Organisational culture, strategy and management control systems have all been subjects of much discussion and many books and papers have been written on these topics. What is less well-established is how they interact with and influence one another, the investigation of which is the purpose of this thesis. Based on previous research, the authors develop a theoretical model based on aspects of organisational culture, strategy formulations and management control systems. This model is tested within the R & D department of Sandvik Coromant AB, a part of the Sandvik AB Group. This is conducted by means of deep interviews with key managers, as well as through a survey targeted at non-managerial personnel. The authors also review internal documentation. To complement more conventional methods, they investigate how material culture and materialities influence uphold and prohibit cultural development. The findings indicate clear correlations between organisational culture, strategy and management control systems. This is also reflected and conserved in materialities and changes thereof. Due to the esteemed age of our case company, many cultural practices can be traced over a long period of time, being both the root cause of their present success, but potentially also a stumbling block for future organisational development. The findings also indicate that some strands within the culture of the case company may be at odds with one another, possibly resulting in interference with business operations. The theoretical model, which is best viewed as preliminary, could serve as point of departure for future research. It could be tested within additional organisations, resulting in a broader scope and a more generally applicable model. It could also be expanded to include market conditions and surrounding culture, regional or national, in order to add additional depth. Finally, the importance of leaders in shaping, changing and upholding organisational culture could be further explored, particularly in regards to the active use of materialities.


This valuable text provides a comprehensive introduction to VAR modelling and how it can be applied. In particular, the author focuses on the properties of the Cointegrated VAR model and its implications for macroeconomic inference when data are non-stationary. The text provides a number of insights into the links between statistical econometric modelling and economic theory and gives a thorough treatment of identification of the long-run and short-run structure as well as of the common stochastic trends and the impulse response functions, providing in each case illustrations of applicability. This book presents the main ingredients of the Copenhagen School of Time-Series Econometrics in a transparent and coherent framework. The distinguishing feature of this school is that econometric theory and applications have been developed in close cooperation. The guiding principle is that good econometric work should take econometrics, institutions, and economics seriously. The author uses a single data set throughout most of the book to guide the reader through the econometric theory while also revealing the full implications for the underlying economic model. To test ensure full understanding the book concludes with the introduction of two new data sets to combine readers understanding of econometric theory and economic models, with economic reality.


S-BAND GAN BASED LOW NOISE MMIC AMPLIFIER DESIGN AND CHARACTERIZATION Muhittin Taşcı M.S. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering Advisor: Ekmel Özbay February 2019 Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA) are widely preferred components in receiver frontend modules. The received signal level is generally very low and amplifying it without adding too much noise is very crucial in communication systems. In this thesis study design, fabrication and test of three Gallium Nitride (GaN) High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) based Monolithic Microwave Circuit (MMIC) LNAs are presented. Inductive source feedback topology is used to obtain both better input return loss and noise figure. All three designs achieve higher than 20 dB gain, better than 10 dB input return loss and their noise figure values are 2 dB, 1.5 dB and 1 dB in S-band. High resistive gate biasing is utilized at third design to increase input power handling. Size reduction is very important in MMIC technology. The first design is 3 x 5 mm and the second design is 2 x 3.5 mm, % 46 size reduction is achieved. In GaN technology controlling SiN layer thickness is very problematic and this fabrication step affects capacitor values. The second and third LNA designs presented in this research, matching circuitries and implicitly overall characteristics are not influenced too much by a change of capacitor values. Targeted bandwidth is 2.7-3.5 GHz, achieved frequency range is 1.5 GHz (from 2.5 GHz to 4 GHz). The three LNA designs have 28.1 dBm, 33.4 dBm, and 35.9 dBm output third-order intercept point respectively. Output powers at 1-dB compression points are 18.2 dBm, 23.4 dBm and 25.9 dBm. For all three LNA designs, group delay is less than 0.3 nanoseconds.


In this paper we present Matlab analysis as well as CMOS implementation of an analog current mode Kohonen neural network (KNN). The presented KNN has been realized using several building blocks proposed earlier by the authors, such as: binary tree winner take all circuit, Euclidean distance calculation circuit, adaptive weights change mechanism. The example network contains four neurons, each of them having three weights. There are three input signals applied, which can be currents or voltages converted just at the beginning into currents. The network operates with the clock frequency of 20 MHz, dissipating 1.5 mW of power from 1.5 V supply voltage. For lower operation frequencies power dissipation can be reduced.


The production and presentation for public discussion of an end-of-programme project, thesis or dissertation are unavoidable elements for the conclusion of academic training in study programmes of various levels, namely bachelor's, master's and PhD. Although these end-of-programme projects may take on various forms, as well as different levels of demand, supervision in the production of these projects is one of the critical elements for their success. This article aims to analyse the supervision process, examining the supervision strategies that faculty members may mobilise in their role as academic supervisors. To this end, the authors carried out a bibliographic collection, which made it possible to substantiate the proposals set out throughout this piece of research. The results allow concluding that, to be effective and efficient, supervision strategies need to consider, as a basic assumption, that this is a pedagogical relationship, with asymmetric powers between the supervisor(s) and the student(s), in which it is paramount to acknowledge the different duties of each party. Furthermore, this relationship entails the need for flexibility on the part of the supervisor, taking into account both the characteristics of the supervisor and of the work designed and the development of the entire process, which may motivate and involve several supervision strategies in the same supervision over time/process. This whole dynamic takes place in a context where it seems important to (re)think the final product of the academic supervision process.

Received: 30 October 2020 / Accepted: 3 December 2020/ Published: 17 January 2021


Abstract. Sea surface temperature, chlorophyll, and turbidity are three variables of the coastal environment commonly measured by monitoring networks. The observation networks are often based on coastal stations, which do not provide a sufficient coverage to validate the model outputs or to be used in assimilation over the continental shelf. Conversely, the products derived from satellite reflectance generally show a decreasing quality shoreward, and an assessment of the limitation of these data is required. The annual cycle, mean, and percentile 90 of the chlorophyll concentration derived from MERIS/ESA and MODIS/NASA data processed with a dedicated algorithm have been compared to in-situ observations at twenty-six selected stations from the Mediterranean Sea to the North Sea. Keeping in mind the validation, the forcing, or the assimilation in hydrological, sediment-transport, or ecological models, the non-algal Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) is also a parameter which is expected from the satellite imagery. However, the monitoring networks measure essentially the turbidity and a consistency between chlorophyll, representative of the phytoplankton biomass, non-algal SPM, and turbidity is required. In this study, we derive the satellite turbidity from chlorophyll and non-algal SPM with a common formula applied to in-situ or satellite observations. The distribution of the satellite-derived turbidity exhibits the same main statistical characteristics as those measured in-situ, which satisfies the first condition to monitor the long-term changes or the large-scale spatial variation over the continental shelf and along the shore. For the first time, climatologies of turbidity, so useful for mapping the environment of the benthic habitats, are proposed from space on areas as different as the southern North Sea or the western Mediterranean Sea, with validation at coastal stations.


This study aimed to determine the influence of potassium (K) fertilization on the physico-chemical and sensory qualities of 'Magallanes' pummelo [Citrus maxima (Burm. Ex Rumph.) Merr.] fruit. The field experiment was conducted for 12 months at South Davao Corporation (SODACO) farm in Davao City. Five treatments with increasing K levels were applied per tree: control, no K, 150g K basal, 225g K basal, and 225g K basal + foliar application. The fruit physico-chemical qualities and sensory attributes were analyzed the following harvest. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and honest significance difference tests.
Application of 225g K rates positively influenced the fruit quality but not the sensory attributes of pummelo. Fruit pulp diameter increased by 36% while peel thickness decreased by 29-75%. An increase of 39% juice weight per fruit was obtained in 150g K. The yield of juice per tree increased up to 11 times with 225g K level. The 225g K rates also increased juice pH by 8-12%, titrable acidity by 9 times, and total soluble solids per tree by 6 times than no application. The application of 225g K basal + foliar resulted to higher fruit weight, TA, and TSS in pummelo fruit. The results of the study indicated the important role of K in improving the fruit physico-chemical qualities in 'Magallanes' pummelo.


This article begins by examining the relationship between thin capitalisation rules and double tax treaties. After examining the potential for a fundamental conflict in this area it looks at the OECD's attempts to resolve the problem (in section 2). In sections 3 and 4, the article examines the key questions relating to the New Zealand thin capitalisation rules and whether the non-discrimination provisions of Article 24 (5) should apply to fixed ratio safe harbour thresholds. Section 5 applies the conclusions to New Zealand's tax treaty network suggesting that the thin capitalisation regime may be ineffective in certain circumstances with three major trading partners. The specific versus general anti-avoidance rules are considered in section 6. The implications of the New Zealand analysis are considered in the context of the Business Tax Working Group's recommendations for potential reform to the Australian thin capitalisation rules (section 7). In the 2013 Commonwealth Budget it was announced that the thin capitalisation "safe harbour" debt limit has been reduced to 60 per cent of adjusted Australian assets for income years continuing on or after 1 July 2014. The Australian threshold now aligns with the changes New Zealand made to the thin capitalisation rules for the 2011/2012 income tax years. The conclusion reached in this article is that the design of thin capitalisation rules necessarily requires consideration of treaty obligations and that both countries should watch carefully developments in this area.


