Since early 1990s; the music industry in Kenya witnessed an exponential infiltration of Hip-Hop culture and its element of Rap music, which claimed significant space on the Kenyan popular music landscape. The youth demographic assimilated this genre and the culture that came with it and established on it a fanatical following and adherence. Being a cultural force, this study sought to establish its exact point and process of entry into the music practice in Nairobi. Further, the study sought to study the new cultural identities that emerged as result of the new cultural force. In the realization from review of related literature that negligible effort had gone into transcription of Rap music, the study moved to fill this gap by transcribing and analyzing stylistic developments in a representative sample of the Rap music that was eventually practised in Nairobi after the assimilation process. An Oral Interview Guide (OIG) was used on a purposive sample of 41 Rap artistes, 9 Rap Music Producers and 5 DJs. The study also accessed a random sample of 100 popular music
listeners within Nairobi area. Text transcriptions of 34 Rap songs was carried out, out of which, 9 Rap songs were selected for Music transcription. Participant Observation (PO) was used in cases where data were available during live concerts. Non-Participant Observation was also used where situational dynamics called for it. Analysis of purposively sampled existing discography and videography added to the information sources accessed by this study. Data{ collected through oral interviews was analyzed by the use of descriptive statistics. The descriptive analysis was appropriate for this study because it involved the description, analysis and interpretation of origins of Rap music in Nairobi, identities projected through Rap music and Hip-Hop culture and style of Rap music as practiced in Nairobi at the time of study. Results indicated that the origins of Rap music in Nairobi were~aprocess that could not be attributed to an individual. Rather, it was a process that was engendered through a collective participation by those who were exposed to a limited international media network existing in the early 1990s. The results also showed that various identities had been created by the youth to reflected tenets of the Hip Hop cultural force. However, from the music transcriptions carried out by this study, apart from
language, musical style had changed very slightly. Rap music practiced in Nairobi was still largely patterned along the stylistic structures established by afro American originators and performers of the genre. The study therefore recommended that although artistes were free to explore and experiment with foreign Rap structures, there was need to strive to create a Rap music identity that could reflect Kenya's cultural diversity. In addition, the study recommended that since Hip-Hop culture had become an influential sub-culture, especially among the youth, there was need to explore strategies of harnessing this influence in
communicating pertinent issues such as drug abuse, HIVIAIDS and economic empowerment among others. National communication and awareness policies too, needed to find ways of entrenching Rap music in communication policies


My list of 66 medically related anniversaries for 2023 (events in years ending '23 and'73) includes:
● foundation of the Chelsea Physic Garden (1673);
● foundation of The Lancet by Thomas Wakley (October 1823);
● Roe v Wade (1973);
● Twenty five births include: Hans Berger, German neurologist; Aimé Bonpland, French physician and botanist; Alexis Carrel, French surgeon and Nobel prize winner; Lloyd Conover, American pharmaceutical chemist; Félix d'Herelle, French-Canadian microbiologist; Théodore de Mayerne, Swiss physician; Carl Djerassi, American pharmaceutical chemist and novelist; Sigismund Elsholtz, German physician, botanist, and alchemist; Daniel Gajdusek, American virologist; Beatrix Hamburg, American psychiatrist; Richard Mead, English physician; Arthur Jensen, American educational psychologist; Otto Loewi, German pharmacologist; Georg Balthasar Metzger, German physician and scientist; William P Murphy Jr, American physician and inventor of medical devices; William Petty, English physician and political economist; Arnold S Relman, American physician and editor; Caspar Schamberger, German surgeon; Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, Italian physician and scientist; Ludwik Teichmann, Polish physician and anatomist; Alfred Russell Wallace, English naturalist; and Thomas Young, English scientist and polymath;
● Thirteen deaths include: Francis Anthony, English apothecary, physician, and alchemist; Matthew Baillie, Scottish physician and pathologist; John Caius, English physician; Regnier De Graaf, Dutch physician, physiologist, and anatomist; Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist; Edward Jenner, English physician; Dickinson W Richards, American physician; Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist; Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch microscopist; Justus von Liebig, German chemist; and Selman Waksman, Ukrainian-American biochemist;
● Eleven biomedical texts published, written by Avicenna, Persian physician, astronomer, and philosopher; Gaspard Bauhin, Swiss botanist; William Budd, English physician; Aleixeu de Abreu, Portuguese physician and tropical pathologist; John Lelamour, English schoolmaster; Lucretius, Roman poet and philosopher; Marcello Malpighi, Italian physician; Girolamo Mercuriale, Italian physician; Raymond Pearl, American biologist; Costanzo Varolio, Italian anatomist and physician; Charles White, English physician; and Wilhelm Wundt, German physiologist;
● compilation of the Lelamour Herbal by John Lelamour, English schoolmaster (1373);
● anatomical, biochemical, haematological, microbiological, and physiological observations by Gasparus Aselli, Italian physician; Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen, Norwegian physician; William Prout, English chemist, physician, and theologian; Gaston Ramon, French biologist; Hilaire-Marin Rouelle, French chemist; and Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch microscopist;
● Foundation of the pharmaceutical companies Novo Nordisk in Denmark (1923) and Sanofi in France (1973);
● Nobel prizes awarded to Banting and Macleod (1923) and to von Frisch, Lorenz, and Tinbergen (1973).


The free-carrier absorption cross-section σ of a magnetic colloid composed of magnetite nanoparticles dispersed in oil is obtained by using the Z-scan technique in different experimental conditions of the laser beam. We show that it is possible to obtain σ with picosecond pulsed and millisecond chopped beams with pulse frequencies smaller than about 30 Hz. For higher pulse frequencies, the heating of the colloidal system triggers the appearance of the Soret effect. This effect artificially increases the value of σ calculated from the experimental results. The limits of the different experimental setups are discussed.


We established, for the isolated, isovolumically beating canine left ventricle, a comprehensive description of postextrasystolic contractile strength (dP/dtmax) as a function of extrasystolic and postextrasystolic stimulus intervals. In contrast to previous studies of postextrasystolic beats in in situ hearts, these isolated ventricles contracted isovolumically so that dP/dtmax was not affected by fluctuations in preload and afterload and was therefore considered to be a reliable index of intrinsic contractility. With the interval preceding extrasystoles constant, postextrasystolic contractile strength increased monoexponentially to a plateau as the interval preceding postextrasystoles lengthened, with a mean time constant (±sd) of 182 ± 44 msec (n = 53). The onset of this increase in postextrasystolic contractile strength coincided with repolarization of the extrasystolic action potential. With the interval preceding postextrasystoles held constant and long (1200 msec), postextrasystolic contractile strength decreased according to a monoexponential function as the interval preceding extrasystoles lengthened [mean time constant (±sd) of 176 ± 18 msec (n = 10)]. These phenomena could be quantitatively summarized by a single equation description of postextrasystolic contractile strength which involved monoexponential functions with one time constant. The mathematical form of this description led us to a simple interpretation of these phenomena in terms of currently proposed excitation-contraction coupling models of the heart.


Neuroscience study has revealed the discrepancy of emotion expression between the left and right hemispheres of human brain. Inspired by this study, in this article, we propose a novel bi-hemispheric discrepancy model (BiHDM) to learn this discrepancy information between the two hemispheres to improve electroencephalograph (EEG) emotion recognition. Concretely, we first employ four directed recurrent neural networks (RNNs) based on two spatial orientations to traverse electrode signals on two separate brain regions. This enables the proposed model to obtain the deep representations of all the EEG electrodes' signals that keep their intrinsic spatial dependence. Upon this representation, a pairwise subnetwork is designed to explicitly capture the discrepancy information between the two hemispheres and extract higher level features for final classification. Furthermore, considering the presence of the domain shift between training and testing data, we incorporate a domain discriminator that adversarially induces the overall feature learning module to generate emotion related but domain-invariant feature representation so as to further promote EEG emotion recognition. Experiments are conducted on three public EEG emotional data sets, in which we evaluate the performance of the proposed BiHDM as well as investigated the important brain areas in emotion expression and explore to use less electrodes to achieve comparable results. These experimental results jointly demonstrate the effectiveness and advantage of the proposed BiHDM model in solving the EEG emotion recognition problem.


Naval propulsion reactors account for the largest non-weapons use of highly enriched uranium (HEU) in the world. The largest stores of naval propulsion fuel are in the United States, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom. Using low-enriched uranium (LEU) for naval propulsion reactors would allow a significant reduction in non-weapons stocks of HEU and would have significant positive impacts on global nonproliferation and counterterrorism efforts. The US Navy holds the largest declared stock of HEU for propulsion purposes, and HEU-fueled reactors power all US submarines and aircraft carriers. In 1995 and again in 2014, the Navy reported to Congress on the potential for using reactors fueled with LEU instead of HEU. The Navy's reports to Congress in both years are lacking in substantive analysis and transparency and arguably do not provide the straightforward assessment that Congress requested. The 1995 report provided Congress with a very negative assessment of the use of LEU and offered little hope that the Navy would consider LEU-fueled reactors. In 2013, Congress asked the Navy to provide an update to its 1995 report; in response, the Navy produced only a very brief analysis in 2014. Because the congressional mandate was for an update of the 1995 report, both reports need to be examined to determine the Navy's current position on LEU use. Sadly, that position appears to have changed little over almost 20 years, despite advances in LEU use by other navies. However, the 2014 report does indicate that the Navy might be willing to support further studies of LEU use. While an optimist might see that as a change to the Navy's adamant desire to continue to use HEU in naval reactors, a pessimist would view the Navy's statements as a reflection of the desire to disingenuously use LEU studies to maintain the health of the service's research and development programs. Congress should commission qualified experts to conduct an impartial review, at classified and unclassified levels, of naval LEU use.


