Two Rivers Platinum Mine, situated on the southern sector of the eastern limb of the Bushveld Complex, extracts Platinum Group Elements (PGE) from the UG-2 chromitite layer. A trial operation of the Merensky Reef (MR) exposed unusual occurrences of mela-gabbronoritic lenses, 'brown sugar norite' (BSN in mine terminology), within the pyroxenite of the hanging wall. The BSN is a fine-grained mela-gabbronorite, which appears to only occur where the upper chromitite stringer of the Merensky Reef unit is present, and forms laterally inconsistent, flat lenses. Textural features, mineral chemistry of the various rock types, Sr analyses of plagioclase separates and whole rock geochemistry indicate multiple magma injections, fractionation and disequilibrium crystallization of the magma within the Merensky interval. Whole rock MgO and enstatite content of orthopyroxene are higher in BSN compared with the surrounding Merensky Reef pyroxenite, thus supporting the notion of the BSN having formed from a more primitive magma. Both the pyroxenite and BSN plagioclase have 87Sr/86Sr ratios representative of Critical Zone magma; that of the BSN has a lower initial 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratio relative to that of the pyroxenite, suggesting a more primitive magma source. It is suggested that the unusual, discontinuous BSN lenses within pyroxenite may have formed by magmatic erosion of a new magma injection, which affected the crystal mush of the earlier deposited BSN layer. This resulted in isolated lenses of relict, but more primitive orthopyroxene of the BSN in a residual plagioclase-rich melt from an earlier pyroxenitic MR magma. In both rock types (MR pyroxenite and BSN), the PGE occur as discrete platinum-group minerals (PGM), and in solid solution in sulphides. At Two Rivers Platinum Mine, the presence of PGE in sulphides has been identified by EMPA and LA-ICP-MS. The PGE occur mineralogically either in solid solution or as PGM inclusions of different size. Pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite and rare pyrite occur disseminated as individual grains with associated PGM throughout the Merensky pyroxenite interval, but more enriched near the bottom and top chromitite stringers. PGM encountered are moncheite, platarsite and irarsite, relatively enriched in Pt, but poor in Pd and Rh. Our results show that most of the Pd and Rh are incorporated in pentlandite, whereas pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite are almost devoid of PGE. Textural features of the encountered PGM grains suggest their redistribution through late stage magmatic (probably hydrothermal) processes. The BSN contains relatively little if any base metal sulphides and PGM, indicating its formation from magma depleted in PGE.


MapMyFitness (figure 1).

Figure 1
MapMyFitness mobile interface.

Health and Fitness.

Apple (iOS 8.0 or later), Android (V.4.0.3 or later).

Free for standard version; Premium (MVP) version for £4.49/month or £22.99/year.

MapMyFitness is one of the fitness-related apps owned by Under Armour (which include MyFitnessPal, MapMyRun, MapMyRide). This app provides an integrated, comprehensive system to map training sessions and preferred routes using global positioning system (GPS) technology. It allows the user to track various physical activities (such as cycling, walking, hiking, running), obtain an extensive analysis of each workout and set personal goals. The following data are tracked live and uploaded onto the app and website following session completion: calories expended, distance travelled, elevation, duration, pace and route. This gives the user details for each completed workout and a record of workout history. Features …


Energy conservation and interference reduction are the two important goals of any topology control algorithms in wireless multi-hop sensor networks, but impacts of network traffic load on interference have been largely ignored in mostly all previous works on topology control algorithms. Inspired by this challenge, we set out to investigate the impact of traffic load on nodes' energy consumption and having demonstrated its significance and, a relation between traffic load and interference was established by using collision numbers. Then we went on to formulate an optimization model for our topology control with the goal of minimizing the maximum power consumption among network's nodes. Analysis showed that due to the NP-hardness of the preliminary model it could not be used to achieve our objective in a reasonable time span. Thus, to overcome the shortcoming of optimization model, a novel heuristic algorithm called cell based optimization tree (CBOT) was finally introduced that was capable of constructing a suboptimal topology in a reasonable time bound by considering traffic load and interference. Simulation results verified superiority of the proposed approach over a number of reported techniques in the literature.


Conventional implementation of evolutionary programming (EP) for continuous parameter optimization uses Gaussian mutations. However, an implementation of EP with Cauchy mutation operator has empirically been shown to outperform EP using the Gaussian mutations for optimizations of multi-modal functions with many local optima. The faster convergence of EP with Cauchy mutation has been explained in terms of the fatter tails of the Cauchy probability density function, which results in a higher probability of escaping from a local optimum. In this work we present an implementation of EP consisting of a hybrid linear combination of the Cauchy and Gaussian mutations for antenna optimization problems in order to exploit the desirable properties of these two operators. The implementation follows a procedure similar to the one described by Chellapilla (see IEEE Trans. on Evolutionary Computation, September 1998) for function optimization and uses a self-adaptive scheme for updating the standard deviation and the scale parameter of Gaussian and Cauchy distributions, respectively, during the evolution. As an example the optimization of a six-element Yagi-Uda array of dipoles using the hybrid method is presented.


Evolvability and Excess Capability as a Response to Uncertain and Future Requirements Jeffrey Douglas Allen Department of Mechanical Engineering, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Product and system designers face many challenges in the modern world. Designing products that will be subject to emerging or uncertain requirements can be one of the most significant of these challenges. A major risk associated with emerging or uncertain requirements is premature obsolescence. Large-scale, complex engineered systems, such as, aircraft, spacecraft, large seagoing vessels, communication and power systems are especially susceptible to this issue. However, this challenge is not limited to only large-scale complex systems. Even relatively simple products can suffer from premature obsolescence and even failure to be initially accepted, due to inadequately understood or changing requirements. One approach to mitigating this challenge is to increase the product's flexibility and adaptability, thus enabling it to evolve or adapt to meet unforeseen requirements. The flexibility of a product to adapt to new or changing requirements has been shown to increase acceptance rates and reduce the risk of premature obsolescence. Methodologies to accomplish this include product family platform design, transformable product design, reconfigurable product design and modular product design. The literature presents several techniques to aid designers, such as design structure matrices (DSM), change propagation analysis, change modes and effects analysis (CMEA), metrics and guides. These techniques address the challenge by seeking to understand and manage the relationships and interfaces between functions or components within the design. While these are excellent techniques, they do not provide quantifiable functions or models for the design alternatives. Quantifiable functions and models are of value to designers, because they enable numerical design aids. Numerical optimization techniques have been shown to aid designers in efficiently determining appropriate design parameters. This dissertation identifies, analyzes and presents new techniques, which are based on designed-in excess capabilities and to which numerical optimization can be directly applied. There are four parts to the dissertation. In the first part, a technique is presented for determining the relative value of a product, which has been over-designed (excess capabilities) to address future requirements versus redesigning the product once the future requirements emerge. It is shown that in many cases the over-design approach provides greater benefit. In the second part, a numerical metric for the evolvability of a product based on excess capability is presented. An important result of this metric is that the evolvability of a product and the usability of each excess capability can be numerically determined. The third part presents a technique to design products for increased adaptability, based on optimally designed-in excess. Deterministic, and non-deterministic conditions are included in this optimization. Once a numerical model of the design is available the issue of uncertain requirements can be mitigated by directly focusing on the uncertainties. In the fourth part, a technique employing optimization and sensitivity analysis is used to systematically and efficiently guide the designer toward minimizing or eliminating the most critical uncertainties.


Both China and Greece have abundant fossils of the late Miocene Hipparion fauna. The habitat of the Hipparion fauna in Greece was a sclerophyllous evergreen woodland. The Chinese late Miocene Hipparion fauna is represented respectively in the Guonigou fauna (MN 9), the Dashengou fauna (MN 10), and the Yangjiashan fauna (MN 11) from Linxia, Gansu, and the Baode fauna (MN 12) from Baode, Shanxi. According to the evidence from lithology, carbon isotopes, paleobotany, taxonomic framework, mammalian diversity and faunal similarity, the paleoenvironment of the Hipparion fauna in China was a subarid open steppe, which is different from that of Greece. The red clay bearing the Hipparion fauna in China is windblown in origin, i.e. eolian deposits. Stable carbon isotopes from tooth enamel and paleosols indicate that C-3 plants dominated the vegetation during the late Miocene in China. Pollens of xerophilous and sub-xerophilous grasses show a signal of steppe or dry grassland. Forest mammals, such as primates and chalicotheres, are absent or scarce, but grassland mammals, such as horses and rhinoceroses, are abundant in the Chinese Hipparion fauna. The species richness of China and Greece exhibits a similar trend with a clear increase from MN 9 to MN 12, but the two regions have low similarities at the species level. The entry of Hipparion led to a comparable radiation in China and Greece, but their dietary evolution is different. In conclusion, the ecosystems of the Chinese and Greek Hipparion faunas have an obvious dissimilarity in the late Miocene.


