The article presents a Preliminary Pragmatic Model (PPM) with the practical levels of pragmatic features. Poetry translation pose great difficulty in retaining the 'extra-linguistic features' of the source text and target text. When placing more emphasis on linguistic features, 'extra-linguistics' are ignored by the evaluators. This lack is largely due to the non authentication of pragmatics of the languages involved and the non-development of 'extra-linguistic' parameters for evaluation. Focusing on this fact, the study takes pragmatic as the common denominator between poetry and translation, and develops a pragmatic model. The model adopts the concept and objective from the prominent Translation Quality Assessment (TQA) model of Juliane House, and the two models of Hossein Vahid Dastjerdi and his team: (a) Practical Model for Translation Analysis and Assessment of Poetic Discourse, and (b) Semiotic Model for Poetry Translation. The model is an extended part of Vahid's model with pragmatic (features) layering. The article is prefaced with a brief description of the pragmatic features and functions to explain how and why it matters to compare poetry translation. Later, the effectiveness of the model is tested with a randomly-selected short poem by Gulzar and its English translation by Nirupama Dutt. Gulzar is an Indian poet writing in Hindustani (a mix of Hindi and Urdu). Versing mostly in free style, he makes his poems pragmatically poignant with unusual imagery. Evaluating his poems through the model verifies its working. The findings (tabulated, compared, and discussed) show literal translation of metaphors that becomes displaced as well as losing the sense in the poem. Thus, the translation misses the pragmatic force of Gulzar's philosophy and does not achieve dynamic equivalence. The study recommends the application of pragmatic procedure for evaluation of poetry translation and offer new possibilities in translation research.


One and the same inter-organizational business process such as e-procurement may be executed differently in different industries, geopolitical regions, etc. Thus, a standardized reference model for inter-organizational business process must be customized to the specific business context (industry, region, etc.). In order to share, search, and (partially) re-use context specific adaptations it is essential not only to store the adaptations, but also a business context model where these adaptations are valid. Therefore, we present our ontology based business context model and explain how it can be applied to generic models of semantically interoperable data blocks, so-called Core Components. Core Components are standardized by the United Nations Centre for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), and their adaptations are exchanged between business partners in the course of inter-organizational business processes. If we could assign a business context to a business process, we could prevent negative trends in today's business, such as interoperability issues, inconsistencies and heterogeneous interpretations of the interchanged electronic business documents.


Dijet angular distributions are measured over a wide range of dijet invariant masses in pp collisions at ffiffiffi s p ¼ 7 TeV , at the CERN LHC. The event sample, recorded with the CMS detector, corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 36 pb (cid:1) 1 . The data are found to be in good agreement with the predictions of perturbative QCD, and yield no evidence of quark compositeness. With a modified frequentist approach, a lower limit on the contact interaction scale for left-handed quarks of (cid:1) þ ¼ 5 : 6 TeV ( (cid:1) (cid:1) ¼ 6 : 7 TeV ) for destructive (constructive) interference is obtained at the 95% confidence level.


Flow-visualization techniques are employed to ascertain the streamline patterns of the nonpotential secondary flows in the boundary layers of cascades, and thereby to provide a basis for more extended analyses in turbomachines. The three-dimensional deflection of the end-wall boundary layer results in the formation of a vortex within each cascade passage. The size and tightness of the vortex generated depend upon the main-flow turning in the cascade passage. Once formed, a vortex resists turning in subsequent blade rows, with consequent unfavorable angles of attack and possible flow disturbances on the pressure surfaces of subsequent blade rows when the vortices impinge on these surfaces. Two major tip-clearance effects are observed, the formation of a tip-clearance vortex and the scraping effect of a blade with relative motion past the wall boundary layer. The flow patterns indicate methods for improving the blade tip-loading characteristics of compressors and of low- and high-speed turbulence.


For those struggling with experiences of psychosis, therapy can be beneficial and even life changing. However, there is no single type of therapy, and a great range and diversity of therapeutic approaches have been developed to help different individuals' needs, which makes deciding which approach is most helpful for an individual not a straightforward choice. Personal Experiences of Psychological Therapy for Psychosis and Related Experiences uniquelypresents personal accounts of those who have received therapy for psychosis alongside professional clinical commentary on these therapies, giving multiple perspectives on what they involve and how they work. Presented in a clear and accessible way, each chapter includes accounts of a variety of different therapies, including cognitive behavioural therapy, trauma-focused therapy, open dialogue, and systemic family therapy. The reader is encouraged to explore not only the clinical basis for these therapies but also understand what the treatments mean for the person experiencing them, as well as their challenges and limitations. The book also explores the importance of the individual's relationship with the therapist. As a whole, the perspectives presented here provide unique insight into a range of widely used psychological therapies for psychosis. With its special combination of personal experiences and concise introductions to different therapies, this book offers a valuable resource for academics and students of psychiatry, clinical psychology, psychotherapy, mental health care and mental health nursing. It will also be essential reading for those considering treatment, their friends and families, as well as mental health professionals, including psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, psychotherapists and nurses.


Human telomeres are composed of duplex TTAGGG repeats and a 3′ single-stranded DNA tail. The telomeric DNA is protected and regulated by the shelterin proteins, including the protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) protein that binds telomeric single-stranded DNA. The single-stranded tail can fold into G-quadruplex (G4) DNA. Both POT1 and G4 DNA play important roles in regulating telomere length homeostasis. To date, most studies have focused on individual quadruplexes formed by four TTAGGG repeats. Telomeric tails in human cells have on average six times as many repeats, and no structural studies have examined POT1 binding in competition with G4 DNA folding. Using single molecule atomic force microscopy imaging, we observed that the majority of the telomeric tails of 16 repeats formed two quadruplexes even though four were possible. The result that physiological telomeric tails rarely form the maximum potential number of G4 units provides a structural basis for the coexistence of G4 and POT1 on the same DNA molecule, which is observed directly in the captured atomic force microscopy images. We further observed that POT1 is significantly more effective in disrupting quadruplex DNA on long telomeric tails than an antisense oligonucleotide, indicating a novel POT1 activity beyond simply preventing quadruplex folding.


Cultural background of identities calls for upholding of values, but realities of multicultural interactions require cross-cultural compromises. Compromises begin already with the introduction of the term multiculturalism, which served both as a platform for cross-cultural urban policies in major western cities and for a non-class analysis of a new class structure. The unexpected result of the popularity of the concept of multiculturalism in urban policies is its managerial application in knowledge intensive organizations. Multiculturalism in inter-organizational uses justifies empowerment, learning organization and attempted emancipation of corporate citizens. Robustness of Hofstede's model of national cultures' dimensions lies in his correct prediction of the evolution of hierarchic bureaucracy, while weaknesses result from the extended scope of dimensions, which require "unzipping" and from excessive reliance on the nation-state led process of socialization. Unzipping, already started in research communities (both friendly, unfriendly and neutral with respect to the author of "Culture's Consequences") is being slowed down by Hofstede's precarious institutional embedding in academic communities. De-nationalization is accelerating due to the new integrating processes of regional globalization.


Everyone today has too much to do and too little time—that's not going to change. The only way to make our lives less stressful is to make sure we spend more time doing the things that matter most and less time doing the things that matter less. When we're not clear on what is really important, we make thoughtless and impulsive choices and end up feeling exhausted and unfulfilled. Bestselling author Brian Tracy teams up with therapist Christina Stein to show how to find true balance—when all your actions and choices are guided by a profound knowledge of your deepest personal values, vision, purpose, and goals. Not only will you feel less stressed, but you'll accomplish more, and more efficiently, than you ever thought possible. When you operate from your true balance point, you feel clear and focused, and everything in your life feels like it is in perfect harmony. You go through your day with courage, confidence, and purpose because everything you do is in alignment with who you are. Through questions that guide you to reflect and focus, as well as concrete action steps and exercises, Tracy and Stein help you discover your personal balance point and show how you can use it to set priorities and manage your time in a way that both energizes you and simplifies every aspect of your life. The result is a new, active approach to integrating life balance, work achievement, and time management.


The dramatic effects of brain damage can provide some of the most interesting insights into the nature of normal cognitive performance. In recent years a number of neuropsychological studies have reported a particular form of cognitive impairment where patients have problems recognising objects from one category but remain able to recognise those from others. The most frequent 'category-specific' pattern is an impairment identifying living things, compared to nonliving things. The reverse pattern of dissociation, i.e., an impairment recognising and naming nonliving things relative to living things, has been reported albeit much less frequently. The objective of the work carried out in this thesis was to investigate the organising principles and anatomical correlates of stored knowledge for categories of living and nonliving things. Three complementary cognitive neuropsychological research techniques were employed to assess how, and where, this knowledge is represented in the brain: (i) studies of normal (neurologically intact) subjects, (ii) case-studies of neurologically impaired patients with selective deficits in object recognition, and (iii) studies of the anatomical correlates of stored knowledge for living and nonliving things on the brain using magnetoencephalography (MEG). The main empirical findings showed that semantic knowledge about living and nonliving things is principally encoded in terms of sensory and functional features, respectively. In two case-study chapters evidence was found supporting the view that category-specific impairments can arise from damage to a pre-semantic system, rather than the assumption often made that the system involved must be semantic. In the MEG study, rather than finding evidence for the involvement of specific brain areas for different object categories, it appeared that, when subjects named and categorised living and nonliving things, a non-differentiated neural system was involved.


