Hundreds of millions of hectares of tropical forest have been selectively logged, either legally or illegally. Methods for detecting and monitoring tropical selective logging using satellite data are at an early stage, with current methods only able to detect more intensive timber harvest (>20m 3 ha −1 ). The spatial resolution of widely available datasets, like Landsat, have previously been considered too coarse to measure the subtle changes in forests associated with less intensive selective logging, yet most present-day logging is at low in- tensity. We utilized a detailed selective logging dataset from over 11,000ha of forest in Rondônia, southern Brazilian Amazon, to develop a Random Forest machine-learning algorithm for detecting low-intensity selective logging (<15m 3 ha −1 ). We show that Landsat imagery acquired before the cessation of logging activities (i.e. the inal cloud-free image of the dry season during logging) was better at detecting selective logging than imagery acquired at the start of the following dry season (i.e. the irst cloud-free image of the next dry season). Within our study area the detection rate of logged pixels was approximately 90% (with roughly 20% commission and 8% omission error rates) and approximately 40% of the area inside low-intensity selective logging tracts were labelled as logged. Application of the algorithm to 6152ha of selectively logged forest at a second site in Pará, northeast Brazilian Amazon, resulted in the detection of 2316ha (38%) of selective logging (with 20% commission and 7% omission error rates). This suggests that our method can detect low-intensity selective logging across large areas of the Amazon. It is thus an important step forward in developing systems for detecting selective logging pan-tropically with freely available data sets, and has key implications for monitoring logging and implementing carbon-based payments for ecosystem service schemes.


Spatio-temporal constraints coupled with social constructs have the potential to create fluid predictability to human mobility patterns. Accordingly, predictability in human mobility is non-monotonic and varies according to this spatio-socio-temporal context. Here, we propose that the predictability in human mobility is a state and not a static trait of individuals. First, we show that time (of the week) explains people's whereabouts more than the sequences of locations they visit. Then, we show that not only does predictability depend on time but also the type of activity an individual is engaged in, thus establishing the importance of contexts in human mobility.


Background: Early diagnosis of brain tumors has significant effect on the treatment process. Brain metastatic tumors are usually diagnosed following the neurological symptoms in patients or incidentally after Computerized Tomography (CT) scan and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) requests of the brain. Objectives: Implementation of a new method for being informed about the origin of brain tumors by using MRI before surgery. Materials and Methods: In this study, 25 patients with brain metastatic tumors were randomly selected and imaged with T2Weighted multi echo sequences and GRE EPI (DWI) in addition to taking routine sequence of brain. Software output such as variables including signal intensity, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) value. In order to analyze the data and correlations between variables in this study, statistical t-test method and Graph pad prism software: version 5.4 has been used. p<0.05 was considered as the level of significance. Results: Significant difference between ADC values at the center of metastatic tumors with different origin was found. ADC value of 0.5613±0.02580 (×10 −3 mm/s) indicates brain metastatic tumors with lung origin, ADC value of 1.009±0.03820 (×10 −3 mm/s) tumors with liver and breast origin, and ADC value of 1.556±0.03500 (×10 −3 mm/s) tumors with colon and prostate origin. Conclusion: According to our results, DWI MRI as an imaging biomarker can determine the origin of the brain metastatic tumors, so that we can help patients and physicians in terms of time, financial and choice of the best treatment method.


Need to swot up on your Shakespeare? If you've always felt a bit embarrassed at your precarious grasp on the plot of Othello, or you haven't a clue what a petard - as in 'hoist with his own petard' - actually is, then fear not, because this, at last, is the perfect guide to bring you up to speed. From the authors of the number-one bestselling Homework for Grown-ups, Shakespeare for Grown-ups is the essential book for anyone keen to deepen their knowledge of the Bard's key plays and sonnets. For parents keen to help with their children's homework, casual theatre-goers who want to enhance their enjoyment and understanding of the most-performed plays and the general reader who feels they should probably know more about Britain's most splendid scribe, Shakespeare for Grown-ups covers the historical context of his writing; his personal life, contemporaries and influences; his language and poetic skill; the key themes of his oeuvre; his less familiar works and characters; modern-day adaptations and productions; theories about the authorship of his plays; his most famous speeches and quotations; phrases and words that have entered general usage, and much more. With lively in-depth chapters on all the key works including Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, The Tempest, Romeo and Juliet, Much Ado About Nothing, Antony and Cleopatra, Richard II, Henry V, A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice and Macbeth, Shakespeare for Grown-ups is the only guide to the Scribe you'll ever need.


International financial market participants and regulators are watching as the United States attempts to come to grips with the most serious consequences of the crisis in financial markets. Multiple strategies are being used, including bailouts, bank stimulus packages, recapitalization of financial institutions, insolvency restructurings, mortgage programs, guarantees for interbank lending, and direct asset purchases. The causes of the financial turmoil are numerous and complex, but one underlying cause was activities in the credit derivatives market. The fragmentation of regulation over the U.S. financial system, with at least five oversight bodies, has arguably resulted in significant gaps in regulatory oversight. The treatment of credit default swaps is one of them. This Article explores the issue of credit default swaps, and the potential role of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) going forward. Credit default swaps are the most common credit derivative product globally. The figures on the extent of the credit derivatives market vary, but they are all in the tens of trillions of U.S. dollars, of which about 80% are credit default swaps. Credit default swaps have been around for a number of years. They are financial instruments that were originally designed to manage risk exposure. However, a number of shifts in the market, including a radical increase in the speculative aspects of the market, the diminution of credit ratings, and the shift in market share from banks to hedge funds, created problems that eventually contributed to a number of financial failures. The policy question now is how to preserve the positive risk management aspects of credit default swaps while slowing the speculative aspects of the market. In relation to the SEC, the question is, what is its oversight, policy, and enforcement role with respect to such derivatives? This Article is divided into three parts:- a discussion of credit default swaps, their recent role in financial markets and their effects on governance of corporations;- an examination of the role of the SEC historically in respect of derivatives and the current question of whether it should acquire regulatory power over credit default swaps; and - suggestions for additional policy considerations to guide the SEC's deliberations as it charts a course for the future.


A structure that can reduce abrupt-bend losses in dielectric optical waveguides is proposed. The structure has a relatively low refractive-index region at the outside of the corner; the region operates as a phase-front accelerator of the propagating mode. It has been ascertained by basic experiments that the bending loss of this structure can be significantly reduced from that of the conventional one.


Acting the Right Part is a cultural history of huaju (modern Chinese drama) from 1966 to 1996. Xiaomei Chen situates her study both in the context of Chinese literary and cultural history and in the context of comparative drama and theater, cultural studies, and critical issues relevant to national theater worldwide. Following a discussion of the marginality of modern Chinese drama in relation to other genres, periods, and cultures, early chapters focus on the dynamic relationship between theater and revolution. Chosen during the Cultural Revolution as the exclusive artistic vehicle to promote proletariat art, "model theater" raises important questions about the complex relationships between women, memory, nation/state, revolution, and visual culture. Throughout this study, Chen argues that dramatic norms inform both theatrical performance and everyday political behavior in contemporary China.


Unmanned ground vehicles tend to be more and more autonomous. Nowadays, both complete teleoperation and full autonomy are not efficient enough to deal with all possible situations. To be efficient, the human-robot system must be able to anticipate, react, recover and even learn from errors of different kinds, i.e., to be resilient. Adjustable autonomy is a way to react to unplanned events and to optimise the task allocation between the human operator and the robot. It thus can be seen as a component of the resilience of a system which can be defined as the ability to maintain or recover a stable state when subject to disturbance. In this paper, adjustable autonomy and human-robot cooperation are considered as means to control the resilience. This paper then proposes an approach to design a resilient human-robot system through some defined criteria which aim at assessing the transitions of the modes of autonomy. Perspectives of this approach intend to provide metrics for the adjustment of autonomy in the most resilient way. First results from experiments achieved on a micro-world aim at a preliminary assessment of the different meanings of resilience of the system using the proposed metrics.


Convex image restoration is a major field in inverse problems. The problem is often addressed by hand-tuning hyper-parameters. We propose an incremental contribution about a Bayesian approach where a convex field is constructed via Location Mixture of Gaussian and the estimator computed with a fast MCMC algorithm. Main contributions are a new field with several operator avoiding crosslike artifacts and a fallback sampling algorithm to prevent numerical errors. Results, in comparison to standard supervised results, have equivalent quality in a quasi-unsupervised approach and go with uncertainty quantification.


This thesis is particularly concerned with everyday creativity as a social practice that is taking place within the digital environment. Web 2.0 made it much easier for laypersons to produce and publish digital content and to participate in online communities. Through participation community members can acquire domain-relevant knowledge as well as develop their digital competency. In some areas, online communities of highly motivated amateurs (Pro-Ams) work to professional standards and even achieve better results than their professional colleagues. Open Source software projects or Wikis are among areas that rely on committed amateurs and the strength of a community.
The empirical stage of the research comprises two studies that aim to investigate the role of ICT and the Internet in everyday creative activities and how the use of digital tools for creativity can be facilitated and improved. An exploratory online survey revealed that the majority of participants are involved in everyday creative activities many of which are performed with the use of digital tools. However, the lack of digital competency and skills has been proved to be among the main barriers to using software tools for everyday creativity and participation in the digital environment.
Taking into account the survey data that revealed digital photo-editing and manipulation to be the most popular creative activity among participants, a powerful, free, image-editing program - the GIMP - was chosen for the experiment. A group of people with no professional knowledge of using image editing programs participated in a single-day workshop where they learned how to do basic image processing with a free software editor, the GIMP. Data collection methods involved questionnaires, observation and follow-up telephone interviews. The GIMP tutorial and practice session proved to be successful in engaging non-professionals in image manipulation with the GIMP and facilitating further use and learning through individual effort.