Excessive fluoride mainly causes skeletal lesions. Recently, it has been reported that an appropriate level of calcium can alleviate fluorosis. However, the appropriate concentration and mechanism of calcium addition is unclear. Hence, we evaluated the histopathology and ultrastructure, DNA fragmentation, hormonal imbalances, biomechanical levels and the expression of apoptosis-related genes, after treating the rats with 150 mg/L NaF and different concentrations of CaCO3. Our results suggested that NaF induced the histopathological and ultrastructural injury, with a concomitant increase in the DNA fragmentation (P<0.05), and serum OC (17.4899±0.8907 pmoL/L) at 120 d. In addition, the qRT-PCR and western blotting results indicated that NaF exposure up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Calpain, Caspase 12, Caspase 9, Caspase 7, Caspase 3, CAD, PARP and AIF while down-regulated the Bcl-2 (P<0.01), decreased the bone ultimate load by 27.15 %, the ultimate stress by 10.07 %, and the ultimate deformity by 23.27 % at 120 d. However, 1 % CaCO3 supplementation decreased the serum OC (14.6559±0.6478 pmoL/L), bone F content (P<0.01), fracture and breakage of collagen fibers, and changed the expression of endoplasmic reticulum pathway related genes and proteins at 120 d. Further 1 % CaCO3 supplementation increased the bone ultimate load by 20.86 %, the ultimate stress by 4.89 %, and the ultimate deformity by 21.57 %. In summary, we conclude that 1 % CaCO3 supplementation alleviated fluoride-induced bone damage by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.


Recent increase in the use of video-based applications has revealed the need for extracting the content in videos. Raw data and low-level features alone are not sufficient to fulfill the user 's needs; that is, a deeper understanding of the content at the semantic level is required. Currently, manual techniques, which are inefficient, subjective and costly in time and limit the querying capabilities, are being used to bridge the gap between low-level representative features and high-level semantic content. Here, we propose a semantic content extraction system that allows the user to query and retrieve objects, events, and concepts that are extracted automatically. We introduce an ontology-based fuzzy video semantic content model that uses spatial/temporal relations in event and concept definitions. This metaontology definition provides a wide-domain applicable rule construction standard that allows the user to construct an ontology for a given domain. In addition to domain ontologies, we use additional rule definitions (without using ontology) to lower spatial relation computation cost and to be able to define some complex situations more effectively. The proposed framework has been fully implemented and tested on three different domains. We have obtained satisfactory precision and recall rates for object, event and concept extraction.


The Isle of Rum, Inner Hebrides, has an impoverished earthworm fauna as the soils are generally acidic and nutrient-poor. Species associated with human habitation are found around deserted crofting settlements subjected to "clearances" in the mid-19th century and at Kinloch, where a large volume of fertile soil was imported from the mainland around 1900. Earthworms, and the dew worm Lumbricus terrestris L. in particular, were investigated at Papadil, an abandoned settlement and one of the few locations on Rum where a naturally developed brown earth soil is present. The small (1.5 ha), fertile location is isolated, so was also suitable for field experimentation. Visits over six years allowed dew worm distribution to be assessed within low lying grassland and woodland and also within an adjacent sloping broadleaved woodland. The factors limiting dew worm distribution at the site were investigated with associated translocation to adjacent uninhabited areas. Small scale spatial dynamics were studied with density manipulation and containment experiments where Visual Implant Elastomer marking of individuals was utilised. Translocations from streamside woodland to adjacent grassland was successful over a short period (5 months), but the colonies did not persist over a longer term (5-6 years). Field trials with earthworm tagging were successful, but highest tag recovery rate was 25%. Where adults/sub-adults were removed, recruitment of juveniles was notable. Exceptionally large (>12 g live mass) individuals were found in soils of terraces on wooded slopes, suggesting that dew worms may be long lived at this location, where food is abundant and relatively few terrestrial predators are present.


The use of the von Neumann entropy in formulating the laws of thermodynamics has recently been challenged. It is associated with the average work whereas the work guaranteed to be extracted in any single run of an experiment is the more interesting quantity in general. We show that an expression that quantifies majorization determines the optimal guaranteed work. We argue it should therefore be the central quantity of statistical mechanics, rather than the von Neumann entropy. In the limit of many identical and independent subsystems (asymptotic i.i.d) the von Neumann entropy expressions are recovered but in the non-equilbrium regime the optimal guaranteed work can be radically different to the optimal average. Moreover our measure of majorization governs which evolutions can be realized via thermal interactions, whereas the non-decrease of the von Neumann entropy is not sufficiently restrictive. Our results are inspired by single-shot information theory.


The recent WTO dispute between the United States and eight complainant nations over protective measures for the steel industry brought widespread attention to a little known area of WTO law -- the rules governing 'safeguard measures', the temporary protection of troubled industries against import surges. The use of safeguard measures is normatively controversial, although their welfare implications are much less clear than their critics sometimes suggest. This paper makes the point that WTO rules, as interpreted by recent Appellate Body decisions and applied by the dispute panel in the steel case, pose nearly insurmountable hurdles to the legal use of safeguard measures by WTO members. Among other things, the current interpretation of the 'nonattribution' requirement for the use of safeguard measures in the WTO Safeguards Agreement obliges members to make a demonstration that is logically impossible as an economic matter. Those who believe that safeguard measures are merely wasteful protectionism may welcome such impediments to their use, but it is not obvious that the trading system will benefit in the long run, and there can be little doubt that one key objective of the Uruguay Round negotiators -- to revive the use of disciplined, temporary safeguard actions -- is being frustrated. Oxford University Press 2004; all rights reserved, Oxford University Press.


Iran has vast sunshiny zones in most of the days of year, especially in the border areas of country that have always been threatened have potential of energy supply from endless source of sun due to geographical position. Therefore, the most important measures that should be considered to prepare and deal with the crisis in these areas is to provide the requirements of energy supply of renewable solar energy by considering geographical capabilities of these areas, in order to the life cycle and service in these areas, especially in times of crisis not faced with interruption. Accordingly, the importance and necessity of research for the study of overall map of site and spatial structure of recreation architecture of the existing field hospital and the introduction of mechanism solar energy supply and energy management and crisis become evident more than ever. This study is conducted to investigate and introduce the spatial structure of field hospitals and their recreation by renewable solar energy supply and providing requirements of defense air passive to provide a useful framework of mechanical, architectural requirements and environmental attitudes and urban environment as well as environmental and defensive issues for the design of such buildings in accordance with new threats and pure energy topics in order to provide for use in time of crisis as uninterrupted energy supply and be able to reduce financial and body losses by using it and reduce the costs by crisis management and maximize the advantage.
Keywords: Solar energy supply; renewable solar energy; defense air passive; environmental attitudes
References:
Haji Ebrahim Zargar, A. (2015). Analyzing rural architecture of Iran. Tehran: Shahid Beheshti University Publications. pp. 35-54.
Verderber, S. (2010). Innovations in hospital architecture. Routledge.
Ghajavand, E. (2010). Application of Biological Fertilizers in Producing Healthy Products for Sustainable Agricultural Systems: Challenges and Opportunities, The first national conference on sustainable agriculture and clean products, Isfahan, pp. 11-12.
Asgari, M., Mirzaei, M., & Savadkoohifar, S. (2012). Examination of Field Hospitals in terms of Defense Air Passive. Scientific Journal of Defense Air Passive, 1(2), 35-21.
Kheirabadi, S.A.N. (2013). Requirements of defense air passive in the design and construction stages of field hospitals, with emphasis on camouflage, concealment, and deception. The Congress of defense air passive in science and engineering, Iran, pp. 10-15.
Tofiqi, S.H., Fathian, N., Mirza'i, A., & Teimurzadeh, E. (2010). Factors Affecting the Choice of the Right Place. Journal of Military Medicine, 4(2), 10-15.
Mahdizadeh, B., Dadras, H., Saeedi, S. M., Zafari, F., & Goodarzipour, M. (2015). New energies in architecture. Civil and Architecture Journal, 4(2), 4-8.
Shahriari, B., Seif Ali, E. (2017). Thermo-Polytechnic Technology and Its Application in Supply Heat Needs and Electricity Energy. Scientific Journal of the Renewable and New Energy, 4(1), 22-26.


In a field where even experts may find that years have elapsed since they last encountered a child with a given disorder, it is essential for the clinician to have a comprehensive source of practical and highly illustrated information covering the whole spectrum of metabolic disease to refer to. The second edition of this highly regarded book, authored by three of the foremost authorities in pediatric metabolic medicine, fulfils this need by providing an invaluable insight into the problems associated with metabolic diseases. For ease of reference, Atlas of Metabolic Disease is divided into sections of related disorders, such as disorders of amino acid metabolism, lipid storage disorders and mitochondrial diseases, with an introductory outline where appropriate summarizing the biochemical features and general management issues. Within sections each chapter deals with an individual disease, starting with a useful summary of major phenotypic expression and including clear and helpful biochemical pathways, identifying for the reader exactly where the defect is occurring. Throughout the book, plentiful photographs, often showing extremely rare disorders, are an invaluable aid to diagnosis.


ABSTRACT This paper explores whether and in what way "dual learning" can develop understanding of the relationship between structure/judgement and explores audit student's perceptions of the audit profession. The Work Integrated Learning (WIL) module, serving as a tool of enabling dual learning, represents the context for this exploration. The study is based on a focus group and individual interviews conducted with students performing their WIL. Our data and its analysis indicates that when in a WIL context, students develop awareness of the use of standards and checklists on the one hand, and the importance of discretional judgement on the other. Based on these results, we theorise as to how dual learning manifests itself in students' experiences and understanding of the relationship between structure and judgement.