At puberty, the female mammary gland is transformed from a simple epithelial tubule into an elaborate ductal tree. Underlying this global change in tissue architecture are changes in the behavior of individual cells. Certain cells within the tubules are instructed to branch, whereas their neighbors, only a few cell diameters away, are not. Using a micropatterning approach to engineer mouse mammary epithelial tubules in culture, Nelson et al. show that the position of branching depends on the initial tubule geometry and is determined by a local minimum in the concentration gradient of autocrine inhibitory morphogens, including transforming growth factor-β. C. M. Nelson, M. M. VanDuijn, J. L. Inman, D. A. Fletcher, M. J. Bissell, Tissue geometry determines sites of mammary branching morphogenesis in organotypic cultures. Science 314, 298-300 (2006). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Anthropogenic legacy effects often occur as a consequence of land use change or land management and can leave behind long-lasting changes to ecosystem structure and function. This legacy is described as a memory in the form of ecological structure or ecological interactions that remains at a location from a previous condition. We examined how forested floodplain restoration strategy, based on planting intensity, influenced wetland community structure and soil chemical and physical factors after 15 years. The site was divided into 15 strips, and strips were assigned to one of five restoration treatments: plantings of acorns, 2-year-old seedlings, 5-ft bareroot trees, balled and burlapped trees, and natural seed bank regeneration. Our community composition survey revealed that plots planted with bareroot or balled and burlapped trees developed closed tree canopies with little herbaceous understory, while acorn plantings and natural colonization plots developed into dense stands of the invasive species reed canary grass (RCG; Phalaris arundinacea). Restoration strategy influenced bacterial community composition but to a lesser degree compared to the plant community response, and riverine hydrology and restoration strategy influenced wetland soil conditions. Soil ammonium concentrations and pH were similar across all wetland restoration treatments, while total organic carbon was highest in forest and RCG-dominated plots compared to mixed patches of trees and open areas. The differences in restoration strategy and associated economic investment resulted in ecological tradeoffs. The upfront investment in larger, more mature trees (i.e., bareroot, balled and burlapped) led to floodplain forested communities, while cheaper, more passive planting strategies (i.e., seedlings, seedbank, or acorns) resulted in dense stands of invasive RCG, despite the similar floodplain hydrology across all sites. Therefore, recovery of multiple ecosystem services that encompass plant and microbial-derived functions will need to include additional strategies for the recovery of plants, microbes, environment, and functions.


Introduction Accurate assessment of physical activity to identify current levels and changes within the population is dependent on the precision of the measurement tools. The aim of this study was to compare components of physical activity measured with an adapted version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Hausa IPAQ-SF) and the accelerometer in a sample of Nigeria adults. Methods One hundred and forty-four participants (Mean age = 32.6±9.9 years, 40.3% women) in a cross-sectional study wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days and completed the Hausa IPAQ-SF questionnaire on the eighth day. Total physical activity, time spent in moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA) and sedentary time assessed by Hausa IPAQ-SF and accelerometer were compared. The absolute and criterion- related validity of the Hausa IPAQ-SF was assessed by Bland-Altman analysis and Spearman Correlation Coefficients, respectively. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated to classify individuals according to the global standard guideline for sufficient physical activity. Results Compared with the accelerometer, higher time in MVPA and total physical activity were reported on the Hausa IPAQ-SF (p<0.001), while low to moderate correlations (Rs = 0.03–0.38) were found between the two methods. The 95% limits of agreement were wide between methods for total physical activity (−23019 to 20375 METmin.d−1) and sedentary time (−510 to 150 min.d−1). The sensitivity (76.2%) of Hausa IPAQ-SF to identify insufficiently active people was good, but its specificity (33.3%) to correctly classify sufficiently active people was low. Conclusions The Hausa IPAQ-SF overestimated components of physical activity among Nigerian adults, and demonstrated poor to moderate evidence of absolute and criterion validity. Further evaluation of IPAQ and other self-report physical activity instruments in other Africa populations could enhance accurate evaluation of physical activity data in the region countries.


CD44 is an adhesion molecule involved in several biological functions and the primary receptor for hyaluronan (HA). In cartilage, CD44 participates in the interplay between cells and the extracellular matrix to fine tune cellular responses to cytokines and growth factors. CD44 thus can act as a mediator between individual chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix. The extracellular domain of CD44 binds to the HA/proteoglycan rich extracellular matrix, while the intracellular domain interacts with receptors like Smad1 and with the actin cytoskeleton inside the cell. Recently, we have demonstrated that chondrocyte CD44 is proteolytically cleaved from the cell surface by an endogenous, sequential, two step process. First, there is an initial extracellular cleavage of CD44 by a matrix metalloproteinase, which releases a soluble CD44 in the extracellular matrix, followed by a gamma-secretase transmembrane cleavage, which releases an intracellular tail domain of CD44.  The main focus of this study is to understand the effects of releasing a CD44 intracellular domain (ICD) that occurs via the action of the gamma-secretase cleavage, and how intracellular accumulation of such fragments might interfere with endogenous, intact, CD44 function. The first aim evaluates whether intracellular accumulation of ICD fragments can affect CD44 ability to bind to HA and retain a pericellular coat by acting as a negative competitor. Another aim was to explore the mechanisms responsible for any effects ICD over-expression might have on CD44 function. Our data suggests that intracellular CD44-ICD over-expression exerts dominant-negative effects on full length native CD44 by competing with binding to the cytoskeleton via ankyrin-3. This is the first study that looks at possible effects of releasing multiple ICD fragments via gamma-secretase cleavage in chondrocytes and as such, will provide useful information on possible significance of CD44 fragmentation in cartilage during osteoarthritis.


The Church of Sweden has about 7.4 million members (83% of the country's total population) and since the beginning of the 16th century has been an Evangelical Lutheran Church. During all this time the church has been closely connected with the state. That situation came to an end recently. On 1 January 2000 the Church of Sweden was disestablished and is now recognized as a free church. This has not changed the basic role of the church in Swedish society or. the church itself. However, the church now has a new Church Ordinance (1) that provides a new starting point for the church's effort to understand what it means to be a church for the "here and now". Another consequence of disestablishment is that the state no longer will guarantee or secure the wellbeing of the church. The church now bears sole responsibility for raising the funds it needs. Only by being relevant can the church keep its members, achieve financial stability and have a role to play in society. A third effect is that the Church of Sweden, though remaining the majority church, is now one among others, and shares almost the same conditions as all the other denominations in the country. Ecumenically this is important. In the Church Ordinance the parish is said to be the local pastoral area: The Church of Sweden appears locally as a parish. This is the primary unit of the church. The fundamental commission of the parish is to hold divine services and to engage in teaching, in diaconal ministry and in mission. The aim is that people shall come to faith in Christ and live in faith, a Christian communion be established and deepened, the reign of God be spread and the creation be restored. Everything else carried out by the parish is in support of and a consequence of this fundamental commission. (2) As we have seen, the fundamental commission has four different dimensions, viz, divine service, teaching, diaconia and mission. These four perspectives are interdependent and inseparable. The word "mission" is important in this context; previously, the Church Ordinance used "evangelization". The change of word has been consciously made and is theologically grounded. In the past, "evangelization" was used to indicate that the church had to keep the Swedish people rooted in the Christian gospel because Sweden was considered a Christian country. Most people regarded "mission" as an activity that took place outside Sweden, with a focus on bringing the gospel to "unreached" people. Since 1874, the Church of Sweden Mission has been the church's official agent for this purpose, and for cooperation with other churches, mainly in the southern hemisphere. Mission work has always been considered a responsibility of the whole church and described appropriately as the Church of Sweden Mission, rather than as a task carrie d out by a mission society or by dedicated people only. When the word mission is used today the understanding is broadened; it is a way to express a self-understanding, and is also an interpretation of what the commission of the church in Sweden now is and how we look upon ourselves in relation to other churches. Mission is an essential part of the identity of the church and belongs to its very being. It is a continuation of the task given to the disciples by Jesus when he sent them into the world. God supports people in their work of mission by the continual sending of the Spirit, a Spirit which constantly refers to the picture of Jesus Christ as giving mission its root. This trinitarian aspect is crucial for an understanding of mission that is inextricably linked with what it means to be a church. The result is an ecclesiology that cannot accept any church that does not see that mission is essential to its being. Mission refers to the commission of the whole church and is consequently the sending of every parish into the world. In this regard, national and inter national aspects cannot be separated. They are interdependent and linked to each other, in the same way as there is but one, holy, catholic and apostolic church. …


The Morris Water Maze Behavioural Test is a universal method for testing cognitive functions in experimental rodents, and it is especially effective in detecting deviations in memory functions and learning, which makes it indispensable in the study of neurodegenerative diseases, effect of therapeutic drugs, rodent stroke and aging models etc. However, despite the wide range of possible applications, data analysis makes the use of this test difficult. Currently, automated tracking and analysis programs of rodent moving are becoming to be popular. Thus, our goal was to develop and create an available quality product, which will allow the scientist to carry out research as efficiently as possible doing various options of the "Morris water maze" using latest modern parameters. In this article, we analyze different types of the Morris water maze methodology and the current scientific parameters of this test to understand the necessary and optimal capabilities of the future program, then to overcome the limitations of the systems currently available we have combined detection and tracking techniques into one standalone tool. The result of the work is a software product that allows to quickly and accurately detect the trajectory of animal moving in the water, and also provides parameters for evaluating the cognitive functions of memory and learning.