Payment methods like the Starbucks Rewards Card, while imitating liquidity, are challenged by confidence-detracting barriers of too little consumer knowledge and a lack of appropriate remedies. Starbucks operates as a non-banking firm performing an essential banking function – the storage of money for consumers to later use. Consumers are rarely well informed of the nature of this transaction and the relief that may be available when contracting for a future sale. Recent congressional action (CAFA) limiting class action lawsuits to Federal Court significantly limits traditional consumer relief while the bankruptcy code provides little relief should the merchant find itself insolvent. All the while, consumers continue to entrust more than $1 billion each year for merchants to hold with no guarantee that the credits will be honored, few enforcement mechanisms to force merchants to do so, and little relief if the company files bankruptcy. Using the metaphor of consumption gentrification, this Article re-conceptualizes the stored value cards problem as a confluence between fair dealing and risk allocation. In doing so, the Article suggests several avenues of relief, but proposes comprehensive reform that incorporates commercial policy, regulatory oversight, and social consumer awareness.


Background: Research regarding the Nintendo WiiTM has focused on rehabilitation and balance benefits as well as energy expenditure for games such as boxing and tennis. There is a gap, however, in the literature regarding perceived exertion of the WiiTM compared to other modes of exercise. Research question:The purpose of this laboratory-based study was to compare perceived exertion on the Nintendo WiiTM and two traditional modes of exercise : the treadmill and cycle ergometer. It was expected that the WiiTM would show lower ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) values. Type of study: A repeated measures design was used. Methods: Five healthy males (average age = 21.4 years) and seven females (average age = 22.1 years) completed three 20 minute exercise sessions in random order, one each using the cycle ergometer, the treadmill and the Nintendo Wii Fit PlusTM. Exercise intensity was fixed at 65% (± 5 bpm) of each participant's age predicted maximum heart rate. Ratings of perceived exertion and HR were measured every minute. Additionally overall RPE was collected at the end of each trial. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance confirmed that although exercise intensity was consistent across the three exercise methods, overall RPE was lowest for the Nintendo WiiTM (9.50) followed by the treadmill (9.92) and finally the cycle ergometer (11.08), F(1,11) = 10.17, p<0.01. Conclusions: When compared to certain traditional exercise modalities the Nintendo Wii Fit PlusTM was perceived to require less effort. Therefore, using the Nintendo Wii Fit PlusTM is likely to result in higher exercise adherence rates.


In the 18th century, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon posed and later solved the following problem [1, 2], which is often called the first problem ever solved in geometric probability: Given a floor divided into vertical strips of the same width, what is the probability that a needle thrown onto the floor randomly will cross two strips? This entry formally defines the problem in the case where the needle's position is chosen uniformly at random in a single strip around the origin (which is equivalent to larger arrangements due to symmetry). It then provides proofs of the simple solution in the case where the needle's length is no greater than the width of the strips and the more complicated solution in the opposite case.


This article presents a general framework for formulating cutting planes in the context of column generation for integer programs. Valid inequalities can be derived using the variables of an equivalent compact formulation (i.e., the subproblem variables) or the master problem variables. In the first case, cuts are added to the compact formulation, either at the master level or the subproblem level, and the decomposition process is reapplied. In the second case, we show that it is possible to model inequalities defined on the master problem variables by adding new variables and constraints to the subproblem formulation. The augmented subproblem indirectly indicates that there exists an augmented compact formulation that includes these new variables and constraints. Three examples on how to apply this framework are presented: the vehicle routing problem with time windows, the edge coloring problem, and the cutting stock problem. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 58(4), 301–310 2011


Author(s): Morrow, III, William; Shehabi, Arman; Smith, Sarah | Abstract: The LIGHTEnUP Analysis Tool (Lifecycle Industry GreenHouse gas, Technology and Energy through the Use Phase) has been developed for The United States Department of Energy's (U.S. DOE) Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) to forecast both the manufacturing sector and product life-cycle energy consumption implications of manufactured products across the U.S. economy. The tool architecture incorporates publicly available historic and projection datasets of U.S. economy-wide energy use including manufacturing, buildings operations, electricity generation and transportation. The tool requires minimal inputs to define alternate scenarios to business-as-usual projection data. The tool is not an optimization or equilibrium model and therefore does not select technologies or deployment scenarios endogenously. Instead, inputs are developed exogenous to the tool by the user to reflect detailed engineering calculations, future targets and goals, or creative insights. The tool projects the scenario's energy, CO2 emissions, and energy expenditure (i.e., economic spending to purchase energy) implications and provides documentation to communicate results. The tool provides a transparent and uniform system of comparing manufacturing and use-phase impacts of technologies. The tool allows the user to create multiple scenarios that can reflect a range of possible future outcomes. However, reasonable scenarios require careful attention to assumptions and details about the future. This tool is part of an emerging set of AMO's life cycle analysis (LCA) tool such as the Material Flows the Industry (MFI) tool [1] [2], and the Additive Manufacturing LCA tool [3].


i¾ This book, covering the public beta of Photoshop CS3 will get you up to speed with the new interface changes, and will help you learn all of the new features in the CS3 beta such as next generation Camera Raw, new and improved Bridge, Photoshop Lightroom Integration, improved printing, Nondestructive smart filters, black and white conversion controls, improved curves, automatic Layer Alignment and Blending, and more. The Photoshop CS3 Beta is available free for download on Adobe labs for registered users of of either Photoshop CS2, Adobe Creative Suite 2 Standard or Premium, Adobe Production Studio Standard and Premium, Adobe Video Bundle or Adobe Web Bundle.


Abstract This paper describes the classical approach for calculation of wind driven airflow through large openings in buildings and discusses the fulfilment of the limiting assumptions. It is demonstrated that the limiting assumptions are not fulfilled for large openings in buildings for cross ventilation, and therefore, the classical approach is not appropriate for prediction of airflow through large openings in buildings in the cross ventilation case. Using the approach for real openings and estimating the discharge coefficient for window openings has also not been very successful. The discharge coefficient cannot be regarded as a constant and it is very difficult to estimate correct values resulting in less accuracy of prediction of natural ventilation.


The recovery of the Asia-Pacific from the global economic crisis of 2008-09 is underway but incomplete. Despite encouraging progress, major risks remain, ranging from slow growth and persistent unemployment to reemerging global imbalances and renewed financial volatility. The policies that stopped the economic freefall—massive stimulus and financial bailout packages— were urgent, relatively easy to sell politically, and to a large extent forced by circumstances. This report argues that sustained recovery now requires tackling different problems, including international imbalances among the United States, China, and other economies. U.S. consumers are not likely to drive world demand in the medium term, and the slack will have to be taken up in part by Asian consumption and investment. The early policy responses, successful as they were in averting a larger calamity, were not designed to address longer-term issues, and some are even counterproductive from that perspective.

http://macrofinance.nipfp.org.in/PDF/08_6Pr_Dobson_Balanced and Sustained Growth Prospects in Asia-Pacific.pdf


The comprehensiveness of Islamic law has been questioned seriously in the modern period by Muslim reformists like Rashīd Riḍā. Such reformists have used as evidence Qur'anic verses and Prophetic reports that seem to state clearly that the strictures of Islamic law are few and limited and that Muslims should not extend them to all areas of life. How could the Shariah have developed as a holistic and exhaustive body of law in light of such evidence? Looking back at earlier Muslim scholars from the ninth to the eighteenth centuries, however, we see that these Qur'anic verses and Prophetic edicts were never understood in this way. They were either diffused with various hermeneutic strategies or understood as applying to debates unrelated to the comprehensiveness or minimalism of the Shariah.


In a recent policy reversal, the Department of Justice has, for the first time, pursued antitrust liability for "reverse payment" settlements. These settlements occur in the pharmaceutical industry when brand-name and generic-drug companies settle patent-infringement litigation. In a reverse-payment settlement, the generic-drug company agrees not to enter the market for some period of time and the patent holder agrees to give it something of value - often quarterly cash payments. The DOJ claims that such settlements should be analyzed under the rule of reason but in fact seeks an unwarranted presumption that reverse payments are unreasonably anticompetitive. At first glance, reverse-payment settlements do seem bad - they resemble anticompetitive market-division arrangements where one party pays another to stay out of the market. However, this Article's more context specific economic analysis reveals that the effects of reverse payments are not obvious, can be procompetitive, and that a presumption of anticompetitive effect is thus unwarranted. Instead, courts should analyze them under the traditional rule of reason with no presumption for or against such settlements.


The history of deep water formation and abyssal flow is poorly known but important to establish in order to develop a better understanding of changes in oceanic mass, heat, salt, and nutrient transport. North Atlantic high-latitude regions currently are the dominant deep water producers, but paleogeographic constraints, proxy interpretations, and physical models have suggested other modes for the past, such as those characterized by high-latitude Pacific sources, subtropical sources, or widespread, nonlocalized sources. Here we present new North Pacific Late Cretaceous–Paleogene Nd isotope data from fossil fish debris and detrital silicates, combined with results of coupled climate model simulations to test these hypothesized circulation modes. The data and model simulations support a circulation mode characterized by high-latitude, bipolar Pacific convection. Deep convection in the North Pacific, and likely the South Pacific, was most intense during the relatively "cool" portion of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene and waned prior to the peak global warmth of the Early Eocene (ca. 52 Ma).


