis during 110 days and validate the system with extensive evaluations including in-the-field user studies.


Along the way they blazed a trail for GAA players by standing up for their rights; they revolutionised tactics in the game of hurling and they have given Irish sport some of its most unforgettable characters and moments. Through strikes and stand-offs, controversies and collisions, departures and disappointments, they have been the most fascinating GAA team of the last twenty years. This is their story. Players, managers, selectors and backroom staff involved with Cork for the last decade have co-operated with journalist Michael Moynihan to give their side of events, with some speaking out for the first time in a series of interviews conducted specifically for this book. If you want to know what it means to be an inter-county player, this is the book you need to read.


Corrosion damage is reported to be one of the leading causes of steel pipeline failure causing significant financial losses to operators and damage to the surrounding environment. As part of a rising confrontation to pipeline integrity management, researchers are continuously seeking better ways to assist on how to identify, assess, and prevent such incidents. Thus, there is a crucial need to establish a connection between assessment of pipeline condition and its structural stability. To achieve this, a three-dimensional finite element (FE) model is developed. The effects of geometry parameters such as defect thickness and spread angle are considered. Results show that thicker pipelines with corrosion groove perform better structurally than slender equivalents. The impact of corrosion damage is assessed to be significant on pipe stability with pipelines experiencing higher displacement and wall stresses with increasing defect depth and spread angle. A protective measure has been proposed using the buried pipes bedding system. The most critical spread angle is at 60 deg for unprotected pipe sections and 90 deg for bedded protected sections.


Fourier or spectral domain optical coherence tomography (FDOCT) is a multi-dimensional interferometric imaging modality that has attracted increasing interest during the last few years. The reason is its outstanding sensitivity allowing high speed 2D and 3D imaging of weakly backscattering biological tissues in vivo and with high axial resolution. FDOCT has today largely replaced the preceding time domain OCT due to its marked advantage in sensitivity and acquisition speed. In particular, for fast in vivo retinal imaging with high resolution in 3D, FDOCT has become the method of choice. Recent developments enhance the clinical and biomedical potential of FDOCT by aiming from purely structural to functional tissue imaging, revealing tissue dynamics and physiology. The imaging parameter space is becoming highly multi-dimensional by including polarization, Doppler flow and spectroscopy. Two operating modes of FDOCT exist: spectrometer-based and swept-source. The latter captivates with its unprecedented depth-scan speed of several 100kHz whereas the spectrometer-based FDOCT offers ultra-high axial resolution capabilities of 2µm or even better. However, there are drawbacks to both FDOCT modalities including the depth-dependent sensitivity decay as well as the complex ambiguity of the FDOCT signal which leads to disturbing mirror structures as well as a restricted maximum depth range. Phase shifting techniques allow reconstruction of the complex sample signal, resolving the complex ambiguities, therefore reducing these drawbacks considerably. In addition, in the spectrometer-based FDOCT, any sample movement during camera integration causes a blurring of the interference fringes and thus reduces the sensitivity for flow detection. However, information on flow is especially interesting in ophthalmology since several studies of retinal blood flow – using laser Doppler flowmetry – have already outlined that vessel flow properties are early indicators of retinal pathologies like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy or age related macula degeneration. This thesis proposes two new spectrometer-based FDOCT modalities, both based on the phase-sensitive nature of OCT. Appropriate locking of acquisition speed, exposure time and triggering onto artificially provoked signal phase changes allows the technique to benefit from additional degrees of freedom in the signal detection. The various established models were experimentally verified on biological and technical samples. First, spectrometer-based heterodyne FDOCT, without chromatic phase-shifting errors, was presented and discussed. The achromatic phase-shifting is achieved by using acousto-optic frequency shifters (AOFS). In vivo measurements showed experimentally the suppression of FDOCT-inherent artifacts like complex mirror terms due to the full complex signal reconstruction by quadrature detection of a stable beating frequency at 20'000 depth-scans per second using integrating buckets. In the search for ultra-high axial resolution, the currently available AOFS used were found to be a limiting factor and so further AOFS were developed to provide truly broadband devices. A dual beam extension allowed phase sensitive measurements even through long probing fibers. Phase stability issues with respect to the complex signal reconstruction algorithms used were discussed and it was shown theoretically, and verified experimentally, that amplitude errors are equally disturbing as phase errors. Second, a novel FDOCT modality called resonant Doppler FDOCT was introduced preventing interference fringe blurring caused by moving structures such as flow. The proposed method overcomes this problem by phase-matching the interferometer reference signal to the sample motion by means of an electro-optic phase modulator. Extraction of in vivo blood flow in 3D on a purely intensity basis with an improved velocity range as compared to currently performed color Doppler FDOCT was shown. In addition, for this proposed method, the detectable velocity range is independent of the detector speed. Quantitative flow detection was demonstrated with the same method.


