The initial impetus of this thesis was to investigate the notion of an information strategy. This was to be addressed through gaining access to an institution that was attempting to create or formulate an information strategy, in the 1990s and early 2000s. Therefore, the investigation focussed upon researching a particular case study organisation, that of Stapleford University. The thesis is an in depth analysis of that organisation's attempt to formulate, understand, interpret and implement an information strategy. It was evident within the early stages of the strategy formulation process that the notion of an information strategy was seen by all as being extremely important. This was reflected in both the creation of a specific committee, with a specific remit and the membership of that committee. There was also a newly appointed Vice Chancellor who had made the formulation of an information strategy a priority as part of the mechanism for the university to move forward and compete with other higher education institutions. Although there was 'open' support within the information steering committee's membership there was also a 'closed' element of confusion with regards to an agreement of definition, what it was supposed to achieve, as well as issues of ownership. This element of confusion included what information meant to various individuals, who had responsibility for the strategy and what would be the 'outcome' of this process. What appeared, to the researcher, was an informal melee both at the bbeginning and throughout the subsequent process. Initially, two individuals were tasked with developing the first draft of the information strategy. The reason for delegating to these individuals was because of their specific roles and implicitly shared notion of information. The individuals were the Director of Information Technology Services and Director of Information & Learning Resources / Director of Library & Learning Resources. The initial results identified a strategy that was technologically focussed, and this continued to inform consecutive attempts and became the accepted and perceived view as to the essence of an information strategy. It was a strategy that maintained continuity with 'hard held ideas' and aligned with particular committee member's relevant disciplines. The collected evidence highlighted that the notion of an information strategy was more difficult both conceptually and practically than the information steering committee members had appreciated, that no specific document was ever put forward to the University Executive for ratification and that the information steering committee was eventually disbanded and replaced with a committee that was technologically focussed. The realisation that there was no common agreement on what information was or what an information strategy was became the key problem. The fact that the term was in essence 'polysemous' focussed the research towards what was an information strategy as opposed to how to formulate one. This provided an opportunity to investigate and theorise the strategy formulation process; using neo-institutional theory and in particular isomorphism in an attempt to understand the different interpretations and provide an explanation as to why, in this case, an information strategy was not forthcoming. The contribution to knowledge, from this investigation, highlights that the polysemous approach to information impacts upon the information strategy formulation process. That is, theorising the process of strategy formulation has indicated that if a technological approach to information strategy formulation is adopted then the outcome of that process would be what the researcher has termed an 'hollow strategy'. Indicating that there is no practical impact gained from the strategy, it is in fact a strategy in name only. The corollary of this approach is the notion of 'superficial validity' that is, it allows the organisation to present a strategy to both internal and external parties and in doing so it meets prescribed criteria; but in reality the practical use or impact of the strategy is negligible. That does not negate the process individuals have engaged with, as it is that process that has provided important learning; such as recognising the role of multiple logics in creating institutional complexity and how that then impacts on that strategy formulation process. This highlights the importance of agency and actors in the socially constructed institution. Together, the issues of the polysemus nature of information and the conflicting role of multiple logics in the strategy formulation process may question whether the notion of an information strategy is at all possible. The research has reinforced the view that information is polysemous, that it is not a purely rational endeavour or a concrete resource, but is a human construct that manifests itself in many different forms dependent upon individuals' experiences, perceptions, understanding and involvement within the organisation. These are revealed and influenced by perceptions, structure and actions found within the organisation identifying why multiple logics were able to explain why the strategy formulation process was so dysfunctional. Therefore, an information strategy is not simply a technocratic process but a dynamic one involving negotiation between the ways that individuals and professional groups make sense of their competing concepts of information and use their power and status in privileging their perceptions and gaining legitimacy.


Eye movement research is a highly active and productive research field. Here we focus on how the embodied nature of eye movements can act as a window to the brain and the mind. In particular, we discuss how conscious perception depends on the trajectory of fixated locations and consequently address how fixation locations are selected. Specifically, we argue that the selection of fixation points during visual exploration can be understood to a large degree based on retinotopically structured models. Yet, these models largely ignore spatiotemporal structure in eye-movement sequences. Explaining spatiotemporal structure in eye-movement trajectories requires an understanding of spatiotemporal properties of the visual sampling process. With this in mind, we discuss the availability of external information to internal inference about causes in the world. We demonstrate that visual foraging is a dynamic process that can be systematically modulated either towards exploration or exploitation. For an analysis at high temporal resolution, we suggest a new method: The renewal density allows the investigation of precise temporal relation of eye movements and other actions like a button press. We conclude with an outlook and propose that eye movement research has reached an appropriate stage and can easily be combined with other research methods to utilize this window to the brain and mind to its fullest.


How Internet addiction affects happiness of university students in terms of their cognitive and emotional resources was not adequately investigated. One of the inner resources of life satisfaction and happiness is defined as psychological capital (PsyCap), under the paradigm of positive psychology. PsyCap consists of four main sub-factors: hope, resilience, self-efficacy, and optimism. The major purpose of this study is to examine the role of Internet addiction and social media membership on PsyCap. The interaction between social media membership and Internet addiction was also investigated. The study employed a quantitative approach of scientific inquiry which combined descriptive, relational, and comparative models. The sample consisted of 209 students at a medium size state university in Turkey. Internet Addiction Inventory (Young, 1998) and Psychological Capital Questionnaire (Luthans et al., 2007) were employed as data gathering tools. A demographic data sheet was also used for determining the reasons and the amount of time for using Internet. In analyzing data, a set of correlation, analysis of variance, and multiple regression techniques were conducted. The results were complex. Internet addiction and PsyCap were negatively correlated. Students who spend more time on the Internet and social media, who are male and use Internet for daily communication were more likely to have higher Internet addiction scores. PsyCap can be significantly predicted by academic success, Internet addiction and having a blog. Although social media using time was not interacted with PsyCap, social media membership leaded to both higher PsyCap and higher Internet addiction. Especially, PsyCap scores of the students who had Linkedln and YouTube accounts were significantly higher. Internet addiction scores were also higher for students having Twitter, YouTube, Pinterest, and Linkedln accounts. It can be concluded that Internet addiction decreases PsyCap. Social media membership increases both Internet addiction and PsyCap.


We have studied the magnetic, magnetocaloric, and magnetoelastic properties of LaFe11.57Si1.43Bx compounds in the concentration interval 0<x≤1.64 using magnetization and strain gauge techniques. The crystal cell parameters and Curie temperatures were found to increase linearly with increasing B concentrations up to ∼0.1% and 9%, respectively. A positive magnetovolume anomaly of about 0.22% was observed in the vicinity of TC. The magnetovolume coupling constant was estimated to be approximately 3×10−3 [μB/Fe atom]−2. Magnetic entropy changes at TC slightly depended on B concentration. A hysteresis loss of about ten times smaller relative to the base compound (x=0) was observed for x=1.64. Therefore it was shown that the characteristics of the magnetocaloric effect of LaFe11.57Si1.43 can be adjusted by a change in B concentration in the LaFe11.57Si1.43Bx system. The relative importance of the variation in the volume of crystal cell and electron concentration on TC was discussed.


Samuel Richardson (1689–1761) was an established master printer when, at the age of 51, he published his first novel, Pamela, and immediately became one of the most influential and admired writers of his time. Not only were all Richardson's novels written in epistolary form: he was also a prolific letter-writer himself. This volume in the first ever full edition of Richardson's correspondence includes his letters to and from Aaron Hill, the poet, dramatist and entrepreneur (1685–1750). Hill was Richardson's earliest literary friend and advisor as he embarked on a new career as a novelist. This correspondence offers fascinating insight into the compositional processes not just of the two Pamela novels, but of Richardson's later novels Clarissa and The History of Sir Charles Grandison. The volume also contains Richardson's correspondence with Hill's three literary daughters, which forms an invaluable chapter in the history of women's writing and literary criticism.


A total of 6194 female doctors who in 1951 replied to a questionnaire about their smoking habits were followed up prospectively for 22 years. During that time 1094 died. Ischaemic heart disease, lung cancer, and chronic obstructive lung disease were all significantly (p < 0.001) related to smoking, though the absolute excess risks were lower than in male doctors smoking equivalent amounts. Female smokers born before the first world war were less likely to describe themselves as inhalers or as having started to smoke while young than were female smokers who were born later. In these respects this younger group resembled male smokers, and as they move into their 60s and 70s their absolute risk of lung disease and relative risk of ischaemic heart disease will probably come to resemble the risks for men smoking the same numbers of cigarettes. These findings show only that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, and heart disease in women as in men. Whether the proportional increase in mortality from these diseases is as great in women as in men might be estimated directly from new case-control studies on men and women born since 1920.