Cypermethrin is synthetic pesticide that has been in use for more than a decade with low mammalian toxicity. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of cypermethrin on some biochemical parameters in blood and both muscle and liver tissue. Adult male rats were used to determine the median lethal dose within 24 hours and been relied on them to take the 1/10 of the median lethal dose to expose the skin of rats daily for periods of 4 weeks. The results showed that cypermethrin caused a significant increase in levels of glucose, creatinine,urea, uric acid and malondialdelyde and activities of aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyl transferase in the serum. There were also reduced the levels of total protein, albumin, globulin and glutathione in the serum. Glycogen levels in both liver and muscle decreased significantly. It is concluded from the present study that daily skin exposure to cypermethrin induced alterations in some biochemical parameters in blood and tissues of liver and muscle in rats. Available online at http://www.vetmedmosul.org/ijvs


### Contents

#### News

Surviving the Blockbuster Syndrome

[Orphan Drugs of the Future?][1]

#### Reviews and Viewpoints

[Protein Kinase Inhibitors: Insights into Drug Design from Structure][2]

M. E. M. Noble et al.

Polyketide and Nonribosomal Peptide Antiobiotics: Modularity and Versatility

C. T. Walsh

Organic Chemistry in Drug Discovery

M. MacCoss and T. A. Baillie

The Many Roles of Computation in Drug Discovery

W. L. Jorgensen

Drug Delivery Systems: Entering the Mainstream

T. M. Allen and P. R. Cullis

Related [STKE][3], [SAGE KE, and Next Wave material;][4] and [Editorial][4]

W hen we last presented a special issue on Drug Discovery (17 March 2000), our focus was mainly on the deluge of information that genomics, proteomics, combinatorial synthesis, and rapid analytical methods would provide. That information revolution is in full swing, but data alone are not enough. In recent years, the number of new drugs approved annually by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has at best stayed steady, despite large increases in R&D investment. Industry analysts, meanwhile, have expressed concern over a growing dependence on billion-dollar blockbusters, as Service reports (p. [1796][5]). Has the blockbuster syndrome itself become an obstacle to progress? Or are we simply seeing the normal lag that comes before newly introduced methods bear fruit?

Research, at least, continues to suggest ways out of the doldrums. Walsh (p. 1805) focuses on the modular protein machinery that constructs polyketide and nonribosomal peptide antibiotics. Genetic engineering of the machinery might result in novel antibiotics, and at Science 's STKE ( ), Shen describes how a synthetic pathway can be engineered in bacteria. Noble et al. (p. 1800) discuss the contribution of structural genomics to drug design for the protein kinase family, and at STKE, Kaelin discusses whether such single-target approaches are likely to be effective against genetically complex cancers. Also at STKE, Philips describes anticancer therapies that target enzymes that process Ras rather than the oncoprotein itself. Charney and Manji discuss how an increased understanding of the underlying pathways could lead to novel potential therapies for treating depression.

MacCoss and Baillie (p. 1810) outline how the synthesis of more effective analogs of lead compounds now takes many cues from the more readily obtained data on bioavailability and toxicity. Jorgensen (p. [1813][6]) reviews how computational methods address these concerns as well as guide the design and screening of compounds for binding to potential biomolecule targets. Allen and Cullis (p. [1818][7]) review how drug delivery systems can improve targeting and reduce toxicity, especially for anticancer and antifungal agents.

At SAGE KE ( ), Raber describes the role of isoform-dependent interactions of apoE with androgens and androgen receptors in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Gibson discusses the state of antioxidant drug discovery in the context of aging and neurodegenerative diseases.

What is clear is that the "pipeline" problem is not caused by a lack of research effort or even funding; Science 's Next Wave ( ) explores the career potentials and pitfalls of drug discovery. Overcoming the obstacles in drug discovery will likely require continued efforts to provide insights into disease pathways and greater diversity of candidate drug molecules.

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.303.5665.1798
 [2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1095920
 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/drugdisc
 [4]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.303.5665.1729
 [5]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.303.5665.1796
 [6]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1096361
 [7]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1095833


Event synopsis: The Academy of Management holds its 2011 conference against a backdrop of daunting challenges. The world economic crisis has destroyed vast amounts of wealth and millions of jobs. Business enterprises, governments, and public institutions around the globe have been forced to undertake major restructuring and transformation efforts.

At a time of volatility and uncertainty, the world is looking for new sources of growth and alternative business models. China has clearly been one of the drivers of growth over the past two decades. Now the world's leading recipient of foreign direct investment and the largest holder of U.S. Treasury bills, it has progressed from being the world's factory to being an overseas expansionist on a shopping spree. India and Korea have followed similar trajectories: Tata Motors' recent acquisition of Jaguar/Land Rover and Samsung's rise to global dominance, to name only two examples, seem to signal a sea change in the global business arena.

In the wake of the crisis, companies from emerging economies are among the leaders in growth and innovation, and the world appears to be in a transition from "West leads East" to "West meets East." Now, more than ever, we need business professionals—academics and managers alike—who can make sense of today's global complexity and multiplicity by thinking in broad and integrative ways. China's re-emergence and the ascendance of India and other burgeoning economies offer an opportunity for revolutionary thinking based on the promise of "East-West" integrative thinking and practice.

Indeed, this is an opportune moment for us to ask how we can learn (or re-learn) from the business practices and cultures of the world's emerging economic powers. Some cultural norms and practices are in fact diametrically opposite those of the West. For example, "family business," one of the most popular organizational forms worldwide, might truly be called "business family" in Asia and some other parts of the world because the emphasis is on the latter rather than the former. What does this kind of new learning mean for management theory and practice, which has been predominantly developed from economically advanced Western societies? What will this reframed thinking mean for the evolution of global managers and enterprises in the 21st century? What is the ultimate goal of enterprises of all kinds and across all countries—whether public, private, family, state-owned, not-for-profit, Eastern or Western?

The theme of "West Meets East" has special meaning for the Academy of Management. Our membership has swelled by more than 60 percent over the past 10 years, with almost 40 percent of our 19,000 members now spread across some 100 different countries outside North America. The Academy recently completed a two-year strategic planning exercise that identified nearly 20 major initiatives for the coming years, almost half of which relate to internationalization. The call for a second conference outside of the United States was just announced. Like most large, multinational organizations, however, the Academy finds itself facing its own set of global challenges. How might the demographic shifts within the Academy reshape the management profession and redirect its scholarly pursuits? What questions will this global explosion raise about differences in research and teaching missions? What does professional development mean in this new reality, and what role will the Academy play? At this juncture, will we be bystanders or constructive contributors to the debate on critical business issues of global significance?

The Chinese word for crisis, "wei-ji," is made up of the two characters representing danger and opportunity. To turn challenges into opportunities, we will need to draw on three ideals: enlightenment, balance, and transcendence. As business educators and scholars, our call is to develop enlightened managers and entrepreneurs who strive to transcend divisions around the globe and reach the balance between social good and self-interest; trust-based and legal relationships; teamwork and individual stars. The notion of "harmony" or "self-other integration" has long been central to Eastern management thinking and practice. Balance means integrating extremes, identifying commonalities and relationships, and applying universalities from setting to setting. Transcendence offers the ability to comprehend paradigmatic differences, similarities, and interrelationships.

Enlightening, balancing, and transcending open up opportunities for a richer and more expansive platform for new paths of scholarly, managerial, and human pursuits. The enlightened business scholar or manager strives to reach the pinnacles of both humanity and professionalism, with the hope of making our world not simply smaller but better.


Using a three-region supercritical water flow model, the core-wide in-phase stability of the U.S. reference supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) design is investigated. The reactor core is simulated as three channels according to the radial power distribution. A method based on λ modes (reactivity modes) expansion of neutronic kinetic equations is applied. A constant pressure drop boundary condition between the feedwater pump and the turbine control valve is assumed. Cases with and without water rods heating are studied. It is found that the stability of the U.S. reference SCWR design is sensitive to the flow restrictions in the hot fluid or the steam line. As long as the restriction in the steam line is small, the design will be stable. A pressure loss coefficient of 0.25 is assumed for the exit valve on the steam line in this analysis. With this value, the SCWR is stable with a large margin. It is concluded that the presence of water rods heating will reduce the stability margin and increase the flow rate sensitivity while maintaining the power sensitivity level. The decay ratios for the three density wave oscillation modes, i.e., single hot channel, coupled neutronic out-of-phase and in-phase, are compared at steady-state conditions. It is found that the single hot channel oscillation mode is the most limiting one in the absence of the water rods heating, while the in-phase oscillation mode is most limiting in the presence of water rods heating.


This paper presents an overview of the cement-based batteries developed in DIT for use in the cathodic protection of embedded steel in reinforced concrete undergoing chloride-induced corrosion. Cathodic protection delivers an external current (approximately 20mA per m of embedded steel) which effectively polarises the internal current generated during corrosion. The batteries developed in DIT comprise of a cement-based electrolyte containing different additives including sand, aggregate, salts, carbon black and plasticiser with protruding anode and cathode metal plates. These batteries produced an initial electrical output of 1.5V and 23mA through a 10" resistor as measured using data acquisition units and a custom-built LabVIEW program. By enhancing the ionic conductivity and maintaining the internal moisture content in the cement pores, the batteries power and life span can be improved. Following a concrete ponding regime to initiate corrosion of embedded steel in a concrete block sample, the power required to protect the reinforcement and arrest corrosion current was determined using a DC desktop supply. With the intention of replacing the desktop supply with a battery module ongoing work is focussing on increasing the life span of individual battery modules, improving their recharging capabilities and optimising for different shapes.