Epitheliocystis is a Chlamydia-like, obligate intracellular bacterial condition that affects the gills and skin of finfish. To date, epitheliocystis have occurred in both wild and farmed fish populations and have been described in over 90 fish species worldwide, including hosts from marine and freshwater environments. In Australia, the condition has been reported from economically important species, such as yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi), barramundi (Lates calcarifer) and silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus). It is characterised by the presence of membrane-enclosed basophilic inclusions in host epithelial cells and can cause a severe proliferative host response, including swollen gills, excessive mucus production and respiratory distress. Affected fish, especially those in commercial culture, exhibit lethargy, surface gaping and reduced growth. Epitheliocystis can cause mortalities of up to 100% in commercially cultured fish.
While over ten species from Australian waters have been reported with epitheliocystis infections, there is however very little information available on the infection levels of this condition in both wild and farmed fish in Australia. In addition, the diversity of Chlamydia-like epitheliocystis agent(s) is not fully known and as it stands, no epitheliocystis agent has been characterised in the Southern Hemisphere.
The overall objective of this thesis was to study the disease epitheliocystis in wild and farmed Australian finfish and to gain a greater understanding of the aetiological agent(s) involved. To address this objective the following specific aims were studied:
a) Investigate and document infection levels in wild and farmed fish, and determine which factors affect epitheliocystis outbreaks
b) Characterise epitheliocystis agents from at least two species of Australian fish
c) Critically review the current understanding of the role of Chlamydia-like organisms found in association with epitheliocystis
Much still needs to be learnt about the epidemiology of chlamydial infections in fish. Due to the inherent nature of intracellular bacteria requiring a host cell to survive, there is currently no in vitro method to culture these bacteria in pure form. As a result, Koch's postulates are not possible to fulfil at this time and the molecular postulates developed by Fredricks and Relman were used instead to prove the disease causation relationship.
This thesis presents the results for epitheliocystis in six species of finfish of Australian origin. Three wild caught species, jack mackerel (Trachurus declivis), sand flathead (Platycephalus bassensis) and tiger flathead (Neoplatycephalus richardsoni), were surveyed to document the natural prevalence rates of epitheliocystis in Eastern Tasmanian waters. Histology of gill tissue revealed epitheliocystis to be present in all three species. In addition, there was a significant correlation of increasing prevalence of epitheliocystis with a decrease in seawater temperature. This was the first published report of epitheliocystis in both sand flathead and tiger flathead.
Three commercially farmed species, yellowtail kingfish, striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) and barramundi were also studied. Gill tissue from yellowtail kingfish, striped trumpeter and barramundi were sampled for histology, 16S rRNA amplification and sequencing, in situ hybridisation and transmission electron microscopy. Epitheliocystis was present in all commercial species tested by histology. DNA analysis revealed the presence of novel Chlamydia-like 16S rRNA sequences from gill DNA of all three fish species, and were found to be only 87-88% similar to their nearest known relative, the previously published 'Candidatus Piscichlamydia salmonis' (AY462244) from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Supporting the Chlamydia-like result was the in situ hybridisation and transmission electron microscopy, revealing that the bacteria inside the cysts were in fact Chlamydia-like. From comprehensive phylogenetic analysis, it was found that a novel family lineage, two novel genera lineages and three novel species lineages within the Order Chlamydiales had been discovered and these were then described. These novel bacteria were named 'Ca. Parilichlamydia carangidicola', 'Ca. Similichlamydia latridicola' and 'Ca. Similichlamydia laticola', from yellowtail kingfish, striped trumpeter and barramundi, respectively. The most exciting find, a horizontal transmission route of the Chlamydia-like bacteria causing epitheliocystis infections in barramundi, is a world first. The molecular characterisation and description of these epitheliocystis aetiological agents reported in this thesis are the first of their kind of Chlamydia-like bacteria associated with epitheliocystis from any fish species found in the southern hemisphere.
These chlamydial infections of fish are becoming more broadly recognised by researchers and farmers as an important cause of disease, especially within commercial aquaculture. Aided by advances in molecular detection and typing, recent years have seen an explosion in the description of these epitheliocystis-related chlamydial pathogens of fish, significantly broadening our knowledge of the genetic diversity of the Order Chlamydiales. Remarkably, in most cases, each new piscine host studied has revealed the presence of a phylogenetically unique and novel chlamydial pathogen. The work presented in this thesis has made a significant contribution to the knowledge of epitheliocystis and its many aetiological agents.


A variational level set method is developed for the supervised classification problem. Nonlinear classifier decision boundaries are obtained by minimizing an energy functional that is composed of an empirical risk term with a margin-based loss and a geometric regularization term new to machine learning: the surface area of the decision boundary. This geometric level set classifier is analyzed in terms of consistency and complexity through the calculation of its e-entropy. For multicategory classification, an efficient scheme is developed using a logarithmic number of decision functions in the number of classes rather than the typical linear number of decision functions. Geometric level set classification yields performance results on benchmark data sets that are competitive with well-established methods.


In response to a major gap in evidence regarding treatment outcomes among asylum-based refugees. the primary objective of the thesis was to investigate adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and virological outcomes among refugees and to compare these outcomes with local host communities in one urban, Southeast Asia setting (Sungai Buloh, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia) and one remote sub-Saharan refugee camp (Kakuma. Kenya) setting. Given limited resources for expanding treatment, questions have been raised as to whether refugees can achieve sufficient levels of adherence and viral suppression to justify sustaining and expanding access. Data sources included a structured questionnaire with self-reported adherence measures, a pharmacy-based prescription refill measure, HIV viral loads, and indepth interviews. Analyses made use of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The thesis begins by presenting the rationale, aims, research questions, and a description of preparatory work. Paper One presents the results of a systematic review of the literature on adherence to HAART and treatment outcomes among conflict-affected and forcibly displaced populations. finding only 17 reports, five of which included less than <100 clients, adherence estimates in the range of 87-99.5%, and good treatment outcomes. Papers Two and Three present the quantitative findings from both settings, finding no differences in outcomes between refugees and the host community in either setting, but a large difference between the settings. In Malaysia, 83% of clients on HAART for 2:25 weeks were suppressed while only II % were suppressed in Kenya. Female sex, longer time from HIV diagnosis to HAART start, and optimal adherence pharmacy refill schedule were protective in the Malaysian setting while temporary migration for 2: I month (in the previous year) and 2: I hour average transit time to clinic were
independent risk factors. Larger household sizes were protective in the Kenyan setting. Paper Four offers an account of patient experiences based on the qualitative findings from both settings, and suggests that systemic barriers and resilient strategies were prevalent in both
settings; however. intensive systemic barriers appeared to overwhelm personal resilience in the camp setting. Paper Five positions the work in the context of previous and future research and makes recommendations for programs and policy. The thesis concludes by suggesting that. just
as good treatment outcomes were shown to be achievable in a range of forcibly displaced groups. asylum-based refugees were also capable of treatment success and maintain outcomes similar to those of the host communities. There is a clear public health and humanitarian interest
in guaranteeing access to ART, promoting optimal adherence. and sustaining viral suppression in all who are in need of treatment. When problems in achieving and sustaining viral suppression occurred, they were not typically due to previous forced displacement, or refugee
status itself. Overall, refugees ought to have equal access to HIV treatment based on the principles of fairness, human rights, and individual and population-based public health benefits. Since HIV-positive individuals on HAART with good adherence will rarely transmit HIV to their sexual partners, it is in the enlightened self-interest of host country governments to support HIV programs that serve HIV -positive refugees and host clients equally.


SUMMARY The catastrophic 2003 M w 6.6 Bam earthquake in southern Iran attracted much attention, and has been studied with an abundance of observations from synthetic aperture radar, teleseismic seismology, aftershock studies, strong ground motion, geomorphology, remote sensing and surface field work. Many reports have focused on the details of one or other data type, producing interpretations that either conflict with other data or leave questions unanswered. This paper is an attempt to look at all the available data types together, to produce a coherent picture of the coseismic faulting in 2003 and to examine its consequences for active tectonics and continuing seismic hazard in the region. We conclude that more than 80 per cent of the moment release in the main shock occurred on a near-vertical right-lateral strike-slip fault extending from the city of Bam southwards for about 15 km, with slip of up t o2mb utmostly restricted to the depth range 2‐7 km. Analysis of the strong ground motion record at Bam is consistent with this view, and indicates that the extreme damage in the city can be attributed, at least in part, to the enhancement of ground motion in Bam because of its position at the end of the northward-propagating rupture. Little of the slip in the main shock reached the Earth's surface and, more importantly, aftershocks reveal that ∼12 km vertical extent of a deeper part of the fault system remained unruptured beneath the coseismic rupture plane, at depths of 8‐20 km. This may represent a substantial remaining seismic hazard to the reconstructed city of Bam. We believe that some oblique-reverse slip (up to 2 m, and less than 20 per cent of the released seismic moment) occurred at a restricted depth of 5‐7 km on a blind west-dipping fault that projects to the surface at the Bam-Baravat escarpment, an asymmetric anticline ridge that is the most prominent geomorphological feature in the area. This fault did not rupture significantly at shallow levels in 2003, and it may also represent a continuing seismic hazard. Widespread distributed surface ruptures north of the city are apparently unrelated to substantial slip at depth, and may be the result of enhanced ground motion related to northward propagation of the rupture. The faulting at Bam may be in the early stages of a spatial separation ('partitioning') between the reverse and strike-slip components of an oblique convergence across the zone. Such a separation is common on the continents, though in this case the slip vectors between the two faults differ only by ∼20 ◦ as a substantial strike-slip component remains on the obliquereverse fault. The Bam earthquake is one in a series of large earthquakes involving faulting along the western edge of the Lut desert. In addition to the unruptured parts of the faults near Bam itself, continuing and substantial hazard is represented by unruptured neighbouring faults, particularly blind thrusts along the Jebel Barez mountains to the south and strike-slip faulting at Sarvestan to the west.