Carol Mattingly examines the importance of dress and appearance for nineteenth-century women speakers and explores how women appropriated gendered conceptions of dress and appearance to define the struggle for representation and power that is rhetoric. Although crucial to women's effectiveness as speakers, Mattingly notes, appearance has been ignored because it was taken for granted by men. Because women rarely spoke in public before the nineteenth century, no guidelines existed regarding appropriate dress when they began to speak to audiences. Dress evoked immediate images of gender, an essential consideration for women speakers because of its strong association with place, locating women in the domestic sphere and creating a primary image that women speakers would work with - and against - throughout the century. Opposition to conspicuous change for women often necessitated the subtle transfer of comforting images when women sought to inhabit traditionally masculine spaces. The most successful women speakers carefully negotiated expectations by highlighting some conventions even as they broke others. Appropriate[ing] Dress: Women's Rhetorical Style in Nineteenth-Century America features twenty-five illustrations.


Young people do not on the whole speak for themselves: they are spoken for by adults. Most research and policy agendas relating to young people are dominated by adult concerns about young people's health - rarely are the issues looked at from young people's perspective. This gap in our knowledge may be a critical factor in explaining some of the problems that health educators face in getting young people to transform health knowledge into action. Based on their own research, Shucksmith and Hendry relocate the issues to a young person's perspective and provide recommendations about initiatives relevant to a wide range of professionals and researchers involved in the health education of young people.


Since the 1995-96 Taiwan Strait crisis, scholars and policymakers have become increasingly concerned about China's territorial ambitions. Yet China has also used peaceful means to manage conficts, settling seventeen of its twenty-three territorial disputes, often with substantial compromises. This article develops a counterintuitive argument about the effects of domestic confict on foreign policy to explain China's behavior. Contrary to the diversionary war hypothesis, this argument posits that state leaders are more likely to compromise in territorial disputes when confronting internal threats to regime security, including rebellions and legitimacy crises. Regime insecurity best explains China's pattern of compromise and delay in its territorial disputes. China's leaders have compromised when faced with internal threats to regime security, including the revolt in Tibet, the instability following the Great Leap Forward, the legitimacy crisis after the Tiananmen upheaval, and separatist violence in Xinjiang.


In recent years, German and foreign companies have consistently increased their investment in Research and Development in Germany. In 2009, investment was over 45 billion euros which was a third higher than in 2001. While foreign companies have significantly expanded their Research and Development activities in Germany, German investment abroad has stagnated. Overall, Germany had a positive balance of four billion euros. There is no evidence of large-scale relocation of German Research and Development abroad. German companies' foreign research activities continue to be conducted predominantly in the US, and in neighboring European countries, but also increasingly in certain Central and East European countries as well as in China and South-East Asia. Nowadays, approximately one in ten inventions developed by German companies abroad originate at one of the new research sites although German companies are by no means more active than their competitors in these new research locations.


Despite a surge of recent advances in promoting machine Learning (ML) fairness, the existing mainstream approaches mostly require retraining or finetuning the entire weights of the neural network to meet the fairness criteria. However, this is often infeasible in practice for those large-scale trained models due to large computational and storage costs, low data efficiency, and model privacy issues. In this paper, we propose a new generic fairness learning paradigm, called FairReprogram, which incorporates the model reprogramming technique. Specifically, FairReprogram considers the case where models can not be changed and appends to the input a set of perturbations, called the fairness trigger, which is tuned towards the fairness criteria under a min-max formulation. We further introduce an information-theoretic framework that explains why and under what conditions fairness goals can be achieved using the fairness trigger. We show both theoretically and empirically that the fairness trigger can effectively obscure demographic biases in the output prediction of fixed ML models by providing false demographic information that hinders the model from utilizing the correct demographic information to make the prediction. Extensive experiments on both NLP and CV datasets demonstrate that our method can achieve better fairness improvements than retraining-based methods with far less data dependency under two widely-used fairness criteria. Codes are available at https://github.com/UCSB-NLP-Chang/Fairness-Reprogramming.git.


Non-isothermal crystallization of neat high density polyethylene (HDPE), wood flour (WF)/HDPE composite (WPC), virgin Kevlar fiber (KF) reinforced WPC (KFWPC), and grafted Kevlar fiber (GKF) reinforced WPC (GKFWPC) was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Several theoretical models were applied to describe the process of non-isothermal crystallization. The results showed that the Avrami analysis modified by Jeziorny and a method developed by Mo and coworkers successfully described the non-isothermal crystallization behavior of HDPE and composites. The Ozawa analysis, however, failed to provide an adequate description of non-isothermal crystallization. The values of crystallization peak temperature (Tp), half-time of crystallization (t1/2), and kinetic parameters KJ and F(T) showed that the crystallizability followed the order: FKWPC > GKFWPC > HDPE > WPC. The effective activation energy for non-isothermal crystallization of HDPE and composites based on both Kissinger and Friedmen methods was evaluated. WAXD indicated that the crystalline thickness perpendicular to the reflection plane (Lhkl) increased with the addition of KF. The results demonstrated that KF and GKF can act as nucleating agents and increase the crystallization rate of HDPE. Compared with GKF, KF is a more effective nucleating agent for HDPE, and wood flour cannot act as a nucleating agent for HDPE.


Anthropology is a complex, wide-ranging, and ever-changing field. This clear, coherent, and well-crafted book is a revised version of a very successful text first published in 1986, designed to supplement standard textbooks and monographs. It covers the central concepts, distinctive methodologies, and philosophical as well as practical issues of cultural anthropology, and it is accessible to the anthropological novice, and of value to the professional. The updated version covers current issues in cultural anthropology, and includes topics such as globalization, gender, post-modernism and public issues, and reflects changes in perspective and language.


Receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the human epidermal growth factor family of tyrosine kinase receptors (HER) are potent promoters of cell proliferation, survival, migration, adhesion and differentiation in prostate cancer cell lines. In this study, we analyzed the cross-talk between both classes of receptors through the regulation of HER2 transactivation and expression by VIP. Three growth-hormone-releasing hormone analogs endowed with antagonistic activity for VIP receptors (JV-1-51, -52, and -53) abrogated the autocrine/paracrine stimuli of VIP on androgen-independent PC3 cells in the absence or the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum. Semiquantitative and real-time quantitative RT-PCR together with Western blotting showed increased expression levels of both mRNA and proteins for HER2 and HER3 in PC3 and androgen-dependent LNCaP prostate cancer cells as compared to non-neoplastic RWPE-1 cells. VIP (100 nM) stimulated the expression levels of both HER2 and HER3 in PC3 cells in a time-dependent manner. Whereas these effects were relatively slow, VIP rapidly (0.5 min) increased HER2 tyrosine phosphorylation. This pattern of HER transactivation was blocked by H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, as well as by the specific VIP antagonist JV-1-53, indicating the involvement of VIP receptors and PKA activity in phosphorylated HER2 formation. These findings support the merit of further studies on the potential usefulness of VIP receptor antagonists and both HER2 antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors for prostate cancer therapy.


The measurement of Partial Discharges (PD) in Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) enables to identify and analyse various types of defects that can result in electrical breakdown. Unlike the case of alternative current, the measurement techniques of PD in direct current are less mature and require more investigations for the development of suitable recognition tools; the mechanisms involved in direct current being different from those of alternative current. This paper deals with experimental characterization of a realsize part of a 320 kV GIS filled with various gases (SF6, N2, Air), at room temperature and for a pressure range from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa. To characterize the partial discharge signatures of existing defects, a protrusion fixed on high voltage conductor and a free metallic particle are considered. The test are achieved according to IEC 60270 recommendations. The experimental results reveal different regions with characteristic apparent charge distribution and PD pulse frequency. It is also evidenced that the variation of pressure and the voltage polarity influence the succession of regions. Different PD patterns are identified depending on the considered defect and polarity.


The best biography ever about Ed. Cahalan's meticulous research and thoughtful interviews have made this book the authoritative source for Abbey scholars and fans alike.? ?Doug Peacock, author, environmentalist activist and explorer, and the inspiration for Hayduke in The Monkey Wrench Gang He was a hero to environmentalists and the patron saint of monkeywrenchers, a man in love with desert solitude. A supposed misogynist, ornery and contentious, he nevertheless counted women among his closest friends and admirers. He attracted a cult following, but he was often uncomfortable with it. He was a writer who wandered far from Home without really starting out there. James Cahalan has written a definitive biography of a contemporary literary icon whose life was a web of contradictions. Edward Abbey: A Life sets the record straight on "Cactus Ed," giving readers a fuller, more human Abbey than most have ever known. It separates fact from fiction, showing that much of the myth surrounding Abbey such as his birth in Home, Pennsylvania, and later residence in Oracle, Arizona was self-created and self-perpetuated. It also shows that Abbey cultivated a persona both in his books and as a public speaker that contradicted his true nature: publicly racy and sardonic, he was privately reserved and somber. Cahalan studied all of Abbey's works and private papers and interviewed many people who knew him including the models for characters in The Brave Cowboy and The Monkey Wrench Gang to create the most complete picture to date of the writer's life. He examines Abbey's childhood roots in the East and his love affair with the West, his personal relationships and tempestuous marriages, and his myriad jobs in continually shifting locations including sixteen national parks and forests. He also explores Abbey's writing process, his broad intellectual interests, and the philosophical roots of his politics. For Abbey fans who assume that his "honest novel," The Fool's Progress, was factual or that his public statements were entirely off the cuff, Cahalan's evenhanded treatment will be an eye-opener. More than a biography, Edward Abbey: A Life is a corrective that shows that he was neither simply a countercultural cowboy hero nor an unprincipled troublemaker, but instead a complex and multifaceted person whose legacy has only begun to be appreciated. The book contains 30 photographs, capturing scenes ranging from Abbey's childhood to his burial site.


