Over the past few years, large scale genomics projects such as the ENCODE and Roadmap Epigenomics have produced genome-wide data on a large number of biochemical assays for a diverse set of human cell types and tissues. Such data play an important role in predicting the functional effects of noncoding genetic variation. We discuss here unsupervised approaches to integrate these diverse annotations for specific tissues and cell types into a single predictor of tissue-specific functional importance. We provide a global view of the sharing of functional variants across large number of tissues and cell types, and demonstrate that functional variants in promoters are more likely to be shared across many tissues compared with enhancers. A multidimensional scaling analysis based on functional scores in multiple tissues reveals clear patterns of similarity between certain tissue types, including similarity between primary tissues derived from the same embryonic tissue of origin. Using eQTL data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project we show that eQTLs in specific GTEx tissues tend to be most enriched among the functional variants in relevant tissues in Roadmap. Furthermore, we show how these integrated functional scores can be used to derive the most likely tissue-/cell-type for a complex trait using summary statistics from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), and derive a tissue-based correlation map of various complex traits. Finally, we show how the tissue-specific functional scores in conjunction with GWAS summary statistics can shed light on genes and biological processes implicated in a complex trait. Functional scores are available for every possible position in the hg19 human reference genome for 127 tissues and cell types assayed in Roadmap Epigenomics.


Objective: To explore the experiences of stroke survivors and their carers of augmented arm rehabilitation including supported self-management in terms of its acceptability, appropriateness and relevance. Design: A qualitative design, nested within a larger, multi-centre randomized controlled feasibility trial that compared augmented arm rehabilitation starting at three or nine weeks after stroke, with usual care. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants in both augmented arm rehabilitation groups. Normalization Process Theory was used to inform the topic guide and map the findings. Framework analysis was applied. Setting: Interviews were conducted in stroke survivors' homes, at Glasgow Caledonian University and in hospital. Participants: 17 stroke survivors and five carers were interviewed after completion of augmented arm rehabilitation. Intervention: Evidence-based augmented arm rehabilitation (27 additional hours over six weeks), including therapist-led sessions and supported self-management. Results: Three main themes were identified: (1) acceptability of the intervention (2) supported self-management and (3) coping with the intervention. All stroke survivors coped well with the intensity of the augmented arm rehabilitation programme. The majority of stroke survivors engaged in supported self-management and implemented activities into their daily routine. However, the findings suggest that some stroke survivors (male >70 years) had difficulties with self-management, needing a higher level of support. Conclusion: Augmented arm rehabilitation commencing within nine weeks post stroke was reported to be well tolerated. The findings suggested that supported self-management seemed acceptable and appropriate to those who saw the relevance of the rehabilitation activities for their daily lives, and embedded them into their daily routines.


Gaussian process analysis of processes with multiple outputs is limited by the fact that far fewer good classes of covariance functions exist compared with the scalar (single-output) case. To address this difficulty, we turn to covariance function models that take a form consistent in some sense with physical laws that govern the underlying simulated process. Models that incorporate such information are suitable when performing uncertainty quantification or inferences on multidimensional processes with partially known relationships among different variables, also known as co-kriging. One example is in atmospheric dynamics where pressure and wind speed are driven by geostrophic assumptions (wind ∝ ∂/∂x pressure). In this study we develop both analytical and numerical auto-covariance and cross-covariance models that are consistent with physical constraints or can incorporate automatically sensible assumptions about the process that generated the data. We also determine high-order closures, which are required for nonlinear dependencies among the observables. We use these models to study Gaussian process regression for processes with multiple outputs and latent processes (i.e., processes that are not directly observed and predicted but interrelate the output quantities). Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on both synthetic and real data sets.


With Administrative costs accounting for as much as 40% of all healthcare dollars spent, many states are seeking new and innovative ways to eliminate bureaucracy and red tape. One area receiving more attention is the resolution of billing disputes between providers and payers. In 2006, New Jersey and California implemented arbitration programs to resolve the growing aggregation of healthcare payment disputes.


It is intended by this paper to explore among other things, the objectives of sentencing, the types of sentences, the determination of these types of sentences and what factors to consider in sentencing a first offender. Uncertainty is deep seated in the sentencing process.1 As put by an American judge, "a large number of persons accused of crimes are often at a loss when brought before the courts of the land, whether they would go free, be locked in or anything in between." An attempt has been made in this paper to shed some light to those who for the first time will find themselves faced with such a problem.


This volume presents the findings of a year-long forum held at the European University Institute in 1994-5, which focused on the complex issues arising from the differences in time-use between the sexes at the end of the 20th century. It addresses critical questions such as: how far does gender play a vital role in determining how much time is spent in paid work in the market and how much in unpaid caring work in the home?; as a consequence, who has rights to pensions and benefits?; how much time can either sex devote to leisure or to political activities?; what are the consequences of the distribution of time and how much change can one see in traditional patterns over the past two decades?; and how far have recent economic developments relating to unemployment, part-time or intermittent work and reductions in welfare services had gender-specific consequences contributing to a "feminization" of poverty? Among the contributors to this study are demographers, sociologists and social policy experts, philosophers and jurists, each employing different approaches and drawing upon a wide variety of evidence.


The "Penguin Classics" edition of Jonathan Swift's savagely satirical "A Modest Proposal and Other Writings" is edited with an introduction and notes by Carol Fabricant. To ease poverty in Ireland by eating the children of the poor was the satirical 'solution' suggested by Jonathan Swift in his essay "A Modest Proposal" (1729). Here Swift unleashes the full power of his ironic armoury and corrosive wit, finding his targets - the British ruling class and avaricious landlords, and the brutalized Irish, complicit in their own oppression - with deadly precision. His masterly essay is accompanied by a generous selection of prose works, among them pamphlets attacking British rule in his native Ireland, periodical essays critiquing the new capitalist and military classes, a journal detailing his political activities in London, a loving tribute to his beloved 'Stella' after her death and pieces on such diverse subjects as the absurdities of astrology, the joys of punning and comical rules for servants. Ingenious and unconventional, Swift is revealed here as one of the greatest satirists in the English language. In her introduction to this new edition, Carol Fabricant discusses Swift's life and turbulent times, his political views and his powers as a writer of complex irony and intricate word play. This volume also includes a chronology, further reading, a glossary, notes and a biographical dictionary. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) was born in Dublin. Sent to Kilkenny Grammar School when he was six, Swift later attended Trinity College, Dublin, where he received his BA degree in 1686. He is considered the foremost prose satirist in the English language, which stemmed from his criticism of Britain's repressive colonial policies in Ireland. Among Swift's best known works are his ironic masterpiece, "A Modest Proposal" (1729), and his novel, "Gulliver's Travels" (1726). If you enjoyed "A Modest Proposal", you might like Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock" and "Other Major Writings", also available in "Penguin Classics".


This work examines happiness and suffering ratings of anchor periods (i.e., outstandingly meaningful life periods) among Holocaust survivors and comparison groups, and the relations of these ratings to present subjective well-being (SWB). The study included 360 participants, 141 of which were Holocaust survivors. Results showed that Holocaust survivors reported significantly lower happiness in their anchor periods than the comparison groups. Happiness and suffering in Holocaust periods (i.e., anchor periods during the Holocaust), when juxtaposed with happiness and suffering in non-Holocaust anchor periods (i.e., anchor periods which occurred before or after the Holocaust), significantly related to the survivors' present happiness and suffering. The results support an experience-specific view of emotionality as a factor in a lifelong coping with past traumatic events.


The transition zone between the Alps and Dinarides is a key area to investigate kinematic interactions of neighboring orogens with different subduction polarities. A study combining field kinematic and sedimentary data, microstructural observations, thermochronological data (Rb‐Sr and fission track), and regional structures in the area of Medvednica Mountains has revealed a complex polyphase tectonic evolution. We document two novel stages of extensional exhumation. The first stage of extension took place along a Late Cretaceous detachment following the late Early Cretaceous nappe stacking, burial, and greenschist facies metamorphism. Two other shortening events that occurred during the latest Cretaceous‐Oligocene were followed by a second event of extensional exhumation, characterized by asymmetric top‐NE extension during the Miocene. Top‐NW thrusting took place subsequently during the Pliocene inversion of the Pannonian Basin. The Cretaceous nappe burial, Late Cretaceous extension, and the Oligocene(‐Earliest Miocene) contraction are events driven by the Alps evolution. In contrast, the latest Cretaceous‐Eocene deformation reflects phases of Dinaridic contraction. Furthermore, the Miocene extension and subsequent inversion display kinematics similar with observations elsewhere in the Dinarides and Eastern Alps. All these processes demonstrate that the Medvednica Mountains were affected by Alpine phases of deformations to a much higher degree than previously thought. Similarly with what has been observed in other areas of contractional polarity changes, such as the Mediterranean, Black Sea, or New Guinea systems, the respective tectonic events are triggered by rheological weak zones which are critical for localizing the deformation created by both orogens.