This paper reports the results of empirical and model based analysis of extreme flood events observed in a small basin situated in a humid region. Based on second order analysis of observed rainfall we have identified a cluster point rainfall model for each month separately. Hydrograph analysis provides information about the characteristics of the hydrologie response during flood events. Model based analysis of hydrologie response is used to study the dominating runoff processes in the catchment. In this study, we use a distributed version of Topmodel (Beven & Kirkby, 1979; Sivapalan et al., 1987) to model runoff generation. The runoff generation model relies on a topographic index to predict saturation excess runoff and on Philip's infiltration equation to predict infiltration excess runoff. The relative roles of initial conditions, soil properties, and rainfall rate in determining hydrologie response in the basin are investigated. The flood frequency distribution seems to be quite insensitive to scaled maximum rainfall intensity. However, in the catchment under study, the flood frequency distribution is very much affected by the scaled initial storage capacity.


MARY ELLEN MARK achieved worldwide visibility through her numerous books, exhibitions and editorial magazine work. She published photo-essays and portraits in such publications as LIFE, New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, Rolling Stone, and Vanity Fair. For over five decades, she traveled extensively to make pictures that reflect a high degree of humanism. She is recognized as one of our most respected and influential photographers. Her images of our world's diverse cultures have become landmarks in the field of documentary photography. Her portrayals of Mother Teresa, Indian circuses, and brothels in Bombay were the product of many years of work in India. A photo essay on runaway children in Seattle became the basis of the academy award nominated film STREETWISE, directed and photographed by her husband, Martin Bell.

Mary Ellen received the 2014 Lifetime Achievement in Photography Award from the George Eastman House as well as the Outstanding Contribution Photography Award from the World Photography Organisation. She has also received the Infinity Award for Journalism, an Erna & Victor Hasselblad Foundation Grant, and a Walter Annenberg Grant for her book and exhibition project on AMERICA. Among her other awards are the Cornell Capa Award from the International Center of Photography, the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, the Matrix Award for outstanding woman in the field of film/photography, and the Dr. Erich Salomon Award for outstanding merits in the field of journalistic photography. She was also presented with honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degrees from her Alma Mater, the University of Pennsylvania and the University of the Arts; three fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts; the Photographer of the Year Award from the Friends of Photography; the World Press Award for Outstanding Body of Work Throughout the Years; the Victor Hasselblad Cover Award; two Robert F. Kennedy Awards; and the Creative Arts Award Citation for Photography at Brandeis University.


Context: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease, with an increasing prevalence in India, as is seen in the recent studies. Beta-Interferon is the most widely used treatment option. There is a paucity of studies on beta-interferon in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) in India. Aims: To study the efficacy, compliance, and side effect profiles of patients on beta-interferon, with a diagnosis of RRMS, and also look at other factors, such as, affordability, preference, and availability. Settings and Design: A retrospective-prospective design. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with a diagnosis of RRMS were included in the study. They were followed up regularly while on beta-interferon. All patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, plain and contrast, and the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score was assessed at regular intervals. Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was done using the SPSS 15.0 version. Results: The mean age was 36.25 ± 12.24 years, with a female:male ratio of 2.3:1. The majority were unemployed, and hence, were dependent on their families for treatment. There was a significant delay from diagnosis to start of interferon therapy, the mean duration being 29.95 months. Oligoclonal bands (OB) were positive in 70% of the subjects. Seventeen patients were on interferon beta 1a intramuscular and three patients on interferon beta 1a subcutaneous injections. The mean relapse rates per patient before and after starting beta interferon were 1.85 and 0.55 respectively. First dose fever was the most common side effect. Headache, myalgia, and psychiatric symptoms were also seen. Periventricular and juxtacortical lesions were the most common radiological sites. Conclusions: Beta-interferon is an effective and safe therapy in Indian patients with RRMS. However very few patients have been able to continue it as a long-term therapy, due to financial constraints.


Large retrieval errors in column‐weighted CO2 mixing ratio (XCO2) over deserts are evident in the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 version 7 L2 products. We argue that these errors are caused by the surface albedo being close to a critical surface albedo (αc). Over a surface with albedo close to αc, increasing the aerosol optical depth (AOD) does not change the continuum radiance. The spectral signature caused by changing the AOD is identical to that caused by changing the absorbing gas column. The degeneracy in the retrievals of AOD and XCO2 results in a loss of degrees of freedom and information content. We employ a two‐stream‐exact single scattering radiative transfer model to study the physical mechanism of XCO2 retrieval error over a surface with albedo close to αc. Based on retrieval tests over surfaces with different albedos, we conclude that over a surface with albedo close to αc, the XCO2 retrieval suffers from a significant loss of accuracy. We recommend a bias correction approach that has significantly improved the XCO2 retrieval from the California Laboratory for Atmospheric Remote Sensing data in the presence of aerosol loading.


A number of market factors are generally acknowledged for having the potential to add alpha over the benchmark indexes over time. They include value, quality, price momentum, and low volatility. Exchange-traded funds have commoditized these factors, making them available at a very nominal fee. In contrast, nontraditional or alternative research data can be used to improve performance in both actively and passively managed portfolios, but obtaining and using these data can be challenging for many investment professionals. Challenges include knowing the sourcing methods for alternative data, understanding the mechanisms by which alternative data can and cannot generate alpha, identifying which types of investments benefit the most from nontraditional data, and learning how to implement alternative data strategies in real-world portfolios. This article is a primer for investment professionals seeking to learn more about how to best use alternative data sources, such as web scraping, as a new form of fundamental data for tactically or quantitatively managed active portfolios or as alternate selection and weighting strategies for tracking tolerant smart beta applications. TOPICS: Exchange-traded funds and applications, analysis of individual factors/risk premia, big data/machine learning, portfolio construction


Energy diaphragm walls for Turin metro: The increasing need for renewable sources of energy for heating and cooling of buildings and infrastructures makes energy geostructures an innovative and interesting technology, which is rapidly spreading all around the world. The application of this technology to section 1 of the Line 2 of Metro Torino (Italy), currently under design, is here investigated. The objective is to quantify, by means of Finite Element Thermo-Hydraulic simulations, the heat that could be extracted from and injected into the ground by the geothermal activation of the diaphragm walls and base slab of the tunnels.


The hypothesis central to this study is that distinctly Aboriginal patterns of relationship between humans and dogs are still evident in contemporary Aboriginal groups. The relationship's sociological characteristics in traditional and contemporary settings and its implications for canine and human health are also investigated.

Field research employing survey, quantitative observation and specimen analysis techniques was conducted in 9 Western Australian Aboriginal groups of various backgrounds and settings. Results were compared to historic-traditional accounts and dog ownership studies in non-Aboriginal groups.

Traditionally dogs served Aboriginals most importantly for supernatural protection and to assist the collection of small game by women. In non-isolated groups, traditional utilitarian motives were superseded by the Western concept of dogs as companions.

Demographically, the Aboriginal dog populations surveyed were relatively large, and most dogs were classified as medium sized non-descript cross-breds.

Dogs were more commonly owned by adult and aged individuals, rather than by family units as is the Western cultural norm. Most dogs remained with their original owner and retained their original name for life.

Traditional values of respect towards dogs were compromised to the discriminatory care of higher status animals only, effecting selection pressure against undesirable dogs, particularly females. Similarly, while many aged people were opposed to culling, most respondents regarded community pup production as excessive and accepted culling as necessary. Nevertheless prevention was the preferred option, with strong support for the previously unfamiliar concept of ovariohysterectomy.

Pups were raised in some respects like children in the traditional manner, indulgence giving way in adulthood to expectations of self-reliance rather than obedience. Most dogs were in good physical and psychological condition, though more likely to be afflicted by sarcoptic mange than other Australian dogs. Other parasites occurred at or below expected frequencies.

Close physical contact with dogs coupled with favourable microclimates allowed ample opportunity for transmission of canine zoonoses, but the actual risk to human health remains poorly documented.


