Background: Cancer colon is one of the most common malignancies. After colon cancer surgery patients may experience severe pain. Several studies have reported that a significant decrease in postoperative pain with propofol while other studies have showed this effect was not significant. Aim: Our goal was to assess the effect of combined epidural anaesthesia either with propofol or sevoflurane on intraoperative fentanyl consumption and postoperative pain in patients undergoing open surgical resection of colon cancer. Patients and Methods: 48 adult patients suffering from cancer colon scheduled for open surgical resection randomly allocated either to receive epidural-propofol by total intra venous anaesthesia (TIVA) (n = 24) or epidural-sevoflurane anaesthesia (n = 24), intraoperative heart rate and fentanyl consumption and postoperative pain score (verbal analogue scale, 0 - 10) were recorded. Results: In our study we found that the intensity of postoperative pain was low in all patients and the propofol based anaesthesia had relatively lower pain scores up to 24 hrs postoperatively in comparison to sevoflurane based anaesthesia, intraoperative fentanyl consumption was lower with sevoflurane and heart rate lower with propofol group. Conclusions: we recommend that use of multimodal analgesia decrease postoperative pain in all cancer colon patients undergoing open surgery who anaesthetized with either propofol or sevoflurane. Also use of propofol showed better analgesic outcomes postoperatively.


Drawing on social exchange theory and associated notions of reciprocity, we argue that interpersonal support for training transfer in the workplace is associated with increased employee task performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and reduced turnover intention. We test our hypotheses using survey data from 786 Chinese retail employees. The findings show that when employees perceive high levels of supervisor/peer support for training transfer, they are more likely to deliver higher levels of task performance and OCB in response, which in turn, lead to reduced turnover intention. We also found that the strength of the relationship between supervisor/peer support for training transfer on individuals' OCB varied across regions within China. The results confirm the moderating role of regional context (coastal and inland regions) on the relationship between supervisor/peer support for training transfer on individuals' OCB, with a stronger effect found in less economically developed inland regions. The moderating effect of region indicates that cross‐cultural researchers need to be aware of possible within‐country variations in employee attitudes and values.


This is the latest in the series of reports Measuring Food Security in the United States . Abstract This report provides the most recent data on the food security of American households. Preliminary estimates indicate that 89.9 percent of American households were food secure in 1999, up 0.6 percentage point from 1995. Some 31 million Americans were food insecure--they did not have assured access at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. In 3 percent of all households, one or more household members were hungry, at least some time during the year, because of inadequate resources. Between 1995 and 1999, the number of food-insecure households fell by 12 percent, and the number with hunger due to inadequate resources fell by 24 percent. Households with incomes between 50 and 130 percent of the poverty line were the only household types among the 30 subgroups studied to show a higher rate of food insecurity in 1999 than in 1995.


Linolenic add (18:3) is a trienoic fatty acid known as the unstable component of canola oil contributing, upon oxidation, to undesirable odors and flavors of oil. The environmental sensitivity and complex inheritance of the trait make the breeding for lower 18:3 content difficult. A 2-yr, two-location study was carried out using a doubled haploid (DH) population of rapeseed lines (Brassica napus L. or Brassica rapa L.) varying for 18:3 content in order to characterize these lines agronomically and assess the magnitude of environmental variation of the 18:3 content. Correlation analyses between 18:3 and other fatty acids as well as various agronomic and quality traits were performed to determine possible correlated responses assodated with breeding for low 18:3 canola. Decreasing the 18:3 content was significantly associated with later flowering and maturity, higher oil, and lower protein content but not with yield, lodging, and plant height. Orthogonal contrasts comparing the low with intermediate and high 18:3 containing DH lines showed no yield disadvantage of the low 18:3 DH lines for one location in 1 yr. Environmental influence on the 18:3 content was larger between the years than between locations in 1 yr. Because of environmental sensitivity and correlation between low linolenic acid content and later maturity, it may be preferable to use molecular markers linked to the low 18:3 content alleles to select for low linolenic canola at the seedling stage.


Recent work on Object Shift (OS) suggests that this is not as uniform an operation as traditionally assumed. In this paper, we examine OS in the spontaneous speech of adults in large Danish, Norwegian and Swedish child language corpora in order to explore variation with respect to OS across these three languages. We evaluate our results against three recent strands of accounts of OS, namely a prosodic/phonological account, an account in terms of cognitive status, and an account in terms of information structure. Our investigation shows that there is both within-language and across-language variation in the application of OS, and that the three accounts can explain some of our data. However, all accounts are faced with challenges, especially when explaining exceptional cases.


The United Nations' discussions on defining a new set of post-2015 development goals focus on poverty eradication and sustainable development. Biodiversity and ecosystem services are essential for poverty eradication, which is also one of the foundations of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Based on an assessment of current proposals of goals and targets, and a quantitative pathway analysis to meet long term biodiversity and food security goals, this paper discusses how biodiversity and ecosystem services can be integrated into a broad set of goals and targets, and concludes with relevant target areas and means of implementation for which specific targets need to be defined. Furthermore, it responds to the call of the CBD to consider the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the related Aichi biodiversity targets in the post-2015 development agenda. The paper's analysis identifies three overlapping but also supplemental ways to integrate biodiversity and ecosystem services in the post-2015 agenda: integrated goals, goals addressing earth system functioning and goals addressing environmental limits. It further concludes seven target areas to be included under the goals to address biodiversity and ecosystem services in the context of food and agriculture: access to food, demand for agricultural products, sustainable intensification, ecosystem fragmentation, protected areas, essential ecosystem services and genetic diversity. The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity provides a good basis for integrating biodiversity and ecosystem services in the post-2015 development agenda. Many Aichi targets address the proposed target areas and the means of implementation discussed, while they need to be complemented with targets that specifically address human well-being, as well as institutions and governance.


The design considerations for high-speed data conversion are, in many ways, similar to those for data conversion in general. High speed circuits may sometimes seem different because device types can be limited and only certain design techniques and architectures can be used with success. But the basics are the same. High speed circuits or systems are really those that tend to press the limits of state-of-the-art dynamic performance.


Refrigerant related environmental concerns forced legislative bodies to phase out some types of refrigerants namely CFC's and HCFC's and in the near future European legislation will be affecting HFCs as well. Natural refrigerants such as hydrocarbons can thus be expected to be more common as refrigerants in the future. Experimental studies with these fluids are important in understanding their performance and potential. Experimental findings on flow boiling of Isobutane in a uniformly heated, vertical, stainless steel test section (1.6 mm inside diameter and 245mm heated length) are reported in this article. Experiments were conducted at two saturation pressures corresponding to the temperature of 27 and 32 oC, with five mass fluxes in the range 50-350 kg/m2s and at outlet vapour qualities up till dryout conditions. Analysis showed that heat transfer was primarily controlled by the applied heat flux with insignificant effect of mass flux and vapor quality. The experimental results were compared with different macro and micro-scale correlations from the literature, and Owhaib, Liu & Winterton and Mikielewicz correlations quite accurately predicted the heat transfer data.


VPS10 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes a type I transmembrane receptor protein required for the sorting of the soluble vacuolar hydrolase carboxypeptidase Y (CPY). To characterize the essential structural features and intercompartmental transport itinerary of the CPY receptor, we have constructed mutant forms of Vps10p that alter the carboxyterminal cytoplasmic tail of the protein. In addition, we have analyzed the effect these mutations as well as mutations in several VPS genes have on the function, stability, and localization of Vps10p. Although wild-type Vps10p is very stable over a 3-h chase period, overproduction of Vps10p results in PEP4-dependent degradation of the receptor. Immunofluorescence studies indicate that overexpressed receptor is delivered to the vacuole. A mutant form of Vps10p, in which 157 residues of the 164-residue cytoplasmic tail domain have been deleted, missorts CPY and is degraded rapidly. Additional mutations in the carboxy-terminus of Vps10p, including a deletion of a putative retention/recycling signal (FYVF), also result in CPY missorting and PEP4-dependent receptor instability. Because the cytoplasmic tail domain may interact with other factors, possibly VPS gene products, Vps10p stability was examined in a number of vps mutants. As was observed with the late Golgi protein Kex2p, Vps10p is unstable in a vps1 mutant. However, instability of Vps10p is even more severe in the class E vps mutants. Double mutant analyses demonstrate that this rapid degradation is dependent upon vacuolar proteases and a functional vacuolar ATPase. Fractionation studies of Vps10p in class E vps mutant strains indicate that the turnover of Vps10p occurs in a compartment other than the vacuole. These data are consistent with a model in which the cytoplasmic tail of Vps10p directs cycling of the receptor between a late Golgi sorting compartment and a prevacuolar endosome-like compartment, an exaggerated form of which is present in the vps class E mutants.


This paper presents the costs of controlling ammonia emissions in 27 countries in Europe. Abatement options are low nitrogen feed, stable adaptations, covering manure storage, cleaning stable air and low ammonia applications of manure. Cost estimates are based on country-, animal-, and technology-specific data such as stable size, fertilizer price, manure per hectare and the investments per animal place. The results suggest that a 30 per cent flat rate reduction would cost 5.5 billion Deutsche Marks/year, but would not be feasible everywhere in Europe. The maximum feasible reduction in total European emissions is 40 per cent. The associated costs are 67 billion Deutsche Marks/year.