This paper presents a segmentation algorithm of a Time-Frequency Representation, which automatically selects time-frequency patterns containing signal of interest. Considering a de-terministic non-stationary signal embedded in a white Gaussian noise, we know that the real and imaginary parts of the Short Time Fourier Transform coefficients (STFT) have a Gaussian distribution. We already proposed an unsupervised segmentation based on the spectrogram, the squared modulus of the STFT, whose coefficients have a non-central chi-square distribution. In order to keep simple Gaussian distributions and the phase information, we consider here only real and imaginary part of the STFT. We first highlight the difference existing between the variance of these real and imaginary parts. The ratio of these variances is a function of the nature and length of the analysis window. Estimated on a cell around each time-frequency location, these variances are used to determine if a time-frequency location contains deterministic signal or noise only. Given that the noise variance is unknown, an iterative algorithm is proposed. In addition of the STFT's parameters, which are the size and shape of the analysis window, the overlap between two consecutive windows, and the amount of zero padding, three different parameters control the segmentation. The most important one is the kurtosis of the distribution , calculated on time-frequency coefficients supposed to contain noise only. It is used to define a stop criterion of the segmentation and permits the monitoring of the signal pattern segmentation. The influence of the other parameters on the segmentation result is also discussed. This tool is applied to monitor a three-phase AC induction motor on the test bench GOTIX of the laboratory. Sensors measure vibration, torque and phase tensions and intensities. Segmented patterns provide information about time evolution of the spectral energy, and permit the tracking of the engine speed.


Increases in the U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards for light-duty vehicles for the 2017 to 2025 model years are currently under consideration. This analysis used an economywide model with detail in the passenger vehicle fleet to evaluate the impacts of economic, energy use, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with year-on-year increases in new targets for vehicle fuel economy of 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%, which corresponded to the initially proposed rates of increase for the 2017 to 2025 CAFE rulemaking. The results revealed that, across the range of targets proposed, the average welfare cost of a policy constraint increased nonlinearly with target stringency because the proposed policy targets would require increasingly costly changes to vehicles in the near term. Further, the results showed that the impacts on the economy and GHG emissions of combining a fuel tax with fuel economy standards could be positive or negative, as those impacts would depend on underlying technology costs. Finally, the results suggested that over the period from 2015 to 2030, a 5% CAFE policy could reduce gasoline use by about 25 billion gal/year, reduce CO2 emissions by approximately 190 million metric tons per year, and cost $25 billion per year (net present value in 2004 dollars), relative to a no-policy baseline.


BACKGROUND
Dyslexia is now generally acknowledged to involve difficulties in phonological processing. However, the links between reading difficulties and speech difficulties remain unclear.

METHOD
In the present study, 17 children with speech difficulties between the ages of four and six were compared to children with a family history of dyslexia and normally developing controls on phonological processing, phonological learning, phonological awareness and literacy tasks.

RESULTS
The two groups of children at risk of reading difficulties showed very similar patterns of impairment, with average vocabulary but poor input and output speech processing, phonological learning, phonological awareness and reading development.

CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that the antecedents of reading difficulty are similar in these two groups of children, with both groups showing deficits in the development of phonological representations.


This work focus on the study of gender differences in financial decision making. One of the main findings of this research is that women are more risk averse than men in various contexts of risk. However, some studies could not find strong evidence for this claim. This article analyses the main contributions to the understanding of gender differences in relation to financial risk. It then details the results of an experiment that measures financial risk aversion in terms of gender, as well as other variables such as age, background in finance and socioeconomic status. The results demonstrate that women are more risk averse. However, in the last portion of the experiment, in which participants make investment decisions about how to allocate a portfolio of financial products, gender does not explain risk aversion. Only in the purchase of shares of a solvent corporation are men more risk loving.

 Key words: Aversion to financial risk, gender differences, time horizon, risk-return, portfolio of financial products.


ABSTRACT Zink (2015) argued there was no evidence for genetic, morphological, or ecological differentiation between the federally endangered Southwestern Willow Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) and other Willow Flycatcher subspecies. Using the same data, we show there is a step-cline in both the frequency of a mtDNA haplotype and in plumage variation roughly concordant with the currently recognized boundary between E. t. extimus and E. t adastus, the subspecies with which it shares the longest common boundary. The geographical pattern of plumage variation is also concordant with previous song analyses differentiating those 2 subspecies and identified birds in one low-latitude, high-elevation site in Arizona as the northern subspecies. We also demonstrate that the ecological niche modeling approach used by Zink yields the same result whether applied to the 2 flycatcher subspecies or to 2 unrelated species, E. t. extimus and Yellow Warbler (Setophaga petechia). As a result, any interpretation of those results as evidence for lack of ecological niche differentiation among Willow Flycatcher subspecies would also indicate no differentiation among recognized species and would therefore be an inappropriate standard for delineating subspecies. We agree that many analytical techniques now available to examine genetic, morphological, and ecological differentiation would improve our understanding of the distinctness (or lack thereof) of Willow Flycatcher subspecies, but we argue that currently available evidence supports protection of the Southwestern Willow Flycatcher under the Endangered Species Act.


Increasing the tax compliance of self-employed business owners (particularly of trade-specific service providers) remains an ongoing challenge for tax authorities. From a compliance point of view, cash transactions are particularly problematic when services are paid for on the spot, as such exchanges are difficult to audit. As a novelty we present experimental evidence testing 11 different policy strategies in a setting that allows for cash transactions. Our sample includes both students and non-students active in service industries characterised by the opportunity to engage in cash transactions. While our results offer a positive outlook for the interventions reporting a significant effect, they particularly speak to the potential of moral suasion to increase compliance, as it may be implemented at relatively low cost. However, a carrot (offering support in tax declarations) as well as a stick (increasing the threat of audits) approach may be promising for increased compliance, especially where there is an evasion opportunity in cash-for-service payments between small businesses and individual customers who may share a common benefit from tax evasion. A stick approach is particularly efficient for those inclined to use cash transactions.


In the process of European integration the member states have agreed to transfer substantial jurisdiction in the areas of economic and monetary policy to the European Community. In industrial relations, however, they have refused to make similar concessions. Despite its numerous attempts the Commission of the EC has not as yet been able to secure the political consensus necessary for a European model of employees' participation and codetermination. In the context of the Single European Market the national systems of codetermination are destined to play a decreasing role. With the continuing development of the single market and its interlocking business structures across national borders, regulations on codetermination that extend only up to such borders and no further can be expected to lose in significane. This paper traces the history of codetermination in the European Community. It also analyses the reasons why the various directives and regulations drafted by the EC Commission since 1967 have been rej...


BACKGROUND
Cataract formation or acceleration can occur after intraocular surgery, especially following vitrectomy, a surgical technique for removing the vitreous used in the treatment of disorders that affect the posterior segment of the eye.

OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review was to evaluate benefits and adverse outcomes of surgery for post-vitrectomy cataract with respect to visual acuity, quality of life, and other outcomes.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL) (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Group Trials Register) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2007), MEDLINE, EMBASE, Latin America and Caribbean Health Sciences (LILACS) and the UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio Database (UKCRN). The databases were last searched on 18 January 2008. We also searched www.clinicaltrials.gov, www.controlled-trials.com, and www.actr.org.au in December 2007, in case pertinent trials were registered and were nearing completion.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We planned to include randomized and quasi-randomized trials comparing cataract surgery with no surgery in adult patients who developed cataract following vitrectomy.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors screened the search results independently. No studies were eligible for inclusion in the review.

MAIN RESULTS
We found no randomized or quasi-randomized trials comparing cataract surgery with no cataract surgery for patients developing cataracts following vitrectomy surgery.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
There is no evidence from randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials on which to base clinical recommendations for surgery for post-vitrectomy cataract.


Structural mapping, metamorphic analysis, and U-Pb geochronology from the Cerbat Mountains of northwestern Arizona place new constraints on the tectonic significance and timing of the boundary between the Mojave and Yavapai Proterozoic crustal provinces in the southwestern United States. The Cerbat Mountains are the easternmost range that exhibits wholly Mojave Pb isotopic signatures, yet their Paleoproterozoic structural history is strikingly similar to that of the Yavapai province.

Two pervasive deformational events are recognized in the Cerbat Mountains. D1 fabrics are well preserved in the northern Cerbat Mountains, and are characterized by a north-northwest−striking, moderately northeast-dipping foliation (S1) that is axial planar to macroscopic recumbent folds that we interpret to be west to southwest vergent. Similar structures have been documented locally in the Yavapai province. D1 is bracketed between 1740 and 1721 Ma in the Cerbat Mountains on the basis of U-Pb zircon ages of the Big Wash granite (1737 ± 4.3 Ma) and the Diana and Chloride granites (1719 ± 1.2 and 1721 ± 2.4 Ma, respectively). D2 fabrics dominate the central and southern Cerbat Mountains and include a subvertical, northeast-striking foliation that truncates and transposes S1. D2 is bracketed between 1721 and 1682 Ma, on the basis of U-Pb ages of the Diana and Chloride granites and post-D2 granite dikes in the eastern Cerbat Mountains (1682.5 ± 2.4 Ma). The structural style, orientation, and timing of D1 and D2 fabrics in the Cerbat Mountains are identical to those of the Yavapai province.

Supracrustal rocks within the Cerbat Mountains were subjected to two periods of metamorphism that correspond temporally to the two periods of deformation. The early phase occurred at 675–725 °C and 5–6 kilobars. The later phase occurred at 650– 700 °C and 3.5–4.5 kilobars.

We propose that the Mojave and Yavapai provinces were sutured together between ca. 1740 and 1720 Ma during regional D1 deformation. Collisional orogenesis in the eastern Mojave province may have resulted in the tectonic burial of rocks in the Cerbat Mountains to depths of 20 km. D2, between 1720 and 1682 Ma, corresponds to the widespread Yavapai orogeny, and is interpreted to record accretion of the amalgamated Mojave-Yavapai terrane to Proterozoic terranes that are now located in Colorado.