Lactoperoxidase (LP) is one of the most prominent enzymes in bovine milk and catalyses the inactivation of a wide range of micro-organisms in the lactoperoxidase system (LP-s). LP-systems are also identified as natural antimicrobial systems in human secretions such as saliva, tear-fluid and milk and are found to be harmless to mammalian cells. The detailed molecular structure of LP is identified and the major products generated by the LP-s and their antimicrobial action have been elucidated for the greater part. In this paper several aspects of bovine LP and LP-s are discussed, including physico-chemical properties, occurrence in milk and colostrum and mechanisms of action. Since the introduction of industrial processes for the isolation of LP from milk and whey the interest in this enzyme has increased considerably and attention will be paid to potential and actual applications of LP-systems as biopreservatives in food and other products.


Fire can considerably change hydrological processes, increasing the risk of extreme flooding and erosion events. Although hydrological processes are largely affected by scale, catchment-scale studies on the hydrological impact of fire in Europe are scarce, and nested approaches are rarely used. We performed a catchment-scale experimental fire to improve insight into the drivers of fire impact on hydrology. In north-central Portugal, rainfall, canopy interception, streamflow and soil moisture were monitored in small shrub-covered paired catchments pre- and post-fire. The shrub cover was medium dense to dense (44 to 84%) and pre-fire canopy interception was on average 48.7% of total rainfall. Fire increased streamflow volumes 1.6 times more than predicted, resulting in increased runoff coefficients and changed rainfall-streamflow relationships – although the increase in streamflow per unit rainfall was only significant at the subcatchment-scale. Fire also fastened the response of topsoil moisture to rainfall from 2.7 to 2.1 h ( p = 0.058), and caused more rapid drying of topsoils after rain events. Since soil physical changes due to fire were not apparent, we suggest that changes resulting from vegetation removal played an important role in increasing streamflow after fire. Results stress that fire impact on hydrology is largely affected by scale, highlight the hydrological impact of fire on small scales, and emphasize the risk of overestimating fire impact when upscaling plot-scale studies to the catchment-scale. Finally, they increase understanding of the processes contributing to post-fire flooding and erosion events.


The linkage between meteorology/climate and hydrology of temperate latitude catchments on daily to decade time scales is studied. Detailed hydrology is provided by a hydrologic catchment model, adapted from the operational streamflow forecast model of the National Weather Service River Forecast System. The model is tuned to respond to observed daily precipitation and potential evaporation input. Results from the Bird Creek basin with outlet near Sperry, Oklahoma, and from the Boone River basin with outlet at Webster City, Iowa, indicate that the model quite accurately simulates the observed daily discharge over 40 years at each of the two 2000-km2 basins. Daily cross-correlations between observed and simulated basin outflows were better than 0.8 for both basins over a 40-year historical period. Soil moisture variability over a period of four decades is studied, and an assessment of temporal and spatial (as related to the separation distance of the two basins) scales present in the estimated soil moisture record is made. Negative soil water anomalies have larger magnitudes than positive anomalies, and comparison of the simulated soil water records of the two basins indicates spatial scales of variability that in several cases are as long as the interbasin distance. The temporal scales of soil water content are considerably longer than those of the forcing atmospheric variables for all seasons and both basins. Timescales of upper and total soil water content anomalies are typically 1 and 3 months, respectively. Linkage between the hydrologic components and both local and regional-to-hemispheric atmospheric variability is studied, both for atmosphere forcing hydrology and ydrology forcing atmosphere. For both basins, cross- correlation analysis shows that local precipitation strongly forces soil water in the upper soil layers with a 10-day lag. There is no evidence of soil water feedback to local precipitation. However, significant cross-correlation values are obtained for upper soil water leading daily maximum temperature with 5–10 day lags, especially during periods of extremely high or low soil water content. Complementary results of a spatial hydroclimatic analysis are presented in a companion paper (Cayan and Georgakakos, this issue).


About 3200 years ago, two armies clashed at a river crossing near the Baltic Sea. The confrontation can't be found in any history books—the written word didn't become common in these parts for another 2000 years—but this was no skirmish between local clans. Thousands of warriors came together in a brutal struggle, likely fought on a single day, using weapons crafted from wood, flint, and bronze, a metal then the height of military technology. Now, after a series of excavations between 2009 and 2015, researchers have begun to understand the battle and its startling implications for Bronze Age society. They have unearthed wooden clubs, bronze spearheads, and flint and bronze arrowheads, as well as the remains of more than 100 men. The scale of the carnage in Germany's Tollense Valley suggests more organization—and more violence—than archaeologists had expected, especially in what was long considered a Bronze Age backwater. The well-preserved bones and artifacts add detail to this picture, pointing to the existence of a trained warrior class and suggesting that people from across Europe joined the bloody fray.


Abstract. Dynamic modelling of a multibody system plays very essential role in its analyses. As a result, several methods for dynamic modelling have evolved over the years that allow one to analyse multibody systems in a very efficient manner. One such method of dynamic modelling is based on the concept of the Decoupled Natural Orthogonal Complement (DeNOC) matrices. The DeNOC-based methodology for dynamics modelling, since its introduction in 1995, has been applied to a variety of multibody systems such as serial, parallel, general closed-loop, flexible, legged, cam-follower, and space robots. The methodology has also proven useful for modelling of proteins and hyper-degree-of-freedom systems like ropes, chains, etc. This paper captures the evolution of the DeNOC-based dynamic modelling applied to different type of systems, and its benefits over other existing methodologies. It is shown that the DeNOC-based modelling provides deeper understanding of the dynamics of a multibody system. The power of the DeNOC-based modelling has been illustrated using several numerical examples.


Buybacks of fishing vessels, licences, access and other rights, and gear, sometimes called decommissioning schemes, have traditionally been a key policy tool to address overcapacity, overexploitation of fish stocks, and distributional issues in fisheries. Two more issues can be added, sustainable use of ecosystems and conservation of biodiversity (i.e. ecological public goods and services) and providing a transition to a more rationalized fishery. This study discusses reasons for buybacks; examines consequences; considers asymmetric information, design of buyback auctions and other design issues; buybacks as a transition to a rationalized industry with strong property rights and governance, financing and transnational fisheries; draws out key lessons from the international experience; and provides an overall evaluation.


Defines a statistic for estimating the intrinsic dimension of a finite set of points on the assumption that they lie on a smoothly embedded manifold, when of course, the dimension is an integer, The authors test the method on finite sets drawn from known manifolds and show that it is robust. They also apply it to the Lorenz attractor. Finally they apply it to speech data of the type used by Tattersal et al (1983). It is concluded that the speech space is not discernibly a low-dimensional manifold at all, and that a more plausible hypothesis is that the space is an open subset of the enclosing space. A measure is constructed of the extent to which the surface that the Kohonen algorithm fits to the speech space is buckled or crinkled related to the mean absolute curvature. The speech space can be approximated with a low-dimensional manifold, but it has dimension greater than two.


Title of Document: IMPACTS OF SATELLITE-DERIVED FRACTIONAL SNOW-COVERED AREA OBSERVATIONS ON OPERATIONAL STREAMFLOW PREDICTIONS VIA DIRECT INSERTION Stacie M. Bender, Master of Science, 2013 Directed By: Dr. Kaye L. Brubaker, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Snowmelt is a primary driver of spring and early summer streamflow in the western United States. Improved predictions of snowmelt-driven streamflow benefit a wide variety of users. In this study, the snow model used in the National Weather Service's hydrologic operations, SNOW17, is run with and without consideration of fractional snow covered area (fSCA) observations from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Because computationally frugal methods are desirable in an operational environment, the updating scheme evaluated is a simple direct insertion method. Resulting predictions of snowmelt-driven streamflow for water years 2000 to 2010 are compared to observed flow and a control simulation (using the model without snow cover input). Results indicate that use of MODIS fSCA in SNOW17, with no adjustments, via direct insertion, degrades the streamflow predictions, compared to control simulations. Future research directions include advanced data assimilation and use of different snow models. IMPACTS OF SATELLITE-DERIVED FRACTIONAL SNOW-COVERED AREA OBSERVATIONS ON OPERATIONAL STREAMFLOW PREDICTIONS VIA DIRECT INSERTION


Piston compression rings are thin, incomplete circular structures which are subject to complex motions during a typical 4-stroke internal combustion engine cycle. Ring dynamics comprises its inertial motion relative to the piston, within the confine of its seating groove. There are also elastodynamic modes, such as the ring in-plane motions. A number of modes can be excited, dependent on the net applied force. The latter includes the ring tension and cylinder pressure loading, both of which act outwards on the ring and conform it to the cylinder bore. There is also the radial inward force as the result of ring-bore conjunctional pressure (i.e. contact force). Under transient conditions, the inward and outward forces do not equilibrate, resulting in the small inertial radial motion of the ring. The conjunctional friction, comprising viscous shear of the lubricant and any boundary friction as the result of direct interaction of surfaces also act on the ring, as well as the inertial force in the axial direction of the cylinder. Therefore, ring motions are quite complex. However, with properly fitted rings, the radial modal behaviour of the ring is the most important. This provides an opportunity to determine the in-situ ring shape analytically by assuming a series of quasi-static steps in which the balance between ring tension and pressure induced forces with the instantaneous contact force is assumed. The resulting ring shape yields the ring-bore gap, allowing the determination of frictional losses for a given bore out-of-roundness and surface topography. A subsequent analysis based upon one dimensional lubricated conjunction for certain ring configurations enables evaluation of lubricant flow and any chance of oil loss and blow-by. This fully analytical as opposed to computationally intensive numerical analysis is verified with FEA.