During the first stage of the Late Miocene Messinian salinity
crisis (5.97–5.60 Ma), deposition of sulfates (the Primary Lower
Gypsum) occurred in shallow silled peripheral subbasins of the Mediterranean
undergoing restricted water exchange with the Atlantic
Ocean. Fluid inclusions in Messinian selenite crystals from the Piedmont
Basin (northwest Italy) have surprisingly low salinities (average
of 1.6 wt% NaCl equivalent), suggesting that parent waters were
depleted in Na + and Cl – compared to modern seawater. Modern gypsum
from a Mediterranean salt work, in contrast, contains fluid inclusions
with elevated salinities that match the normal evaporation trend
expected for seawater. The salinity data indicate that the Messinian
sulfate deposits from the Piedmont Basin formed from hybrid parent
waters: seawater mixed with Ca 2+ and SO 4 2– enriched freshwaters that
dissolved coeval marginal marine gypsum. Such mixed parent waters
and complex recycling processes should be taken into account when
explaining the genesis of other Messinian gypsum deposits across the
Mediterranean Basin.


The objectives of cyberattacks are becoming sophisticated, and attackers are concealing their identity by masquerading as other attackers. Cyber threat intelligence (CTI) is gaining attention as a way to collect meaningful knowledge to better understand the intention of an attacker and eventually predict future attacks. A systemic threat analysis based on data acquired from actual cyber incidents is a useful approach to generating intelligence for such an objective. Developing an analysis technique requires a high-volume and fine-quality data. However, researchers can become discouraged by inaccessibility to data because organizations rarely release their data to the research community. Owing to a data inaccessibility issue, academic research tends to be biased toward techniques that develop steps of the CTI process other than analysis and production. In this paper, we propose an automated dataset generation system called CTIMiner. The system collects threat data from publicly available security reports and malware repositories. The data are stored in a structured format. We released the source codes and dataset to the public, including approximately 640,000 records from 612 security reports published from January 2008 to June 2019. In addition, we present a statistical feature of the dataset and techniques that can be developed using it. Moreover, we demonstrate an application example of the dataset that analyzes the correlation and characteristics of an incident. We believe our dataset will promote collaborative research on threat analysis for the generation of CTI.


The inability to functionally repair tissues that are lost as a consequence of disease or injury remains a significant challenge for regenerative medicine. The molecular and cellular processes involved in complete restoration of tissue architecture and function are expected to be complex and remain largely unknown. Unlike humans, certain salamanders can completely regenerate injured tissues and lost appendages without scar formation. A parsimonious hypothesis would predict that all of these regenerative activities are regulated, at least in part, by a common set of genes. To test this hypothesis and identify genes that might control conserved regenerative processes, we performed a comprehensive microarray analysis of the early regenerative response in five regeneration-competent tissues from the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. Consistent with this hypothesis, we established a molecular signature for regeneration that consists of common genes or gene family members that exhibit dynamic differential regulation during regeneration in multiple tissue types. These genes include members of the matrix metalloproteinase family and its regulators, extracellular matrix components, genes involved in controlling cytoskeleton dynamics, and a variety of immune response factors. Gene Ontology term enrichment analysis validated and supported their functional activities in conserved regenerative processes. Surprisingly, dendrogram clustering and RadViz classification also revealed that each regenerative tissue had its own unique temporal expression profile, pointing to an inherent tissue-specific regenerative gene program. These new findings demand a reconsideration of how we conceptualize regenerative processes and how we devise new strategies for regenerative medicine.


Now that the market for cash and synthetic CDOs is well established, there is increased interest in trading forward contracts and options on CDO tranches. This article develops models for valuing these instruments. The model for valuing European options on CDO tranches has similarities to the standard market model for valuing European swap options and to the model for valuing options on credit default swaps. Once default probabilities, the expected recovery rates and the degree to which defaults tend to cluster have been estimated, it enables traders to calculate option prices from CDO tranche swap spread volatilities and vice versa.


It is a challenging task for Bangladesh to meet its increasing demand of energy while its economy is rapidly growing. Though prices of oil, coal, and fossil fuels around the world have been volatile, the price trend in Bangladesh demonstrates a persistent rise in the immediate past. This is further exacerbated by depleting reserves of natural gas. Cumulatively, these two effects heighten Bangladesh's energy needs. Bangladesh presently mitigates her energy requirements predominantly through natural gas, supplemented by a handful of coal and furnace oil plants. Consequently, due to scarcity of natural gas, oil and coal resources, nuclear power surfaces as a palatable strategic option for Bangladesh's future development agenda. However, a successful nuclear power program entails an extensive infrastructure. Just like the other nuclear energy-producing countries, Bangladesh also face challenges to safeguard the health and security of nuclear reactors, the proper management for nuclear waste treatment and the security concerns over the safe usage of nuclear materials. Additionally, the development of nuclear energy is also bewildered because of the complex nature of fission technology, lack of efficient human resources, and non-existence of proper legal instruments to guide safe nuclear power production. Moreover, the further challenges include the questions, for example: whether the nuclear power plant project is supported by the mass people or not? What are the strategies for nuclear waste disposal? Whether the recent initiatives for nuclear energy production is necessary or the country should more concern with renewable sources? This paper evaluates the nuclear energy development in Bangladesh. It operates under qualitative methodological framework and utilises secondary sources for analysis. We advance several recommendations in this paper to remedy the highlighted issues: (1) creating a comprehensive legal and regulatory system; (2) fortifying home-based technology of nuclear development and simultaneously localising of foreign-based technology; (3) reducing the cost of nuclear energy production; (4) fast-tracking the procedure of efficient development of nuclear technology; (5) accelerating the procedure of switching to more efficient reactor and nuclear fuel cycle, and (6) conducting effective profile-raising activities to generate greater awareness and spur common acceptance.


Species distribution model (SDM) projections under future climate scenarios are increasingly being used to inform resource management and conservation strategies. A critical assumption for projecting climate change responses is that SDMs are transferable through time, an assumption that is largely untested because investigators often lack temporally independent data for assessing transferability. Further, understanding how the ecology of species influences temporal transferability is critical yet almost wholly lacking. This raises two questions. (1) Are SDM projections transferable in time? (2) Does temporal transferability relate to species ecological traits? To address these questions we developed SDMs for 133 vascular plant species using data from the mountain ranges of California (USA) from two time periods: the 1930s and the present day. We forecast historical models over 75 years of measured climate change and assessed their projections against current distributions. Similarly, we hindcast contemporary models and compared their projections to historical data. We quantified transferability and related it to species ecological traits including physiognomy, endemism, dispersal capacity, fire adaptation, and commonness. We found that non-endemic species with greater dispersal capacity, intermediate levels of prevalence, and little fire adaptation had higher transferability than endemic species with limited dispersal capacity that rely on fire for reproduction. We demonstrate that variability in model performance was driven principally by differences among species as compared to model algorithms or time period of model calibration. Further, our results suggest that the traits correlated with prediction accuracy in a single time period may not be related to transferability between time periods. Our findings provide a priori guidance for the suitability of SDM as an approach for forecasting climate change responses for certain taxa.


The present article aims to provide a general overview on the issue of conformity of the goods to the contract as regulated by Article 35 of the Convention on Contracts for the International Sales of Goods ("CISG"). The analysis will focuses on Article 35 CISG and, after having retraced the history that led to the current formulation of the provision, will concentrate on the implications following the adoption of a "unitary" notion of conformity. The evaluation will proceed focusing on the single express and implied conformity obligations covered, respectively, in the first and second paragraphs of Article 35 CISG. The discussion will then delve into the cases of exclusion of liability. After having considered the exemptions falling under Article 35(3) CISG, the two cases of failure to give notice provided by Article 39 CISG will be addressed.


Prior to the commencement of the refurbishment of Waroona Dam by the Water Corporation of Western Australia, a management plan to mitigate the negative effects of draining on the biodiversity and recreational fishing values within Lake Navarino (the reservoir created by Waroona Dam) was instigated. The plan, the first of its kind in Australia, was devised and implemented by collaboration between the Water Corporation, the Department of Fisheries, Murdoch University, Alcoa and volunteers to meet the following objectives;

1. De-stock Lake Navarino of large numbers of target species of aquatic fauna prior to draining (marron - Cherax tenuimanus, gilgie - Cherax quinquecarinatus, western minnow - Galaxias occidentalis, western pygmy perch - Edelia vittata, rainbow trout - Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout - Salmo trutta);
2. Establish breeding populations of marron, gilgies and endemic fishes in secure, purpose built facilities at the Pemberton Freshwater Research Centre (PFRC – Department of Fisheries) and Alcoa's Willowdale marron farm (AWF) to produce animals for re-stocking into Lake Navarino following the completion of the refurbishment works;
3. Transport aquatic animals surplus to breeding requirements and trout to adjacent waters to boost recreational fishing opportunities;
4. Control feral species, principally redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis), within the residual coffer dams during refurbishment of Waroona Dam;
5. Install appropriate artificial habitats within the basin of Lake Navarino; and
6. Re-stock Lake Navarino with the ex-broodstock and progeny of marron, gilgies and native fishes, and eventually rainbow trout.

The de-stocking of Lake Navarino was successful in providing adequate numbers of three species to establish breeding populations. As considerable numbers of targeted aquatic animals were removed prior to drainage, the scale of post-drain faunal mortality was reduced. The success of the de-stocking program was the direct result of the valuable participation of volunteers that facilitated a large amount of de-stocking effort in a short period of time. The high level of volunteer involvement highlights the community's interest and support for such integrated natural resource projects.