Certain parts of a wind turbine, for example, the gearbox require significant time and heavy lifting equipment in the event of catastrophic failure necessitating replacement. Continuous condition monitoring has the potential to catch problems early, enable scheduled preventative maintenance and thereby reduce turbine downtime, reduce the number of site visits and prevent secondary damage. Accelerometers applied to mechanical components of the drive train are traditionally used for condition monitoring, but require their own data acquisition system and analysis software. In contrast, the electrical current and voltage are continuously measured and could also be used for condition monitoring more cheaply. An experimental data acquisition system has been installed on a small (25 kW) onshore turbine in Leicestershire, UK to compare three-phase currents and voltages on the stator windings with six accelerometer signals. Data have been recorded before and after a gearbox failure and replacement. Data were analysed using both Fourier transform and Morlet continuous wavelet transform methods. Results show that the stator voltages show the same radial and axial mode vibration frequencies as the accelerometers, and could therefore be used for condition monitoring. Furthermore, the stator currents show torsional modes of vibration not picked up by the accelerometers.


Recent European policy has seen a shift from a concern with lifelong learning in the Lisbon Strategy to research and innovation in the Horizon 2020 programme. Accordingly, there has been an increased policy focus on the researcher who, like the lifelong learner must be entrepreneurial, adaptable, mobile, but who must also find new ways in which to develop and deploy her skills and competences and smart solutions to current problems in order to ensure sustainability. The subject position of the researcher, therefore, is not a figure distinctive to the university today, but rather one required of us all. For the excellent researcher in the university, resources exist to enable her to identify those aspects of herself that are in need of development in order to keep all aspects of her personal and professional well-being in balance, often drawn from the field of psychology. Here, rather than analysing directly the ways in which the researcher is addressed by such devices, we focus on the common experience of being in the university today. In everyday conversation, we do not describe ourselves as entrepreneurial, innovative, leading, etc., but more often as tired, stressed and not feeling at home there. Rather than taking these as impediments to productivity and aspects of ourselves requiring psychological strategies, the educational aspects of these are explored in relation to the figure of the studier, as developed from Giorgio Agamben by Tyson Lewis. The shift of discourse from lifelong learning to innovation and research in recent policy is seen to effect a further desubjectivation, a division of ourselves from ourselves.


The fully-connected layers of deep convolutional neural networks typically contain over 90% of the network parameters. Reducing the number of parameters while preserving predictive performance is critically important for training big models in distributed systems and for deployment in embedded devices. In this paper, we introduce a novel Adaptive Fastfood transform to reparameterize the matrix-vector multiplication of fully connected layers. Reparameterizing a fully connected layer with d inputs and n outputs with the Adaptive Fastfood transform reduces the storage and computational costs costs from O(nd) to O(n) and O(n log d) respectively. Using the Adaptive Fastfood transform in convolutional networks results in what we call a deep fried convnet. These convnets are end-to-end trainable, and enable us to attain substantial reductions in the number of parameters without affecting prediction accuracy on the MNIST and ImageNet datasets.


Herbal medicine system has a long tradition and was a reason behind the survival of all ancient civilization. The development in analytical science and growing acceptance of herbals, are pressing for standardized parameters for herbal evaluation. Abrus precatorius L. is an important medicinal plant and one of the highly traded plants in India. Seeds exhibits fertility related activity and are used in Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani systems of medicine. Standardization parameters are studied in A. precatorius, as mentioned in various pharmacopoeias and WHO guidelines. Preliminary phytochemical analysis in various solvents was done to reveal the presence of various secondary metabolites. Proximate analysis was performed to evaluate the suitability of dried seed powder as per the global norms. Extractive values and optimization studies will help to develop and improve chemical fingerprinting protocols. HPTLC and FTIR fingerprint results can be employed for the purpose of authentication and identification of the plant under study.


The Kolmogorov theory is used to illustrate that the mean-square wave-front error E2, which results when the wave-front distortion associated with an artificial guide-star reference is used to compensate a telescope aperture of diameter D, for imaging an object at infinity is given by E2 = (D/d0)5/3. The quantity d0 is a measure of the effective diameter of the compensated imaging system (i.e., a telescope with a diameter equal to d0 will have 1 rad of rms wave-front error) and is expressed as an integral over the Cn2 profile. The Cn2-weighting function is expressed in terms of hypergeometric functions whose series representation converges very rapidly. (Typically only a few terms are required). As a result d0 can be evaluated quite quickly on a microcomputer or a scientific calculator. In this study the quantity d0 is evaluated for six Cn2 profiles of interest, illustrating the importance of including the altitude weighting in the theoretical formulation of d0. In addition, this study illustrates the importance of removing the piston and the tilt from the wave-front distortion when assessing the performance of an imaging system.


This article performs three functions. First, it offers a revisionist interpretation of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, the much-maligned treaty through which the key powers of the era, led by the United States, undertook to "outlaw" war, renouncing it as a tool of national policy and committing themselves to resort exclusively to pacific means for the resolution of their international disputes. Because of Kellogg-Briand's inability to prevent the outbreak of World War II, the treaty has been derided for decades as a futile, utopian illusion, but this article argues that it was, in fact, a tremendous success in altering states' attitudes toward, and concepts about, the initiation of hostilities. The treaty created a watershed in the world's understanding of the controllability and need for a legal justification for warfare; it constitutes a major alteration in the intellectual history of warfare, even if it has hardly affected the frequency of armed combat.Second, the article argues that the time has come to extend the concepts and strategy of Kellogg-Briand to confront the contemporary dangers of nuclear weapons, nuclear proliferation, and the specter of nuclear war. In particular, it argues in favor of a "nuclear version" of Kellogg-Briand, through which countries would commit themselves to condemning and refraining from nuclear war – at least any "first use" of nuclear weapons. The article surveys the existing arms control mechanisms that inhibit the reliance upon nuclear weapons and proposes important expansions.Finally, the article offers a draft of the proposed new treaty, a Nuclear Kellogg-Briand Pact. The proffered instrument echoes the 1928 precedent, but stretches considerably beyond it, to incorporate "operational" provisions that would give meaningful "teeth" to the basic commitment. The draft treaty is accompanied by numerous annotations that explain the drafting choices and alternatives and cite analogous provisions in other treaties.Overall, the ambition of the article is to build upon the inspiration of the original Kellogg-Briand Pact in prompting fresh thinking about the role of nuclear weapons in contemporary security policy, the "usability" of those armaments in combat, and the possibility of nudging the world closer to their complete elimination. An important step in that campaign is the social-psychological shift away from seeing nuclear weapons as an inevitable, permanent constituent of the global security structure, appreciating them, instead, as instruments that can be controlled, regulated and ultimately abolished.


During action or movement in the artificial joint there is generation of wear particles creating a serious issue like aseptic loosening of joint. Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is proposed as an alternative material for knee/hip joint replacement. Si3N4 against steel (ASTM 316L) is a material combination in the category of Ceramic on Metal (CoM) for artificial joint. The work covered in this paper, try to obtain the optimum value of % hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) by volume to be mixed in Si3N4 to reduce wear against steel. The experiments were planned as per Design of Experiments (DoE) – Taguchi method to obtain the optimum combination of % volume of hBN and load. Taguchi analysis presents 12% volume of hBN and 15N load is optimum to minimize wear loss. Using experimental results, artificial neural network (ANN) model trained, tested and implemented to predict results of volumetric wear loss (VWL) at different loading condition.


4 Abstract: India is the fastest growing economy in the world. Agriculture is the backbone of country. Agriculture continues to be main stay of life for majority of the Indian population. It contributes around 25% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce in the country. Big Data can help agriculture sector to chance its phase and rise with the growing economy. It can provide economists and policy makers with insightsand help in makingdecisions and crucial policies. In this paper we are proposing a system which accumulates various commodity data from open government data sources, filter it by MapReduce steps as table functions and producing current and yearly trends that canhelps farmers selling their crops at best profitable prices and provides detailed analysis for various commodities and markets.


Tropical forests have a central role to play in a new mechanism designed to mitigate climate change, known as REDD+ (Reduced Emissions From Deforestation and Forest Degradation). Through semistructured interviews and content analysis of relevant documents, the perceptions of the opportunities and challenges of REDD+ of institutions, who may be directly implicated in or affected by its implementation are investigated. Research takes place in three Central African countries, Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo, which contain the Congo Basin forest. Perception of opportunities include economic development and poverty reduction, biodiversity conservation, network building, and governance reform. Challenges identified include REDD+'s complexity, lack of technical capacity for implementation, opportunities for participation, benefit sharing, and the traditional system of shifting cultivation. Those involved in designing REDD+ internationally need to understand developing-country perspectives, and institutions at all levels need to work together to develop concrete strategies to improve overall outcomes.