There has been a large increase in the number of tooth colored restorations "white fillings" placed in recent years. An increased demand from the public for more aesthetic dental restorations causes a potential problem for forensic dentists who may find the fillings difficult to identify and hence include in postmortem odontograms. This has implications for the accuracy of dental identifications, particularly in situations where limited time is available for postmortem identification, e.g., mass casualty incidents. A new method for the detection of composite restorations is presented. Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF) is a technique currently employed to detect small changes in enamel mineral content. An experiment was conducted to determine if the technique would afford a greater degree of contrast between composite and enamel and thus enable the accuracy of composite identification in enamel. Twenty-four previously extracted human premolars were gently cleaned with pumice and wet-and-dry paper. Twelve were subsequently randomly selected and restored on their buccal surfaces with Spectrum (a composite) following manufacturer's instructions. No attempt was made to color match the teeth and all were filled with shade B3. Twelve teeth were left unrestored. QLF and normal white light images were taken of both restored and non-restored surfaces with teeth wet and then dried. Ten forensic dentists were asked on two separate occasions (one month between each attempt) to indicate whether or not they thought the surface was: a) restored or b) unrestored. Results indicate that forensic dentists detected a significantly higher proportion (p<0.005) of filled surfaces with QLF.


This volume, the ninth on Islamic material to be published in the Classics of Western Spirituality series, brings to light a highly significant but little known area of Islamic spirituality. Editor John Renard has assembled here a volume of texts, most translated here for the first time, culled from the great Sufi manuals of spirituality, on the theme of the complex and multi-faceted role of knowledge in relation to the spiritual life. He presents excerpts on knowledge from the works of nine major Muslim teachers, most translated from Arabic, but also including important texts from Persian originals. The Introduction offers a survey of the development of Sufi modes of knowing through the thirteenth century in their broader context, and then focuses on the manuals or compendia of Sufi spirituality treated here. Historical notes provide brief identifications of many of the individual sources and personalities mentioned throughout the treatises.


This research aimed to develop the good strategy in the development of seaweed cultivation. The research was implemented in Lalombi Village, Sub District of South Banawa, Donggala Regency, Province of Central Sulawesi.  About 60 people are active as the seaweed farmers which 6 farmers is taken from respondent and 2 people from relevant agencies so overall there are 8 people as respondents with the determination of respondent were calculated using judgment sampling, the respondents chose the most right to provide information needed. Respondents are determined based on the assumption that they could still represent the population characteristics of seaweed farmers. Based on the results of the research identified from internal factors, there are five strengths and five weaknesses, and for the external environmental factors there are five chances and five threats. Combination value IFE is 2.76 and value of EFE is 2.25 in the IE matrix shows that the position of the business in V cells, the growth through horizontal integration, an activity to develop the business by way of utilizing land resources more leverage and increase value by be processed seaweed derived products. Strategy development of seaweed cultivation in the village lalombi is optimize production, provide counseling and gradually expand seaweed cultivation area.


Tumour cells sustain their high proliferation rate through metabolic reprogramming, whereby cellular metabolism shifts from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis, even under normal oxygen levels. Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1A (HIF1A) is a major regulator of this process, but its activation under normoxic conditions, termed pseudohypoxia, is not well documented. Here, using an integrative approach combining the first genome‐wide mapping of chromatin binding for an endocytic adaptor, ARRB1, both in vitro and in vivo with gene expression profiling, we demonstrate that nuclear ARRB1 contributes to this metabolic shift in prostate cancer cells via regulation of HIF1A transcriptional activity under normoxic conditions through regulation of succinate dehydrogenase A (SDHA) and fumarate hydratase (FH) expression. ARRB1‐induced pseudohypoxia may facilitate adaptation of cancer cells to growth in the harsh conditions that are frequently encountered within solid tumours. Our study is the first example of an endocytic adaptor protein regulating metabolic pathways. It implicates ARRB1 as a potential tumour promoter in prostate cancer and highlights the importance of metabolic alterations in prostate cancer.