Overall, the captive breeding programs performed better than expected. At the PFRC, high berry-up (i.e. spawning) rates of marron, high production of juveniles, and high survival rates of juveniles and adults were reported. This is the first demonstrated re-use of marron broodstock, likely a result of proven, intensive husbandry practices. Further, the project involved utilising very large nursery ponds for the mass production of juveniles to an advanced stage. The use of existing ponds at AWF was largely aimed at providing a secure, cost-effective back-up facility at which considerable numbers of all target species could be maintained throughout the project as part of risk minimisation. That is, should an unforeseen catastrophic loss of stock have occurred (e.g. outbreak of disease) at the purpose-built PFRC ponds, considerable numbers of Lake Navarino brood-stock and juveniles would still be available to re-stock the reservoir from an alternate facility.

The control of feral aquatic animals involved netting, draining and concussive (blasting) methods. The control techniques reduced the number of redfin perch by over 99%; however, 100% elimination was not achieved. This was likely due to small numbers of redfin perch avoiding the techniques employed (for example in the tributaries of Lake Navarino) or the larger than predicted coffer dams (residual pools maintained during the refurbishment of the Lake Navarino basin) reducing the effectiveness of those techniques. Nonetheless, the considerable reduction in the numbers of redfin perch, a major predator of juvenile marron and native fish, limited the predatory impact of this species on the captively-bred, newly stocked marron thus aiding their re-establishment in Lake Navarino.

The addition of artificial aquatic habitat will also increase the survival rate of stocked marron. Along with the large extension of rock habitat on the inside of the refurbished wall of Waroona Dam as part of the refurbishment, five lines of rocks of approximately 30-100 metres in length were established in Lake Navarino. The rocks formed a large number of irregularly sized holes and crevasses suitable for marron and other aquatic species. The artificial habitats were also placed away from major ski-areas and were well below the minimum water depth required for skiing. The design and placement of the habitats achieved the objective of increasing aquatic habitat while meeting Water Corporation's engineering requirements and not compromising other recreational values of Lake Navarino.

Over 63,000 aquatic animals were re-stocked into Lake Navarino (the majority being marron during 2004) and far exceeded the predicted numbers to be re-stocked at the commencement of the project. The captively bred marron and gilgies ranged in both size and age and the captive breeding programs were designed to maintain as wide a genetic variation as possible, a major difference to the breeding approaches adopted for commercial aquaculture. This breeding aim was necessary in order to produce stocks of aquatic species with similar levels of genetic variation that were present in those populations prior to the project. Further, the reintroduction of multiple age classes (i.e. the offspring from two captive breeding events in 2002, 2003 and the original broodstock) aimed to re-establish populations similar to those present before the refurbishment of the dam commenced. The program will allow legal sized marron to be present in Lake Navarino when the first post-project marron season opens (i.e. in January 2005). Although western minnows did not breed in captivity, close monitoring revealed its continued presence in the major tributary, Drakes Brook (highlighting its importance), and thus this species would have not have been completely eliminated by the draining event. High survival of the broodstock in captivity allowed restocking of a considerable proportion of those de-stocked, with the remainder with-held for further breeding attempts.

Overall, this unique project was extremely successful in mitigating the negative effects of draining for the refurbishment of a large sized irrigation dam on recreational fishing and biodiversity values. The success of the project was achieved via the participation of a diverse range of organisations their staff, and volunteers at all stages of the project. Although successful, a range of lessons were learned and a flow-chart of suggested management actions is included in this report to allow the Water Corporation, or other similar natural resource managers, to apply these techniques to other similar projects in the future. The long-term effectiveness of the current project will also be assessed via ongoing monitoring of the endemic species in Lake Navarino, in particular by using marron as the major indicator species.


Background In view of the current widespread use of and reliance on a single schistosomicide, praziquantel, there is a pressing need to discover and develop alternative drugs for schistosomiasis. One approach to this is to develop High Throughput in vitro whole organism screens (HTS) to identify hits amongst large compound libraries. Methodology/Principal Findings We have been carrying out low throughput (24-well plate) in vitro testing based on microscopic evaluation of killing of ex-vivo adult S. mansoni worms using selected compound collections mainly provided through the WHO-TDR Helminth Drug Initiative. To increase throughput, we introduced a similar but higher throughput 96-well primary in vitro assay using the schistosomula stage which can be readily produced in vitro in large quantities. In addition to morphological readout of viability we have investigated using fluorometric determination of the reduction of Alamar blue (AB), a redox indicator of enzyme activity widely used in whole organism screening. A panel of 7 known schistosome active compounds including praziquantel, produced diverse effects on larval morphology within 3 days of culture although only two induced marked larval death within 7 days. The AB assay was very effective in detecting these lethal compounds but proved more inconsistent in detecting compounds which damaged but did not kill. The utility of the AB assay in detecting compounds which cause severe morbidity and/or death of schistosomula was confirmed in testing a panel of compounds previously selected in library screening as having activity against the adult worms. Furthermore, in prospective library screening, the AB assay was able to detect all compounds which induced killing and also the majority of compounds designated as hits based on morphological changes. Conclusion We conclude that an HTS combining AB readout and image-based analysis would provide an efficient and stringent primary assay for schistosome drug discovery.


ABSTRACT The holarctic amphipod Diporeia spp. was historically the most abundant benthic macroinvertebrate in the offshore region of the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. However, since the 1990's, the numbers of Diporeia have declined precipitously throughout the region. Competition for food with introduced dreissenid mussels may be partly to blame for this decline. Thus, a better understanding of how Diporeia responds and adjust to starvation is needed. For this purpose, we used liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) to study the metabolite profiles of Diporeia during starvation. Diporeia were collected from Lake Michigan, brought to the laboratory and starved for up to 60 days. During the starvation period, metabolite levels were determined at 12-day intervals and compared to those of day 0. Principal component and cluster analyses revealed differential abundance of metabolite profiles across groups. Significantly down-regulated metabolites included polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, and amino acids and their derivatives. Overall, starved organisms relied predominantly on glycerophospolipid metabolism and protein based catabolism for energy production. This research demonstrates that LC-MS based metabolomics can be used to assess physiological status and has shown that unique metabolite profiles are distinguishable over several weeks of starvation in this freshwater amphipod. More importantly these unique metabolites could be used to gain insights into the underlying cause(s) of Diporeia's decline in the Laurentian Great Lakes.


Background Cancer-related fatigue (CrF) is the most common and disruptive symptom experienced by cancer survivors. We aimed to develop a theory-based, interactive Web-based intervention designed to facilitate self-management and enhance coping with CrF following cancer treatment. Objective The aim of our study was to outline the rationale, decision-making processes, methods, and findings which led to the development of a Web-based intervention to be tested in a feasibility trial. This paper outlines the process and method of development of the intervention. Methods An extensive review of the literature and qualitative research was conducted to establish a therapeutic approach for this intervention, based on theory. The psychological principles used in the development process are outlined, and we also clarify hypothesized causal mechanisms. We describe decision-making processes involved in the development of the content of the intervention, input from the target patient group and stakeholders, the design of the website features, and the initial user testing of the website. Results The cocreation of the intervention with the experts and service users allowed the design team to ensure that an acceptable intervention was developed. This evidence-based Web-based program is the first intervention of its kind based on self-regulation model theory, with the primary aim of targeting the representations of fatigue and enhancing self-management of CrF, specifically. Conclusions This research sought to integrate psychological theory, existing evidence of effective interventions, empirically derived principles of Web design, and the views of potential users into the systematic planning and design of the intervention of an easy-to-use website for cancer survivors.


BACKGROUND
This study explores how a child's coeliac disease (CD) influences the daily life of families because such knowledge can enhance the understanding of how to support family adjustment to a gluten-free diet (GFD).

METHODS
We used an interpretative phenomenological approach, interviewing 20 parents of 14 children diagnosed with CD about their individual thoughts and beliefs.

RESULTS
Once parents know, especially when their children are young, they seem to have the capacity to rapidly adapt to GFD, mainly because they notice how quickly their children recover. Parents may have problems controlling how staff at daycare and at school complies with their information about a GFD.

CONCLUSIONS
To ensure that children with CD are given a GFD at daycare and school, it is necessary for municipalities to educate staff about the disease and to give them the prerequisites for serving a GFD. There is also a need of early identification of children who may have CD. When parents express their worries, not just at the hospital but also at the well-baby clinic and primary care units, supporting treatment could prevent children from suffering from inappropriate food.