Jet multiplicity distributions in top quark pair (tt) events are measured in pp collisions at a centre-ofmass energy of 8 TeV with the CMS detector at the LHC using a data set corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1. The measurement is performed in the dilepton decay channels (e+e−, μ+μ−, and e±μ∓). The absolute and normalized differential cross sections for tt production are measured as a function of the jet multiplicity in the event for different jet transverse momentum thresholds and the kinematic properties of the leading additional jets. The differential ttb and ttbb cross sections are presented for the first time as a function of the kinematic properties of the leading additional b jets. Furthermore, the fraction of events without additional jets above a threshold is measured as a function of the transverse momenta of the leading additional jets and the scalar sum of the transverse momenta of all additional jets. The data are compared and found to be consistent with predictions from several perturbative quantum chromodynamics event generators and a next-to-leading order calculation.


This thesis focuses on the exploitation of fibre Bragg gratings in optical communication networks. New designs, as well as procedures for dynamically altering grating characteristics are proposed for several important functions. We begin with designing gratings for flattening the gain profile of an erbium-doped fibre amplifier. The design process uses an alternative method to the inverse scattering method, but produces a similar spectral response quality. These gratings have either modulated refractive index or chirp rate. Then, we propose a reconfigurable phase-code encoder. The device is composed of a uniform grating, with a number of equidistant fine wires for the purpose of modulating the phase via the thermo-optic effect. Error free data transmission is demonstrated in several optical code-division multiple access architectures. The characteristics of the device are also theoretically modelled. Next, we construct a simple package for continuous tuning of fibre gratings, which adopts the beam bending technique. It demonstrates over 110 nm tuning range and the operational wavelength can be accurately predicted. Its spectral response and limitations are also studied. This device has been incorporated into several optical systems, which include tunable distributed feedback fibre laser, add-drop multiplexer and high power fibre laser. Finally, we present a package for varying the dispersion of a fibre grating. The package deforms a beam into a cubic function shape with a contra-flexure point at the middle. Consequently, this allows changes in the grating delay characteristic without shifting its centre wavelength. This device has achieved dispersion compensation of an 80 km non-zero dispersion-shifted fibre in a 10 Gb/s system. Additionally, since its bandwidth also changes with the stress gradient, it has also been utilised as a bandwidth-variable bandpass filter at the receiving terminal of a spectrum-sliced wavelength-division multiplexed system.


Because of the central role of the transcription factor nuclear factor–κB (NF-κB) in cell survival and proliferation in human multiple myeloma (MM), we explored the possibility of using it as a target for MM treatment by using curcumin (diferuloylmethane), an agent known to have very little or no toxicity in humans. We found that NF-κB was constitutively active in all human MM cell lines examined and that curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, down-regulated NF-κB in all cell lines as indicated by electrophoretic mobility gel shift assay and prevented the nuclear retention of p65 as shown by immunocytochemistry. All MM cell lines showed consitutively active IκB kinase (IKK) and IκBα phosphorylation. Curcumin suppressed the constitutive IκBα phosphorylation through the inhibition of IKK activity. Curcumin also down-regulated the expression of NF-κB–regulated gene products, including IκBα, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cyclin D1, and interleukin-6. This led to the suppression of proliferation and arrest of cells at the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. Suppression of NF-κB complex by IKKγ/NF-κB essential modulator-binding domain peptide also suppressed the proliferation of MM cells. Curcumin also activated caspase-7 and caspase-9 and induced polyadenosine-5′-diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Curcumin-induced down-regulation of NF-κB, a factor that has been implicated in chemoresistance, also induced chemosensitivity to vincristine and melphalan. Overall, our results indicate that curcumin down-regulates NF-κB in human MM cells, leading to the suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, thus providing the molecular basis for the treatment of MM patients with this pharmacologically safe agent.


Unlike modern law, antique law provided for the possibility of an animal, itself, being responsible for its harmful act, whereby the animal was treated not only as an object, but, to a certain extent, as the subject of the law. The regime of the actio de pauperie points to the fact that the idea of delictual liability of an animal was not unfamiliar to the Romans. This is indicated primarily by the noxal character of the action, and also by some other features of its legal regime which could be traced as follows: The actio de pauperie was initially applied in cases where a domestic quadruped from the category of pecudes or res mancipi had caused damage on slaves and livestock. The application of the action was extended to cover all domestic quadrupeds, such, as, for instance, the dog. The praetors' activities contributed to the introduction of the actio utilis, based on which the application of the action was extended to incorporate other domestic non-quadrupeds. It is also likely that the term pauperies acquired its legal-technical meaning - damage caused by a domestic animal. Republican jurists, Quintus Mucius Scaevola, Servius Sulpicius Rufus and Alfenus Varus dealt with the problem of circumstances under which an animal caused damage. The unique conclusion deriving from the examples was that the domestic animal should cause damage by its own instinctive behaviour. Servius named it sudden rage - feritas commota. Relying on his predecessor, Ulpian formulated the famous principle contra naturam. It is difficult to negate a certain anthropomorphism among the Romans in their approach to animals despite many attempts of criticism in romanistic literature. In ethics and law different anthropomorphic and supposedly rational concepts concerning animals existed side by side in the past. And it is still so today having in mind especially contemporary struggle for animal rights.


In Full Upright and Locked Position, former FAA chief counsel and senior aviation policy official Mark Gerchick unravels the unseen forces and little-known facts that have reshaped our air travel experience since September 11, 2001. With wry humor and unique insight, Gerchick takes us past the jargon, technicalities, and all-is-well platitudes to expose the new normal of air travel: from the packed planes and myriad hassles of everyday flying to the alchemy of air fares, the airlines' endless nickel-and-diming, and the elusive hope of escape from steerage. We find out what pilots do in the cockpit, what's really worth worrying about when it comes to airline safety, and why we get sick on planes. Meanwhile, Gerchick ponders the jarring disconnect between our quaint expectations of "service with a smile" and the grim reality of cramped seats, no-free-lunch, and "watch-yer-knees." With sympathy for both fliers and airlines, Gerchick shows how the new "business-all-business" airline industry has finally learned to make money, even in the face of crushing fuel costs, and get millions of travelers where they're going every day safely and quickly. From his singular vantage point as former aviation regulator and policymaker, Gerchick gives us a straightforward insider's view of how hard it is for government to improve the traveler's lot by explaining the vagaries of consumer protection rules as well as the political realities and the economic forces at work. While Gerchick offers reasons to hope for a better future in air travel, he presents an unvarnished look at what we can expect-good and bad-when we take to the skies. Some of it will reassure you, some will make you cringe, but all will open your eyes to what it means to fly today.


Aim:The overall aim of this study was to obtain more knowledge on the implementation of health care marketing in Sweden, using Uppsala University Hospital (UUH) as a case study. Additionally, based on the results of this case study, the aim was also to give concrete suggestions on how to enable increased focus on the formulation and implementation of health care marketing management strategies. This gives the study a slightly normative approach and aim, since the line is not drawn at description and analysis but also advocate guidelines for the enabling of market orientation. Method: The chosen methodology of the study was qualitative, as the study sought to explore, interpret and gain a deeper knowledge of the research area. Three different strategies of primary data collection were used; (1) interviews with key hospital managers, (2) a survey sent to all heads of clinical departments (68 departments) and (3) the study of selected UUH internal documents and UUH internal material related to the subject. The massive data was consolidated, reported and analyzed as separate parts and as well as an overview analysis from a health care marketing management theoretical framework. Results & Conclusions:The study showed that UUH, despite the fact that they produce an annual revenue from health care services sales of approx 1,5 billion SEK, lacks almost every aspect of the tools and abilities necessary to function on a competitive marketplace. This included a non-marketing based planning process, the absence of a marketing organizational unit, no marketing research abilities etc. There were also facts pointing at severe flaws in the accounting systems, uncertainties of the legality of the current marketing activities and no marketing-stimulating incentive-systems in place. Besides these hard facts, the conservative, non-market oriented, organizational culture was deemed to make an attempted marketing adaption very hard to implement. The interviews provided valuable data for the structure and analysis. The survey had a very low response-rate, which didn´t provide any valuable data per se, but was interpreted to support the analysis of the organizational flaws in regard to marketing orientation. The internal document study also resulted in support of this analysis and increased the validity. Based on the analysis, a suggestion for a "road map" to successfully market-adapt Swedish health care was presented. Suggestions for future research:Health care marketing most likely constitute its own area of research which also is specific for Sweden, which gives infinite opportunities for further studies. The implementation of marketing strategies in health care is an area that really needs to be further studied, therefore a suggestion for future research is to try and find out just how to enable implementation of a marketing-orientation in an organization which never had one. Another suggestion for further research could be the study of how economic incentive systems and other means of co-worker stimulation influence the production of health care services. Contribution of the thesis:We believe that this study will strengthen the marketing understanding for UUH personnel at both managerial as well as all other organizational levels that are interested in the subject. We also believe that politicians, both locally and nationally, will benefit from practical knowledge regarding health care marketing mechanisms currently in place. Though conducted as a case study at one hospital, we deem that the analysis and suggestions are applicable for many other health care providers acting on the Swedish health care services marketplace, possibly contributing to the development of Swedish health care.


The aim of this article is to examine the possibilities that social entrepreneurs have for using a major sports event as an arena for their work. A case study using five different project leaders of social entrepreneurial projects were undertaken and qualitative interviews about their experiences and perceptions related to using the Youth Olympic Games in Lillehammer (LYOG) as an advantage for their cause, were conducted. The LYOG was considered a big entrepreneurial opportunity by the project leaders, especially for networking and improving bonding social capital and with several possibilities for creating social value for different groups, especially due to the Culture and Education Program (CEP). Theoretically, this article seeks to contribute to the field of sports entrepreneurship, social entrepreneurship and social capital in a sports context.