The authors have characterized the muscarinic cholinergic receptor subtypes in human peripheral lung membranes using the selective muscarinic antagonist [3H]pirenzepine [( 3H]PZ) and the classical muscarinic antagonist [3H](-)-quinuclidinyl benzilate. High-affinity binding with pharmacologic specificity was demonstrated for both radioligands. The high affinity Kd for [3H]PZ binding determined from saturation isotherms was 5.6 nM, and the Kd for [3H](-)-quinuclidinyl benzilate binding was 14.3 pM. Approximately 62% of the total muscarinic binding sites in human peripheral lung bind [3H]PZ with high affinity. There was no significant effect of the guanine nucleotide, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate, on the inhibition of [3H](-)-quinyclidinyl benzilate binding by the muscarinic agonist carbachol in peripheral lung membranes. If the muscarinic receptor with high affinity for PZ has an important role in bronchoconstriction, its characterization could result in the development of more selective bronchodilators.


This article analyzes the development of eminent domain law, focusing on the U.S. Supreme Court and the New York Court of Appeals' approach to the requirement that takings be for "public use." It asserts that the Supreme Court's public use doctrine is conceptually incomplete. In applying that doctrine and its own precedents, the Court of Appeals acts in the State's tradition of dirigisme, and subordinates constitutional protections for private property to centralized development. Its recent Goldstein and Kaur opinions, uncritically supporting development for economic agglomeration, are the culmination of this approach.The article also discusses implications for public policy arising from condemnation for transfer for private redevelopment, as hastened by government efforts to stimulate agglomeration. These include a lack of transparency, secondary rent seeking, possibilities of corruption resulting from of crony capitalism, and the inefficient use of public and private recourses.


METHOTREXATE SHOULD BE USED ONLY IN LIFE THREATENING NEOPLASTIC DISEASES, OR IN PATIENTS WITH PSORIASIS OR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS WITH SEVERE, RECALCITRANT, DISABLING DISEASE WHICH IS NOT ADEQUATELY RESPONSIVE TO OTHER FORMS OF THERAPY. DEATHS HAVE BEEN REPORTED WITH THE USE OF METHOTREXATE IN THE TREATMENT OF MALIGNANCY, PSORIASIS, AND RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. PATIENTS SHOULD BE CLOSELY MONITORED FOR BONE MARROW, LIVER, LUNG AND KIDNEY TOXICITIES. (See PRECAUTIONS.) PATIENTS SHOULD BE INFORMED BY THEIR PHYSICIAN OF THE RISKS INVOLVED AND BE UNDER A PHYSICIAN'S CARE THROUGHOUT THERAPY. THE USE OF METHOTREXATE HIGH DOSE REGIMENS RECOMMENDED FOR OSTEOSARCOMA REQUIRES METICULOUS CARE. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) HIGH DOSE REGIMENS FOR OTHER NEOPLASTIC DISEASES ARE INVESTIGATIONAL AND A THERAPEUTIC ADVANTAGE HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED. METHOTREXATE FORMULATIONS AND DILUENTS CONTAINING PRESERVATIVES MUST NOT BE USED FOR INTRATHECAL OR HIGH DOSE METHOTREXATE THERAPY. 1. Methotrexate has been reported to cause fetal death and/or congenital anomalies. Therefore, it is not recommended for women of childbearing potential unless there is clear medical evidence that the benefits can be expected to outweigh the considered risks. Pregnant women with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis should not receive methotrexate. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS). 2. Methotrexate elimination is reduced in patients with impaired renal functions, ascites, or pleural effusions. Such patients require especially careful monitoring for toxicity, and require dose reduction or, in some cases, discontinuation of methotrexate administration. 3. Unexpectedly severe (sometimes fatal) bone marrow suppression, aplastic anemia, and gastrointestinal toxicity have been reported with concomitant administration of methotrexate (usually in high dosage) along with some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). (See PRECAUTIONS, Drug Interactions). 4. Methotrexate causes hepatotoxicity, fibrosis and cirrhosis, but generally only after prolonged use. Acutely, liver enzyme elevations are frequently seen. These are usually transient and asymptomatic, and also do not appear predictive of subsequent hepatic disease. Liver biopsy after sustained use often shows histologic changes, and fibrosis and cirrhosis have been reported; these latter lesions may not be preceded by symptoms or abnormal liver function tests in the psoriasis population. For this reason, periodic liver biopsies are usually recommended for psoriatic patients who are under long-term treatment. Persistent abnormalities in liver function tests may precede appearance of fibrosis or cirrhosis in the rheumatoid arthritis population. (See PRECAUTIONS, Organ System Toxicity, Hepatic). 5. Methotrexate-induced lung disease, including acute or chronic interstitial pneumonitis, is a potentially dangerous lesion, which may occur acutely at any time during therapy and has been reported at low doses. It is not always fully reversible and fatalities have been reported. Pulmonary symptoms (especially a dry, nonproductive cough) may require interruption of treatment and careful investigation. 6. Diarrhea and ulcerative stomatitis require interruption of therapy: otherwise, hemorrhagic enteritis and death from intestinal perforation may occur. 7. Malignant lymphomas, which may regress following withdrawal of methotrexate, may occur in patients receiving low-dose methotrexate and, thus, may not require cytotoxic treatment. Discontinue methotrexate first and, if the lymphoma does not regress, appropriate treatment should be instituted. 8. Like other cytotoxic drugs, methotrexate may induce "tumor lysis syndrome" in patients with rapidly growing tumors. Appropriate supportive and pharmacologic measures may prevent or alleviate this complication. 9. Severe, occasionally fatal, skin reactions have been reported following single or multiple doses of methotrexate. Reactions have occurred within days of oral, intramuscular, intravenous, or intrathecal methotrexate administration. Recovery has been reported with discontinuation of therapy. (See PRECAUTIONS, Organ System Toxicity, Skin.) 10. Potentially fatal opportunistic infections, especially pneumonia, may occur with methotrexate therapy. 11. Methotrexate given concomitantly with radiotherapy may increase the risk of soft tissue necrosis and osteonecrosis.