Background Neural tube defects (NTDs) are debilitating birth defects involving the central nervous system (CNS). Despite recent advances, NTDs represent the second most common group of human birth defects. These defects arise when the complex process of early CNS development goes awry. Normally, the brain and the spinal cord begin to form as a flat sheet of cells that rolls up and closes to form a hollow neural tube. Failure in this rolling and sealing process results in an NTD, such as spina bifida. From animal models, we know of over 200 genes that regulate this process, with many more still likely to be discovered. Environmental factors also can have a profound influence on neural tube closure, as evidenced by the impact of folic acid on NTD prevalence. However, the mechanisms by which environmental factors affect the process of neural tube closure and their critical interaction with genetic factors remain largely a mystery. Successive images showing the progression of neural tube closure in a stylized vertebrate embryo. Initially, the CNS is a flat sheet; paired neural folds elevate along the rostrocaudal axis (rostral = up) and move medially, eventually fusing to enclose the neural tube. Disruption of this process during human embryogenesis results in neural defects, such as spina bifida. Advances Three major advances from three different directions—genetics, epidemiology, and surgery—have advanced understanding, prevention, and treatment of NTDs. The rapidly expanding knowledge of the genetic causes of NTDs in animal models is poised to inform high-throughput whole-genome studies of human patients. Epidemiological studies have led to the identification of folic acid as a primary prevention strategy for NTDs. Recent advances in in utero surgical repair of spinal NTDs have improved the clinical outcome by comparison with postnatal surgery. Outlook Despite the advances, NTDs remain a very common birth defect and, even with surgical intervention, result in enormous clinical, emotional, financial, and societal costs. The implementation of large-scale genomic studies of human NTD patients is expected to move the field beyond its current focus on individual genetic pathways. Experimental animal systems can complement and extend the information that flows from genomic studies, and animal models can also be exploited to understand the mechanisms by which environmental factors alter the risk for NTDs. The technology exists to create patient-derived stem cells, which may hold a key for understanding this very early developmental process in humans and could provide a platform for screening therapeutic agents. Overall, the key challenge will be to understand the developing neural tube, a complex three-dimensional structure that changes rapidly over time and is dependent on the surrounding tissues for developmental signals and biomechanical forces to drive the dynamic and important process of neural tube closure. Prevention or Repair Neural tube defects, such as spina bifida, remain remarkably common, despite widespread efforts to prevent them through supplementing maternal diets with folic acid. Surgery early in development has seen some success, but problems often remain. Wallingford et al. (10.1126/science.1222002) review normal and abnormal neural tube development and suggest that discovering the genetic risk factors for these serious birth defects could provide ways to prevent and treat neural tube defects. Human birth defects are a major public health burden: The Center for Disease Control estimates that 1 of every 33 United States newborns presents with a birth defect, and worldwide the estimate approaches 6% of all births. Among the most common and debilitating of human birth defects are those affecting the formation of the neural tube, the precursor to the central nervous system. Neural tube defects (NTDs) arise from a complex combination of genetic and environmental interactions. Although substantial advances have been made in the prevention and treatment of these malformations, NTDs remain a substantial public health problem, and we are only now beginning to understand their etiology. Here, we review the process of neural tube development and how defects in this process lead to NTDs, both in humans and in the animal models that serve to inform our understanding of these processes. The insights we are gaining will help generate new intervention strategies to tackle the clinical challenges and to alleviate the personal and societal burdens that accompany these defects.


Proposals for mandatory private saving accounts differ in the degree of investment discretion that they provide to individual savers, and in their provisions for annuitization of accumulated assets. With respect to investment choices, some argue that individuals must be prevented from investing too conservatively, and earning low returns over their accumulation period, while others argue that individuals should be protected from recklessly investing their retirement assets. With respect to annuitization, there is concern that individuals might not choose annuities and would thereby expose themselves to a risk of outliving their assets in a privatized system. This paper draws on the existing experience with 401(k) plans and other defined contribution pension plans to provide evidence on each of these issues. We find that the share of 401(k) plan assets held in corporate equities has increased substantially in recent years. We are only able to provide limited evidence on participant asset management, since many 401(k) plans have limited options in this regard. We do find, however, that a participant's education and income levels are related to asset allocation decisions, with less educated and lower income participants less inclined to invest in equity securities. We also analyze a unique data base on TIAA-CREF participants and find several attributes of annuitization behavior that seem inconsistent with standard behavior in the lifecycle model.


This ground-breaking volume charts the work of over sixty Palestinian artists using moving images. This collection of essays explores a wide range of intellectual, socio-political and cultural concerns arrayed around these artists' works. The substantial overview provided by Bashir Makhoul, particularly in his chapter "Locations and Transmissions", offers a theoretical account of how the state of becoming Palestinian accords so closely with the use of video art, with the two interdependently producing each other. Richly illustrated, this anthology showcases work by Palestinian artists based all over the world and includes contributions by well-known authors such as Jonathan Harris, Sean Cubitt, Laura U. Marks, Tina Sherwell, Chris Meigh-Andrews, and Ryan Bishop. The collection is deliberately wide-ranging, embracing the subject in all of its diversity. Examining and chronicling Palestinian video art through a wide variety of scholarly approaches, this publication challenges static accounts of video art as niche art (historical) production, and of Palestinian identity as fixed. Instead, this illuminating collection offers the reader a constellated image of the ever-fluctuating nature of both video art as transmission and the becomingness of being Palestinian.


The study investigates the under‐researched relationship between capital structure and dividend policy in emerging markets with regard to the Jordanian market. The empirical analysis focuses on the estimation of both single equation models and structure equation models using the reduced form equations to examine the joint determinants of capital structure and dividend policy. The study investigates whether capital structure and dividend policy theories can explain the financial decisions in emerging market such as the Jordanian market. Namely, the study examines agency theory, signalling theory, pecking order theory and bankruptcy theory. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between debt‐to‐asset ratio on the one hand, and asset tangibility, profitability, market‐to‐book, liquidity, firm size, and industry classification on the other hand. Also, there is a negative relationship between debt‐to‐asset ratio and profitability. In addition, there is a positive relationship between dividend payout ratio on the one hand, and profitability, asset tangibility, market‐to‐book and industry classification on the other hand. Finally, the results of the reduced form equations show that capital structure and dividend policy have the following common factors: profitability; asset tangibility; market‐to‐book; industry classification; and limited evidence of institutional ownership. Therefore, the determinants of capital structure and dividend policy in emerging markets such as the Jordanian market share the same set of suggested factors with the developed markets.


Introduction : Intestinal parasitic infection has been an important problem in HIV patients, worldwide. Hence, this study was undertaken toestablish the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among people with and without HIV infection and its association with diarrhea andCD4 T-cell count. we aimed to measure the prevalence and identify the factors associated with intestinal parasitic infection in peopleinfected with HIV. Methodology : An analytical cross-sectional study in 1490 HIV-infected people attending for CD4 T-cell count wasconducted. Results : The incidence of intestinal parasitic infection was 22.4% (95% CI 29.25 to 38.25). In univariate investigation, age, sex,longer time because diagnosis of HIV, CD4 T-cell count of <200/μL, diarrhoea, wedded status, and individual under tuberculosis (TB)treatment were drastically related with increased chances of intestinal parasite infection. Nevertheless, in the logistic malfunctionrepresentation, only the CD4 T-cell count of <200/μL (accustomed OR=6.3, 95% CI 3.75 to 10.5), diarrhoea (accustomed OR=4.2,95% CI 2.7 to 6.45) and individual under TB cure (adjusted OR=4.35, 95% CI 2.7 to 6.45) remain as significant predictors. Onstratification, CD4 T-cell count of <200/ μL was independently associated with higher odds of protozoal as well as helminthes infection. Theparasites Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora were observed only in participants with CD4 T-cell counts <200/μL. Conclusions: HIV infectionincreased the risk of having intestinal parasites and diarrhoea. Therefore, raising HIV positive's immune status and screening for intestinalparasites is important. This study showed that Immunodeficiency increased the risk of having opportunistic parasites and diarrhea. Therefore;raising patient immune status and screening at least for those treatable parasites is important. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i1.12203 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 3(1): 96-100


First published in 1977, this is an authoritative work by one of the world's leading ecologists. Aleksandrova's account is a very full one with much detail. The methods of classification are as interesting as the results. A wide variety of floristic, vegetational, structural, faunistic and ecological data, both qualitative and quantitative, are used to diagnose and characterise vegetation units. The vegetation of the Arctic and Antarctic is classified according to diagnostic and characteristic features. The Arctic is divided into two provinces, tundra and polar desert and the Antarctic into subantarctic herbaceous cushion vegetation and antarctic polar desert. The arctic tundra is further subdivided into subarctic with shrubby Betula (Birch) or true arctic tundra without Betula. The end result is an analysis of plant communities in the polar regions that enables ecologists to generalise and, perhaps more important, to limit correctly the scope of that generalisation when it is drawn from careful local studies.


BACKGROUND
Seven-day opening in primary care is a key policy for the UK government. However, it is unclear if weekend opening will meet patients' needs or lead to additional demand.

AIM
To identify patient groups most likely to use weekend opening in primary care.

DESIGN AND SETTING
The General Practice Patient Survey 2014, which sampled from all general practices in England, was used.

METHOD
Logistic regression was used to measure the associations between perceived benefit from seeing or speaking to someone at the weekend and age, sex, deprivation, health conditions, functioning, work status, rurality, and quality of life.

RESULTS
Out of 881 183 participants who responded to the questionnaire, 712 776 (80.9%) did not report any problems with opening times. Of the 168 407 responders (19.1%) who reported inconvenient opening times, 73.9% stated that Saturday opening, and 35.8% Sunday opening, would make it easier for them to see or speak to someone. Only 2.2% of responders reported that Sunday, but not Saturday, opening would make it easier for them. Younger people, those who work full time, and those who could not get time off work were more likely to report that weekend opening would help. People with Alzheimer's disease, learning difficulties, or problems with walking, washing, or dressing were less likely to report that weekend opening would help.

CONCLUSION
Most people do not think they need weekend opening, but it may benefit certain patient groups, such as younger people in full-time work. Sunday opening, in addition to Saturday, is unlikely to improve access.