A numerical computer model is described that calculates the internal architecture of carbonate platforms in response to varying values of carbonate production, subaerial and submarine erosion, sediment redeposition, and sea-level changes. The computer-generated sections closely resemble large-scale outcrops and interpreted seismic profiles through carbonate platforms. Stillstand and transgressive sequences have prograding and downlapping platform geometries with lagoons developing in transgressive systems. Regressive sequences have downlapping clinoforms and erosional upper surfaces. Glacioeustatic scale cycles have a major control on platform geometry with erosional sequence boundaries developing during low stands and platform drowning occurring during transgressive periods. Lowstand downlapping wedges are minor features when compared with clastic systems, and major progradation and downlap of slope deposits develop with transgressions and flooding of platform tops. Carbonate erosion rates are varied and have an important effect on the morphology of foodback surfaces, which have a major control on platform top production. The computer program contributes to the analysis of carbonate systems in two ways: it gives a visual picture of the quantitative effects of the many parameters controlling carbonate geometries, and it aids quantitative analysis of the architectures and time scales of ancient outcrop or seismic sequences.


Sensing tongue movements enables various applications in hands-free interaction and alternative communication. We propose BARTON, a BARometer based low-power and robust TONgue movement sensing system. Using a low sampling rate of below 50 Hz, and only extracting simple temporal features from in-ear pressure signals, we demonstrate that it is plausible to distinguish important tongue gestures (left, right, forward) at low power consumption. We prototype BARTON with commodity earpieces integrated with COTS barometers for in-ear pressure sensing and an ARM micro-controller for signal processing. Evaluations show that BARTON yields 94% classification accuracy and 8.4 mW power consumption, which achieves comparable accuracy, but consumes 44 times lower energy than the state-of-the-art microphone-based solutions. BARTON is also robust to head movements and operates with music played directly from earphones.


The process of teaching students is incredibly difficult. Oftentimes, the adversities of the profession sway highly effective teachers into social and emotional deficits, and eventually lead to burnout (Spilt, Koomen, & Thijs, 2011; Wisniewski & Gargiulo, 1997). Emotional depletion, burnout, and high attrition in the profession may be costly for the educational system – both financially and academically (Klusmann, Richter, & Lüdtke, 2016). We suggest that the key to preventing burnout, and cultivating flourishing students, is through the educators themselves. Educators who are taught, practice, and implement the skills of well-being at the onset of their careers are more likely to positively adapt and endure the adversities associated with the profession. Investigation of the current integration of well-being skills in teacher education programs suggests that teaching well-being is not prioritized and, therefore, not well included in the curriculum of teacher education programs. As a result, we suggest a framework for the reform of teacher education programs, which includes well-being accreditation standards, supporting domains, and sample courses. Planting a seed of resilience within teacher education programs may allow educators to build foundational practices and pedagogies based on the science of human flourishing. We hope that our research sparks conversations about the importance of prioritizing teacher well-being and resilience.


Solders are widely used as interconnect material for the electronic industry. The solder interconnect provides both electrical contact and mechanical connection between the integrated circuit devices and their substrate. Thus solders with good reliability are required to facilitate successful functioning of electronic devices and components that we encounter in daily life. However traditionally used Sn-Pb solders have to be replaced by Sn rich lead-free solders because of the toxicity concerns surrounding the use of lead. Many Sn-rich lead-free solders do exists, however they are not drop-in substitutes for Sn-Pb solders as the knowledge concerning their mechanical behavior and reliability are not well understood. A particularly critical aspect is the lead-free solders' reliability at high service temperatures required in several microelectronics applications. Such applications require solders possessing good microstructural stability, strength and creep resistance. In this regard, literature reports the alloying and the composite approach to improve the properties of the lead-free solders. Among these two methods, the composite approach wherein suitable particles are added in to the solder matrix seems to be promising. However, the scientific understanding between property improvement and characteristic of the particle reinforcement is too limited. Also the processing of the composite solder is limited by stringent process parameters that require significant improvement to increase its industrial applicability. Another important issue arises from the fact that solders as such exhibit complex elasto-plastic properties. Furthermore the solder's mechanical response is greatly influenced by specimen geometry and process parameters. Therefore novel localized strain measurement techniques that could assess and understand the mechanical response of the solder without much effect from substrate are required. The goals of the current PhD thesis are identified within the framework of the issues previously mentioned. The composite approach is demonstrated to improve the microstructural and the mechanical properties of existing lead-free solders. As reinforcing particles either Cu or Ni is used with volume fraction from 0.8-4.2 vol. %, while Sn-4.0Ag-0.5Cu (SAC405) alloy is chosen as matrix. Throughout the study the results of the composite solder is compared against the un-reinforced SAC405 reference solder. The solder material in bulk form (reflowed in ceramic crucible) is used for microstructural analysis and also as joining material between Cu substrate to investigate the mechanical response in tension and shear. The current research demonstrates a new processing method developed for producing composite lead-free solders utilizing micro and nanometer scale metallic particles. Generally the preparation of nano-composite solders requires several process parameters that restrict their industrial use. In literature even the exact process route is still not disclosed due to technical secrecy. This processing issue could be overcome by adopting the mechanical mixing method reported in this research. A significant improvement has been achieved in reducing porosity within the newly developed composite solders. This reduced porosity improves the consistency of mechanical properties in many folds. Till date no standardized mechanical test method for solder alloys has been reported. In this regard, the design of a shear test specimen proposed in this PhD thesis is novel. Extensive finite element (FE) simulations accompanied by series of experimental tests is performed to optimize the specimen geometry. This proposed specimen geometry minimizes the effect of plastic strain localization which ensures almost uniform plastic strain at the center of the joining layer. This design leads to "cleaner" shear tests minimally affected by stress concentration and with a low risk of premature failure at the substrate/solder interface. As a consequence, reliable mechanical properties can be identified from experimental results. In case of tensile specimens, the gap width is chosen such that effects of plastic constraints from rigid substrates (Cu) are kept at minimum. In-situ optical extensometry combined with Digital Image Correlation (DIC) is used to determine the stress-strain response of the solder joint. Finally, the constitutive properties of solder materials are numerically identified from the global stress-strain response of the solder joint by inverse FE modeling of the shear test. For the first time, a 3D FE homogenization model for particle reinforced composites is employed to predict the solder elastoplastic behavior as a function of the particle volume fraction. This objective has been demonstrated on the example of composite solder prepared with micrometer sized Ni particles. The homogenization results are then compared with the constitutive model of the composite solder identified from the experimental data. This comparison serves as a basis for the discussion of the effects of particle reinforcement in the composite solder. Another objective of the current research is to investigate the effect of adding reactive particles to the solder alloy on the subsequent growth of the interfacial intermetallic layer and the ensuing tensile strength of the joint. To address this objective, two composite solders (solder alloy with additional particles) were fabricated for comparison against the un-reinforced alloy through aging at 150 °C for up to one week. Either micrometer scale or nanometer scale Cu particles are employed as the compositing particles to subsequently produce additional Cu6Sn5 intermetallic reinforcing phases. The expectation is that the large difference in initial particle size of this additional source of Cu will help to elucidate the rate limiting mechanism growth of the interfacial intermetallics. It is demonstrated that while a similarly reduced steady-state of intermetallic growth is obtained for the two composite samples, it is achieved sooner in the one fabricated with the nanometer scale particles. Mechanical tests indicate that the composite specimen prepared with nanometer scale particles also provides the highest tensile strength both before and after aging. As a final objective, creep tests were conducted at room temperature to assess the steady state creep strain rate of composite solders. Though many publications report creep tests conducted at various temperatures, the current study is unique with respect to the attempt made to clarify the effect of applied stress on the creep strain rate of the composite solders. Subsequent effects of particle reinforcement on the creep strain rate are discussed. It is demonstrated that composite solder prepared with Cu nanoparticles exhibit the best creep properties (lowest creep strain rate) among the solders considered in this study. The mechanisms responsible for strength increase, ductility loss and creep properties observed for various composite solders are rationalized based on the current understanding of the microstructure-mechanical response relationship. Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) studies were conducted to investigate the solidification temperature of the particle reinforced lead-free solders. The distinct microstructural features obtained for composite solder are shown to be significantly influenced by disparity in solidification kinetics caused by particle addition. In this context a key result achieved during this research was the solidification mechanism proposed for the composite solders. Overall the results of this research lead to: (i) development of a viable processing method for nano composite solders with excellent creep properties and (ii) demonstration of a novel approach (experimental and modeling) to better understand the effect of particle volume fraction on the elasto-plastic response of the composite solder. This approach will provide some valuable guidelines for tailoring the properties of composite lead-free solder based on the target application.