Though the syndrome of carotid artery dissection is well known, "spontaneous" vertebral artery dissection is rarely recognized. We now report clinical and radiologic findings in five patients with presumed vertebral dissection, one pathologically confirmed. Mean age was 35.2 years (range 27-41). Two were men; three women. None had hypertension, vascular disease, or trauma. Headache and neck or occipital pain was prominent in all, often preceding other symptoms. Four of five patients had unilateral partial alteral medullary syndromes, in one accompanied by medial medullary signs. One patient had a cerebellar infarct. Angiography in four patients showed severe irregular stenosis of the distal extracranial vertebral artery (three bilaterally). A fifth patient with irregular stenosis above the vertebral origin had verified extensive dissection in the resected segment. No patient developed late ischemia. Repeat angiography in three showed healing. We conclude that spontaneous vertebral artery dissection, though rare, has recognizable clinical and radiologic features. Stroke Vol 16, No 6, 1985


Poor access to credit has long been theorized to contribute to poverty and economic inequality. However, costly fringe credit products like payday loans may be even more harmful. Critics call for strict regulation of such products, while the empirical evidence on the effects of fringe borrowing is mixed. We use data from a credit bureau on a national sample of individuals in the U.S. military households to assess how a federal regulation of fringe lending (the Military Lending Act, or MLA) affected credit standing, search, and access for likely fringe borrowers. Using variation across states in access to fringe loans prior to the MLA, we estimate difference-in-differences models and find no significant long-term effect of the law on military borrowers' credit standing. However, credit access, measured as cumulative limit on credit cards, increased by 17 to 25% while search for new credit intensified during spells of severe credit constraint after the MLA. Our results indicate substitution of fringe products with mainstream credit and reconcile some of the contradictory prior findings, by suggesting a strategic but myopic borrower, whose set of salient credit sources can be altered by regulation.


Sensitization to Aspergillus species is associated with allergic respiratory diseases. Allergen immunotherapy with nonstandardized Aspergillus extracts is commonly used as therapy in these patients. Unfortunately, no method exists to measure the relevant allergen protein content in diagnostic and therapeutic extracts. Thus, there is a critical need for Aspergillus extract standardization. We hypothesized that development of Aspergillus-specific human IgE mAbs would allow for the characterization of the relevant human allergenic epitopes among currently available commercial Aspergillus fumigatus extracts. Patients with allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis were recruited from Vanderbilt University Medical Center. IgE antibody-secreting B cells were grown and immortalized using human hybridoma techniques first described here. Twenty-six human Aspergillus-reactive IgE mAbs were used as capture and detection reagents to characterize the Aspergillus allergen content of commercial extracts. We found extreme variability in the specificity and quantity of their protein targets. Just 4 mAbs reacted with all available extracts, and only 1 of 4 extracts contained the major allergen Asp f 1. This degree of variability will almost certainly affect the efficacy of these reagents when used in diagnosis and treatment. Human IgE mAbs represent an innovative tool for the evaluation of relevant human allergenic epitopes, which may assist in future development and long-term standardization of mold extracts.


Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) vectorization is a major driver of performance in current architectures, and is mandatory for achieving good performance with codes that are limited by instruction throughput. We investigate the efficiency of different SIMD-vectorized implementations of the RabbitCT benchmark. RabbitCT performs 3D image reconstruction by back projection, a vital operation in computed tomography applications. The underlying algorithm is a challenge for vectorization because it consists, apart from a streaming part, also of a bilinear interpolation requiring scattered access to image data. We analyze the performance of SSE (128 bit), AVX (256 bit), AVX2 (256 bit), and IMCI (512 bit) implementations on recent Intel x86 systems. A special emphasis is put on the vector gather implementation on Intel Haswell and Knights Corner microarchitectures. Finally we discuss why GPU implementations perform much better for this specific algorithm.


ABSTRACT More than two hundred subcircular to crescent-shaped depressions, often with radiating markings, were discovered on a 120 m2 bedding plane interpreted as base-of-slope carbonate deposits and belonging to the Lutetian–Bartonian Peschici Formation at San Lorenzo (Vieste, Gargano Promontory, Italy). The area was mapped using a high-resolution aerial camera (mounted on a kite) and a terrestrial laser scanner. The survey allowed detailed morphologic analysis and topographic mapping of the traces, in order to analyze the very regular distribution pattern. The ichnological study, combined with sedimentologic and stratigraphic analyses, identifies the depressions as fish feeding traces. Although the tracemaker cannot be definitely identified, the comparison with modern and fossil fish excavations suggests a higher affinity with bony fishes (e.g., sturgeons) than with rays. The trace fossils are here attributed to the ichnogenus Piscichnus and constitute the first discovery of this ichnotaxon in the middle Eocene of the Apulia Carbonate Platform and of Italy.


The dependence of the formation of ferroelastic stripe domain patterns on the thermal history is investigated by detailed piezoresponse force microscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments after and during annealing of tensile strained tetragonal Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 epitaxial thin films on DyScO3 substrates. In particular, the ferroelastic pattern is reversibly interchanged between a cross-hatched and a stripe domain pattern if the films are cooled at different rates after annealing above the formation temperature of a-domains. Different types of 180° and non-180° patterns can be created, depending on the thermal treatment. The changes in the 180° domain structure and lattice parameters are attributed to a change of oxygen vacancy concentration, which results in a modification of the internal electric field and unit cell size, causing also a shift of TC. Thermal treatment is done on rhombohedral La:BiFeO3 thin films as well. It is observed that also in these films, appropriate heat treatment modifies the domain pattern and films with a stripe domain pattern can be created, confirming the general validity of the developed model.


Objective
To determine the outcome of septic non-union of tibia using compression and distraction technique with Ilizarov circular fixator in terms of infection free solid union.
Patients and Methods
This descriptive study was performed on 16 patients in Orthopaedic and Trauma Unit, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar and Khyber Medical Center, Peshawar, Pakistan from June, 2008 to June, 2011. Patients of either gender with age more than 15 years with supple knee and ankle joints having septic non-union of tibia were included in the study. Those with age below 14 years and having associated comorbidities like diabetes mellitus and immuno-insufficiency etc. which can compound the infective non-union in these patients and patients with poor vascular status of the affected lower limb and those requiring myocutaneous flap for coverage of wounds were excluded from the study. These patients were followed for two years. Outcome was recorded in terms of infection free union of the tibia at the septic non-union site radiographically and clinically during follow up visits and at time of removal of fixator.
Results
Out of16 patients, 14 (87.5%) were male and 2 (12.5%) were female. Mean age was 33.4 years (range 23-55). Right tibia was affected in 10 patients (62.5%) and left in 6 patients (37.5%). The cause was road traffic accident in 12 patients (75%), fire arm injuries in 2 patients (12.5%) and fall in 2 patients (12.5%). Mean external fixator duration was 6.2 months. Results were graded as excellent in 9 patients (52.2%), good in 4 patients (25%) and fair in 3 patients (18.7%). The complication rate per patient was 1.3%.
Conclusion
By using the distraction and compression technique with ilizarov external fixator, it is possible to avoid infection and achieve solid union in resistant and infected cases of non-union of the diaphyseal region of tibia. (Rawal Med J 2012;37:332-337).


Aim: In this study, it was aimed to assess anthropometric measures of 65 years of age and older people living in an urban district of Ankara province, Turkey. Patients and Methods: The total number of 65 years of age and older people was 913 and in this cross-sectional study. We had a sample of 350 older people. Data collection was conducted by five of the researches in two weeks and each individual was visited in her/his own setting. Body Mass Index (BMI) values were calculated according to the body weight/height measurements. NCHS-BMI percentile standards developed by World Health Organization (WHO) were used to determine "obesity/undernutrition". Results: The mean age of men was 71.8±4.9, and mean age of women was 71.2±5.82. Mean BMI value for men was 25.4±2.9, whereas mean for women was 26.9±3.9'dir (t test p value=0.000). According to the logistic regression analysis, the possibility of NCHS-BMI percentile be "<5 or > 95" among the individuals who stated a chronic disease was higher compared to the ones who did not state a chronic disease [OR (CI)= 4.768 (1.247-18.224); p=0.022]. Conclusions: BMI values of the elderly participants in this cross-sectionally designed study seemed to be influenced by some independent variables. However, in terms of determining "causality", follow up studies are recommended to be conducted in the study population.


SALTMusic was an action research project that brought together speech and language therapists and early childhood music practitioners to develop new pedagogical approaches to working with families with children (24-36 months) with communication difficulties.

The findings from the report include a range of new practical approaches based on theoretical frameworks that can enhance playful arts practice with young children. The work offers a model for working in diverse contexts. There are many practical outcomes and findings in relation to joint working across disciplines; the value of reflecting on practice using a detailed data collection tool and the power of co-delivery. Parental anxiety was found to be high and the playful, talk-free immsersive music space created as part of the project offered the chancefor them to view their child as competent. Explaining the theoretical underpinning to the work provided parents with knowledge and confidence in using the ideas at home.

Silence; the use of the breath; the power of the micro-song; observe, wait and listen; the communication pyramid are among the tools that have been included in the project and form the basis of the pedagogical approach.