The white grub Laniifera cyclades Druce of prickly pear cactus or nopal is a pest that limits the commercial production of Opuntia . The gregarious larvae perforate the cladodes devouring the inner part, thereby forming large galleries until reaching the central axis of the plant; during their movement through the inner part of the cactus, the larvae make orifices to the exterior to expel their excrements. In this investigation, the virulence of strains BbZ3 and BbZ4 of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana was determined by introducing infested cadavers of Galleria mellonella L. through the orifices on the stem pads of the nopal plant. Both stains of B. bassiana were highly pathogenic causing 100% mortality in the larvae of L. cyclades inside the nopal cladodes in the greenhouse as well in the field. BbZ3 was more virulent with a LT50 of 5.1 d in the greenhouse and 6.4 d in the field, while the LT50 of BbZ4 was 6 and 7.5 d, respectively. The application of larval cadavers of G. mellonella infested with the fungus B. bassiana was an effective control strategy against larvae of L. cyclades .


High‐resolution numerical weather prediction simulations are able to reproduce observed stochastic scale invariant behavior of atmospheric wind and water fields down to the effective model resolution, which is shown to be a process‐dependent transient property that varies with the underlying dynamics. The effective resolution gain in dynamical downscaling of convective regimes is substantially smaller than the grid size decrease indicating that improvements in the model's capacity to resolve small‐scale processes require consistent adjustments including both numerical formulation and physical parameterizations. Instantaneous realizations of simulated atmospheric wind and water fields exhibit robust multifractal properties with intrinsically transient scaling behavior depending on the underlying atmospheric state. In particular, a sharp transition in the scaling parameters between nonconvective and convective conditions is found, which explains different scaling regimes reported in the literature for atmospheric wind, temperature, and moisture observations. Spectral slopes around 2–2.3 arise under nonconvective or very weak convective conditions, tightly related to the scaling behavior of the underlying topography. In convective situations the transient scaling exponents remain under 5/3 in agreement with the Kolmogorov turbulent regime accounting for the intermittency correction. These findings have important implications for stochastic downscaling and the implementation of stochastic subgrid scale parameterizations using fractal methods. Specifically, it is shown that, based on scaling arguments, subgrid scale probability distributions of atmospheric moisture can be obtained from the coarse resolution information alone. Our results suggest that fractal methods can be used for estimating temporally and spatially varying regime‐based subgrid scale statistics (and realizations of moisture fields) in real time and in a computationally efficient manner that could be useful in climate models.


In this paper, a performance evaluation of the Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in a typical outdoor Smart Grid Substation Network is presented. Detailed simulations are carried out to produce several routing performance metrics using real-life scenarios. The real outdoor network was reproduced in simulation with the help of topology and link quality data gathered from the network over the time. Behaviors of such a network in presence of RPL and local repair mechanism, and potential areas of further study/improvement are pointed out. This study shows, RPL has the desired advantages of bounding control overhead and low delay. It also provides quick repair of local outage of link to root node and path quality fairly close to an optimized shortest path for an outdoor deployment.


ABSTRACT This paper presents an active learning approach that focuses on practical investigation of the ecosystem of tidal flats using 3D modeling and printing for biology students in order to enhance understanding of natural selection. The learning approach for the study followed a 5-step procedure: i) learning about 3D modeling and printing, ii) exploration of the ecosystem of tidal flats, iii) 3D designing of a bird beak, iv) 3D printing of a constructed beak, and v) a natural selection simulation activity. The learning method presented in this study centered on active student exploration of the tidal flats ecosystem using 3D modeling and printing. The learning approach presented in this paper could be implicated at schools to aid in students' understanding of natural selection as it allows students to firsthand examine simulation changes to a bird beak and benthic communities. This study suggested the active learning method for natural selection as it incorporates student-designed exploration and direct investigative appraisal of the selection process.


Norway is frequently presented as one of the few countries to have escaped 'the resource curse'. Evidence for this claim is based on Norway's consensus in favour of fiscally conservative spending, competent regulatory institutions, a zero-tolerance policy towards corruption, and vast savings in a sovereign wealth fund (SWT) for future generations. Internationally, Norway is known for its aid-financed oil for development program, its advanced technology exports and its emphasis on industry safety and labour rights. Has Norway effectively implemented its 'zero-tolerance' policy in its operations abroad as well? To illustrate this crucial issue more clearly, this paper briefly reviews Norway's commitment to the international anti-bribery agenda, including the performance of petroleum companies, the role of the criminal justice system in enforcing the country's anti-bribery legislation, and the government's role as a political player, recipient of tax revenues and shareholder in the petroleum sector.


Kinetic study of reduction of tris -orthophenanthroline iron (III) complex with U(IV) and a series of its polyaminocarboxylate complexes has been investigated. The rate constant found to vary with charge and stability of metal ion and metal -ion complexes. All the reactions followed outer sphere mechanism transfer reaction. The data supports the issues underlined in Frank Condon principle, Marcus theory and the Electron Tunneling Theory

U(IV) solution was prepared in 0.lM hydrochloric acid ( EÂo = 0.3V). pH of U(IV) solution was maintained up to 3.5. Order of U(IV) oxidation with ferric 1,10 orthophenanthroline was established under pseudo first order conditions. It was found that reaction follows first order kinetics with respect to both the reactants The redox mechanism relating to U(IV) oxidation could not be established., through kinetic evidences because of complex solution chemistry of U(IV) at higher pH. A vague behavior toward ionic strength and non linear graph between log of hydrogen ion concentration Vs log kobs may be related to the complex solution chemistry of U(IV). The second order rate constants were found to be k1 = 41.09 57.3, 80.14, 97.28 mol-1 dm3 S-1 at 4.0, 3.8, 3.5 and 3.2 respectively. .Activation parameter have also been computed and were found to be EÂo = 85kJ mol-1, I"S# =-63.2 JK-1, I"H# =83.1kJ mol-1, I"G#= 102.4kJ mol-1

The kinetic reduction of tris(l, 10 orthophenanthroline ) iron(III) by uranium (IV) N-hydroxyethyl ethylenediamine triactate [U(IV) HEDTA]+ has been investigated in aqueous medium at 30±0.5 °C and correlated with the redox potentials values. Measurements were recorded under pseudo first order conditions. The rate of electron transfer reaction between [U(IV) HEDTA]+1 and [Fe (opt)3]3+ was measured by varying pH and ionic strength, between 2.5-3.0 and 0.01-0.05 M respectively. It was found that pH directly influenced the kl and values were found to be111.8, 193.7,344.7478.93 mol-1 dm3 S-1 at pH 3.2, 3.0,2.8,2.5 respectively. The value of k' was evaluated as 6.35x 106 mol-1 dm3 S-1. The observed rate law

Rate= d[Fe(opt)3]2+ = k1 [U (IV) HEDTA]+1 [Fe (Opt)3]3+dt

At different pH

Rate= d[Fe(opt)3]2+ = Kk [H+]n [U (IV) HEDTA]+1 [Fe (Opt)3]3+dt

Activation parameter have been evaluated and were found to be EÂo = I9.3kJ mol-1 I"S# =150.6 JK-1, I"H# =15.3kJ/mol, I"G#= 60.8kJ mol-1 The kinetics and mechanism of the reduction of ferric 1,10 orthophenanthroline by uranium (IV) trans - 1,2 - cyclohexanediaminetetraacetate ([U (IV)DCT A]) was investigated in aqueous hydrochloric acid at 30ÂoC, at ionic strength 0.01-mole dm-3and pH 3.5. Rate law for the formation of [Fe (Opt)3 ]2+ was established through spectroscopic measurements at constant and varying pH by isolation method. Order of reaction with respect to each reactant ([U(IV) DCTA] and [Fe (Opt)3]3+ was investigated by plotting a graph of In A∞;-At vs time at different temperature ranges. Each reactant was found to obey first order. Rate law is suggested to be

d [Fe(opt)3]+2 = k, [U(IV) DCTA ][Fe (Opt)3]+3dt

At different pH

Rate= d[Fe(opt)3]2+ = Kk [H+] [U (IV) DCTA]+1 [Fe (Opt)3]3+dt

Different thermodynamic functions for the reaction were EÂo = 35.1 kJ mol-1, I"H# = 33.7IkJ mol-1 and I"S# = -136.2 J mol-1 and I"G#= 75 kJ mol-1 .At different pH values the rate law was observed as rate = Kk [H+] [U (IV) DCTA]+1 [Fe (Opt)3]3+, where K is equilibrium constant for the reaction [U (IV) DCTA]+ [H+] = [U(IV) DCT A(H+)] and k' is the specific rate constant for the reaction [U (IV) DCTA (H+)]+ [Fe(opt)3]+3→[U (V) DCTA(H+)]+1 + [Fe (Opt)3]2+. At pH4.0, 3.8,3.5,3.2,3.0, kl found to be 0.26,0.53, 1.19,2.06, 3.21dm3 mol-1 S-1 respectively. The value of k' found to be 3.29 x 105 dm3 mol-1 S-1