In this paper we present an analytical model to predict the performance of general purpose applications on a GPU architecture. Themodel is designed to provide performance information to an auto-tuning compiler and assist it narrow the search to the more promising implementations. This work is based on the NVIDIAGPUs using CUDA (ComputeUnified Device Architecture). We analyze each CUDA kernel and generate the corresponding string model which is a concise representation of the operations of a kernel. String model for a kernel summarizes how the kernel exercises major GPU microarchitecture features. Based on the string model we estimate the average execution time of a warp, which is the SIMD work granularity for CUDA. We validated the performance model using a few data parallel benchmarks that exploit different microarchitecture features of GPU architecture. The model captures full system complexity and shows high accuracy in predicting the performance trend of different optimized implementations. We also describe our approach to extract the performance model automatically.


Built environment refers to the places in which we live and work, the services that meet our needs, and everything humans do by way of physical planning, design, development and controls to ensure our basic needs are met and quality of life maximised. This broad definition encompasses residential neighbourhoods, transport systems, farmland and industrial zones. It is also worth distinguishing between 'spaces' where things can be built and activities occur, and 'places' which have meaning – such as play and work spaces, living and meeting places, all within social and cultural value systems.
Impacts of tourism and events on the built environment are of increasing importance, particularly because so many cities have pursued tourism and culture-based development or re-positioning strategies. There are many examples of using events, venues, iconic architecture, tourism and culture synergistically, with profound effects on the urban landscape, its image and liveability. In small towns the impacts of development can be more noticeable and have more profound impacts on residents.
In the literature on events and the built environment the focus has often been on the effects of mega events that require enormous investment in infrastructure and venues. However, construction and operation of sport arenas and stadia, major arts and culture facilities, as well as convention and exhibition centres all have profound implications for cities.
In this chapter the starting point is a discussion of the roles of events and venues in urban development and renewal, a theme that incorporates the concepts of liveability (or quality of life), community development, healthy and creative cities. A second theme is the use of public spaces by events, looking at both the positives and negatives. The influence of the environment upon events and tourism has to be mentioned, although it is not part of the objects of impact assessment considered in this book. Within 'environmental psychology' there is the principle of 'setting affordances', meaning what the environment allows (or lends itself to) by way of events and tourism. For example, many urban spaces with heritage status and unique design are popular venues for festivals and other events, but with possible negative impacts owing to crowd activities and, over time, the accompanying change in the character of the place. Parks and streets lend themselves to parades and open-air events, but at a potential cost. Attention is then directed at place making and place marketing and the interdependent elements of image, reputation, positioning and brand. In recent years the communicative properties of events have come to the fore, and in many cases even replacing the emphasis on events as attractions. We live in a networked world, with mass and social media presenting global opportunities to both market events (especially to special interest segments) and to exploit events and related images for broader political, economic and social purposes.
Completing this chapter is a case study from Rudi Hartmann about events and the evolution of the resort town of Vail, Colorado. A number of themes are reinforced, and new theoretical perspectives introduced.


Thromboembolic events such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are well-known complications that can occur after prothrombin complex concentrate therapy. However, acute myocardial infarction is a very rare but potentially life-threatening complication that was exclusively described in patients with bleeding disorders who received chronic and recurrent concentrate infusions. We report the case of a 70 year-old male patient with cholangiocarcinoma who was admitted to our hospital with worsening fatigue and weakness. His stay was complicated by uncontrolled bleeding secondary to rivaroxaban use and advanced liver disease. By the end of the prothrombin complex concentrate infusion used to reverse his coagulopathy, patient developed ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock and passed away. This is the first reported case of acute myocardial infarction that occurs in a patient without hemophilia and after the first prothrombin complex concentrate infusion.


This is the first targeted review of the synthesis – microstructure – electrochemical performance relations of MoS2 – based anodes and cathodes for secondary lithium ion batteries (LIBs). Molybdenum disulfide is a highly promising material for LIBs that compensates for its intermediate insertion voltage (∼2 V vs. Li/Li+) with a high reversible capacity (up to 1290 mA h g−1) and an excellent rate capability (e.g. 554 mA h g−1 after 20 cycles at 50 C). Several themes emerge when surveying the scientific literature on the subject: first, we argue that there is excellent data to show that truly nanoscale structures, which often contain a nanodispersed carbon phase, consistently possess superior charge storage capacity and cycling performance. We provide several hypotheses regarding why the measured capacities in such architectures are well above the theoretical predictions of the known MoS2 intercalation and conversion reactions. Second, we highlight the growing microstructural and electrochemical evidence that the layered MoS2 structure does not survive past the initial lithiation cycle, and that subsequently the electrochemically active material is actually elemental sulfur. Third, we show that certain synthesis techniques are consistently demonstrated to be the most promising for battery applications, and describe these in detail. Fourth, we present our selection of synthesis methods that we believe to have a high potential for creating improved MoS2 LIB electrodes, but are yet to be tried.


It is shown that no-signalling, a quantum of action, unitarity, detailed balance, Bell's theorem, the Hilbert-space representation of physical states and the Born rule all follow from the assumption of an additive Hamiltonian together with Landauer's principle. Common statements of the "classical limit" of quantum theory, as well as common assumptions made by "interpretations" of quantum theory, contradict additivity, Landauer's principle, or both.


The purpose of this article is to present a unified view of some multiscale models that have appeared in the past decades in computational materials science. Although very different in nature at first sight, since they are employed to simulate complex fluids on the one hand and crystalline solids on the other hand, the models presented actually share a lot of similarities, many of those being in fact also present in most multiscale strategies. The mathematical and numerical difficulties that these models generate, the way in which they are utilized (in particular as numerical strategies coupling different models in different regions of the computational domain), the computational load they imply, are all very similar in nature. In particular, a common feature of these models is that they require knowledge and techniques from different areas in Mathematics: theory of partial differential equations, of ordinary differential equations, of stochastic differential equations, and all the related numerical techniques appropriate for the simulation of these equations. We believe this is a general trend of modern computational modelling.


OBJECTIVE
Ethanol and neuropeptide Y (NPY) can have additive neurobehavioral effects. In the present study, the NPY Y1 receptor antagonist BIBP3226 was administered alone or in combination with a moderate dose of ethanol to determine whether it interacted with the neurobehavioral effects of ethanol.

METHOD
Male Wistar rats were implanted with cortical recording electrodes and a lateral ventricular cannula. The effects of 1 nmol BIBP3226, 0.75 g/kg ethanol and the combination (BIBP3226 + EtOH) on neurophysiological activity and locomotion were then assessed.

RESULTS
Ethanol significantly increased 1-2 Hz parietal cortical power and this effect was partially antagonized by BIBP3226. Peak frequencies in the parietal cortical 6-8 Hz and 8-16 Hz bands were also altered by ethanol, but these effects were not reversed by BIBP3226. BIBP3226 or ethanol, when administered alone, did not alter motor activity or cortical event-related potentials (ERPs) but administration of BIBP3226 + EtOH reduced motor activity, reduced parietal cortical N1 ERP amplitude and increased frontal cortical N1 ERP latency.

CONCLUSIONS
In the present study, the most prominent effect of antagonizing central NPY Y1 receptors was a facilitation of the effects of ethanol. In particular, the effects of combined administration of BIBP3226 and ethanol are indicative of enhanced sedation and possibly cognitive impairment.


The medial surface is a skeletal abstraction of a solid that provides useful shape information, which compliments existing model representation schemes. The medial surface and its associated topological entities are defined, and an algorithm for computing the medial surface of a large class of B-rep solids is then presented. The algorithm is based on the domain Delaunay triangulation of a relatively sparse distribution of points, which are generated on the boundary of the object. This strategy is adaptive in that the boundary point set is refined to guarantee a correct topological representation of the medial surface.


Can democracy flourish in Muslim society? What does the Qur'an say about women, minorities, human rights? Are Islam and the West on a collision course? After 9/11, much has been written about the inevitability of a clash between Islam and the West, as their worldviews compete for global supremacy. Recent developments have done little to challenge this thesis, or the West's negative image of Islam. The author compares and contrasts contributions from "traditional" and "progressive" Muslims. Voicing at least two Muslim opinions in each area of debate, this book challenges the idea that all Muslims think identically. While Muslims and Modernity is designed primarily for use an undergraduate textbook, reference to accessible Internet material, to literature and to popular as well as scholarly sources will broaden its appeal to a general readership. This book's discussion draws on post-colonial theory, feminist analyses, anthropology, cultural and religious studies, politics and philosophy.


Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered people are becoming more and more visible in all aspects of American culture, from party politics to MTV videos. Despite the recent queer publishing explosion, few texts cover a broad range of topics around sexual and gender identities. Most existing works are high-level theory books, texts focused upon specific disciplines or topics, or practical guides aimed primarily at a heterosexual audience or people just beginning to come out. There has been to date no general, accessible, and inclusive work suitable for use as an introduction to Queer Studies. In this collection, contributors assess the conflict between postmodernism and identity, the concept which typically serves as a linchpin for social and political organizing. Others address queer theory, looking specifically at how we define it, how it informs political activism, and how we can theorize such aspects of sexual performance/behaviors as s/m or butch-femme relationships. The volume contains contributions from both established and newly emerging Queer Studies scholars, including Amber Ault, M. V. Lee Badgett, Warren J. Blumenfeld, Gregory Conerly, Patricia L. Duncan, Ruth Goldman, Lynda Goldstein, Sherrie A. Inness, Christopher James, Amanda Udis-Kessler, JeeYeun Lee, Michele E. Lloyd, Tracy D. Morgan, Ki Namaste, Vernon Rosario II, Paula Rust, and Siobhan Somerville.