Network clustering reveals the organization of a network or corresponding complex system with elements represented as vertices and interactions as edges in a (directed, weighted) graph. Although the notion of clustering can be somewhat loose, network clusters or groups are generally considered as nodes with enriched interactions and edges sharing common patterns. Statistical inference often treats groups as latent variables, with observed networks generated from latent group structure, termed a stochastic block model. Regardless of the definitions, statistical inference can be either translated to modularity maximization, which is provably an NP-complete problem.
Here we present scalable and reliable algorithms that recover hierarchical stochastic block models fast and accurately. Our algorithm scales almost linearly in number of edges, and inferred models were more accurate that other scalable methods.


Models of water movement in unsaturated soils require accurate representations of the soil moisture retention and hydraulic conductivity curves; however, commonly used laboratory methods and pedotransfer functions (PTFs) are rarely verified against field conditions. In this study, we investigated the effects of using soil hydraulic property information obtained from different measurement and estimation techniques on one‐dimensional model predictions of soil moisture content. Pairs of time domain reflectometry waveguides and tensiometers were installed at two depths in the side of a soil pit face to obtain in situ measurements. Undisturbed soil samples were taken near the instruments and subjected to particle size analysis, multistep outflow (MSO), and falling‐head permeability tests to obtain estimates of the soil moisture retention curves. Three scaling methods were then applied to improve the fit of the various estimates to the field data. We found that soil hydraulic property estimates obtained from inverse methods lead to the best simulations of soil moisture dynamics, and that laboratory MSO tests or commonly used PTFs perform poorly. These laboratory and PTF estimates can be dramatically improved, however, by simply constraining the range of possible moisture contents to the minimum and maximum measured in the field. It appears that this method of scaling PTF results can be used to obtain soil hydraulic property inputs of sufficient accuracy for plot‐scale modeling efforts without requiring expensive laboratory or in situ tests.


There is a strong need for a methodology that minimizes total power, which inherently includes device design, for short-distance optical link applications (chip-to-chip or board-to-board communications). We present such a power optimization methodology for a modulator-based optical link, where we do a full 3-D modulator parameter optimization, keeping the power of the entire link in mind. We find for low bit rates (10 Gb/s) that the optimum operational voltage for the modulator was within the supply voltage at the 65-nm technology node. At higher bit rates, the optimum voltage is found to increase and go beyond the stipulated supply voltage. In such a case, a suboptimum operation at the supply voltage incurs a 46% power penalty at 25 Gb/s. Having obtained the optimum modulator design and operation parameters and the corresponding total link power dissipation, we examine the impact of device and system parameters on the optimization. We find that a smaller device capacitance is an efficient solution to push the optimum swing voltage to be within the supply voltage. This is feasible using monolithically integrated Ge-based complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible modulator and metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors.


Objective: To assess agreement between Cochrane Neonatal Group reviews and clinical practice guidelines in Denmark. Design: Retrospective analysis of clinical guidelines for newborn infants. Materials: All Cochrane neonatal reviews and Danish clinical guidelines for newborn infants. Main outcome measures: The recommendations from the Cochrane reviews and local clinical guidelines were compared and classified as being in agreement, in partial agreement or in disagreement. Authors of guidelines were asked whether Cochrane reviews had been considered during guideline development and reasons for any disagreements. Heterogeneity among departments was assessed. Results: 173 interventions evaluated in Cochrane neonatal reviews were included. All 17 Danish neonatal departments agreed to participate, but only 14 (82%) delivered data. Agreement between reviews and guidelines was observed for a median of 132 interventions (76%) (range 129–134), partial agreement was observed for 31 interventions (18%) (range 29–33), and disagreement was observed for 10 interventions (6%) (range 8–13) (κ  = 0.56, range 0.53–0.59). Most of the latter 10 interventions were not recommended in the reviews but were recommended in the guidelines. There were numerous reasons for disagreement, the most common being usage of evidence with higher bias risks than randomised trials in guidelines development. Overall, Cochrane reviews were rarely (10%) used during guideline development. For nine guideline topics (5%) there was diversity among the Danish departments' recommendations. Conclusions: There is good agreement between Cochrane reviews and neonatal guidelines in Denmark. However, Cochrane reviews were rarely used for guideline development. Heterogeneity among guidelines produced by the various neonatal departments seems moderate.


The purpose of this study was intended to investigate the current system of early intervention in Taiwan in order to understand the problems encountered and provide the coping strategies for improving the services. Documentary analysis and phone interview were employed in the study to collect the research data needed. The sample of phone interview consisted of 18 professionals from 14 municipalities and counties (cities) selected by the purposive-stratified basis. The self-developed semi-structured Early Intervention Questionnaire was used to collect the phone interview data. The modified analysis and the constant comparative method were adopted to treat the data.The results of the study revealed that the Early Intervention Service Implementation Program for Children with Developmental Delays is the policy foundation for the finding, assessment and intervention of young children with special needs in Taiwan. The Early Intervention Notification, Referral and Case Management Center for Children with Developmental Delays and the Center of Team Evaluation for Children's Development in all municipalities and counties (cities) seem to be the core framework for early intervention. The current early intervention generally seems to have such functional problems as shortage of funding and professional manpower, poor coordination among social welfare, health and education agencies and organizations, low rate of notification for screening (especially for the ages 0-3), weak parental willingness to receive services, lack of assessment and intervention resources, as well as the reliability and validity problems in assessment instruments. Some coping strategies in accordance with these problems were also recommended in the study.


Observational research on the social impact of cell phone usage in public places suggests that the mere pres- ence of cell phones in public conflicts the private and public spheres and inhibits social interaction with proximate others (strangers or known persons). The purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model for which social effects of cell phone usage in public places documented in observational studies can be empirically tested. In this paper, we discuss various variables to consider in the study of cell phone usage (CPU) and social interaction with proximate others (SIPO). We offer a modest experiment of CPU in the context of social participation, a form of social interaction. Focusing on helping behavior in particular, results indicate that while on the cell phone, users are less likely to offer help. Findings im- ply that CPU in public places can distract users from social responsibilities, as they neglect the environment surrounding them.


The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) calls for cost-effective measures to achieve a good status in all European ground, surface and coastal waters. Besides eutrophication, the degradation of hydro-morphology is the main reason for failing the WFD's objectives in Germany. In this paper , we conceptualize the interactive decision support process BASINFORM-M for finding proper locations for river restora tion. The method combines the recently proposed stepping stone concept from aquatic ecology with elements from cost-effectiveness analysis, multi-criteria analysis and participatory approaches. BASINFORM-M exemplifies a shift away from the isolated resto ration of single river reaches to wards a consideration of functional relationships within the whole river network. In doing so, it satisfies the WFD's requirement of considering cost-effectiveness without neglecting other important evaluation criteria.


As a part of environmental pollution prevention and resources recycling, the regeneration of waste tire has been largely contributed to national industry. But, the worker has been evaded this regeneration process by reason of the best mischievous process condition among 3D industries. So, the first, the process condition of regenerating waste tire was analyzed. The second, the equipment or system was developed for the improvement of working strength and environment. The last, researchers intend to solve these problems.


The growth in agricultural and food production has not completely solved the problem of food security in Russia. Consumption of certain food products (milk, vegetables, fruits) is below rational consumption standards. A significant proportion of food provision is imported products. Since the imposition of international sanctions and the counter-embargo, imports have declined. For 2013-2017, imports of food and agricultural raw materials declined from USD 43.3 bln to USD 28.8 bln, or by 33.5%. The proportion of imports in the formation of food resources is about 25%. An indicator, characterizing food security is the level of self-sufficiency of the country in basic agricultural products. In recent years, this indicator is growing, but for some types of products (fruits, milk, and vegetables) it is not high enough. The authors reveal the risks in the food security sphere and offer measures to minimize them. In solving the food problem, important is import substitution based on increasing the proportion of domestic resources in the production of agricultural products and food (seeds of sugar beet, sunflower, vegetable crops, breeding animals, breeding eggs, veterinary drugs, machinery, and equipment). Particularly acute is the problem of food security in the production and consumption of fruits, vegetables, and milk. The solution to this problem can be achieved by the improvement of state support, the concentration of production in agricultural organizations and peasant (farmer) households, where there are favorable conditions for the innovative development of these industries, as well as the organization of agricultural products storage and processing in the places of its production, and the creation of consumer cooperatives.


Let H be the Hankel matrix formed from a sequence of real numbers S = {a0 = 1, a1, a2, a3, ...}, and let L denote the lower triangular matrix obtained from the Gaussian column reduction of H. This paper gives a matrix-theoretic proof that the associated Stieltjes matrix SL is a tri-diagonal matrix. It is also shown that for any sequence (of nonzero real numbers) T = {d0 = 1, d1, d2 , d3, ...} there are infinitely many sequences such that the determinant sequence of the Hankel matrix formed from those sequences is T .