The reduction of ferric 1,10 orthophenanthroline by uranium (IV) complex of diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid was investigated in aqueous 'hydrochloric acid at 30ÂoC, ionic strength 0.01-mole dm-3and pH 3.5. The mechanism and rate law for the formation of [Fe (Opt)3]2+ was established by isolation method at constant and varying pH. Spectroscopic method was employed for this investigation. The rate constant and order of reaction with respect to each of reactant the [U(IV) DTPA]-l and [Fe (Opt)3]3+ was established by plotting a graph In( A∞-At ) vs. time. The reaction was observed to be following first order with respect to each of the reactants

Over all reaction order was found to be second. The rate law is suggested to be

d [Fe(opt)3]+2 = k1, [U(IV) DTPA ]-1[Fe (Opt)3]+3dt

Hydrogen ion dependence of the reaction was determined by varying the pH and the. rate law was observed as

Rate= d[Fe(opt)3]2+ = Kk [H+] [U (IV) DTPA]-1 [Fe (Opt)3]3+dt

where K is equilibrium constant for the reaction [U(IV) DTPA]-l + [H+] = [U(IV) DTPA( H+)]-l and k' is the specific rate constant for the reaction [U (IV) DTPA (H+)]-l+ [ Fe(opt)3 ]3+ → [U (VI) DTPA(H+)]+ [Fe (Opt)3]2+. The value of second order rate constant kl determined at pH 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 4.0 have the values 9.33, 7.24, 9.08, 19.35 and 31.0 mol-1 dm3 S-1 respectively. The value of k' was calculated 4.1 x 106 dm3mol-1S-l. Thermodynamic parameters for the reaction were determined to be EÂo= 26.47 KJ mol-1, I"G# = 35.11 KJ mol-1, I"H# = 24.86 KJ mol-1and I"S# = 50.17 J mol-1. With the help of Arrhenius equation activation energy for the reaction was calculated. Change in enthalpy and entropy for the reaction (I"S#, I"H#) were determined from the slope and intercept of Eyring plot


Protocol specifications describe the interaction between different entities by defining message formats and message processing rules. Having access to such protocol specifications is highly desirable for many tasks, including the analysis of botnets, building honeypots, defining network intrusion detection rules, and fuzz testing protocol implementations. Unfortunately, many protocols of interest are proprietary, and their specifications are not publicly available. Protocol reverse engineering is an approach to reconstruct the specifications of such closed protocols. Protocol reverse engineering can be tedious work if done manually, so prior research focused on automating the reverse engineering process as much as possible. Some approaches rely on access to the protocol implementation, but in many cases, the protocol implementation itself is not available or its license does not permit its use for reverse engineering purposes. Hence, in this paper, we focus on reverse engineering protocol specifications based solely on recorded network traffic. More specifically, we propose a method that can infer protocol message formats as well as certain field semantics for binary protocols from network traces. We demonstrate the usability of our approach by running it on packet captures of two known protocols, Modbus and MQTT, then comparing the inferred specifications to the known specifications of these protocols.


Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies often are caused by peripheral uptake of infectious prions, and the peripheral nervous system is involved in prion spread to the brain. Although the cellular prion protein is subjected to fast axonal transport, the mechanism of intranerval transport of infectious prions is unclear. Here we administered prions intranervally to transgenic mice overexpressing the four-repeat human tau protein, which exhibit defective fast axonal transport. These mice showed unaltered neuroinvasion, suggesting that transport mechanisms distinct from fast axonal transport effect prion neuroinvasion along peripheral nerves. Surprisingly, scrapie-sick tau transgenic mice accumulated intraneuronal deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The coincidence of tau and prion pathology resembled Gerstmann–Sträussler–Scheinker syndrome. These findings identify tau pathology as a possible end stretch of prion-induced neurodegeneration.


Thermal fluctuations of nanomagnets driven by spin-polarized currents are treated via the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation generalized to include both the random thermal noise field and the Slonczewski spin-transfer torque term. By averaging this stochastic (Langevin) equation over its realizations, the explicit infinite hierarchy of differential-recurrence relations for statistical moments (averaged spherical harmonics) is derived for arbitrary demagnetizing factors and magnetocrystalline anisotropy for the generic nanopillar model of a spin-torque device comprising two ferromagnetic strata representing the free and fixed layers and a nonmagnetic conducting spacer all sandwiched between two ohmic contacts. The influence of thermal fluctuations and spin-transfer torques on relevant switching characteristics, such as the stationary magnetization, the magnetization reversal time, etc., is calculated by solving the hierarchy for wide ranges of temperature, damping, external magnetic field, and spin-polarized current indicating new spin-torque effects in the thermally assisted magnetization reversal comprising several orders of magnitude. In particular, a pronounced dependence of the switching characteristics on the directions of the external magnetic field and the spin polarization exists.


In molecular iodine, and most other gas-phase molecules as well, generation of a π/2 or π pulse is theoretically impossible. This result can be understood by analogy with microwave spectroscopy, since the rotational contribution to the transition dipole moment is an explicit function of the projection of the total angular momentum F = J + I along the electric-field axis. The only solution is the generation of phase-modulated pulses that inherently compensate for Rabi-frequency inhomogeneity. We present theoretical and experimental evidence that crafted phase- and amplitude-modulated pulse shapes can excite a uniform, localized, and nearly complete inversion in nuclear magnetic resonance and laser spectroscopy.


Against moral philosophers' traditional preoccupation with 'ought' judgments, Bernard Williams has reminded us of the importance of locutions such as 'I must', 'I have to' and 'I can't'. He develops an account of the ethical necessity and impossibility these locutions are able to mark. The account draws on his thesis that all reasons for action are 'internal'. I sketch the account, and then try to show that it is insensitive to important aspects of how the concepts of ethical necessity and impossibility inform our lives.


The field of development communication has up until recently enjoyed little academic appraisal in the light of emerging environmental discourses within the sociological tradition. No more prevalent is such neglect than on the level of enquiry into the possible roles for community radio, in contributing meaningfully towards environmental education. Proponents of environmental education have to this date been sceptic about transmission pedagogies inherent in the mass media, yet no attempts have been made to consider the position occupied by community radio as alternative to mass media education. This is a pressing concern, since the accelerated development and expansion ofthis sector in South Africa provides widespread potential for radio initiatives to take up environmental education (in terms of both information transmission and action programmes), especially at the level of isolated rural communities. This study examines the possible reasons for such neglect, by drawing both on qualitative and quantitative approaches to expose and appease the orientations exhibited from the fields of community radio and environmental education. By considering how both fields are inherently critically-inclined and by drawing on the views of an exploratory sample of 45 participants in the Wakkerstroom district, it argues that community radio, as development communication, could provide a meaningful context and multiple roles for the facilitation ofenvironmental education in that locality. Broader calls for the use of such a medium are also reinforced by a discussion on the pressing environment and development challenges facing the study area . Throughout its theoretical discussion the study surfaces emerging themes. The most significant of these state that community radio 's local modus operandi, its valuing in principle of action , its call for specificity in broadcast approach, its inherent status quo-challenging temperament, its unique ability to harness interpersonal social interactions and its opportunity to build a sense of community and collaboration on environmental matters , provides for a meaningful context in which to house action and experientially-geared environmental education processes. All these arguments are seen to compliment existing views held on the media and environmental education, by the study's exploratory sample. By repeatedly positioning the two fields within a framework of socially-critical methodology, the study suggests that future initiatives in environmental education should be receptive to grassroots calls for using community radio as an alternative to generalized media broadcasting approaches, in which specific and local contexts could facilitate understandings on environment and development matters. It closes with a broad agenda for such further initiatives, by emphasizing the need to build network, organizational and research links between these two fields .


Caused by the rising interest in traffic surveillance for simulations and decision management many publications concentrate on automatic vehicle detection or tracking. Quantities and velocities of different car classes form the data basis for almost every traffic model. Especially during mass events or disasters a wide-area traffic monitoring on demand is needed which can only be provided by airborne systems. This means a massive amount of image information to be handled. In this paper we present a combination of vehicle detection and tracking which is adapted to the special restrictions given on image size and flow but nevertheless yields reliable information about the traffic situation. Combining a set of modified edge filters it is possible to detect cars of different sizes and orientations with minimum computing effort, if some a priori information about the street network is used. The found vehicles are tracked between two consecutive images by an algorithm using Singular Value Decomposition. Concerning their distance and correlation the features are assigned pairwise with respect to their global positioning among each other. Choosing only the best correlating assignments it is possible to compute reliable values for the average velocities.


Abstract. Topographical information is fundamental to many geo-spatial related information and applications on Earth. Remote sensing satellites have the advantage in such fields because they are capable of global observation and repeatedly. Several satellite-based digital elevation datasets were provided to examine global terrains with medium resolutions e.g. the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM), the global digital elevation model by the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER GDEM). A new global digital surface model (DSM) dataset using the archived data of the Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument for Stereo Mapping (PRISM) onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS, nicknamed "Daichi") has been completed on March 2016 by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) collaborating with NTT DATA Corp. and Remote Sensing Technology Center, Japan. This project is called "ALOS World 3D" (AW3D), and its dataset consists of the global DSM dataset with 0.15 arcsec. pixel spacing (approx. 5 m mesh) and ortho-rectified PRISM image with 2.5 m resolution. JAXA is also processing the global DSM with 1 arcsec. spacing (approx. 30 m mesh) based on the AW3D DSM dataset, and partially releasing it free of charge, which calls "ALOS World 3D 30 m mesh" (AW3D30). The global AW3D30 dataset will be released on May 2016. This paper describes the processing status, a preliminary validation result of the AW3D30 DSM dataset, and its public release status. As a summary of the preliminary validation of AW3D30 DSM, 4.40 m (RMSE) of the height accuracy of the dataset was confirmed using 5,121 independent check points distributed in the world.