Student academic identity represents the willingness and commitment to engage with academic ways of knowing, being and doing and as such in an important aspect of becoming academically literate. This paper reports on findings associated with student engagement with academic tasks in the undertaking of a field-based programme of early childhood initial teacher education in Aotearoa New Zealand. Data was collected from students, Teacher Educators and Associate Teachers using qualitative tools including open-ended questionnaires, group and individual interviews. Participation was gathered from four tertiary providers of field-based early childhood initial teacher education within Aotearoa New Zealand. Additional contextual data being sought from the wider early childhood community in which fieldbased study was situated. Interpretation of the findings indicates that student academic identity is influenced by the nature of academic tasks and the associated experiences of dissonance as students move from the comfort zone of everyday ways of being knowing, and doing to those required of the academe. Relevance of academic tasks with future professional practice was also identified as significant to student engagement. The research findings reveal that attention to academic tasks within wider programme curriculum design in fieldbased programmes is significant in supporting students achieving successful academic outcomes.


Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapy medicine used in the treatment of many childhood cancers. Like all medications, cisplatin has many side effects and as always the treatment of cancer in children is a balance between the risks of the medications used and their potential benefits. While many side effects of cisplatin chemotherapy are reversible, one major side effect is permanent and irreversible hearing loss (ototoxicity) in both ears which may worsen with time. The severity of cisplatin-related ototoxicity is associated with age and the cumulative dose received: the younger the child and the higher the total dose, the more severe the hearing loss may be. The spectrum of hearing loss varies from mild to moderate high tone hearing loss, to profound loss across the hearing range and permanent deafness. In addition to hearing loss, some children, especially adolescents, also experience tinnitus and vertigo. Cisplatin ototoxicity is one of most important of the many long-term effects experienced by children who are cured of their cancer. The burden of this toxicity may be compounded by other long-term health issues that emerge with time. This chapter will focus on cisplatin-induced hearing loss, its mechanisms, its health impact on the young person and ways to mitigate or reduce the severity of ototoxicity. This chapter has been written by a multi-disciplinary team including paediatric oncologists, audiologists, a psychologist, a health scientist and a parent of a child growing up with high frequency hearing loss.


This technical report focuses on the proposal of Quality Recommendations for FLOSS (Free and open source software) communities. Quality Recommendations are being suggested in the context of the Qualipso Project, particularly in the context of the Open Source Maturity Model (OMM). OMM is a CMMI-like model for FLOSS that can be implemented in software organizations to enable FLOSS usage both in production and development of software products. These Quality Recommendations will set basis to establish OMM practices and are connected with OMM processes areas. Such Quality Recommendations, as the OMM, are expected to add trustworthiness to FLOSS development processes and products. The perspective based on trustworthy elements is aligned with OMM approach and may enable consistent savings and reducing the time to market. Table of


Traditional 3-D audio systems using two loudspeakers often have a limited sweet spot and may suffer from poor performance in reverberant environments. This paper presents a novel binaural 3-D audio system that actively combines head tracking and room modeling into 3-D audio synthesis. The user's head position and orientation are first tracked by a webcam-based 3-D head tracker. The system then improves its robustness to head movement and strong early reflections by incorporating the tracking information and an explicit room model into the binaural synthesis and crosstalk cancellation process. Sensitivity analysis on the room model shows that the method is reasonably robust to modeling errors. Subjective listening tests confirm that the proposed 3-D audio system significantly improves the users' perception and ability for localization.


The experience of life regrets can motivate individuals to change their life circumstances or contribute to declines in psychological and physical health. Theory and research suggest that either outcome may depend on the regulatory approach used to manage the experience of regret and the availability of opportunity to undo the negative consequences of the regret. When opportunity is favourable, engaging in undoing the regret is adaptive whereas disengagement maintains unsatisfactory life circumstances. In contrast, when opportunity is low, disengagement is protective whereas engagement leads to impaired health. The current research includes three studies designed to examine the role of opportunity in the regulation of life regrets.
Study 1 examined the associations between regret management, everyday activities, and retirement satisfaction in a sample of recent retirees. Cross-sectional results showed that retirees who perceived favourable opportunities for addressing their life regrets and also reported high levels of engagement to undo their regrets experienced high baseline levels of activity (e.g., volunteering, traveling) and retirement satisfaction. Three-year longitudinal analyses revealed that this pattern was also associated with increases in activity engagement. In contrast, disengagement protected retirees with unfavourable opportunity from three-year declines in retirement satisfaction. These findings suggest that the outcome of regulatory approach depends upon the availability of opportunity.
Study 2 examined younger and older adults assigned to one of three writing activities designed to alter how they addressed their most severe life regrets (engagement, disengagement, or control). Comparisons of three-month change in well-being determined that younger adults, a group that possesses relatively high levels of objective opportunity, experienced larger decreases in wistful emotions and larger increases in closure when assigned to engagement or control in comparison to disengagement, as well as larger decreases in regret intensity when assigned to engagement in comparison to disengagement. In contrast, older adults, a group who possesses relatively lower levels of objective opportunity, experienced larger improvement in sleep quality when assigned to disengagement than the other two conditions. These findings provide evidence that the outcome of adjusting one's regulatory approach depends on the availability of opportunity.
Study 3 examined the baseline levels of regret engagement of younger and older adults who completed writing activities designed to alter their regulatory approach (engagement or disengagement). Among younger adults, being assigned to engage in, rather than disengage from, undoing their regrets produced larger decreases in regret intensity, hot emotions, and despair emotions and larger increases in closure, but only for younger adults who had low baseline levels of engagement. In contrast, among older adults, being assigned to disengage from, rather than engage in, undoing their regrets produced larger decreases in regret intensity, hot emotions, and despair emotions and larger increases in regret closure and sleep quality, but only for older adults initially disengaged from their regrets. These findings suggest that the adaptiveness of a regulatory approach not only depends on the availability of opportunity, but also the individual's initial levels of engagement.
Overall, these findings contribute to the understanding of successful regret regulation as well as the management of developmental goals across the lifespan. The results are discussed in relation to contributions to theory, clinical implications, and areas for future research.


We extend the fictitious source superposition method in order to model linear defects in photonic woodpiles, and we use the method to model a waveguide that is created by changing either the radius or refractive index of a single rod of an infinite woodpile composed of chalcogenide glass cylinders. In one instance, a nearly constant dispersion was observed over a sizable kx interval, where kx is the Bloch vector in the waveguiding direction, making this a compelling geometry for slow-light waveguides. The principal advantage of the method is that it does not rely on a supercell, thus avoiding what is possibly the greatest source of inefficiency present in most of the other methods that are used for modeling these structures. Instead, the method proceeds by placing an artificial source inside each rod of the defect layer and then subsequently taking an appropriate field superposition to remove all but one of these sources. The remaining source can then be used to mimic the fields that would be produced by a defect rod.


- Great idea for an iPhone App but no idea where to start? - Boss bugging you to join the iPhone / iPad app trend? - Want to create your own app without writing any code? More than just a book, the App Outsourcing Guide for iPhone & iPad is a complete course, step-by-step guide and reference tool for you to turn your (or your company's) app idea into reality with the minimum of effort and fuss. Firstly, read through five information packed (but jargon-free) chapters that will take you through every step of the iPhone / iPad app creation process, including: - The Concept: How to approach your iPhone or iPad app and get it right the first time. - The Supplier: How to outsource, find a great developer and still save money, plus alternative ways you can make an app yourself. - The Project: Simple techniques to follow to get your app through development in less time and with less stress. - The Push: Don't just launch it, push it! Over 50 marketing tips to get your iPhone or iPad app noticed. - The Launch: Make the most of your App Store listing and get ahead of your competition. Then, get the project off to a great start with hand-picked resources and links that will get things moving from the: - BONUS chapter: featuring links to time-saving resources plus document templates you can copy for your own iPhone or iPad app project! Finally, access additional bonus material online to help you every step of the way, including: - Access to an exclusive online area of the companion website, app-outsourcing-guide.com, with resources to make your iPhone or iPad app project even easier. Why buy the App Outsourcing Guide? - Remove any confusion you may have about creating an iPhone or iPad app. Hundreds of hours experience of successful mobile app projects packed into 148 pages (over 50,000 words) that's hundreds of hours of learning and experimentation you won't have to repeat! Like hiring your own app consultant, for a fraction of the price. - Shows you how to go from initial iPhone or iPad app idea through development to the App Store without writing a single line of code. No technical jargon but still covering everything you need to know to become an instant iPhone / iPad App expert. Please note, the App Outsourcing Guide is an independent publication and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by Apple Inc. iPhone, iPad and App Store are trademarks of Apple Inc.


Everywhere we look, we see screens. The other day I watched clips from a movie as I pumped gas into my car. The other night I saw a movie on the backseat of a plane. We will watch anywhere. Screens playing video pop up in the most unexpected places — like A.T.M. machines and supermarket checkout lines and tiny phones; some movie fans watch entire films in between calls. These ever-present screens have created an audience for very short moving pictures, as brief as three minutes, while cheap digital creation tools have empowered a new generation of filmmakers, who are rapidly filling up those screens. We are headed toward screen ubiquity.