S ince at least the late 1980s, environmental writers have made growing use of the explicit Christian language of "the Creation." Two 1990s books by environmental authors, for example, are Caring for Creation (Oelschlaeger 1994) and Covenant for a New Creation ( Robb and Casebolt 1991). The magazine of the Natural Resources Defense Council describes the need for a greater "spiritual bond between ourselves and the natural world similar to God's covenant with creation" (Borelli 1988). Natural environments isolated historically from European contact are commonly described as having once been an "Eden" or a "paradise" on the earth— similar to the Creation before the fall (McCormick 1989; "Inside the World's Last Eden" 1992). Such creationist language has also invaded mainstream environmental politics. During his tenure as vice president, Al Gore said that we must cease "heaping contempt on God's creation" (qtd. in Niebuhr 1993). In a 1995 speech remarkable for its religious candor, Secretary of the Interior Bruce Babbitt said that "our covenant" requires that we "protect the whole of Creation." Invoking messages reminiscent of John Muir, Babbitt argued that wild areas are a source of our core "values" because they are "a manifestation of the presence of our Creator." It is necessary to protect every animal and plant species, Babbitt said, because "the earth is a sacred precinct, designed by and for the purposes of the Creator," and thus we can learn about God by encountering and experiencing his creation.


Writing under the pseudonym "Jotabeche," Jose Joaquin Vallejo wrote forty-one short articles on Chilean life and society in the early republic. Known for their caustic wit, his writings were an instant success when they were first published in Chilean magazines and newspapers. This volume presents these vivid essays for the first time in English. Vallejo made famous the style of writing termed "costumbrista"-sketches and vignettes of society and local customs. He focused on the Norte Chico, or the mining zone of Copiapo where he was born and where he lived most of his later life. His essays include vivid studies of mineworkers; the advancement of modernity in the steamships at Caldera; the religious, intensely cultural province of Copiapo; and the general atmosphere of liberalism beginning to pervade the country of Chile during that time. Considered the founder of his country's "genuinely national literature," he is the first creative writer of stature to emerge in Chile after the country's wars of independence. A provincial northerner, his writings give a sense of what these parts of Chile looked and felt like during the years of the early Chilean republic, and are consequently of ultimate value.


Extant research on parental involvement in education has been conducted largely without respect to which parent is involved. The implicit assumption is that family–school relationship frameworks function similarly for fathers and mothers. Although there is a growing body of research examining fathers' involvement in education, this assumption has not been tested. In this meta-analysis, we examined the relative strength of the association between educational involvement of fathers versus mothers and achievement of school-age children (kindergarten to 12th grade). The association of involvement with achievement over time (i.e., longitudinal studies) was stronger than for cross-sectional studies. Parental involvement in education was positively associated with student achievement and the relation between involvement and achievement was equally strong for fathers and mothers, although mothers' mean levels of involvement were higher than fathers'. Moderator analyses across the different types of involvement suggested that school-based involvement and intellectual enrichment at home was more strongly related to achievement for mothers than for fathers, although there were no differences in mean levels of involvement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)


The last few years have seen a proliferation of programs by Western states and international agencies designed, in broad terms, to promote reforms in the Chinese judicial system. What is not clear, however, is whether there has been systematic thinking about the precise goals to be sought in these and other projects, whether these goals are appropriate, and indeed whether their achievement can even be ascertained in some measurable way. This paper is an attempt to think about what we know, what we might want to know, and what we can know about China's judicial system, broadly defined. A key finding of this paper is that information about China's judicial system, even in the form of reliable and representative statistics, is not always what it seems to be. In other words, without a deeper understanding of the actual functioning of China's courts and other legal institutions, it is very easy to look for the wrong type of information and to misinterpret the information we have. Like the drunk in the joke who looked for his lost car keys under the streetlamp because the light was better there, we can be tempted to overvalue the importance of features of China's judicial system that can be measured by easily obtainable data. Thus, a priority in an empirical research agenda at this stage of our understanding should be further research into the actual functioning of China's various legal institutions so that we can have a better idea of what questions to ask.


A comprehensive review of the literature on deoxidation and inclusion formation has been carried out, including the results of both laboratory experiments and full scale plant trials. The main areas for discussion have been:- (i) Nucleation of inclusions. (ii) Growth and elimination of inclusions. (iii) Effect of steelmaking variables on inclusion formation. (iv) Reoxidation of steel. (v) Steel-refractory interactions. The experimental work has comprised a number of planned investigations into the types of oxide inclusions present at various stages during the steelmaking, tapping and teeming of several qualities of steel made by basic electric arc and open-hearth processes. A series of trials aimed at improving steel cleanness have been carried out and it has been possible to study the effects of numerous process variables during steelmaking on the nature of the non-metallic inclusions in the liquid metal.It has been shown that despite a bath of steel being relatively free from inclusions prior to tapping, the entrainment of exogenous material (e.g. slag, reoxidation and refractory erosion products) during tapping and teeming can result in quality problems and/or reduced yield. Ladle refractory erosion is a major source of inclusions, particularly in higher manganese steels, and the practice of slag-metal mixing during tapping to effect desulphurisation has been shown to lead to slag-based inclusions in the ingot.The formation of alumina agglomerates in 25 t slab ingots of carbon-manganese-niobium steel has been studied. A steelmaking practice aimed at reducing the incidence of these agglomerates and improving ductility has been developed involving among other things, a full aluminium deoxidation practice, 70% Al[2]O[3] ladle refractories and argon shrouding of the teeming stream.An attempt has been made to account for the changes in the types of oxide inclusions throughout the steelmaking of each trial cast. Finally, brief consideration has been given to possible methods of further improving steel cleanness.


This paper examines the use of phonetic variation in word-final rhotics among nineteen adult new speakers of Scottish Gaelic, i.e. speakers who did not acquire the language through intergenerational transmission. Our speakers learned Gaelic as adults and are now highly advanced users of the language. We consider variation in their rhotic productions compared to the productions of six older traditional speakers. Previous approaches to variation in second language users have either focussed on how variable production will eventually result in native-like 'target' forms (Type 1 study), or have investigated the extent to which second language users reproduce patterns of variation similar to 'native speakers' (Type 2 study). We additionally draw on sociocultural approaches to Second Language Acquisition and apply notions of accent aim, identity construction and learning motivation in order to fully explore the data. In doing so, we advocate a 'Type 3' approach to variation in second language users.


Multiple pregnancy differs from singleton pregnancy in several aspects, including increased risk of preeclampsia, fetal malformation, maternal morbidity, and mortal ity. However, certainly, prematurity is a fundamental concern when twin gestation is approached, due to the frequency of this disease and also to the severity of preterm birth, which unfortunately can also occur near to the fetal viability limit. Labor in twin pregnancy generally occurs before singleton pregnancy. Nevertheless, another factor can contribute to raise even more preterm birth rates in this already high-risk gestation: the short cervix. Although only 1–2% of twin pregnancy present short cervix at transvaginal ultrasound, this association increases the chance of unfavorable outcome for the new - born, frequently causing death of one or both twins. So, many strategies were proposed to minimize this catastrophic situation: follow-up of cervical length to prevent preterm birth, pessary use, progesterone, tocolysis to postpone birth in 48 hours to 7 days in order to use corticosteroids in fetal pulmonary maturation, and magnesium sulfate use to neuroprotection.


The evaluation of patients' satisfaction has become an important issue in the assessment of health care system because it is a key determinant of healthcare quality. Providers of health care service in the Old City of Jerusalem are divided into three main categories: Israelis, Palestinians and international organizations, but all of them are operating under the Israeli administration. Consequently, the comparison between different health care providers in the city led to different level of satisfaction among the patients. This study aims to assess the patients' satisfaction as a tool to monitor and evaluate the quality of the primary health care services in the Old City of Jerusalem by investigating the main factors that affect the patient satisfaction and identifying the main problems facing the health sector in the city. A combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was applied to this research using questionnaires and interviews to collect primary data. Descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis were used to evaluate patients' satisfaction in the Old City of Jerusalem. Study findings showed dissatisfaction of the Arab community in the city towards some of the health care services such as emergency services, x-ray services, provision of bone specialist services and working hours of health care centers. The result of the regression analysis showed four factors that have effects on patients' satisfaction in the Old City of Jerusalem which includes hierarchically, time and access, physical environment in the health care centers, cost and health insurance, and comprehensiveness and quality of the health care. Therefore, there is a critical need to improve the health services sector in the Old City of Jerusalem. Both Israeli and Palestinian authorities as well as the nongovernmental health organizations in the Old City of Jerusalem should pay more attention towards improving the quality of health care centers by providing more facilities and doctors especially bone specialists, obstetricians, pediatricians, x-ray departments and laboratory services, so that the people in the study area do not have to go outside of the walls to get these health services.


No More Silence is the first oral history of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, from eyewitness accounts through the police reactions, investigations, and aftermath. Based on in-depth interviews conducted in Dallas, it features narratives of forty-nine key eyewitnesses, police officers, deputy sheriffs, and government officials. Here—in many cases for the first time—participants are allowed to speak for themselves without interpretation, editing, or rewording to fit some preconceived speculation. Unlike the testimony given in the Warren Commission volumes, the contributors openly state their opinions regarding conspiracy and cover-ups. Of particular interest are the fascinating stories from the Dallas Police Department—few of the policemen have come forward with their stories until now. No More Silence humanizes those involved in the events in Dallas in 1963 and includes photographs of the participants around the time of the assassination and as they appear today. Was there a conspiracy in the assassination of President Kennedy? No More Silence gives readers the best perspective yet on the subject, allowing them to sift through the evidence and draw their own conclusions. "Sneed accomplishes what has never been done before, which is to tell the story of the four days from the Dallas point of view . . . Sneed's contribution [is] a brilliant one . . . He presents every notable event as if through a prism, with each interviewee corroborating the basic facts but never exactly matching the other accounts, adding a detail here and there and at times even contradicting earlier ones. The result is a page-turner, not only because the story is dramatic but because the reader becomes eager to see how the next person saw it."—Max Holland, The Nation


Objectives
The purpose of this study is to present scientific evidences for health promotion of bee pollens through the investigation of the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory effect.