Diffractive optical devices based on dielectric metasurfaces have recently attracted significant attention. Small size, low weight, planar form factor, and potential for low-cost manufacturing using semiconductor fabrication techniques are some of the main features that make metasurfaces ideal candidates for implementation of low-cost miniaturized optical systems. However, to become competitive for practical applications, metasurfaces should also offer specifications (e.g. efficiency, bandwidth, and wavefront error) comparable to their refractive counterparts. We have recently demonstrated diffraction-limited metasurface lenses with high efficiency using high refractive index nano-posts. Low numerical aperture (NA) metasurface lenses have more than 90% focusing efficiency, but the efficiency of the lenses with NA>0.5 decreases with increasing NA and drops to ~40% for NA=0.9, thus resulting in a trade-off between the NA and efficiency. Here we identify the main physical origin of this trade-off as the low transmission of large diameter nano-posts for transverse-magnetic (TM) polarized light incident at large angles, and show that the low transmission is caused by the excitation of undesired high order modes in these nano-posts. To overcome this issues, we present a novel approach for evaluating different metasurface designs in implementation of high NA metasurface components. The approach is based on adiabatic approximation of aperiodic metasurfaces by periodic gratings, and considers the effect of large deflection angles. Using the proposed design approach, we experimentally demonstrate more than 75% focusing efficiency for metasurface lenses with NA=0.7, and more than 70% deflection efficiency for 50-degree beam deflectors for unpolarized light at 915 nm.


Many modern applications, including online financial feeds, tag-based mass transit systems and RFID-based supply chain management systems transmit real-time data streams. There is a need for event stream processing technology to analyze this vast amount of sequential data to enable online operational decision making. Existing techniques such as traditional online analytical processing (OLAP) systems are not designed for real-time pattern-based operations, while state-of-the-art Complex Event Processing (CEP) systems designed for sequence detection do not support OLAP operations. We propose a novel E-Cube model which combines CEP and OLAP techniques for efficient multi-dimensional event pattern analysis at different abstraction levels. Our analysis of the interrelationships in both concept abstraction and pattern refinement among queries facilitates the composition of these queries into an integrated E-Cube hierarchy. Based on this E-Cube hierarchy, strategies of drill-down (refinement from abstract to more specific patterns) and of roll-up (generalization from specific to more abstract patterns) are developed for the efficient workload evaluation. Our proposed execution strategies reuse intermediate results along both the concept and the pattern refinement relationships between queries. Based on this foundation, we design a cost-driven adaptive optimizer called Chase, that exploits the above reuse strategies for optimal E-Cube hierarchy execution. Our experimental studies comparing alternate strategies on a real world financial data stream under different workload conditions demonstrate the superiority of the Chase method. In particular, our Chase execution in many cases performs ten fold faster than the state-of-the art strategy for real stock market query workloads.


The statistical analysis of the length distribution of catalytic chemical vapour deposition synthesized multi-walled carbon nanotubes cut by planetary ball milling is reported. The nanotube lengths follow a log-normal distribution in a broad range of grinding time and rotational speed. We show that the scale parameter of the distribution, which equals the mean of the natural logarithm of the tube lengths, decreases linearly with the product of the duration time and the rotational speed. This relation can be used for tailoring nanotube lengths by a suitable choice of process parameters for a wide range of applications.


Conventional methods of combining mammalian cells and synthetic polymers for tissue engineering applications are frequently problematic. This is due to the incompatibility between the sensitive cell component and the harsh polymer processing environments required to form the desired porous scaffold e. g. high temperatures and organic solvents. This results in the necessity for an often inefficient and time consuming two step scaffold seeding process, whereby mammalian cells are added to a pre-fabricated polymer scaffold. High pressure or supercritical CO2 (scCO2) processing is a method of fabricating porous polymer scaffolds at ambient temperatures and without using organic solvents. When pressurised, CO2 becomes highly soluble in a variety of amorphous polymers such as poly(DL-lactic acid) (PDLLA) to produce a high viscosity liquid. Subsequent decompression causes the formation of gas bubbles that become permanent as the polymer vitrifies. Based upon technology at the University of Nottingham, we hypothesised that mammalian cells could be incorporated into poly(DL-lactic acid) (PDLLA) scaffolds using a single step scCO2 process. This would not only make the process more rapid, but it would remove the inefficient scaffold seeding step required in most cell based tissue engineering strategies.
Mammalian cells were subject to a range of high pressure CO2 and N2 processing conditions and assessed for cell survival. It was discovered that primary hepatocytes, meniscal fibrochondrocytes, myoblastic C2C12s and 3T3 fibroblasts could survive after exposure to both high pressure gases on a time and pressure dependent basis. Cells exposed to scCO2 for one minute were then assessed for both gene and enzyme function.Using a microarray, it was found that only eight genes (out of 9000) in murine C2C12 cells were significantly down-regulated when compared to untreated cells. Continued cell function was confirmed by measuring BMP-2 induced alkaline phosphatase activity as a measure of osteogenic differentiation in myoblastic C2C12 cells. Alkaline phosphatise activity was indistinguishable between untreated cells and cells exposed to scCO2 for one minute. Additional enzyme and receptor function was confirmed by measuring cytochrome P450 activity in primary hepatocytes after one minute of scCO2 processing.
In the second half of the study, these short processing times were found to be sufficient to plasticise and foam porous PDLLA scaffolds. Therefore, cells were incorporated into the biodegradable PDLLA foams by pre-mixing the cell suspension with the polymer powder and exposing to scCO2. Subsequent decompression caused the polymer to foam with the cells trapped within the porous structure. Despite the presence of the plasticised PDLLA, cell survival was confirmed by both an Alamar B1ueTM assay and LIVE/DEADTM staining. Osteogenic differentiation on the scaffolds was confirmed by a stain and assay for BMP-2 induced alkaline phosphatase activity.
Finally, a second generation processing piece of processing apparatus was designed that permitted mammalian cells to be passed into a pressurised vessel containing preplasticised PDLLA using a novel high-pressure CO2 injection system. This was made possible by constant optimisation of the high pressure apparatus and the introduction of a cell delivery valve. When injected at high pressures cell survival was found to be reduced when compared with previous experiments although this was likely to be due to the additional mechanical trauma caused by the injection process. Despite this, the live cell population was shown to retain its osteogenic differentiation capacity when induced with BMP-2. With further optimisation of the delivery method, cells may survive this process in sufficient numbers to suggest that it could be used as a method of seeding tissue engineering scaffolds in the future. This development could remove the limitations place on polymer processing time by the finite survival period of the cells, permitting tuning of the scaffold structure to suit the application.
In summary, this study has demonstrated that mammalian cells can be incorporated into biodegradable PDLLA scaffolds using a rapid, one-step scCO2 process without the use of toxic solvents or elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the development of the high pressure injection system could allow cells to be incorporated during the fabrication step, removing the restrictions on polymer processing. This technique could be used for the rapid production of tissue cell loaded engineering scaffolds and other associated biotechnological applications where cells and synthetic polymers are combined, such as cell therapy and recombinant protein production.


Set in the fictitious African nation of Wakanda, the six volumes of the Black Panther comic book weave plots that are faithful to superhero tropes and aware of Black nationalist discourses. The storylines focus on deterring white dominance, tribal warfare, and mineral exploitation. Creating characters conscious of the threats to their autonomy is an opportunity to reframe the "Black power" trope. This photo essay explores how iterations of raced and gendered figures in mainstream and independent comics are used to mediate and meditate on certain social anxieties. The images and their associated captions explore how Afrofuturism in "Black" comics not only provides illustrative cases of actual Black social life and political crossings engaged with cultural Black archives, but stimulates complex engagements with Black feminist thought in order to advance the liberation struggles of mutant, racialized, and gendered bodies seeking empowerment and social justice.


Adam Parkes investigates the literary and cultural implications of the censorship encountered by several modern novelists in the early twentieth century. He situates modernism in the context of this censorship, examining the relations between such authors as D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, Radclyffe Hall, and Virginia Woolf and the public controversies generated by their fictional explorations of modern sexual themes. These authors located "obscenity" at the level of stylistic and formal experiment. The Rainbow, Lady Chatterley's Lover, Ulysses, and Orlando dramatized problems of sexuality and expression in ways that subverted the moral, political, and aesthetic premises on which their censors operated. In showing how modernism evolved within a culture of censorship, Modernism and the Theater of Censorship suggests that modern novelists, while shaped by their culture, attempted to reshape it.


It is useful for music perception and automated accompaniment systems to perceive a music stream as a series of bars containing beats. We present a proof-of-concept implementation of a Variational Bayesian (VB) system for simultaneous beat tracking and rhythm pattern recognition in the domain of semi-improvised music. This is music which consists mostly of known bar-long rhythm patterns in an improvised order, and with occasional unknown patterns. We assume that a lower-level component is available to detect and classify onsets. The system uses Bayesian network fragments representing individual bars and infers beat positions within them. Model posteriors provide principled model competition, and the system may be seen providing a Bayesian rationale for agentbased and blackboard systems. The psychological notion of priming is used to instantiate new candidate models.