Thesis (M.P.P.)--Georgetown University, 2009.; Includes bibliographical
 references.; Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. The role of food aid in hunger
 alleviation and poverty reduction has been examined in several studies, some resulting in
 positive effects and some showing little or insignificant effects. There is little empirical
 evidence to test whether food aid has any effect on agricultural development or whether food
 aid has an effect on development assistance intended for agricultural sector development. This
 paper examines the relationship between food aid and agricultural production in Sub-Saharan
 Africa, where most of the world's food aid is directed. The research question examines whether
 food aid has a disincentive effect on domestic agriculture production levels. Using data
 compiled from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World
 Bank Development Indicators, the United Nations World Food Program (WFP), and the Organization
 for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) the results indicate that agricultural
 production is positively influenced by external agricultural development assistance and food
 aid. The results indicate a need for further research into the effects of household level
 effects from food aid disbursements and whether food aid is effective in long-term development
 programs. The policy implications from this research suggest a shift in foreign assistance and
 an increase in agricultural development programs that focus on achieving food security and
 food self-sufficiency in developing countries.


Predicting the stereochemical outcome of chemical reactions is challenging in mechanistically ambiguous transformations. The stereoselectivity of glycosylation reactions is influenced by at least eleven factors across four chemical participants and temperature. A random forest algorithm was trained using a highly reproducible, concise dataset to accurately predict the stereoselective outcome of glycosylations. The steric and electronic contributions of all chemical reagents and solvents were quantified by quantum mechanical calculations. The trained model accurately predicts stereoselectivities for unseen nucleophiles, electrophiles, acid catalyst, and solvents across a wide temperature range (overall root mean square error 6.8%). All predictions were validated experimentally on a standardized microreactor platform. The model helped to identify novel ways to control glycosylation stereoselectivity and accurately predicts previously unknown means of stereocontrol. By quantifying the degree of influence of each variable, we begin to gain a better general understanding of the transformation, for example that environmental factors influence the stereoselectivity of glycosylations more than the coupling partners in this area of chemical space.


A report recently released by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE) promotes the use of technology in colleges of education. To respond to the professional call, several teacher education programs have been offering computer courses to help the future teachers. This research examined one of the computer courses, an introductory computer literacy course commonly offered at colleges of education. The research focused on four universities which offer a similar course: Arizona State University (ASU), Indiana University (IU), Pennsylvania State University (PSU), and University of Virginia (UV). Two structures were found to be employed for the course. At ASU, the course content contains lecture and lab; concepts instruction is conducted in a big hall with about 100 students and lab is conducted in small groups in a computer lab. Instructors use identical syllabi so that students are guaranteed to be taught the same information. At6IU, there is no separation into lecture and lab sections; the course is conducted in a computer lab where instructors teach both concepts and skills using similar syllabi to about 500 students. The course content contains concepts and skills that include knowledge of computer technology and design, such as basics of hardware and presentation design and skills such as word processing, spreadsheet, database, e-mail, and webpage development. Students at IU, PSU, and UV learn multimedia and presentation applications as well; students at ASU learn fewer applications but spend more time on each. There are advantages and disadvantages to both structures. An institute should choose a structure which fits the institute and keeps the course consistent. (AEF) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** A Computer Literacy Course at Colleges of Education: What and How U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. By: Amy S. C. Leh


This paper presents an effective and practical approach on the emotional lexicographic component of Chinese documentation. Most previous works have focused on identifying emotion according to affective computing. In this paper, we will focus on constructing and analyzing one part of our emotion thesaurus--sentence corpus. Additionally, an automatic sentence gathering tool and a sentence corpus are developed. In the analysis of these gathered sentences we review the effective definition of emotion basing on different type of text where the sentences are from. Finally, we evaluate the advantage of the emotion definition and according to the evaluation experiment this approach produces much better results.


This studywas conducted within a larger investigation conducted by Dr. Geoffrey Williams at the Genesse Hospital in RochesterNew York. The purpose ofDr. Williams's investigation was to evaluate the long-term effects and cost effectiveness of a brief intervention to facilitate self-management among a sample of adults with diabetes mellitus coming in for regular outpatient visits. As part of the investigation, Type I patients were called three times within a two week period to obtain a 24-hour dietary recall. This informationwas used to determine adherence. The Type II patients within the studywere required to fill out a "Healthy Survey" ofwhich, a Food Habits Questionnaire was included. The Healthy Survey was used in replacement of the 24-hour recall series in the Type JJ patients. Dr. Williams questioned whether or not his decision to choose the Food Habits Questionnaire over the 24-hour recall method was correct. This thesis study answered this question. Obtaining valid information from a large group ofpeople has been a challenge for years. The 24-hour recall method ofcollecting dietary information is costly. The food habits questionnaire (FHQ) method ofobtaining dietary information is less costly. However, it is unclear if the FHQ can replace the 24-hour recall method of collecting dietary information. The FHQ is a relatively inexpensive way to obtain dietary information. The question tested here was whether the information obtained on a FHQ was as accurate as a series of24-hour recalls in measuring dietary adherence. A strong correlation was hypothesized to be found for dietary adherence for total caloric intake and percentage of calories from both fat and carbohydrates as measured by two methods, the 24-hour recall and the food habits questionnaire. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validly of the food habits questionnaire in relation to the 24-hour dietary recall method ofobtaining dietary information for adherence among the diabetic population in a large investigation being conducted by Dr. Geoffrey Williams. The standard methods ofdietary assessment include the 24-hour recall, the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), the food record and the food habits questionnaire (FHQ). The 24-hour recall method is a method ofdietary assessment in which the individual is asked to remember everything eaten during the past 24-hours. The food frequency questionnaire is a method in which written questions related to how often foods are consumed is given to the participant. A food record is a written report of all foods and liquids consumed during a time period, usually three to seven days, and often includes information on time, place and situation of eating. The food habits questionnaire is similar to the FFQ only it questions how often one participates in positive steps toward a healthy diet. The population studied were Type II diabetic patients from Dr. Williams' investigation. Sixty-five patients were asked to participate in the study, 50 agreed to participate. The patients were called three times within a two-week period for a 24-hour dietary recall. The phone calls were made between the months February andMay of 1998. Each patient filled out a Healthy Survey ofwhich the FHQ was included at one of his or her doctor visits. The FHQ information was gathered and analyzed. The recommendations made for each patient by a registered dietitian at the Diabetic Clinic were obtained from each patient's medical records. The 24-hour recall for each patient was analyzed using ESHA Food Processor 7.01 Nutrition Software. The average of the three days was calculated for calories, percentage of calories from both fat and carbohydrate. The responses for the FHQ for each patient were obtained at the Diabetic Clinic. The average was calculated and adherence was determined based on a calculated range. The dietitian recommendations for each patient were obtained at the Diabetic Clinic through medical records. Adherence was calculated for each patient. For fat and carbohydrate consumption, a significant relationship was found betweenwhat the patient reported on the FHQ and what the patient was actually practicing. If the patient showed a strong adherence on the FHQ, then that same person also showed a strong adherence to what the dietitian recommended for fat and carbohydrate consumption and vice versa. The same was not true for caloric intake. Caloric intake could have been offdue to patients under reporting portion size. This could have been because they were embarrassed to admit to the amount of food they consumed or they did not have a true understanding ofportion size. The FHQ is a quicker, more economic and easier method for measuring dietary adherence than the 24-hour recall method and therefore would be preferred when evaluating fat and carbohydrate dietary adherence.


Publication bias in meta-analysis is a serious issue as it may lead to biased estimates which appear to be precise. A popular method for detecting and adjusting the publication bias is the trim and fill method. This study uses simulated meta-analysis to quantify the effects of publication bias on the overall meta-analysis estimates of continuous data where the absolute mean difference was utilized as the measure of effect. It additionally evaluates the performance of the trim and fills method for adjusting the publication bias in terms of statistical bias, the standard errors and the coverage probability. The results demonstrate that if the publication bias is not adjusted it could lead to up to 40% biased in treatment effect estimates. Utilization of the trim and fill method has reduced the bias in the overall effect estimate by more than half. It is optimum in presence of moderate underlying bias but has minimal effects in presence of low and severe bias. Additionally, the trim and fill method improves the coverage probability by more than half when subjected to the same level of publication bias as those of the unadjusted data. However, the method tends to produce false positive results. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the trim and fill method will incorrectly adjust the data for publication bias between 10-45% of the time (for the 5% nominal level). Although the data was incorrectly adjusted, it was found that the Percentage Relative Bias (PRB) introduced into the estimates due to this adjustment is minimal (min: 0.007%, max: 0.109%) and coverage probability for estimates based on this incorrectly adjusted data is not significantly different from those of which is correctly not adjusted. Therefore the trim and fill method is recommended be routinely used when conducting meta-analysis.


Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a 6-transmembrane ionotropic receptor expressed in peripheral sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This receptor was first described in 1997 as responsive to capsaicin and is known to play important roles in noxious stimuli (capsaicin, heat, acid, and endogenous ligands) and allodynia in inflammatory pain. Sensitization of TRPV1 is provoked by phosphorylation of its two Ser residues (Ser502 and Ser800), which occurs secondary to phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC) by extracellular inflammatory mediators, including ATP and bradykinin, released from surrounding inflamed tissues. Especially, PKCe plays a key role through its predominant involvement in primary afferent nociceptors (1).


gamma-secretase catalyzes the intramembrane cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch after their extracellular domains are shed by site-specific proteolysis. Nicastrin is an essential glycoprotein component of the gamma-secretase complex but has no known function. We now show that the ectodomain of nicastrin binds the new amino terminus that is generated upon proteolysis of the extracellular APP and Notch domains, thereby recruiting the APP and Notch substrates into the gamma-secretase complex. Chemical- or antibody-mediated blocking of the free amino terminus, addition of purified nicastrin ectodomain, or mutations in the ectodomain markedly reduce the binding and cleavage of substrate by gamma-secretase. These results indicate that nicastrin is a receptor for the amino-terminal stubs that are generated by ectodomain shedding of type I transmembrane proteins. Our data are consistent with a model where nicastrin presents these substrates to gamma-secretase and thereby facilitates their cleavage via intramembrane proteolysis.