Microbes are everywhere, including in and on our bodies, and have been shown to play key roles in a variety of prevalent human diseases. Consequently, there has been intense interest in the design of bacteriotherapies or "bugs as drugs," which are communities of bacteria administered to patients for specific therapeutic applications. Central to the design of such therapeutics is an understanding of the causal microbial interaction network and the population dynamics of the organisms. In this work we present a Bayesian nonparametric model and associated efficient inference algorithm that addresses the key conceptual and practical challenges of learning microbial dynamics from time series microbe abundance data. These challenges include high-dimensional (300+ strains of bacteria in the gut) but temporally sparse and non-uniformly sampled data; high measurement noise; and, nonlinear and physically non-negative dynamics. Our contributions include a new type of dynamical systems model for microbial dynamics based on what we term interaction modules, or learned clusters of latent variables with redundant interaction structure (reducing the expected number of interaction coefficients from $O(n^2)$ to $O((\log n)^2)$); a fully Bayesian formulation of the stochastic dynamical systems model that propagates measurement and latent state uncertainty throughout the model; and introduction of a temporally varying auxiliary variable technique to enable efficient inference by relaxing the hard non-negativity constraint on states. We apply our method to simulated and real data, and demonstrate the utility of our technique for system identification from limited data and gaining new biological insights into bacteriotherapy design.


In recent years, drought and demand growth in most parts of the county have caused a dramatic increase in using groundwater for water supply purposes. Besides, unplanned excessive discharges from aquifers have led to aquifer degradation. In most integrated water resources management models, groundwater simulation is used for taking into account discharge constrains, however, the most cases the optimal solution is not achievable.Hence, artificial neural network models may be replaced by groundwater numerical simulation models. In this paper, a methodology based on dynamic artificial neural networks (DANN) is developed for simulating groundwater table. Karaj aquifer is used as the case study and its groundwater numerical model (PMWIN) is calibrated using such measured groundwater characteristics as hydraulic conductivity and specific storage. The results of the numerical model are presented to DANN for training. In the proposed procedure, the total recharge, discharge, and groundwater level in previous time intervals are used as the inputs to the DANN model. The model output is the groundwater level at the end of the time interval. In this study, the development of the model is accomplished in four steps that consist of developing the aquifer simulation model and its calibration, producing the inputoutput data set for DANN training, training the DANN model for various structures, and selecting the best structure for use in the optimization model. The result shows that the proposed DANN model is more efficient in simulating groundwater level fluctuations than the static artificial neural network (SANN) models.


Wet roads can have a serious impact on tire traction. There are several ways of detecting wet roads; however, almost all of them come with disadvantages. Using the splash and spray behavior of the tire can offer a solution.
 To identify key parameters that influence splash and spray, we used high-speed cameras to record tires rolling on an internal drum tire test bench. The key parameters were water film thickness, speed, and profile geometry (tread pattern and tread depth). Our image-processing analysis showed three main effects in the splash and spray behavior that help to characterize the water film thickness: side splash, circumferential spray, and torrent spray. Circumferential spray and torrent spray can be used to estimate low and medium water film thicknesses, but these require information about speed and profile geometry. Side splash announces hydroplaning without the need for additional information.


The CAPPLE project is an exploratory research project that aims to analyse the PLEs of future Spanish professionals. An ad-hoc survey about their habits for learning was conducted using a sample of 2054 university students from the last year of a degree. After data collection, two main processes were carried out: (1) the analysis of some of the aspects learnt through the data collection; and (2) a series of focus groups in parallel, centered on the exploration of data to obtain some first conclusions with a descriptive analysis. The results of these processes showed firstly, that although the survey size is important, there are other factors to consider, such as the difficulty and constant engagement of questions, which that  seriously affected the rate of survey completion. Additionally, data show that future professionals prefer to use analogical tools to complete their learning tasks although they like being connected to social networks in their social lives. They do not have many strategies to organize their learning and are not very critical of the information that comes from their teachers. Regarding PLEs, there are some topics that emerge from the analysis that should be studied in the next future in order to understand better how our students - our future professionals- learn.


Abstract Coupling, a measure of the interdependence among software entities, is an important property for which many software metrics have been defined. It is widely agreed that the extent of coupling in an object-oriented system has implications for its external quality. Structural and semantic relations between classes can be measured directly from static source code. However, both have limitations. In order to understand which aspects of coupling affect quality or other external attributes of software, this paper presents a new coupling metric for object-oriented systems that analyze structural and semantic relationships between methods and classes. The paper investigates the use of the new proposed coupling metric during change impact analysis, predicting fault-prone and maintainable classes. By comparing the new metric to other coupling metrics, we show that the new metric is a better predictor for classes impacted by changes. The new metric also shows good promise in predicting both external qualities (fault proneness and maintainability).


Choice Outstanding Academic Title of 2016 In Unfreedom, Jared Ross Hardesty examines the lived experience of slaves in eighteenth-century Boston. Instead of relying on the traditional dichotomy of slavery and freedom, Hardesty argues we should understand slavery in Boston as part of a continuum of unfreedom. In this context, African slavery existed alongside many other forms of oppression, including Native American slavery, indentured servitude, apprenticeship, and pauper apprenticeship. In this hierarchical and inherently unfree world, enslaved Bostonians were more concerned with their everyday treatment and honor than with emancipation, as they pushed for autonomy, protected their families and communities, and demanded a place in society. Drawing on exhaustive research in colonial legal records - including wills, court documents, and minutes of governmental bodies - as well as newspapers, church records, and other contemporaneous sources, Hardesty masterfully reconstructs an eighteenth-century Atlantic world of unfreedom that stretched from Europe to Africa to America. By reassessing the lives of enslaved Bostonians as part of a social order structured by ties of dependence, Hardesty not only demonstrates how African slaves were able to decode their new homeland and shape the terms of their enslavement, but also tells the story of how marginalized peoples engrained themselves in the very fabric of colonial American society.


Based on gathered viewpoints from Japanese stakeholders who face the consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster at the national and local levels, the modalities and conditions governing the decision of evacuees to return home after the lifting of evacuation orders, have been examined. This analysis revealed the complexity of the situation in a context of high uncertainty, and also emphasized the need for decision-makers and decision-helpers (e.g. radiological protection and medical experts) to take account and respect the different choices made or envisaged by the impacted communities for whom radiological issues are only one facet of the problem. The analysis firstly deals with the dynamics of the emergency evacuation which has strongly influenced the issue of managing the return of populations. Social and especially family dimensions are also emphasized, particularly related to the organization of temporary housing. Then, the organization and the evolution of the characterization and zoning of the affected areas are discussed as well as the radiological criteria that have been used and how they have been perceived by people. Notably, the effects on health and welfare are emphasized, by analysing in particular the temporal dynamics since the accident. The difficulties encountered by evacuees and returnees and the specific situations of the various communities are also highlighted. The question of the development of a radiological protection culture through self-monitoring and protective actions and its long-term role is also discussed. Another key element concerns the effects of the compensation system: without going into details on the mechanisms put in place, the social and ethical questions raised by this system are presented. Finally, the question of "the future of the affected territories" is evoked by stressing the concerns of several municipalities for restoring their attractiveness for possible newcomers.


H H Lee

Dr H H Lee, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; firstname.lastname@example.com

Is Chlamydia Rapid Test accurate for screening for and diagnosing Chlamydia trachomatis infection in women?

### Design:

blinded comparison of Chlamydia Rapid Test with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing.

### Setting:

young people's sexual health centre (site 1) and 2 genitourinary medicine clinics (sites 2 and 3) in the UK.

### Participants:

1349 women ⩾16 years of age who had not taken antibiotics in the previous month, were not currently menstruating, and provided valid samples (93% of eligible participants). Most women at site 1 (n = 663, mean age 19 y) were asymptomatic; about 67% of women at the genitourinary medicine clinics (n = 385, mean age 25 y at site 2; n = 301, mean age 28 y at site 3) were …


This is a study that aims to help create a better world. As big as it sounds, it is the truth. Every day municipality officers in Bosnia and Herzegovina work for a better environment, a better world. Despite their efforts the work they do is not as efficient as it could be and the support available for them is meagre. For this reason a programme called Municipality Environmental Infrastructure is under development in cooperation between the University of Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden) with financing from the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida). This thesis is a part of the work to make the programme successful. Competence needs for municipality officers will be identified through a needs analysis based on interviews with different stakeholders. The answers provided will create a picture of the needs that is both univocal and diverse with competences in identifying and handling environmental threats as well as managing infrastructure projects. The thesis will also look at what pedagogical methods the teachers at the programme plan to use and how this affects the programme. Since the programme is held in a formal setting but intends practical use of the knowledge this leads to high demands on the pedagogical methods. The programme syllabus will be fount to not entirely encompass all competence needs but suggestions will be made as to how to include the identified needs.


Muslim women are often the subject of intense media attention surrounding the wearing of the hijab, burqa and niqab. This is particularly true when there is an increased spotlight on the Islamic community because of perceived threats of terrorist attacks. A lot of the opinions expressed about women wearing these religious garments are based on misconceptions about the requirements of Shari'a law, or international human rights law, or both. This article examines how these different bodies of law view the wearing of all-covering body veils by women and whether dictating that women should, or should not, wear such garments is a breach of Islamic law and/or human rights laws.