This paper explores what it means to lose in a contemporary American society. Kanter (2004) suggested that losing serves as an alarm, notifying one that it is time to recalibrate. For Duina (2011) losing offers a time for reexamination. Sports equates to winning and losing. Thanks to well-indoctrinated maxims like Lombardi's "winning is the only thing" and a cultural rejection of "losers" we are in an era where the pursuit of winning trumps other variables which are also worthy of pursuit and consideration. Thus, losing becomes an insult to our ego-driven lives. As such, one cannot discuss losing without also considering what it means to win. Losing is not simply the opposite of winning; a relationship exists between the two, although this is seldom recognized in the broader American culture. After the relationship between winning and losing is established, the paper will pivot to psychosocial aspects associated with losing, investigating the unique cognitive and affective experience related to losing. Social dynamics such as gender differences, will also be explored. Additionally, the paper will explore some underlying physiological explanations as to why individuals react the way they do to winning and losing. Finally, a consideration of the theology of losing will be discussed. Ultimately, the purpose of this paper is to encourage us to consider losing and how it fits within the Christian worldview.


The objective of this research is to analyze the food consumption patterns and to conduct econometric analysis of food demand structure in Japan. In this study, we pay special attention to the questions on whether or not rice is an inferior good as previous researchers have so claimed and to what extent Japanese food consumption pattern has been westernized. We use the cross-sectional household data, Annual Report on the Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) in 1997 compiled by the Statistics Bureau, Management and Coordination Agency in Japan. For major 11 food items, the total number of observations used for estimation is 95,223. Food items are non-glutinous rice, bread, noodle, fresh fish, and shellfish, fresh meat, milk, eggs, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, fats and oil, and food away from home. For meat items, the total number of observations used for estimation is 94,200, and items in interest are beef, pork, poultry, ground meat, ham, sausage, and bacon. In order to deal with the zero-consumption problem associated with household-level microdata, we apply various single equation models: Working-Leser model estimated by OLS, Heckman's sample selection model, and Tobit mode. For a complete demand system analysis, we apply the linearly approximated almost ideal demand system (LA/AIDS).Additionally, we apply the nonlinear almost ideal demand (AIDS) system. Empirical results from the major 11 food items show that the expenditure elasticity of rice is positive and close to one. This proves that rice consumed in Japan is a normal good, contrary to the results from preceding studies. Marshallian uncompensated and Hicksian compensated own-price elasticities for rice are highly elastic in all models; on the other hand, the own price elasticity for meat is relatively price inelastic. Fresh meats and rice are mild complements in all models; however, fresh fish and rice show the mixed results with repect to their substitution pattern. Results from meat items show that the expenditure elasticity of beef is greater than unity, while other meat products are inelastic. Additionally, the expenditure and price elasticities look very similar to that of Western nations. This study shows that the Japanese meat consumption pattern has become westernized.


A potential severe plastic deformation process known as axi-symmetrical forward spiral extrusion (AFSE) has been studied numerically and experimentally. The process is based on the extrusion of cylindrical samples through a die with engraved spiral grooves in a near zero shape change manner. The process was simulated using a three dimensional finite element (FE) model that has been developed using commercial software, ABAQUS. In order to verify the finite element results, hot rolled and annealed samples of the alloy were experimentally processed by AFSE. The required extrusion forces during the process were estimated using the FE model and compared with the experimental values. The reasonable agreement between the FE results and experimental data verified the accuracy of the FE model. The numerical results indicate the linear strain distribution in the AFSE sample is only valid for a core concentric while the strain distribution in the vicinity of the grooves is non axi-symmetric. The FE simulation results from this research allows a better understanding of AFSE kinematics especially near the grooves, the required extrusion force and the resultant induced strain distribution in the sample. To compare the mechanical properties of the Mg-1.75Mn alloy before and after the process, a micro shear punch test was used. The tests were performed on samples undergoing one and four passes of AFSE. After four passes of AFSE, it was observed that the average shear strength of the alloy has improved by about 21%. The developed finite element model enables tool design and material flow simulation during the process.


In this paper, we revisit the utility of the concepts of path dependence and interdependence for the analysis of participatory environmental governance. We investigate the evolution of environmental governance in the Romanian Danube Delta, and, starting from an observation of problematic citizen participation, demonstrate how specific patterns of path and interdependence shaped both the present situation and the reform options. For the Delta, it is argued that direct citizen participation, without working with other institutions, would not solve the problems observed, but would rather reinforce unwanted informal institutions. Theoretically, we utilise a combination of path dependence theory and social systems theory, allowing a grasp of both rigidity and flexibility in the evolution of governance systems. Empirically, expert and lay interviews, long-term observation and analysis of policy documents underpin our analysis.


Big data is a term for massive data sets having large, more varied and complex structure with the difficulties of storing, analyzing and visualizing for further processes or results. The process of research into massive amounts of data to reveal hidden patterns and secret correlations named as big data analytics. These useful informations for companies or organizations with the help of gaining richer and deeper insights and getting an advantage over the competition. For this reason, big data implementations need to be analyzed and executed as accurately as possible. This paper presents an overview of big data's content, scope, samples, methods, advantages and challenges and discusses privacy concern on it.


Pakistan and the United States continue to struggle to find a mutual strategy upon which to build a more positive and productive relationship. While both nations observed positive changes in attitudes during the strategic dialogue held in Washington, D.C. in March 2010, the history of mistrust does not support an enduring relationship. Pakistan's military and intelligence services remain suspicious of the motives and methods of their US counterparts, a wariness mirrored in American attitudes. (1) American humanitarian assistance after the 2005 earthquake in northern Pakistan temporarily improved public opinion of Americans, but Pakistanis still find it difficult to understand how long-term engagement with the United States benefits their nation. (2) Overcoming suspicions and creating trust in an effort to sustain this relationship, however, is absolutely critical if we are to achieve Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) objectives and deny al Qaeda and other militants sanctuary in Pakistan. This article summarizes the causes of this mutual mistrust and provides interlocutors with recommended actions to build confidence and change mindsets for the purpose of creating positive perceptions and a sustainable relationship. Pakistani Perceptions of Americans The basis of mistrust between the two nations is that Pakistan and the United States have very different national interests, and therefore possess different (and often conflicting) expectations of each other. Pakistanis also come from a culture rich in conspiracy theories, often placing the blame for failure on others--first the influence of the British and later the United States. Pakistanis believe that US actions in Afghanistan against the Soviets during the 1980s are responsible for burdening Pakistan's society with millions of Afghan refugees, extremists, a proliferation of weapons, and a prevalent narcotics trade. Pakistan believes the United States is at fault for everything that goes wrong in Afghanistan, and extends those faults to blame the United States and India for negative actions and events in Pakistan. (3) Misguided religious leaders, antistate actors, and other power brokers within the nation's tribal society all have the ability to influence and convince the population that the United States is an adversary. In fact, 64 percent of the populace regards the United States as an enemy, while only nine percent describe it as a partner. (4) For example, Jamiat Ulema-e-Fazl chief Fazlur Rehman claims 9,000 employees of Blackwater International (Xe) operate in Pakistan under US control in an effort to steal Pakistan's nuclear weapons and carry out terrorist activities, accusations the United States denies as ludicrous? Sadly though, the failure of the United States to successfully communicate American policy to Pakistan limits its ability to counter such negative accusations. (6) These accusations usually follow five main themes: First, Americans do not warrant trust. Pakistanis perceive a deficit of trust because in their opinion the United States has already betrayed Pakistan three times, with a fourth betrayal in progress. (7) Also, Pakistanis sense a lack of US respect for their national policies and believe divergent strategic objectives have led to a cycle of failed political marriages of convenience. Many believe the United States is simply trying to advance its own political and military objectives rather than conducting a legitimate foreign policy. Pakistanis believe that GWOT is just another religious crusade against Islam? President Asif Ali Zardari noted, "The cordial relations between the United States and Pakistan at the government level need to be applied at the people-to-people level to bridge the trust deficit." (9) Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani told Senator Carl Levin (D-Michigan) of expectations for improved relations through providing unmanned aerial vehicle technology, sharing intelligence, paying overdue financial obligations via Coalition Support Fund (CSF) authority, and removing Pakistan from the list of countries required to implement additional airport screening measures. …


TIns paper was required to address the following questions: • In what ways do maritime interests and strategies of the U. S. and Russia contribute to the general security outlook towards the Asia-Pacific region after 9.11 ? • To what extent do the maritime strategies of these two countries take a cooperative approach toward the nations of the region? • Is the present level of bilateral or multilateral cooperation adequate and sufficient to meet these challenges to maintain regional security? These questions require a focus on the maritime interests and strategies of twn countries. The first is the sole remaining superpower that now sits astride of the world "like a Colossus". I The second is a former superpower that is now seeking to regain at least some of its fonner influence. The two countries are on the same side in the War on Terrorism but more generally their bilateral relationship remains stuck somewhere between any and possible adversary. My paper addresses each of the questions in turn. It fust discusses the regional security outlook and the contributions of the maritime strategies of the U.S. and Russia. It then considers the issue of security cooperation or more particularly, maritime security cooperation.