Health research directly relevant to the needs of the people of developing countries is essential for equity in development as well as for improving health planning and management. the international Commission on Health Research for Development has stressed the need to strengthen the capacity of developing countries, no matter how poor, to carry out essential national health research (ENHR). Clinical epidemiologists in developing countries can significantly contribute to the manpower available for ENHR. They play a major role in the provision and practice of appropriate health care by contributing to the critical assessment of priority health problems and by carrying out scientific evaluation of new and conventional intervention tools. In clinical epidemiology units in developing countries, transdisciplinary collaboration with social scientists and health economics has enhanced the capacity to do research that would influence decision-making and health policy, even as links with ministries of health and other ENHR-committed networks are being strengthened. The potential for carrying out ENHR will be multiplied as national and regional training centers for clinical epidemiology in selected developing countries are established.


OF THESIS SEARCHING FOR ANSWERS WHEN GIRLS DON'T PERFORM WELL: EVALUATING CLASSROOM DISCOURSE AND MICROCULTURE IN A SIXTH GRADE SCIENCE CLASSROOM This action research project examines the role classroom culture and discourse can play on student learning, with a focus on female students. A sixth grade science classroom was evaluated through analysis of two videotaped astronomy lessons. The classroom environment utilized qualitative methods to examine teacher and student interactions, student and student interactions, and classroom environment. The research project began in response to a previous research project which found that after completing an astronomy unit male students not only out preformed female students, but female students lost gains in several area. Findings suggested that there may be a connection between the classroom discourse and microculture and the girls' low performance.


Abstract The burgeoning interest in the healing potential of victim forgiveness has predictably pulled the field of restorative justice into the limelight because of its ability to achieve emotional repair for crime victims in ways that influence a forgiveness response. This article delineates the unique dimensions of forgiveness in restorative justice, reviews the empirical literature on forgiveness in restorative justice programs, and makes recommendations about how to research forgiveness in ways that protect the uniqueness of each victim's process and guard against the imposition of moral or religious prescriptions to forgive.


Often the use of local rock material for construction purposes is overlooked in engineering, which could reduce costs in terms of procurement and transport, as well as being more environmentally friendly by minimising the introduction of foreign materials. The rock materials at and around the site of a rock vault for the Matjiesfontein Geodesy and Earth Observation Observatory (MGO) were tested to determine if local materials may be used for construction purposes. In order to do this, strength and durability tests were conducted according to several South African National Standards (SANS). Slake durability was also tested where the potential of certain rock types, such as tillite of the Dwyka formation and shale of the Karoo Supergroup, typically slake/disintegrate into long angular fragments. This angular fragmentation during crushing of rock into aggregate for concrete also affects the workability of concrete in a fresh state. Concrete design using crushed local rock material was conducted to analyse performance and to establish a mix design that would be sustainable throughout the lifetime of the project. Tillite of the Dwyka formation was found to satisfy all test prerequisites best with minimal slaking due to the arid conditions at Matjiesfontein. Quartzite (Table Mountain Group) is very durable, but further testing for alkali-silicate reactivity is needed. All concrete cube tests accomplished the 40 MPa cube strength, which was the design requirement, but problems arose in the workability of the concrete when river sand from nearby non-perennial rivers was used as fine aggregate in the concrete. This relates to too many particles of the same size within the sand.


Background: Giant cell tumor is a benign bone tumor, but can be malignant, metastatic or recurrent. Giant cell
tumors of the distal humerus are extremely rare.
 Case presentation: A 57 years old male patient with Campanacci grade III giant cell tumor of the distal humerus
who underwent en bloc resection of the tumor and cemented "sloppy-hinged" total elbow arthroplasty. Preoperative
Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 25. At the 6-month follow-up, Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 90, the
movement has improved significantly with no pain. There were no signs of local recurrence and metastasis.
 Conclusion: The en bloc resection of the tumor followed by total elbow arthroplasty surgery has very good
results in pain relief and rehabilitation. However, the patient should be monitored further to detect recurrence and
metastasis as well as complications related to the elbow components.


Knowledge of the interaction of various pollutants in the environment is necessary to set water
quelity standards. The water body receiving the effluents can have pollutants of varied nature r u u l t i n g
in a conglomeration of toxic components. Measurements of toxic effects of pollutants on sessile
marine bivalves provide a valuable indication of environmental impact since the resident time
of such animals in any locality follows a specific pattern In this connection a multiple factor approach
to study toxic effects is warranted. With this view in mind combined toxicity studies employing heavy
metals. crude and pesticides were undertaken with mussels as target organisms. In the present document
one of such investigations is reported. The joint action of silver (unvarying) + copper (varying) and
copper (unvarying) 4- silver (varying) mixtures were delineated, in the case of Perna viridis these
combinations reduced less than additive reaction whereas in Perna indica the relation was more then
additive, species specific dependence in toxicity. Silver was proved to be highly toxic when present
alone in the teat medium The results clearly show that the interaction between two or more pollutants


Broadcasting children's music on television and radio is motivated by, and aims to serve, adults' perceptions of children's wants and needs. Children's music in general is shaped by the understanding of what 'childhood' means and, in turn, supports adults' assumptions about childhood. This article develops these ideas in an analysis of examples from the history of British radio and television, beginning in the 1920s and continuing until the growing penetration of online interactive media challenged the status of broadcasting in the early 21st century. The article discusses examples of different kinds of children's music in a broadcast context, including the broadcast of commercial recordings of music for children, such as versions of traditional songs and nursery rhymes as well as pop music aimed at children. It also considers the significance of signature tunes and repeated musical sequences from long-lived and well-loved children's programmes, because they play key roles in differentiating children's programmes from each other and distinguishing children's music from music aimed at adults. Broadcast programmes frequently include music that does not play a central role, when it is used as an accompaniment to drama, entertainment performance or animation. But such music contributes to programmes' tone and shapes their mode of address to an imagined child audience. Entertainment shows or magazine programmes include music performances alongside non-musical sequences and can use music to, for example, mark an occasion for sing-along activities or accompany games. The social function of broadcasting for children watching or listening at home or at school, usually with an adult or other children, is constituted in part by these varied forms of children's music. These forms of music shape conceptions of childhood through particular kinds of listening practices and ways of belonging to an audience.


The radial spatial distribution of low-mass satellites around a Milky Way (MW)-like host is an important benchmark for simulations of small-scale structure. The distribution is sensitive to the disruption of subhalos by the central disk and can indicate whether the disruption observed in simulations of MW analogs is artificial (i.e., numerical) or physical in origin. We consider a sample of 12 well-surveyed satellite systems of MW-like hosts in the Local Volume (D < 12 Mpc) that are complete to MV < −9 and within 150 projected kpc. We investigate the radial distribution of satellites and compare with ΛCDM cosmological simulations, including big-box cosmological simulations and high-resolution zoom-in simulations of MW-sized halos. We find that the observed satellites are significantly more centrally concentrated than the simulated systems. Several of the observed hosts, including the MW, are ∼2σ outliers relative to the simulated hosts in being too concentrated, while none of the observed hosts are less centrally concentrated than the simulations. This result is robust to different ways of measuring the radial concentration. We find that this discrepancy is more significant for bright, MV < −12 satellites, suggestive that this is not the result of observational incompleteness. We argue that the discrepancy is possibly due to artificial disruption in the simulations, but, if so, this has important ramifications for what relation between stellar mass and halo mass is allowed in the low-mass regime by the observed abundance of satellites.


We simulate two back-to-back full-scale tidal turbines using an in-house computational free-surface flow code. We briefly present the mathematical formulation of the computational framework. We first validate the proposed method on a single turbine configuration. A mesh refinement study is conducted to ensure the result is converged. We then quantify the wake effect and free-surface effect on tidal turbine performance by a case study. To investigate the free-surface effect, we perform both pure hydrodynamics and free-surface simulations. The time history of thrust and production coefficients is quantified. In both pure hydrodynamics and free-surface flow simulations, thrust and production coefficients of the downstream turbines drop significantly due to the velocity deficit in the wake. By comparing the result between free-surface flow and pure hydrodynamics simulations for the configuration considered here, we find that the free-surface does not affect the upstream turbine but significantly affects the downstream turbine. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4046317]


The Martin Luther King, Jr. Library is an unique and innovative joint-use library serving the public of the city of San Jose, California and the students and faculty of San Jose State University. It is the largest, all-new library west of the Mississippi, with nine public floors and a collection of over 1.5 million books, journals, and other materials. This article describes how this initiative began, how the planning process proceeded over the course of five years, and how participative planning contributed to the development of vision, mission, services, and collection configuration. Under the theme of lifelong learning, it shows how merging library services, collections, staff, and users contribute to the learning trajectory of both public library and academic library patrons. The library opens a door to the campus for parents of future students and secondary students wondering about college. It provides service learning opportunities for college students and faculty. The paper further describes partnership efforts in assessment, nonmerged aspects of the library, and questions for further study.