AGEING WITH SMARTPHONES 'FROM BELOW': INSIGHTS FROM JAPAN, UGANDA, AL-QUDS AND IRELAND This session examines new ways to theorize the smartphone, based on a comparative study of smartphone use amongst older people in four different fieldsites for a period of 16 months ethnographic fieldwork. Along with gender, age is one of the primary parameters by which societies throughout history have structured and governed themselves (Spencer, 1990). Since the 1960s, however, we have lived with an unprecedented modern consciousness that has presented an increasingly powerful challenge to this hegemonic principle by placing a high value on youth culture (Hodkinson, 1999). As a result, there is a new uncertainty about the meaning of age (Degnen, 2007). In addition, age has also extended class discrepancies, as those around the world between the ages of 45–70 have become a class that has settled its children and can now capitalize upon the new choices of consumer culture (Blaikie, 1999). Yet, these ageing populations increasingly face problems of loneliness linked to a loss of authority of seniority (Hazan, 1994), though this may be alleviated by contact through digital devices and networked platforms, mainly smartphones. Focusing on populations in their sixties, seventies and eighties is one of the panel's major contributions, as mostly up until now smartphones have been associated with the idea of a youth technology and many of their attributes associated with that age group (Jenkins et al., 2016). Hence, we wish to release the smartphone from its earlier connections, allowing us to theorise it more broadly as part of the life of 'non-digital natives'. The four papers in the panel show how understanding smartphones is more than simply addressing the culture of 'apps' or the 'culture of connectivity'. Rather, the smartphone presents an ecology of digitization tailored to the specific configurations of the individual user which is best understood through the ethnographic method of holistic contextualization. This approach links smartphone usage with all aspects of offline life and creates a role for digital anthropologists who are well placed to tackle fundamental questions about smartphones because they can gain access to this intimate and mainly private configuration and processes of personalization within their social and cultural contexts. Using Pype's (2019) concept of `smart from below' we provide illustrations showing how it is the users who actually create smartphones. To follow normative contemporary theory, this would require situating our findings in relation to established theoretical debates about new communications media. The nuance given by comparing four fieldsites with a vast variety of smartphone usage ties us to the initial context of difference and comparison, thus providing novel conceptualizations of the smartphone. These include concepts such as 'screen ecology', 'the transportal home', 'beyond anthropomorphism', 'social ecology', 'perpetual opportunism', 'contradiction and ambivalence', 'the control hub', 'multifaceted connectivity' and others. Each of these may help us to visualise, understand, and explain what people do with their smartphones and why. But where this subsumes Uganda, al-Quds, alongside Japan and Ireland there is a danger of creating neo-imperial homogenisations based on citing de-contextualised critiques. Our panel strives to describes an alternative path that could allow for theoretical development of the contemporary smartphone, while avoiding these betrayals of either substance or original insight. Three papers provide more extended examples of what we have achieved 'the transportal home' through fieldwork in Japan, 'care transcending distance' through fieldwork in Uganda, and we explore 'contradiction, ambivalence and multifaceted connectivity' though fieldwork in al-Quds. The fourth paper is more theoretical, aiming to link between the presented ethnographies and exemplify the grounding of theory of the smartphone. We hope that our panel will encourage global discussion of the role of the smartphones in the everyday lives of individuals from all age groups, not just the young. Such an expansion would allow for a deeper understanding of this device which, as we demonstrate, is so central to many people's experience of social life, home, and care. References Blaikie, A. (1999). Ageing and popular culture. Cambridge University Press. Degnen, C. (2007). Minding the gap: The construction of old age and oldness amongst peers. Journal of Aging Studies, 21(1), 69-80. Hazan, H., & Ḥazzān, Ḥ. (1994). Old age: Constructions and deconstructions. Cambridge University Press. Hodkinson, P., & Bennett, A. (Eds.). (2013). Ageing and youth cultures: Music, style and identity. A&C Black. Jenkins, H., Shresthova, S., Gamber-Thompson, L., Kligler-Vilenchik, N., & Zimmerman, A. (2018). By any media necessary: The new youth activism (Vol. 3). NYU Press. Pype, K. (2017). Smartness from below: variations on technology and creativity in contemporary Kinshasa. What Do Science, Technology, and Innovation Mean from Africa, 97-115. Spencer, P. (1990). Anthropology and the Riddle of the Sphinx: Paradoxes of Change in the Life Course. Routledge.


Early-stage game prototypes need to be informative without requiring excessive commitments. Paper prototypes are frequently used as a way of trying out core mechanics while leaving them easy to change. Play testing on even these early-stage prototypes can give an idea of how the rules play out and whether the game is fun and engaging. Recently, researchers have proposed using automated analysis of games to discover additional properties of games, such as exploits and other gameplay issues. We propose a lightweight game-sketching approach to give designers access to insight derived from both human and machine play testing. Using our system, BIPED, a designer specifies a game's mechanics and maps them to a set of board-game-like primitives. Games created with BIPED can be played interactively on a computer as well as automatically analyzed, giving designers two complementary sources of design backtalk. In this paper, we describe the language designers may use to sketch games, how they might use our tool in the two modes of play testing, and how the prototypes are computationally realized. Additionally, we study using our system to prototype a game and examine it in human and machine play tests.


To date, systematic evaluations of regeneration policies and programs for deprived and run-down urban areas which examine whether policy objectives are actually achieved and to what extent this was due to the implementation of that policy or program have been scarce. The dearth of conformance-based evaluations has also been noticed in the wider planning literature. In response to this evaluation gap in planning this paper presents a conformance-based evaluation of regeneration policies for run-down industrial sites in the Netherlands. Regeneration policies and programs for these sites usually involve public provision of infrastructure, public spaces and serviced building land by local authorities. The main objectives of these policies are to promote economic development and to stimulate private investments in buildings. One of the alleged causes of the observed lack of planning evaluations is the absence of an accepted (quantitative) methodology which enables one to attribute observed outcomes to planning activities. This issue has, however, received more attention in the literature on the impact of local economic development policies, which sometimes explicitly incorporate urban regeneration initiatives as they involve targeting incentives at small distressed areas. Although calls have been made for more rigorous evaluations in this research field as well, evaluation methods are more established. A variety of statistical techniques is proposed that could be used to assess whether observed economic outcomes can be attributed to the implementation of the policy (in the case of nonrandomized observational studies). This is normally done by comparing the outcomes in areas (or firms) that are subject to a certain policy or program (the itreatmenti group) with comparison groups of areas that are not targeted by this policy (the icomparisoniu group). This paper takes up this suggestion and compares the economic outcomes on industrial sites that have been subject to regeneration policies with sites where no regeneration policies have been put into place but which are as similar as possible. This matching is based on the assumption that the probability of regeneration is conditional given certain characteristics of the industrial site. The following indicators have been established to measure the economic outcomes: employment growth, property values and the level of private investments in buildings.


The primary task for any system that aims to automatically generate human-readable output is choice: the input to the system is usually well-specified, but there can be a wide range of options for creating a presentation based on that input. When designing such a system, an important decision is to select which aspects of the output are hard-wired and which allow for dynamic variation. Supporting dynamic choice requires additional representation and processing effort in the system, so it is important to ensure that incorporating variation has a positive effect on the generated output. In this thesis, we concentrate on two types of output generated by a multimodal dialogue system: linguistic descriptions of objects drawn from a database, and conversational facial displays of an embodied talking head. In a series of experiments, we add different types of variation to one of these types of output. The impact of each implementation is then assessed through a user evaluation in which human judges compare outputs generated by the basic version of the system to those generated by the modified version; in some cases, we also use automated metrics to compare the versions of the generated output. This series of implementations and evaluations allows us to address three related issues. First, we explore the circumstances under which users perceive and appreciate variation in generated output. Second, we compare two methods of including variation into the output of a corpus-based generation system. Third, we compare human judgements of output quality to the predictions of a range of automated metrics. The results of the thesis are as follows. The judges generally preferred output that incorporated variation, except for a small number of cases where other aspects of the output obscured it or the variation was not marked. In general, the output of systems that chose the majority option was judged worse than that of systems that chose from a wider range of outputs. However, the results for non-verbal displays were mixed: users mildly preferred agent outputs where the facial displays were generated using stochastic techniques to those where a simple rule was used, but the stochastic facial displays decreased users' ability to identify contextual tailoring in speech while the rule-based displays did not. Finally, automated metrics based on simple corpus similarity favour generation strategies that do not diverge far from the average corpus examples, which are exactly the strategies that human judges tend to dislike. Automated metrics that measure other properties of the generated output correspond more closely to users' preferences.


Realistic depiction of fluids has always presented a challenge in the modern entertainment industry, partially owing to the fact that the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid dynamics are notorious for being highly computationally intensive. As a solution, a simple approximative 2.5D fluid dynamics model is proposed based on Shallow Water Equations and Continuous Cellular Automata. In combination with the computational abilities of the modern CUDA-enabled graphics cards, the simulation with the proposed model coupled with rendering, can be performed in real-time. The method was tested on high-resolution digital terrain models, where visually convincing results were achieved; additionally, the simulation scales well with the input size. The CUDA-based approach achieved average speedups of 5.5 and 1.7 times in comparison to the single and multi-core CPU implementations, respectively.