Natural selection is an immense and important subject, yet there have been few attempts to summarize its effects on natural populations, and fewer still which discuss the problems of working with natural selection in the wild. These are the purposes of John Endler's book. In it, he discusses the methods and problems involved in the demonstration and measurement of natural selection, presents the critical evidence for its existence, and places it in an evolutionary perspective. Professor Endler finds that there are a remarkable number of direct demonstrations of selection in a wide variety of animals and plants. The distribution of observed magnitudes of selection in natural populations is surprisingly broad, and it overlaps extensively the range of values found in artificial selection. He argues that the common assumption that selection is usually weak in natural populations is no longer tenable, but that natural selection is only one component of the process of evolution; natural selection can explain the change of frequencies of variants, but not their origins.


The purpose of this research is to establish common ground on how faculty development should be instituted and the needs it should address on an international level, with its major focus being the development of competencies. A survey was developed and distributed to a sample of 764 university teaching professionals. Results show that 90% find that it is either important or very important to develop competencies in higher education, and that 73% find they are well or very well trained in developing and assessing competencies, particularly with regard to applying theoretical knowledge in practice, teamwork, and oral and written communication skills. The least valued competencies are found to be entrepreneurship and leadership. The most valued teaching methods are: project based learning, immersion in a professional environment, visits, field trips, and anything that closes the gap between the professional and academic worlds. University teaching staff consider the best assessment scenarios to be those that involve a certain amount of immersion in real situations, problem posing, and simulation; the optimum measurement instruments use observation techniques and rubrics. The need to create academic teaching communities is found to be of great importance. A common assessment method is also seen as a useful addition.


The re-entry to school policy advocates that girls who drop out of school due to pregnancy should be re admitted after weaning. The aim of this policy is to fmd measures to help prevent the exclusion of young mothers from education. In the event of a girl being forced out of school due to pregnancy, the Ministry of Education has provided policy guidelines to assist schools and other stakeholders such as parents and guardians to ensure that the girl is enabled to complete her education. The objectives of this study are to: Establish level of awareness of the re-entry policy by Divisional MOE and headteachers; identify specific strategies that the Divisional MOE Official and headteachers may have put in place on re-entry policy implementation; identify the challenges facing the implementation of the re-entry policy and Suggest intervention strategies to ensure proper implementation of re-entry policy in public secondary schools in Tetu Constituency, Nyeri County. The study is important in that the findings may enhance attainment of Education for All and Millenium Development Goals especially Goal two and three. The research is guided by Tinto's Model of student retention. The study will use a Case study research design for the last four years, the constituency is about 160 km from Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya. The study will use purposive and systematic random sampling. The target population will be all 21 Public Secondary schools in Tetu Constituency. The Constituency will purposively be sampled for this study. Headteachers, teachers, Form Four girls students, PTA chairpersons, MOE Official, re-admitted and those not re-admitted girls and their parents. Data will be collected using questionnaires for teachers, Interview Guides for students, headteachers and PTA members, re-admitted and those not re-admitted and their parents. Data will be analyzed and presented in tables, Charts, and Figures and conclusion and recommendation done for the study.


The Age of Goethe is widely viewed as the apogee of German culture. Its writers and thinkers, especially Goethe, have been exalted as role models for life and art, particularly after 1945. Yet in the 1970s, a new generation of German writers in both East and West rebelled against the postwar hagiography, taking up a tradition of imaginatively engaging with the giants of the period, casting them in major roles in their works in order to critique the nation's past and its present, a tradition that has been carried on by more contemporary writers. This is the first book-length study devoted to modern German "author-as-character" fiction set in the Age of Goethe. It shows for the first time in a sustained manner the powerful hold the Goethezeit continues to exercise on the imagination of many of Germany's leading writers. This inner-German dialogue across the ages provides an important corrective to the dominant critical view that contemporary German-language literature is composed primarily under the sign of both globalization and the influence of mass American culture. The book will be of interest to both scholars of the Goethezeit and of contemporary German literature and culture. John D. Pizer is Professor of German and Comparative Literature at Louisiana State University.


There is plenty of conversation about how to reduce state prison populations, but what almost no one talks about is this: states are under no obligation to provide prisons, nor are they obliged to pay for the costs associated with prison sentences. Perhaps this silence comes from an assumption that state governments have always paid for prison, but, as this Article reveals, this conventional wisdom is wrong. In fact, states neither built prisons nor paid for incarceration until the middle of the 19th century. The decisions of local officials drive prison admissions — via arresting, charging, and sentencing — but given the political economy of local decision-making, local preferences are unlikely to result in optimally-sized state prison populations. This Article suggests that since state prison subsidies may not be desirable and are certainly not inevitable, it may be time for states to reconsider paying for prisons.


A coevolutionary perspective on knowledge strategy is developed, where variant positions in knowledge space are predicted to result in differential advantages in product space. In particular, advantages to being both consistent and specialized in knowledge space are predicted to generate advantages in product space. Results in support of this prediction are found in an analysis of the history of the computer industry. The theory and findings have implications for both technology strategy and for researchers interested in introducing choice to evolutionary models of organizations. In particular, the findings imply that exploration in knowledge space inhibits exploration in product space.


Bankruptcy law regarding partnerships differs from the law pertaining to individuals and corporations. Only a partnership can be involuntarily petitioned into bankruptcy by individuals within the organization. Involuntary petitions can be used by general partners as bargaining chips, and may encourage partners who can personally benefit from filing to do so, even if the act would be detrimental to the partnership. Under present bankruptcy law, an involuntary petition may be commenced against a partnership by fewer than all of the general partners in such partnership. In comparison to prior bankruptcy provisions governing a partner's involuntary petition against the partnership, the "generally not paying" test is the most lenient to date. Because a partner's filing against the partnership under the "generally not paying" test entangles such enormous bankruptcy court participation in mediating partnership disputes and in evaluating possible ill will of filing partners, the Code, creditors and non-filing partners would be better served with a stricter filing standard for involuntary petitions against the partnership. Congress, therefore, should enact a new filing standard for these types of petitions, requiring two things: first, that partners filing the involuntary petition have capital account balances totaling at least ten percent of the total capital of the partnership; and second, that the partnership must be insolvent under a strict equity insolvency test.


In 2005, Microsoft quietly announced an initiative to bring dynamic languages to the .NET platform. The starting point for this project was a .NET implementation of Python, dubbed IronPython. After a couple years of incubation, IronPython is ready for real-world use. It blends the simplicity, elegance, and dynamism of Python with the power of the .NET framework.IronPython in Action offers a comprehensive, hands-on introduction to Microsoft's exciting new approach for programming the .NET framework. It approaches IronPython as a first class .NET language, fully integrated with the .NET environment, Visual Studio, and even the open-source Mono implementation. You'll learn how IronPython can be embedded as a ready-made scripting language into C# and VB.NET programs, used for writing full applications or for web development with ASP. Even better, you'll see how IronPython works in Silverlight for client-side web programming.IronPython opens up exciting new possibilities. Because it's a dynamic language, it permits programming paradigms not easily available in VB and C#. In this book, authors Michael Foord and Christian Muirhead explore the world of functional programming, live introspection, dynamic typing andduck typing , metaprogramming, and more.IronPython in Action explores these topics with examples, making use of the Python interactive console to explore the .NET framework with live objects. The expert authors provide a complete introduction for programmers to both the Python language and the power of the .NET framework. The book also shows how to extend IronPython with C#, extending C# and VB.NET applications with Python, using IronPython with .NET 3.0 and Powershell, IronPython as a Windows scripting tool, and much more.


Title of Thesis: UNSTEADY LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER AERODYNAMICS OF A ROTATING WING Degree Candidate: Siddarth Kolluru Venkata Degree and Year: Master of Science, 2012 Thesis directed by: Assistant Professor Anya R. Jones Department of Aerospace Engineering Micro air vehicles (MAVs) are small, unmanned aircraft useful for reconnaissance. The small size of MAVs presents unique challenges as they operate at low Reynolds numbers O(10), and they share a flight regime with insects rather than conventional aircraft. The low Reynolds number regime is dominated by poor aerodynamic characteristics such as low lift-to-drag ratios. To overcome this, birds and insects utilize unsteady high lift mechanisms to generate sufficient lift. A leading edge vortex (LEV), one of these unsteady lift mechanism, is thought to be responsible for the high lift generated by these natural fliers, but the factors which contribute to the formation, stability, and persistence of LEVs are still unclear. The objectives of this study are to: 1) qualitatively understand the formation of the LEV by evaluating the effect of wing acceleration profiles, wing root geometry, Reynolds number, and unsteady variations of pitch, 2) quantify whether high lift can be sustained at low Reynolds numbers on a rotary wing in continuous revolution, and 3) determine the effect of wing flexibility on the unsteady lift coefficient. Experiments were performed on a rotating wing setup designed to model the translational phase of the insect wing stroke during hover. Experiments were performed in a water tank at Reynolds numbers between 5,000 and 25,000, and the flow was investigated using dye flow visualization, as well as lift and drag force measurements. A rigid wing and a simple one degree-of-freedom flexible wing were tested. Dye flow visualization on a rotating wing showed the formation of a coherent LEV near the wing root. The LEV became less coherent further outboard, and eventually burst. As the wing continued to rotate, the location where the LEV burst moved inboard. Dye injection within the burst vortex showed the formation of multiple small scale shedding vortices that traveled downstream and formed a region of recirculating flow (i.e., a burst vortex). Parameter variations in this experiment included velocity profiles, acceleration profiles, and Reynolds numbers. High lift and drag coefficient peaks were measured during the acceleration phase of the wing stroke at Reynolds numbers of 15,000 and 25,000. After the initial peak, the coefficients dropped, increased, and eventually attained a "steadystate" intermediate value after 5 chord-lengths of travel, which they maintained for the remainder of the first revolution. When the wing began the second revolution, both the lift and drag coefficients decreased, and leveled out at a second intermediate value. Force measurements on a chordwise flexible wing revealed lower lift coefficients. For all of the cases tested, high lift was achieved during the acceleration phase and first revolution of the wing stroke, though values dropped during the second revolution. UNSTEADY LOW REYNOLDS NUMBER AERODYNAMICS OF A ROTATING WING


