The importance of vitamin E as a lipid-soluble antioxidant that protects unsaturated fatty
acids against oxidative deterioration is widely known. An important source of vitamin E
is the fatty acid distillate from deodorization during the refining of vegetable oils. The
purpose of this study was to develop a method for separating vitamin E from palm fatty
acid distillate (PFAD) obtained from palm oil refining. Vitamin E in PFAD was first
concentrated by enzymatic hydrolysis. The free fatty acids liberated by the hydrolysis,
together with those already present in PFAD, were neutralized by sodium hydroxide. A
vitamin E-rich fraction was then extracted from the hydrolyzed and neutralized PFAD
using hexane. The fraction obtained was finally subjected to normal phase adsorption
chromatography with packed silica gel. Two elutions were done in the chromatography:
the vitamin E in hexane was adsorbed on silica gel and the extraneous matter eluted out in
the first elution, while the second elution released the vitamin E from the silica gel.Reaction variables such as temperature, lipase concentration and water content in the
reaction mixture affected the enzymatic hydrolysis of PFAD. Regression models
generated from Response Surface Methodology adequately explained the data variation
and significantly represented the actual relationships between the reaction parameters and
responses. It was suggested from this study that for the maximum vitamin E
concentration, the hydrolysis should be carried out with 2.5% w/w lipase and 45.2−47.3%
v/w water for 5.5−5.7 h.
Screening tests concluded that silica gel was suitable for adsorption of vitamin E. Batch
mode adsorption and desorption experiments were employed to study the equilibrium and
kinetics of the adsorption and desorption processes. Vitamin E uptake by silica gel was
rapid with adsorption equilibrium achieved in about 5 min. The adsorption isothermic
data were in good agreement with the Langmuir model, suggesting that the vitamin E
adsorbed on silica gel was monolayer. Kinetics study of batch adsorption revealed that the
rate of vitamin E uptake by silica gel followed a pseudo-second order reaction and
involved both external mass transfer and intraparticle diffusion. Intraparticle diffusion
was the rate-limiting step during the adsorption as it needed a higher magnitude of
activation energy (–25.45 and –54.13 kJ mol-1 for external mass transfer and intraparticle
diffusion, respectively). The adsorption of vitamin E on silica gel was exothermic, while
the reverse was true for desorption. Desorption exhibited a bi-phasic characteristic with
an initial fast release of the vitamin followed by a much slower phase. The two distinct
rates were probably due to heterogeneities in the adsorbing surfaces. Since the silica gel
surface is composed of both high-energy silanol groups and low-energy siloxane groups,
it was postulated that the releases of vitamin E molecules from these two groups were
responsible for the slow and rapid desorption processes, respectively. Entrapment of the vitamin E molecules in the micropores of the silica gel may also have contributed to the
slow desorption in the second phase. The desorption isotherm could be fitted in the
Freundlich model.
Adsorption of vitamin E on silica gel was also tested in a fixed-bed column. The
breakthrough curve of vitamin E adsorption in the column showed a typical S-shaped
profile. The service time of the column increased with the column bed height, but
decreased with increasing inlet vitamin E concentration, column temperature and flow
rate. The column efficiency in terms of adsorbent usage rate could be improved by
decreasing the inlet vitamin concentration and flow rate. Since adsorbing vitamin E on
silica gel was exothermic, increasing the column temperature decreased the column
capacity. The desorption of vitamin E in a column system reflected the "two-distinct-rate"
desorption behavior found in batch desorption systems. This slow desorption was the
rate-controlling step in the recovery of vitamin E. The desorption rate increased with
column temperature but decreased with column bed height and flow rate. The recovery of
vitamin E was high for all systems - 94.8 to 98.8% - with a vitamin E concentration in the
extract of 18.5−21.5%.
The results from this work demonstrate the potential applicability of the current
separation method for recovering vitamin E from PFAD. Detailed descriptions of the
enzymatic hydrolysis and adsorption/desorption of vitamin E in adsorption
chromatography have provided useful information for a better understanding of the
current separation process. The method described offers an alternative to the existing
vitamin E separation methods. It can be applied as one of a series of steps in producing a
high-purity vitamin E concentrate from PFAD.


Copper formate complexes with various primary amines, secondary amines and pyridines were prepared, and their decomposition into conductive films was characterized. A comparison of the various complexes reveals that the temperature of thermolysis depends on the number of hydrogen bonds that can be formed between the amine and formate ligands. The particle size resulting from sintering of the copper complexes is shown to depend on the fraction of amine ligand released during the thermolysis reaction. The particle size in turn is shown to govern the electrical properties of the copper films. Correlations between the properties of the amines, such as boiling point and coordination strength, with the morphology and electrical performance of the copper films were established and provide a basis for the molecular design of copper formate molecular inks.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


We introduce the concept of combed graphs and present an ear decomposition theorem for this class of graphs. This theorem includes the well known ear decomposition theorem for matching covered graphs proved by Lovasz and Plummer. Then we use the ear decomposition theorem to show that any two edges of a 2-connected combed graph lie in a balanced circuit of an equivalent combed graph. This result generalises the theorem that any two edges in a matching covered graph with at least four vertices belong to an alternating circuit.


In debates about presidential authority and policy innovation, scholars have focused on two overarching relationships — horizontal tension between the President and Congress and the vertical interplay of federal and state authority. These debates, however, have missed an important, yet obscured, arena in which innovative policymaking can take place. Low-level executive branch officials, exercising discretion delegated down throughout federal agencies, can promote solutions to policy problems that provide learning opportunities for the President and Congress. This Article uses the fertile arena of immigration to identify existing mechanisms and suggest reforms that would allow innovative work in the trenches to trickle up to the higher echelons, helping inform agency-wide decisions made at the top. Ground-level immigration officials — including line officers, trial attorneys and judges — have been granted broad and vast discretion not to enforce the law in sympathetic and meritorious cases. Notwithstanding the predominant (and often correct) depiction of lower-level officers as an obstacle to policy innovation, many immigration bureaucrats have demonstrated willingness, and an ability, to place their discretion toward creative ends in a number of different removal contexts. In this Article, I argue that existing mechanisms for lower-level discretion can and should be harnessed to pair local laboratories of experimentation with opportunities for interchange throughout various levels of the Executive Branch. Rather than situate policy innovation through the lens of federalism or as a horizontal separation-of-powers conflict between the President and Congress, policymakers should consider how bottom-up influences within the agency might inform and help shape policy innovation. The dialectic of bottom-up and top-down policymaking provides a useful counterweight to the conventional idea that a unitary executive is the exclusive way to energize federal bureaucrats to action. The inquiry into lower-level innovation also provides insights into debates about agency design, administrative constitutionalism, and federalism. Finally, the internal separations of power fashioned by lower-level experimentation can lend greater legitimacy to presidential deferred action programs — both in the federal courts and the court of public opinion.


In rural areas the 100-year flood of smaller watersheds has a strong dependence on the permeability of the geologic subsurface of the watershed and on the point rainfall intensity. Based on 70 000 well record files in the state of New Jersey, U.S.A. the ground water availability in the rock formations have been estimated.


SUMMARIES

Lithogeochemistry
RF Berry, D Selley and MJ White

The whole rock chemistry of the sedimentary rocks of the Mt Read Volcanics were compared to see if they were useful in distinguishing sedimentary sources sufficiently well to support a basin analysis. The chemical data was also investigated to demonstrate whether it could be used to solve some difficult lithostratographic correlation problems.

The trace element chemistry indicates that at least four sources can be readily discerned. These are a low Ti basalt (MUC and Hellyer basalt), an intermediate Ti basalt (from normal Crimson Creek Formation and a very high Ti basaltic suite (unknown source for Tyndall Group), and a felsic source. The separation of the felsic source into several groups may be possible with more Th data. The Precambrian basement source signature lies in the middle of these four types and cannot be detected unless it is a dominant component such as in the Stitt Quartzite. It is best detected by the presence of rounded zircon and tourmaline (and detrital mica).

The preliminary investigation indicated whole rock chemistry may be very useful in distringuishing a range of different rock types. The Animal Creek greywacke and Farrell Slate are clearly distinct from Dundas Group. The EQPS has a lower Ti/V than CVC volcaniclastics. The Tyndall Group was separated by high Ti/Th. These relationships need more data for a proper assessment but they are very encouraging.

Sedimentological evidence for Cambrian growth faults on the eastern side of the Dundas Trough, western Tasmania - Matt White

Geological evidence in the Anthony River area suggests that Cambrian movement was apparent on what is referred to as the Selina fault, during upper Tyndall Group (Middle to Late Cambrian) time. This is consistent with observations of Keele (1991) and Berry & Keele (1993), who interpreted a normal fault on the contact of the Tyndall Group and the Eastern Quartz-phyric sequence in this area. A southern bounding possible transfer fault may have constrained Tyndall Group deposition into a small fault-bounded basin. Reverse movement on the fault involving east-block upward movement is another possibility.