This book is the first to explore the history of a powerful category of illicit sex in America's past: liaisons between Southern white women and black men. Martha Hodes tells a series of stories about such liaisons in the years before the Civil War, explores the complex ways in which white Southerners tolerated them in the slave South, and shows how and why these responses changed with emancipation. Hodes provides details of the wedding of a white servant-woman and a slave man in 1681, on antebellum rape accusation that uncovered a relationship between an unmarried white woman and a slave, and a divorce plea from a white farmer based on an adulterous affair between his wife and a neighborhood slave. Drawing on sources that include courtroom testimony, legislative petitions, pardon pleas, and congressional testimony, she presents the voices of the authorities, eyewitnesses, and the transgressors themselves - and these voices seem to say that in the slave South, whites were not overwhelmingly concerned about such liaisons, beyond the racial and legal status of the children that were produced. Only with the advent of black freedom did the issue move beyond neighborhood dramas and into the arena of politics, becoming a much more serious taboo than it had ever been before. Hodes gives vivid examples of the violence that followed the upheaval of war, when black men and white women were targeted by the Ku Klux Klan and unprecedented white rage and terrorism against such liaisons began to erupt. An era of terror and lynchings was inaugurated, and the legacy of these sexual politics lingered well into the twentieth century.


Since 2002, a new neuroimaging technique called hyperscanning allows to record several participants simultaneously and thus to study social interaction in a reciprocal and spontaneous social context. Meanwhile, neurodynamics and sensorimotor theories suggested to understand social interaction in a more holistic approach by considering the two interacting individuals as a single system, and giving equal importance to behavior and brain activity.
This thesis presents the study of pairs of participants recorded simultaneously during spontaneous imitation of the movement of their hands, by a dual-video combined with a hyperscanning-EEG setup. A fine grained video analysis identified the episodes of interactional synchrony and imitation, thus allowing the neurodynamic characterization of various aspects of the interaction, both at the inter- and intra-individual. The first study showed that episodes of interactional synchrony were accompanied by the emergence of inter-brain phase synchronizations in several frequency bands. The second study showed a neural differentiation between self- and other-attribution of action primacy, and found a signature of the co-ownership of the action in both partners during the spontaneous imitation. The third study validated the experimental measurements with biophysical simulations of pairs of human brains. It also showed the effects of anatomical connectivity on intra-individual neural dynamics and the facilitation of the inter-individual sensorimotor coupling.


Axel Thue's paper of 1914 on string rewriting was made famous by Emil Post when, in 1947, he proved the word problem for Thue systems to be undecidable. Yet, only the first two pages of Thue's paper are directly relevant to Post's work in 1947, and the remaining 30 pages seem to have been cast into the shade. Based on a recently completed translation of this paper, I hope to shed some light on the remaining part of this work, and to advocate its relevance for the history of computing.
Thue's paper has been "passed by reference" into the history of computing, based mainly on a small section of that work. A closer study of the remaining parts of that paper highlight a number of important themes in the history of computing: the transition from algebra to formal language theory, the analysis of the "computational power" (in a pre-1936 sense) of rules, and the development of algorithms to generate rule-sets.


This thesis studies the application of the wavelet filter bank (WFB) in perceptual audio coding by providing brief overviews of perceptual coding, psychoacoustics, wavelet theory, and existing wavelet coding algorithms. Furthermore, it describes the poor frequency localization property of the WFB and explores one filter design method, in particular, for improving channel separation between the wavelet bands. A wavelet audio coder has also been developed by the author to test the new filters. Preliminary tests indicate that the new filters provide some improvement over other wavelet filters when coding audio signals that are stationary-like and contain only a few harmonic components, and similar results for other types of audio signals that contain many spectral and temporal components. It has been found that the WFB provides a flexible decomposition scheme through the choice of the tree structure and basis filter, but at the cost of poor localization properties. This flexibility can be a benefit in the context of audio coding but the poor localization properties represent a drawback. Determining ways to fully utilize this flexibility, while minimizing the effects of poor time-frequency localization, is an area that is still very much open for research.


Research on co-speech gestures has primarily focussed on speakers. However, in conversation non-speaking addressees can also gesture. Often this is to provide concurrent feedback such as backchannels but sometimes it involves gestures that relate to the specific content of the speaker's turn. We hypothesise that nonspeakers should contribute most actively during clarification sequences i.e. at the moments when mutualunderstanding is threatened. We test this hypothesis using a corpus of story-telling dialogues, captured using video and motion capture. The results show that during clarification sequences speaker and non-speaker behaviours tend to merge. Non-speakers in particular move their hands faster and produce more than twice as many content-specific specific gestures in overlap with speaker turns. These results underline the collaborative nature of conversation, the strategic importance of nonverbal resources for sustaining mutual-understanding and the critical role of clarification and repair in successful communication.


Sustainability includes a variety of aspects, e.g., environment, economy
and society, related to each other in different ways. Most studies concerning sustainable
logistics do not reflect these relations, since they deal with one issue
at a time (e.g., CO2 – emissions or congestion), have a short- and medium time
perspective, and seldom take into account impacts on other systems, e.g., energy
or land-use systems. In order to develop long-term strategies towards sustainable
logistics, actors in the logistics system require knowledge about the complexity of
the problem and the interdependencies of their actions. Hence, there is a need for
a holistic framework for sustainable logistics including all aspects of sustainability,
the relevant logistics actions as well as their interdependencies. This paper takes a
first step towards developing such a holistic framework. The suggested framework
includes the relations between decision areas in material and transport level at one
hand and the logistical and environmental sustainability goals at the other. The
authors argue that decisions in the transport level have a direct affect to both logistical
and environmental goals, while material flow decisions are of major concern
for logistical goals. Furthermore, logistics systems that integrate material flow and
transport flow decision making will be more successful in meeting logistical and
environmental goals, thus leading to more sustainable logistics. In order to identify
more sustainable logistics solutions, there must be a raised awareness about the key
factors linking decision areas and performances.


The Neumann–Neumann algorithm is known to be an efficient domain decomposition preconditioner with unstructured subdomains for iterative solution of finite-element discretizations of difficult problems with strongly discontinuous coefficients (De Roeck and Le Tallec, 1991). However, this algorithm suffers from the need to solve in each iteration an inconsistent singular problem for every subdomain, and its convergence deteriorates with increasing number of subdomains due to the lack of a coarse problem to propagate the error globally. We show that the equilibrium conditions for the singular problems on subdomains lead to a simple and natural construction of a coarse problem. The construction is purely algebraic and applies also to systems such as those that arise in elasticity. A convergence bound independent of the number of subdomains is proved and results of computational tests are reported.


The barn owl accurately localizes sounds in the azimuthal plane, using interaural time difference as a cue. The time-coding pathway in the owl's brainstem encodes a neural map of azimuth, by processing interaural timing information. We have built a silicon model of the time-coding pathway of the owl. The integrated circuit models the structure as well as the function of the pathway; most subcircuits in the chip have an anatomical correlate. The chip computes all outputs in real time, using analog, continuous-time processing.


BACKGROUND
The number of midterm or long-term studies on the current generation of cementless total hip replacements with alumina-on-alumina ceramic bearings in patients younger than thirty years of age is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the midterm results of the cementless metaphyseal fitting anatomic total hip prosthesis in patients younger than thirty years of age, with a particular emphasis on the prevalence of thigh pain, resorption of bone due to stress-shielding of the proximal part of the femur, aseptic loosening, and osteolysis.

METHODS
We reviewed the cases of ninety-six patients (127 hips) who had a cementless total hip arthroplasty when they were thirty years or younger at the time of surgery. All surgical procedures were performed by a single surgeon. The most common diagnoses were osteonecrosis (54.3%) and developmental dysplasia of the hip (20.5%). Demographic data, the Harris hip score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity scores were recorded. Radiographic evaluation was used to evaluate implant fixation and osteolysis. The minimum follow-up interval was ten years (mean, 14.6 years; range, ten to sixteen years).

RESULTS
The mean preoperative Harris hip score, WOMAC score, and UCLA activity score were 41 points, 66 points, and 3 points, respectively. At the time of final follow-up, the mean Harris hip score, WOMAC score, and UCLA activity score were 95 points, 16 points, and 8 points, respectively. No patient had thigh pain after one year postoperatively. All of the femoral stems and all but one of the acetabular components were well-fixed at the time of final follow-up. No hip exhibited squeaking, ceramic fracture, loosening, or osteolysis at the time of the final follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS
These results in patients thirty years of age or younger suggest that the cementless metaphyseal fitting anatomic total hip prosthesis provides outstanding midterm fixation and substantial pain relief well into the second decade postoperatively. Moreover, the alumina-on-alumina ceramic bearing provides a high rate of survivorship without osteolysis.


In the present study, we are interested in verifying how the progressive addition of constraints on communication and localization impact the performance of a swarm of small robots in shape formation tasks. Identified to be of importance in a swarm-user interaction context, the time required to construct a given spatial configuration is considered as a performance metric. The experimental work reported in this paper starts from global and synchronized localization information, shown to be successful both on a real hardware system and in simulation. In a second step, communication is constrained to a local scale, thus obliging a single designated robot to disseminate the global localization information to the other agents. The reliability of the radio communication channel and its impact upon the performance of the system are considered.