Leaving the Dark to Find the Light: A Study of L1 English Acquisition of L2 Spanish /l/ Ariel R. Bean Department of Spanish and Portuguese, BYU Master of Arts Second language acquisition (SLA) research is rich in possibilities for examining language-specific phonetics and phonology in the cross-linguistic context of acquisition. However, much of the existing English-Spanish research focuses on the acquisition of voice onset time (VOT) of /p, t, k, b, d, ɡ/ or rhotics, or on acquisition in relation to factors such as task type, time abroad, and motivational intensity (e.g. Alvord & Christiansen, 2012; Diaz-Campos, 2004, 2006; Face, 2006; Martinsen, 2010; Martinsen & Alvord, 2012; Shively, 2008; Shively & Cohen, 2008; Tanner, 2012 a, 2012b; Zampini, 1994). Like these studies, the present study incorporates linguistic and extralinguistic variables, but this time focusing on Spanish /l/ acquisition in native English speakers. Furthermore, the present study investigates L2 lateral liquid /l/ acquisition by comparing L2 results with previously established L1 research of /l/. Reviewing a variety of SLA phonological research in a wide range of contexts, I include in this study nine independent variables based on syllabic context, phonetic context, level of learning, task type, and motivational intensity. The L2 Spanish /l/ data came from digitally recorded speech samples from 21 L2 Spanish speakers and were compared with a benchmark established by similar recordings from two L1 English and two L1 Spanish speakers. All participated in conversational and reading tasks, and all the L2 participants completed a background questionnaire for demographic and linguistic experience data and the Survey of Motivational Intensity (Gardner, 1985) to measure individual motivational intensities to learn Spanish. From these data, target-like /l/ acquisition was determined by acoustically derived formant measurements and tested for significance in a variety of variables. Of the independent variables, syllabic context proved to be collinear with vowels preceding and following /l/ and motivational intensity was not statistically significant. Moreover, the results prove that syllabic context, certain preceding and following phonetic segments, level of learning, and task type all have a significant effect on successful L2 Spanish /l/ acquisition.


PURPOSE: Low cost portable ultrasound systems could see improved utility if similarly low cost portable trackers were developed. Permanent magnet based tracking systems potentially offer adequate tracking accuracy in a small workspace suitable for ultrasound image reconstruction. In this study the use of simple permanent magnet tracking techniques is investigated to determine feasibility for use in an ultrasound tracking system. METHODS: Permanent magnet tracking requires finding a position input into a field model which minimizes the error between the measured field, and the field expected from the model. A simulator was developed in MATLAB to determine the effect of sources of error in permanent magnet tracking systems. Insights from the simulations were used to develop a calibration and tracking experiment to determine the accuracy of a simple and low cost permanent magnet tracking system. RESULTS: Simulation and experimental results show permanent magnet based tracking to be highly sensitive to errors in sensor measurements, calibration and experimental setup. The reduction in field strength of permanent magnets lowers with the cube of distance, which leads to very poor signal-to-noise ratios at distances above 20 cm. Small errors in experimental setup also led to high tracking error. CONCLUSION: Permanent magnet tracking was found to be less accurate than is clinically useful, and highly sensitive to errors in sensors and experimental setup. Sensor and calibration limitations make simple permanent magnet tracking systems a poor choice given the present state of sensor technology.


This study uses data for nearly 200 further education providers in England to investigate the level of efficiency and change in productivity over the period 1999–2003. Using data envelopment analysis we find that the mean provider efficiency varies between 83 and 90 percent over the period. Productivity change over the period was around 12 percent, and this comprised 8 percent technology change and 4 percent technical efficiency change. A multivariate analysis is therefore performed, which shows that, in general, student-related variables such as gender, ethnic and age mix are more important than staff-related variables in determining efficiency levels. The local unemployment rate also has an effect on provider efficiency. The policy implications of the results are that further education providers should implement strategies to improve the completion and achievement rates of white males, and should also offer increased administrative support to teachers.


textabstractIn this study, we examined how and when transformational leadership affected team knowledge exchange. Taking a goal pursuit perspective, we hypothesized two parallel mediating mechanisms—team knowledge goal generation and team knowledge goal striving—linking transformational leadership to team knowledge exchange. In addition, we investigated whether team-level team-member exchange served as a boundary condition that qualified the effects of transformational leadership on team knowledge goal generation and striving. We tested our hypotheses using time-lagged data from 118 work teams of a large Chinese manufacturing firm. Our findings provided support for the proposed parallel mediating mechanisms (i.e., team knowledge goal generation and team knowledge goal striving) that linked transformational leadership to team knowledge exchange. In addition, we found that team-level team-member exchange could strengthen the positive effect of transformational leadership on team knowledge exchange via team knowledge goal generation. By taking the novel lens of team goal pursuit, this study contributes to the literature on leadership and teams by shedding light on how transformational leadership triggers the goal pursuit process of team knowledge exchange.


Abstract The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) aiming at generating a material database for DEMO and future fusion power plants is commonly understood by the European Union and Japan as one of the pillars toward DEMO, and IFMIF Engineering Design and Engineering Validation Activities (EVEDA) have been conducted since mid 2007 in the framework of the Broader Approach Agreement. So far the main efforts have been focused on validation work to provide information necessary for engineering design. In 2010, the scope of the project was revised to set priority on the validation of an accelerator prototype while extending the duration up to mid 2017, while the other activities will be completed in mid 2013 as the primary plan, and the goal of engineering design has been modified to accomplish the Intermediate Report. In 2011, several outcomes of validation of major components have been achieved: (1) first operation of an ion injector has been conducted, (2) a lithium test loop was constructed and commissioned, and (3) test pieces for fission reactor irradiation have been manufactured. This paper summarizes the status of all activities and expected outcomes of the IFMIF/EVEDA project.


A method for analyzing the functional behavior and the performance of programs in distributed systems is presented. We use hybrid monitoring, a technique which combines advantages of both software monitoring and hardware monitoring. The paper contains a description of a hardware monitor and a software package (ZM4/SIMPLE) which make our concepts available to programmers, assisting them in debugging and tuning of their code. A short survey of related monitor systems highlights the distinguishing features of our implementation. As an application of our monitoring and evaluation system, the analysis of a parallel ray tracing program running on the SUPRENUM multiprocessor is described. It is shown that monitoring and modeling both rely on a common abstraction of a system's dynamic behavior and therefore can be integrated to one comprehensive methodology. This methodology is supported by a set of tools. >


The SEAM Consortium and SEG subsidiary SEAM Corporation exist to provide the geophysical exploration community with geophysical model data for subsurface geological models at a level of complexity and size that cannot be practicably computed by any single company or small number of companies. (A general introduction to the SEAM initiative and Phase I Project can be found in TLE's June and August 2007 issues.) SEAM's Phase I Consortium, which recently commemorated its first full year of activity, now consists of 24 companies from the hydrocarbon and geophysical exploration industries. Quarterly meetings of the SEAM Management Committee, made up of representatives of all the participating companies and led by Chairman Kevin Bishop (of BHP Billiton), provide technical direction for this multifaceted project, while the functional body leading the technical development of the project consists of six committees (listed below). While these technical committees meet as needed, the co-chairs of the six committees ...


The direct combination of hydrogen and oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide in liquid media with prepared catalysts was carried out in a slurry reactor at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. An O2/H2 ratio of 2:1 with a 50 mL/min flow rate was used in these experiments. Catalyst activity measurements were tested by the iodometric titration method using KMnO4. The results are discussed based on the effects of support material, catalyst preparation method, reaction time, and medium (type of halide and acid) on hydrogen peroxide yield in direct oxidation of hydrogen to produce hydrogen peroxide. Our results showed that the catalytic performance of a gold-based catalyst was greatly dependent upon the kind of support material, precipitation conditions, and liquid media used in the reaction. The highest yield in the study was obtained with a co-precipitated 10.7 wt% Au/CeO2 catalyst in a reaction mixture of 0.25 N H3PO4, 0.1 M NaBr, and absolute ethanol.


This paper analyzes households' response to the introduction of intra-district school choice and examines the impact of this choice on student test scores in Pinellas County Schools. Households react strongly to the incentives created by such programs, leading to significant changes in the frequency of exercising alternative public schooling options, and changes in the composition of the opt out students. However, using proximity to public alternatives as an instrument for opting out of the assigned public school, the author finds no significant benefit of opting out on student achievement and that those who opt out of their default public schools often perform significantly worse on standardized tests than similar students who stay behind. Results further suggest that the short-run detrimental effects of opting out are stronger for students who opt out closer to the terminal grade of the school level. Yet the detrimental effects are weaker for disadvantaged students, who typically constitute the proposed target of school choice reforms.


The incidence of clavicipitaceous anamorphic endophytes, non-choke inducing endosymbiotic fungi of the genus Neotyphodium that systemically infect grasses, in eighteen Hordeum species from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System was examined using light and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Seventeen plant inventory accessions from only three Hordeum species, including H. bogdanii, H. brevisubulatum subsp. violaceum and H. comosum, were found to contain significant levels of seed and seedling infection ranging from 18-99%. Neotyphodium-endophytes were found in Hordeum germplasm fiom one country (Argentina) in South America and four countries (Afghanistan, China, Iran and Kazakhstan) in Asia. The viability of endophytic mycelium in seeds was confirmed by culturing these fungi on potato dextrose agar medium fiom aleurone tissue of seeds and by direct observations of hyphae in leaf sheaths of 3-4 week-old seedlings. Morphological characteristics of these fungi were further characterized using SEM to determine similarities and differences in conidiophores and conidia produced in culture. The importance, significance and potential benefits of Neotyphodium-endophytes from wild Hordeum as sources of insect resistance in cultivated barley, other cereal grasses and in wild grasses included in the Conservation Reserve Program are discussed. Suggested strategies for the proper maintenance of this valuable germplasm also are elucidated.