Progress Report 4: Detecting Cambrian structures in
the Mount Read Volcanic Belt using sulfur isotopes
- sulfur isotopes of growth faults
- Garry J. Davidson and Paul Kitto

Sulfur isotope results from Cambrian growth faults can be tentatively divided according to fault style and fluid history. Those containing base-metal sulfides have values similar to known base-metal deposits in the Mount Read Volcanics (Carters Prospect). These consistently vary from north (d34S = 5-9 permil) to south (d34S = 7-15 permil) in the belt (Solomon et al., 1988). Those faults with small displacements, likely original Normal fault geometries, and pyrite rather than base-metal sulfides in the alteration assemblage, contain heavy sulfur (e.g. Comstock - Zig Zag Hill, d34S > approx 20 permil). Some of these have tentatively been identified at the margins of large base metal deposits, such as Rosebery. Thirdly, faults that lie sub-parallel to stratigraphy, are extensively sericite-chlorite altered, and are defined by wide shear zones (e.g. Moxons Saddle), have d34S = 0 ± 5 permil, and may represent deep rock-buffered fluid circulation, although this conclusion requires confirmation of a Cambrian origin, because these values overlap those expected from Devonian magmatism. These conclusions are very preliminary, and will require detailed work on each scenario in the coming field season.

Fluid inclusion microthermometry of Cambrian and
Devonian fault structures
- Paul A. Kitto

Geochemical and isotopic signatures associated with
Cambrian and Devonian fault structures
- Paul A. Kitto


Since the inception of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (the Act) in May 2011, the concept of business rescue remains rather contentious. It has been the alternative to liquidation of several well-known entities, such as 1time and Top TV. While some companies have struggled to get rescue proceedings off the ground there are a few success stories, but these remain in the minority. The limited two-year time frame since 2011 has shown that instituting such proceedings is fairly onerous given that the guidelines in ch 6 of the Act are not always clear and certain benchmarks are yet to be determined.


The publication of the DCFR has renewed the discussion on the need for a European Property Law. The study published by Von Bar and Drobnig while the DCFR was prepared, underlines the inter-relatedness of contract and property. Nonetheless, the drafters of the DCFR have chosen to deal with specific aspects of property law only. At a European level, however, there are much more initiatives that could also have been dealt with. Examples of these are insolvency, emission trading rights, and matrimonial property law and succession issues. Moreover, even when the CFR would stick to the aspects of property law it deals with now, the effect on the national systems of property law will be severe. This does not only apply to Book IX on security interests, but also to the Book VIII on transfer rules that assumes the existence of an Anwartschaftsrecht in Article VIII.2:307 DCFR. Also Article VIII.1:204 DCFR creates a complex relationship between property rights under the DCFR and property rights that exist at a national level. The numerus clausus principle, as it is adhered to by many European legal systems, will have to be redefined or reshaped depending on the form the CFR will eventually take. Also Book X on Trusts will have effects beyond the mere principles in that book. Holding a right on trust is not generally recognized in civil law systems. Although there are developments in this direction in Germany, France and also Italy, other legal systems, such as Dutch law, remain to resist trusts and trust-like instruments. Also here the effects of the CFR on national property law may be severe.Member States will have to accommodate these European principles. As a result they are deemed to bring their legal systems more into line with each other. Voluntary convergence will result leading to a better functioning internal market and to rules that are likely to apply beyond the mere scope of cross-border transactions. The DCFR therefore already contributes to the making of European Property Law.


The U.K. Department for International Development (DFID) supports policies, programmes and projects to promote international development. DFID provided funds for this study as part of that objective but the views and opinions expressed are those of the authors alone.


The study explores the effects of teacher support and student cohesiveness on foreign language (FL) learning outcomes and compares their effect with that of FL anxiety. One hundred and forty-six first-year Chinese undergraduates of Japanese, who were also learning English, participated in two surveys that were administered over a 2-month interval. Data were collected using the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986), the Teacher Support Scale (Trickett & Moos, 2002), the Affiliation Scale (Trickett & Moos, 2002), the English Proficiency Scale, and the Japanese Proficiency Scale. It was found that (a) student cohesiveness was a positive predictor of FL proficiency, (b) teacher support, which was positively related to student cohesiveness and negatively to FL anxiety, did not show a direct relationship with FL proficiency, and (c) FL anxiety, 1 This paper is based on the first author's PhD project. Yinxing Jin, Kees de Bot, Merel Keijzer 106 which was negatively associated with FL proficiency, showed a better predictive power than student cohesiveness and teacher support.


This paper presents novel techniques for image retrieval using the clustering features extracted from images based on Row Mean Clustering, Column Mean clustering, Row Mean DCT Clustering ,Column Mean DCT Clustering, Row Mean Wavelet Clustering and Column Mean Wavelet Clustering. The proposed techniques are compared with well known traditional technique such as Hierarchical Clustering. Hierarchical clustering starts by calculating the Euclidean distance measure for all patterns in data set, which is not required to calculate in proposed techniques. Hence number of clusters used for comparison of proposed techniques is less as compared to existing technique (Hierarchical Clustering). All the CBIR techniques are implemented on a database having 665 images spread across 31 classes. The results of proposed techniques have shown performance improvement (higher precision and Recall) as compared to existing technique at reduced computations.


Existence BKM represent one matter becoming priority in is powered of impecunious society
through PNPM Mandiri. Role of BKM expected to earn more improved and created by new
innovation improve level live impecunious people. It is of course, existence of this program need
strong law umbrella in the form of By Law and also Decision of Regent to be more directional
and looked after. Mechanism development of society participation through sub-district facility,
that is local government invite society to involve actively in socializing BKM. But that way after
all enableness conducted, just social difference remain to be happened, that is poorness. For the
reason, poorness overcoming or at least poorness meminimalisir become one of the principal
focus development of government. During the time strategy conducted by government of Malang
Town is with forming one institute entangling various side. The institute so called BKM. BKM
founded in country side storey; level / sub-district which target of the core important to
overcome poorness of local society. To increase efftiveness overcoming of poorness and creation
employment, govermmental launch Program National Enableness of Society (PNPM Mandiri)
start year 2007 re-formulated self Supporting by PNPM mechanism strive overcoming of
poorness entangling society element, start from planning phase, execution, till evaluation and
monitoring.
This research is conducted by using approach qualitative with descriptive method. Technique
data collecting through: Observation and interview and also docementation. After done by its
inspection of him, data analysed by presentation of data is at the same time analised and
withdrawal of conclusion.
From result of obtained data (1). Role BKM in execution of program of PNPM Mandiri in Sub-
District Mojolangu District of executed Malang Lowokwaru Town two program type that is
physical program and giving of fund turning around where in the plan have passed some
planning phase that is aspiration network, deliberation development of sub-district in sub-district
of Mojolangu through to negotiate citizen and approval of proposal raised by every RW in region
sub-district of Mojolangu by paying attention the condition of which really insist on to be
assisted by way of evaluation at vinicity environment and society. Fund budgeted by PNPM
Mandiri of central government give relief fund allocation stimulan equal to Rp. 250 million, And
report evaluated auditor have been delivered to center. But with the anggara still felt by the
existence of lacking in aid program and development of sub-district environment. Finally BKM
set mind on giving of loan by giving some conditions and do survey. BKM have strategy which
is best with implementasion training skill of management, managing small industry and give
capital loan to impecunious society to be can solve and overcome its own problem. Therefore BKM socialization priority for the quickening of activity PNPM Mandiri coordinated by Team
Controller of PNPM Mandiri which cover for example policy of public and development
program, stipulating of location, communication strategy, system development of information,
and also evaluation and monitoring. (2) Constraint of BKM in execution of program of PNPM
Mandiri in sub-district Mojolangu Distric of Malang Lowokwaru Town during the time do not
facilities and basic facilities it and lack of fund which in special allocation to support process
construction of BKM and awareness of society exist in Sub-District of Mojolangu less so
comprehend with existence of program of PNPM. Fluency of PNPM Mandiri very is base on
awareness of society, like performing a routine fee taken as supporter medium to fluency of
PNPM Mandiri. Execution of this program it is true have been planned, like sharing holder order.
Division of result, that is profit 70% entering receiver of benefit (impecunious citizen) and which
is 30% entering cash of BKM and this have been agreed on by society Sub-District of
Mojolangu.


Quilts generically known as tivaivai have been produced by women in the Cook Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Society Islands and elsewhere in Eastern Polynesia since the late 19th century, where they were a substitute for bark-cloth but also used in ways deeply invested in the new context of Christian domesticity. In the Cook Islands, quilts are stitched to be given away at funerals, at weddings and other events marking stages of loss and severance in the life of a person.Although often kept for years in trunks far away from the homeland as a result of the migrant diaspora, the quilt and its threads connect those who have been parted. Written from both an anthropological and an artistic perspective, this book examines the visual and cultural characteristics that have made the Polynesian quilt one of the most stunning and captivating art-forms to emerge from the Pacific. It also offers a glimpse into the role played by fabric in the history of contact with Europeans although both traditions shared a common preoccupation with clothing, their understanding could not have been more different. Illustrated in colour throughout, with many specially commissioned photographs, the book will provide not only a unique insight into a culturally rich tradition but a visual feast to inspire both the quilt enthusiast and those interested in the broader field of fabric and textile design.