Methods
The intracellular antioxidant activity of bee pollen ethanol extracts was investigated by DCFH-DA assay for the oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mitochondria of macrophages. Inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were confirmed by the addition of bee pollen extracts. Inhibition of transcription/expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the inflammatory mediators-production were investigated by adding the bee pollen extracts.

Results
Intracellular oxidative stress by LPS was inhibited at approximately 53% by 0.25 and 3 mg/ml of the Darae-bee pollen extract. It was found that the Acorn- and Mixed bee pollen extract (3 mg/ml) reduced the intracellular oxidative stress at approximately 26.3 and 41.3%, respectively. For anti-inflammatory activity, all three bee pollen extracts (3 g/ml) inhibited effectively the production of NO to an equal to or rather lower than basal level in macrophages. Bee pollen extracts decreased the LPS-induced PGE2 production depending on the amount added, regardless of the kind of bee pollen added. Gene transcription and expression of iNOS and COX-2, an enzyme producing NO and PGE2, respectively, was suppressed by bee pollen extracts and confirmed by RT-PCR and western blot. Additionally, the production of IL-1b, IL-6 and TNF-α, which are inflammatory mediators in macrophages, were inhibited by Darae-, Acorn- and Mixed bee pollen extract.

Conclusions
The ethanol extracts of Darae-, Acorn- and Mixed bee pollen were verified to have the intracellular antioxidant activity and the inhibitory activity on the production of several anti-inflammatory mediators in macrophage cells.

Funding Sources
N/A.


This article aims to design, implement and validate a model of incorporation of emerging technologies in the classroom using a design-based research methodology through two iterative cycles. In the first iterative cycle, this model was validated by 8 experts and implemented by 13 public school teachers from Bogotá-Colombia. The second cycle was validated and implemented by 25 teachers. A univariate statistical analysis was used to describe the samples in each cycle as well as content analysis to determine the different components of the model. The model is composed of four conditioning factors: motivation, infrastructure, ICT competencies and perceived usefulness; four principles: teacher reflection, pedagogical flexibility, dialogical communication and roles; two recommendations: temporality of the phases and peer-to-peer work and six phases: initial reflection, context analysis, pedagogical foundation, didactic application, implementation and finally evaluation.


IZA DP No. 14267 APRIL 2021 Development Level of Hosting Areas and the Impact of Refugees on Natives' Labor Market Outcomes* We examine how the impact of refugees on natives' labor market outcomes varies by the development level of hosting areas, which has important implications for the optimal allocation of refugees across regions and countries. For this purpose, in the context of the largest refugee group in the world in a single country, Syrian refugees in Turkey, we exploit the significant variation in the development level across regions of Turkey, several of which host a substantial number of refugees. We find that the impact of refugees on natives' labor market outcomes becomes significantly less adverse as regional development level rises. For instance, the negative effects of the refugee shock on employment and labor force participation of women observed at the mean level of development vanish at high levels of development. Moreover, while the impact of the refugees on employment of men is negative for the least developed regions, it is positive for highly developed regions. Our findings imply that developed regions and countries are in a better position in terms of protecting their local population from the adverse effects of refugees in the labor market. JEL Classification: J61, O15, F22, R23, R58


In the past two decades, multistakeholder partnerships have been on the rise. With the perceived failure of intergovernmental organizations to get things done, the international system has turned toward partnerships. Allowing for collaboration with private actors, they are increasingly seen as the governance model du jour. They're praised for being democratically legitimate, thanks to their inclusion of a range of public and private stakeholders—most notably the inclusion of developing countries and civil society that had hitherto been excluded from international policy-making processes. My comments address three topics: (1) the rise of partnerships in context, (2) the reasons for their rise, and (3) challenges.


Objective: To identify the beneficial attributes and mechanisms of storytelling through understanding the parental experiences of using a storybook knowledge translation intervention. Method: An exploratory descriptive design involving 23 parents of children presenting to two emergency departments for treatment of croup. Parents received a set of three storybooks, each representing a different severity level of croup (mild, moderate, and severe). Results: The storybooks were evaluated favorably. Parents were better able to understand the progression and treatment of croup by reading the stories, thus reducing uncertainty and alleviating anxiety about their child's condition. Parents consistently reported four positive outcomes associated with using the storybooks: (1) feeling reassured that they had done the right thing, (2) reduced uncertainty, (3) a normalization of the experience, and (4) feeling empowered. Conclusion: The "storybook" presentation of health information was regarded favorably by parents as a learning tool. Practice implications: The storybook format is a useful knowledge translation device.


In piecewise-smooth dynamical systems, situations can arise where the asymptotic attractors of the system in an open parameter interval are all chaotic (e.g., no periodic windows). This is the phenomenon of robust chaos. Previous works have established that robust chaos can occur through the mechanism of border-collision bifurcation, where border is the phase-space region where discontinuities in the derivatives of the dynamical equations occur. We investigate the effect of smoothing on robust chaos and find that periodic windows can arise when a small amount of smoothness is present. We introduce a parameter of smoothing and find that the measure of the periodic windows in the parameter space scales linearly with the parameter, regardless of the details of the smoothing function. Numerical support and a heuristic theory are provided to establish the scaling relation. Experimental evidence of periodic windows in a supposedly piecewise linear dynamical system, which has been implemented as an electronic circuit, is also provided.


Over the past two decades, international criminal law has been increasingly institutionalized and has become one of the dominant frames for defining issues of justice and conflict resolution. Indeed, international criminal law is often presented as the road towards global justice. But the rise of international criminal law and its equation with global justice come with a profound risk: alternative conceptions of justice can be marginalized. Based on field work in Uganda and Sudan, we present five examples of alternative conceptions of justice that in fact have been side-lined: the restoration of relationships, putting an end to on-going violence, redistribution, non-criminal law forms of punishment and equality. However, international criminal law's monopolization of discourses of justice threatens not only alternative conceptions of justice, but also international criminal law itself. It frustrates one of its main aims: the protection of diversity.


Internet of things (IoT) is developing day by day and it is the future of computer technology and networking. This paper explains about the working, plan and implementation of IoT and wireless Sensor based surveillance robot using Arduino uno controlled by hand gesture. The main motto of the gesture recognition to reduce the human power to control robot to enhance and showcase their skills. The hand motion or gesture was recognized by using gyroscope accelerometer. There are so many ways and algorithms are there and implemented to recognize the hand gesture. Here we are dividing the robot into two circuits, transmitter and receiver. The Transmitter circuit contains Gyroscope and Accelerometer (MPU6050), Arduino UNO, Transceiver (NRF24L01). The Receiver circuit contains Motor Driver (L298D), Transceiver (NRF24L01), BLET (Bluetooth low energy tags), Arduino UNO. The motto of the project was according to the hand motions the robot must react. Hand motion detected by the gyroscope accelerometer. The Main Reason of the mixing the BLE Tags with Robot is to help the soldiers who are at the border of the country, so that at the time of war they can move their robots by their own wish so that they can know where the Land Mines are present and can see the robot status


This edited volume aims to deepen our understanding of state power through a series of case studies of political violence arising from state 'counter-terrorism' strategies.

The book examines how state counter-terrorism strategies are invariably underpinned by terror, in the form of state political violence. It seeks to answer three key questions:

 To what extent can counter-terror strategies be read as a form of state terror?
 How fundamental is state terror to the maintenance of a neo-liberal social order?
 What are the features of counter-terrorism that render it so easily reducible to state terror?

In order to explore these issues, and to reach an understanding of what it means to say that the 'war on terror' is terror , the contributing authors draw upon case studies from a range of geographical contexts including the UK and Northern Ireland, the US and Colombia, and Sri Lanka and Tamil Eelam. Analysing these case studies from a psychological-warfare and hegemonic perspective, the book also includes two chapters from Noam Chomsky and John Pilger, which provide a global and historical context.