INTRODUCING THE INCOMPARABLE HILDEGARDE: THE SEXUALITY, STYLE, AND IMAGE OF A FORGOTTEN CULTURAL ICON Monica S. Gallamore Marquette University, 2012 This study is an historical biography of the popular American entertainer from the nineteen-forties and fifties named Hildegarde. Known by her first name long before such designations became commonplace, Hildegarde achieved such celebrity status that she influenced women's fashions and promoted a number of consumer products. She even had her own signature Revlon lipstick and nail polish called ―Hildegarde Rose.‖ Hildegarde's career spanned for more than seventy years, beginning as a pianist for silent movies in Milwaukee and eventually becoming the darling of nightclubs and supper clubs. Unfortunately, few people remember this entertainer or her influence. She has been overlooked by historians as a cultural influence and a groundbreaking performer even though in 1945 she was the most popular songstress in the nation. Hildegarde is unique because she did not fit into the accepted archetype of women during her heyday. She was neither a domestic, motherly type nor was she the girl next door. In fact, she and her manager, a woman name Anna Sosenko, worked together as well as lived together, all of which was public knowledge. Yet this did not deter the American public from adoring Hildegarde. She set fashion standards for women, and numerous celebrities used her image and copied her act to gain popularity. By the nineteen fifties, she was proclaimed the most impersonated performer in show business. This dissertation encompasses the time from her birth in 1906 through her death in 2005. Included in this study are examinations of: Milwaukee in the 1920s, the life and times of vaudeville performers, the culture of cabaret performers in 1930s Paris and London, radio performance and stars in 20 th century America, and the night-club and supper-club craze of 1940s and 1950s. Of particular importance is her relationship with Anna and Anna's career as one of the only female managers of the time. Hildegarde's life and career is a lense by which to examine popular culture, leisure activities, women's history, and music as well as cultural trends and attitudes in twentieth-century America.


The essential data of agriculture marketing information are price data. Government to decide on the policies on production, export, import, price support need more accurate and faster knowledge of agriculture marketing information regular basis. Marketing information plays a vital role in the functioning of the whole market, by regulating the competitive marketing process. Marketing information helps farmers make profitable decisions in the short term what price to expect and decide what to produce. Making timely and unbiased information available to the farmers help them, in bargaining with the traders for a fair price for their crops. The aim of proposed information collection system is to provide very fast, timely, reliable and up to date agriculture commodity prices collection all over the country on regular basis through mobile phone SMS service. All the information stored in the database automatically. Stakeholder can get marketing information from currently stored price data what they need through mobile phone SMS service.


The development of economy always emphasizes on the growth aspect without considering moral values prevailing in the society. Looking at the fact, then, Islamic economists conceptualize that the development is focused not only on the material aspect, but also on the moral values. The first is necessary to fulfil the ideal needs of the society, which is namely al-had al-kifayah. On the other hand, the later –moral values aspect- is developed in order to achieve the Blessing of Allah Al-Mighty. In addition, the development of economy is not only to provide higher growth only, but it should also be in line with the justice of the distribution. Thus, the economic growth which is relatively less, is considered good if it is followed by the justice of the distribution. Of all, however, both qualitative and quantitative standards of the economic growth is still ignored by the thoughts of Islamic economists.


Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction, one of the fundamental forces of nature. The interactions between quarks are mediated by gluons, which are the colour-charged gauge fields in QCD. Hard processes with a large momentum transfer can be calculated using perturbation theory, while soft processes with a small momentum transfer are poorly understood. In this thesis, various aspects of the gluon interactions are studied based on the interplay between hard and soft processes.Soft gluon exchanges do not affect the dynamics of a hard process, but can rearrange the colour topology, resulting in different final states. The soft colour interaction models employ this idea and give a good description of all diffractive hard scattering data observed in pp collisions (W, Z, dijets, bb, J/ψ). This thesis also presents predictions for diffractive Higgs and γγ production at present and future hadron colliders.Multiple gluon exchanges give rise to saturation effects in hadronic collisions at high energies. Implementing this idea in photon-photon collisions gives new insight into the quantum structure of the photon and its interactions at high energies. When combined with perturbative calculations for single gluon exchange, the obtained results are in good agreement with experimental data from e+e- colliders.Off-shell gluon distributions in the photon give another perspective on the photon structure and have been parameterized for the first time in this thesis. These are useful for calculating cross sections of processes where the effects of transverse momenta are crucial, for example heavy quark production in γp or γγ collisions.Quantization of gauge fields which have a richer gauge structure than the gluons in QCD, is studied using the powerful BRST quantization formalism. Thus, first-stage reducible theories, like topological Yang-Mills and spin-5/2 gauge fields, are successfully quantized in an irreducible way.Understanding gluon interactions and the interplay between soft and hard processes paves the way towards solving the longstanding problem of confinement in QCD.


This study investigated the quality, antioxidant activities, and sensory properties of Sulgidduk (rice cakes) upon the addition of radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.) powder, which is known to have antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects. Radicchio powder was freeze-dried, passed through a 40-mesh sieve, and used to replace 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, or 4% of the rice flour. The content of moisture in Sulgidduk did not significantly differ among samples (p<0.05). As the amount of radicchio powder increased, the pH value decreased slightly. Regarding color, the L-value decreased from 84.44 (control) to 45.91 (4% sample), and the a-value increased from -1.16 (control) to 5.20 (4% sample). The b-value increased from control to 2% samples, but then gradually decreased in the 3% and 4% samples. Though hardness and chewiness increased upon adding radicchio powder, the springiness and cohesiveness of the radicchio Sulgidduk samples were reduced when compared to these of the control samples (84.43% and 78.17%, respectively). Antioxidant activity of Sulgidduk increased significantly upon the addition of radicchio. For sensory evaluation, the 1% sample received the highest score (5.35) in overall acceptability. From these results, we determine that addition of 1% radicchio powder to Sulgidduk is suitable for producing the rice cake.


Over the past few decades new ways of conceiving the relation between people, practices and institutions have been developed, enabling an understanding of human conduct in complex situations that is distinctive from traditional psychological and sociological conceptions. This distinctiveness is derived from a sophisticated analytic approach to social action which combines conversation analysis with the fresh treatment of epistemology, mind, cognition and personality developed in discursive psychology. This text is the first to showcase and promote this new method of discursive research in practice. Featuring contributions from a range of international academics, both pioneers in the field and exciting new researchers, this book illustrates an approach to social science issues that cuts across the traditional disciplinary divisions to provide a rich participant-based understanding of action.


The Morton effect (ME) is a synchronous vibration problem in turbomachinery caused by the nonuniform viscous heating around the journal circumference, and its resultant thermal bow (TB) and ensuing synchronous vibration. This paper treats the unconventional application of the SFD for the mitigation of ME-induced vibration. Installing a properly designed squeeze film damper (SFD) may change the rotor's critical speed location, damping, and deflection shape, and thereby suppress the vibration caused by the ME. The effectiveness of the SFD on suppressing the ME is tested via linear and nonlinear simulation studies employing a three-dimensional (3D) thermohydrodynamic (THD) tilting pad journal bearing (TJPB), and a flexible, Euler beam rotor model. The example rotor model is for a compressor that experimentally exhibited an unacceptable vibration level along with significant journal differential heating near 8000 rpm. The SFD model includes fluid inertia and is installed on the nondrive end bearing location where the asymmetric viscous heating of the journal is highest. The influence of SFD cage stiffness is evaluated.


ABSTRACT Msi1-like (MSIL) proteins contain WD40 motifs and have a pleiotropic cellular function as negative regulators of the Ras/cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway and components of chromatin assembly factor 1 (CAF-1), yet they have not been studied in fungal pathogens. Here we identified and characterized an MSIL protein, Msl1, in Cryptococcus neoformans, which causes life-threatening meningoencephalitis in humans. Notably, Msl1 plays pleiotropic roles in C. neoformans in both cAMP-dependent and -independent manners largely independent of Ras. Msl1 negatively controls antioxidant melanin production and sexual differentiation, and this was repressed by the inhibition of the cAMP-signaling pathway. In contrast, Msl1 controls thermotolerance, diverse stress responses, and antifungal drug resistance in a Ras/cAMP-independent manner. Cac2, which is the second CAF-1 component, appears to play both redundant and distinct functions compared to the functions of Msl1. Msl1 is required for the full virulence of C. neoformans. Transcriptome analysis identified a group of Msl1-regulated genes, which include stress-related genes such as HSP12 and HSP78. In conclusion, this study demonstrates pleiotropic roles of Msl1 in the human fungal pathogen C. neoformans, providing insight into a potential novel antifungal therapeutic target.


This scoping article gives a global picture of dynamics, trends, policies and mechanisms for engaging with women's representation in political office. It discusses the kind of affirmative action introduced, and where it features vis‐a‐vis electoral cycles. It describes and compares candidate and reserved seats quotas and shows how electoral systems influence the possibilities of challenging power hierarchies in politics. The second part of the article reflects on the extent to which implementing quotas have been effective in engendering political representation and the conditions that allow or inhibit this.