Introduction The past decade has witnessed rapid growth in e-commerce, particularly with respect to business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions. Both established and new vendors have sought to leverage the diffusion of the Internet to expand their markets. The Internet has allowed established firms to expand their marketplace, but at the same time it has eliminated many of the traditional barriers of entry for new entrants to compete for these same consumers. Consumers once accustomed to limited and known vendors are now afforded more choices, but are often concerned about privacy and trust as many of the vendors are "unknowns" (Pennington, Wilcox & Grover, 2003). Given that consumers are now presented with vendors with whom they have little or no familiarity it comes as no surprise that recent research on e-commerce has found that privacy and trust issues are a key determinant in whether consumers' engage in on-line transactions (Hoffman, Novak, & Peralta 1999). Recognizing that privacy and trust of the vendor is a critical antecedent to increased participation in B2C e-commerce, researchers have examined several "trust mechanisms" employed by vendors to enhance consumer trust and concomitantly their predisposition to purchase on-line. One mechanism that has garnered considerable interest are privacy policy statements, voluntary, self-reported statements displayed on web sites that convey established policies for the use and distribution of personal information. Use of privacy policy statements to increase perceived trustworthiness is a relatively new phenomenon, and examination of their use and implications is just beginning to be explored (Criswell & Meinert, 2003; Culnan, 1999; Grewal, Munger, Iyer, & Levy, 2003; Liu & Arnett, 2002; Luo & Najdawi, 2004; Meinert, Peterson, Criswell & Crossland, 2006; Miyazaki & Fernandez, 2000; Pennington et al., 2003; Ranganathan & Ganapathy, 2002). While much of the research to date on this topic has focused on chronicling rates of utilization and variability in content, a few studies have examined the efficacy of privacy statements. Pennington, Wilcox and Grover (2003) found evidence via an experimental design that self-reported guarantees can influence system trust and indirectly influence consumer purchase intentions. In an exploratory study, Criswell and Meinert (2003) found that self-reported privacy policy statements increased consumer willingness to provide personal information on-line. That study and a more comprehensive study by Meinert, Peterson, Criswell and Crossland (2006) also affirmed that not only the presence, but the strength, or level of protection guaranteed by the privacy policy statement influences consumer trust as measured by willingness to provide personal information on-line. These results, while preliminary, seem to suggest that voluntary privacy policy statements have a positive, but relatively limited impact on consumer trust. Only a strong privacy policy statement was found to induce a willingness to provide contact, biographical and financial information and in each case respondents were only "slightly likely". It should be further noted that respondents in these studies were required to read the description of the privacy policy statements. In many instances, potential customers may not read any policies regarding the web site's stated privacy standards. Given the widespread use of privacy policy statements it's somewhat surprising to find that they have minimal impact on consumer trust. Determining whether the effectiveness of privacy policy statements can be improved would contribute to the knowledge and understanding of what, if any, role they can play in influencing consumer trust of on-line vendors. While the literature offers no insight into why such statements are ineffective, one plausible explanation is that consumers place little faith in privacy policies that lack regulatory oversight. …


The Obama administration's disclosure of its stockpiled and dismantled warhead numbers through September 2009 was, apparently, a "one-time release"; thus, the question remains as to how quickly—or slowly—the country's arsenal will decline. Turning to the Nuclear Posture Review and New START, the authors assess what can be expected in terms of force levels and counting rules, and they provide clear analysis of US land-based ballistic missiles, ballistic missile submarines, strategic bombers, and nonstrategic nuclear weapons.


The Uniform Power of Attorney Act, adopted in 2006, was designed to address the divergence of various states from the original uniform act and to address problems identified by attorneys practicing in the area. One such problem was the refusal of parties to accept powers of attorney—although a client might execute a durable power of attorney as part of an estate plan to avoid a guardianship, parties would refuse to deal with the agent, thus necessitating a guardianship proceeding. The Uniform Act has now been enacted in some form in more than half of the states, including Texas. The author examines the Uniform Act and the Texas Act in the context of powers of attorney in real estate transactions. She discusses common law rules relating to defective deeds, defective powers of attorney, and deeds executed by an agent under a defective power of attorney, as well as the effect that the Uniform and Texas Acts may have on the common law. The article concludes by recommending additional legislation to clarify the application of the Acts and to make them more compatible with solving the problems that may arise in the context of real estate transactions.


The aim of this thesis is to investigate the evolution of cultivated flax (Linum usitatissimum L.). Specifically, it focuses on the adaptation of flax to European latitudes during the spread of agriculture. The two main objectives of this study are to determine 1) the role of hybridization with the flax wild relative (pale flax; Linum bienne Mill.) in the adaptation to northerly latitudes and 2) the link between the adaptation and the emergence of fibre flax varieties.

Flowering time genes play an important role in adaptation to northerly latitudes. Homologs of three flowering genes from Arabidopsis thaliana (LFY, TFL1 and TOC1) were identified and sequenced in flax. This included seven flax paralogs of TFL1, which shared gene structure, exonic sequences, conservation of amino acids in the active site, and expression patterns with the phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein family that includes TFL1. Sixteen different haplotypes of LuTFL1 were discovered amongst sequence data derived from a diversity collection of flax accessions. Haplotypes in cluster I are associated with samples from Southern Europe and the Near East, while those in cluster III are associated with Central and Northern Europe. The LuTFL1 gene was under selection or selective sweep that occurred in cultivated flax. Haplotype I was inherited from pale flax during domestication, while haplotype III was inherited post-domestication following hybridization with pale flax from around the Bosphorus. Within sequence data of LuTFL2, ten haplotypes were discovered and these too were correlated with latitude. Contrary to the previous case however, there is no evidence of selection in LuTFL2. LuTFL1 and LuTFL2 might be in linkage disequilibrium.

A collection of RADseq markers was developed to investigate the genetic structure of flax and measure the genetic migration between wild and cultivated species. Of all the RADseq markers, 219 were characterized with single SNP and used for further analyses. The genetic diversity of cultivated flax was found to be similar to that of pale flax. The population structure inferred from SNP data showed genetic separation of dehiscent and non-dehiscent varieties, but no distinction between intermediate, fibre and oil varieties of cultivated flax. The population is structured from south to north within landraces, intermediate and fibre varieties. There is strong evidence for admixture from pale flax to cultivated flax, especially from the populations in the area of domestication. High levels of genetic migration are shown from all populations of pale flax towards both the southern and northern cultivated flax. RADseq SNP alleles that are associated with northerly latitudes in cultivated flax were introduced through post-domestication hybridization with pale flax of various geographic origin.

These combined molecular results indicate that pale flax contributed to the adaptation of cultivated flax in the European climate through post-domestication gene flow. Considering archaeological and phenotypic data from the literature, the adaptation to northerly latitude might have led to the emergence of fibre varieties. This inference is supported by a custom-made programme called PGROWTH, which models the impact of FT and TFL1 gene expression on flax architecture. These two genes play an important role in plant development and therefore might have an impact on flax architecture. This study suggests the need of carrying out transgenic, functional experiments with LuTFL1 constructs in the future.


The objective of this study was to explore possibility of reducing dietary protein through supplementation of limiting amino acids (methionine, lysine and threonine) in diets of broiler chickens following ideal protein concept. Day-old broiler chicks (128) were selected randomly, weighed and distributed into 16 groups of 8 chicks each. They were offered 4 dietary treatments in quadruplicated groups. The dietary treatments were formulated basing on maize and sorghum as a major source of cereal with high protein (21.6-20.0%)and reduced protein (1 9.8-1 8.3%) during starting and finishing period, respectively, at each cereal in 2 x 2 completely randomized designs. The protein concentration in high protein diet was increased to meet the requirement of L-threonine, the most costly limiting amino acid and low protein diet was supplemented with synthetic L-threonine at each cereal. Obviously the synthetic lysine and methionine were supplemented in both (high and low protein) diets to meet their requirement as suggested by NRC (1994). The body weight gain did not differ significantly due to protein level and interaction of protein and grain type. The body weight gain was higher during 0-28 d of age in maize based diets, while during 28-49 and 0-49 d of age in sorghum based diets. The feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) did not differ due to interaction or protein levels. Higher feed intake was recorded in sorghum diets compared to maize during 28-49 d of age. Better FCR was calculated for 2849 d of age on sorghum diet compared to maize-based diet while FCR did not differ during 0-28 or 0-49 d of age. EfEcient utilization of protein and energy was seen in maize based diets during 0-28 d and in sorghum diets during 2849 d of age. The cellular and humoral immune responses, relative weight of different immune organs and feed cost (per kg gain) did not differ due to protein levels, grain type ortheir interaction. However, birds fed on sorghum had significantly higher feed cost per kg gain than maize based diet during 0-28 d of age. The results indicated that the protein concentration in broiler diet could be reduced (1.7 to 1.8% in starter and finisher diets) through supplementation of limiting amino acids without affecting growth performance, immuno-responsiveness and feed-cost of production during summer. White sorghum was found to be superior to maize during finisher stage of broiler production.