Venture capital contracts are inherently incomplete. When interpreting such contracts, courts could deal with the expectations of parties formally by inquiring only about the plain meaning of the contract or qualitatively by enforcing the presumed expectations of the parties, regardless of whether those expectations are expressed in the contract. The Delaware courts have opted for a formal approach. In doing so, they appear to be engaged in an effort to force contracting parties toward completeness. While the duty of good faith appears to respond to the inevitable incompleteness of contracts, the courts largely ignore this duty in preferred stock cases. This omission, coupled with the doctrine of independent legal significance - which treats charter amendments via merger separately from charter amendments via board and stockholder approval - virtually ensures that preferred stockholders will be subject to opportunistic behavior by common stockholders. Whether courts should respond to claims of injustice in this context depends on comparative institutional analysis. Just because market contracting produces incomplete contracts does not mean that courts should be obligated to fill such contracts. On the other hand, this Article suggests that the application of the duty of good faith in this context might provide valuable incentives to renegotiate when unexpected circumstances arise.


Cities are increasingly turning to systematic procedures for allocating scare manpower and funds and measuring pavement repair and rehabilitation needs. Many cities have adopted pavement management systems (PMS) to evaluate pavement condition, set repair and rehabilitation standards and formulate budget needs. Pavement management schemes generally include data bases on the pavement design of a city or region, construction and repair histories, surveys of roadway conditions and some systematic means of setting pavement maintenance priorities. In setting up a PMS, a city faces a variety of challenges. City engineers must convince elected or appointed officials of the benefits of the PMS. Adequate manpower, equipment and funding must also be available. The city or region must educate their staff in how the PMS works and what its costs and benefits are. The staff must be involved in setting up the program, and must be trained in data collection and use. Acquiring adequate computers and training staff in their operation is often a major hurdle. Case histories in Waterloo, Ontario; Palo Alto, California; Arvada, Colorado; and Tacoma, Washington demonstrate the use of PMS to solve pavement problems. PMS differ depending on the nature of the region involved, its administrative procedures and political structure and the geotechnical differences unique to the area. An ongoing challenge for each PMS is to continue to use and refine the program to formulate better objectives for long-term pavement needs and budget forecasts.


The crosstalk variance of stimulated Raman crosstalk in wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) systems is derived analytically in a closed-form formula for all systems with different walkoff length. The probability density function (pdf) of stimulated Raman crosstalk is found to be lognormal distribution (Gaussian distribution in decibel scale). Both power penalty and power limit induced by Raman crosstalk are evaluated and can be applied to single- and multispan WDM systems.


Based on data from a survey conducted in Saint Petersburg in 2013, this article sheds new light on attitudes towards fatherhood in contemporary Russia. We explore what norms are held concerning fatherhood, how these attitudes are related to age, sex, education and income as well as to ideal–typical models established in previous research on fatherhood from Western Europe and the US. Thus, the article also discusses what explanatory value established theoretical models have for the Russian context. Norms of the role of the father in the family are related to general norms of masculinity and, hence, are an important part of the study of politics and the political climate in a society. The results show that there are several fatherhood ideals present in contemporary Northwestern Russia: a traditional breadwinner model, an active fatherhood model as well as what we refer to as a marginalized fatherhood model. The latter has not been substantially identified in previous research, and may tentatively be identified as a legacy of the Soviet era.


Deformable image registration is currently predominantly solved by optimizing a weighted linear combination of objectives. Successfully tuning the weights associated with these objectives is not trivial, leading to trial-and-error approaches. Such an approach assumes an intuitive interplay between weights, optimization objectives, and target registration errors. However, it is not known whether this always holds for existing registration methods. To investigate the interplay between weights, optimization objectives, and registration errors, we employ multi-objective optimization. Here, objectives of interest are optimized simultaneously, causing a set of multiple optimal solutions to exist, called the optimal Pareto front. Our medical application is in breast cancer and includes the challenging prone-supine registration problem. In total, we studied the interplay in three different ways. First, we ran many random linear combinations of objectives using the well-known registration software elastix. Second, since the optimization algorithms used in registration are typically of a local-search nature, final solutions may not always form a Pareto front. We therefore employed a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm that finds weights that correspond to registration outcomes that do form a Pareto front. Third, we examined how the interplay differs if a true multi-objective (i.e., weight-free) image registration method is used. Results indicate that a trial-and-error weight-adaptation approach can be successful for the easy prone to prone breast image registration case, due to the absence of many local optima. With increasing problem difficulty the use of more advanced approaches can be of value in finding and selecting the optimal registration outcomes.


In order to evaluate whether the initialization of soil moisture has the potential to improve the prediction skill of coupled climate models Earth System Models (ESMs) at seasonal to decadal time scales, an elaborated AMIP-type experiment was conducted. ::: For ::: this :::: task :: a ::::::: coupled ::::::::::::: land-atmosphere :::::: model :::: with ::::::::: prescribed ::::: ocean :::: was ::::::: utilized. : The experiment design considered soil moisture initialization in different seasons and years, and yields information about the life-time 5 (memory) of extreme yet realistic soil moisture perturbations. Our analyses were focused on root zone soil moisture (RootSM) as it comprises the part of the soil that directly interacts with the atmosphere via bare soil evaporation and transpiration. We found that RootSM memory differs not only spatially but also depends on the time of initialization. Long memory up to one year is evident mostly for dry soil moisture regimes, after heavy precipitation periods or prior to snow covered con10 ditions. Short memory below two weeks prevails in wet soil moisture regimes and prior to distinct precipitation periods or snow melt. Furthermore, RootSM perturbations affect other land surface states, e.g. soil temperature and leaf carbon content, and even induce anomalies with specific memory in these variables. Especially for deep layer soil temperature these anomalies can last up to several years. As long as RootSM memory is evident, we found that anomalies occur periodically in 15 other land surface states whenever climate conditions allow for interactions between that state and RootSM. Additionally, anomaly recurrence is visible for RootSM itself. This recurrence is related to the thickness of the soil layer below the root zone and can affect RootSM for several years. From our findings we conclude that soil moisture initialization has the potential to improve the predictive skill of climate models on seasonal scales and beyond. However, a sophisticated, multi-layered soil 20 hydrology scheme is necessary, to allow for the interactions between RootSM and the deep soil layer reservoir.


Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major component of photochemical smog and is a known human health hazard, as well as a damaging factor for vegetation. Its precursor compounds, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), have a variety of anthropogenic and biogenic sources and exhibit non-linear effects on ozone production. As an update to previous studies on ground-level ozone in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), we present an analysis of NO2, VOC and O3 data from federal and provincial governmental monitoring sites in the GTA from 2000 to 2012. We show that, over the study period, summertime 24 h VOC reactivity and NO2 midday (11:00–15:00) concentrations at all sites decreased significantly; since 2000, all sites experienced a decrease in NO2 of 28–62% and in measured VOC reactivity of at least 53–71%. Comparing 2002–2003 to 2011–2012, the summed reactivity of OH towards NO2 and a suite of measured VOCs decreased from 8.6 to 4.6 s−1. Ratios of reactive VOC pairs indicate that the effective OH concentration experienced by primary pollutants in the GTA has increased significantly over the study period. Despite the continuous decrease in precursor levels, ozone concentrations are not following the same pattern at all stations; it was found that the Canada-wide Standard for ozone continues to be exceeded at all monitoring stations. Additionally, while the years 2008–2011 had consistently lower ozone levels than previous years, 2012 experienced one of the highest recorded summertime ozone concentrations and a large number of smog episodes. We demonstrate that these high ozone observations in 2012 may be a result of the number of days with high solar radiation, the number of stagnant periods and the transport of high ozone levels from upwind regions.


Diamond exhibits many attractive properties including extreme hardness, high thermal conductivity, high Young's modulus, low coefficient of friction, low wear rate, biocompatibility and chemical inertness the Institutional Repository. Therefore, diamond tools have attracted number of applications in manufacturing of various microdevices and ductile machining of brittle materials. However, just because of these special features, manufacturing of diamond tools is very complex, time consuming and high cost. Laser shock wave induced freeform technique (SWIFT) can be considered as an innovative technique for manufacturing of diamond microtools that employing laser induced shock waves to mechanically sinter nanodiamond powders. Laser shocks can impart desirable dislocation structures and compressive residual stresses into material to improve the relative density and generate residual stress to enhance the fatigue strength. In this work, multiscale models based on laser-material interaction, high pressure sintering of nanodiamond powders and interface effects are utilized to explore the physics underlying this technique. Finite element simulation is applied to analyze the mechanical deformations induced by laser shock wave sintering. Scanning electron microscopy, optical profilometery, raman spectroscopy and micro-indentation are employed to characterize the microstructure evolution, phase transition, and hardness improvement. Tool wear test is carried out to investigate the product final performance.


In this paper, we use dynamic light scattering in polarized and depolarized modes to determine the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients of concentrated rodlike cellulose nanocrystals in aqueous suspension. Within the range of studied concentrations (1-5 wt %), the suspension starts a phase transition from an isotropic to an anisotropic state as shown by polarized light microscopy and viscosity measurements. Small-angle neutron scattering measurements also confirmed the start of cellulose nanocrystal alignment and a decreasing distance between the cellulose nanocrystals with increasing concentration. As expected, rotational and translational diffusion coefficients generally decreased with increasing concentration. However, the translational parallel diffusion coefficient was found to show a local maximum at the onset of the isotropic-to-nematic phase transition. This is attributed to the increased available space for rods to move along their longitudinal axis upon alignment. This increased parallel diffusion coefficient thus confirms the general idea that rodlike particles gain translational entropy upon alignment while paying the price for losing rotational degrees of freedom. Once the concentration increases further, diffusion becomes more hindered even in the aligned regions due to a reduction in the rod separation distance. This leads once again to a decrease in translational diffusion coefficients. Furthermore, the relaxation rate for fast mode translational diffusion (parallel to the long particle axis) exhibited two regimes of relaxation behavior at concentrations where significant alignment of the rods is measured. We attribute this unusual dispersive behavior to two length scales: one linked to the particle length (at large wavevector q) and the other to a twist fluctuation correlation length (at low wavevector q) along the cellulose nanocrystal rods that is of a larger length when compared to the actual length of rods and could be linked to the size of aligned domains.