Human-computer interaction is a growing field of study in which researchers and professionals aim to understand and evaluate the impact of new technologies on human behavior. With the integration of smart phones, tablets, and other portable devices into everyday life, there is a greater need to understand the influence of such technology on the human experience. Emerging Perspectives on the Design, Use, and Evaluation of Mobile and Handheld Devices is an authoritative reference source consisting of the latest scholarly research and theories from international experts and professionals on the topic of human-computer interaction with mobile devices. Featuring a comprehensive collection of chapters on critical topics in this dynamic field, this publication is an essential reference source for researchers, educators, students, and practitioners interested in the use of mobile and handheld devices and their impact on individuals and society as a whole. This publication features timely, research-based chapters pertaining to topics in the design and evaluation of smart devices including, but not limited to, app stores, category-based interfaces, gamified mobility applications, mobile interaction, mobile learning, pervasive multimodal applications, smartphone interaction, and social media use.


Synopsis Development of a regional geological interpretation for the Southern Uplands Terrane has been driven historically by advances in graptolite biostratigraphy, sandstone petrography and turbidite sedimentology (particularly the recognition of reliable way-up criteria), then, more recently, by a growing appreciation of the nature of accretionary processes at active plate margins. The latter has led to the widely held view of the terrane as an archetypal fossil accretionary prism, built up by the accretion at the margin of Laurentia of the sedimentary cover of Iapetus oceanic crust, the cover being stripped from the oceanic crust during its subduction beneath Laurentia. The achievement of this broad consensus has not been without controversy, which still persists in respect of some aspects of the overall model. Suggestions that the northernmost (Ordovician) part of the terrane might have originated in a back-arc basin have been disproved by a combination of mineral dating and basin thermal history analysis utilizing clay mineralogy. Nevertheless, it remains possible for that part of the terrane to have a continental margin, forearc depositional history. The southernmost (mid-Silurian) part of the terrane most probably developed in a foreland basin setting, as a fold-and-thrust belt overriding Avalonia, following the closure of the Iapetus Ocean. Progress in understanding the origins of the Southern Uplands Terrane has been achieved only by the collaborative application of multidisciplinary techniques – biostratigraphic, sedimentary, structural, geochemical and geophysical. This review is a tribute to all those who have contributed. Supplementary material: Coloured versions of the maps comprising Figure 1, showing details of the regional lithostratigraphy, are available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18769.


This paper fuses research on CSCL and collaborative design for learning. It reports a study located in a novel multi-surface environment, configured to support small teams who are designing for other people's learning. Despite growing awareness in the CSCL community of the importance of design in teachers' work, there has been very little empirical research on how such design is carried out, or how design for CSCL can be supported and improved through the provision of better design tools and design methods. The paper offers an analysis of the work of four pairs of designers in our Multi-Surface Design Studio. These four dyads were completing a design task we set them, while simultaneously learning how to make good use of the various personal and shared digital tools, display surfaces and other resources in the studio. From observational and interview data, we show how collaborative design for learning needs to be understood as a complex, multiply-situated activity, in which design problem-solving, tools and space usage depend on the fluent deployment of intuitive knowledge about mutual awareness, shared perception, information persistence and movement.


INSTITUTIONAL COMPETITIVENESS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY: COMPARING DENMARK AND THE UNITED STATES Despite high taxes, a large state budget and welfare state, much economic regulation, and a very open economy, Denmark continues to compete successfully against the other advanced capitalist economies. Hence, Denmark presents a paradox for neoliberalism, which predicts that these policies will hurt national competitiveness under conditions of economic globalization. Following the varieties of capitalism literature, this paper argues that Denmark's success has been based in large part on its institutional competitiveness–its capacity to achieve socioeconomic success as a result of the competitive advantages that firms derive from operating within a particular set of political and economic institutions. The institutional basis for successfully coordinating labor markets, vocational training and skill formation programs, and industrial policy are examined for Denmark and the United States—two countries that are very different institutionally. The analysis shows that there is no one best way to achieve success in today's global economy, except perhaps for reducing socioeconomic inequality; that the type of capitalism known as coordinated market economies are oversimplified in the literature; and that high taxes, state spending, and economic regulation can actually enhance socioeconomic performance.


The effect of systemic immunization on pulmonary clearance of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) was studied in a mouse model system. Immunization of mice by intraperitoneal injection of viable Hib cells resulted in the appearance of Hib-directed antibodies in both serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The development of this Hib-directed antibody activity was associated with significant enhancement of early pulmonary clearance of Hib. Systemic immunization did not affect the recruitment of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the alveoli, suggesting that the enhanced clearance of Hib observed in immunized animals was due to specific antibodies which promote either phagocytosis or extracellular killing of Hib. The spectrum of Hib-directed antibody specificities detected in sera from immunized animals was essentially identical to that detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from these same animals. Similarly, intravenous administration of an immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibody specific for Hib lipopolysaccharide resulted in the subsequent appearance of this antibody in the alveolar spaces where it enhanced pulmonary clearance of Hib. This study shows that this mouse model system can be used to measure the effect of both active and passive immunization on the clearance of Hib from the lower respiratory tract.


We consider the mechanism design problem of a principal allocating a single good to one of several agents without monetary transfers. Each agent desires the good and uses it to create value for the principal. We designate this value as the agent's private type. Even though the principal does not know the agents' types, she can verify them at a cost. The allocation of the good thus depends on the agents' self-declared types and the results of any verification performed, and the principal's payoff matches her value of the allocation minus the costs of verification. It is known that if the agents' types are independent, then a favored-agent mechanism maximizes her expected payoff. However, this result relies on the unrealistic assumptions that the agents' types follow known independent probability distributions. In contrast, we assume here that the agents' types are governed by an ambiguous joint probability distribution belonging to a commonly known ambiguity set and that the principal maximizes her worst-case expected payoff. We study support-only ambiguity sets, which contain all distributions supported on a rectangle, Markov ambiguity sets, which contain all distributions in a support-only ambiguity set satisfying some first-order moment bounds, and Markov ambiguity sets with independent types, which contain all distributions in a Markov ambiguity set under which the agents' types are mutually independent. In all cases we construct explicit favored-agent mechanisms that are not only optimal but also Pareto-robustly optimal.


Context: Software architecture is an emerging field and progressively more
popular in software engineering. Software architecture has become an essential
part in development of software systems. Prototyping is possibly one of the
most commonly used learning paradigms in software architecture. Hence, it is
reasonable to accept some of the requirements that could be expressed as
specific quality attributes for developing and comparative analysis of
prototype. In this thesis we deal with software architecture based on different
prototypes, where the different platforms have been shared canonical within the
software architecture. It also has a good potential for performance
intensification to analyze the prototype according to the required quality
attributes.

Objectives: In this study, we investigate the significance of quality
attributes such as performance, maintainability and implementation cost of
different software platforms. Mainly, it is focused on integration of
prototypes in software architecture. We specifically investigate several
challenges being faced by the organizations in the maintainability for
addressing the challenges in prototype of network management system using
software platforms.

Methods: In this study, both theoretical and empirical research methods have
been applied. In order to accomplish the goal of this thesis, literature review
in this research has performed by studying articles from several sources and
also performed snowball sampling method to decrease the chance of missing any
relevant article. During literature review, we have analyzed learning structure
and workflow of prototypes and then incorporated quality attributes by
theoretical analysis. In the experiment part, three prototypes were built by
deploying different software platforms such as PHP, JSP and Perl. Each of these
prototypes was evaluated with respect to maintainability using twenty five
surveys from industrial experts, implementation cost in number of hours and
performance in terms of response time.

Results: As a result of our study, we have identified different challenges in
software architecture and practicing in software prototypes by using different
software platforms. By this study we analyze the performance, maintainability
and implementation cost for different software platforms. Survey has been
conducted to recognize challenges and practices in maintainability of
prototypes. We have shown the possibility to achieve better quality attributes
given to a certain system.

Conclusions: There is trade-off, the best implementation alternative depends on
how important the different quality attributes are in a certain situation.


In this work, we propose ParaNet, a non-autoregressive seq2seq model that converts text to spectrogram. It is fully convolutional and brings 46.7 times speed-up over the lightweight Deep Voice 3 at synthesis, while obtaining reasonably good speech quality. ParaNet also produces stable alignment between text and speech on the challenging test sentences by iteratively improving the attention in a layer-by-layer manner. Furthermore, we build the parallel text-to-speech system and test various parallel neural vocoders, which can synthesize speech from text through a single feed-forward pass. We also explore a novel VAE-based approach to train the inverse autoregressive flow (IAF) based parallel vocoder from scratch, which avoids the need for distillation from a separately trained WaveNet as previous work.


Multi-stacked (MSF) seismic reflection data can be used in an urban environment for imaging the subsurface, since MSF data are not plagued by noise from an active city. The MSF method consists of a source and receiver, akin to a spot or jump correlation survey common in the 1930's. Walk-away tests document that ground roll is eliminated from the near-source receiver. Two MSF seismic reflection profiles from 2 active urban sites in the southwestern portion of the USA show excellent resolution.