Executive Summary Economic policymaking in the UK has historically focussed more on the demand side than on the supply side of the economy. Yet it is on the supply side – the way in which an economy adapts to change while growing productive capacity on a sustainable basis – that medium- to long-term economic performance largely depends. There is an urgent need now to rebalance policy by focussing, in particular, on measures to enhance labour-force productivity, including radically enhanced support for training and skills development. This does not involve wholesale structural reform of the economic framework. The UK benefits from having one of the most flexible economies in the OECD, with competitive product markets, relatively low labour costs and historically high employment levels, accompanied by a so-far-successful adoption of an escalating minimum wage. We suggest that in the post-Brexit era politicians would do well to avoid changes in the regulatory regime that would create undue misalignments with EU standards. Nevertheless, the concomitants of the UK's form of flexibility are a dismal performance on productivity and stagnating living standards. Productivity is now actually falling quarter on quarter ten years after the last economic downturn – a position unprecedented in the past 250 years. This problem must be addressed if the UK is to progress towards fulfilling its economic potential. Central to this are both so-called Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) to provide people who have become unemployed with new skills that help them remain in the workforce, and investments in effective upskilling of mid-career and older workers. ALMPs can help raise average per capita income over time, yet UK spending on this area is well under half the OECD average and a fraction of the sums spent in the more successful Nordic economies, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and Australia. The UK's many attempts to develop new training and apprenticeship schemes in recent decades have been dogged by poor quality and a lack of support from employers and labour unions. This needs to change: we propose a concerted effort to raise UK spending on ALMPs to the OECD average, especially for 16–24 year-olds. Improving labour-force mobility – for example by radically improving availability of affordable housing – is also critical. Structural reforms of this kind will require sustained political effort and support.


Gertrude Stein's 1909 extended textual portrait of Picasso at once tries to capture the artist anew, as he has never been rendered before, and resists closure and flatness of meaning. It is multi-faceted, cubist, repetitive but never static, trying to arrive at the essence of the artist, but acknowledging the slipperiness of its objective. In writing a portrait, biography or monograph, the author's challenge is to apprehend a subject and to distil the themes and techniques of his/her life and work, but without reducing that person to a one-dimensional outline. This is especially difficult when the figure is well-known, or at least when some aspect or aspects of that figure are well-known. It is a challenge that Eric Robertson not only faces, but relishes, in Arp: Painter, Poet, Sculptor (Yale University Press, 2006). When he writes that Arp, "seems to have fostered his multiple identity with a quite deliberate disregard for the biographer's task" (p. 3), it is in a spirit of admiration rather than complaint.


We introduce a general optimization algorithm based on an interpolation of property values on a hypercube. Each vertex of the hypercube represents a molecule, while the interior of the interpolation represents a virtual superposition ("alchemical" mutation) of molecules. The resultant algorithm is similar to branch-and-bound/tree-search methods. We apply the algorithm to the optimization of the first electronic hyperpolarizability for several tolane libraries. The search includes structural and conformational information. Geometries were optimized using the AM1 Hamiltonian, and first hyperpolarizabilities were computed using the INDO/S method. Even for small libraries, a significant improvement of the hyperpolarizability, up to a factor of ca. 4, was achieved. The algorithm was validated for efficiency and reproduced known experimental results. The algorithm converges to a local optimum at a computational cost on the order of the logarithm of the library size, making large libraries accessible. For larger libraries, the improvement was accomplished by performing electronic structure calculations on less than 0.01% of the compounds in the larger libraries. Alternation of electron donating and accepting groups in the tolane scaffold was found to produce candidates with large hyperpolarizabilities consistently.


Can a behavioral sufficient statistic empirically capture cross-consumer variation in behavioral tendencies and help identify whether behavioral biases, taken together, are linked to material consumer welfare losses? Our answer is yes. We construct simple consumer-level behavioral sufficient statistics??B-counts??by eliciting seventeen potential sources of behavioral biases per person, in a nationally representative panel, in two separate rounds nearly three years apart. B-counts aggregate information on behavioral biases within-person. Nearly all consumers exhibit multiple biases, in patterns assumed by behavioral sufficient statistic models (a la Chetty), and with substantial variation across people. B-counts are stable within-consumer over time, and that stability helps to address measurement error when using B-counts to model the relationship between biases, decision utility, and experienced utility. Conditional on classical inputs?risk aversion and patience, life-cycle factors and other demographics, cognitive and non-cognitive skills, and financial resources?B-counts strongly negatively correlate with both objective and subjective aspects of experienced utility. The results hold in much lower-dimensional models employing ?Sparsity B-counts? based on bias subsets (a la Gabaix) and/or fewer covariates, illuminating lower-cost ways to use behavioral sufficient statistics to help capture the combined influence of multiple behavioral biases for a wide range of research questions and applications.


Context: WHO estimates that around two billion people are anemic with approximately 50% of all anemia attributable to iron deficiency. Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation Program is implemented in school, in various countries to reduce prevalence of anemia in adolescents. Aims: To find out baseline prevalence of anemia and its determinants in urban school-going children of Mumbai. Settings and Design: The cross-sectional study was carried out from August to October 2012 on sample size of 385 school children, selected by systematic random sampling of class VI to X of government-aided school. Materials and Methods: After a written-informed consent, students were interviewed by pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire and then weight and height were recorded. Hemoglobin was estimated by cyan-methemoglobin method using a colorimeter. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 16. Statistical Analysis Used: Proportion, Chi-square test, Co-relation Co-efficient and Unpaired t test. Results: Mean age was 12.9 years with SD of 1.5 years. Overall prevalence of anemia was 53.2% with prevalence in females and males 56.5% and 50%, respectively. Proportion of mild, moderate and severe anemia was 21.6%, 30.9% and 0.8%, respectively. Age was significantly associated and negatively co-related with mean hemoglobin values with highest prevalence in age group of 15 to 19 years. Anemia was significantly associated with attainment of menarche. Practice of eating green leafy vegetables, groundnuts and egg was significantly higher in males as compared to females. Tiredness and palpitation were significantly higher in females as compared to males. Very few students (2.9%) were aware about anemia. Only 75% of the students were willing to consume weekly iron and folic acid supplementation for a year. Conclusions: Both males and females are susceptible to anemia with highest prevalence in age group of 15 to 19 years. Awareness of anemia was very poor in school-going children.


The present study was focused to develop an analytical method to analyse â-lactam antibiotics present in aqueous solutions and able to be applied directly in the fields. The method here presented is based on the chemical reaction between â-lactam antibiotics with phosphomolybdic acid, a heteropolyacid able to be reduced by the thiols obtained after the acid hydrolysis of the â-lactam antibiotics. The blue product obtained, which is proportional to the antibiotic amount, is adsorbed on polyurethane foam, and the intensity of color is directly evaluated on the solid material by means of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. For all six evaluated â-lactam antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin V, penicillin G, cefotaxime, cefuroxime), the analytical parameters achieved were: LOD = 0.03 µg/ml, LOQ = 0.1 µg/ml, RSD = 4.0 %. The study of possible interferences showed that using solid phase extraction is possible to eliminate even strong interferences as ascorbic acid, cysteine and reducing salts like stannous chloride. The present method has avoided, as much as possible, the use of expensive and contaminating solvents and chemical reagents. The method presents the possibility to be applied using only a desktop scanner and a personal PC for measuring the color of the adsorbed material on the PUF.


Although still a relatively recent phenomenon, mental health courts, including some specifically focused on juvenile offenders, have seen a significant upsurge in the past decade. Despite this upsurge, few comprehensive studies have been done on their effectiveness. This Note examines various aspects of juvenile mental health courts and analyzes interviews with two mental health court professionals: one judge and one program director. The Note concludes by outlining the most effective ways to ensure the success of juvenile mental health courts in the future.


Regression testing is an expensive testing procedure utilized to validate modified software. Regression test selection techniques attempt to reduce the cost of regression testing by selecting a subset of a program's existing test suite. Safe regression test selection techniques select subsets that, under certain well-defined conditions, exclude no tests (from the original test suite) that if executed would reveal faults in the modified software. Many regression test selection techniques, including several safe techniques, have been proposed, but few have been subjected to empirical validation. This paper reports empirical studies on a particular safe regression test selection technique, in which the technique is compared to the alternative regression testing strategy of running all tests. The results indicate that safe regression test selection can be cost-effective, but that its costs and benefits vary widely based on a number of factors. In particular, test suite design can significantly affect the effectiveness of test selection, and coverage-based test suites may provide test selection results superior to those provided by test suites that are not coverage-based.


Abstract This article discusses entrepreneurship in a depleted community in transition. The purpose is to develop knowledge about how discourses are used in the positioning of identity in regional development. The concept positioning illustrates how identities are provoked, challenged, negotiated and moved into identity positions that break away from the idea of imitating successful and wealthy regions; instead, locality, place and history emerge as important resources from where local actors obtain agency and recognize new opportunities. Ethnographic data of a single case were collected over a six-year period between 2005 and 2010. The longitudinal nature of the study made it possible to incorporate how local stakeholders took on new identity positions, while handling their inspiration as well as their frustration. Results show how rural change was conditioned by discourses and how entrepreneurship challenged and reframed dominating structures through interaction between entrepreneurship and community. Four discourses, expressed as dichotomies available to people in this depleted community, illustrate the interactive process of positioning: change vs. traditions, rational vs. irrational, spectacular vs. mundane and individual vs. collective. The results support research emphasizing perspectives that acknowledge interaction between entrepreneurship and context as well as discursive aspects of regional development.