Network analysis can reveal the overall wiring and information flow through a global system. Luscombe et al. provide a first look at the dynamics of the transcriptional network in yeast using a new statistical methodology they call SANDY (for statistical analysis of network dynamics). Using this methodology, they investigated how the transcriptional network changes in response to five different conditions: diauxic shift, DNA damage, or stress response, which they consider exogenous stimuli, or cell division or sporulation, which they consider endogenous cell processes. A minority of the interactions occurs in four or more of the conditions (66 out of 2476). Most of the transcription factors are involved in all of the conditions, whereas half of the target genes expressed are unique to a specific condition. Using multiple mathematical measurements for information flow, major differences between the endogenous and exogenous networks were revealed. For exogenous networks, the regulation of the transcription factors is simpler with fewer inputs than is observed for the endogenous networks. Furthermore, exogenous networks exhibit an increase in the number of genes targeted by each transcription factor compared with the endogenous networks. These two properties would allow faster propagation of the signal and a faster cellular response. Endogenous networks show a higher clustering coefficient than do exogenous networks, indicating that there is a high degree of interregulation among the transcription factors that participate in these endogenous cell processes. The properties of the connections between the transcription factors and their targets also vary between endogenous and exogenous networks, with exogenous networks containing many single-input motifs in which a single transcription factor has many target genes, and endogenous networks containing many feed-forward-loop motifs in which a primary transcription factor regulates a secondary factor and then both transcription factors regulate a final target gene. Transcription factor hubs, which are believed to represent the essential core of the network, were also revealed for each condition, as well as a permanent hub that was present in all conditions. The degree of interchange among the transcription factors was also measured, and with the exception of a few transcription factors in the cell cycle, most of the transcription factors in the five networks change a subset of their interactions among the conditions. Finally, SANDY allows properties within a subnetwork to be investigated, and the authors use the cell cycle network to demonstrate how the network changes during the different phases of the cell cycle. N. M. Luscombe, M. M. Babu, H. Yu, M. Snyder, S. A. Teichmann, M. Gerstein, Genomic analysis of regulatory network dynamics reveals large topological changes. Nature 431, 308-312 (2004). [Online Journal]