Significance The limited knowledge we have of the size and composition of Neandertal social groups is usually based on indirect approaches using archeological or osteological data. In contrast, footprints provide more direct information about group size and composition. However, they are scarce in the fossil record, particularly for Neandertals. The discovery of 257 footprints at Le Rozel (Normandy, France) opens up a new approach for studies of the composition of Neandertal groups. By applying a morphometric method to a sample of fossil footprints made during a single brief occupation event, our analysis shows that they represent a small group with a majority of children and thus provides direct evidence of the composition of a Neandertal group. Footprints represent a unique snapshot of hominin life. They provide information on the size and composition of groups that differs from osteological and archeological remains, whose contemporaneity is difficult to establish. We report here on the discovery of 257 footprints dated to 80,000 y from the Paleolithic site at Le Rozel (Normandy, France), which represent the largest known Neandertal ichnological assemblage to date. We investigate the size and composition of a track-maker group from this large set by developing a morphometric method based on experimental footprints. Our analyses indicate that the footprints were made by a small group comprising different age classes, from early childhood to adult, with a majority of children. The Le Rozel footprints thus provide direct evidence for the size and composition of a Neandertal social group.


Numerous advancements in machinery performance on row-crop agricultural tractors have been made in recent years. Currently, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) only tests predetermined points (E.g., max. power, max. torque) for drawbar and hydraulic power. This method of testing has been used for many years with the tractor at a steady state which is usually not typical of row-crop operations. A data acquisition system (DAQ) was designed that records implement energy consumption (E.g., drawbar loading, PTO power, and hydraulic power). The system used a LabVIEW program and a compact data acquisition system (cDAQ) to record data from instrumentation outputting drawbar, PTO, and hydraulic loads. Data were then collected and verified in accordance with OECD standards at the Nebraska Tractor Test Lab (NTTL), an official OECD testing facility. Requirements of the system were: implementation of the system on multiple machines with minor alterations, minimally invasive to the factory design of the tractor, and equivalent data compared to those recorded by the NTTL testing devices and procedures. Manufacturers' calibration information along with standardized testing equipment used to tune NTTL testing devices were used to verify that the system would perform according to OECD guidelines. The collection methodology included hydraulic testing at steady state in accordance to OECD Code 2. The hydraulic system was verified with varying curvatures near the sensors that provided data within a 1 percent error of the actual hydraulic power. Another test included calibration of a strain instrumented drawbar within 100 lbf of a dynamic load.


Mouse spleen cells, after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, were cloned in culture. After 4 to 5 days, the daughter cells were stained and examined for immunoglobulin class with double immunofluorescent reagents. A switch of the stained color of these cells was observed, implying a switch from imunoglobulin M to immunoglobulin G production in the progeny of a single B cell.


We apply maximum likelihood and bootstrap methods to the assess parameter estimates and confidence intervals in nonlinear geochemical data analysis. We focus primarily on the regression of "double error" data, or x−y data pairs, where both variables are measurements subject to error (e.g., isochron fitting), but the methods we discuss are general and can be applied to any nonlinear regression. We review the differences between least squares and maximum likelihood methods and describe how maximum likelihood can be naturally extended to permit robust regressions that are relatively insensitive to outliers. We describe the bootstrap technique for the estimation of the standard error and confidence intervals of a model and show how it can be used to sidestep the mathematical intractability of estimating uncertainty in nonlinear regressions. We illustrate the application of these methods through examples using synthetic and real data and demonstrate how they can influence statistical perception of nonlinear parameter estimates. In particular, we demonstrate how the linearized methods that are commonly used to make uncertainty estimates can substantially underestimate model error, and we show how this problem can be addressed with bootstrap confidence intervals that automatically adjust to account for intrinsic asymmetry and non‐Gaussian behavior in a regression. We include computer code to implement the calculations we describe as supplements to this article.


Background Stillbirth and neonatal mortality rates declined in Europe between 2004 and 2010. We hypothesised that declines might be greater for countries with higher mortality in 2004 and disproportionally affect very preterm infants at highest risk. Methods Data about live births, stillbirths and neonatal deaths by gestational age (GA) were collected using a common protocol by the Euro-Peristat project in 2004 and 2010. We analysed stillbirths at ≥28 weeks GA in 22 countries and live births ≥24 weeks GA for neonatal mortality in 18 countries. Per cent changes over time were assessed by calculating risk ratios (RR) for stillbirth, neonatal mortality and preterm birth rates in 2010 vs 2004. We used meta-analysis techniques to derive pooled RR using random-effects models overall, by GA subgroups and by mortality level in 2004. Results Between 2004 and 2010, stillbirths declined by 17% (95% CI 10% to 23%), with a range from 1% to 39% by country. Neonatal mortality declined by 29% (95% CI 23% to 35%) with a range from 9% to 67%. Preterm birth rates did not change: 0% (95% CI −3% to 3%). Mortality declines were of a similar magnitude at all GA; mortality levels in 2004 were not associated with RRs. Conclusions Stillbirths and neonatal deaths declined at all gestational ages in countries with both high and low levels of mortality in 2004. These results raise questions about how low-mortality countries achieve continued declines and highlight the importance of improving care across the GA spectrum.


This research draws on a classic delay of gratification framework from psychology, the Marshmallow Test, to examine the effects of exercising self-control with the mobile phone. A total of 125 subjects were randomly assigned to sit in an unadorned room for six minutes and either (a) use their mobile phone, (b) sit with their device but resist using it, or (c) sit alone with no phone. Participants self-reported more concentration difficulty and more mind wandering with no device present compared to using the phone, while resisting the phone led to greater perceived concentration abilities than sitting without the device. Skin conductance data were consistent across conditions for the first three-minutes of the experiment, after which participants who resisted the phone were less aroused than those who were without the phone. Together, the findings suggest that self-control with mobile media is a complex psychological phenomenon that affects psychological and physiological behavior.


This dissertation analyses the politics of medicine and opiate use in Soviet Tajikistan
since the establishment of this republic in 1924. The closing date of this dissertation,
1958, corresponds to the end of the era when the Communists proclaimed that they
had 'eliminated' drug addiction in their territories. During this period, the
mainstream Soviet position on opiate use was transformed from a view that it
constituted 'a survival of the backward past' and an impediment to social progress, to
the declaration that drug addiction disappeared within a few years of Bolshevik antidrug
measures.
Many Soviet commentators on drugs in Central Asia have taken this position
at face value and explained the 'elimination' of addiction in Tajikistan in the
following ways: in the absence of drug treatment facilities in Tajikistan, Tajik drug
users were treated in neighbouring republics; drug use prevention strategies were
successfully implemented through 'cultural and sanitary enlightenment' clubs.
This dissertation will systematically challenge an array of assumptions which
underpin contemporary understandings of the Communists' responses to drug
addiction in early Soviet Union, with particular focus on Tajikistan. The author will
argue that, on the contrary, none of these treatment and prevention strategies were
carried out in the way that the Soviet authorities declared. Using a wide range of
archival documentation, this dissertation shows that drug use and users in Tajikistan
were repressed in the course of an 'administrative struggle', which culminated during
the years of the Great Terror in the late 1930s. The thesis looks broadly into the
politics of drug use in early Soviet Union, at the 'nexus' between the medical profession, law enforcement bodies and other actors in the trade and consumption of
drugs. It will make several historiographical interventions which are relevant to the
understanding of contemporary drug policies and discourse in Central Asia.


Best Practices for Comprehensive Oracle Database Security Written by renowned experts from Oracle's National Security Group, Oracle Database 12c Security provides proven techniques for designing, implementing, and certifying secure Oracle Database systems in a multitenant architecture. The strategies are also applicable to standalone databases. This Oracle Press guide addresses everything from infrastructure to audit lifecycle and describes how to apply security measures in a holistic manner. The latest security features of Oracle Database 12c are explored in detail with practical and easy-to-understand examples. Connect users to databases in a secure manner Manage identity, authentication, and access control Implement database application security Provide security policies across enterprise applications using Real Application Security Control data access with Oracle Virtual Private Database Control sensitive data using data redaction and transparent sensitive data protection Control data access with Oracle Label Security Use Oracle Database Vault and Transparent Data Encryption for compliance, cybersecurity, and insider threats Implement auditing technologies, including Unified Audit Trail Manage security policies and monitor a secure database environment with Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control


ABSTRACT Graduates are considered a convenient source of human capital in today's knowledge-based economy. It is therefore crucial to understand what drives their mobility intentions to retain larger numbers of graduates. This is particularly true for peripheral regions, which need to compete with economic centres that are assumed to be more attractive. This paper adds a euregional perspective to the existing literature on graduate migration by investigating whether or not students intend to stay in the Euregio Meuse-Rhine (EMR) after graduation. It takes into account the role of hard and soft locational factors, social factors as well as individual characteristics in shaping future graduates' mobility preferences. Using survey data from 2015 from five higher education institutions in the EMR, this paper finds that mobility intentions are determined by students' perceptions of the quality of life, openness and career opportunities in the euroregion. In addition, distance to the partner and other social ties such as family and friends influence migration intentions.