A tomographic method was used for measuring sound‐speed fluctuations in the top 5 m of sediments in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Sub‐bottom porosity and density fluctuations were estimated from measured sound‐speed fluctuations by using Gassmann's [Geophysics 16, 673–685 (1951)] equations. Statistical parameters for volume backscattering calculations such as vertical correlation length, horizontal correlation length, and variance of acoustic impedance were obtained from tomographic measurements. Volume backscattering strengths for the experiment site were calculated using the theoretical results given by Crowther [Acoustics and the Seabed, edited by N. G. Pace (Bath University, Bath, 1983), pp. 147–155]. Measurements of acoustic backscattering strengths were also conducted at the same site. Comparisons between measured backscattering strengths and calculated volume backscattering strengths indicate that, for this particular location, scattering is mostly due to bottom roughness. [Work supported by ONR and UM‐Re...


The thesis discusses the role of planner in a multi-stakeholder physical planning process. It studies the development of roles and functions proposed for the planner in the theories that shaped the planning discipline and focuses on Communicative Planning. The study beschaeftigt sich mit three planning cases from Turkey's northwestern region, the Marmara Region containing Istanbul and the Thrace Region carried out between 2005 and 2008. The three case-studies are mapped on a participation landscape. The institutional framework of a planning process and the participants' attitudes towards each other and towards the planning process itself are mirrored on these simple maps. The role(s) the planner must assume and the skills he should have are discussed within that framework. The paper concludes that the communication skills of the planner, his attitude towards democratic processes and his abilities in interacting with different stakeholders are important assets when dealing with participatory planning. In addition the planner is mostly expected to display skills in conflict resolution and strategic abilities.


"Argentina has entered a period of growth that will last for many years--perhaps decades. Two crucial factors will facilitate this continued growth. First, the rate of investment is increasing--I expect that it will reach 22 or 23 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) in the near future. During the 1980s, it fell to levels as low as 12 percent and has now recovered to around 18 percent. Second, productivity is also increasing. For example, the marginal relation between product and capital--the increase in productivity over investment--is recovering strongly ... We have before us, I believe, many years of rapid growth like that of the Southeast Asian countries in the 1970s and 1980s. Like postwar Germany, France, and Japan, Argentina is in the process of stabilizing and taking advantage of the opportunities the world economy offers. We will increase our productivity and assert ourselves in the global economy." "Secrets of Success: Argentina's Blueprint for Economic Prosperity" Fall 1994 As part of the innovative symposium, "Predicting the Present," I have been asked to respond to the above quotation from my interview, "Secrets of Success: Argentina's Blueprint for Economic Prosperity," in the Harvard International Review, Fall 1994 issue. In 1994, when I gave this opinion, Argentina was completing four years of impressive growth and successful stabilization. At the beginning of 1995, Argentina was shocked by the Mexican Crisis that provoked a sudden stop in capital inflows and a deep recession. Nevertheless, by the beginning of 1996, Argentina was recovering very rapidly and its economy grew steadily until 1998. Overall, from 1991 to 1998, Argentina's GDP expanded at 6 percent per year, with the investment rate reaching 22 percent of GDP in 1998 and productivity growth averaging 3.8 percent per year. Inflation had disappeared from the Argentine economy. Until that time, events evolved exactly as I had predicted in mid-1994. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] As it emerges from the rest of the interview, my reasoning behind this prediction was the "reform of the rules of the political game." Answering the second question in the interview, I described what it meant. "In Argentina, a country that has suffered decades of serious economic and institutional disorder, this transformation occurred at many levels. It has led into a focus on integration into the world economy. Private companies have replaced public enterprises, subjecting businesses to competition and professional regulatory agencies. The state has limited its activities to essential functions, resulting in a thorough deregulation of capital, labor, and goods and services markets." Popular support and political leadership had been crucial. "Public support was fundamental to the success of the reforms. The dramatic hyperinflationary experience had left its mark on the people. Fearful of uncontrolled inflation, Argentines, for the first time, started to value stability. This popular support, combined with political leadership, gave us momentum for extensive reform. In three years we achieved what took Chile ten years under a dictatorship and Mexico six to eight years under the strict political control of the [Institutional Revolutionary Party]." Made possible by the immediate success of the stabilization program know as the "Convertibility System," Argentine economic reforms included both significant cuts in government expenditure and a tax reform that would improve tax administration and remove distortions on relative prices created by some taxes. If Argentina had not created clear rules of the game for the currency and wage that remained unprotected against currency depreciation and inflation, none of the reforms could have been implemented. Therefore, the Convertibility System became the political and economic cornerstone of the overall economic reform program. The Interplay of Domestic and External Shocks The Brazilian Crisis of February 1999, and its predecessor, the Russian Crisis of August 1998, did not have such an immediate impact on Argentina as the Mexican Crisis of 1995 did, but their negative effects were longer lasting and much more damaging for the performance of its economy. …


1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) has been used for the simultaneous determination of copper and cobalt at trace levels. PAN at pH 1.89 forms red and green complexes with copper and cobalt, respectively, which are soluble in aqueous Tween 80 micellar media and are stable for at least 3 days. Under optimum conditions, calibration graphs were obtained for individual determination of copper and cobalt by zero- and first-derivative spectrophotometry and for simultaneous determination by first- and second-derivative spectrophotometry. Zero-crossing first-derivative spectrophotometry at 555 and 581 nm for cobalt and copper was used for the simultaneous determination, respectively. The second derivative method at 577 and 565 nm was also used for cobalt and copper simultaneous determination, respectively. The method enabled the determination of copper to cobalt ratios of 1:10 to 12:1 (Wt/Wt) accurately. The accuracy and reproducibility of the determination method on known various amounts of copper and cobalt in their binary mixtures were tested. Effects of diverse ions on the determination of copper and cobalt to investigate the selectivity of the method were also studied. The recommended procedures were applied to various alloys, different water matrices and vitamin B12 and B-complex ampoules.


PEComas (perivascular epithelioid cell tumours) are rare mesenchymal tumours, characterised by epithelioid, clear cell morphology with coexpression of melanocytic and smooth muscle markers. They are usually seen in adult females in a variety of anatomical locations, of which, kidney, lung and the gynaecologic tract are the most common. We present a case of PEComa arising from the kidney of a 12-year-old boy.


In many databases, science bibliography database for example, name attribute is the most commonly chosen identifier to identify entities. However, names are often ambig- uous and not always unique which cause problems in many fields. Name disambiguation is a non-trivial task in data management that aims to properly distinguish different entities which share the same name, particularly for large databases like digital libraries, as only limited information can be used to identify authors' name. In digital libraries, ambiguous author names occur due to the existence of multiple authors with the same name or different name variations for the same person. Also known as name disambiguation, most of the previous works to solve this issue often employ hierarchical clustering approaches based on infor- mation inside the citation records, e.g. co-authors and publication titles. In this paper, we focus on proposing a robust hybrid name disambiguation framework that is not only appli- cable for digital libraries but also can be easily extended to other application based on different data sources. We propose a web pages genre identification component to identify the genre of a web page, e.g. whether the page is a personal homepage. In addition, we propose a re-clustering model based on multidimensional scaling that can further improve the perfor- mance of name disambiguation. We evaluated our approach on known corpora, and the favorable experiment results indicated that our proposed framework is feasible.


Pollination, i.e., the transport of male gametophytes to female gametophytes, can occur with biotic or abiotic vectors and is necessary for fertilization and completion of the lifecycle in all seed plants. Insect pollination and the co-evolution between angiosperms and insects have during the last century been discussed as one possible solution to Darwin's abominable mystery and an important explanation for the relatively abrupt turn-over from a vegetation dominated by gymnosperms to a vegetation dominated by angiosperms in the Cretaceous. Insect pollination is, however, a much older phenomenon that can be traced back to the Devonian, but is it an ancestral trait that has been lost in many seed plant groups, or has it originated multiple times in parallel? These questions have to be addressed in a phylogenetic framework comprising extant and extinct seed plant groups. The Gnetales are constantly in focus in studies of seed plant phylogeny, probably because they have repeatedly been suggested, and refuted, to be the closest living relatives of angiosperms. The order consists of three genera, Gnetum, Welwitschia and Ephedra, of which the former two have long been known to be insect pollinated. Pollination biology in Ephedra has, however, been poorly studied and understood. In this thesis pollination mechanisms in Ephedra (Gnetales) are investigated by field experiments and observations (Paper I) and aerodynamic simulations and studies of pollen morphology (Paper II). The results show that there are multiple pollination mechanisms within this otherwise morphologically and ecologically uniform genus. Further, in contrast to what has often been assumed, insect pollination is shown to be ancestral in the Gnetales and not a derived feature that has evolved within the group. Using this new information on pollination biology in the Gnetales and data from the literature, I explore evolution of pollen morphology and pollination mode in seed plants.