The majority of the research on cavitation luminescence has focused on the sonoluminescence or chemiluminescence generated by cavitation induced through ultrasound, with a lesser body of work on the luminescence induced by laser- or spark-induced cavitation. In such circumstances, the cavitation is generated in liquids where, on the broad scale, there is usually assumed to be no net liquid flow (although of course there are small-scale flows as a result of the cavitation itself, through radiation forces, streaming, microstreaming and turbulence). Little attention has been paid to the luminescence that accompanies (undesirable) cavitation in pumps and turbines or in marine propellers. In the present study, the sonoluminescence specific to air/water vapour bubbles, collapsing within a cavitation tunnel, is addressed. The particular case of leading edge cavitation over a two-dimensional hydrofoil is considered in detail. Hence, strong instabilities develop, causing the attached cavity to shed large clouds of micro bubbles. The spatial and temporal properties of the emitted luminescence were studied using an intensified charge coupled device video camera and a photomultiplier (PM). The light emission was found to extend downstream from the region of cavity closure, to the region where the travelling vortices collapse. Examination of the PM signal on short time scales showed that the emitted luminescence consisted of relatively intense flashes of short duration (as with other forms of luminescence). Individual flashes were often found to be clustered in time. Over longer time scales, clear evidence of periodicity was found in the PM signals. Further analysis showed that bursts of light were being emitted at the Strouhal frequency (for the shedding of transcient cavities).


OBJECTIVE
To compare the overall efficacy of combination therapies focused on fasting or postprandial blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes not adequately controlled with oral sulfonylurea agents alone.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 135 patients were randomly assigned for 3 months to 1 of 3 combination regimens with glyburide (G) that addressed postprandial blood glucose with insulin lispro (L+G), premeal blood glucose with metformin (M+G), or fasting blood glucose (FBG) with bedtime NPH insulin (NPH+G).

RESULTS
At end point, HbA1c was significantly lower with all therapies (P = 0.001) and was significantly lower for L+G (7.68+/-0.88%) compared with either NPH+G (8.51+/-1.38%, P = 0.003) or M+G (8.31+/-1.31%, P = 0.025). FBG at end point was significantly lower for NPH+G (8.49+/-2.36 mmol/l) compared with either L+G (10.57+/-1.97 mmol/l, P = 0.001) or M+G (9.69+/-2.89 mmol/l, P = 0.029). The mean 2-h postprandial glucose after a test meal was significantly lower for L+G (10.87+/-2.88 mmol/l) versus NPH+G (12.21+/-3.12 mmol/, P = 0.052) or versus M+G (12.72+/-3.26 mmol/l, P = 0.009). The overall rate of hypoglycemia (episodes per 30 days) was low and not statistically significant between groups (P = 0.156).

CONCLUSIONS
Adding a second antihyperglycemic agent, regardless of its timing of action, lowers HbA1c and glucose values. However, when insulin lispro was used to focus on postprandial blood glucose, there was a greater impact on overall metabolic control. These data support the importance of lowering postprandial blood glucose to optimize overall glycemic control and thus improve long-term outcomes.


There is widespread agreement that governance is important and in flux. But exactly what is governance? How is it changing, what is happening to the state, and how are actors at various levels of social organization promoting or adapting to changes in governance? The aim of this paper is to explore what researchers and theorists in a wide range of fields have made of the ferment in governance, and to identify important lessons for people interested in how to improve it locally, nationally and internationally. Part II, canvasses definitions of governance. Part III looks at how scholars in a variety of fields have described the changes in contemporary governance. The main theme in the literature is the fragmentation of state sovereignty and the consequent multiplication in the number of agencies and forms of power that are active in the management of social systems. Throughout the literature there is discussion of the governing power of transnational corporations. NGOs and foundations, though not generally as wealthy or effective as corporations, are also vital governors at all levels. Dark networks like Al Qaida and criminal cartels are also seen as agencies of governance. Part IV examines efforts to remake governance over the past twenty years, identifying two genres of reform: reinvention of government and reinvention of governance. Reinventing government involves efforts to recalibrate state structures to improve their capacity to exercise centralized control of diffuse systems, often somewhat paradoxically by ceding much of the implementation of policy to non-state actors through devices like self-regulation and governance partnerships. Reinventing governance uses some of the same methods of power, but differs from reinventing government in that it takes innovation beyond the state-centered or hybrid forms into efforts to mobilize governors who may act with little or no connection with the state. The paper concludes with some critical observations about contemporary scholarship on governance innovation.