In an earlier article, we described an innovative model for creating corporate ventures out of industrial research laboratories at Lucent Technologies (1). Since that article, tremendous changes have occurred in the telecommunications market, within Lucent, and within the venture capital sector overall. These changes have forced this model of creating ventures out of industrial labs to evolve in a somewhat new and different direction. In this article, we briefly review these different forces, detail how they compelled Lucent to spin out its New Ventures Group, and describe the evolution of the model into New Venture Partners. We believe that this evolution carries with it important implications for industrial innovation, and for the concept of Open Innovation (2). Open Innovation advances the claim that, in a world of widely distributed knowledge, a company must access external technologies for use in its business and allow its technologies to be accessed by other firms' businesses. Lucent's New Ventures Group was an example of the latter process, of allowing other firms to access Bell Labs technologies. Notwithstanding this hypothesis, there appear to be limits in the ability of a publicly-traded company to support the creation of internal ventures over the business cycle. While one can conceive of possible financial instruments to address these limits, they have not been tested by companies, and may not soon be attempted in the current post-Enron accounting and governance climate. Teaming with private equity capital suppliers to sustain the creation of these ventures in challenging times, as well as in good times, may serve as an alternative mechanism to deal with these problems. The Spinout of Lucent's NVG Lucent's New Ventures Group (NVG) had achieved considerable success following its formation within Lucent back in 1996. In the subsequent six years, 35 ventures had been created out of Bell Labs research projects. As noted in our previous article, each project was initially reviewed by internal Lucent businesses, which had the right of first refusal for a technology nominated to go into a new venture (1). While this might suggest that NVG would be consigned to the "leftovers" that were rejected by the business units, NVG found that many of these technologies held significant commercial potential. In fact, NVG commercialized opportunities that were both in non-strategic "white spaces" for Lucent, as well as opportunities that represented alternative strategic hedging bets. Lucent's NVG was a financial success. Out of the 35 ventures that NVG launched, there were eight exit events in its portfolio. This rather high success rate translated into a gross internal rate of return for NVG of 46 percent from 1996 through the end of 2001 (based on exits over the period plus the final sale value of the portfolio by Lucent versus every dollar invested both directly in the ventures, as well as in the core team and development of the opportunities). This is a high rate of return, given the communications and IT focus of the portfolio and the significantly negative returns of many venture capital funds during this period. Three of the ventures later were re-acquired by Lucent, reflecting strategic benefits to the corporation realized from the NVG program. Despite these returns, Lucent determined that it would be best to spin out the NVG in December 2001. This may at first seem odd. Why, given NVG's success, was it spun out, if it was returning capital at such a high rate and creating strategic benefits as well? The answer lies in Lucent's corporate situation, and also the issues of housing an internal venture creation program inside a publicly-held corporation. We will consider each in turn. Lucent's challenging context Lucent's corporate context recently has been extremely challenging. Lucent and other participants in the telecommunications industry have experienced a tremendous downturn in their primary markets. …


This dendroarchaeological study determined the age of a historic building on the Summers' Farm in Summerfield, North Carolina. Several historic buildings associated with 19th century tobacco farming remain in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. However, the structural integrity of these buildings is declining, thus the necessity to determine their age prior to installing architectural-era improvements appropriate to the historic period. Here, I dendrochronologically sampled two historic structures during 2018 including the Farm's main house and a tobacco barn, the later which could not be dated. Conversely, northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) cross sections and cores (n = 15) were obtained from the main house, dendrochronologically processed, and standardized with late-wood ring widths. The red oak samples strongly crossdated with each other (interseries correlation = 0.604) and a regional (i.e., ~96 km distant) longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) reference chronology (interseries correlation = 0.548) used to anchor tree-ring dates suggesting an estimated building date of 1883–1888 that matched the site survey date. These results: 1) gives an estimated building date for each building; 2) match the architecture of the structures and their component features with the dendrochronological dating; and 3) provide information regarding if the folklore surrounding the buildings is accurately anchored in history. [This abstract has been edited to remove characters that will not display in this system. Please see the PDF for the full abstract.]


There has been a wide variety of definitions of digital competence, from early narrow and technology-focused explanations to more recent attempts , such as the one by Ferrari (2013), who describes it as a complex concept encompassing a wide set of skills, attitudes and knowledge when performing tasks with Information and Communication Technologies (ICT).

Furthermore, there have been various different attempts to describe teachers' digital competence, as the literature review by McGarr and McDonagh (2019) demonstrates. These authors evidence that models either depict teachers' digital competence in diverse taxonomies of areas and dimensions, or as a hierarchical and progressive evolution from low to high levels of awareness and ability. They observe that openness does not have a presence in most of the taxonomic models and thus they propose openness as a dimension of their four-part model, under the label of attitudes.

In this current work, we analyse international and national teachers' digital competence frameworks and review whether openness has been included in them, and, if so, how it is described. In the case of frameworks that offer a model of increasing performance, we observe the levels at which open-related concepts appear.

An initial review of the frameworks by the European Commission, UNESCO, ISTE (US) and INTEF (Spain) indicates that 'openness' typically does not constitute a dimension in itself and tends to appear at intermediate and high levels of teachers' digital competence, except from the UNESCO framework, where access to OER (Open Educational Resources) is present already at the lowest level.

In this paper we reflect on the need for international and national frameworks of teacher professional development to boost openness: in particular, for open educational practices to be included at lower levels of teachers' pre-service and in-service professional education.

We argue that becoming an open educator requires both the development of the dispositions associated with reflective practice and the confidence to challenge neo-liberal educational assumptions in order to embrace participatory, equitable and open educational practices from the early stages of the development of teachers' digital competence.
References

Ferrari, A. (2013) 'DIGCOMP: A Framework for Developing and Understanding Digital Competence in Europe', Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at: https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/bitstream/JRC83167/lb-na-26035-enn.pdf

McGarr, O. & McDonagh, A. (2019) 'Digital Competence in Teacher Education', Output 1 of the Erasmus+ funded Developing Student Teachers' Digital Competence (DICTE) project. Available at: https://dicte.oslomet.no/

Tur, Gemma; Marin, Victoria I.; Havemann, Leo; Keefer, Jeffrey; Marsh, J. Dawn; Nascimbeni, Fabio; Crump, Helen; Baker, Nick and Garcia Vallejo, Mari Cruz (2018). Open Education as a threshold concept in Teacher Education: a theoretical framework for further research. In: OER18: Open to All, 18-19 Apr 2018, Bristol. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58239/

Tur, G., Havemann, L., Marsh, D., Keefer, J. M., & Nascimbeni, F. (2020). Becoming an open educator: towards an open threshold framework. Research in Learning Technology, 28. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v28.2338


Contents 50 I. 50 II. 52 III. 54 IV. 55 V. 57 VI. 57 VII. 59 60 References 61 SUMMARY: As a consequence of an increase in world population, food demand is expected to grow by up to 110% in the next 30-35 yr. The population of sub-Saharan Africa is projected to increase by > 120%. In this region, cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the second most important source of calories and contributes c. 30% of the daily calorie requirements per person. Despite its importance, the average yield of cassava in Africa has not increased significantly since 1961. An evaluation of modern cultivars of cassava showed that the interception efficiency (ɛi ) of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and the efficiency of conversion of that intercepted PAR (ɛc ) are major opportunities for genetic improvement of the yield potential. This review examines what is known of the physiological processes underlying productivity in cassava and seeks to provide some strategies and directions toward yield improvement through genetic alterations to physiology to increase ɛi and ɛc . Possible physiological limitations, as well as environmental constraints, are discussed.


Those who use the past to criticize the present should be put to death, together with their relatives. 1 I. INTRODUCTION As the People's Republic of China (PRC) emerges from the era of the late Deng Xiaoping, a familiar shower of questions still riddles the issue of human rights. In this time of potential upheaval, law and policy analysts are anxiously watching the next generation of Chinese leaders deal with issues that effect the largest population in the world and thousands of Chinese political and religious dissidents under surveillance within that population.2 A renewed approach to the U.N. Commission on Human Rights in Geneva, increased interaction with the White House, and a revamped criminal law hold the promise of Chinese human rights reform.3 However, despite their importance, these policies will inevitably be studied incorrectly. Chinese laws with implications for human rights conditions are not truly modernizing, and the current field of scholars and analysts critiquing these laws is not currently equipped to say otherwise. This note will not only be the first to inform academics how to react to and interpret some provisions of the new Chinese criminal law, but it will also advise them one way to properly address international human rights in general. Perhaps the greatest modern tension between the PRC and most countries comprising the rest of the international community, especially the United States, is China's apparent reluctance to entertain the notion of human rights or civil liberties in its domestic affairs. The United States has pursued the "human rights issue" in discussions of economic and political relations with China for years,4 and international organizations like Amnesty International have similarly decried China's policies as violations of the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights.5 These voices have been the loudest in a global conventional wisdom that China cannot compare with the "modern" democracies. Other than a few sinologists and comparative law academics, however, no one is comparing China to China. While China's stance on human rights may appear static or monolithic over the past two centuries to an external eye, we must look further to changes in the interpretation and implementation of human rights in order to verify such a conclusion, especially in light of the dynamism of political and social institutions in that same period. This paper will attempt to tackle the broader issue of China's human rights modernization or lack thereof by focusing on internal changes in one area recognized by human rights activists: the death penalty. From the late imperial period of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) to March 1997 when the new Criminal Law' was enacted, the imposition of the death penalty has not been modernized in theory or in practice in China. 8 This conclusion is based solely on the internal changes in Chinese criminal law and procedure, that is, it is reached after comparing China yesterday with China today. By "today," I specifically refer to China's newly adopted Criminal Law. Using indicia discussed below, I conclude that the PRC's new capital punishment scheme is as or more Confucian, or moralistic, as the system in place at the close of the dynastic era. In more concrete terms, China's social or Confucian reliance on executions as public and moral forms of justice is as strong now as it has been throughout China's "5,000 years of history," and the arbitrariness and politicization of the judicial process leading up to the execution is even stronger than it was at the turn of the century. While they are an earnest start, it is doubtful that even the new Criminal Law provisions can cure these ills. This paper reaches this two-tiered conclusion by answering several questions. First, what is being said about the death penalty in the international arena? Second, what theoretical tool should be used to remove the biases of "external" interpretations present in this discussion? …