Between 1950 and 2010, the British co-operative movement faced a series of commercial, structural, and corporate governance crises. Having pioneered many of the features of modern large-scale retailing since its origins in the mid-nineteenth century, from the 1950s the Co-operative Wholesale Society (CWS) and the retail cooperative societies it served experienced plummeting market share, continued internecine rivalries, and increasing marginalization. In the early twenty-first century, however, co-operatives improved their market share and experienced a "Renaissance" in commercial fortunes despite continued fierce competition in food retailing. As yet there has been little exploration of the nature of this turnaround and the ways in which the once-foundering co-operative business model was re-engineered. Drawing on new research into the CWS (renamed The Co-operative Group in 2001), this article provides a historical analysis of the movement's decline and revival. As the article details, from the 1950s significant efforts were made to reform CWS and the movement as a whole. However, co-operatives were slow to adapt to the changing business environment, hampered by dysfunctional organizational dynamics that constrained structural change and limited efforts to compete with private retail multiples. Following an unsuccessful takeover bid for CWS in 1997, co-operative opinion coalesced around the need for change. In the final section, the authors analyze the factors underpinning the "Renaissance," focusing on both organizational innovations and the reassertion of core values and principles on which co-operation had been built. This provides a fascinating illustration of how a business can respond effectively to internal and external challenges, yet retain its fundamental character.


Background: One common treatment for anxiety is breathing retraining (BRT), but evidence of its efficacy and effectiveness is mixed, and the mechanisms are not well-understood. To date, no study has examined breathing pattern (PATT) and respiration rate (RR) and their relationship to anxiety. Further, little is known about sex and race differences in the respiratory physiology of anxiety. Purpose: The present study investigated changes in RR, PATT, and heart rate (HR) associated with anxiety as well as sex and race differences in these changes. Methods: Physiological recordings of 29 male participants and 31 female undergraduate participants recruited from introductory psychology classes were made during periods of baseline activity and anticipatory anxiety (EDS). Anxiety was induced using mildly painful electrodermal stimulation to the hand, delivered briefly at random times throughout a five minute period. Results: Several significant sex and race differences were found for physiological variables at baseline and EDS. Subjective measures of anxiety and HR changed significantly from baseline to EDS for all groups. The implications of this finding and potential reasons for it are discussed. Conclusions: The results from this study will be used to understand the relationship between anxiety and physiology and should have implications for interventions designed to reduce anxiety as well as the populations (male or female, African American or Caucasian) such an intervention would be most effective in treating.


The publication contains a collection of research papers written during the last decade and reflects on the major changes before and after the end of the East-West conflict. The papers deal with the basic concept of democracy and its application in the international system. The author bases his theoretical approach on the Kantian concept of the autonomous subject. He relates direct democracy to this philosophical and anthropological conception of the subject as a sovereign being. He attempts to create a new (alternative) doctrine of international relations and of international law on the basis of this philosophical assumption.


Growth of Ephemerella subvaria, Epeorus sp. and Paraleptophlebia sp. were determined while on diets restricted to diatoms, microbially colonized leaves, uncolonized leaves, or cultured bacteria. Early-instar E. subvaria showed significantly higher percent weight increases (>1011 %) on diatom and colonized leaf diets than uncolonized leaves and bacteria, whereas late instars showed significant weight increases only on diatoms: both leaf diets and cultured bacteria produced little growth (<30%) in late instars. Early instar Epeorus larvae showed similar growth responses (20-60% increase) for all four diets in early instars. However. late instars of Epeorus showed significant growth (60% only on diatoms; little or no growth was shown for leaf diets and bacteria. In contrast, early-instar Paraleptophlebia lost weight on diatoms and showed significant growth (ca. 30%) for both leaf diets and bacteria. Late-instar Paraleptophlebia showed a 25 % weight increase for all four diets. Our data suggest that early instars of all three species may rely heavily on detrital food resources, whereas late instars of E. subvaria and Epeorus appear to shift to algal resources; these two species also may occupy different functional-feeding groups at different developmental stages since E. subvaria and Epeorus larvae did shred leaves in their early instars. Paraleptophlebia larvae showed little evidence of leaf-shredding activity but instead appeared to act as detritivores (feeding on fine particulates even from leaf surfaces) throughout their life cycle.


Much is surmised, but little is known about the value of bilingualism in today's U.S. economy. The authors use the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS) to provide the first rigorous estimates of the wages of bilingual workers. Although the nominal wages of bilinguals exceed those of their monolingual peers, this pattern largely reflects the higher completed schooling of the bilinguals. In fact, regression analysis shows that bilingual skills do not make a statistically significant contribution to weekly wages, once all workers' human capital characteristics are held constant. Thus, the market little values foreign language proficiency and creates no incentive to acquire or maintain it, doubtless contributing to the relatively rapid shift to monolingualism across generations.


This paper presents an iterative scheme for joint timing acquisition, multi-channel parameter estimation, and multiuser soft-data decoding. As an example, an asynchronous convolutionally coded direct-sequence code-division multiple-access system is considered. The proposed receiver is derived within the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization framework, implying that convergence in likelihood is guaranteed under appropriate conditions in contrast to many other iterative receiver architectures. The proposed receiver iterates between joint posterior data estimation, interference cancellation, and single-user channel estimation and timing acquisition. A Markov Chain Monte Carlo technique, namely Gibbs sampling, is employed to compute the a posteriori probabilities of data symbols in a computationally efficient way. Computer simulations in flat Rayleigh fading show that the proposed algorithm is able to handle high system loads unlike many other iterative receivers.


Operatives of the Islamic State reportedly destroyed six Palmyrene funerary busts and statue fragments in Manbij, Syria, on July 2, 2015. This article considers the ethical implications of publishing photographs of antiquities that have been destroyed, arguing that in such dramatic cases as destruction, it is justified to publish readings. Photographs of these antiquities are then analyzed, their physical and iconographic characteristics described, and readings for three of the inscriptions suggested. Finally, the loss of data caused by the items' destruction is measured against the loss of data occasioned by looting.


Abstract
 Body size is one of the most studied phenotypic attributes because it is biologically important and easily measured. Despite a long history of study, however, the pattern of body-size change in diverse higher taxa over the Phanerozoic remains largely unknown because few relevant data sets span more than a single geological period or provide comprehensive, global coverage. In this study, we measured representative specimens of 3414 brachiopod genera illustrated in the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. We applied these size data to stage-resolved stratigraphic ranges from the Treatise and the Paleobiology Database to develop a Phanerozoic record of trends in brachiopod size. Using a model comparison approach, we find that temporal variation in brachiopod size exhibits two distinct modes—a Paleozoic mode of size increase and a post-Paleozoic mode indistinguishable from a random walk. This transition reflects a change in the identities of the most diverse brachiopod orders rather than a shift in mode within any given order. Paleozoic size increase reflects a small, persistent bias toward the origination of new genera larger than those surviving from the previous stage and is identifiable as a statistically supported trend in three orders representing both Class Strophomenata (Order Productida) and Class Rhynchonellata (orders Atrypida and Spiriferida). Extinction exhibits no consistent bias with respect to size. The shift in evolutionary mode across the end-Permian mass extinction adds to long-standing evidence from studies of diversity and abundance that this biotic catastrophe suddenly and permanently altered the evolutionary history of what was, until that time, the most diverse animal phylum on Earth.


The constitution of the United States is to receive a reasonable interpretation of its language, and its powers, keeping in view the objects and purposes, for which those powers were conferred. By a reasonable interpretation, we mean, that in case the words are susceptible of two different senses, the one strict, the other more enlarged, that should be adopted, which is most consonant with the apparent objects and intent of the constitution. ... -- Joseph Story (1833) (1) That the Court was sharply divided was not a surprise. The contrasting briefs--including a record 136 from amici--laid out the dispute. (2) Over the extraordinary six hours of oral argument, the Justices actively interrupted the advocates, with Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan directing considerably more words to the challengers, and Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia, Kennedy, and Alito the mirror image, directing far more of their words to the government. (3) So it was not a surprise to find that the Justices produced two starkly warring opinions. One would strike down as unconstitutional the entire Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, (4) and another would entirely uphold the same law; (5) the two opinions embodied distinctive approaches to the issues at hand, to constitutional interpretation, and indeed, to how to view the world. The unexpected further, controlling opinion authored by Chief Justice Roberts was historic not only in its bottom line (upholding most of the law but under the federal taxing power, after finding no power under the Commerce Clause), but also in its staking out a third position, outside the two warring camps. (6) Leaving to others speculative debate about the motivations and intentions of Chief Justice Roberts, (7) this Comment argues that this third opinion transcended the polarized political debates surrounding the legal challenge to President Barack Obama's signature domestic policy initiative through analytical convergence, not political compromise. Although pundits called it a compromise, something else was at work. (8) Here, Chief Justice Roberts followed Justice Joseph Story's view of "reasonable interpretation." (9) Seeing the decision as one of law, not just of politics, demonstrates the power of arguments and explanations rather than sheer outcomes or advantage. The reasons and interpretations exchanged in this case--not just the votes and the result--amplify the Supreme Court as a symbol of the rule of law. And, because it was a legal ruling, there will be repercussions for legal doctrines and for the actual scope of governmental powers for years to come. (10) Or so I will argue here. In the political debates over national health care, which have recurred periodically in the United States over the past 100 years, (11) advocates have disagreed over whether markets or governments offer better solutions and whether or how public incentives or subsidies should be designed. (12) While other countries installed varied versions of compulsory insurance, tax-funded health care, or single-payer programs, (13) the United States refrained from a federal policy for all, even as the federal government provided specific programs for individuals living in poverty, elderly people, and federal employees and offered incentives for provision by private employers. Observers knowledgeable about other nations wonder what explains this pattern of American exceptionalism. (14) Some United States presidents vowed to end it. (15) The recent political fight, ultimately producing a bill, passed largely along party lines and logging in at over 900 pages, (16) generated considerable media attention--devoted much more to political maneuvers and controversy than to the substance of the legislation. (17) In the view of commentators, the political fight continued in the lawsuits--filed by twenty-six states as well as private parties--and judicial decisions leading up to the Supreme Court's consideration. …