We consider approximating a multivariate regression function by an affine combination of one-dimensional conditional component regression functions. The weight parameters involved in the approximation are estimated by least squares on the first-stage nonparametric kernel estimates. We establish asymptotic normality for the estimated weights and the regression function in two cases: the number of the covariates is finite, and the number of the covariates is diverging. As the observations are assumed to be stationary and near epoch dependent, the approach in this paper is applicable to estimation and forecasting issues in time series analysis. Furthermore, the methods and results are augmented by a simulation study and illustrated by application in the analysis of the Australian annual mean temperature anomaly series. We also apply our methods to high frequency volatility forecasting, where we obtain superior results to parametric methods.


Fast development in the wind power industry in Poland resulted in construction of numerous wind farms, mainly in the north and center of the country. The construction of a wind power station is connected with a change in the structure of the landscape through location of new dominant and subdominant landscape elements. The goal of the work was to determine the previous practices of locating wind farms in Poland, effects resulting from the presence of wind turbines in the landscape, and guidelines for designing wind farms in the context of impact on the landscape. Until 2016, spatial planning lacked in clear regulations on locating wind turbines. In 2016, Poland passed new laws regulating the minimum distance of wind turbines from residential and mixed-use buildings. Based on selected examples of wind farms in West Pomerania Province and Kuyavian-Pomera-nian Province, it was found that the existing wind turbines do not comply with the requirements of the minimum distance. Also, there were cases of damaging the esthetics of protected landscape areas. The appearance of new dominant elements of the landscape, i.e., wind power plants, may cause substantial transformations in the landscape, mainly in Northern and Central Poland.


The social coalition that supported the Bharatiya Janata Party in 2019 mirrored the demographic profile of the Hindu society. The party made substantial gains among the lower castes, the poor, rural voters, and less educated. How did BJP manage to attract these new voters? We argue that the immediate context of 2019 elections along with a profound ideological shift in Indian politics lies at the heart of the BJP's success. Underpinning the short-term factors of Modi's popularity, BJP's organizational advantage, heightened nationalistic sentiments, and expansive welfare politics, a new form of ethno-political majoritarianism delinked from religious Hindu nationalism was key to the party's ability to attract new voters.


Abstract This paper provides an introduction to and a summary of the remaining papers in this issue of Nuclear Technology. The papers in this issue present the important results from a U.S. Department of Energy–sponsored Nuclear Engineering Research Initiative (NERI) project to study the efficacy of the thorium-uranium dioxide (ThO2-UO2) once-through fuel cycle in current light water reactors. The project addressed fuel cycle neutronics and economics; ThO2-UO2 fuel manufacturing; the in-pile thermal/mechanical behavior of ThO2-UO2 fuel during normal, off-normal, and accident conditions; and the long-term stability of ThO2-UO2 waste. Results from this work show that a small-scale separation of the uranium and thorium will enhance the fuel reactivity and achievable burnup from uranium-thorium dioxide fuels. Under conditions that meet the thermal requirements in present pressurized water reactors (PWRs), a properly designed microheterogeneous fuel will have more reactivity than all-uranium fuel, and the overall production of plutonium is significantly reduced. The use of thorium as a host for actinide fuels when PWRs are used for actinide transmutation was also explored. It was also determined that there were no fundamental obstacles to converting the current plants that manufacture uranium oxide–only fuel to a mixed ThO2-UO2 fuel. Also, the in-service and transient thermal and mechanical performance of homogeneous ThO2-UO2–based fuels with respect to safety is generally equal to or better than that of all-uranium fuel. Furthermore, a mixed thorium-uranium dioxide spent fuel appears to be a much more stable waste form than uranium oxide spent fuel.


Hypertension is a medical condition in which a person experiences an increase in blood pressure above normal. The common thing that occurs in patients with hypertension that is the lack of knowledge about hypertension and sodium consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of the level of knowledge and consumption of sodium on blood pressure of hypertensive patients. The study design used is cross sectional, the study population was all patients with hypertension in the Cempaka Health Center. The sample was 75 respondents, while sampling was done by a purposive sampling method. Respondent's data of sodium intake and level of knowledge obtained from an interview with a questionnaire method for knowledge and food recall for sodium intake data. Blood pressure data obtained from the measurement results using a sphygmomanometer. Based on the results of statistical tests (chi-square test) found that there was no correlation between the level of knowledge with blood pressure (p=0,151) and there is a correlation between the level of sodium intake with blood pressure (p=0,000). From the results of this study concluded that although there was no significant correlation between knowledge and blood pressure, a better knowledge of the disease can help prevent and making treatment more effective. Keeping sodium intake will have a considerable influence in lowering blood pressure.