Background Malaria transmission is highly heterogeneous, generating malaria hotspots that can fuel malaria transmission across a wider area. Targeting hotspots may represent an efficacious strategy for reducing malaria transmission. We determined the impact of interventions targeted to serologically defined malaria hotspots on malaria transmission both inside hotspots and in surrounding communities. Methods and Findings Twenty-seven serologically defined malaria hotspots were detected in a survey conducted from 24 June to 31 July 2011 that included 17,503 individuals from 3,213 compounds in a 100-km2 area in Rachuonyo South District, Kenya. In a cluster-randomized trial from 22 March to 15 April 2012, we randomly allocated five clusters to hotspot-targeted interventions with larviciding, distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, and focal mass drug administration (2,082 individuals in 432 compounds); five control clusters received malaria control following Kenyan national policy (2,468 individuals in 512 compounds). Our primary outcome measure was parasite prevalence in evaluation zones up to 500 m outside hotspots, determined by nested PCR (nPCR) at baseline and 8 wk (16 June–6 July 2012) and 16 wk (21 August–10 September 2012) post-intervention by technicians blinded to the intervention arm. Secondary outcome measures were parasite prevalence inside hotpots, parasite prevalence in the evaluation zone as a function of distance from the hotspot boundary, Anopheles mosquito density, mosquito breeding site productivity, malaria incidence by passive case detection, and the safety and acceptability of the interventions. Intervention coverage exceeded 87% for all interventions. Hotspot-targeted interventions did not result in a change in nPCR parasite prevalence outside hotspot boundaries (p ≥ 0.187). We observed an average reduction in nPCR parasite prevalence of 10.2% (95% CI −1.3 to 21.7%) inside hotspots 8 wk post-intervention that was statistically significant after adjustment for covariates (p = 0.024), but not 16 wk post-intervention (p = 0.265). We observed no statistically significant trend in the effect of the intervention on nPCR parasite prevalence in the evaluation zone in relation to distance from the hotspot boundary 8 wk (p = 0.27) or 16 wk post-intervention (p = 0.75). Thirty-six patients with clinical malaria confirmed by rapid diagnostic test could be located to intervention or control clusters, with no apparent difference between the study arms. In intervention clusters we caught an average of 1.14 female anophelines inside hotspots and 0.47 in evaluation zones; in control clusters we caught an average of 0.90 female anophelines inside hotspots and 0.50 in evaluation zones, with no apparent difference between study arms. Our trial was not powered to detect subtle effects of hotspot-targeted interventions nor designed to detect effects of interventions over multiple transmission seasons. Conclusions Despite high coverage, the impact of interventions targeting malaria vectors and human infections on nPCR parasite prevalence was modest, transient, and restricted to the targeted hotspot areas. Our findings suggest that transmission may not primarily occur from hotspots to the surrounding areas and that areas with highly heterogeneous but widespread malaria transmission may currently benefit most from an untargeted community-wide approach. Hotspot-targeted approaches may have more validity in settings where human settlement is more nuclear. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01575613


For three years after the typical developing country opens its stock market to inflows of foreign capital, the average annual growth rate of the real wage in the manufacturing sector increases by a factor of seven. No such increase occurs in a control group of developing countries. The temporary increase in the growth rate of the real wage permanently drives up the level of average annual compensation for each worker in the sample by 752 US dollars -- an increase equal to more than a quarter of their annual pre-liberalization salary. The increase in the growth rate of labor productivity in the aftermath of liberalization exceeds the increase in the growth rate of the real wage so that the increase in workers' incomes actually coincides with a rise in manufacturing sector profitability.


BACKGROUND
Detection of antigen in BAL is useful for diagnosis of histoplasmosis. The MVista Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay has been modified to permit quantification. The purpose of this study is to compare the sensitivity of the quantitative antigen detection assay with cytopathology and culture of BAL specimens.

METHODS
BAL from patients with histoplasmosis who were evaluated at the Indiana University Medical Center and controls without histoplasmosis were studied. BAL fluid was tested in the quantitative Histoplasma antigen assay.

RESULTS
Antigen was detected in the BAL in 93.5% of patients with histoplasmosis, 80% with blastomycosis, and 0% of controls with nonfungal infections. Antigen was detected in the urine of 79% and serum in 65% of patients with histoplasmosis. Cytopathology was positive in 48% and culture in 48% of patients with histoplasmosis, and 40% and 60% of patients with blastomycosis, respectively. Serology was positive in 65%. Combining BAL antigen detection and BAL cytopathology, both methods for rapid diagnosis, the sensitivity was 96.8% in histoplasmosis and 80% in blastomycosis.

CONCLUSIONS
Detection of antigen in BAL complements antigen detection in serum and urine as an objective diagnostic test for histoplasmosis.


Adopting a simple Phillips curve framework, we show that different labour market institutions across EU countries are associated with significant differences in the response of inflation to unemployment and exchange rate shocks. More wage coordination and higher union density flatten the Phillips curve and increase the inflation response to the real exchange rate, i.e. the exchange rate pass-through. In addition, using a new approach to the classification of goods and services as "traded" or "non-traded", we show that both these institutional effects are significantly stronger for the more exposed (traded) sector.


The entry to a University requires an adaptation process that not all students solve with the same kind of success. Even though students' social adaptation and emotional skills are essential, the educational environmental that they perceive has a significant influence in their academic life. Aim: To describe the changes in the perception about academic environment that medical students experience during the first three years of undergraduate career. Material and Methods: The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) scale was applied to 525 first to third year medical students and an exploratory factorial analysis was made. Results: Four factors were identified: Academic Perception: academic quality that students attribute to the process in which they take part, as well as to the assessment that they do of their learning outcomes (coefficient α = 0.85); Academic Experience: refers to positive emotions that students experience during the career such as confidence, pleasure and energy (coefficient α = 0.76); Atmosphere Perception, comfort and calm that students experiment during their academic activities (coefficient α = 0.79); Teachers Perception: the perception that students have of teachers about their interest and disposition towards students (coefficient α = 0.50). Conclusions: The assessment of academic environment quality is inversely associated with the lapse that the students have spent in their undergraduate careers


Temporal decorrelation is the most critical issue for the successful inversion of polarimetric SAR interferometry (Pol-InSAR) data acquired in an interferometric repeat-pass mode, typical for satellite or lower frequency airborne SAR systems. This paper provides a quantitative estimation of temporal decorrelation effects at L-band for a wide range of temporal baselines based on a unique set of multibaseline Pol-InSAR data. A new methodology that allows to quantify individual temporal decorrelation components has been developed and applied. Temporal decorrelation coefficients are estimated for temporal baselines ranging from 10 min to 54 days and converted to height inversion errors caused by them. The temporal decorrelations of γTV (volume temporal decorrelation) and γTG (ground temporal decorrelation) depend not only on the wind-induced movement but also strongly on the rain-induced dielectric changes in volume and on the ground at temporal baseline on the order of day or longer. At temporal baselines on the order of minutes, the wind speed is a critical parameter and the speed of 2 m/s already hampers the application of Pol-InSAR forest parameter inversion. The approach is supported and validated by using L-band E-SAR repeat-pass data acquired in the frame of three dedicated campaigns, BioSAR 2007, TempoSAR 2008, and TempoSAR 2009.


Background & Aim: It is crucial to assess communication skills among health workers using valid culture-based instruments. This study aimed to develop and assess psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Communication Skills Scale among Zanjan Health Volunteers. Methods & Materials: In this study, a total of 191 health volunteers participated in a self-rating assessment of the Communication Skills Scale (CSS). Moreover, 14 experts were asked to rate each item based on the relevance, clarity, and simplicity. Through a literature review, we developed an instrument with 43 items. The validity of the instrument was determined using the impact item method, content validity ratio (CVR), content validity index (CVI), face validity and exploratory factor analysis. Reliability of the instrument was reported by Alpha Cronbach coefficient. The CSS finally contained 35 items, divided into two categories: general and specific communication skills. Results: Of 43 items, those with impact item index over 1.5, CVR over 0.51, and CVI over 0.79 were considered as valid; while the rest were discarded resulting in a 35-item scale. Factor analysis was carried out to determine the relationship among the items of the CSS. Exploratory factor analysis reduced the list of items to 30, which were divided into seven groups with a minimum eigenvalue of 1 for each factor, capable of predicting 68.8% of the variance. Internal reliability of the scale was determined by alpha Cronbach coefficient (0.91). Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that the CSS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessment of the communication skills among health volunteers in Zanjan. These findings could be used for developing similar instruments in other health worker groups


Modern textualist and originalist theories increasingly center interpretation around the "ordinary" or "public" meaning of legal texts. This approach is premised on the promotion of values like publicity, fair notice, and democratic legitimacy. As such, ordinary meaning is typically understood as a question about how members of the general public understand the text — an empirical question with an "objective" answer. This Essay explores the role of empirical methods, particularly experimental survey methods, in these ordinary meaning inquiries. The Essay expresses cautious optimism about new insight that empirical methods can bring, but it also warns against assuming that these methods will deliver uncontroversial, objective solutions in legal interpretation.