[1] We investigate in detail the breakdown of the frozen-in condition detected by Cluster at the downstream distance of similar to 19 R-E in the midnight sector of the magnetotail during a substorm expansion on 22 August 2001. It is found that the breakdown occurred ( 1) in a low-density environment with moderate to large proton plasma flow and significant fluctuations in electric and magnetic fields, ( 2) in regions with predominantly dissipation but occasionally dynamo effect, and ( 3) at times simultaneously at two Cluster satellites separated by more than 1000 km in both X- and Z-directions. Evaluation of the terms in the generalized Ohm's law indicates that the anomalous resistivity contribution arising from field fluctuations during this event is the most significant, followed by the Hall, electron viscosity, and inertial contributions in descending order of importance. This result demonstrates for the first time from observations that anomalous resistivity from field fluctuations ( implying kinetic instabilities) can play a substantial role in the breakdown of the frozen-in condition in the magnetotail during substorm expansions. Consideration of several observed features in the breakdown regions indicates that the breakdown occurs in a turbulent site resembling observed features found in current disruption and dipolarization sites.


To design a turbine stay vane as an integral part of the spiral case/stay vane/wicket gate waterpassage, both the vane geometry and the gate/vane position must be developed and analyzed. The computerized system presented here has been optimized to do this with minimal engineering time. Major components of this system are: Spiral case design analysis using the 'ANTHONY' flow prediction to determine stay vane inlet flow angles; Stay vane geometry generation and vane/gate tandem cascade setup for flow analysis; Multicasing of Douglas-Neuman/DEBRA flow analysis of the vane/gate positions to evaluate the hydraulic performance. The methods used to couple separate generation and flow analysis codes to form task oriented, efficient engineering tools are discussed.


The abstract should summarize the content of the paper. Try to keep the abstract below 200 words. Do not make references nor display equations in the abstract. The journal will be printed from the same-sized copy prepared by you. Your manuscript should be printed on A4 paper (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm). It is imperative that the margins and style described below be adhered to carefully. This will enable us to keep uniformity in the final printed copies of the Journal. Please keep in mind that the manuscript you prepare will be photographed and printed as it is received. Readability of copy is of paramount importance.


Developing and deploying a pervasive space is a multi-disciplined process where knowledge from various domains intersects. How can individual roles efficiently contribute their expertise and smoothly integrate their work to create a pervasive space? How does system design and architecture enable effective decoupling of these roles? Based on our own experience in building several pervasive systems including the Gator Tech Smart House (GTSH), this paper discusses a collaboration model that allows multiple roles, working together, to design, develop, and maintain pervasive systems in physical spaces such as homes and buildings. The paper first introduces each role in the model with its designated resources and responsibilities. It then explains the collaboration model and shows how it can be applied in real-world deployments. This paper does not claim to provide an ultimate solution to a well-defined problem. Rather, it attempts to define an increasingly important problem and provides an installment of thoughts toward solutions. We hope the paper raises awareness to the importance of this subject and leads to a productive discussion during and following the workshop.


Background NK cells are able to kill tumor and virus-infected cells without the need of prior antigen stimulation. The killing of these target cells is regulated by inhibitory, lysis and co-stimulatory receptors that are expressed on the surface of NK cells. Principal Findings CD100 (Semaphorin 4D), a 150kD transmembrane protein, is expressed on the surface of activated NK cells as a homodimer, mediates the killing of target cells by binding to CD72. CD100 is not involved directly in the killing process but is rather increases NK cytotoxicity by enhancing the adhesion between NK cells and their targets. This increased adhesion leads to a more efficient killing and enhanced IFNγ secretion. Significance Since CD72 is expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC) and the CD100-CD72 interaction lead to the shading of CD100, we suggest that NK interacting with APC cells could be the early source of soluble CD100 which is crucial for the formation of antigen specific immune response. CD100-CD72 interaction can be the mechanism by which NK cell communicate with B cells.


There is widespread recognition - among policy-makers, business communities, and scholars - of the importance of improving environmental policy and management in China. Environmental concerns in China have triggered the publication of a number of books on the subject. However, very few books offer an in-depth case study of the environmental challenges in Shanghai. This book aims to explore the extent to which Shanghai has managed to cope with water supply as well as water quality control challenges in terms of its sociopolitical and economic development since 1990, with a special reference to the impact of social actors on water policy. The book focuses on the contributions from each actor in water policy - the most influential actor being the Shanghai government, private companies, environmental NGOs, Shanghai citizens, and international development agencies. The Shanghai water sector, in the recent few years, has been diversified through interactions between the Shanghai government and the newly emergent social actors. Consequently, water policy in Shanghai is influenced by multilateral interactions between these actors with their diverse interests and goals. The book will demonstrate the ways in which these actors in the Shanghai water sector have co-evolved through interactions to formulate a new mode of water policy reflecting the diverse interests of the social actors.


In this study, a multivariate linear regression model is applied to predict the seasonal tropical cyclone (TC) count in the vicinity of Taiwan using large-scale climate variables available from the preceding May. Here the season encompasses the five-month period from June through October, when typhoons are most active in the study domain. The model is based on the least absolute deviation so that regression estimates are more resistant (i.e., not unduly influenced by outliers) than those derived from the ordinary least square method. Through lagged correlation analysis, five parameters (sea surface temperature, sea level pressure, precipitable water, low-level relative vorticity, and vertical wind shear) in key locations of the tropical western North Pacific are identified as predictor datasets. Results from cross-validation suggest that the statistical model is skillful in predicting TC activity, with a correlation coefficient of 0.63 for 1970 - 2003. If more recent data are included, the correlation coefficient reaches 0.69 for 1970 - 2006. Relative importance of each predictor variable is evaluated. For predicting higher than normal seasonal TC activity, warmer sea surface temperatures, a moist troposphere, and the presence of a low-level cyclonic circulation coupled with low-latitude westerlies in the Philippine Sea in the antecedent May appear to be important.


National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health researchers conducted a study to investigate the human response issues related to wearing a self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR). The goal was to develop training to educate miners on what they could expect from their units during an escape. Subjects included miners who had experience wearing SCSRs, manufacturers, and researchers. Results identified nine key areas of concern: (1) starting the unit, (2) unit heat, (3) induction of coughing, (4) unit taste, (5) difficulty in breathing while wearing the unit, (6) quality of the air supplied, (7) nose clips, (8) goggles, and (9) the behavior of the breathing bag. In addition, researchers reviewed the literature on human response under duress. This article describes the expectations training program, which comprises the findings of the SCSR study and what is known about the normal human response in an emergency. The authors present background on SCSRs and the SCSR switchover procedure mandated in the recent federal Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006, which provided the impetus for the expectations training.


This study describes 5th, 8th, and 11th-grade students', teachers', and medical professionals' conceptions of microorganisms. Participants constructed drawings of 2 different types of "germs" and participated in a semi-structured interview designed to elicit understandings of microbe morphology, characteristics, and types. The findings showed students, teachers and medical professionals possess different understandings of bacteria and viruses. These understandings ranged from the novice (elementary, middle, and high school students and teachers) to more expert conceptions (high school teachers and medical professionals). Participants held incomplete knowledge for: (a) microbe characteristics, (b) where microbes are found, (c) differences that exist between bacteria and viruses, and (d) the role of microbes in the environment. The youngest students drew heavily upon personal experiences and media representations for sources of their knowledge rather than formal instruction. Students tended to view microbes as a human problem rather than seeing microorganisms as an independent member of the ecosystem. Teachers' explanations concepts of microbes varied in explicitness based on the grade level they taught while medical professionals based their understandings on technical, formal knowledge.