People own and carry an increasing number of ubiquitous mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and notebooks. Being small and mobile, those devices have a high propensity to become lost or stolen. Since mobile devices provide access to their owners' digital lives, strong authentication is vital to protect sensitive information and services against unauthorized access. However, at least one in three devices is unprotected, with inconvenience of traditional authentication being the paramount reason. We present the concept of CORMORANT, an approach to significantly reduce the manual burden of mobile user verification through risk-aware, multi-modal biometric, cross-device authentication. Transparent behavioral and physiological biometrics like gait, voice, face, and keystroke dynamics are used to continuously evaluate the user's identity without explicit interaction. The required level of confidence in the user's identity is dynamically adjusted based on the risk of unauthorized access derived from signals like location, time of day and nearby devices. Authentication results are shared securely with trusted devices to facilitate cross-device authentication for co-located devices. Conducting a large-scale agent-based simulation of 4 000 users based on more than 720 000 days of real-world device usage traces and 6.7 million simulated robberies and thefts sourced from police reports, we found the proposed approach is able to reduce the frequency of password entries required on smartphones by 97.82% whilst simultaneously reducing the risk of unauthorized access in the event of a crime by 97.72%, compared to conventional knowledge-based authentication.


INTRODUCTION During the course of the eighteenth century, the passionless woman was invented in medical discourse and then depicted in British fiction. (1) The passionless woman is a new construction of femininity, which, in a complete reversal of pre-1700 views of sex and gender, posits women as essentially different from men in both their biology and their sexual nature: after about 1700, the new model of womanhood was believed to have little or no erotic desire. (2) The emergence of this new female figure can be clearly seen in the realist novel, as the heroines of the scandal novels of the beginning of the century (by, for example, Delarivier Manley and Eliza Haywood), who make no bones about acknowledging their sexual desire, are displaced and give way by the end of the century to the heroines of domestic novels (such as those by Maria Edgeworth and Frances Burney), who claim that female modesty necessarily precludes not only the display but also the feeling of desire. (3) The new figure of the passionless woman is the visible symbol of an enormous transformation in the organization of sex, gender, and sexuality that is one of the markers of an epistemic change from a Renaissance world view to western European modernity. (4) Accompanying the passionless woman, though less obvious to the reader, are two other figures: the masculinized "lesbian" and the femme--figures who are depicted as problems in domestic fiction and popular narratives, but without whom the passionless woman could not have come into existence. (5) The invention of the passionless woman occurred first in medical literature before being taken up in literary representations. As could be expected, a transformation so great--literally, the complete reversal of the way the nature of women was understood--had immediate consequences; as soon as the medical discourse made the figure of the passionless woman available, a new popular, paramedical discourse emerged: an outpouring of moral tracts and popular medical books dealing with the "problem" of masturbation, such as the anonymous Onania and Samuel Tissot's Onanism. (6) The antimasturbation literature indicates a particular anxiety about women and sexuality, an anxiety so strong that it rises to the level of a cultural "delusion." (7) This anxiety is hardly surprising, since such a major transformation in the construction of "Woman" could not be achieved without resistance. I suggest that the antimasturbation literature becomes one of the primary repositories for fears about women's sexuality. The fear communicated in Onania and in Onanism is that women, despite a demand to exhibit modesty in public, will learn to find sexual pleasure for themselves outside sanctioned marriage relationships. Whereas earlier conduct books and sermons might have addressed the fear that women's lust would break out in fornication or adultery, once the nature of woman's sexuality has been redefined those fears were displaced from the public to the private. If passionlessness is defined as a public posture, then the antimasturbation literature addresses the fear of the private. The antimasturbation literature, however, also reveals another important fear: that women not only will take sexual pleasure for themselves, but will take it with other women. Thus the antimasturbation tracts represent the anxiety associated with the paradigm change (the invention of the passionless woman): all the worry about the "real" sexual nature of women was channeled into a concern not about what they might be doing with men, but what they might be doing in private, in spaces that had hitherto been considered unproblematic. Fears about women's eroticism became a fear about women's eroticism with other women--a fear about "lesbianism." (8) In the one-sex model of anatomy that prevailed before 1700, since female erotic pleasure was a given--even (for some thinkers) a physiologically necessary element in conception--the outlets for sexual pleasure could be figured in multiple ways. …