As a concrete illustration, the Essay analyzes the main statutory question presented in Bostock v. Clayton County (2020). Both Justice Gorsuch's majority opinion and the dissents by Justices Alito and Kavanaugh offer avowedly textualist analyses of Title VII's "ordinary meaning," yet their reasoning and conclusions diverge. To help explain these differences, the Essay proposes a distinction between two types of empirical textualism, which we call the "ordinary criteria" and "legal criteria" versions. The former conceptualizes ordinary meaning as closely connected to empirical facts about how ordinary people understand statutory language; in effect, it equates ordinary meaning with ordinary understanding. The latter conceptualizes ordinary meaning differently, combining the common understanding of statutory terms with both their previously-established legal meanings and their legal entailments. Bostock exemplifies the difference between these approaches, with Justices Alito and Kavanaugh relying on the former and Justice Gorsuch on the latter. The Essay also presents a new experimental study of the key linguistic dispute in Bostock — public judgments about discrimination "because of" sex — that illustrates differences between these two approaches to empirical textualism.


The global financial crisis is largely behind us, but the challenges it poses to the future stability of the world's economic system affects everyone from American families to Main Street businesses to Wall Street financial powerhouses. It has provoked controversy over the best way to reduce the risk of a repeat of what proved to be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. To describe those challenges - and the lessons learned - the Hutchins Center on Fiscal and Monetary Policy at Brookings turned to frontline policymakers and some of their most prominent critics. Central Banking after the Great Recession contains the resulting research, leading off with a telling interview between Ben Bernanke, then in his final weeks as Federal Reserve chairman, and Liaquat Ahamed, author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Lords of Finance . Insightful chapters by John Williams of the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank, Paul Tucker of Harvard University, and Donald Kohn of Brookings discuss unconventional monetary policy, financial regulation, the impact of the crisis on the independence of the Federal Reserve. Each chapter is followed by a lively debate.


Animated transition has been a popular design choice for smoothly switching between different visualization views or layouts, in which movement trajectories are created as cues for tracking objects during location shifting. Tracking moving objects, however, becomes difficult when their movement paths overlap or the number of tracking targets increases. We propose a novel design to facilitate tracking moving objects in animated transitions. Instead of simply animating an object along a straight line, we create "bundled" movement trajectories for a group of objects that have spatial proximity and share similar moving directions. To study the effect of bundled trajectories, we untangle variations due to different aspects of tracking complexity in a comprehensive controlled user study. The results indicate that using bundled trajectories is particularly effective when tracking more targets (six vs. three targets) or when the object movement involves a high degree of occlusion or deformation. Based on the study, we discuss the advantages and limitations of the new technique, as well as provide design implications.


Initial archaeological investigations at Cerro Gavilan 2, a rockshelter located in the Bolivar State of Venezuela, reveal evidence for human activity that spans the Early Holocene to the present. This report summarizes the information obtained through surface collection, limited excavation, and documentation of the surface features and rock art in the cave. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C analysis established dates from excavated strata that range between 9250 ± 60 BP to 3440 ± 40 BP, and are associated with a unifacial flake technology and charred faunal and floral remains, whereas surface remains span the known ceramic sequence for the area. Rock art corresponds to distinctive superimposed styles that indicate continual repainting of the cave through time, serving to anchor the site to the landscape for multiple societies inhabiting the region. It is suggested that the shelter may have fulfilled different functions over time and a sequence of seasonal residential, ritual, and funerary activities is proposed. The rich cultural context found in Cerro Gavilan 2 contributes to advances in Amazonian archaeology that are redefining our knowledge of early developments and the complexity of human/environmental interactions in tropical America.


Lossless Feedback Delay Networks (FDNs) are commonly used as a design prototype for artificial reverberation algorithms. The lossless property is dependent on the feedback matrix, which connects the output of a set of delays to their inputs, and the lengths of the delays. Both, unitary and triangular feedback matrices are known to constitute lossless FDNs, however, the most general class of lossless feedback matrices has not been identified. In this contribution, it is shown that the FDN is lossless for any set of delays, if all irreducible components of the feedback matrix are diagonally similar to a unitary matrix. The necessity of the generalized class of feedback matrices is demonstrated by examples of FDN designs proposed in literature.


Undernourished children have poor levels of development that benefit from stimulation. Zinc deficiency is prevalent in undernourished children and may contribute to their poor development. We assessed the effects of zinc supplementation and psychosocial stimulation given together or separately on the psychomotor development of undernourished children. This was a randomized controlled trial with 4 groups: stimulation alone zinc supplementation alone both interventions and control (routine care only). Subjects were 114 children aged 9–30 mo and below -1.5 z scores of the National Center for Health Statistics weight-for-age references who were recruited from 18 health clinics. Clinics were randomly assigned to receive stimulation or not; individual children were randomly assigned to receive zinc or placebo. The stimulation program comprised weekly home visits during which play was demonstrated and maternal-child interactions were encouraged. The supplementation was 10 mg Zn as sulfate daily or placebo. Development (assessed by use of the Griffiths Mental Development Scales) length and weight were measured at baseline and 6 mo later. Weekly morbidity histories were taken. Significant interactions were found between zinc supplementation and stimulation. Zinc benefited the developmental quotient only in children who received stimulation and benefits from zinc to hand and eye coordination were greater in stimulated children. Zinc supplementation alone improved hand and eye coordination and stimulation alone benefited the developmental quotient hearing and speech and performance. Zinc supplementation also reduced diarrheal morbidity but did not significantly improve growth. Zinc supplementation benefits development in undernourished children and the benefits are enhanced if stimulation is also provided. (authors)


Background and Purpose This prospective study was designed to examine the contributions of neurobiological, functional, and psychosocial factors to major depression after stroke. In addition, the prevalence and longitudinal course of major depression were studied. Methods Major depression, functional ability, and social network were assessed repeatedly for a period of 3 years in a population-based cohort of 80 patients with acute stroke (mean age, 73 years). Cerebral atrophy and brain lesion parameters were determined from computed tomographic scans performed acutely and after 3 years. Results The prevalence of major depression was 25% at the acute stage and approximately the same at 3 months (31%). It decreased to 16% at 12 months, was 19% at 2 years, and increased to 29% at 3 years. The most important predictors of immediate major depression were left anterior brain lesion, dysphasia, and living alone. Dependence in activities of daily living was the most important predictor at 3 months. From 12 months on, the patient's having few social contacts outside the immediate family contributed most to depression, and at 3 years cerebral atrophy also contributed. At 1 year, 60% of the patients with early depression (0 to 3 months) had recovered; those not recovered at this follow-up had a high risk of development of chronic depression. Conclusions The study has provided evidence of a differentiation of factors likely to be implicated in the development of depression after stroke based on the period of time since the stroke event.


Low-frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure in rat has positive effects on neuronal processes in vitro. Moreover, EMF improves learning-memory and psychomotor activity during advanced ageing, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not known in the brain. In the present study we aimed to investigate the molecular effects of chronic EMF stimulation in the hippocampus of senescent rats in vivo.Thirty months old rats were treated for six weeks with different EMF doses of 45, 95, and 1,250 µT. After sacrifice the levels of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and activated ribosomal protein S6 as measures for protein synthesis intensity in the hippocampus were determined by Western blot analysis.The results showed that chronic EMF exposure dose dependently increased BDNF and the amount of phosphorylated S6 protein at the highest dose. The effects on the two proteins positively correlated at individual level. The results indicate that EMF exposure may enhance neurotrophic processes indicated by increased BDNF expression in the hippocampus of senescent rats. Increased phosphorylated S6 protein suggests coupling to support molecular regulation of protein synthesis.In a broader perspective, these findings may support EMF as a beneficial alternative form of passive exercise in active, exercise-limited, aged individuals.


Over recent years, several geotechnical explorations in clay deposits have shown the flat dilatometer test (DMT) to provide reasonable estimates of in-situ overconsolidation ratio with depth. Why should the horizontal strass index (K sub D = initial contact pressure minus hydrostatic pressure normalized to the effective overburden stress) show an empirical trend with over consolidation ratio (OCR)? It is postulated that, since the closing pressure and contact pressures are nearly equal, the initial contact pressure in clay is an approximate measure of the total pore pressure induced during penetration of the dilatometer blade. Published data from a clay site tested by a special DMT having a pore-pressure sensor, as well as piezocone/dilatometer data from 7 other sites, support this hypothesis. Since the pore-pressure response of clay is influenced by the in-situ OCR, the initial effective DMT contact pressure can be used to profile the stress history.


While most academics will be aware of the key people and information sources in their specific discipline they may be unaware of the people who are writing about teaching and learning in these disciplines. This chapter is aimed at those involved in exploring the topic of teaching and
learning in various disciplines. Librarians will also find it useful in identifying key resources for collection development.
The chapter is divided into three sections.
Section "Planning a literature search" describes the process of doing a literature search. There are common steps in executing a literature search across disciplines. However, researching the literature of teaching and learning may necessitate a review of a much broader range of literature than that which academics are familiar with in their own discipline. It can be argued that teaching
and learning is in itself a discipline. A body of research relating to teaching and learning has grown up and much of the applications and findings can be applied across disciplines. For example articles in the "Journal of Chemical Education", may be relevant for research in other science or indeed in the social sciences or humanities.
Section "Directory of Resources" is a directory of resources. This gives details of resources, including
books, journals, websites, conference papers and databases in the area of learning and teaching. The directory is selective rather than exhaustive and draws on a survey of the information needs of education developers carried out by the author in Summer 2004. It is aimed primarily at education developers, new academic staff and experienced academic staff who wish to develop their teaching and learning.
Section "Publishing your findings/research on your teaching" gives brief guidelines on publishing your research are included in this section.
The chapter emphasises the vital link between the new lecturer, the experienced lecturer who wants to improve his/her teaching practice and the Librarian.