Cross-correlations of unknown encrypted signals between two civilian GNSS receivers are used to detect spoofing of known open-source signals. This type of detection algorithm is the strongest known defense against sophisticated spoofing attacks if the defended receiver has only one antenna. The attack strategy of concern starts by overlaying false GNSS radio-navigation signals exactly on top of the true signals. The false signals increase in power, lift the receiver tracking loops off of the true signals, and then drag the tracking loops and the navigation solution to erroneous, but consistent results. This paper develops codeless and semi-codeless spoofing detection methods for use in inexpensive, narrow-band civilian GNSS receivers. Detailed algorithms and analyses are developed that use the encrypted military P(Y) code on the L1 GPS frequency in order to defend the open-source civilian C/A code. The new detection techniques are similar to methods used in civilian dualfrequency GPS receivers to track the P(Y) code on L2 by cross-correlating it with P(Y) on L1. Successful detection of actual spoofing attacks is demonstrated by off-line processing of digitally recorded RF data. The codeless technique can detect attacks using 1.2 sec of correlation, and the semi-codeless technique requires correlation intervals of 0.2 sec or less. This technique has been demonstrated in a narrow-band receiver with a 2.5 MHz bandwidth RF front-end that attenuates the P(Y) code by 5.5 dB.


We present the results of in situ permeability measurements performed, using a portable field permeameter, on normal and strikeslip fault zones that crosscut high-porosity carbonate grainstones. The measurement sites expose in the Cretaceous Orfento Formation of the Majella Mountain (Abruzzo, Italy), and the Lower Pleistocene deposits of the Favignana Island (Sicily, Italy). Nine small-displacement, compactive shear banding-based fault zones have been tested in the field. The fault offset ranges between 10 and 200 centimeters. The acquired permeability data indicate a two orders of magnitude decrease of porosity and permeability from the host rock to the cataclastic fault cores. A clear dependence of the fluid circulation paths through porous carbonates is therefore inferred at depth due to orientation, density and connectivity of the fault zones. Moreover, this study indicates the key role played by the pore network characteristics (pore dimensions above all) of undeformed host rocks on determining extremely different permeability values of the faulted porous carbonate grainstones. Accordingly, the results presented in this study may be helpful in applications such as geofluids management for improving the forecasting of carbonate reservoir quality and understanding the extent of reservoir compartmentalization.


The paper examines effects of agricultural extension on crop yields in Kenya controlling for other determinants of yields, notably the schooling of farmers and agro-ecological characteristics of arable land. The data we use were collected by the Government of Kenya in 1982 and 1990, but the estimation results reported in the paper are based primarily on the 1982 data set. The sample used for estimation contains information about crop production, agricultural extension workers (exogenously supplied to farms), educational attainment of farmers, usage of farm inputs, among others. A quantile regression technique was used to investigate productivity effects of agricultural extension and other farm inputs over the entire conditional distribution of farm yield residuals. We find that productivity effect of agricultural extension is highest at the extreme ends of distribution of yield residuals. Complementarity of unobserved farmer ability with extension service at higher yield residuals and the diminishing returns to the extension input, which are uncompensated for by ability at the lower tail of the distribution, are hypothesized to account for this U-shaped pattern of the productivity effect of extension across yield quantiles. This finding suggests that for a given level of extension input, unobserved factors such as farm management abilities affect crop yields differently. Effects of schooling on farm yields are positive but statistically insignificant. Other determinants of farm yields that we analyze include labour input, farmer experience, agro-ecological characteristics of farms, fallow acreage, and types of crops grown.


Against the legal recognition of same-sex marriage, many advocates of religious liberty argue that those who adhere to "traditional" understandings of marriage should not be forced to "recognize" same-sex marriages. This includes exempting individual business owners engaged in commercial activity from anti-discrimination laws. I argue that such exemptions overreach. Equal access to the commercial arena is an essential feature of life in America's commercial republic, which means that public accommodations should not be given exemptions on religious grounds. Yet this does not require business owners to morally approve of same-sex marriage; nor does it require them to grant same-sex marriages "equal concern and respect." Rather, it requires simple toleration, which is compatible with moral disapproval. Indeed, I argue that this is the very sort of toleration at the foundation of religious liberty in America. Efforts to grant religious exemptions to anti-discrimination laws invite the return of religious conflict and discrimination. Prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in public accommodations is necessary not only for equal citizenship, but to maintain the regime of toleration that undergirds religious liberty in a pluralistic democracy.


The recognition of events within multi-modal data is a challenging problem. In this paper we focus on the recognition of events by using both audio and video data. We investigate the use of data fusion techniques in order to recognise these sequences within the framework of hidden Markov models (HMM) used to model audio and video data sequences. Specifically we look at the recognition of play and break sequences in football and the segmentation of football games based on these two events. Recognising relatively simple semantic events such as this is an important step towards full automatic indexing of such video material. These experiments were done using approximately 3 hours of data from two games of the Euro96 competition. We propose that modelling the audio and video streams separately for each sequence and fusing the decisions from each stream should yield an accurate and robust method of segmenting multi-modal data.


Abstract.
 Recent molecular and morphological analyses have shown that chiltoniid amphipods, once thought to be a relictual group, are a diverse and speciose family of Australian freshwater amphipods. As part of a larger examination of the family, chiltoniids from Kangaroo Island in South Australia were collected and analysed using molecular (COI and 28S) and morphological methods in order to understand species distributional patterns and relationships. Kartachiltonia moodyi gen. nov., sp. nov., a spring-associated species endemic to the island, was discovered and populations of three additional mainland species (Austrochiltonia australis, A. dalhousiensis and A. subtenuis) were examined. The island populations of A. australis, A. dalhousiensis and A. subtenuis were found to form natural groups with differing haplotype coalescence times dating from the Early to Mid-Pleistocene. Numerous cycles of regional climate change throughout the Pleistocene are likely to have driven speciation in chiltoniid amphipods in southern Australia and the presence of multiple chiltoniid species at Kangaroo Island indicates that it exists at a likely convergence of species distribution patterns. Three possible hypotheses to explain the evolution and diversity of chiltoniids in southern Australia are discussed as are evidence for potential introduction and long-distance dispersal events.


Abstract This short article report about the new findings of finely made dentate-stamped and lime infilled potteries from the Goa Topogaro site in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Most of them are red-slipped pottery decorated with dentate-stamped, lime infilled, and can be identified as burial potteries as they are excavated with secondly burials of the Early Metal Age possibly dated around 2000-1800 years ago. When comparing these finds with common decorative patterns seen in early dentate-stamped pottery assemblages in the Philippines, Mariana Islands, and early Lapita sites, the Topogaro dentate-stamped pots lack some common early patterns, but exhibit a wider variety of designs. It is now argued that dentate-stamped decorations at Lapita sites mainly disappeared by around 2800 BP or at least by 2000 BP in the Pacific, but the Topogaro dentate-stamped sherds may indicate that this pottery tradition continued and further developed in Island Southeast Asia or Sulawesi at least until the Early Metal Age. The detailed analysis of these new finds and further comparative study on production technique, variety of design, forms, and styles of both dentate-stamped ceramics in Southeast Asia and Oceania is required.


Microevolutionary changes in the body size of the bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea) since the last glacial maximum were estimated from measurements of fecal pellets preserved in paleomiddens from the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau of the United States. The changes closely track regional temperature fluctuations simulated by the Community Climate Model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and also those estimated from deuterium isotope ratios of plant cellulose recovered from paleomiddens. Body size decreased during periods of climatic warming, as predicted from Bergmann's rule and from physiological responses to temperature stress. Fossil woodrat middens, by providing detailed temporal sequences of body sizes from many locations, permit precise quantification of responses to climatic change that have occurred in the past and may occur in the future.


Araceli Tinajero's Orientalismo en el modernismo hispanoamericano falls within the present revisionist trend with respect to Spanish American modernism of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The text's uniqueness stems from its focus on allusions to images, artifacts, and thought from the Eastuprimarily Japanufound in central and peripheral writings within the Spanish American movement. The author knows the Japanese language and culture and brings her knowledge to bear in her discussion of modernist writers who, chiefly as chroniclers and correspondents, made their way to the East and there invented/constructed a form of exoticism (Orientalism, following but diverging from Edward Said) while discovering affinities between non-European tendencies within their own American environment and Eastern culture. The result of this encounter was a unique, non-European Orientalism. Drawing on ethnography, postcolonial studies, literary theory, art history, and travel theory, Tinajero analyzes a selection of modernist texts to show how writing at the "margin" of Western modernism-modernity is at once within and without the maini??stream. The examination of Oriental cultural artifacts in modernista texts contributes to our understanding of modernism, of the East-West encounter, and of the culturally specific configurations of these phenomena in South America . Tinajero's concept of Orientalism focused on Spanish American modernism is a fresh approach. It represents a valuable contribution to Spanish American modernist scholarship.