Abstract. Since the 1980s, emissions of SO2 and NOx (NO + NO2) from anthropogenic sources in the United States (US), Canada, and Europe have decreased significantly suggesting that the export of oxidized S and N compounds from surrounding continents to the atmosphere overlying the North Atlantic Ocean (NAO) has also decreased. The chemical compositions of aerosols and precipitation sampled daily on Bermuda (32.27° N, 64.87° W) from 1989 to 1997 and from 2006 to 2009 were evaluated to quantify the magnitudes, significance, and implications of associated tends in atmospheric composition. The chemical data were stratified based on FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) retroplumes into four discrete transport regimes: westerly flow from eastern North America (NEUS/SEUS); easterly trade-wind flow from northern Africa and the subtropical NAO (Africa); long, open-ocean, anticyclonic flow around the Bermuda High (Oceanic); and transitional flow from the relatively clean open ocean to the polluted eastern North America (North). Based on all data, annual average concentrations of non-sea-salt (nss) SO42– associated with aerosols and annual volume-weighted-average (VWA) concentrations in precipitation decreased significantly (by 22% and 49%, respectively) whereas annual VWA concentrations of NH4+ in precipitation increased significantly (by 70%). Corresponding trends in aerosol and precipitation NO3– and of aerosol NH4+ were insignificant. Nss SO42– in precipitation under NEUS/SEUS and Oceanic flow decreased significantly (61% each) whereas corresponding trends in particulate nss SO42– under both flow regimes were insignificant. Trends in precipitation composition were driven in part by decreasing emissions of SO2 over upwind continents and associated decreases in anthropogenic contributions to nss SO42– concentrations. Under NEUS/SEUS and Oceanic flow, the ratio of anthropogenic to biogenic contributions to nss SO42– in the column scavenged by precipitation were relatively greater than those in near surface aerosol, which implies that, for these flow regimes, precipitation is a better indicator of overall anthropogenic impacts on the lower troposphere. Particulate nss SO42– under African flow also decreased significantly (34%) whereas the corresponding decrease in nss SO42– associated with precipitation was insignificant. We infer that these trends were driven in part by reductions in the emissions and transport of oxidized S compounds from Europe. The lack of significant trends in NO3– associated with aerosols and precipitation under NEUS/SEUS flow is notable in light of the large decrease (37%) in NOx emissions in the US and Canada over the period of record. Rapid chemical processing of oxidized N in marine air contributed to this lack of correspondence. Decreasing ratios of nss SO42– to NH4+ and the significant decreasing trend in precipitation acidity (37%) indicate that the total amount of acidity in the multiphase gas–aerosol system in the western NAO troposphere decreased over the period of record. Decreasing aerosol acidities would have shifted the phase partitioning of total NH3 (NH3 + particulate NH4+ towards the gas phase thereby decreasing the atmospheric lifetime of total NH3 against wet plus dry deposition. The trend of increasing NH4+ in precipitation at Bermuda over the period of record suggests that NH3 emissions from surrounding continents also increased. Decreasing particulate nss SO42– in near-surface air under NEUS/SEUS flow over the period of record implies that the corresponding shortwave scattering and absorption by nss S and associated aerosols constituents also decreased. These changes in radiative transfer suggest a corresponding lower limit for net warming over the period in the range of 0.1–0.3 W m–2.


The Graauw Duinen Formation forms part of the Cenozoic West Coast Group and was named after the farm Graauw Duinen 152 south of the Olifants River, where it is well exposed in mining faces of a heavy mineral sand mine. However, these exposures are ephemeral and more enduring natural sections at Cliff Point on the farm Geelwal Karoo 262 were chosen as the type area. The formation was previously regarded as a 'Member' of the Alexander Bay Formation, but along with other former subdivisions of this unit, has been elevated to 'Formation' status because of their broad significance on regional and even global scales. The formation essentially comprises late Neogene coastal calcareous aeolianites, widely distributed along the Namaqualand coast from north of Elands Bay to the Gariep (Orange) River. Fossils, stratigraphic context and correlation with the marine isotope record indicate that the age of the formation ranges from early to late Pliocene.


THE devastation wrought by the September 11, 2001, attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon, as well as the air crash in Pennsylvania, remains difficult to comprehend. Nearly three thousand people were killed and hundreds injured; thousands of families were torn apart. The property damage is so complete that the nuclear war term "ground zero" is used to describe the site of the attack in New York City. The resulting economic dislocation from the attack posed a credible threat to bring the entire commercial airline industry down in an apocalyptic crash emulating the four aircraft that disintegrated. Confronted with the potential failure of the industry and operating in a wartime mode, the U.S. Congress enacted and the President signed on September 22 the Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act (ATSSSA) (1) designed to shore up the industry financially for the short term, to assure that the U.S. cross-continental economy had a viable air transportation system, and to establish the September 11th Victims Compensation Fund of 2001 (VCF) to provide compensation to those who were injured or lost family members in the attacks. In order to help protect against similar events occurring again, Congress also speedily enacted the Aviation Transportation Security Act (Security Act) (2) on November 19. It provides for federal oversight of airport security screening, improved in-flight security measures and the development of enhanced measures to increase aircraft security. Regulations implementing the VCF were published on December 21, 2001, as an interim final rule. (3) They became final on January 21, 2002, but the Department of Justice remained open to further comments. In view of the strong feelings the VCF had engendered and the criticism of some of its provisions--such as an offset for collateral source compensation, presumed economic loss tables, and a presumed award for non-economic losses sustained of $250,000 per victim, plus an additional $50,000 for the spouse and each dependent of the deceased victim--it was expected that there would be further refinements to the regulations or even a legal challenge as to whether the regulations properly interpret the VCF statute. The final rule was issued on March 13, (4) according to which these changes were made to the interim rule: * Clarified how certain "collateral resources," including pensions, will be treated; * Expressed the intention to assist claimants in understanding how certain types of collateral offsets will be treated to help claimants to decide whether to use the VCF; * Adjusted the "presumed" economic loss methodology, which should increase potential awards for most claimants; * Increased the "presumed" non-economic award in certain cases; * Clarified the intention that most families of victims who died should receive a minimum of $250,000; and * Provided certain exceptions to the requirement that injured victims must have received medical treatment within 24 hours of injury. ATSSSA The ATSSSA provides substantial financial assistance to U.S. air carriers (5) and establishes a mechanism by which all individuals who were injured and the personal representatives of those killed in the attacks may seek compensation for their personal injury or wrongful death claims without establishing fault. A. Title I -- Airline Stabilization To stabilize the financial condition of U.S. airlines, the U.S. President is authorized to issue up to $10 billion in federal loan guarantees and $5 billion in direct compensation. The latter sum applies to direct losses resulting from the federal ground stop order of September 11 and any subsequent ground stop orders and to incremental losses sustained by air carriers as a direct result of the September 11 attacks, continuing through December 31, 2001. Title I also creates the Air Transportation Stabilization Board, which serves as the decision maker on applications for the federal loan guarantees. …


The process of wafer fabrication is arguably the most technologically complex stage in semiconductor manufacturing. This manufacturing environment has a number of unusual features. Probably re-entrancy of lots and unbalanced production facilities are two of the most important and unique features of semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities (fabs) that necessitate lot flow control and effective scheduling. Flow control is achieved by a lot release control strategy which specifies when new lots are to be released into the fab. This work starts with analysing the effect of controlling lot releases on a set of performance metrics. Most popular push and pull control strategies were first used to control lot releases in the Intel Five Machine Six Step Minifab. Then a representative segment of an existing wafer fabrication facility operating with the latest technologies used in the semiconductor manufacturing, which captures the challenges involved in scheduling these complex manufacturing systems. Afterwards, based on review of literature and a classification of lot release control strategies, different lot release control strategies were selected and tested to evaluate and compare their effect on the performance metrics. These tests were conducted using simulation models that have been developed for both the Minifab and the representative segment. Results of the simulation study has shown that pull lot release control strategies can achieve same throughput rate with lower cycle times and work-in-process (WIP) levels compared to traditional push systems. However, further analysis of arrivals variability and WIP distribution has shown that the performance metrics can be further improved by reducing the variability of arrivals; this is done by modifying the CONWIP to control the release of lots into the model and reduce the interarrival variability (ICONWIP). Moreover, further analysis showed that application of these strategies lead to unbalanced distribution of WIP across the segment. To address this, a Looped CONWIP (LCONWIP)strategy which balances this load by looking the WIP in each re-entrant loop, was developed. This improves the performance while maintaining a balanced load across the line. The results of the simulation have shown that ICONWIP outperforms both LCONWIP and the traditional CONWIP at reducing the WIP levels and cycle times.


[1] Waves in the ultra-low-frequency (ULF) band have frequencies which can be drift resonant with electrons in the outer radiation belt, suggesting the potential for strong interactions and enhanced radial diffusion. Previous radial diffusion coefficient models such as those presented by Brautigam and Albert (2000) have typically used semiempirical representations for both the ULF wave's electric and magnetic field power spectral densities (PSD) in space in the magnetic equatorial plane. In contrast, here we use ground- and space-based observations of ULF wave power to characterize the electric and magnetic diffusion coefficients. Expressions for the electric field power spectral densities are derived from ground-based magnetometer measurements of the magnetic field PSD, and in situ AMPTE and GOES spacecraft measurements are used to derive expressions for the compressional magnetic field PSD as functions of Kp, solar wind speed, and L-shell. Magnetic PSD results measured on the ground are mapped along the field line to give the electric field PSD in the equatorial plane assuming a guided Alfven wave solution and a thin sheet ionosphere. The ULF wave PSDs are then used to derive a set of new ULF-wave driven diffusion coefficients. These new diffusion coefficients are compared to estimates of the electric and magnetic field diffusion coefficients made by Brautigam and Albert (2000) and Brautigam et al. (2005). Significantly, our results, derived explicitly from ULF wave observations, indicate that electric field diffusion is much more important than magnetic field diffusion in the transport and energization of the radiation belt electrons.


Abstract Fake news texts often show clear signs of the deceptive nature; still, they are shared by many users on Facebook. What could be the reason for this? The paper tries to answer the question by collecting the linguistic and non-linguistic characteristics of fake news. Linguistic characteristics include among others the exaggerating, sensational title, the eye-catching, tabloid-style text, the correct or incorrect use of terms, and the fake URLs imitating real websites; non-linguistic characteristics are expressive pictures often featuring celebrities, the use of all caps, excessive punctuation, and spelling mistakes. The corpus was compiled using snowball sampling: manipulative news not originating from big news portals were collected from the social networking website Facebook. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of Hungarian fake news in comparison to the English ones and to elaborate a system of aspects which help identify fake news.