Information Systems for decision support are used in healthcare for many years. While administrative, accounting-related systems have been accepted with more or less success by decision-makers, this study is devoted to methods of conceptual modeling in clinical information management – especially against the background of assuring a high quality level in an increasingly networked healthcare sector. There are large differences in the use of models of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) and their implementation in process descriptions as Clinical Pathways (CP). The paper examines the usefulness of diagrammatic representations and models as well as methodological support in general as well as the willingness of individuals to deal with these. Based on an exploratory case study, the concept of a model-driven method from the perspective of domain experts is evaluated and the impacts for modeling approaches are derived.


The purpose of the work presented in this thesis has been to investigate thermal transport in pure polystyrene as well as in a mixture of polystyrene and carbon dioxide. Another part of the work has been to calculate the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity in stretched polystyrene. To finally tie everything together, the most important part has been to understand thermal transport mechanisms on the basis of the thermal conductivity of polystyrene and thermal conductivity of several molecular liquids, amorphous polyamide-6,6 and crystalline polystyrene. In chapter 1 the nonequilibrium molecular dynamic methods for calculation of the thermal conductivity have been discussed. The methods have been well-known and described in literature in much detail. Additionally, recent improvements in the calculation of the thermal conductivity of molecular liquids, polymers and carbon nanotubes have been discussed. An analysis has been made of the influence of simulation parameters such as the use of thermostats, perturbation periods, the size of the system, and force field parameters on the calculated thermal conductivity. The ability of molecular dynamics simulations to predict thermodynamic properties is highly determined by the potential used to represent inter- and intramolecular interactions. As it has been discussed in chapter 1, the choice of the force field is of the great importance and has the greatest influence on the thermal conductivity calculated. In chapter 2 the thermal conductivity of atactic polystyrene (PS) swollen in supercritical CO2 as evaluated by reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations (RNEMD) has been discussed. As experimental thermal conductivity values for the binary systems have not been reported, the computer simulations have been extended to the components PS and CO2, for which measured data is available. The comparison of calculated and experimental thermal conductivities of the components is a prerequisite for quantifying the capability of the present theoretical tools. The analysis offers a second benefit, i.e. the presentation of an analytical interpolation formula to relate the thermal conductivity of the components PS and CO2 to the thermal conductivity of the binary mixture. The thermal conductivity of PS-CO2 mixtures as a function of temperature, pressure and CO2 concentration by RNEMD simulations has been analyzed. Many polymers are highly anisotropic, for example crystalline polymers. Thermal conductivity is one of the quantities for which anisotropic behavior has been observed. The anisotropy of the thermal conductivity has been analyzed in several experimental and theoretical studies on polymers, such as amorphous polyamide-6,6 and polyethylene.2,4,8 In chapter 3 the anisotropy of the thermal conductivity of stretched atactic polystyrene swollen in supercritical CO2 by reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations has been discussed. In chapter 4 all important steps and achievements that have been done during this work have been summarized and an outlook on the work that can be done in the future has been given. In the end of the dissertation one can find a list of the papers that have been published during this PhD work.


The following paper represents an initial snapshot of the community vision for a possible future of CISE distributed research infrastructure aimed at enabling new types of research and discoveries. As such, it is only the first step in helping define this vision. It is expected that it will change over time as the research community contributes new ideas.


File and data distribution can be easily classified as one of the basic uses of networks. With uses ranging from Short Message Service (SMS) to program updates, from micro-blogging to social networking, every network today must support some type of file and data dissemination method. Infrastructure networks have already implemented these services using well known communication protocols. Ad hoc networks pose a greater challenge due to their sporadic network set-up. At a given time we do not know who is connected to the network, and whether the intended recipient of the data can be reached. In this paper we introduce Serval MeshMS, a protocol for ad hoc file and data distribution, enabling the diffusing of data through an ad hoc mesh network. It is based on a single-hop, store and disseminate opportunistic architecture, and has been shown to work over great distances. Preliminary implementations are encouraging, with surprising results achieved.


The inventory of biodiversity in the Comoros archipelago is still in progress. We propose here to contribute to this effort by assessing the diversity of the Hymenophyllaceae family, which forms one of the most diverse and emblematic fern communities in rainforests of the region. Data were extracted from floras, literature, recent collects and observations, and from an exhaustive investigation of the Paris herbarium collection. We also completed an online knowledge database including a computer-aided identification (CAI) tool by using the Xper platform. Our checklist recognizes 21 taxa involving 1 endemic and 7 species newly reported for the archipelago. The taxonomy and discrimination of each taxon is discussed and a dichotomous key is provided. We also defined 80 morphological characters and their corresponding states into the Xper database and CAI that could be easily enriched for neighbouring areas and additional taxa.


ABSTRACT Geum radiatum is a federally endangered high-elevation rock-outcrop endemic herb that is widely recognized as a hexaploid and a relic species. Little is known about G. radiatum genetic diversity, population interactions, or the effect of past augmentations of populations. This study sampled every known population of G. radiatum and used microsatellite markers to measure genetic diversity and population structure. The analysis demonstrates that there is interconnectedness and structure among populations. In addition, the analysis was able to differentiate transplanted individuals and identify putative anthropogenically admixed individuals within augmented populations. Geum radiatum exhibits diversity within and among populations and current gene flow connects the northern populations. This information provides a greater understanding of the genetic sustainability of G. radiatum and what conservation efforts will most help this imperiled species to survive.

http://libres.uncg.edu/ir/asu/f/Hay_Ulrey_et al_2019_Gentic Diversity Geum radiatum.pdf


I studied pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) movements and home ranges during their breeding season in 2004 and 2005 in southwestern Idaho. Pygmy rabbits were trapped, radio-collared, and tracked daily to determine average, average minimum and average maximum distances moved between telemetry points. Three home range values were also estimated; 95% Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP), 95% Fixed Kernel (FK), and 50% FK home ranges. Estimates for movements and home ranges were tested between sexes and between years. Males traveled significantly longer distances between telemetry points (average distance: males = 220 m, females = 64 m; and average maximum distance: males = 736 m, females = 321 m) and had significantly larger home ranges than females (MCP: males = 24.9 ha, females = 1.8 ha; 95% FK: males = 4.5 ha, females = 1.6 ha; and 50% FK: males = 0.8 ha, females = 0.4 ha). Males also had significantly more core areas than females. Overlap of core areas was greater between sexes (male and females) as opposed to within sexes. Tests for differences between years in movements and home ranges identified only one significant difference; the average 95% FK values for females were significantly smaller in 2005 compared to 2004. While the major cause for this reduction is unknown, I did note that grass cover increased 4.5% in 2005, likely due to a 100% increase in precipitation in 2005 over 2004. Results of movements and home range analysis indicate that male pygmy rabbit movements are primarily driven by the spatial layout of female pygmy rabbits. Given the ability for this sagebrush obligate to travel relatively long distances, careful consideration should be


ABSTRACT This article presents a study of preschool-aged children's knowledge of the semantics of the negative polarity item (NPI) any. NPIs like any differ in distribution from non-polarity-sensitive indefinites like a: Any is restricted to downward-entailing linguistic environments (Fauconnier 1975, 1979; Ladusaw 1979). But any also differs from plain indefinites in its semantic contribution; any can quantify over wider domains of quantification than plain indefinites. In fact, on certain accounts of NPI licensing, it is precisely the semantics of any that derives its restricted distribution (Kadmon & Landman 1993; Krifka 1995; Chierchia 2006, 2013). While previous acquisition studies have investigated children's knowledge of the distributional constraints on any (O'Leary & Crain 1994; Thornton 1995; Xiang et al. 2006; Tieu 2010), no previous study has targeted children's knowledge of the semantics of the NPI. To address this gap in the existing literature, we present an experiment conducted with English-speaking adults and 4–5-year-old children, in which we compare their interpretation of sentences containing any with their interpretation of sentences containing the plain indefinite a and the bare plural. When presented with multiple domain alternatives, one of which was made more salient than the others, both adults and children restricted the domain of quantification for the plain indefinites to the salient subdomain. In the case of any, however, the adults and most of the children that we tested interpreted any as quantifying over the largest domain in the context. We discuss our findings in light of theories of NPI licensing that posit a connection between the distribution of NPIs and their underlying semantics, and conclude by raising further questions about the learnability of NPIs.