The financial crisis of the late 2000s had a large effect on the capital and lending markets in the United States and overseas. The data presented here show that the financial crisis caused firms to increase the amount of short-term debt they employed from 1.3% of assets in 2006 to 2.2% in 2008. This increase in short-term debt financing was completely reversed by the end of 2009 suggesting that the increase in short-term debt financing was undesired and was reversed as soon as the financial crisis abated. The proximate causes of the spike in short-term debt financing include a reduction in accounts payable financing from suppliers and a decline in longterm debt and equity financing. A significant decrease in asset sales also contributed to the need for more shortterm debt financing. A regression analysis indicated that almost all of the increase in short-term debt financing was caused by the financial crisis and not the simultaneous recession.


We consider massively dense ad hoc networks and study their continuum limits as the node density increases and as the graph providing the available routes becomes a continuous area with location and congestion dependent costs. We study both the global optimal solution as well as the non-cooperative routing problem among a large population of users where each user seeks a path from its origin to its destination so as to minimize its individual cost. Finally, we seek for a (continuum version of the) Wardrop equilibrium. We first show how to derive meaningful cost models as a function of the scaling properties of the capacity of the network and of the density of nodes. We present various solution methodologies for the problem: (1) the viscosity solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation, for the global optimization problem, (2) a method based on Green's Theorem for the least cost problem of an individual, and (3) a solution of the Wardrop equilibrium problem using a transformation into an equivalent global optimization problem.


Modern high performance computing is dependent on parallel processing systems. Most current benchmarks reveal only the high level computational throughput metrics, which may be sufficient for single processor systems, but can lead to a misrepresentation of true system capability for parallel systems. A new benchmark is therefore proposed. CLUE (Cluster Evaluator) uses a cellular automata algorithm to evaluate the scalability of parallel processing machines. The benchmark also uses algorithmic variations to evaluate individual system components' impact on the overall serial fraction and efficiency. CLUE is not a replacement for other performance-centric benchmarks, but rather shows the scalability of a system and provides metrics to reveal where one can improve overall performance. CLUE is a new benchmark which demonstrates a better comparison among different parallel systems than existing benchmarks and can diagnose where a particular parallel system can be optimized.


We evaluated the fixed charge (Qf) and the interface state density (Dit) from the capacitance—voltage (C—V) measurement before and after rapid thermal cycle annealing (RTCA) using p-type silicon in which the passivation was performed with aluminum oxide (Al2O3) film by atomic layer deposition (ALD). From C—V measurement we obtained the surface potential (VS), accumulation and depletion width, and as a result, energy band diagrams were produced. It was determined that a barrier height of approximately 100 mV was induced by fixed negative charges in the Al2O3 layer near the interface to the p-type Si substrate. The field effect of the Al2O3 passivation layer created by RTCA strongly remains without depending on the gate voltage (VG). [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2012.22]


In drug delivery systems, mathematical modeling plays an important role in more clearly explaining the important mechanisms of drug release profiles, so as to facilitate the development of new drug products with a regular approach rather than trial and error. Mathematical models related to known drug release mechanisms fall into three categories: infiltration, controlled inflation systems, and erosion. In the case of liposomal nanoparticles as a biodegradable nanocarrier matrix, the release control is by hydrolysis gap in the polymer chain which will lead to matrix erosion, although penetration due to slow erosion may be still predominant. On the other hand, in the case of biodegradable nanocarriers, drug release is due to the concentration gradient either in the penetration or in the penetration enhancement system by erosion. This classification allows mathematical models to be developed in different ways for each type of system. Mathematical modeling of drug release can provide good insight into chemical processes and modes of delivery in drug delivery as well as the effect of design parameters. In both biodegradable and non-biodegradable nanocarriers, design parameters such as drug loading can significantly affect drug release mechanisms. Therefore, the optimized nano-carrier design for the required drug release profile can be predicted using a regular method with a minimum number of experimental studies. Thus, mathematical modeling can help predict drug release rates; as a result, researchers can come up with much more effective drug formulations and more accurate methods that will save time and money.


Data warehouse systems aim to support decision making by providing users with the appropriate information at the right time. This task is particularly challenging in business contexts where large amount of data is produced at a high speed. To this end, data warehouses have been equipped with Online Analytical Processing tools that help users to make fast and precise decisions through the execution of complex queries. Since the computation of these queries is time consuming, data warehouses precompute a set of materialized views answering to the workload queries. This thesis work defines a process to determine the minimal set of workload queries and the set of views to materialize. The set of queries is represented by an optimized lattice structure used to select the views to be materialized according to the processing time costs and the view storage space. The minimal set of required Online Analytical Processing queries is computed by analyzing the data model defined with the visual language CoDe (Complexity Design). The latter allows to conceptually organize the visualization of data reports and to generate visualizations of data obtained from data-mart queries. CoDe adopts a hybrid modeling process combining two main methodologies: user-driven and data-driven. The first aims to create a model according to the user knowledge, requirements, and analysis needs, whilst the latter has in charge to concretize data and their relationships in the model through Online Analytical Processing queries. Since the materialized views change over time, we also propose a dynamic process that allows users to (i) upgrade the CoDe model with a context-aware editor, (ii) build an optimized lattice structure able to minimize the effort to recalculate it, and (iii) propose the new set of views to materialize. Moreover, the process applies a Markov strategy


The transmission of emotion regulation from parent to adolescent as well as the relationship between adolescent emotion regulation and substance use is not clearly understood in extant psychological literature. The present study hypothesizes that parents transmit their emotion regulation skills to their adolescents via the mediator of parenting behaviors and that adolescents who are better emotion regulators are less likely to use substances. In the present study, cross-sectional and longitudinal structural equation modeling analyses were utilized to determine the relationship among these variables. In the cross-sectional analyses (n = 219), the sample was 55% male and were between the ages of 12 to 18 years (M = 15.12). In the longitudinal analyses (n = 129), the sample was 42% male and were between the ages of 13 to 21 years (M = 17.13). In both the cross-sectional and longitudinal models, adolescents with high negative parenting had higher levels of lability/negativity, whereas adolescents with high positive parenting had better emotion regulation skills and lower levels of substance use. In addition, in the longitudinal analyses, higher levels of suppression in parents were negatively related to adolescent emotion regulation. The findings of the present study highlight that parents transmit emotion regulation skills to their adolescents and that parenting behaviors may be a key point of intervention for promoting adolescent emotion regulation and demoting adolescent


With his witty and instructive book "The Armchair Economist, " Steven Landsburg won popularity and acclaim by using economics to illuminate the mysteries of daily life, and using daily life to illuminate the mysteries of economics. Now Landsburg returns to address fundamental issues like fairness, tolerance, morality and justice— issues that are as important on the playground as they are in the marketplace. With the help of his daughter, Cayley, he contrasts the wisdom of parents with the wisdom of economists— not always to the credit of the latter. How should we feel about taxes that redistribute income? Ask how parents feel about children who forcibly "redistribute" other children's toys. How should we respond to those who complain that their neighbors are too wealthy? Ask how parents respond when children complain that their siblings got too much cake. By insisting that fairness can't mean one thing for children and another for adults, Landsburg shows that the instincts of the parent have profound consequences for economic justice. Along the way, Landsburg— with his customary sharp wit and challenging logic— pauses to reflect on an astonishing variety of issues in economic theory, the philosophy of parenting, the true nature of family values, and how to get the most out of life. He uses parent-child interactions to explain the economics of free trade and immigration, progressive taxation, minimum wages, racial discrimination, and the role of money. He makes the best possible philosophical cases for and against progressive taxation, and weighs them against the wisdom of the playground. He explains why children are a good thing, and why economictheory tells us we don't have enough of them. He meditates on the role of authority in our lives, the effects of cultural bias, and why it's important to read poetry to your children. This lively and entertaining book will inform and delight readers who have forgotten the human side of the dismal science.


This paper presents research using a spatially explicit and dynamic common pool resource experiment to compare renewable resource extraction behavior between four treatments combining (1) open access and sole ownership institutions with (2) mobility and non-mobility of the renewable resource. The primary purpose of this research is to test the theory that introducing resource mobility into a sole ownership regime will remove the incentive for subjects to maximize the resource, instead causing them to revert to the myopic strategy predicted for the open access regime. I also test the hypothesis that open access firms are indifferent to resource dispersal. The results show that efficiency is unaffected by dispersal but the behavior of sole owners differs between dispersal conditions. Extraction requests increase at a faster rate under dispersal, fewer tokens remain unextracted in the final period, and some subjects show strategic behavior resulting in greater than 100% efficiency. This is a pilot study that presents preliminary evidence of a behavioral change. The results are subject to experimental factors such as subject misperceptions of linearity and statistical significance suffers from a small subject pool.