Abstract. Orange trees are widely cultivated in Mediterranean climatic regions where they are an important agricultural crop. Citrus have been characterized as emitters of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in chamber studies under controlled environmental conditions, but an extensive characterization at field scale has never been performed using modern measurement methods, and is particularly needed considering the complex interactions between the orchards and the polluted atmosphere in which Citrus is often cultivated. For one year, in a Valencia orange orchard in Exeter, California, we measured fluxes using PTRMS (Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer) and eddy covariance for the most abundant VOC typically emitted from citrus vegetation: methanol, acetone, and isoprenoids. Concentration gradients of additional oxygenated and aromatic compounds from the ground level to above the canopy were also measured. In order to characterize concentrations of speciated biogenic VOC (BVOC) in leaves, we analyzed leaf content by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometery) regularly throughout the year. We also characterized in more detail concentrations of speciated BVOC in the air above the orchard by in-situ GC-MS during a few weeks in spring flowering and summer periods. Here we report concentrations and fluxes of the main VOC species emitted by the orchard, discuss how fluxes measured in the field relate to previous studies made with plant enclosures, and describe how VOC content in leaves and emissions change during the year in response to phenological and environmental parameters. The orchard was a source of monoterpenes and oxygenated VOC. The highest emissions were observed during the springtime flowering period, with mid-day fluxes above 2 nmol m −2 s −1 for methanol and up to 1 nmol m −2 s −1 for acetone and monoterpenes. During hot summer days emissions were not as high as we expected considering the known dependence of biogenic emissions on temperature. We provide evidence that thickening of leaf cuticle wax content limited gaseous emissions during the summer.


Wide health inequalities remain between eastern and western Europe. In 2008 there was a 20 year difference in life expectancy between Dutch men (80.7 years) and Russian men (60.5 years). Premature mortality (before 65 years of age) in some countries of western Europe has fallen to a single digit, but among Russian males it has fluctuated widely in recent decades, and is still about 50%. From the early 1960s the health trends in eastern Europe started to degenerate. In the years 1960–1990 there was a dramatic increase in premature mortality, especially among adult men, with a substantial increase of recorded deaths from CVD, lung cancer, injury, liver cirrhosis, etc. The economic and political changes that occurred in eastern Europe in the early 1990s reversed this trend in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. The cardiovascular mortality started to decline and for the first time since 30 years life expectancy increased and premature mortality levels fell (http://www.hem.waw.pl/). The opposite happened in Russia, the Ukraine, and many other countries of the former Soviet Union. Huge increase in mortality occurred, followed by wide fluctuations. Recent epidemiological analytical research points at vodka (and other strong alcoholic drinks) as the key reason for the observed changes. It seems that the misuse of alcohol in Russia led not only to the increase of the classical alcohol-induced health problems (liver cirrhosis and particularly accidents, suicides, homicides, and unassigned external causes), but also to a large absolute increase in the mortality attributed to "non-MI acute IHD" (ICD-10 124), a cause commonly assigned in Russia, but almost never assigned in western Europe. (Lancet 27 June 2009).


(Uncorrected OCR)
1
Abstract of the thesis entitled
'Direct Probability Assessment in Discriminant Analysis'
submitted by Ian James Lauder
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
at the University of Hong Kong in July 1985
Probabilistic assessment in discriminant analysis entails estimation of the unknown conditional density p(t|x) for type t (1 < t < k) given feature vector x. The procedure is usually based on a training set D = {(t.,x.): i = l,...,n} with the ith case in D having known type t. and complete precise feature vector x.. In general the components of x can be continuous, discrete or categorical features.
In situations such as medical diagnosis, although the conditional densities p(x|t) (1 < t < k) may be severely modified due to selection or truncation, the conditional form p(t|x) remains stable. In such instances density estimation via direct modelling of p(t|x) has theoretical attractions.
The thesis develops the direct approach for modelling p(t|x). Parametric and non-parametric models are developed and applied under various assumptions about the type of the distributions and the nature of cases in D.
When the feature vectors in D are precise, the widely used parametric class of logistic models for p(t|x) is extended by developing latent variable models for p(t|x). The non-parametric approach to direct modelling in these circumstances is achieved by the development of the weighted kernel density model. The performance of the models is evaluated on a variety of real data sets where precise continuous, discrete and categorical feature
11
vectors are encountered.
The logistic, latent variable and kernel modelling procedures are extended to explore a variety of situations that can be encountered in practical application.
The modelling procedures are first extended to deal with the situation of imprecision affecting the measurements in the feature vectors. The performance of the models and the effect of imprecision is investigated by application to real and simulated data sets.
A second extension is made to the situation of missing values in the feature vectors. Both parametric and non-parametric approaches can be developed in these circumstances. The effect of values missing at random and in non-random from x on p(tjx) is explored.
Finally more specialised topics are covered. The modelling process is extended to cope with situations where basic cases can be misclassified or replicated with replication error in typing. The final extension is to the situation where the typing process is subject to uncertainty.


In the summer of 1975, the Department of Geological Sciences, University of Durham, carried out a long range refraction project using explosions fired in Rockall Trough and the Hebridean Shelf areas. Temporary recording stations were situated in the North-west Highlands and Islands of Scotland. The data was supplemented by recordings from the permanent networks of Scotland. Plus-minus, time-term, velocity filtering and particle motion processing methods were applied to the data. Wherever possible, results from gravity and magnetic studies and seismic reflection profiles were used to compliment the interpretations. On the Hebridean Shelf, small sedimentary basins and lateral variations of basement velocity are shown which correlate with earlier gravity and magnetic interpretations. Low average crustal velocities on the shelf, west of the Hebrides, give crustal thicknesses of about 25 km but east of the Hebrides higher average crustal velocities give estimates of about 30 km. A mid-crustal refractor is not clearly observed but may be at a depth of about 18 km on the outer shelf. The Minch area shows large P(_n) time-terms but this does not necessarily signify thickened crust since they may be attributed to velocity anomalies within the crust. Continental crustal thinning and transition to oeanic crust at the Rockall Trough margin takes place over a narrow zone of about 50 km width. Crustal thicknesses in Rockall Trough, at 58 N, are between 7 and 12 km and further north, near Rosemary Bank, are between 12 and 24 km.


In both Finland and The Netherlands strategies are being developed to switch from fossil to green resources in order to tackle the challenges of climate change and resource dependencies and to tap into the economic opportunities that arise. We investigated the similarities and differences in the transition process and governance strategies with respect to the transition towards a bioeconomy in both countries, using transition management as an evaluative lens. The research method involved comparative qualitative case study analysis through action research. We found that the governance approach in The Netherlands focusses on co-creating a long-term vision that informs for short-term action, on facilitating bottom-up regional clusters and promoting radical innovation through cooperation between vested players and frontrunners. Finland adopts a more traditional, top-down governance strategy, focussing on the shorter-term economic opportunities and incremental innovation that keep the overall structure of existing industries intact. We conclude that the Dutch government acts as a facilitator, while the Finnish government acts more as a director of the transition. We recommend that Finland's governance for the bioeconomy be improved by applying insights from transition management, while the Dutch approach runs the risk of being captured by vested interests.


Local transportation agencies in the Salt Lake City (SLC) Metropolitan Area spent more than a decade working toward building a sustainable regional transportation system. Light Rail Transit (LRT) is an integral part of that system. Currently, three LRT lines operate along the Wasatch Front area. A new line between the SLC International Airport and the University of Utah area currently is under consideration. Due to implementation of an additional LRT line, it is anticipated that an expected increase in frequency of LRT trains will worsen traffic and transit performance of a large and complex multi modal network. The goal of this research is to estimate and analyze the impact of LRT Transit Signal Priority (TSP) on other modes of transportation and the performance of a transportation network using microsimulation environment. The most prominent feature of the analyzed traffic network is a diverse signal timing environment with predictive priority for LRT. Successful integration of VISSIM simulation software and Siemens NextPhase virtual controller enabled realistic representation of real-time predictive priority settings, which allowed for a comprehensive analysis of traffic and transit performance measures on different levels. Results showed the most severe impacts occurred at intersections in the downtown area where multiple LRT lines intersected. However, certain areas for improvement were identified. Proposed procedures and their effectiveness were demonstrated toward reducing adverse effects of LRT expansion, which would validate potential implementation of the proposed strategies in the field.


SOMMARIO: 1. In forma di premessa - 2. L'immensa maggioranza degli spiriti -  3. Una forma particolare della speranza: religione e liberta tra dispotismo e repubblica - 4. Dal dogma teologico al dogma della maggioranza -  5. Quale religione? - 6. Contro la patologia del dubbio - 7. Polvere intellettuale: il metodo filosofico tra America ed Europa - 8. Chiesa e Stato tra America e Francia - 9. Democrazia e Cattolicesimo americano - 10. Una democrazia cristiana: Stato e Chiesa nell' 'ultimo' Tocqueville. "A salutary yoke on the intellect": Religious Dogma and Political Freedom in Tocqueville's Democracy in America. ABSTRACT: The essay examines the relationship between religion and politics in Tocqueville's thinking, with particular attention to the synergy between Christianity and the development of democratic institutions, studied by the author in the United States. In the two volumes of Democracy in America, he observes that the doctrine of Christianity, subject to a process of popularization characteristic of American social dynamism, constitutes an essential connective tissue, through which the principle of equality permeates custom, law and institutions. This stabilization function finds a fundamental premise in the separation between spiritual and temporal sphere, which allows the former not to be bent to the conveniences of the second and, above all, not to be subjected to attacks which, as in the French Revolution, have confused and condemned it with its institutional form under the ancien regime. Such a circumstance, according to Tocqueville, has deprived society of the fundamental ethical background that unites it, neglecting above all the powerful egalitarian message that he identifies as a general character of Christianity and in particular of Catholicism, which he thinks even more appropriate to the democracy as the Protestant faith and which, by acting on custom, would enable the establishment and development of an indigenous democratic model also in France.