No one thinks straight. At least no one remembers straight. But ten years ago, things were different, weren't they? Roland Barthes once wrote that color in a photograph is like make-up on a corpse. No one is fooled. In anarchic denial of convenient truths, a young international couple meet and marry on a small Mediterranean island. Ten years later, the couple separate in part due to complications with immigration laws. Following this transcontinental rupture, fragmented histories emerge in response to the woman's encounters with a series of color snapshots. There is death here, familiar to the mourner, as the photographs issue their special powers to magically and auspiciously predict the future and simultaneously to permit the return of the dead. The woman recognizes pieces of herself as past objects indexed within photographic stills, but paradoxically, she is present, outside in this chaos trying not to fall apart. The images and their objects yawn to remind us of the reluctant destiny of all our beloved memories, bodies, and things: that is, to disintegrate. Borrowing its title from a passage in The Emigrants by W.G. Sebald, Closer to Dust is a séance, a gathering of invitees: inherently biased elegies, the images that conjured them, and the reader- viewer in attendance who is warmly invited to order these intimate fragments into cohesion.


Viscous fingering is a topic of interest since the beginning of computational fluid dynamics. Here we focus on the classical constellation of miscible displacement, as it has been investigated in Hele-Shaw cells. A temperature or salinity front is entering with a fluid that has a different viscosity. The pure 1D flow is destabilized by the Saffman-Taylor instability. Using COMSOL Multiphysics we investigate the solution of a 2D generic set-up in an Eulerian system. Initial conditions near the inlet are described by a random function. We explore the fingering solutions in terms of various numerical parameters, i.e. for meshes of various type and refinement. For various solvers we examine the execution time, i.e. the performance of the model.


We study the implicit regularization of mini-batch stochastic gradient descent, when applied to the fundamental problem of least squares regression. We leverage a continuous-time stochastic differential equation having the same moments as stochastic gradient descent, which we call stochastic gradient flow. We give a bound on the excess risk of stochastic gradient flow at time $t$, over ridge regression with tuning parameter $\lambda = 1/t$. The bound may be computed from explicit constants (e.g., the mini-batch size, step size, number of iterations), revealing precisely how these quantities drive the excess risk. Numerical examples show the bound can be small, indicating a tight relationship between the two estimators. We give a similar result relating the coefficients of stochastic gradient flow and ridge. These results hold under no conditions on the data matrix $X$, and across the entire optimization path (not just at convergence).


A scale for measuring the engagement properties of eHealth content was adapted from commercial advertising research. We define engagement as the process of involving users in health content in ways that motivate and lead to health behavior change. Complete responses were obtained from 230/260 participants exposed to health content from seven content areas in online remote testing. After viewing each of three randomly assigned health content areas, the participants completed two questionnaires. The first one assessed the appropriateness, applicability, motivation, and intentions to change or engage in health behaviors relevant to the set of content components displayed for that health topic. The second questionnaire was the eHealth Engagement Scale in which participants rated each of 12 descriptors on a 5-point Likert scale. Internal reliability of each of the two multi-item subscales of the Engagement Scale was .878 for Involving and .805 for Credible. A 4-factor solution eliminating three of the original 12 word descriptors was found to be the superior in the subsequent analysis of predictive validity. The eHealth Engagement Scale may prove to be an important mediator of user retention of information, intentions to change, and ultimately efforts to undertake and achieve behavior change.


Thermal subsidence of the sea floor explains the observed bathymetry of ocean ridges. A similarity solution for a one-dimensional cooling model successfully predicts bathymetry, heat flow and geoid anomalies under a wide range of conditions. This similarity solution can be modified to predict the thermal subsidence of sedimentary basins. For older sedimentary basins it is necessary to consider an input of heat to the base of the lithosphere that places a limit on subsidence. The similarity solution for thermal subsidence is in quite good agreement with the observed subsidence history of a variety of sedimentary basins. Some basins subside freely and in others the flexural rigidity of the elastic lithosphere inhibits subsidence. An empirical model is proposed for the conversion of kerogen to oil and the subsequent conversion of oil to gas. This model is then used in conjunction with the thermal evolution predicted by the similarity solution in order to determine the oil window and relative volume of oil as a function of the age of the basin.


Urine‐treated soils have been implicated as an important source of gaseous N losses to the atmosphere. The goal of our research was to quantify NH3 and N2O emissions from urine under different simplified and controlled soil conditions and to relate these results to urinary‐N transformation processes in soil. We studied the influence of soil texture (coarse vs. fine sand), moisture distribution with depth, air‐filled pore space, and rate of air movement, which affected both soil drying processes and emission rates. Laboratory experiments were performed with synthetic urine in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Texture was the most important factor controlling NH3 volatilization and N2O emission factors in urine‐treated sands. Generally, the finer the sand texture, the higher the input of denitrification to the total N2O emissions; however, the air‐filled pore space threshold, below which denitrification became dominant, was greater in coarse sand. In addition, the evaporation rate of the urine water component was found to be an important parameter in total NH3 and N2O emissions. Ammonia volatilization occurred during the first day of the treatments, with volatilization rates closely related to evaporation rates in both sand textures. Finer sand texture caused reductions in the urine evaporation rate and therefore in NH3 volatilization rates. Urine evaporation increased air‐filled pore space, thereby improving aeration conditions in the sand that contribute to nitrification dominance of N2O production. Moreover, evaporation of urine, enriched with dissolved N2O, increased total N2O emission. Results from these simplified experiments need confirmation under field soil conditions.


The research presented in this thesis regards walking of quadruped robots, and particularly the walking of the Warp1 robot. The motivation for the robot is to provide a platform for autonomous walking in rough terrain. The thesis contains six papers ranging from development tools to actuation of robot legs. The first paper describes the methods and tools made for control development. These tools feature: programming of the robot without low level coding (C-code); that the controller has to be built only once for simulation and experiments; and that names of variables and constants are unchanged through the chain of software Maple -- Matlab -- Simulink -- Real~Time~Workshop -- xPC--Target. Three controllers, each making the robot walk are presented. The first controller makes the robot walk using the crawl gait. The method uses static stability as method for keeping balance and the instantaneous trunk motions are given by a concept using the so called weight ratios. A method for planning new footholds based on the positions of the existing footholds is also proposed and the controller experimentally verified. The second walking controller shows that the robot also can walk dynamically using the trot gait. The method proposed uses information from ground contact sensors on the feet as input to control balance, instead of, which is common, inertial sensors. It is experimentally verified that Warp1 can trot from level ground onto a slope and turn around while staying balanced. The main ideas of these two walking controllers are fused in the third which enables smooth transitions between crawl and trot. The idea of using the ground contact sensors from the first controller is here used to estimate the position of the center of mass. This controller uses weight ratios in the gait crawl as well as in the dynamic gait trot. Hence, the method of using weight ratios is not only useful for static stability for which it was originally intended. The controller is experimentally verified on Warp1. The Warp1 robot weighs about 60 kg, has 0.6 m long legs with three actuated joints on each. The speed and strength is sufficient only for slow walking, even though the installed power indicates that it should be enough for faster walking. The reason is that a walking robot often needs to be strong but slow when the feet are on the ground and the opposite when in the air. This can not be achieved with the motors and transmissions currently used. A transmission called the passively variable transmission (PVT) is proposed which enhance motor capabilities of robot joints. It is elastic, nonlinear and conservative. Some general properties for elastic transmissions are derived such that they can be compared with conventional transmissions. The PVT gives strong actuation at large loads and fast actuation at small loads. The proposed transmission is compared to a conventional transmission for a specific task, and the result is that a smaller motor can be used.


Cloud computing has emerged as a new paradigm of computing and gains increasing attention from both academic and business community. Its utility-based usage model allows users to pay per use, similar to other public utility such as electricity, with relatively low investment on the end devices that access the cloud computing resources. From the environmental perspective this new computing model is already a great improvement since the computing resources are shared among all users and provisioned on-demand. However, data centers hosting Cloud applications consume huge amounts of electrical energy, contributing to high operational costs and carbon footprints to the environment. Therefore, we need Green Cloud computing solutions that can not only minimize operational costs but also reduce the environmental impact. In this paper, various energy efficient methods of cloud computing will be


Wilma Liebman is the exemplar of the dedicated, intrepid public servant. This article will focus especially upon her influential, courageous leadership of the National Labor Relations Board. Appointed to the NLRB by President Clinton on November 14, 1997, she became the often lone voice of dissent against the wave of anti-union, pro-employer decisions rendered by the arch conservative NLRB majority throughout the tenure of President George W. Bush. In an exquisite twist of political fate, one of the first official acts of President Obama was his appointment of Wilma Liebman to Chair the NLRB. With the nearly absolute and deeply enigmatic vanishment, not to say banishment, of Obama Labor Secretary Hilda Solis from the public limelight, Wilma Liebman quickly became the de facto Frances Perkins equivalent of the Obama administration. Wilma Liebman's visibility steadily and sharply increased, as she endeavored to undo a significant series of aberrational ultra conservative decisions by the reactionary super majority wing of the NLRB throughout the tenure of President George W. Bush. With the deeply controversial pursuit of Boeing by the NLRB's Acting General Counsel, the NLRB chaired by Liebman became the bull's eye for the Republican attack machine. By the fall of 2011, many influential Republican Senators vowed to, effectively, shut down the NLRB with the presumed help of a Republican President after the November 2012 elections. Throughout it all, Wilma Liebman remained resolute. Indeed, in addition to effectuating significant rectifications to the case law of the NLRB, her deep influence on NLRA policy and procedure seems likely to continue beyond her departure from the Board in the summer of 2011.