Background: Fatigue is now an important priority in order to minimize, reduce mortality rate, shorten the length of stay in hospitals, and dramatically decrease the medical expenses in hemodialysis patients.Method: This review aimed to determine the incidence of fatigue in hemodialysis patients in Iran. The studies conducted from 1997 to 2016 were reviewed and analyzed by the keywords namely fatigue, hemodialysis patient's and systematic review in Pub Med, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar, Iran medex, SID, and Magiran databases.Result: The results indicated the prevalence of fatigue is different from 47 to 97.7 % considering the important role of nurses, it is essential to train nurses concerning fatigue in order to enhance their knowledge and practice about specific symptoms of fatigue in hemodialysis patients.


This article, rooted in hip hop studies and pedagogy, critically examines the representation of formal traditional schooling, teaching and educating in hip hop, arguing that through research of rap lyrics, the message is evident that schools, teachers, and the educational system oppress today's urban youth and maintain the school-to-prison pipeline. Instead of educationally stimulating oppressed youth in urban communities, the system medicates or expels them from school, leading these children and teens to engage in street hustling that often ends in death or imprisonment. This flawed system disserves poor youth of color, making hip hop music one of the only forms of expression for the voices of this marginalized population. Hip hop, a Black urban identity culture in the U.S., started in the 1970s to lyrically articulate the experience of oppression and liberation. Hip hop's philosophy was and is simple: to collaboratively and creatively make something from very little. Through the lyrics of Biggie Smalls, Tupac Shakur, Nas, Public Enemy, KRS-One, and other rappers emerges an argument in support of massive educational transformation of schools by administrators and teachers to address racism, classism, sexism, and homophobia. The rising field of critical urban education challenges educators to address systematic causes of oppression and no longer rely on reformist co-opted pedagogical methods such as using hip hop in the classroom, giving students free computers, and providing intermittent multicultural education workshops. With hip hop lyrics as a research foundation, this article demands a school system rooted in fun, stimulation, critical thinking, and collaborative, not competitive, approaches to learning. This new system should be organized and owned by the community and for the community, negating the need for outsiders who may unwittingly dictate and promote racist, sexist, homophobic and classist educational standards.


Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the surface roughness of Cention N and Filtek Z350 XT resin composite. Null Hypothesis: There is no difference observed in surface roughness between the Cention N and Filtek Z350 XT resin composite. Introduction: The use of resin composites in restorative dentistry has markedly increased in recent years due to increased demand for esthetics. The advent of novel fluoride-releasing resin composite Cention N has brought enormous benefits. Finishing and polishing of composite resin restorations are essential steps in restorative dentistry. However, there are no studies available in literatures regarding the effective use of Soflex finishing and polishing with Cention N. Hence, the purpose of the study was to evaluate the surface roughness of novel resin composite Cention N and compare with Filtek Z350 XT resin composite. Materials and Methods: Sixty-four specimens were prepared in Teflon plastic mold of 8-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness, and were divided into group 1 (Filtek Z350 XT [n = 32]) and group 2 (Cention N [n = 32]). They were further subdivided into group 1A (Matrix finish [n = 16]) and 1B (Soflex [n = 16]), and group 2A (Matrix finish [n = 16]) and 2B (Soflex [n = 16]). Surface roughness was measured using surface profilometer. Results: When comparing the mean values and standard deviations of surface roughness of four groups using one-way ANOVA, it was found that there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) in mean surface roughness between the four groups. Conclusion: All the groups presented the values that are below or approximating baseline value for bacterial or plaque retention.


In criminal and civil investigations, postmortem interval is used as evidence to help sort out circumstances at the time of human death. Many biological, chemical, and physical indicators can be used to determine the postmortem interval, but most are not accurate. Here, we sought to validate an experimental design to accurately predict the time of death by analyzing the expression of hundreds of upregulated genes in two model organisms, the zebrafish and mouse. In a previous study, the death of healthy adults was conducted under strictly controlled conditions to minimize the effects of confounding factors such as lifestyle and temperature. A total of 74,179 microarray probes were calibrated using the Gene Meter approach and the transcriptional profiles of 1,063 significantly upregulated genes were assembled into a time series spanning from life to 48 or 96 h postmortem. In this study, the experimental design involved splitting the gene profiles into training and testing datasets, randomly selecting groups of profiles, determining the modeling parameters of the genes to postmortem time using over- and/or perfectly- defined linear regression analyses, and calculating the fit (R2) and slope of predicted versus actual postmortem times. This design was repeated several thousand to million times to find the top predictive groups of gene transcription profiles. A group of eleven zebrafish genes yielded R2 of 1 and a slope of 0.99, while a group of seven mouse liver genes yielded a R2 of 0.98 and a slope of 0.97, and seven mouse brain genes yielded a R2 of 0.93 and a slope of 0.85. In all cases, groups of gene transcripts yielded better postmortem time predictions than individual gene transcripts. The significance of this study is two-fold: selected groups of upregulated genes provide accurate prediction of postmortem time, and the successfully validated experimental design can now be used to accurately predict postmortem time in cadavers.


This document describes how to manage early media in the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP) using two models: the gateway model and the
application server model. It also describes the inputs one needs to
consider in defining local policies for ringing tone generation. This
memo provides information for the Internet community.


A field experiment provided the first test of the hypothesis that intergroup attitudes within a nation predict the group members' attitudes toward the break-up of the nation. Prior to a referendum on the devolution of power from Britain to Wales, Welsh (minority) and English (majority) participants indicated their attitudes towards each other and towards devolution. As expected, there were significant correlations between intergroup attitudes and attitudes towards devolution, and these relations were different for Welsh vs. English participants. English respondents who held more positive attitudes towards Welsh people were significantly more favourable toward devolution, whereas Welsh respondents who held more positive attitudes towards English people were significantly less favourable towards devolution. A subsequent laboratory experiment provided a conceptual replication of this result, using manipulations of majority vs. minority status and of intergroup attitudes towards potentially devolving groups in psychology. These findings demonstrate that intergroup attitudes are highly relevant to understanding attitudes regarding devolution.


Usability now appears to be a highly important attribute for software quality; it is a critical factor that needs to be considered by every software-development organization when developing software to improve customer satisfaction and increase competition in the market. There exists a lack of a reference model or framework for small-sized software-development organizations to indicate which usability practices should be implemented, and where in the system-development life cycle they need to be considered. We offer developers who have the objective of integrating usability practices into their development life cycle a framework that characterizes 10 selected user-centered design (UCD) methods in relation to five relevant criteria based on some ISO factors that have an effect on the selection of methods (ISO/TR16982). The selection of the methods for inclusion in the framework responds to these organizations' needs; and we selected basic methods that are recommended, cost-effective, simple to plan and apply, and easy to learn by developers; and which can be applied when time, resources, skills, and expertise are limited. We favor methods that are generally applicable across a wide range of development environments. The selected methods are organized in the framework according to the stages in the development process where they might be applied. The only requirement for the existing development life cycle is that it to be based on an


Dictyostelium discoideum is a primitive, eukaryotic organism that relies on myosin II and actin contraction for cytokinesis, migration, and other important cellular processes. In order for contraction to occur, myosin II monomers must first assemble into bipolar filaments. In Dictyostelium, bipolar filament assembly is
negatively regulated by myosin heavy chain (MHC) phosphorylation. Three kinases have been shown to catalyze MHC phosphorylation (MHK-A, -B, -C), driving myosin II disassembly. Of the three, MHK-A is the most extensively studied. Structurally, MHK-A is comprised of three functional domains: an N-terminal coiled coil region (CC), a catalytic domain, and a WD repeat domain. The CC domain has been shown, in vitro, to bind and bundle actin filaments and inhibit
myosin II binding to F-actin. The studies described in this thesis focus on two aims:
1) to understand the role of the CC domain in reorganizing myosin II and actin within the cell and 2) to determine if intramolecular interactions between the CC and WD repeat domains within the MHK-A molecule are involved in regulating MHKA's activity. To address the first aim, the triton cytoskeleton ghost isolation assay
was conducted on Ax2, Ax2 + GFP-CC, Ax2 + GFP-C800A, MHK-A null, and MHK-A null + GFP-CC cell lines containing various truncations to determine the analyze the effects of over-expressing the CC domain on myosin II and F-actin organization within the cell. Complementary localization studies were also
conducted involving Ax2 wild-type cells and GFP-tagged cells over-expressing the CC domain (GFP-CC) to visually determine myosin II and actin localization within the cell via confocal imaging. Results from the triton cytoskeleton studies indicate that over-expression of the CC domain in the Ax2 cells leads to an increase in
cytoskeletal myosin II. MHK-A null and MHK-A null cells over-expressing the CC domain showed a significant increase in cytoskeletal myosin II in comparison to the Ax2 cells. However, the CC domain had no apparent effect in the absence of
endogenous MHK-A as indicated by the relatively equal amounts of myosin II in both MHK-A null and MHK-null + GFP-CC pellet fractions. Ax2 + GFP-C800A cells exhibit essentially the same level of cytoskeletal myosin II compared to that of the Ax2 cells. Localization studies revealed increased amounts of cytoplasmically localized
myosin II aggregates in the Ax2 + GFP-CC cells in comparison to the Ax2 cells. Also, cells over-expressing the CC domain appear to have more cytoplasmic F-actin than the Ax2 cells. Furthermore, the actin appears to be more aggregated in the over-expressed CC cells. To address the second aim, purified CC and GSTtagged
WD repeat domains were subjected to a GST "pull-down" assay and Western blot to determine if an interaction between the domains exists. Results from these experiments revealed no interaction between the WD repeat and CC domains,
evident by the absence of CC in the GST-WD bead-associated fraction. This study shows that the CC domain plays an integral role in reorganizing the actin-myosin cytoskeleton and that the mechanisms regulating the full-length MHK-A do not appear to be determined by WD repeat and CC domain interactions.