In this paper we synthesize and discuss the results of recent detailed geophysical surveys and reconstructions of two active mid-ocean ridge microplates on the East Pacific Rise. We quantify their development in terms of the principal dimensions of the microplates and their boundaries, and the temporal changes in these dimensions. The results are discussed in the framework of the 'roller-bearing' microplate model of Schouten and others, which postulates that microplates are driven by shear couples imposed on them by the motions of their bounding major plates. We test the specific predictions of this model for the geometry of the 'pseudofaults' (traces of the propagating tips of the microplates' spreading boundaries) and the histories of rotation of the microplates. Both microplates are currently rotating at the rates predicted by the model on the assumption of complete coupling (no slip or deformation) between the microplates and the major plates at instantaneous points of contact near the propagating tips of the spreading boundaries. Juan Fernandez microplate was also rotating at the predicted rate just before 2 Ma when it was driven by the Nazca–Pacific couple rather than the Nazca–Antarctic couple that currently applies. However, earlier rotations were slower than predicted, implying some degree of decoupling or deformation at earlier times. The microplates appear to have grown from moderate-sized (c. 100 km), probably left-stepping offsets of the East Pacific Rise since about 5 Ma. The nature of these offsets is currently uncertain, but they may have been propagating rifts, which changed from shearing by 'bookshelf faulting' to rigid block (microplate) rotation on reaching a critical size. Once rigid block rotation began, the microplates grew by seafloor spreading, accompanied by propagation of their bounding spreading centres. The effects of the neighbouring Easter mantle plume and Pacific–Nazca–Antarctic triple junction can be discerned in the bathymetry and ridge propagation rates, but do not appear to have had a major influence on the microplates' development.


We study the design of portfolios under a minimum risk criterion. The performance of the optimized portfolio relies on the accuracy of the estimated covariance matrix of the portfolio asset returns. For large portfolios, the number of available market returns is often of similar order to the number of assets, so that the sample covariance matrix performs poorly as a covariance estimator. Additionally, financial market data often contain outliers which, if not correctly handled, may further corrupt the covariance estimation. We address these shortcomings by studying the performance of a hybrid covariance matrix estimator based on Tyler's robust M-estimator and on Ledoit-Wolf's shrinkage estimator while assuming samples with heavy-tailed distribution. Employing recent results from random matrix theory, we develop a consistent estimator of (a scaled version of) the realized portfolio risk, which is minimized by optimizing online the shrinkage intensity. Our portfolio optimization method is shown via simulations to outperform existing methods both for synthetic and real market data.


The prime purpose of the research study was to elucidate the potential of remotely sensed data for estimation of water quality parameters (WQPs) in inland and coastal waters. The useful application of remotely sensed data for operational monitoring of water bodies demand for improved algorithms and methodology. The in situ hyperspectral Spectroradiometer data, water quality data and Airborne Imaging Spectroradiometer for Applications (AISA) data of Apalachicola Bay Florida, USA were collected. The data was analyzed to develop the models for assessment of total suspended sediment (TSS), chlorophyll-a (chl-a), and secchi depth. The analysis of collected spectral data reveals that a peak reflectance in red domain was well correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration. The optical depth is found to be strongly correlated with Chl-a and TSS. In order to examine the feasibility of multispectral data for water quality monitoring; AISA data was integrated into band widths of ALOS/AVNIR-2 sensor. The combination of three bands, band 2, 3 and band 4 was developed to correlate the remotely sensed data with TSS. The developed regression models showed good correlation with water quality parameters and may successfully applied for estimation of WQP in surface waters. The research work demonstrates an example for the successful application of remotely sensed data for monitoring the distribution of water quality parameters in water bodies.


The Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) standard in international investment law has become an indispensable tool for the foreign investors to bring claims against host countries. These claims largely relates to sectors which are directly linked with the sustainable development of these host countries. Considering the importance of the concept and the commitment of the global community to enhance sustainable development objectives the aim of this article is to examine the aspects of sustainable development as one of the principle to interpret the FET standard. Accordingly it will analyse how the principle of FET and sustainable development relate to each other on conceptual founding. It will analyse some arbitral awards to examine how the current investment tribunals have interpreted the FET clause as an expression of sustainable development objective and how far the FET standard contained in the treaties are compatible with the ideas of sustainable development. The article concludes with a view that the integrative flexibility of FET provides the arbitrators with an ample opportunity to take a comprehensive approach in balancing the interests of foreign investors and host countries with regard to their wider implications on sustainable development.


This article discusses methodological issues related to language in advertising research. We introduce a framework that distinguishes between cross-linguistic research settings, where several languages are used in the study and different samples of respondents are studied in their own language, and multilingual research settings, where only a single language is used and multilingual respondents are studied either in their native or nonnative language. We review key principles that govern cross-linguistic and multilingual effects in advertising research to formulate guidelines for research design and data analysis. In the cross-linguistic context, these principles address nonuniform cross-linguistic differences in responses (related to nonequivalence of individual questionnaire items) versus uniform response effects (related to nonequivalence of verbal response category labels). In the multilingual context, we bring together evidence that shows how—even when comprehension is not a problem—stimuli, questions, and response categories may be processed differently in respondents' native versus nonnative language.


ABSTRACT: Management of rangelands can aid in the mitigation of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations via carbon storage in biomass and soil organic matter, a process termed carbon sequestration. Here we provide a review of current knowledge on the effects of land management practices (grazing, nitrogen inputs, and restoration) and precipitation on carbon sequestration in rangelands. Although there was no statistical relationship between change in soil carbon with longevity of the grazing management practice in native rangelands of the North American Great Plains, the general trend seems to suggest a decrease in carbon sequestration with longevity of the grazing management practice across stocking rates. The relationship of carbon sequestration to mean annual precipitation is negative for both the 0 to 10 cm (0 to 3.9 in) and 0 to 30 cm (0 to 11.8 in) soil depths across stocking rates. The threshold from positive to negative carbon change occurs at approximately 440 mm (17.3 in) of precipitation for the 0 to 10 cm soil depth and at 600 mm (23.6 in) for the 0 to 30 cm soil depth. We acknowledge that largely unexplored is the arena of management-environment interactions needed to increase our understanding of climate-plant-soil-microbial interactions as factors affecting nutrient cycling. Continued refinement of estimates of terrestrial carbon storage in rangelands will assist in the development of greenhouse gas emissions and carbon credit marketing policies, as well as potentially modifying government natural resource conservation programs to emphasize land management practices that increase carbon sequestration.


Human resource lies at the heart of economic and social development especially in developing countries. India has the largest youth population worldwide. Optimum economic development and demographic dividend can be achieved through investment in the health and education of this population starting at the grassroots levels such as antenatal health care. Previous studies have shown some antenatal oral conditions may have adverse consequences on the fetus. Oral health care during pregnancy is often avoided and misunderstood by healthcare professionals. Patients lacked awareness about the adverse outcomes of poor oral health on their pregnancy. Periodontitis is associated with preterm and infantile low birth weight. High level of cariogenic organisms in the oral cavity have been linked to higher incidences of caries in the infant .Other conditions like pregnancy gingivitis and pyogenic granuloma are benign and require oral prophylaxis, reassurance and regular monitoring. Dental procedures like diagnostic radiography, extractions, periodontal treatment, restorations are safe and best performed during the second trimester .Appropriate dental care during pregnancy can also prevent poor prenatal outcomes like gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. It is imperative to screen every expectant mother for oral lesions, receive comprehensive oral health education and dental treatment when necessary. It is evident that dental management during pregnancy still presents some deviations from scientific literature recommendations, indicating the need to update these health care professionals in order to establish guidelines for prenatal dental care.


Marine systems experience an unprecedented number of stresses caused by humans. Over the last 25 yr an increasing amount of attention has been given to examining the combined impacts of multiple stressors. Yet, existing studies reveal few patterns that facilitate predicting or understanding when multiple stressors should combine additively, synergistically, or antagonistically. One contributing factor to this lack of clarity may be the lack of a common framework that is based on a mechanistic understanding of stressor impacts. We adapt and advocate a general framework that is employed by the US EPA in terrestrial systems for use in marine systems. This framework involves 3 steps: (1) Mechanistically examine the impacts of multiple stressors on individual organisms. (2) Scale these impacts on individual organisms to population level responses to multiple stressors. (3) Examine context-dependent changes in stressor responses due to changes in community or ecosystem properties. We also argue that 3 specific aspects of previous studies hamper our ability to detect patterns in multiple stressor impact. First, a large number of studies have reported impacts on growth, survival, etc., without elucidating mechanisms. Second, the majority of studies provide insufficient data to determine whether threshold or nonlinear responses to stressors occur. Third, 32% of existing studies transformed data to meet model assumptions, but in so doing, they unknowingly altered the statistical model being tested. We argue that rectifying these 3 conditions will accelerate the detection of patterns in the way that multiple stressors combine to influence marine systems.