Today, word sense disambiguation (WSD) is an important technique for many natural language processing (NLP) applications such as grammatical analysis, content analysis, information retrieval and machine translation. Among them, the WSD technique is used for machine translation to find the correct sense of a word in a specific context. In machine translation, the input sentences in the source language are disambiguated in order to translate correctly in the target language which is Myanmar language that has many ambiguous words. Therefore, the distance-based WSD method is used for resolving ambiguity of words in Myanmar language. This system uses the Bilingual Corpus as the training data. This system can solve the semantic ambiguous problems that usually happen in Myanmar-to-English translation. After disambiguating, the rule-based method is used for language translation. This system intends to improve the precision of the Myanmar-to-English language translation system.


Virtual reality (VR) technology has introduced a range of equipment, contexts, and stimuli with possible applications in the context of design creativity. In response, recent studies have investigated VR as a tool that can be applied to enhance creativity. As a part of such research, this paper reviews existing studies and provides a state-of-the-art literature review based on the componential theory of creativity. Based on studies that investigate the use VR to enhance creativity, we found that VR can be used to improve specific factors to enhance creativity, and a natural environment can be considered a positive factor for enhancing creativity. Therefore, we propose a hypothesis that VR technology could be a useful method to simulate nature for enhancing creativity; experimentation based on the hypothesis is expected to be conducted in the future.


In September 2015, the world learned that Volkswagen had rigged millions of its "clean diesel" vehicles with illegal software designed to cheat emissions tests. Contrary to what had been advertised, the vehicles are anything but clean. The fraud, referred to as "Dieselgate," lasted for over seven years. When affected owners learned that their cars were much more toxic than advertised, what were they upset about? Was it that their cars were now worth fewer dollars? Or that they had been deceived into being bad global citizens, when they thought they were being good?

Coverage of Dieselgate strongly suggests that affected car-owners experienced both kinds of disappointment, economic and non-economic, and in heavy doses at that. But while the first kind of harm is relatively easy to recognize and address, this article shows that our protective regime is ill equipped to shield consumers from the second, a kind of "identity harm." Identity harm refers to the distress experienced by consumers who learn that the companies they bought from did not honor their environmental or social promises. It arises when consumers realize that they have become unwittingly implicated in commercial arrangements that harm the planet and/or other human beings.

Today, an ever-growing number of consumers and corporations are becoming sensitized to sustainability challenges. They are also becoming more expressive about their commitment to addressing those challenges. As the "market for virtue" expands, so too does exposure to identity harm. This article introduces identity harm and argues for its deeper legal recognition.


The study investigates whether raising technology transfer and strengthening the intellectual property rights (IPR) regime trigger domestic innovation by employing a panel data analysis for 58 developed and developing countries in the 1960-2010 period. Since theoretical and empirical literature has proved that innovation and technology were the prominent drivers of development process, analyzing the determinants of these factors have become crucial. Due to the globalization process, knowledge spreads faster than any other social and economic indicators; which makes the interactions between the types of knowledge more important. Thus, the study analyzes the impacts of foreign patents (as a proxy for technology transfer) and IPR on domestic innovation. According to the empirical analysis, it is found that technology transfer triggers domestic innovation both in developed and developing world. Contrary, it is also found that intellectual property protection is a detrimental factor for domestic innovation in mid income group while it bears fruit in high income group.


Self-assembly of large quantities of entirely water-soluble molecules is entropically challenging. In this work, we describe the design and synthesis of water-soluble aromatic (dichromonyl) molecules that can form nonamphiphilic assemblies and the so-called chromonic liquid crystal phase in water. We discover a new molecule, 5'DSCG-diviol, that exhibits a large birefringent phase, and we show that the formation of this unique class of nonamphiphilic lyotropic liquid crystal shares enormous similarity to the polymorphism observed for crystal formation. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) revealed a concentration-independent rod-shaped assembly at concentrations below and above the formation of liquid crystal phase. Adding a small percentage of monoanionic aromatic molecules to the liquid crystal resulted in the elimination of the liquid crystal phase, but addition of dianionic aromatic molecules retained the liquid crystal phase. Together, these results suggest a new assembly structure for nonamphiphilic molecules in water, which is comprised of long threads of small molecules connected by salt bridges stacked over aromatic groups, with the molecular threads heavily hydrated with solvent water. Furthermore, mixing molecules with different structures can result in new liquid crystalline materials, or in segregation of the molecules into different solvation volumes, each of which contains only one type of molecule. The unusual thermodynamic incompatibility of entirely water-soluble molecules also supports the model of molecular threads, in which two polymer-like assemblies do not mix.


This paper will describe methods of assessing a process' mobility need from a better understanding of mobility and a way of implementing a citizen and public servant perspective when defining citizen friendly rural Mobile Government (mGovernment). The expected results presented a part of an eTen-project; CIDRE. Objective is to supply electronic public services and solutions to overcome the "digital divide" and to strengthen the European Community. Advances in mGovernment oriented services are taking place and ICT usage becomes an integral part of many people�s lives and the available services become more varied.


Overfitting is the bane of data analysts, even when data are plentiful. Formal approaches to understanding this problem focus on statistical inference and generalization of individual analysis procedures. Yet the practice of data analysis is an inherently interactive and adaptive process: new analyses and hypotheses are proposed after seeing the results of previous ones, parameters are tuned on the basis of obtained results, and datasets are shared and reused. An investigation of this gap has recently been initiated by the authors in [7], where we focused on the problem of estimating expectations of adaptively chosen functions.

In this paper, we give a simple and practical method for reusing a holdout (or testing) set to validate the accuracy of hypotheses produced by a learning algorithm operating on a training set. Reusing a holdout set adaptively multiple times can easily lead to overfitting to the holdout set itself. We give an algorithm that enables the validation of a large number of adaptively chosen hypotheses, while provably avoiding overfitting. We illustrate the advantages of our algorithm over the standard use of the holdout set via a simple synthetic experiment.

We also formalize and address the general problem of data reuse in adaptive data analysis. We show how the differential-privacy based approach given in [7] is applicable much more broadly to adaptive data analysis. We then show that a simple approach based on description length can also be used to give guarantees of statistical validity in adaptive settings. Finally, we demonstrate that these incomparable approaches can be unified via the notion of approximate max-information that we introduce. This, in particular, allows the preservation of statistical validity guarantees even when an analyst adaptively composes algorithms which have guarantees based on either of the two approaches.


Abstract. Ensemble-based techniques have been widely utilized in estimating uncertainties in various problems of interest in geophysical applications. A new cloud retrieval method is proposed based on the particle filter (PF) by using ensembles of cloud information in the framework of Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) system. The PF cloud retrieval method is compared with the Multivariate Minimum Residual (MMR) method that was previously established and verified. Cloud retrieval experiments involving a variety of cloudy types are conducted with the PF and MMR methods with measurements of infrared radiances on multi-sensors onboard both geostationary and polar satellites, respectively. It is found that the retrieved cloud masks with both methods are consistent with other independent cloud products. MMR is prone to producing ambiguous small-fraction clouds, while PF detects clearer cloud signals, yielding closer heights of cloud top and cloud base to other references. More collections of small-fraction particles are able to effectively estimate the semi-transparent high clouds. It is found that radiances with high spectral resolutions contribute to quantitative cloud top and cloud base retrievals. In addition, a different way of resolving the filtering problem over each model grid is tested to better aggregate the weights with all available sensors considered, which is proven to be less constrained by the ordering of sensors. Compared to the MMR method, the PF method is overall more computationally efficient, and the cost of the model grid-based PF method scales more directly with the number of computing nodes.


This study investigates emotional display rules within the Palestinian context, focusing on the seven basic emotions in a sample of 150 college students from the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Overall, participants felt that it was more appropriate to express positive emotions (happiness and surprise) than negative powerful (anger, contempt and disgust) or negative powerless (fear and sadness) emotions. They also perceived it to be more appropriate to express positive and negative powerless emotions to ingroup than outgroup members and to express negative powerful emotions to lower status compared to higher status individuals. Gender differences were also found: men endorsed greater expression of both powerful and, surprisingly, powerless emotions than women, but only when interacting with outgroup members. Results are interpreted in terms of the cultural values of individualism-collectivism and power distance as well as cultural differences in emotional expressiveness between collectivistic societies. This study is one of the first to examine emotional display rules in an Arab population, thus expanding our current knowledge base.


The present study aimed to improve the experiences of pre-service science teachers in content development using Web 2.0 tools and to determine the effects of these experiences on their self-efficacy beliefs in content development via Web 2.0 tools. The present study was conducted with a mixed design that included empirical and phenomenological methods. Forty-two pre-service science teachers participated in the study. During the implementation, pre-service teachers developed content using Web 2.0 tools such as Kahoot, Quizizz, Powtoon, Emaze, MindMeister and Toondoo and shared the content with the class using Edmodo. "Self-Efficacy Belief Scale on Fast Content Development via Web 2.0" was used as pre- and post-tests. Findings demonstrated that pre-service teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and all sub-dimensions of content development via Web 2.0 tools improved as a result of the implementation. The views of them were grouped under seven themes; prejudice, satisfaction, awareness, fun, infrastructure problems, language problems and tool problems. Additionally, when the mean of item responses were examined, it was seen that the highest one was about preparing worksheet self-efficacy belief.  Furthermore, it was determined that pre-service teachers were happy to participate in the implementation, recognized ways to integrate technology in their fields, and had fun while developing content.