The majority of patients with schizophrenia display neurocognitive deficits (e.g., memory impairment) as well as inflated cognitive biases (e.g., jumping to conclusions). Both cognitive domains are implicated in the pathogenesis of the disorder and are known to compromise functional outcome. At present, there is a dearth of effective treatment options. A total of 90 patients with schizophrenia were recruited online (a diagnosis of schizophrenia had been confirmed in a large subgroup during a previous hospital admission). Subsequent to a baseline assessment encompassing psychopathology, self-reported cognition as well as objective memory and reasoning tests, patients were randomized to one of three conditions: standard cognitive remediation (mybraintraining), metacognition-augmented cognition remediation (CR) condition (variant of mybraintraining which encouraged patients to reduce speed of decision-making and attenuate response confidence when participants made high-confidence judgements and hasty incorrect decisions) and a waitlist control group. Patients were retested after 6 weeks and again 3 months after the second assessment. Groups did not differ on psychopathology and neurocognitive parameters at any timepoint. However, at follow-up the metacognitive-augmented CR group displayed a significant reduction on jumping to conclusions and overconfidence. Treatment adherence correlated with a reduction of depression; gains in the training exercises from the standard mybraintraining condition were correlated with improved objective memory performance. The study suggests that metacognition-augmented CR may ameliorate cognitive biases but not neurocognition. The study ties in well with prior research showing that neurocognitive dysfunctions are rather resistant to change; the failure to detect significant improvement of CR or metacognition-augmented CR on psychopathology and neurocognition over time may partly be attributed to a number of methodological limitations of our study (low psychopathology and chronicity of participants, low "dosage," narrow range of tests, self-report psychopathology scales).


The supracondylar process is a beak-like bony projection that arises from the anteromedial surface of the humerus. The process has rarely been associated with compression of the median nerve and seldom requires treatment. We report a case of a supracondylar process that caused tenting of the median nerve with elbow extension and pronation.


This paper examines two late medieval abridgements of Gerald of Wales' Expugnatio Hibernica, one in Hiberno-English and one in Irish. The manuscripts in which these adaptations survive all date from the late fifteenth century and appear to bear witness to a sudden and pronounced interest in Gerald's text. Drawing on evidence from the extant manuscripts, this paper explores the readerships of, and the nature of their interest in, these adaptations. A key conclusion is that the Expugnatio, which gives prominence to Gerald's own relatives, the Fitzgeralds, was valued as a family history by the Fitzgerald Earls of Kildare and their allies. The Earls were at the height of their power in the period in which these manuscripts were produced. Examination of this neglected evidence of the adaptation and readership of the Expugnatio in late medieval Ireland suggests that, for some medieval readers at least, the primary identities Gerald's text expressed were familial and local rather than colonial or national.


The book covers the standard models and techniques used in decision making in organizations. The main emphasis of the book is on modeling business-related scenarios and the generation of decision alternatives. Fully solved examples from many areas are used to illustrate the main concepts without getting bogged down in technical details. The book presents an approach to operations research that is heavily based on modeling and makes extensive use of sensitivity analyses. It is a result of many years of combined teaching experience of the authors. The second edition adds new material on multicriteria optimization, postman problems, Lagrangian relaxation, cutting planes, machine scheduling, and Markov chains. Support material is found on a free website and includes some algorithms, additional fully solved problems and slides for instructors.


We describe our Alexa prize system (called 'Alana') which consists of an ensemble of bots, combining rule-based and machine learning systems, and using a contextual ranking mechanism to choose system responses. This paper reports on the version of the system developed and evaluated in the semi-finals of the competition (i.e. up to 15 August 2017), but not on subsequent enhancements. The ranker for this system was trained on real user feedback received during the competition, where we address the problem of how to train on the noisy and sparse feedback obtained during the competition. In order to avoid initial problems of inappropriate and boring utterances coming from big datasets such as Reddit and Twitter, we later focussed on 'clean' data sources such as news and facts. We report on experiments with different ranking functions and versions of our NewsBot. We find that a multiturn news strategy is beneficial, and that a ranker trained on the ratings feedback from users is also effective. Our system continuously improved using the data gathered over the course over the competition (1 July – 15 August) . Our final user score (averaged user rating over the whole semi-finals period) was 3.12, and we achieved 3.3 for the averaged user rating over the last week of the semi-finals (8-15 August 2017). We were also able to achieve long dialogues (average 10.7 turns) during the competition period. In subsequent weeks, after the end of the semi-final competition, we have achieved our highest scores of 3.52 (daily average, 18th October), 3.45 (weekly average on 23 and 24 October), and average dialogue lengths of 14.6 turns (1 October), and median dialogue length of 2.25 minutes (average for 7 days on 10th October).


Here we presented a noble passive optical network based on Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) on fiber "COF" and demonstrated over 100km bidirectional 4-channels CWDM transmission without optical amplifier. We outline COF-PON architecture, key merits it offer, such as coding gain to improve the receiver sensitivity, bidirectional transmission (on same wavelength), colorless operation and experimental results. We believe our newly propose ultra long reach COF-PON will help drastically reduce the CapEx and OpEx cost by consolidating metro and access networks into simple one network.


OBJECTIVE
To examine synovial fluid as a site for generating citrullinated antigens, including the candidate autoantigen citrullinated alpha-enolase, in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

METHODS
Synovial fluid was obtained from 20 patients with RA, 20 patients with spondylarthritides (SpA), and 20 patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Samples were resolved using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by staining with Coomassie blue and immunoblotting for citrullinated proteins, alpha-enolase, and the deiminating enzymes peptidylarginine deiminase type 2 (PAD-2) and PAD-4. Proteins from an RA synovial fluid sample were separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis, and each protein was identified by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. Antibodies to citrullinated alpha-enolase peptide 1 (CEP-1) and cyclic citrullinated peptide 2 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS
Citrullinated polypeptides were detected in the synovial fluid from patients with RA and patients with SpA, but not in OA samples. Alpha-enolase was detected in all of the samples, with mean levels of 6.4 ng/microl in RA samples, 4.3 ng/microl in SpA samples, and <0.9 ng/microl in OA samples. Two-dimensional electrophoresis provided evidence that the alpha-enolase was citrullinated in RA synovial fluid. The citrullinating enzyme PAD-4 was detected in samples from all 3 disease groups. PAD-2 was detected in 18 of the RA samples, in 16 of the SpA samples, and in none of the OA samples. Antibodies to CEP-1 were found in 12 of the RA samples (60%), in none of the SpA samples, and in 1 OA sample.

CONCLUSION
These results highlight the importance of synovial fluid for the expression of citrullinated autoantigens in inflammatory arthritis. Whereas the expression of citrullinated proteins is a product of inflammation, the antibody response remains specific for RA.


After Chiso brought acupuncture to Japan from Wu (China) in the sixth century, it has progressed in unique ways within the various historical milieus of the past 1500 years. Ishitsu-rei, the first medical law of Japan established in 701, explains the medical system of acupuncture in detail showing that acupuncture was being administered under the authorization of the national government. For the next 1200 years, acupuncture continued to be an important facet of public health in Japan. From the Azuchimomoyama through the Edo period, the knowledge exchange with China became active and people who studied in China developed new styles and techniques of acupuncture treatment and organized their own private schools or ryu-ha in Japan. In 1635, when the Edo government decided to close the country, Japan cut-off exchange with foreign countries for over 200 years. The national isolation caused some development that was unique to Japan. During that time, acupuncture filtered into people's everyday lives. Moxibustion, in particular, became popular as a treatment that ordinary people could practice by themselves. Also in this period of isolation, Western medicine was imported from Holland, the only country allowed to maintain trade with Japan. This novel modern medicine had a strong impact on Japanese medicine, which has its foundation of Chinese traditional medicine. At the same time, Japanese acupuncture was introduced into Europe via Holland. When Japan opened its borders in 1865 period, the new government was eager to accept Western culture to the extent of prohibiting the progress of Japanese acupuncture for a period of time. Even so, Japanese acupuncture has survived and flourished up to the present day due to the strong demand and the great efforts of the practitioners. Scientific studies are now in the process of establishing a firm evidence base for over a millennium of clinical use, respecting the classic ideas of the traditional treatment.


In this paper I investigate whether firms' physical investments should react to the speculative overpricing of their securities. I introduce investment subject to quadratic adjustment costs (along the lines of Abel and Eberly [1994]) in an infinite horizon continuous time model with short sale constraints and heterogeneous beliefs (along the lines of Scheinkman and Xiong [2003]). Under standard assumptions, I show that the neoclassical q theory of investment will continue to hold despite the presence of (endogenous) speculative mispricing in the stock market. Strikingly, the welfare implications of the theory will also continue to hold, despite the presence of a speculative bubble. I show how the model provides a new formalization of the notions of short-termist and long-termist investment policies and also how the behavior of investment can be used to disentangle rational and behavioral approaches to so-called asset pricing anomalies.