The "semantic gap" between the low-level features of sensorimotor data and their meaning as expressed through language is one of the fundamental challenges in developing intelligent systems. In this demonstration, we will present the very first release of the PRAXICON [1], a grounded conceptual knowledge base tightly coupled with programs that perform a generative analysis of sensorimotor and language representations. This is the first grounding resource that is coupled with compositional and generative modules for visual, motoric and language representation analysis and the first one that integrates the output of such modules within and across concepts, formulating a rich semantic network of multi-representational concepts. We will focus the demonstration on the PRAXICON database, its visualisation and four of its language-related tools: (a) FreeText2PRAXICON: a first version of the language-based PRAXICON reasoner; (b) WordNet2PRAXICON: a module that converts WordNet [2] into a referencebased resource, for enriching the PRAXICON; (c) COSMOROE2PRAXICON: a module that extracts and infers conceptual information from the annotated COSMOROE corpus of TV travel series [3, 4], and (d) Cognitive2PRAXICON: a module that extracts and infers conceptual information from the POETICON cognitive Corpus (cf. more details in http://www.poeticon.eu).


We examine fertilizer use among sorghum growers within Malian households in the Sudan Savanna. Dryland cereals in this region are typically produced by extended family members who are vertically (i.e., unmarried sons, married sons and their families) or horizontally (i.e., brothers; multiple wives) related to the head of the family farm enterprise. The head is usually an elder patriarch, or a work leader he designates. The head guides the organization of production on large plots labored collectively with the goal of meeting the staple food needs of the extended family. Custodian of the family's land use rights, he also allocates individual plots to household members who cultivate them privately to meet personal needs. We test intrahousehold differences in fertilizer adoption, efficiency and productivity by plot manager's gender and relationship to head. We apply a well-known econometric approach applied previously by researchers to data collected in Mali and Burkina Faso. In comparison with earlier research, we are able to control for unobserved variation in soil characteristics. We find that fertilizer application per ha on sorghum is on average higher among women than men. When we control for unobserved soil quality, we find little evidence that intrahousehold fertilizer allocation is inefficient, although productivity differentials persist. Further, differences in marginal products of nitrogen between female- and male-managed sorghum plots are not statistically significant. Findings have implications for design of programs to support cereals intensification in Mali.


Uncertainty can have profound implications on both firms and individuals who hope to optimally make decisions in their best interest. In this research, I seek to examine the impact that economic policy uncertainty has on domestic and foreign stock. In particular, I take a market microstructure perspective focused on stock liquidity and volatility measures in response to changes in economic policy uncertainty. Understanding the directional flow of economic policy uncertainty and the magnitude of the consequences at home and abroad can both help prepare agents to make good decisions about the future and exhort policy makers to be more efficient in their political activity which often has a global effect. In lieu of using foreign stocks on global markets, I use American Depository Receipts from companies abroad to compare with US common stock sold in American markets. Primarily, ADRs from Great Britain will be considered. Uncertainty for each country is captured by the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index from the seminal paper by Baker, Bloom, and Davis (2016). Historical market data is collected from the Center for Research in Security Prices and Compustat spanning 19 years from 1997 until 2016. I estimate multivariate time series using a vector autoregressive framework to assess the impact of an innovation in economic policy uncertainty on liquidity variables of each country. Both Granger causality and impulse response will be considered. It will be shown that economic policy uncertainty has negative effects on liquidity from EPU shocks originating in the securities country of origin. ADRs look more attractive, however, with a USA EPU shock as liquidity worsens in US common stock.


The accuracy of Conditional Random Fields (CRF) is achieved at the cost of huge amount of computation to train model. In this paper we designed the parallelized algorithm for the Gradient Ascent based CRF training methods for biological sequence alignment. Our contribution is mainly on two aspects: 1) We flexibly parallelized the different iterative computation patterns, and the according optimization methods are presented. 2) As for the Gibbs Sampling based training method, we designed a way to automatically predict the iteration round, so that the parallel algorithm could be run in a more efficient manner. In the experiment, these parallel algorithms achieved valuable accelerations comparing to the serial version.


Over the last 20 years, the tertiary education sector has adopted new administrative management approaches, with the aim of improving accountable and strategic focus. Over the same period, the question of how to build leadership capacity to improve learning and teaching and research outcomes has led to discussion on what constitutes academic leadership. While both these advances are needed, what is missing is integration between the two such that academics and professional staff are engaged collaboratively to achieve learning and teaching and research outcomes that are accountable within a strategic focus. This article builds on research into the use of distributed leadership to build leadership for learning and teaching that resulted in the design of a conceptual framework for distributed leadership. Based on this conceptual framework, it proposes a conceptual blended leadership approach to engage academics and professional staff working in collaboration.


Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Acne Vulgaris, its effects on quality of life of the patient and its associated risk factors.
Study Design: Analytical Quantitative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: University of Rawalpindi/Islamabad Pakistan, from Mar to May 2021.
Methodology: Non-probability convenience sampling was used. A total sample of 218 diagnosed cases of acne was included in our study. The data was collected via online Google forms and analyzed using SPSS 25.0.
Results: The prevalence of acne vulgaris was 16.8% in university students of Rawalpindi/Islamabad Pakistan. Among 218 acne cases, the overall Dermatology Life Quality Index score showed 36(17%) cases had no effect at all and 182(83%) had some effect on their quality of life. The impaired quality of life was associated with education and family history (p<0.05). Relatively more impaired aspects of life were physical symptoms (67%), one's own perception of acne (68%) and interference with work/studies (60%).
Conclusion: The impact of acne on physical symptoms and self-confidence of people affected their mental health. As a result, these patients found difficulties in studies, work, and their social life. Knowledge about one's ailment, early access to treatment and improved compliance significantly improves one's quality of life. Acne is a deeply rooted issue with serious psychological and social implications which need to be addressed.


Abstract The temperature-dependent evolution of the crystal structure of natural tetranatrolite (Mt. Saint- Hilaire, approximate formula Na5.85Ca1.90Al9.25Si10.75O40·11H2O) was investigated using monochromatic synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and Rietveld analysis. The room-temperature structural model reveals characteristic Al/Si and Na/Ca disordering over the framework tetrahedral and nonframework cation sites, respectively. Water molecules at the OW4 and OW5 sites along the elliptical channels surround the nonframework cations with full and partial occupancies, respectively, similar to what was observed in previous single crystal studies. As the temperature increases up to 300 °C, the partially occupied OW5 site is gradually dehydrated whereas the fully occupied OW4 site and the disordered Na/Ca site remain fully occupied. Upon complete dehydration of the OW5 site at 300 °C, another phase appears with ~1.8% expansion and ~6.7% reduction of the a- and c-axis parameters, respectively, leading to an overall volume reduction of ~3.3%. In this new phase, the Na and Ca atoms migrate to occupy two closely separated sites along the channels, and 80% of the OW4 water is lost with the remaining water molecules occupying a site close to the previously empty OW5 site. The material decomposes upon full dehydration near 400 °C and becomes X-ray amorphous. The temperature-dependent variations of the T-O-T angles and the chain rotation angle are indicative of the framework relaxation occurring during the selective dehydration and subsequent cation-water migration phase transition.


My thesis, "Painting History in Mid-Century America: A Case Study of Friedel Dzubas's Mature Style (1970s)" examines why Friedel Dzubas—an American artist of German descent whose friends and supporters included the powerful critic Clement Greenberg and the artists in his circle, among them Morris Louis, Jules Olitski, Helen Frankenthaler, and Kenneth Noland—disappeared from the canon of artists associated with Post Painterly Abstraction (Color Field Painting) as it evolved from the later 1950s into the 1970s. My work offers an account of the genesis of Dzubas's mature style based on a formalist approach to the artist's work.
Chapter One presents Dzubas's early biography, excavated for the first time from documents in the Friedel Dzubas Estate Archive to which I have been given sole access. Until now, the published critical writings on Dzubas's works, including those of Clement Greenberg and Michael Fried, have tended to consider Dzubas's painting in the 1970s anomalous with regard to Post Painterly Abstraction, and even more damaging, to be a nearly failed effort in the simulation of that modernist problematic. While not challenging that reception, I present clear evidence from letters and interviews of Dzubas's more immediate interests, despite the continued grouping of his work with Post Painterly (Color Field) painters. By the 1970s, these interests showed themselves in abstract symbols of religious import and atmospheric aerial landscape painting. Rather than foregrounding the characteristics that distinguished painting qua painting in modernist theorizations—the canvas's two-dimensional facticity, the relationship between paint-images and their framing edges, and the releasing of hue in open fields across the surface—Dzubas's paintings highlight compositional strategies and traditional approaches to the canvas that at the time were considered anachronistic when judged against aesthetic values of material integrity, spontaneous production, color expression, and autonomy. Dzubas's gessoed grounds, suspended images in shallow space, and allusive, tactile associations challenged modernist precepts at that time. The theory behind this attitude is explored in Chapter Two. Chapter Three presents a close reading of Dzubas's critical reception, focusing on reviews that while vaunting his color sense and dramatic, roiling surfaces marginalized his production by linking it to his German background and the influence of the great Romantic painters. In Chapter Four, I propose that rather than merely carrying over gestural abstraction from the 1940s and 1950s in America into his own production, Dzubas was more profoundly influenced by the "touch" in historic painting, the colorito in the tradition of the Venetians dating from late Titian to the grand frescoed tableaux of Giambattista Tiepolo, whose vast expanses further inspired Dzubas to create his own religious tableau, his magnum opus, Apocalypsis cum Figuras/Crossing, A.D. 1975, 1975. My case study suggests that for his grand realization, Dzubas had reached back to his early training in decorative wall painting and to specific characteristics of Tiepolo's vast panoramas whose figuration was grounded in affective gestures of 18th-century opera seria. Dzubas's turn toward Tiepolo affirms his commitment to the theatrical as well as to the pictorial structures of religious depictions of the Day of Judgment.