Abstract In 2014 residents in Direct Provision Centres for asylum seekers staged a series of protests. The protests, which coincided with the appointment of a new Minister for Justice who announced the Irish government's plans to reform the asylum system, voiced three clear demands. Firstly, the protestors demanded that all asylum centres be closed; secondly, they demanded that all residents be given the right to remain and work in Ireland; and thirdly, they demanded an end to all deportations. The government's response to these protests was to appoint a working group in October 2014, made up of representatives of migrant-support NGOs (but without any significant representation of asylum seekers themselves) while also announcing that it intends to reform rather than abolish the system. Against this background, this paper makes three interlinked theoretical propositions. Firstly, I propose that just as the Irish state and society managed to ignore workhouses, mental health asylums, "mother and baby homes", Magdalene laundries and industrial schools, they also "manage not to know" of the plight of asylum seekers, precisely because the Direct Provision system isolates asylum applicants, makes them dependent on bed and board and a small "residual income maintenance payment to cover personal requisites", and makes it difficult for them to organise on a national level. "Managing not to know", or disavowing, entails the erasure of the Direct Provision system from Ireland's collective consciousness at a time when increasing emigration is returning to haunt Irish society after years of refusing to confront the pain of emigration. I argue that asylum seekers represent the return of Ireland's repressed that confronts Irish people, themselves e/migrants par excellence. Secondly, I propose that by taking action and representing themselves, the residents of Direct Provision Centres can no longer be theorised as Agamben's "bare life", at the mercy of sovereign power, to whom everything is done and who are therefore not considered active agents in their own right. The third proposition responds to the theme of this special issue, that multiculturalism is "in crisis", arguing in the conclusion that this "crisis" hardly applies to Ireland, where the brief flirtations with "interculturalism" by state, society but also Irish studies disavow race and racism in favour of a returning obsession with emigration, which enables the continued disavowal of the experiences of asylum seekers in Direct Provision.


In a matter of three decades, free‐energy calculations have emerged as an indispensable tool to tackle deep biological questions that experiment alone has left unresolved. In spite of recent advances on the hardware front that have pushed back the limitations of brute‐force molecular dynamics simulations, opening the way to time and size scales hitherto never attained, they represent a cogent alternative to access with unparalleled accuracy the thermodynamics and possibly the kinetics that underlie the complex processes of the cell machinery. From a pragmatic perspective, the present review draws a picture of how the field has been shaped and invigorated by milestone developments, application, and sometimes rediscovery of foundational principles laid down years ago to reach new frontiers in the exploration of intricate biological phenomena. Through a series of illustrative examples, distinguishing between alchemical and geometrical transformations, it discusses how far free‐energy calculations have come, what are the current hurdles they have to overcome, and the challenges they are facing for tomorrow. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2014, 4:71–89. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1157


The main aim of this paper is to study the potential impacts in hybrid and full electrical vehicles performance by utilising continuously variable transmissions. This is achieved by two stages. First, for Electrical Vehicles (EVs), modelling and analysing the powertrain of a generic electric vehicle is developed using Matlab/Simulink-QSS Toolkit, with and without a transmission system of varying levels of complexity. Predicted results are compared for a typical electrical vehicle in three cases: without a gearbox, with a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT), and with a conventional stepped gearbox. Second, for Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEVs), a twin epicyclic power split transmission model is used. Computer programmes for the analysis of epicyclic transmission based on a matrix method are developed and used. Two vehicle models are built-up; namely: traditional ICE vehicle, and HEV with a twin epicyclic gearbox. Predictions for both stages are made over the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).The simulations show that the twin epicyclic offers substantial improvements of reduction in energy consumption in HEVs. The results also show that it is possible to improve overall performance and energy consumption levels using a continuously variable ratio gearbox in EVs.


Equality in administrative law and procedure is a Dicean concept. It delves into the fact that there must be equality in treatment between public servants and the ordinary citizen. The State-citizen divide in the legal system has always been a debatable issue that only some have sought to address. This issue also comes to the fore in the area of criminal law. With its roots in the French droit administratif, the system of having disciplinary proceedings for certain crimes conducted by public servants is a facet of the Indian administrative system. It marks the diversion from the old common law system. That however is not the problem. The problem arises when there is a difference in the punishment meted out to these persons for the crimes they have committed that are way different from those meted out to the ordinary citizen for the same crime. Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure still remains as a bar to prosecuting government servants with the latest case being that of UP Chief Miniser Mayawati where the Governor refused to give a sanction under Section 197. This despite a SC decision in Prakash Singh Badal v. Union of India in December 2006 stating that no sanction is required in corruption cases. It is observed that the Indian legal system is one bridled with impunity and looks at placing the State above the law. This, despite very well knowing that the state is the creation of the law and consists of the ordinary man itself. In light of the above theoretical framework, this paper would like to explore the diverse link between disciplinary proceedings and ordinary criminal law. Along with analyzing the laws relevant, the researchers would also be looking at the collection of data concerning the punishments to public servants and finally presenting an argument as to why such a system must not be present today.


This book focusses on one of today's biggest social and labor market challenges: how to deal with the rising cost of illness and disability benefits across advanced economies. It reflects on the development and evaluation of activation-oriented work disability policies in 13 countries, aiming to tighten the inflow of benefit recipients and to maximize labor-force participation of people with disabling health conditions.

The book is divided in four parts and comprises 16 chapters, written by well-positioned researchers in the field of work disability. The first part includes two chapters. Chapter 1 starts with a broad overview of the developments in the field of work disability policy and research over the past decades. In Chapter 2, Patrick Loisel reflects on the Sherbrooke Model for return to work by describing the rationale for developing the model, the successful adoption of the model in work disability research internationally and about his personal experiences of implementing the model in daily practice which gives a nice view of how the implementation of models is highly dependent on contextual factors.
The chapters 3-15 contain detailed analyses of work disability systems of the various countries. The chapters are organized per country and divided in two parts: caused-based welfare systems (part 2), ie, illness and disability benefits are paid directly or indirectly by employers, and comprehensive social security systems (part 3), ie, general tax revenues are used to pay for the costs. Part 2 includes five chapters with information about the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and China. Part 3 includes eight chapters with information about Sweden, Finland, France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.

Part four closes with a chapter synthesizing the previous chapters and reflecting on the trends and on future directions in work disability policy. The authors identified and described four key strategies taken similar across jurisdictions, ie, part-time sick-leave benefits, timing of early return to work, duration of work disability benefits and vocational rehabilitation. Furthermore, the authors discuss some key gaps across international work disability policies, such as problems of labor demand, uneven access to work disability benefits and services, and mental health disability.

A strong feature of the book is the interdisciplinary approach followed by the editor. The book includes a variety of expertise in the field of work disability and social security, from law, medicine, psychology, epidemiology, political and social sciences. Another strength is that this book provides the reader with an up-to-date overview of many of the current political realities in up to 13 countries, which are the key to understanding work disability policy change and implementation over the past decades. The last chapter provides an overview of challenges, opportunities, and values for work disability policy, which is useful for agenda setting. For example, the rise of work-related mental illness is discussed, matching the increasing prevalence of mental health problems at the workplace. Where the cause-based systems mainly consisted of dealing with musculoskeletal disorders in the past, more systems are now exploring how to compensate work-related mental health problems, albeit in very different ways. As work-related mental health problems are expected to increase in the future, supporting compensation systems are crucial for this growing group of vulnerable workers.

The ambitious question posed in the first chapter, why one jurisdiction took a particular route to improve work integration and another took a different route, and insight into context that shaped different pathways, is not fully answered. Describing the state of affairs per country in details makes it difficult to compare systems between countries, as the focus per chapter differs. A systematic comparison would have equipped the reader with essential information across jurisdictions in order to distil core successful approaches. Moreover, the distinction between cause-based and comprehensive systems made in the first chapter, raised expectations about a comparison of both systems in this final chapter, which would have been of added value to the reader. However, a critical reflection of the effectiveness of policies developed for cause-based or comprehensive systems is missing in the final chapter. Providing an overview of the literature of trials on return to work policies and interventions in this field would have been of added value to gain insight into what is and what is not yet known.

For example, two recent studies in the Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health showed that integrating workplaces into prevention programs show promising results regarding effectiveness in preventing or reducing health problems and time to return-to-work in both workers with musculoskeletal disorders (1) as well as mental conditions (2). Moreover, the study of Viikari-Juntura et al (3) showed the effectiveness of the introduction of a Finnish legislation on of the use of part-time sick leave at the early stage of work disability on both return to work and work participation. These examples all show the relevance of intervention strategies at the level of the workplace and legislation that are useful for agenda setting in our research field.
Overall, the various authors provide an interesting and complete overview of the development and evolution of work disability policies in 13 countries that is of interest for scientist in the field of work and health, but also social security policymakers, scholars, and students in the field of public health and social sciences.

1. Stock SR, Nicolakakis N, Vezina N, Vezina M, Gilbert L, Turcot A et al. Are work organization interventions effective in preventing or reducing workrelated musculoskeletal disorders? A systematic review of the literature. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2018;44(2):113–133. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3696
2. Dalgaard VL, Aschbacher K, Andersen JH, Glasscock DJ, Willert MV, Carstensen O, Biering K. Return to work after work-related stress: a randomized controlled trial of a work-focused cognitive behavioral intervention. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2017 Sep 1;43(5):436-446. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3655
3. Viikari-Juntura E, Virta LJ, Kausto J, Autti-Ramo I, Martimo K-P, Laaksonen M, et al. Legislative change enabling use of early part-time sick leave enhanced return to work and work participation in Finland. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2017;43(5):447–456. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3664


We experimentally investigate the parameters affecting parametric transfer in a synchronously pumped optical parametric oscillator for indirect shaping of mid-infrared ultrashort pulses and make comparisons with previously reported numerical modeling. The individual effects of the parameters are discussed in detail. We conclude that signal bandwidth narrowing, minimal signal amplification, large pump depletion, cavity length tuning, and minimal pump and idler temporal walk-off are required for high fidelity transfer, which we are able to demonstrate for a strongly chirped pump pulse.