Patterned hair loss (PHL) affects around 50% of the adult population worldwide. The negative impact that this condition exerts on people's life quality has boosted the appearance of over-the-counter products endowed with hair-promoting activity. Nutraceuticals enriched in polyphenols have been recently shown to promote hair growth and counteract PHL. Malus pumila Miller cv. Annurca is an apple native to Southern Italy presenting one of the highest contents of Procyanidin B2. We have recently shown that oral consumption of Annurca polyphenolic extracts (AAE) stimulates hair growth, hair number, hair weight and keratin content in healthy human subjects. Despite its activity, the analysis of the molecular mechanism behind its hair promoting effect is still partially unclear. In this work we performed an unprecedented metabolite analysis of hair follicles (HFs) in mice topically treated with AAE. The metabolomic profile, based on a high-resolution mass spectrometry approach, revealed that AAE re-programs murine HF metabolism. AAE acts by inhibiting several NADPH dependent reactions. Glutaminolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, glutathione, citrulline and nucleotide synthesis are all halted in vivo by the treatment of HFs with AAE. On the contrary, mitochondrial respiration, β-oxidation and keratin production are stimulated by the treatment with AAE. The metabolic shift induced by AAE spares amino acids from being oxidized, ultimately keeping them available for keratin biosynthesis.


We report our study of deposited thermal energy in silicon induced by multiple-pulse femtosecond laser irradiation. Using infrared thermography, we quantified through in situ direct measurement of temperature fields that a significant portion of laser power (two-thirds or more) was deposited into the silicon substrate instead of being reflected or carried away with the ablated material. This is believed to be the first reported study of direct in situ measurement of temperature fields as the result of deposited thermal energy from multiple femtosecond laser pulses. Our simulation results support the measured data.


Author(s): King, C. Judson | Abstract: History of Chemical Engineering (Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering) at the University of California, Berkeley including establishment of department within the College of Chemistry. The department has an unusual history among chemical engineering programs in the United States and also has become one of the most respected departments in that area. Although not unique, only a few chemical engineering programs sit outside of engineering departments in the United States.


Digital forensics deals with the acquisition, preservation, examination, analysis and presentation of electronic evidence. Networked computing, wireless communications and portable electronic devices have expanded the role of digital forensics beyond traditional computer crime investigations. Practically every crime now involves some aspect of digital evidence; digital forensics provides the techniques and tools to articulate this evidence. Digital forensics also has myriad intelligence applications. Furthermore, it has a vital role in information assurance - investigations of security breaches yield valuable information that can be used to design more secure systems. Advances in Digital Forensics V describes original research results and innovative applications in the discipline of digital forensics. In addition, it highlights some of the major technical and legal issues related to digital evidence and electronic crime investigations. The areas of coverage include: themes and issues, forensic techniques, integrity and privacy, network forensics, forensic computing, investigative techniques, legal issues and evidence management. This book is the fifth volume in the annual series produced by the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) Working Group 11.9 on Digital Forensics, an international community of scientists, engineers and practitioners dedicated to advancing the state of the art of research and practice in digital forensics. The book contains a selection of twenty-three edited papers from the Fifth Annual IFIP WG 11.9 International Conference on Digital Forensics, held at the National Center for Forensic Science, Orlando, Florida, USA in the spring of 2009. Advances in Digital Forensics V is an important resource for researchers, faculty members and graduate students, as well as for practitioners and individuals engaged in research and development efforts for the law enforcement and intelligence communities.


The aims to evaluate the effectiveness of dislocated and unstable knee joint reconstruction using calcanei combined with an Achilles tendon allograft using one-stage arthroscopy. From January 2008 to January 2010, we treated 11 patients with knee-joint dislocation using calcanei combined with an Achilles tendon allograft using one-stage arthroscopy. A total of 9 males and 2 females aged 17 years to 45 years (average age of 22.3 years) were included in this study. All patients were treated with calcanei combined with an Achilles tendon allograft. The posterior cruciate, medial collateral, anterior cruciate and lateral collateral ligaments were reconstructed. All incisions healed at the first follow-up two weeks after operation. Ten of the patients were monitored for 24 months to 36 months (average of 30 months). Kneejoint function was evaluated using Lysholm and International Knee Documentation Committee scores. Significant differences were found between the pre- and post-operation Lysholm and IKDC scores (P<0.05), as well as between the pre- and post-operation movement ranges (P<0.05). The application of calcanei combined with an Achilles tendon allograft for the treatment of dislocated knee joints using one-stage arthroscopy recovered the stability and movement range of the knee joint. Therefore, the proposed method leads to satisfactory clinical effects.


The results of analytical studies of tail-pipe-burning, water-injection, and bleedoff methods of thrust augmentation are presented that provide an insight into the operating characteristics of these augmentation methods and summarizes the performance that may be obtained when applied to a typical turbojet engine. A brief description of the principles of operation of each augmentation method is given, together with curves that illustrate the effects of the principal design and operating variables of the augmentation system on the thrust and the liquid consumption of the engine. The necessity of designing tail-pipe burners with a low burner-inlet velocity, a low burner drag, and a high diffuser efficiency in order to obtain a high thrust augmentation and to minimize the loss in engine performance during nonburning operation is illustrated.


Porous ethyl cellulose (EC) microspheres were prepared from the acetone-glycerin-water ternary system using an oil/water (O/W)-type emulsion solvent extraction method. The O/ W type emulsion was prepared using acetone dissolved ethyl cellulose as an oil phase and aqueous glycerin as a water phase. The effects of the different solvent extraction modes on the porosity of the microspheres were investigated. The specific surface area of the porous EC microspheres was estimated by the gas adsorption method. When the solvent was extracted rapidly by mixing the emulsion with water instantaneously, porous EC microspheres with a maximum specific surface area of 40.7±2.1 m2/g were obtained. On the other hand, when water was added gradually to the emulsion, the specific surface area of the fabricated microspheres decreased rapidly with an increase in the infusion period, with the area being 25-45% of the maximum value. The results of an analysis of the ternary phase diagram of the system suggested that the penetration of water and glycerin from the continuous phase to the dispersed phase before solidification affected the porosity of the fabricated EC microspheres.


For downhole microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing, the acquisition is performed using a set of three-component (3C) seismic receivers attached firmly to the borehole wall by a clamping mechanism. Such an acquisition cannot be repeated, and it is focused on recording weak signals. Thus, proper installation of the receivers is especially crucial for microseismic applications. We have developed a case study of using a seismic-interferometry approach for assessing the receiver's installation quality from ambient-noise records. Crosscorrelation of one vertical receiver noise records with the others allows us to retrieve the direct body wave propagating along the receiver array. Our observations indicate that the inability to retrieve the direct body wave is an indicator of clamping issues. Our case study does not support the emergence-frequency hypothesis reported in the literature (that higher frequencies present in the retrieved body-wave spectrum imply better clamping quality). Another conclusion is that seismic-interferometry processing provides a stable assessment of the clamping quality only for the vertical receivers. Thus, one gets only partial diagnostics of the clamping quality for the 3C downhole tool. This is important because the horizontal components may be affected more by the clamping issues compared with the vertical components. The overall conclusion is that seismic-interferometry processing of noise records is recommended for the assessment of the downhole receiver installation prior to microseismic monitoring. It does not provide complete diagnostics but comes for free (does not need any additional technological operations or extra time).


Abstract: Interpretations of Peirce's development after 1898 often mix three kinds of arguments: one argument about belief, one argument about philosophy and practice, and one argument about the causal role of James's writings on Peirce's development. I shall focus here on the last two points: theory and practice and the alleged role of James. James's role in Peirce's development is somewhat overestimated and one can doubt Peirce's worries about the dogmatic use of the scientific method and of philosophy in morals are conditioned by James's writings only. Peirce's re-readings and refinements of his Illustrations started no later than the early 1880s, at a time when James was not as central a reference as it became after 1900 for the philosophic stage. To support that claim, I wish to focus here on one particular point: the distrust towards those who try to "mingle" philosophy and practice is by no means a new theme in the 1890s. One of the most telling examples of such a claim is the 1885 review of Royce's The Religious Aspect of Philosophy, some thirteen years before the quarrel over pragmatism started.


There is a large body of research in economics and law suggesting that the legal origin of a country—that is, whether its legal regime is based on English common law or French, German, or Nordic civil law—profoundly impacts a range of outcomes. However, the exact relationship between legal origin and legal substance has been disputed in the literature and not fully explored with nuanced legal coding. We revisit this debate while leveraging novel cross-country data sets that provide detailed coding of two areas of laws: property and antitrust. We find that having shared legal origins strongly predicts whether countries have similar property regimes but does little to predict whether countries have similar antitrust regimes. Our results suggest that legal origin may be an important predictor of legal substance in well-established legal regimes but does little to explain substantive variation in more recent areas of law.