The "annual bluegrass weevil" (Listronotus maculicollis) became resistant to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin and cyhalothrin) in several adult weevil populations from Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts in 2007-09, and management of this insect has become increasingly complex. Annual bluegrass weevil continues to be a serious pest of Poa annua L. (Poaceae) and bentgrasses (Agrostis spp) on many golf courses in mid-Atlantic and northeastern United States and eastern Canada. Adults chew notches on grass blades and at the juncture of leaves and stems. However, adult feeding has little effect on plant vitality. Early instars feed inside plant stems and late instars on plant crowns. The first generation larvae, which usually become apparent in late May or early June, typically cause the most severe damage. During July and August damage caused by second generation larvae is usually less extensive, especially if good control of the overwintering generation was obtained. In most cases, adequate control of the insect has been achieved through the use of pyrethroid applications targeting adult weevils as they emerge from overwintering sites and before they begin to lay eggs. However, if a population is resistant to pyrethroids, alternative controls are required to prevent damage. My research objectives were to evaluate the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for control of L. maculicollis and how neonicotinoid insecticides can best be used to manage this increasingly serious pest. While pyrethroids remain the preferred choice of many golf course superintendents for managing this species, resistance has forced some superintendents to incorporate other strategies. Some of the new strategies include: (1) the use of a pyrethroid or chlorpyrifos early against overwintering adults; (2) neonicotinoid/pyrethroid combinations (Aloft, Allectus) during peak adult emergence to control adults and first generation larvae; (3) primarily preventative larvicidal compounds (chlorantraniliprole (Acelepryn), neonicotinoids) for early instars; and (4) curative larvicidal compounds (trichlorfon (Dylox), spinosad (Conserve), indoxacarb (Provaunt), chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids) for control of fourth and fifth instars. Some locations may need to use one or more of these strategies to prevent turf damage and resistance development. It is imperative that the timing of treatments coincide with various life stages (adults, early or late instar larvae) to maximize chemical efficacy. This is particularly important for the systemic compounds (neonicotinoids / chlorantraniliprole) to insure there is sufficient chemical in the xylem for maximum effectiveness. If treatment strategies 1-3 are not effective, a curative larvicidal compound may need to be applied to prevent damage. Finally, since all subsequent generations come from the overwintering adults, it is imperative that a superintendent control those adults and any larvae that they produce (1 generation).


Background Anopheles funestus is one of the primary vectors of human malaria, which causes a million deaths each year in sub-Saharan Africa. Few scientific resources are available to facilitate studies of this mosquito species and relatively little is known about its basic biology and evolution, making development and implementation of novel disease control efforts more difficult. The An. funestus genome has not been sequenced, so in order to facilitate genome-scale experimental biology, we have sequenced the adult female transcriptome of An. funestus from a newly founded colony in Burkina Faso, West Africa, using the Illumina GAIIx next generation sequencing platform. Methodology/Principal Findings We assembled short Illumina reads de novo using a novel approach involving iterative de novo assemblies and "target-based" contig clustering. We then selected a conservative set of 15,527 contigs through comparisons to four Dipteran transcriptomes as well as multiple functional and conserved protein domain databases. Comparison to the Anopheles gambiae immune system identified 339 contigs as putative immune genes, thus identifying a large portion of the immune system that can form the basis for subsequent studies of this important malaria vector. We identified 5,434 1∶1 orthologues between An. funestus and An. gambiae and found that among these 1∶1 orthologues, the protein sequence of those with putative immune function were significantly more diverged than the transcriptome as a whole. Short read alignments to the contig set revealed almost 367,000 genetic polymorphisms segregating in the An. funestus colony and demonstrated the utility of the assembled transcriptome for use in RNA-seq based measurements of gene expression. Conclusions/Significance We developed a pipeline that makes de novo transcriptome sequencing possible in virtually any organism at a very reasonable cost ($6,300 in sequencing costs in our case). We anticipate that our approach could be used to develop genomic resources in a diversity of systems for which full genome sequence is currently unavailable. Our An. funestus contig set and analytical results provide a valuable resource for future studies in this non-model, but epidemiologically critical, vector insect.


We introduce the strategy of zebrafish-based quantitative and systems pharmacology, which synergistically combine the desirable features of systems pharmacology and emerging technology of zebrafish-based screening system for functional omics and chemical biology. We have discovered novel fluorescent selective inhibitor of cancer stem cells (Biomaterials 2015, 52:14). Zebrafish-based systems pharmacology that analyze in vivo regulatory networks involved in drug action can account for a drug's multiple targets and for the effects of genomic, epigenomic, and posttranslational changes on the drug efficacy and toxicology. We found that stanniocalcin 1 gene is responsible for molecular targeted anticancer drug sorafenib-induced cardiotoxicity (Toxicol.Sci. 2015, 143:374). Zebrafish-based drug discovery has become a potential strategy by its high throughput quantitative in vivo screening and has already succeeded in several examples of phenotype-based drug discovery and personalized medicine (Nat Rev Drug Discov.2015,14:721). The pancreatic cancer is a solid tumor with high mortality and the therapeutic response is very low with the poor clinical prognosis and omics-based personalized medical treatment aren't achieved. A quantitative in vivo imaging of zebrafish system was developed originally as a new clinical cancer xenotransplantation model. The therapeutic sensitivity of the clinical pancreatic cancer sample is analyzed within 100 hours and the medical diagnosis which achieve next generation direct phenomics-based individualized medical treatment has been developed in this study. Clinical cancer in zebrafish within 36 hours post fertilization with the immature immunity take rate approximately 100 % for pancreatic cancer transplantation in vivo imaging system in research. We have made it possible to quantify the ex vivo therapeutic response in 48 hours by xenotransplantation of 100 clinical pancreatic cancer cells in each zebrafish. We have established the validity of the curative susceptibility test of a clinical cancer sample and aim at practical use of medicine for phenomics-based precision medicine for pancreatic cancer. This new translational pharmacology can drive drug discovery and shape precision medicine.


Objectives The aims of the study were to determine targeted parent experiences of parental alienation post‐separation from the alienating parent, and to investigate common targeted parent characteristics. Method A total of 225 targeted parents completed an online survey. Results Targeted parents reported experiencing high severity of exposure to parental alienation tactics. Targeted parent sex and targeted child age significantly predicted variance in exposure to parental alienation. Targeted mothers experienced significantly higher severity of exposure to parental alienation than targeted fathers. Severity of exposure to parental alienation tactics significantly predicted increases in the appraisal of the parental alienation situation as threatening. Conclusions The findings offered new insights into targeted parent appraisals of their parental alienation experience. The results signified the seriousness of the impact of exposure to parental alienation for targeted parents, and highlighted a need for empirical research into the effectiveness of interventions and support services to assist targeted parents.


Abstract Excellent reproductive performance (i.e. 365-day calving interval) is paramount to herd profit in seasonal-calving dairy systems. Reproductive targets are currently not being achieved in Irish dairy herds. Furthermore, most research on the genetics of reproductive performance in dairy cattle has focused primarily on lactating cows and relatively few studies have attempted to quantify the genetic contribution to differences in reproductive performance in nulliparae. The objective of the present study was to estimate the contribution of both the additive and non-additive genetic components, as well as the permanent environmental component, to phenotypic variation in the reproductive traits in nulliparous, primiparous and multiparous seasonal-calving dairy females. Reproductive phenotypes were available on up to 202,525 dairy females. Variance components were estimated using (repeatability where appropriate) linear animal mixed models; fixed effects included in the mixed models were contemporary group, parity (where appropriate), breed proportion, inter-breed specific heterosis coefficients and inter-breed specific recombination loss coefficients. Heritability of the reproductive traits ranged from 0.004 (pregnancy rate to first service) to 0.17 (age at first service in nulliparae), while repeatability estimates for the reproductive traits in cows ranged from 0.01 (calving interval) to 0.11 (pregnant in the first 42 days of the breeding season). Breed-specific heterosis regression coefficients suggest that, relative to the parental mean, a first-cross Holstein–Jersey crossbred was almost 7 days younger at first calving, had a 9-day shorter calving interval, a 6 percentage unit greater pregnancy rate in the first 42 days of the breeding season and a 3 percentage unit greater survival rate to next lactation. Heifer calving rate traits were strongly genetically correlated with age at first calving (–0.97 to –0.66) and calving rate in the first 42 days of the calving season for first parity cows (0.77 to 0.56), but genetic correlations with other cow reproductive traits were weak and inconsistent. Calving interval was strongly genetically correlated with the majority of the cow traits; 56%, 40%, and 92% of the genetic variation in calving interval was explained by calving to the first service interval, number of services and pregnant in the first 42 days of the breeding season, respectively. Permanent environmental correlations between the reproductive performance traits were generally moderate to strong. The existence of contributions from non-additive genetic and permanent environmental effects to phenotypic differences among cows suggests the usefulness of such information to rank cows on future expected performance; this was evidenced by a stronger correlation with future reproductive performance for an individual cow index that combined additive genetic, non-additive genetic and permanent environmental effects compared to an index based solely on additive genetic effects (i.e. estimated breeding values).