The lagoon of an atoll is separated from the ocean by a rim. As the rim controls the flux of water between ocean and lagoon, its structure is one of the major forcing factors of the biological processes that depend on the renewal rate of lagoonal water. Characterizing rim structure and its degree of hydrodynamic aperture is mandatory for comparing the functioning of different atoll lagoons. This paper characterizes at landscape scale the different types of rims of the atolls of the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia) using SPOT HRV multi-spectral images. The classification of 117 segments of rims highlights nine different rims. They differ in the relative importance of vegetated, submerged, intertidal and emerged domains. These classes are recognized with accuracy greater than 85% using a simple statistical supervised algorithm. A gradient of hydrodynamic aperture is described, from 0.02% very closed rim exposed to the north, to 0.65% wide open rim exposed to dominant southern swell. We show that most of these nine rims have a preferential exposure. According to the direction of the dominant swell in the Tuamotu region, such exposure may explain the structure of the rims and their degree of hydrodynamic aperture. We discuss the implications of these results for research and management.


Relation between hepcidin hematologic theileriosis This study aimed to determine the relationship between hepcidine levels and some hematological and biochemical parameters after anemia in natural theileriosis cows. This research was conducted with a total of 25 cattle, including 10 healthy controls and 15 cattle with natural theileriosis. 1098 bp positivity was determined according to the PCR result. Leukocyte (WBC), erythrocyte (RBC), hematocrit (HCT) and hemoglobin (HGB) levels were decreased. However, red blood cell distribution width (RDW), Platelet (PLT) and hepcidin levels were increase determined in natural theileriosis cows according to the control group. In addition, a positive correlation was detected between hepsin and iron parameters although there is no statistical significance between them and a negative correlation was determined between hepcidine and HCT, HGB and RDW parameters. As a result, it was determined that erythrocyte parameters decrease and increase in iron parameters and heptidine levels in cattle with theileriosis. It can be concluded that the diagnostic importance.


Microfurnaces available today for X-ray single-crystal investigation (radiative, gas-flame, gas-flow) are generally temperature-monitored by a thermocouple placed in a different site with respect to the crystal. The new F1 microfurnace aims at the following goals: fast crystal mounting; access to a large portion of reciprocal lattice; low absorption of direct beam; efficient in situ temperature measurement; fast power supply regulation; high temperature stability; controlled atmosphere. In the F1, the crystal is directly glued to a thermocouple with refractory cement. The heating body, fixed on the χ and radially shiftable along the ϕ axis circle, hosts the Pt winding and connections of both gas flow and power supply, and is enclosed in a thin pyrolitic boron nitride (PBN) shield. Temperature stability is within ± 1°C. Calibration of the F1 was carried out by collecting X-ray data from a single-crystal synthetic periclase at tem- peratures of 28, 150, 300, 450, 600, 700, 900 and 1000°C, and yielded the equation: a = 0.0000625 (7) (T(K) - 273) + 4.2083 (4), based on the ratio between cell edge and temperature. Structural refinements gave structural parame- ters and thermal expansion values at the investigated temperature. The mean coefficient of linear expansion up to 1000°C was 14.3 × 10-6 °C.


The NHC–Au–OTf [NHC = 1,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene] catalyst was tested in the alkoxylation and hydration of alkynes in a wide set of neoteric solvents for the first time. We found that most of these solvents (ethyl lactate, glycerol, propylene carbonate, D-limonene, γ-valerolactone, and p-cymene) are comparable or better solvents with respect to traditional VOSs. An important beneficial effect of γ-valerolactone was found in the hydration of inactive diphenylacetylene and one order of magnitude higher TOF was obtained with respect to the literature values. Kinetic experiments and DFT calculations seem to indicate that the polarity of the solvent and the presence of suitable proton acceptor/donor functionalities on the solvent itself could be taken into account.


The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) has supported environmental health sciences that overlap with ocean science questions and resources since its inception. The second NIEHS director, David Rall, and NIEHS's third director, Dr. Kenneth Olden, exhibited active interest in the development and funding of oceans and human health-related research, education, and outreach. The institute has provided fiscal support for regular research grants, center grants, and program project grants; for individual and institutional training grants; and for conference and meeting support. During Dr. Olden's tenure, the institute has also demonstrated leadership in working with other institutes within the National Institutes of Health to further ocean-based biomedical research and has reached out to other funding agencies and departments of the federal government. The Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Science Center program is the longest lasting, most productive, and high-profile aspect of NIEHS's funding in the ocean environmental health sciences, and under Dr. Olden's leadership that program has steadily increased in stature. Developed collaboratively with Rita Colwell, immediate past director of the National Science Foundation, the present Centers for Oceans and Human Health are a joint exercise of the two agencies. The Marine and Freshwater Biomedical Science Center program, the three research foci of the present Centers for Oceans and Human Health program, and increased collaborative oceans and human health research will all contribute to the health of the world's oceans and, by co-dependence, the health of humans.

doi:10.1289/ehp.7964 available via http://dx.doi.org/


This paper presents the investigation of mechanical properties of glued-laminated timber (glulam) and laminated veneer lumber (LVL) manufactured from a tropical medium hardwood, Mengkulang (Heritiera s.p). The properties included the bending stiffness; local and global modulus of elasticity (MOE local, Em,l and MOE global, Em,g) and the strength (bending strength parallel to grain, fm). Three samples comprising 7 glulam beams, 7 nos. of LVL flatwise beams (for bending flatwise) and 6 nos. LVL edgewise beams (for bending edgewise), were subjected to four-point loading procedures according to Eurocode standards. Results specified Mengkulang glulam had the highest strength and stiffness among the others. The MOE global was higher than MOE local as discovered in the glulam sample, mainly due to the presence of the weak zone at the low bending stiffness. The LVL edgewise sample was proved to have greater values of stiffness and strength than that of the LVL flatwise. The LVL edgewise fracture beam could be observed as grain deviation at the tension zone whereas LVL flatwise exhibited horizontal shear failure. The glulam sample passed the requirement of delamination percentage and the shear strength according to MS 758. The results from experimental also showed that the bending strength and stiffness of glulam and LVL, manufactured from medium hardwood of Mengkulang species (strength group S.G.5) could be improved to the equivalent strength of heavy hardwood. Index Term-ETP, glulam, LVL, Mechanical properties,


Two popular examples of first-order optimization methods over linear spaces are coordinate descent and matching pursuit algorithms, with their randomized variants. While the former targets the optimization by moving along coordinates, the latter considers a generalized notion of directions. Exploiting the connection between the two algorithms, we present a unified analysis of both, providing affine invariant sublinear $\mathcal{O}(1/t)$ rates on smooth objectives and linear convergence on strongly convex objectives. As a byproduct of our affine invariant analysis of matching pursuit, our rates for steepest coordinate descent are the tightest known. Furthermore, we show the first accelerated convergence rate $\mathcal{O}(1/t^2)$ for matching pursuit on convex objectives.


The existing method of measuring deformation in the wheel paths of roads in the UK is by straightedge; it is slow and is hazardous on busy roads. A safer and faster method of measurement using the new TRRL high-speed profilometer has been developed at the laboratory. This report describes the method of measurement and the evaluation of the factors affecting the accuracy of measurement. Comparison of the high-speed and existing method of measurement show agreement to within 2mm on major roads and within 3mm on other roads. The difference between the measurements is caused in part by the sampling error of the straightedge method and in part by the operator in controlling the line of measurement of the high-speed system. Repeatability of meaurement is found to be such that on average 80 per cent or more of the repeat measurements differ by 1.5 mm or less. Criteria for rut depth derived from existing maintenance criteria are presented for use with the high-speed system. Alternative and less costly equipment than the profilometer that would measure rut depth and surface texture is briefly described. (Author/TRRL)


BACKGROUND
Computer-aided detection (CAD) has rapidly diffused into screening mammography practice despite limited and conflicting data on its clinical effect.

OBJECTIVE
To determine associations between CAD use during screening mammography and the incidence of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive breast cancer, invasive cancer stage, and diagnostic testing.

DESIGN
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING
Medicare program.

PARTICIPANTS
Women aged 67 to 89 years having screening mammography between 2001 and 2006 in U.S. SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) regions (409 459 mammograms from 163 099 women).

MEASUREMENTS
Incident DCIS and invasive breast cancer within 1 year after mammography, invasive cancer stage, and diagnostic testing within 90 days after screening among women without breast cancer.

RESULTS
From 2001 to 2006, CAD prevalence increased from 3.6% to 60.5%. Use of CAD was associated with greater DCIS incidence (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.17 [95% CI, 1.11 to 1.23]) but no difference in invasive breast cancer incidence (adjusted OR, 1.00 [CI, 0.97 to 1.03]). Among women with invasive cancer, CAD was associated with greater likelihood of stage I to II versus III to IV cancer (adjusted OR, 1.27 [CI, 1.14 to 1.41]). In women without breast cancer, CAD was associated with increased odds of diagnostic mammography (adjusted OR, 1.28 [CI, 1.27 to 1.29]), breast ultrasonography (adjusted OR, 1.07 [CI, 1.06 to 1.09]), and breast biopsy (adjusted OR, 1.10 [CI, 1.08 to 1.12]).

LIMITATION
Short follow-up for cancer stage, potential unmeasured confounding, and uncertain generalizability to younger women.

CONCLUSION
Use of CAD during screening mammography among Medicare enrollees is associated with increased DCIS incidence, the diagnosis of invasive breast cancer at earlier stages, and increased diagnostic testing among women without breast cancer.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, University of California, Davis.