Background/objective: A nationwide survey on the resistance to first line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drugs was conducted in Ghana from 2007-2008 by Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research in collaboration with the National Tuberculosis Control Programme. We aimed to characterize mycobacterial species causing pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and determine the resistance pattern to first line anti-TB drugs among newly diagnosed and previously treated PTB patients in Ghana. Methods: Two sputum samples from consented new smear positive PTB patients who had never been treated for TB or had been on anti-TB treatment for less than a month and patients who had been treated for TB previously for more than a month in selected diagnostic centres nationwide were collected for culture, identification and drug susceptibility test. Culture positive isolates were tested against streptomycin (S), isoniazid (H), rifampicin (R) and ethambutol (E) using the simplified proportion method and line probe assay (LPA). The LPA was performed in mid-2017. Results: Among 410 samples, 345 positive cultures were obtained and identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Of the 345 isolates, 133 were further differentiated by GenoType MTBC® as M. tuberculosis, 126 (94.7%) and M. africanum 7 (5.3%). The overall drug resistance patterns were as follows: 43/345 (12.5%), 6/345 (1.7%), 9/345 (2.6%) and 71/345 (20.6%) were resistant to H, R, E and S respectively and 5/345 (1.4%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Conclusion: The results indicate high levels of resistance to S and H among new and previously treated TB patients. We recommend adequate surveillance systems including periodic national anti-TB drug resistance surveys.


From the Publisher:
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With the massive deployment of broadband access to the end-users, the continuous improvement of the hardware capabilities of end devices and better video compression techniques, acceptable conditions have been met to unleash over-the-top bandwidth demanding and time-stringent P2P applications, as multiview real-time media distribution. Such applications enable the transmission of multiple views of the same scene, providing consumers with a more immersive visual experience.

This thesis proposes an architecture to distribute multiview real-time media content using a hybrid DVB-T2, client-server and P2P paradigms, supported by an also novel QoS solution. The approach minimizes packet delay, inter-ISP traffic and traffic at the ISP core network, which are some of the main drawbacks of P2P networks, whilst still meeting stringent QoS demands. The proposed architecture uses DVB-T2 to distribute a self-contained and fully decodable base-layer video signal, assumed to be always available to the end-user, and an IP network to distribute in parallel - with increased delay - additional IP video streams. The result is a decoded video quality that adapts to individual end-user conditions and maximizes viewing experience.

To achieve its target goal this architecture: defines new services for the ISP's services network and new roles for the ISP core, edge and border routers; makes use of pure IP multicast transmission at the ISP's core network, greatly minimizing bandwidth consumption; constructs a geographically contained P2P network that uses P2P application-level multicast trees to assist the distribution of the IP video streams at the ISP access networks, greatly reducing inter-ISP traffic, and; describes a novel QoS control architecture that takes advantage of the Internet resource over-provisioning techniques to meet stringent QoS demands in a scalable manner.

The proposed architecture has been implemented in both real testbed implementation and ns-2 simulations. Results have shown a highly scalable P2P overlay construction algorithm with very fast computation of application-level multicast trees (in the order of milliseconds) and efficient reaction to peer-churn, with no perceptually annoying impairments noticed. Furthermore, huge bandwidth savings are achieved at the ISP core network, which considerably lower the management and investment costs in infrastructure. The QoS based results have also shown that the proposed approach effectively deploys a fast and scalable resource and admission control mechanism, greatly minimizing QoS related signalling events by using a per-class over-provisioning approach and thus preventing per-flow QoS reservation signalling messages. Moreover, the QoS control architecture is aware of network link resources in real-time and supports for service differentiation and network convergence by guaranteeing that each admitted traffic flow receives the contracted QoS.

Finally, the proposed Scalable Architecture for Multiview Real-Time Media Distribution for Next Generation Networks, as a component for a large project demonstrator, has been evaluated by an independent panel of experts following ITU recommendations, obtaining an excellent evaluation as computed by Mean Opinion Score.


A new numerical method is developed for producing metameric spectral-reflectance functions of given object colors. The computational procedure is simpler than those found in earlier studies. For a given illuminant, observer, and set of tristimulus values, spectral-reflectance functions of object colors are derived, which are metameric with respect to the given conditions. Smoothed metameric spectral-reflectance functions of object colors can also be produced, which resemble those found in actual paint and dye products. The method can be extended to generate spectral-reflectance functions of object colors that are metameric with respect to several conditions of illuminant-observer combinations taken simultaneously. For two spectral-reflectance functions that give an incomplete color match with respect to the given illuminant and observer, the present method can be used to make an appropriate adjustment to one of the spectral-reflectance functions so that a metameric match results.


ABSTRACT  Species distribution modelling has revealed shifts in the spatial distribution of the range of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) in eastern North America. Models project a decline in eastern hemlock at the southern portion of its range, but not contraction of the southern boundary. In 2003, the vertical, horizontal, and diameter structure and diameter-age relationships of eastern hemlock were quantified in 10 stands thought to represent the species' 10 southernmost stands on the Cumberland Plateau in Alabama. In 2013, we resurveyed these stands to document changes in stand characteristics over the past decade. In addition, we explored additional reaches of stream corridors known to support eastern hemlock to document additional stands previously undescribed in the literature. Results from our resampling revealed that stands had similar stem frequencies over the 10-yr period, but, generally, the number of canopy stems and the number of seedlings declined. The decline in seedlings may have been a result of mortality or recruitment to larger size classes. The decline in canopy trees may have been caused by regional drought in 2007 or localized severe weather events. Our additional sampling yielded one stand not previously described. Although we cannot rule out additional disjunct stands in the area, we speculate that no eastern hemlock stands occur farther south than those documented here. Based on our results, we suggest that these stands are reproductively viable with episodic regeneration, and there has been no evidence of range contraction at the southern range limit over the past decade.


Following an introduction to the broader context of the Symposium, the scope of the
oral presentations is summarized under three themes: a global synthesis of fisheries
impacts in different ecosystems; an overview of the methods available for quantifying
ecosystem impacts; and the integration of fisheries and environmental management.
The presentations generated substantial evidence that marine ecosystems have been
impacted by fishing. Also there appeared to be a broad consensus that the present
approach to achieving conservation objectives of fisheries management does not
sufficiently take into account ecosystem considerations. There was not, however, a
consensus on what additional restrictions are required, or on what features of
ecosystems need to be protected. A way forward is to add ecosystem objectives to the
conservation component of fisheries management plans, as well as to the management
plans for other ocean-use sectors. The aggregate ocean-use activities would need to be
evaluated in a nested manner, at a range of geographic scales, in relation to the more
broadly defined conservation objectives. It is suggested that the geographic scales for
evaluation of ecosystem considerations could be defined in a pragmatic manner based
on the somewhat artificial boundaries of political and administrative systems already
in place. The six conservation objectives proposed are maintenance of (1) ecosystem
diversity, (2) species diversity, (3) genetic variability within species, (4) directly
impacted species, (5) ecologically dependent species, and (6) trophic level balance.
Indicators for each objective are discussed, as well as reference points that would
trigger management actions. Such a broadening of conservation objectives for fisheries
mangement would require both enhanced monitoring and a greater workload added to
the process of provision of scientific advice through peer review. Of equal importance
would be the challenges of establishing a governance framework to address multiple
uses of marine resources. The spirit of the Symposium was that these coupled scientific
and governance challenges will be very stimulating.


Plastic behavioral adaptation to human activities can result in the enhancement and establishment of distinct behavioral types within a population. Such inter-individual behavioral variations, if unaccounted for, can lead to biases in our understanding of species' feeding habits, movement pattern and habitat selection. We tracked the movements of 16 adult brown bears in a small and isolated population in north- east Turkey to (1) identify inter- individual behavioral variations associated with the use of a garbage dump and (2) to examine how these variations influenced ranging patterns, movements behavior and habitat selection. We identified two remarkably distinct behavioral types: bears that regularly visited the dump and remained seden- tary year-round and bears that never visited the dump and migrated 165.7 ? 20.1 km (round-trip mean cumulative distance ? SE) prior to hibernation to search for food. We demonstrated that during migratory trips, bears moved more rapidly and were less selective in habitat choice than during the sedentary phase ; during the migration phase, forest cover was the only important environmental characteristic. Our results thus reinforce the growing evidence that animals' use of the landscape largely changes according to movement phase. Our study shows that anthropogenic food resources can influence food habits, which can have cascading effects on movement patterns and hence habitat selection, ultimately resulting in the establishment of distinct behavioral types within a population. Identification and consideration of these behavioral types is thus fundamental for the correct implementation of evidence-based conservation strategies at the population level.


Background: Achilles tendinopathy is a common injury for active patient populations and is challenging to treat. Acupuncture tendon-based therapy was first described in the Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine. In modern times, specific techniques have been described poorly in the literature. The aim of this case report is to describe a new technique of acupuncture for the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy and provide 2 illustrative cases. Cases: Treatments for the 2 patients were performed in a deployed military treatment facility. SERIN® 0.25 mm × 40 mm needles placed at BL 60, BL 61, KI 3, and KI 4, with needles directed into the Achilles tendon of each patient. Needles were inserted until a firm catch of the needle entering the tendon was discerned. Energy was placed from KI 3(-) → KI 4(+) and BL61 (-) → BL 60(+) at 30 Hz for 15 minutes. Results: Both patients reported symptomatic reduction in Achilles tendinopathy pain and functional improvement following the described treatments. Conclusions: This case series describes two cases of successful Achilles tendinopathy therapy using direct tendon needle insertion with electrostimulation. This novel technique may provide an effective adjunct to traditional therapies in the treatment of Achilles tendinopathy.


In this in-depth historical analysis of evangelical theology, Gary Dorrien describes how evangelicalism has developed and matured. Beginning at the turn of the century and the start of the fundamentalist-modernist controversies, he notes the key figures and institutions of the evangelical movement. He also shows how evangelicalism has both diversified and entered into the broader theological discussions of today.