We show that the square Hellinger distance between two Bayesian networks on the same directed graph, $G$, is subadditive with respect to the neighborhoods of $G$. Namely, if $P$ and $Q$ are the probability distributions defined by two Bayesian networks on the same DAG, our inequality states that the square Hellinger distance, $H^2(P,Q)$, between $P$ and $Q$ is upper bounded by the sum, $\sum_v H^2(P_{\{v\} \cup \Pi_v}, Q_{\{v\} \cup \Pi_v})$, of the square Hellinger distances between the marginals of $P$ and $Q$ on every node $v$ and its parents $\Pi_v$ in the DAG. Importantly, our bound does not involve the conditionals but the marginals of $P$ and $Q$. We derive a similar inequality for more general Markov Random Fields.
As an application of our inequality, we show that distinguishing whether two Bayesian networks $P$ and $Q$ on the same (but potentially unknown) DAG satisfy $P=Q$ vs $d_{\rm TV}(P,Q)>\epsilon$ can be performed from $\tilde{O}(|\Sigma|^{3/4(d+1)} \cdot n/\epsilon^2)$ samples, where $d$ is the maximum in-degree of the DAG and $\Sigma$ the domain of each variable of the Bayesian networks. If $P$ and $Q$ are defined on potentially different and potentially unknown trees, the sample complexity becomes $\tilde{O}(|\Sigma|^{4.5} n/\epsilon^2)$, whose dependence on $n, \epsilon$ is optimal up to logarithmic factors. Lastly, if $P$ and $Q$ are product distributions over $\{0,1\}^n$ and $Q$ is known, the sample complexity becomes $O(\sqrt{n}/\epsilon^2)$, which is optimal up to constant factors.


This paper discusses the Black Lives Matter movement, it9s brief history and relevance, and the problem with the response of All Lives Matter and how it is misleading. It discusses incidents leading up to the initial Social Media hashtag and how the statement took off as a rallying cry in response to any incident which seemed to be racially motivated, especially in situations where police officers were involved resulting in the death of African American citizens. This article examines how the organization was first developed in response to the killing of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman and his acquittal of murder charges in the resulting court case in 2013. Additionally, I discuss the media and conservative backlash in response to the group9s activities, and examine the criticisms of their actions, even trying to claim the Black Lives Matter organization itself should be considered a hate group. My paper comes from the perspective of a white male disgusted with modern racism having been a lifelong student of the Civil Rights and Black Liberation Movements while growing up in the diverse and politically charged atmosphere of Berkeley, CA and its surrounding Bay Area. Having been influenced and inspired by the powerful and socially conscious lyrics of Hip Hop of the late 80s through the 90s, I bring a unique voice to the conversation of current race relations.


On the basis of a limited historical record, the seismicity of the Colorado Plateau appears to be of very low level, with diffusely distributed earthquakes of small to moderate magnitude (M L ⩽ 5.5). From December 1978 to January 1980, a spatially and temporally isolated swarm of earthquakes was observed near Capitol Reef National Park in south-central Utah. This sequence of at least 38 earthquakes, M L 1.0 to 3.6, represents the highest level of seismicity historically observed within the interior of the Colorado Plateau physiographic province, with the exception of coal-mining-induced seismicity in the Book Cliffs of east-central Utah. The earthquakes occurred in a structurally complex area near the juncture of Waterpocket fold and the Caineville monocline just west of the Henry Mountains. The location of the swarm suggests a possible association with the Laramide basement faults that controlled the development of the fold and monocline. A focal mechanism for one of the events exhibited (1) normal faulting trending northwest and (2) crustal extensional stress in a northeast-southwest direction. These observations are inconsistent with the expected reverse or strike-slip faulting and the compressional tectonic stress field of the Colorado Plateau interior. The observed Capitol Reef seismicity may therefore (1) represent an occurrence of Basin and Range extensional tectonism along a reactivated Laramide structure and (2) refine Zoback and Zoback9s boundary of the Basin and Range-Colorado Plateau transition zone.


PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES
To examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an eight-week supervised climbing intervention for gynecologic cancer survivors (GCSs).
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DESIGN
A pilot randomized, controlled trial.
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SETTING
The Wilson Climbing Center in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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SAMPLE
35 GCSs who had completed cancer therapy.
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METHODS
GCSs were randomized to an eight-week (16 session) supervised wall climbing intervention (WCI) (n = 24) or usual care (UC) (n = 11).
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MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES
Feasibility outcomes included recruitment rate, adherence rate, skill performance, and safety. Preliminary efficacy outcomes were objective health-related and functional fitness assessed before and after the eight-week intervention using the Senior Fitness Test.
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FINDINGS
Median adherence to the WCI was 13.5 of 16 sessions. Most GCSs were proficient on 16 of 24 skill assessment items. No serious adverse events were reported. Based on intention-to-treat analyses, the WCI group was superior to the UC group for the 6-minute walk, 30-second chair stand, 30-second arm curls, sit and reach, 8-foot up-and-go, grip strength-right, and grip strength-left assessments.
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CONCLUSIONS
The Gynecologic Cancer Survivors Wall Climbing for Total Health (GROWTH) Trial demonstrated that an eight-week supervised WCI was safe, feasible, and improved functional fitness in GCSs. Phase II and III trials are warranted to further establish the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of WCIs in cancer survivors.
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IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
Oncology nurses may consider a climbing wall as an alternative type of physical activity for improving functional fitness in GCSs.


In this paper, we explore a range of issues yet to be addressed in the large-scale use of application profiles. While considerable attention has been paid to human-readable application profiles, there is a growing need for machine-readable application profiles that can support quality control mechanisms including, but not limited to, data validation. We examine these issues in the context of the evolving Semantic Web and the DCMI commitment to RDF and the challenges presented. We frame the discussion in terms of select functions to be served by application profiles and our notion of data profiles. While much remains to be done to address these issues, positive movement toward solutions is dependent on the appropriate framing of those issues in terms of the needs of large-scale applications such as metadata aggregators.


Religious and national identity can be linked in various ways. This chapter examines how religious elites in Slovakia shape the parameters of the nation through discourse during their celebration of a religious-themed, state holiday Sviatok Panny Marie Sedembolestnej (Our Lady of the Seven Sorrows Day). The scope of this piece deals primarily with one question: How do the bishops and archbishops presiding over these events talk the nation, or more specifically, how do they present national history and represent national solidarity and homogeneity in their discourse? By examining the homilies delivered at the Slovak national pilgrimage, the main religious event of the national holiday, this chapter sheds light on how the Slovak Catholic religious elite discursively constructs ideas of national identity and nationhood.


The paper provides a new measure of the ethnic identity of immigrants and explores its evolution in the host country. The ethnosizer, a measure of the intensity of a person's ethnic identity, is constructed from information on the following elements: language, culture, societal interaction, history of migration, and ethnic self-identification. A two-dimensional concept of the ethnosizer classifies immigrants into four states: integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization. We find that ethnic identity persists stronger for females, Muslims, those with schooling in the home country, and older age at the time of entry. Young migrants are assimilated or integrated the most. While Muslims do not integrate, Catholics and other Christians assimilate the best. Immigrants with college or higher education in the home country integrate very well, but do not assimilate. Having some schooling is worse than no education for integration or assimilation. The ethnicity of individuals, measured by country of origin, remains relevant.


This paper presents the Kopernik methodology for modeling business processes for digital customers. These processes require a high degree of flexibility in the execution of their tasks or actions. We achieve this by using the artifact-centric approach to process modeling and the use of condition-action rules. The processes modeled following Kopernik can then be implemented in an existing commercial tool, Balandra.


This study is a content analysis of the promotional methods used by the Fox Broadcasting Company (Fox) and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) during the Super Bowl. It takes a comparative look at the promotional spots, or promos, each network aired, during Super Bowl XLV (2011) and XLVI (2012), spanning an hour before kick-off, the game, and through the post game show. The promos have been categorized under various groups in order to analyze and compare the networks' strategy. The study documents trends and unique occurrences that occur when both networks are compared. The data is synthesized into percentages that reveal patterns in the promotional methods of each network, as well as, brings light to glaring differences in the branding identities of each network. Fox aired a total of 71 promos during its Super Bowl broadcast compared to NBC's 39 promotional spots aired. Fox promoted its programming and brand identity much more time efficiently than NBC, as well as constructed a wider palette of programming to introduce to the diverse Super Bowl audience.


Nonobviousness is a key component in how patent law determines the bounds of patentability. However, there are multiple ways that a technology can be considered "obvious" and current patent doctrine does not adequately consider them all. Although all inventions can lead to subsequent inventions by providing inspiration (first order obviousness), some have further effects on future innovation by facilitating the associated activities (second order obviousness). Because of the way they enable communication and information access, ICTs like the Internet have particularly strong second order obviousness effects, as they lower the cost of invention.

This article introduces the concept of second order obviousness and theorizes the relationship between ICTs and innovation. It demonstrates three mechanisms via which ICTs ease invention and increase obviousness: improved access to information; increased ease of collaboration; and enhanced accuracy of market monitoring. It then empirically supports the presence of these effects as state-level Internet access and patenting data are used to show that—even when controlling for important patenting predictors like R&D spending, GDP, and the number of researchers—Internet access rates are positively and significantly related to patenting rates.

After theorizing and supporting the presence of second order obviousness effects, this paper discusses how patent examiners and the courts currently take them into account during nonobviousness analysis and suggests ways to make the analysis more explicit and effective. Suggestions include altering the nonobviousness analysis to include a presumption to combine prior art references; assessing obviousness from a team rather than an individual perspective; and paying more attention to the market demand for inventions. In order to address future technologies that may also have second order obviousness effects, the final Part of this Article suggests minor alterations to the text of § 103 and the USPTO's technology monitoring that would allow our innovation system to respond more proactively to changing technological capabilities.