Since the late 1990s, the Indian community in Australia has grown faster than any other immigrant community. The Indian Diaspora has made substantial contributions to the multi-ethnic and multi-religious diversity within Australia. The growth of Hinduism and Sikhism through gurus, temples, yoga and rituals of many kind has brought new colours, images, customs and practices to the profile of Australian religion, and the Australian landscape more widely. At the same time, Hinduism and Sikhism have themselves been transformed as Hindus and Sikhs from different parts of India as well as Fiji, Malaysia and other parts of the world have come together to establish a pan-Indian ethos. Hindus and Sikhs here have also interacted with other sectors of the Australian population and with religions from the Western world. This is the theme of this book.The Indian Diaspora covers the theory of diaspora, the historical development of the Indian communities in Australia since the late 19th century to the present times, current practices and statistical profiles of Hindus and Sikhs in Australia, and interactions between Hindus and Sikhs with the wider Australian community. There are case-studies of the Indian students and women in the Australian community, of Indian communities in Melbourne and South Australia, and of temple building and the Sikh gurdwara. The book has been edited by and contains contributions from Purushottama Bilimoria, an internationally-known scholar of philosophy and religion, Jayant Bhalchandra Bapat, one of Australia's most senior Hindu priests and a scholar of Hinduism, and Philip Hughes, a leading analyst of the religious profiles of the Australian people. It also contains contributions from several other prominent scholars. Included are special essays on the importance of diaspora by the late Ninian Smart and on the 19th century Afghan cameleers and Indian hawkers.


Nanotechnology as a research field presents many new opportunities and challenges for educating the next generation of engineers. In this paper, we attempt to understand the impact of this research team's initiatives to increase engineering students' awareness and understanding of nanotechnology. This is a case study of how four student teams changed their iteratively-developed design solutions for a nanotechnology-based design project. The goal is to investigate how first-year engineering (FYE) students developed their demonstrated knowledge of nanotechnology. We found that all four teams discussed nanotechnology concepts from the beginning of their solutions. Although they had difficulty relating their nanotechnology applications to science and mathematics concepts, they had consistent ideas for the nanotechnology-specific content they wanted to focus on throughout their project. The results show that all four project cases have a clear potential connection to a field of engineering. Connecting nanotechnology to potential engineering fields may present a better content focus than science and mathematics concepts.


Junot Díaz is a Dominican American award-winning fiction writer and essayist. For over twenty years his work has helped to map and remap Latinx, Caribbean, and American literary and cultural studies. Since his collection of short stories, Drown, debuted in 1996, Díaz has become a leading literary figure in Latinx, Afro-Latinx, and diaspora studies. His voice is critically linked to the legacy of Latinx Caribbean literary poetics reaching back to the 1960s (including Piri Thomas's Down These Mean Streets, 1967). Díaz's work is likewise transnational and diasporic, often reflecting the lived experiences of working-class immigrant populations of color in northeastern urban centers. Within a broader scope, Díaz's writing is tied to feminist African American and Chicana literary traditions, with Díaz citing the influence of writers such as Toni Morrison and Sandra Cisneros in his writing practice. His 2007 award-winning novel, The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in fiction and catapulted him into literary superstardom. Díaz followed that success with his 2012 collection of short stories, This Is How You Lose Her, which was a finalist for both the 2012 National Book Award for Fiction and the 2013 Andrew Carnegie Medal for Excellence in Fiction. In 2012, Díaz was conferred the MacArthur Fellows Program Award, commonly known as the MacArthur "Genius Grant," and in 2017, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. In 2019, he was the Rudge and Nancy Allen Professor of Writing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the fiction editor at the renowned literary magazine the Boston Review.
 Over the course of his professional writing career, Díaz has published numerous nonfiction essays and political commentaries, and coauthored opinion editorials on immigration and reflections on Caribbean and US politics. His short story "Monstro," published in 2012, further rooted Díaz in the genres of science fiction and Afrofuturism. "Monstro" was understood to be a teaser for a now discarded novel of the same name. The simultaneous publication of the English-language Islandborn and Spanish-language Lola in 2018 represented the author's first foray into the genre of children's literature. Like much of Díaz's literary oeuvre, the children's books chronicle the experiences and memories of Afro-Dominicans in the diaspora through the perspective of a child narrator. Díaz is one of the founders of Voices of Our Nation (VONA), a summer creative writing workshop for writers of color where he helps aspiring writers to workshop their fiction. Díaz's fiction and nonfiction writings have catalyzed work in literary, Latinx, and Afro-Latinx studies, prompting renewed discourses on literary representations of masculinity, gender, sexuality, intimacy, sexual violence, dictatorship, immigration, disability, Dominican history, race and anti-blackness, anti-Haitianism, decolonization and radical politics, and diaspora and belonging.


The United States is a nation of diverse peoples bound together through an allegiance to the constitution. The Introduction looks at where the people of the United States have come from and how they have come together, whether through conquest, colonialism, the slave trade, the acquisition of territories, or voluntary migration. The United States did not become a nation by accident, but by choice. Since its founding in 1789, the United States has experienced almost constant immigration. There have been three notable waves: in the 1840s and 1850s, from the 1890s to World War I, and after 1965. There are many issues that Americans have to confront that relate to immigration.


Responding to modern day environmental challenges for societal well-being and prosperity necessitates the integration of science into policy and practice. This has spurred the development of novel institutional structures among research organisations aimed at enhancing the impact of environmental science on policy and practice. However, such initiatives are seldom evaluated and even in cases where evaluations are undertaken, the results are rarely made publicly available. As such there is very little empirically grounded guidance available to inform other organisations in this regard. To help address this, the aim of this study is to evaluate the Baltic Eye Project at Stockholm University–a unique team consisting of researchers from different fields, science communicators, journalists and policy analysts–working collectively to support evidence-informed decision-making relating to the sustainable management of the Baltic Sea environment. Specifically, through qualitative interviews, we (1) identify the impacts achieved by the Baltic Eye Project; (2) understand the challenges and barriers experienced throughout the Baltic Eye Project; and (3) highlight the key features that are needed within research organisations to enhance the impact of science on policy and practice. Results show that despite only operating for three years, the Baltic Eye Project has achieved demonstrable impacts on a range of levels: impacts on policy and practice, impacts to individuals working within the organisation and impacts to the broader University. We also identify a range of barriers that have limited impacts to date, such as a lack of clear goals at the establishment of the Baltic Eye Project and existing metrics of academic impact (e.g. number of publications). Finally, based on the experiences of employees at the Baltic Eye Project, we identify the key organisational, individual, financial, material, practical, political, and social features of university-based boundary organisations that have impact on policy and practice. In doing so this paper provides empirically-derived guidance to help other research organisations increase their capacity to achieve tangible impacts on environmental policy and practice.


A hybrid wavelength division multiple access (WDMA)/optical code division multiplexing (OCDM) system is proposed, where the optical code is not the same as the address of every optical network unit (ONU); rather, the code is a virtual fiber of hybrid passive optical network (PON). To our knowledge, this is the first report analyzing a single encoder/decoder with a single corresponding optical code being exploited to encode/decode multiple wavelength signals simultaneously. This system enables OCDM to become transparent to ONU so that the existing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) PON can be upgraded. Thus, redesigning the optical line terminal and ONU can be easily accomplished, and greatly decreasing the number of encoder/decoder becomes possible. In experiment, we only employ two encoder/decoder pairs to combine two WDM-PONs in one fiber. Simulation results confirm the feasibility of the proposed system.


In this paper the authors address the modelling of surface profiles resulting from the laser cutting process. Despite the attention paid to this problem by the scientific community, the phenomena of striation formation is still only marginally understood. The models used in the literature are often highly simplified and focused on single large scale effects such as exothermic reactions of the melt with the assist gas. In this work a three-dimensional fully coupled model for the laser cutting process is used. It will be shown by the authors that, if details of the cut face surface profile, dross and burnout are sought, simplifications like reduction in model dimension and the neglect of gas dynamics, viscous shear, convection effects and melt flow dynamics are not admissible, and that those 'small' effects induce identifiable differences within the cut surface profile. However, it has also been found by the authors that currently available computer hardware is not capable of producing results at the necessary rate and cost required for parametric studies. Results from nine simulation runs amounting to 17 300 cpu hours on a SGI origin 3400 system are presented. These are intended to be taken as cautionary examples with regard to the numerical models applied and thus establish a lower limit of modelling complexity. This lower limit can then be built upon by introducing exothermic reaction, plasma formation, multiple reflections and the like.


Strict one-to-one correspondence between codons and amino acids is thought to be an essential feature of the genetic code. However, we report that one codon can code for two different amino acids with the choice of the inserted amino acid determined by a specific 3′ untranslated region structure and location of the dual-function codon within the messenger RNA (mRNA). We found that the codon UGA specifies insertion of selenocysteine and cysteine in the ciliate Euplotes crassus, that the dual use of this codon can occur even within the same gene, and that the structural arrangements of Euplotes mRNA preserve location-dependent dual function of UGA when expressed in mammalian cells. Thus, the genetic code supports the use of one codon to code for multiple amino acids.


About the book:
There has been a recent explosion of interest in Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Trans Perspective Psychology amongst students and academics, and this interest is predicted to continue to rise. Recent media debates on subjects such as same-sex marriage have fuelled interest in LGBTQ perspectives. This edited collection showcases the latest thinking in LGBTQ psychology. The book has 21 chapters covering subjects such as same sex parenting, outing, young LGBTQ people, sport, learning disabilities, lesbian and gay identities etc. The book has an international focus, with contributors from UK, US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand