Relatively little is known about Salmonella Virchow as a pathogen. Its prevalence varies from country to country, however it is constantly associated with invasive disease, particularly in children and the immuno-compromised. The main sources of S. Virchow are humans and poultry. The aims of this study were to determine the genetic relatedness of S. Virchow isolates from difference sources in England, to characterise its infection biology using in vitro and in vivo based models, to establish the immune response produced by poultry in response to infection with the serovar and to begin to determine the level of protection and cross-protection that could be achieved against the serovar and S. Typhimurium.

The genetic relatedness of the S. Virchow isolates was determined using molecular typing techniques including MLST and PFGE. The isolates were screened for the presence of 12 virulence genes that have been associated with adhesion, invasion and persistence. Human and avian cell lines and in vivo poultry infection experiments were used to characterise S. Virchow's invasiveness, persistence and ability to elicit an immune response, compared to a well characterised S. Typhimurium isolate. Immune responses were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and ELISA, to establish aspects of the innate, cellular and humoral response, as well as cytokine and chemokine expression. An in vivo poultry infection experiment was performed to gain an indication of the level of protection and cross-protection offered by primary infection with S. Virchow against secondary infection. Bacteriology, ELISA and western blot methods were used analyse this.

Overall, S. Virchow appears to be a relatively clonal serovar, regardless of the source and the results indicate this is widespread and not solely in the UK. All of the isolates possessed the 12 virulence genes, which could contribute to its virulence in some hosts. S. Virchow was particularly persistent and inflammatory in the human Caco2 cells, which is consistent with the increased virulence previously reported in humans. The in vitro HD11 assay and the in vivo poultry infection experiments were consistent in showing S. Virchow colonises the chicken intestine to high levels, causes transient systemic infection and stimulates a moderate inflammatory response, very similar to S. Typhimurium infection. S. Virchow infection stimulated all aspects of the chicken immune system, characteristic of a broad-range serovar. Initial results from the in vivo protection experiment showed primary infection with S. Virchow does offer some protection against systemic invasion, although adequate protection against caecal colonisation was not found. However, 2 proteins were identified that strongly reacted and cross-reacted with sera from infected chickens, providing optimism that a vaccine to protect against S. Virchow colonisation could be developed with further research.


The search for alternative urban development often confronts the despairing conclusion that political conditions in American cities foreclose any real possibilities of change. In this article we challenge that view. We argue that debates about alternative urban development in the U.S. overemphasize urban industrial transition as a process of rupture, whereby strong business-led political regimes displace an old economic order in favor of a new corporate-centered, FIRE-oriented, downtown development model. In contrast, we suggest many cities have experienced post-industrial neoliberalism in more muted fashion, characterized by a condition of political economic stasis, where old industries and political interests persist alongside new economic strategies and developments. A brief discussion of Akron, Ohio, Lexington, Kentucky, and Tacoma, Washington illustrates the dynamics at work in such cities. We argue that stasis and the weakness of the mainstream orthodoxy in some cities provide a context in which alternative economic development might be more viable.


OBJECTIVE: Wound dimensional assessments are important in determining the progress of a wound and the effect of interventions on wound healing. The FastSCAN (FS; Polhemus Inc, Colchester, Vermont) and Silhouette Mobile (SM; ARANZ Medical, Christchurch, New Zealand) are portable devices that quantify surface area, depth, and volume of wounds. This study evaluated their reliability in producing accurate wound measurements. DESIGN AND SETTING: This study was conducted at the Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand. PATIENTS AND INTERVENTION: Eleven vascular patients with a combined total of 16 wounds underwent simultaneous wound measurements using three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) reconstruction, FS, and SM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The validity of FS and SM was tested against CT. Additionally, the interoperator reliability and intraoperator reliability of FS and SM were determined. MAIN RESULTS: The intraoperator reliability and interoperator reliability for volume recordings of the SM were 0.97 and 0.97, respectively, and for the FS were 0.96 and 0.97, respectively. The FS and SM measurements were not significantly different from CT. The SM consistently produced smaller wound volume and depth measurements compared with CT. In contrast, overestimation was observed for FS when compared with CT. However, the volume measurements in one wound were anomalous, being 10 times larger than CT measurements. Excluding this wound, there were strong correlations in wound volumes for SM and CT (r = 0.81; P ⩽ .0001), for FS and CT (r = 0.99; P ⩽ .001), and for SM and FS (r = 0.99; P ⩽ .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Measurements from FS and SM were comparable to CT. Therefore, SM and FS devices both offer the benefit of being noncontact portable devices that produce reproducible and reliable readings.


Malignant gliomas, of grade III and grade IV malignancy, are incurable neoplasms that arise from cells with several well-characterized genetic profile abnormalities that cause uncontrollable growth and infiltration in the brain. Presenting symptoms of both generalized and focal neurological abnormalities are induced by increased intracranial pressure and focal neuronal dysfunction, respectively. On average, patients experience 3 months or less of clinical history before receiving diagnosis based on multifactorial comparison of clinical and pathological presentation of the tumor. Following diagnosis, maximal safe resection and adjuvant radiotherapy and concurrent chemotherapy typically ensues with subsequent management chemotherapy regimens. Despite aggressive treatment approaches, progression or recurrence is highly typical based on 5-yr survival rates of 5.1% and 27.9% of grade IV glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and grade III anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), respectively, the two most common malignant gliomas. Severely progressive clinical and functional deterioration in the terminal stage of care may warrant cessation of curative care replaced with maximal palliative care. Brain tumor patients experience the burden of terminal illness as other cancer patients do, but with added neurological-specific impairments that reduce quality of life. Possible causes of death include herniation, tumor progression, and systemic illness, but can be potentially multifactorial. The following manuscript characterizes the pathological mechanisms of oncogenesis and growth, followed by a comprehensive review of the clinical care for brain tumor patients from symptom onset to cause of death. To aid in the clinical applicability of these concepts, a case study of a single patient "WL", who received a diagnosis of grade III anaplastic astrocytoma following 3 months of visual deterioration, will prompt the clinical review by illustration of disease course and treatment.


Background: Most research on identifying and understanding health disparities focused on measurement strategies and analytics design over administrative and survey data. What has received less attention, however, is the complex interplay between privacy concerns and the needs of health disparity research. Objectives: The main objective of the paper is to illustrate the fundamental challenges facing the reconciliation of privacy needs and health disparity research. Research Design: We investigated whether privacy disparity exists over raw, unprocessed, public health data, and then examined the effect of a state-of-the-practice data anonymization process and a state-of-the-art privacy-preserving data sharing technique on both privacy disparity and the efficacy of health disparity research. Results: We demonstrate that the essential elements for health disparity research, for example, the integration of demographics attributes such as race in public health datasets, could indeed lead to privacy disparity if not carefully treated. Discussions and Policy Implications: The findings in this paper indicate that regulators must carefully study the privacy implications before mandating the inclusion of certain attributes like race and geolocation in a released dataset. For example, the Affordable Care Act requires all federally supported public health programs to collect data on race, ethnicity, sex, geographic location, etc., to the extent feasible. Although doing so could help identify health disparities, if the collected data are directly released without proper sanitization, the released data may introduce privacy disparities, causing further harm to underserved populations.


The paper is concerned with the high protection cum high growth experience in Brazil until the second half of the 1980s and its crisis. The paper is structured in four sections. The first section is a summary of the arguments presented in the following three sections of the paper. Section II considers the level of protection in Brazil compared with those of other Latin American economies and examines the reasons why it was so high while its economic growth performance was outstanding. The following section analyses the golden age of autarky until the early 1960s, including the role of foreign direct investment (FDI). The last section centers on the combination of export incentives with closed domestic markets that extended the life of import substitution industrialization (ISI) as a decreasingly effective economic strategy.


Recent scholarly discourse about convergence and media developments related to transmedia phenomena has focused on economic and media-centered perspectives. Much work has been done by gathering data about and analyzing innovative marketing strategies in the media industry. These efforts have provided insights into processes of media production and distribution in the age of digitization and under the conditions of convergence and the social Web. Drawing on this research, I develop a perspective on how to examine adolescents' appropriation of popular media. This article focuses on the perspective of young people who turn toward the media according to their media preferences and content-related interests. It is about their transmedia appropriations, which means—in simplified terms—how they deal with media content that is provided by a converging and highly commercialized media system. The article presents an approach to research in this field as well as some initial findings of an empirical study with German young people related to the role of convergent media and transmedia storytelling for socialization processes in adolescence.


The RADIUS protocol [RFC2865] has limited support for authentication
and encryption of RADIUS packets. The protocol transports data "in the
clear", although some parts of the packets can have "hidden" content.
Packets may be replayed verbatim by an attacker, and client-server
authentication is based on fixed shared secrets. This document
specifies how the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) protocol
may be used as a fix for these problems. It also describes how
implementations of this proposal can co-exist with current RADIUS
systems.


This study uses interviews to explore students' perspectives of a university path program, one initiative of a university-school partnership. Responses show that the abstraction of the program lives in concrete and personal dimensions for students as they move from high school to university in the same neighborhood. Advanced placement work at the university and the secondment of faculty from the school board blur distinctions between school and university. Most striking is the students' desire to contribute to the community that has supported them and is most closely associated with their families, the school, and the university that lies, at least geographically, within community bounds.


. Understanding how ice sheets responded to past climate change is fundamental to forecasting how they will respond in the future. Numerical models calculating the evolution of ice sheets depend upon accumulation data, which are principally available from ice cores. Here, we calculate past rates of ice accumulation using internal layering. The englacial structure of the East Antarctic ice divide at ridge B is extracted from airborne ice-penetrating radar. The isochronous surfaces are dated at their intersection with the Vostok ice-core site, where the depth–age relationship is known. The dated isochrons are used as input to a one-dimensional ice-flow model to investigate the spatial accumulation distribution. The calculations show that ice-accumulation rates generally increase from Vostok lake towards ridge B. The western flank of the ice divide experiences markedly more accumulation than in the east. Further, ice accumulation increases northwards along the ice divide. The results also show the variability of accumulation in time and space around the ridge B ice divide over the last 124 000 years.


The advent of gravitational wave (GW) astronomy has provided a new window through which to view and understand the Universe. To fully exploit the potential of GW astronomy, an understanding of all the potential electromagnetic counterparts to a gravitational wave detected source will help maximise the science returns. Here I present a study of the electromagnetic emission from relativistic jets that accompany the merger of binary neutron stars or black hole-neutron star systems. These counterparts provide a probe for the structure and dynamics of these relativistic outflows. Binary neutron star, or neutron star-black hole, mergers are thought to be the dominant progenitor of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Here we investigate the possibility that there is a hidden population of low-Lorentz factor jets resulting in failed GRBs, on-axis orphan afterglows, and what kind of counterparts can be expected given a merger-jet population dominated by these failed-GRB jets. I find that for GW detected mergers, ∼ 80% of the population of on-axis events may result in a failed GRB afterglow. The afterglow of a failed GRB is characterised by the lack of any prompt emission; where the γ-rays are emitted within an optically thick region of the low-Lorentz factor (Γ) outflow and significant suppression via pair production and a high opacity results in the photons coupled to the pair plasma. This plasma will undergo adiabatic expansion, and the photons will decouple at the photospheric radius. The energy in the prompt photons, for a sufficiently low-Γ outflow, will have been significantly suppressed. GW detected mergers have a Malmquist bias towards on-axis events (i.e. the rotational axis of the system), where the peak of the probability distribution is an inclination ∼ 30⁰. If the jets from these mergers have an intrinsic structure out to wider angles, then the majority of mergers will be accompanied by electromagnetic counterparts from these various jet structures. By making some simple assumptions about the energetic structure of a jet outside of a bright core region, the various temporal features that result from a given jet structure can be predicted. Where the population of merger jets is dominated by a single structure model, I show the expected fractions of optical counterparts brighter than m_AB = 21. On 17 August 2017, the Light Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) in collaboration with Virgo detected the merger of a binary neutron star system. Various electromagnetic counterparts were detected: the GRB 170817A by Fermi/GBM and INTEGRAL; an optical, blue to red, macro/kilo-nova from ∼ 1/2 day post merger to ∼ 5 − 10 days; and a brightening radio, and X-ray counterpart from ∼ 10 days. Optical detection of this counterpart at a magnitude ∼ 26 was made at ∼ 100 days post-merger. Analysis of this counterpart is consistent with the afterglow of a Gaussian structured jet viewed at the system inclination, ∼ 18 ± 8⁰. If all short GRB jets have a similar jet structure, then the rates of orphan afterglows in deep drilling blind surveys e.g. the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), will be higher than those expected from a homogeneous, or 'top-hat' jet, population. The rates for the various jet structures for orphan afterglows from mergers are discussed, showing that for a population of failed GRBs, or an intrinsic Gaussian structure, an excess in the orphan rate may be apparent. Understanding the dynamics and structure for the jets from black-hole systems born at the merger of a compact binary can help give clues as to the nature of jets from black holes on all scales. As an aside, I show empirically that regardless of black hole mass or system phenomenology, the relativistic jets from such systems share a universal scaling for the jet power and emitted γ-ray luminosity. This scaling could be due to the similar efficiencies of various processes, or alternatively, the scaling may be able to give insights into the emission and physical processes that are responsible for high-energy photons from these outflows. GW astronomy offers a probe of the most extreme relativistic outflows in the Universe, GRBs. The predicted electromagnetic counterparts from these outflows, in association with GW detections, provides a way to probe the Lorentz-factor distribution for merger-jets. Additionally, the phenomenological shape of the afterglows, at various inclinations, gives an indication of the intrinsic structure of these jets. An understanding of these dynamical and structural qualities can be used to constrain the parent population, merger rates, and binary evolution models for compact binary systems.


A review with 348 refs. In 1985, Car and Parrinello published a seminal article on an "Unified approach for mol. dynamics and d. functional theory". This paper established a basis for parameter-free mol. dynamics simulations in which all the interactions are calcd. on the fly via a first-principles quantum mech. method. In the 15 yr of its existence, the Car-Parrinello method has found widespread applications that expanded rapidly from physics to chem. and, most recently, even into biol. In this article, the foundations of the method in its most common implementation, the one based on d. functional theory, plane wave basis sets and pseudopotentials are described and extensions to the original scheme are outlined. The current power of Car-Parrinello simulations is illustrated by presenting selected case studies and possible future directions are sketched in the final outlook. [on SciFinder (R)]


Osmium isotope compositions and concentrations of Re, platinum group elements (PGE), and Au were determined for host peridotites (serpentinites and harzburgites) and hydrothermally altered ultramafic wall rocks associated with Mother Lode-type hydrothermal gold-quartz vein mineralization in the Alleghany district, California. The host peridotites have Os isotope compositions and Re, PGE, and Au abundances typical of the upper mantle at their presumed formation age during the late Proterozoic or early Paleozoic. The hydrothermally altered rocks have highly variable initial Os isotope compositions with γOs values (% deviation of 187Os/188Os from the chondritic average calculated for the approx. 120 Ma time of mineralization) ranging from ‐1.4 to ‐8.3. The lowest Os isotope compositions are consistent with Re depletion of a chondritic source (e.g., the upper mantle) at ca. 1.6 Ga. Most of the altered samples are enriched in Au and have depleted and fractionated abundances of Re and PGE relative to their precursor peridotites. Geochemical characteristics of the altered samples suggest that Re and some PGE were variably removed from the ultramafic rocks during the mineralization event. In addition to Re, the Pt and Pd abundances of the most intensely altered rocks appear to have been most affected by mineralization. The 187Os-depleted isotopic compositions of some altered rocks are interpreted to be a result of preferential 187Os loss via destruction of Re-rich phases during the event. For these rocks, Os evidently is not a useful tracer of the mineralizing fluids. The results do, however, provide evidence for differential mobility of these elements, and mobility of 187Os relative to the initial bulk Os isotope composition during hydrothermal metasomatic alteration of ultramafic rocks.


The various missions of the US bases in the Philippines have been examined. Some, like the mission of supporting intervention in the Persian Gulf, should not be performed at all. Others, like countering the Soviet presence in Southeast Asia, would be easier performed by accepting Gorbachev's tradeoff proposal. Because Subic and Clark are so much more valuable militarily than the Soviet facilities at Cam Ranh Bay and Danang, there will obviously be some reluctance to having a simple one-for-one exchange. And indeed it makes good sense to couple any Philippines-Vietnam tradeoff to a number of other agreements: the establishment of a Zone of Peace, Freedom, and Neutrality in Southeast Asia; a settlement of the Kampuchean conflict along the lines of the ASEAN position; denuclearization of Southeast Asia; and then demilitarization and denuclearization of the Indian Ocean as well. All would face little obstacle from Moscow--indeed all have been endorsed by the Soviet government. With proper political will in Washington none of this would be utopian. Moreover, in the context of these sorts of agreements, a withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan should not be too difficult to obtain. Trading off the US bases in the Philippines for Soviet bases in Vietnam offers a major step toward a creation of a more peaceful and just world.


Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the stabilization of atomic platinum (Pt) catalysts on desirable supports in order to reduce Pt consumption, improve the catalyst stability, and thereafter enhance the catalyst performance in renewable energy devices such as fuel cells and zinc-air batteries (ZABs). Herein, we rationally designed a novel strategy to stabilize atomic Pt catalysts in alloyed platinum cobalt (PtCo) nanosheets with trapped interstitial fluorine (SA-PtCoF) for ZABs. The trapped interstitial F atoms in the PtCoF matrix induce lattice distortion resulting in weakening of the Pt–Co bond, which is the driving force to form atomic Pt. As a result, the onset potentials of SA-PtCoF are 0.95 V and 1.50 V for the oxygen reduction and evolution reactions (ORR and OER), respectively, superior to commercial Pt/C@RuO2. When used in ZABs, the designed SA-PtCoF can afford a peak power density of 125 mW cm−2 with a specific capacity of 808 mA h gZn−1 and excellent cyclability over 240 h, surpassing the state-of-the-art catalysts.


Purpose of review Difficult discussions regarding end-of-life care are common in neurocritical care. Because of a patient's neurological impairment, decisions regarding continuing or limiting aggressive care must often be made by patients' families in conjunction with medical providers. This review provides perspective on three major aspects of this circumstance: prognostication, family–physician discussions, and determination of death (specifically as it impacts on organ donation). Recent findings Numerous studies have now demonstrated that prediction models developed from populations of brain-injured patients may be misleading when applied to individual patients. Early care limitations may lead to the self-fulfilling prophecy of poor outcomes because of care decisions rather than disease course. A shared decision-making approach that emphasizes transmission of information and trust between families and medical providers is ethically appropriate in severely brain-injured patients and as part of the transition to end-of-life palliative care. Standard definitions of death by neurological criteria exist, although worldwide variation and the relationship to organ donation make this complex. Summary End-of-life care in patients with severe brain injuries is common and represents a complex intersection of prognostication, family communication, and decision-making. Skills to optimize this should be emphasized in neurocritical care providers.


Previous studies have found that calcification in coral reefs is generally stronger during the day, whereas dissolution is prevalent at night. On the basis of these contrasting patterns, the diel variations of net community calcification (NCC) were monitored to examine the relative sensitivity of CaCO3 production (calcification) and dissolution in coral reefs to ocean acidification (OA), using two mesocosms that replicated a typical subtropical coral reef ecosystem in southern Taiwan. The results revealed that the daytime NCC remained unchanged, whereas the nighttime NCC decreased between the control (ambient) and treatment (OA) conditions, suggesting that carbonate dissolution could be more sensitive to OA than coral calcification. The average sensitivity of the integrated daily NCC to changes in the seawater saturation state (Ωa) was estimated to be a reduction of 54% in NCC per unit change in Ωa, which is consistent with the global average. In summary, our results support the prevailing anticipation that OA would lead to a reduction in the overall accretion of coral reef ecosystems. However, increased CaCO3 dissolution rather than decreased coral calcification could be the dominant driving force responsible for this OA-induced reduction in NCC.


Given that the world has moved well beyond the period of Western colonialism, and clearly into a durable period in which non-Western cultures have gained their political autonomy, it is long past time that non-Western voices had a higher profile in debates about international relations, not just as disciples of Western schools of thought, but as inventors of their own approaches. Western IR theory has had the advantage of being the first in the field, and has developed many valuable insights, but few would defend the position that it captures everything we need to know about world politics. In this book, Acharya and Buzan introduce non-Western IR traditions to a Western IR audience, and challenge the dominance of Western theory. An international team of experts reinforce existing criticisms that IR theory is Western-focused and therefore misrepresents and misunderstands much of world history by introducing the reader to non-Western traditions, literature and histories relevant to how IR is conceptualised. Including case studies on Chinese, Japanese, South Korean, Southeast Asian, Indian and Islamic IR this book redresses the imbalance and opens up a cross-cultural comparative perspective on how and why thinking about IR has developed in the way it has. As such, it will be invaluable reading for both Western and Asian audiences interested in international relations theory.


Distal radial fracture is the most common fracture in humans.

 The purpose of the present study was to assess the compensation claims filed to The Norwegian System of Patient Injury Compensation (NPE) after the treatment of distal radial fractures from 2000 through June 2013.

 Data received by the NPE were collected and categorized into groups depending on acceptance or rejection of the claim. In both groups, the cases were systemized according to the type of primary treatment, either operative or conservative. Patient demographics were recorded, along with the patient´s reason(s) for the compensation claim, registered complications and the NPE´s reason(s) for the acceptance or rejection of the claim.

 Eight hundred compensation claims were received. Forty-three percent of claims were granted, of which 71% had been treated conservatively and 29% had received surgical treatment. Pain was the most common complaint. There were a higher number of upheld claims in hospitals with a population area of less than 100,000 people as opposed to larger hospitals.

 The most common cause for compensation was delayed intervention when reduction was lost after conservative treatment. Most of the compensations after surgery were due to wrong technique. Only 30 patients with upheld claims received volar plating. Pain is not a valid reason for compensation on its own. There is a higher risk of ending up with a complication that leads to compensation if the patient is treated in a small hospital.


In this paper, we present a recently funded European research project, namely WORKPAD, that aims at designing and developing an innovative software infrastructure (software, models, services, etc.) for supporting collaborative work of human operators in emergency/disaster scenarios. In such scenarios, different teams, belonging to different organizations, need to collaborate with one other to reach a common goal; each team member is equipped with handheld devices (PDAs) and communication technologies, and should carry on specific tasks. In such a case we can consider the whole team as carrying on a process, and the different teams (of the different organizations) collaborate through the "interleaving" of all the different processes (macro-process). Each team is supported by some back-end centre, and the different centres need to cooperate at an inter-organizational level to reach an effective coordination among teams. The project investigates a 2-level framework for such scenarios: a back-end peer-to-peer community, providing advanced services requiring high computational power, data & knowledge & content integration, and a set of front-end peer-to-peer communities, that provide services to human workers, mainly by adaptively enacting processes on mobile ad-hoc networks


Traditional epistemological models classify knowledge into separate disciplines with diffe- rent objects of study and specific techniques, with some frameworks even proposing hierarchies (such as Comte's). According to thinkers such as John Holland or Teilhard de Chardin, the advancement of science involves the convergence of disciplines. This proposed convergence can be studied in a number of ways, such as how works impact research outside a specific area (citation networks) or how authors collaborate with other researchers in different fields (collaboration networks). while these studies are delivering significant new insights, they cannot easily show the convergence of different topics within a body of knowledge. This paper attempts to address this question in a quantitative manner, searching for evidence that supports the idea of convergence in the content of the sciences themselves (that is, whether the sciences are dealing with increasingly the same topics). we use latent dirichlet Analysis ( ldA), a technique that is able to analyze texts and estimate the relative contributions of the topics that were used to generate them. we apply this tool to the corpus of the Santa Fe Insti - tute (SFI) working papers, which spans research on Complexity Science from 1989 to 2015. we then analyze the relatedness of the different research areas, the rise and demise of these sub-disciplines over time and, more broadly, the convergence of the research body as a whole. Combining the topic structure obtained from the collected publication history of the SFI community with techniques to infer hierarchy and clustering, we reconstruct a picture of a dynamic community which experiences trends, periodically recurring topics, and shifts in the closeness of scholarship over time. we find that there is support for convergence, and that the application of quantitative methods such as ldA to the study of knowledge can provide valuable insights that can help researchers navigate the increasingly wide literature as well as identifying potentially fruitful areas for research collaboration.


This chapter presents recent work on stress assignment in reading Greek, aiming to help understand the cognitive processes of reading and the representation of words in the mental lexicon. Word spelling and pseudoword reading studies spanning a wide range from early grades through adulthood have suggested a developmentally limited role for the processing of the obligatory stress diacritic. Children with reading difficulties are especially impaired in explicit stress assignment tasks involving pseudowords. Considered alongside stress priming experiments, these studies suggest that stress information is primarily derived from the lexicon and that it is associated with specific words rather than represented generically in the form of abstract templates. Further research is needed to elucidate stress representations and stress assignment processes.


People are often ignorant about the legal rules that govern the most common transactions in their lives. This Article analyzes one common regulatory response to our widespread legal ignorance. A surprisingly broad range of legal rules have the ostensible purpose of inducing sophisticated parties to draft express contract language that will inform their contractual partners about the legal rules governing a particular transaction. However, this "legal-information-forcing" objective often remains unrealized because people routinely sign contracts without reading and understanding their terms. In theory, courts could design information-forcing rules that would be truly informative. But recognizing the potential futility of attempts to inform many contracting parties about complex legal rules, this Article also develops and critiques several alternative justifications for "clause-forcing" rules that encourage sophisticated parties to draft express contract terms. Such terms could facilitate the activities of avid comparison shoppers, reviewers, and consumer advocates. Comprehensive written terms also may promote ex post legal clarity and thereby reduce the costs of resolving disputes. Finally, exculpatory clauses allow parties to contract out of the comparatively expensive legal system of dispute resolution in favor of a regime governed by informal social norms. On this account, clause-forcing rules encourage sophisticated drafting parties to signal their preference for a norm-governed relationship, and lawmakers then demarcate the boundary between law and norms by deciding whether to enforce exculpatory clauses. The normative desirability of these clause-forcing rules is unclear, but my exploration of these alternative justifications shows the conceptual poverty of accounts that presume express contract terms inform the majority of unsophisticated parties.


A new series of space-saving P2 motor-run capacitors in plastic cases is now available from EPCOS. With the new MotorCap™ P2 compact series B3235* grounding of the capacitor cases is no longer necessary. Thanks to dry technology, the components can be mounted in any desired position. Their expected operating life to IEC 60252-1 2001 is up to 30,000 hours. The diameters of the new series range from 25 to 40 mm at insertion heights of 58 to 120 mm. The new types are designed for rated voltages of 400 and 450 V AC and cover a capacitance range from 2 to 20 µF. They satisfy the high P2 protection class to IEC 60252-1. Safety is assured by special segmentation of the film metallization with integrated safety elements. The affected segments are isolated in the event of overload. The capacitors are available in three terminal types: fast-on as well as single and double insulated strands. In addition to plain cans, the capacitors are available with screw-on and clip mounting options. Typical applications of the MotorCap™ P2 compact series are refrigerator compressors, washing machines, pumps and air-conditioning equipment.


Article History: Received: 25 Feb. 2016 Accepted: 15 Mar. 2016 In this study, the experimental analysis on the bare hull resistance coefficient of submarine at snorkel depth is represented. The experiments are conducted in marine laboratory of Admiral Makarov University. The results are presented for surface condition and snorkel condition. Snorkel depth is regarded equal to one diameter of submarine hull beneath the water surface as usual in submarines. Performing the experiment at the surface condition is a usual practice process but performing the experiment at submerged condition has several technical notes which are evaluated in this paper. One of challenging discussions is estimating the induced resistance between the main hull and struts. For this part of study, CFD method is used. CFD analyses are conducted by Flow-3D (V.10) software based on solving the RANS equations and VOF method. All analyses are performed for still water condition. The results of this research can be used for AUVs, research submersibles and submarines, torpedoes and every submersible who operate near the free surface of water.


Two facilities for the testing of commercial and residential HVAC air delivery components were developed for the UNLV Ventilation and Acoustic Systems Technology (VAST) Lab. One facility, referred to as the HVAC Acoustic Test Facility (HCATS), will be used to measure the acoustic characteristics of in-duct and duct terminating components. This system will augm ent the test facility currently used for in-duct passive silencer testing. The other new facility will be used to rate the air perform ance of HVAC interior inlets and outlets. This system is commonly referred to as a throw room. HCATS includes a supply air fan and closed circuit duct w ork to carry air to and from a reverberation room. Acoustic measurements are be made in the reverberation room, which has been qualified to ASTM standards. The duct components to be tested are be placed in the ductwork just as they would in normal use. The amount of air delivered to the component is measured using a bank of nozzles which are designed into the air delivery duct path. The throw room is supplied air from an air circulation system designed specifically for the task. This system includes a temperature control system and a bank of nozzles similar to those for the HCATS system. M easurements of the air velocities and temperature in the throw room are made using thermal anemometers and thermocouples carried by a robotic mechanism. A PC com puter is used to control the robotic mechanism and record data from the instruments.


Context. The Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) on board the Gaia satellite is not provided with a wavelength calibration lamp. It uses its observations of stars with known radial velocity to derive the dispersion relation. To derive an accurate radial velocity calibration, a precise knowledge of the line spread function (LSF) of the RVS is necessary. Good-quality ground-based observations in the wavelength range of the RVS are highly desired to determine the LSF.
Aims. Several radial velocity standard stars are available to the Gaia community. The highest possible number of calibrators will surely allow us to improve the accuracy of the radial velocity. Because the LSF may vary across the focal plane of the RVS, a large number of high-quality spectra for the LSF calibration may allow us to better sample the properties of the focal plane.
Methods. We selected a sample of stars to be observed with UVES at the Very Large Telescope, in a setting including the wavelength range of RVS, that are bright enough to allow obtaining high-quality spectra in a short time. We also selected stars that lack chemical investigation in order to increase the sample of bright, close by stars with a complete chemical inventory.
Results. We here present the chemical analysis of the first sample of 80 evolved stars. The quality of the spectra is very good, therefore we were able to derive abundances for 20 elements. The metallicity range spanned by the sample is about 1 dex, from slightly metal-poor to solar metallicity. We derived the Rb abundance for all stars and investigated departures from local thermodynamical equilibrium (NLTE) in the formation of its lines.
Conclusions. The sample of spectra is of good quality, which is useful for a Gaia radial velocity calibration. The Rb NLTE effects in this stellar parameters range are small but sometimes non-negligible, especially for spectra of this good quality.


As growth in population, gross domestic product (GDP) and consumption continues, further demands are placed on land, water and other resources. The resulting degradation can threaten the food security of poor people in fragile environments, particularly those whose livelihoods rely largely on agricultural activities. The concept of diversified or multifunctional agroecosystems is a relatively recent response to the decline in the quality of the natural resource base. Today, the question of agricultural production has evolved from a purely technical issue to a more complex one characterized by social, cultural, political and economic dimensions. Multifunctional agroecosystems carry out a variety of ecosystem services, such as the regulation of soil and water quality, carbon sequestration, support for biodiversity and sociocultural services, as well as meeting consumers' needs for food. In turn, these systems also rely on ecosystem services provided by adjacent natural ecosystems, including pollination, biological pest control, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, nutrient cycling and hydrological services. However, poor management practices in agroecosystems can also be the source of numerous disservices, including loss of wildlife habitat, nutrient runoff, sedimentation of waterways, greenhouse gas emissions, and pesticide poisoning of humans and non-target species. This chapter discusses the challenges to agroecosystem management, and how adopting a diversified approach will enable farmers to farm longer and more sustainably in an environment of greater uncertainty, in the face of climate change.


Kerogen
is an amorphous organic matter (AOM) in fine grain sediments, which produces
petroleum and other byproducts when subjected to adequate pressure and
temperature (deep burial conditions). Chemical characteristics of kerogen by
considering its biogenic origin, depositional environment, and thermal maturity
has been studied extensively with different analytical methods, though its
molecular structure is still not fully known. In this study, conventional
geochemical methods were used to screen bulk rock aliquots from the Bakken Shale
with varying thermal maturities. Organic matter was isolated from the mineral
matrix and then a mass spectrometry method was utilized to quantify molecular
weight distribution (MWD) of four different kerogens at various thermal
maturity levels (immature to late mature). Furthermore, to complement mass
spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed as a
qualitative chemical and structural investigation technique. The MWD of four
samples was obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, and the results are correlated
with the absorption indices (CH3/CH2 ratio and
aromaticity) calculated from the FTIR attenuated total reflectance (ATR) method.
The results showed when the degree of maturity increases, the aliphatic length
shortens, and the branching develops, as well as the aromatic structure becomes
more abundant. Moreover, based on the MWD results, higher maturity kerogen samples
would consist of larger size molecular structures, which are recognized as more
developed aromatic, and aliphatic branching stretches. The combination of
infrared spectroscopy (AFT-FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) provided MWD
variations in kerogen samples as a function of maturity based on varying absorption
indices and revealed the rate of change in molecular mass populations as a
function of thermal maturity.


We show that certain submanifolds of generalized complex manifolds ("weak branes") admit a natural quotient which inherits a generalized complex structure. This is analog to quotienting coisotropic submanifolds of symplectic manifolds. In particular, Gualtieri's generalized complex submanifolds ("branes") quotient to space-filling branes. Along the way, we perform reductions by foliations (i.e., no group action is involved) for exact Courant algebroids—interpreting the reduced ˇSevera class—and for Dirac structures.


Abstract Allocosa senex (Mello-Leitão, 1945) is a sex role-reversed wolf spider that inhabits sandy water-margin environments of southern South America. Males are larger than females and dig deeper burrows. Females are the courting sex and they prefer to mate with males that build deep burrows, suggesting high selective pressures on male digging behavior. Our aim was to investigate the external morphology and histological constitution of the spinning apparatus of males, females and juveniles of A. senex. Our results showed that A. senex adult males possess more piriform glands and spigots than adult females and juveniles. These glands produce silk for attachment discs that are crucial for the stability of the burrows. The differences according to the sex could be related to females' and males' digging strategies and strong selection on male burrow length in this species.


Amid the restructuring of innovation activities that takes place in response to the recession, businesses must take care to position themselves to take advantage of the upturn when it comes. Successful innovators redirect part of the financial and personnel resources released through restructuring into growth and innovation programs. Only by simultaneously adopting a prudent approach to streamlining operations and focusing clearly on developing their technology, innovation and product portfolio will businesses be ready to grow when the economic climate improves. In fact, there has not been a better opportunity for a long time to acquire new technologies.


The margins of the Caribbean plate are marked by Cretaceous island‐arc basalts associated with accreted fragments of the Cretaceous Colombian Caribbean oceanic plateau. In Cuba, the Cretaceous volcanic island‐arc rocks are in fault contact with the Mabujina complex, interpreted as an oceanic Jurassic to Early Cretaceous arc basement with local island‐arc rocks. The Cuban Cretaceous island arc consists of Early to Late Cretaceous volcanic series associated with limestones. While the pre‐Albian arc rocks consist of tholeiitic basalts and rhyolites, the post‐Albian volcanic series is characterized by calc‐alkaline andesites. The Cretaceous lavas have Sr and Nd isotopic compositions similar to the intraoceanic arcs, and the Pb isotopic initial ratios are close to the East Pacific Rise mid‐ocean ridge basalt field. According to our data, the Mabujina arc rocks are tholeiites and calc‐alkaline basalts, developed in a Jurassic and/or Early Cretaceous intraoceanic island arc. Their Nd, Sr, and Pb isotopic compositions indicate that they derive from a depleted mantle source contaminated by sediments. This subduction magmatism is not related to the classic Early Cretaceous Caribbean tholeiitic series but is similar to the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Guerrero arc terrane from Mexico and may represent its southernmost extension. Thus, the different tectonic units of central Cuba cannot be easily correlated with those of Hispaniola. Our data also indicate that two different island arcs were tectonically juxtaposed in central Cuba: the classical Lower and Upper Cretaceous suites of the Greater Antilles arc and a Jurassic to Early Cretaceous island‐arc suite with a Pacific provenance.


Art is developing as a specialisation - forensic art - which enlarges the traditional fields of evaluation and treatment. Therapeutic art is a form of psychotherapy which has its origins in various disciplines (including medicine, nursing, psychology, psychotherapy, social sciences, education and the arts) and which aims to permit the communication of matters which can normally not be expressed in words. Traumatic effects are often solved by means of visual, non-verbal narratives which are "translated" in a context of forensic therapy. Individual messages need to be interpreted in order to obtain insight and to understand the piece of art. In order to understand art, the metaverbal meaning of a piece of art must be expressed in words. Forensic art can be used as an alternative therapeutic technique to support and empower the victims of violent crime. It can be employed together with the existing crisis intervention and trauma counselling techniques, and can be of service both to the victim and to the criminal justice system. Officers of the law can use the art produced by victims as an aid in the legal process. In this way, they obtain deeper insight into the course of events during the criminal incident as well as during forensic investigations. They can use this insight to determine the psychological and emotional impact of the crime on the victim, since the cognitive content is indicative of the nature and severity of the crime. Forensic art integrates the practice of therapeutic art with forensic investigations, procedures and standards, and in this way becomes an aid to the resolution of legal disputes. Facts can be established, while information central to the investigative process is being gathered, by making use of their creative expression. The focus is on the collection of information, and also on distinguishing between the truth and falsity of this information by obtaining factual proofs. In the therapeutic context, the therapist provides support and intervention, usually at the conclusion of the investigative process. The establishment of thoughts and feelings is an integral part of the clinical process, while the forensic process is directed towards objectivity, facts and the quest for truth. Forensic practices are regulated by ethical and legal aspects which can be expanded to include the collection and preservation of data.
This article investigates the extent to which the art of children and young people can be applied in a forensic context. Case studies are used to focus on the potential and the forensic value to the criminal justice system of the art of young victims of crime. This applies particularly to the psychological impact of victimisation, in that these young victims are empowered when an effective means of communication is provided for their use.


The emerging technology of mobile services is gaining on importance nowadays and various applications are being developed. Context-awareness constitutes an essential part of mobile services, as it can boost the provision of new personalized services (e.g. location based services). In this paper, the concept of a UML-based context model for the simple mobile services (SMS) project is presented. The SMS context model focuses on modeling context information in a structured and comprehensible way in order to facilitate the development, provision and operation of context-aware mobile services. Its three-level approach (meta, model and instance) offers different levels of abstraction and can be used as a basis for transforming the resulting model to various implementation languages.


This study represents an attempt to test Braithwaite's theory of reintegrative shaming with an operationalization scheme of two variables—disapproval of delinquent behavior (shaming) and forgiveness of the transgressor (reintegration) by parents and peers. The study combines measures of delinquency disapproval and forgiveness of the transgressor by parents and peers to capture the concept of reintegrative shaming. Using data collected from the first two waves of the National Youth Survey, the study finds no effect of either parental reintegrative shaming or peer reintegrative shaming on predatory delinquency in either wave when the effects of other important variables are held constant. However, the data reveal that parental forgiveness and peer shaming alone have significant and negative effects on the likelihood of being involved in predatory offenses in both waves. In contrast, peer forgiveness shows a significant and positive effect on predatory offense involvement in the first wave. The findings provide support to some elements of Braithwaite's theory but not to the key hypothesis, assuming that reintegrative shaming is a significant predictor of predatory offenses. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.


The recent release by Turner Home Entertainment of the entire Val Lewton horror collection on DVD is both a cause for celebration and an incentive to reevaluation. As one film (The Ghost Ship, 1943) has long been unavailable, this is the first time in sixty years that all of the great RKO producer's influential thrillers can be viewed together as an oeuvre. While a few of the films have stood the test of time, recognized as classics for decades, others have been paid little notice, and a few entirely forgotten. What follows is a close look one of the latter, 1943's The Leopard Man, adapted from the great pulp novelist Cornell Woolrich's Black Alibi. (1) This story of the hunt for a disturbed serial killer who uses a cat's claw as his weapon of choice was the third film produced by the unit, following their masterpieces Cat People (1942) and I Walked with a Zombie (1942). Jacques Tourneur, who directed all three, would go on to make the film noir classic Out of the Past (1947). Auteur studies of the unit's films, whether focused on Lewton or Tourneur, normally mention The Leopard Man only in passing; Cat People and Zombie are the great works and Leopard was a misfire. Three books published on Val Lewton share a dismissive attitude toward the film. The only sustained analysis in English is in Chris Fujiwara's book, Jacques Tourneur: The Cinema of Nightfall. (2) While it makes for an excellent starting point, there is much more to say about this flawed yet fascinating work. I agree with the consensus that Leopard lacks the transcendent poetic quality of its two predecessors. Yet, there are a number of reasons why it deserves a closer look. A proper examination does not exist of the film's source material and the team's work of adaptation. Woolrich remains to this day an underappreciated figure in America literature, arguably contributing more material to film, radio and television than did any other pulp writer of his generation. His best novels of the 1940s, of which Black Alibi is one, can easily stand alongside those of his more celebrated contemporaries. Leopard also marks a number of firsts. The fusion of Woolrich, Lewton and Tourneur make the film arguably the first noir-horror hybrid, entangling generic, stylistic and thematic elements that remain in place in cinema to this day. Additionally, the rise of the serial killer as a significant figure in American popular culture lends importance to what is perhaps the first realistic representation of this modern monster in American movies. It is the unique relays between authorship, genre and 1940s gender issues that animate this modest thriller, priming it for close study. My analysis of The Leopard Man will concentrate on three areas: affect, theme, and character. In all of these, the film has clear intentions, but its success with each is limited. At the level of affect, Lewton and his team have set out to create an atmosphere of terror and suspense, much as they had so successfully done with their first two attempts at the horror genre. In its best moments, the film equals its predecessors for nail-biting tension and frights. Yet, its unique approach in this area limits its ability to develop a narrative as thematically rich as those earlier works. The film's central theme of doomed fortune is both a legitimate poetic approach to sadness and loss, and a disturbing evasion of the real social issues of gender and violence tied to its representations. The tension between allegory and history plays out in the development of the story's central characters: Jerry Manning, the protagonist/investigator; Clo-Clo, the doomed dancer; and, Dr. Galbraith, the serial killer. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] By comparing the film to its source novel by Woolrich, considering its relationship to horror and film noir, and reflecting on its representation of men and women, I hope to arrive at a better understanding of its ideological tensions as well as an appreciation for the film's strengths in spite of its weaknesses. …


The bacterial origin of mitochondria from an ancient endosymbiosis is now widely accepted and the mitochondrial ancestor is generally believed to belong to the bacterial subdivision α-proteobacteria. The high fraction of mitochondrial proteins encoded in the nucleus has commonly been explained with a massive transfer of genes from the genome of the ancestral mitochondrion.The aim of this work was to get a better understanding of the mitochondrial origin and evolution by comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses on mitochondria and α-proteobacteria. To this end, we sequenced the genomes of the intracellular parasites Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana, the causative agents of cat-scratch disease and trench fever, and compared them with other α-proteobacteria as well as mitochondrial eukaryotes. Our results suggest that the adaptation to an intracellular life-style is coupled to an increased rate of genome degradation and a reduced ability to accommodate environmental changes. Reconstruction of the α-proteobacterial ancestor and phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial proteome in yeast revealed that only a small fraction of the proteins used for mitochondrial functions could be traced to the α-proteobacteria. Furthermore, a substantial fraction of the mitochondrial proteins was of eukaryotic origin and while most of the genes of the α-proteobacterial ancestor have been lost, many of those that have been transferred to the nuclear genome seem to encode non-mitochondrial proteins.


Pearl millet stover is an important cattle feed particularly in arid areas and nutritional quality traits of the stover become more and more important. Eight commercial and two experimental hybrids of pearl millet were evaluated for stover fodder quality traits and their potential trade-off with stover and grain yield. The stover quality traits analyzed were nitrogen, in vitro digestibility and metabolisable energy content. Highly significant (P<0.01) variations were observed for grain yields (2860 to 4220 kg/ha), stover yields (range 3760 to 4930 kg/ha), stover nitrogen (0.62 to 1.10%), stover in vitro digestibility (37.6 to 46.7%) and stover metabolisable energy (5.26 to 6.88 MJ/kg). Stover nitrogen content was negatively associated with grain and stover yield but no such trade-offs were observed between stover in vitro digestibility and metabolisable energy contents on one hand and grain and stover yield on the other. Hybrid GK 1044 had the lowest stover nitrogen content (0.62%) and highest stover digestibility (46.7%) and metabolisable energy (6.88 MJ/kg), while MLBH 267 with the highest stover nitrogen (1.10%) and the lowest stover digestibility (37.6%) and metabolisable energy (5.26 MJ/kg). These two contrasting hybrids were re-planted on large plots in the second year and their stover tested in vivo with sheep as sole feed. Digestible organic matter intake was significantly higher in GK 1044 than in MLBH 267 (13.5 versus 12.5 gram per kg live weight) and nitrogen balance tended (P<0.10) to be more favourable in GK 1044 than in MLBH 267 (−0.008 versus -0.10 gram per kg live weight. These results show that among commercial high-yielding pearl millet hybrids, some can be found with high grain and stover yield, high stover digestibility and metabolisable energy. The observations from the feeding trial suggest that stover in vitro digestibility and metabolisable energy are more important than stover nitrogen content in determining stover quality


In this article, we argue that new kinds of risk are emerging with the COVID-19 virus, and that these risks are unequally distributed. As we expose to view, digital inequalities and social inequalities are rendering certain subgroups significantly more vulnerable to exposure to COVID-19. Vulnerable populations bearing disproportionate risks include the social isolated, older adults, penal system subjects, digitally disadvantaged students, gig workers, and last-mile workers. Therefore, we map out the intersection between COVID-19 risk factors and digital inequalities on each of these populations in order to examine how the digitally resourced have additional tools to mitigate some of the risks associated with the pandemic. We shed light on how the ongoing pandemic is deepening key axes of social differentiation, which were previously occluded from view. These newly manifested forms of social differentiation can be conceived along several related dimensions. At their most general and abstract, these risks have to do with the capacity individuals have to control the risk of pathogen exposure. In order to fully manage exposure risk, individuals must control their physical environment to the greatest extent possible in order to prevent contact with potentially compromised physical spaces. In addition, they must control their social interactional environment to the greatest extent possible in order to minimize their contacts with potentially infected individuals. All else equal, those individuals who exercise more control over their exposure risk — on the basis of their control over their physical and social interactional environments — stand a better chance of staying healthy than those individuals who cannot manage exposure risk. Individuals therefore vary in terms of what we call their COVID-19 exposure risk profile (CERPs). CERPs hinge on preexisting forms of social differentiation such as socioeconomic status, as individuals with more economic resources at their disposal can better insulate themselves from exposure risk. Alongside socioeconomic status, one of the key forms of social differentiation connected with CERPs is digital (dis)advantage. Ceteris paribus, individuals who can more effectively digitize key parts of their lives enjoy better CERPs than individuals who cannot digitize these life realms. Therefore we believe that digital inequalities are directly and increasingly related to both life-or-death exposure to COVID-19, as well as excess deaths attributable to the larger conditions generated by the pandemic.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Hip subluxation and dislocation are common sequelae in children with bilateral cerebral palsy and are currently managed by surgical interventions. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of early postural management programmes on hip subluxation and dislocation at five years, and the need for treatment in children with bilateral cerebral palsy, and to compare these findings with a historical control group.

METHODS
A prospective cohort study followed 39 children who commenced using postural management equipment under 18 months of age. Levels of ability, type and amount of equipment use and treatments were recorded every three months. At 30 and 60 months, the hips were X-rayed and the hip migration percentage was measured. The results were compared with the historical control group.

RESULTS
Children who used equipment at recommended and moderate levels had significantly less chance of both hips being subluxed than those using equipment at minimal levels (two-tailed Fisher's exact chi(2) p = 0.024). The frequency of children with hip problems was significantly less in the intervention group in comparison to the historical control group at five years (chi(2) = 11.53, df = 2, p = 0.006). The frequency of children receiving bilateral or unilateral treatments, i.e. surgery, use of a hip and spinal orthosis and/or botulinum toxin injections, in the intervention group was significantly less compared to the historical control group (two-tailed Fisher's exact p = 0.001).

CONCLUSION
The early provision of postural management equipment has a role to play in reducing the number of hip problems and therefore the need for treatment of hip subluxation/dislocation in cerebral palsy at five years of age.


The main purpose of this work is to develop a case study assessing the recent patterns and impacts of ODA (official development assistance) and DAH (development assistance for health) to Liberia on overall government spending and domestic revenue generation as well as domestic government health spending. Specifically, the study will examine the recent flows of ODA and DAH resources into the country and test whether it is possible to determine the degree of fungibility in domestic budgetary expenditures and revenues, overall, as well as in domestic health budgetary spending and receipts (from internal and external sources) as a result of (or due to) ODA and DAH. The study will distinguish between targeted/earmarked aid and general budget support, and will attempt to distinguish commitments from actual disbursements (both for DAH and for government).


Abstract. Solar radiation management (SRM) geoengineering has been proposed as a potential option to counteract climate change. We perform a set of idealized geoengineering simulations using Community Atmosphere Model version 3.1 developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research to investigate the global hydrological implications of varying the latitudinal distribution of solar insolation reduction in SRM methods. To reduce the solar insolation we have prescribed sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere. The radiative forcing in the geoengineering simulations is the net forcing from a doubling of CO2 and the prescribed stratospheric aerosols. We find that for a fixed total mass of sulfate aerosols (12.6 Mt of SO4), relative to a uniform distribution which nearly offsets changes in global mean temperature from a doubling of CO2, global mean radiative forcing is larger when aerosol concentration is maximum at the poles leading to a warmer global mean climate and consequently an intensified hydrological cycle. Opposite changes are simulated when aerosol concentration is maximized in the tropics. We obtain a range of 1 K in global mean temperature and 3% in precipitation changes by varying the distribution pattern in our simulations: this range is about 50% of the climate change from a doubling of CO2. Hence, our study demonstrates that a range of global mean climate states, determined by the global mean radiative forcing, are possible for a fixed total amount of aerosols but with differing latitudinal distribution. However, it is important to note that this is an idealized study and thus not all important realistic climate processes are modeled.


The firm known today as Haag-Streit was established in 1858 at Bern by F. Hermann and H. Studer, the latter being succeeded in 1865 by J. H. Pfister, to make precision scientific instruments. In the same year, H. Wild became professor of physics at the University of Bern, being also responsible for meteorology and metrology. He ordered from the young Bernese workshop the instruments he needed, both the rather simple ones for meteorology or geodesy (land-surveying) and the top-quality, one-off used for metrology. This was the beginning of a collaboration that was to last until the death of Wild, even during Wild's stay at Saint Petersburg (1868-1895) as Director of the Central Physical (Meteorological) Observatory, and after the retirement of Hermann and its replacement by A. Streit in 1889. Instruments unrelated to meteorology or metrology were also designed by Wild: the "Polaristrobometer" (a precision chemical polarimeter), was a commercial success.


In 1968 Friedman put forward the notion of a "natural†rate of unemployment to encapsulate the idea that a "normal†level of unemployment, roughly equivalent to the amount of frictional and structural unemployment, persists even when the labour market is in equilibrium. Since there are no direct measures of the natural rate, as it is essentially a theoretical construct, one must be satisfied with proxy estimates derived using various methods including that which draws on Tobin's concept of the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (i.e. the Nairu). The essential objective of the present paper is to produce statistically significant and economically reasonable, time-varying, Nairu estimates (TV-Nairu's) for the Community's Member States which also have informational content in terms of inflation. While it is clearly difficult to estimate Nairu's using variables to cover all the main contributory factors which are likely to be at play, it may nevertheless be possible to isolate the principal "sinners" by selecting a modelling strategy which is both theoretically robust and empirically respectful of a number of key pre-determined criteria, including in particular the inflation tracking performance of the estimated Nairu's / unemployment gaps.


Liquid annular seals with parallelly grooved stator or rotor are used as replacements for smooth plain seals in centrifugal pumps to reduce leakage and break up contaminants within the working fluid. Parallelly grooved liquid annular seals have advantages of less leakage and smaller possibility of abrasion when the seal rotor–stator rubs in comparison to smooth plain seals. This paper deals with the static and rotordynamic characteristics of parallelly grooved liquid annular seals, which are limited in the literature. Numerical results of leakage flow rates, drag powers, and rotordynamic force coefficients were presented and compared for a grooved-stator/smooth-rotor (GS-SR) liquid annular seal and a smooth-stator/grooved-rotor (SS-GR) liquid annular seal, utilizing a modified transient computational fluid dynamics-based perturbation approach based on the multiple-frequency elliptical-orbit rotor whirling model. Both liquid annular seals have identical seal axial length, rotor diameter, sealing clearance, groove number, and geometry. The present transient computational fluid dynamics-based perturbation method was adequately validated based on the published experiment data of leakage flow rates and frequency-independent rotordynamic force coefficients for the GS-SR and SS-GR liquid annular seals at various pressure drops with differential inlet preswirl ratios. Simulations were performed at three pressure drops (4.14 bar, 6.21 bar, and 8.27 bar), three rotational speeds (2 krpm, 4 krpm, and 6 krpm) and three inlet preswirl ratios (0, 0.5, and 1.0), applying a wide rotor whirling frequency range up to 200 Hz, to analyze and compare the influences of operation conditions on the static and rotordynamic characteristics for both the GS-SR and SS-GR liquid annular seals. Results show that the present two liquid annular seals possess similar sealing capability, and the SS-GR seal produces a slightly larger (∼2–10%) drag power loss than the GS-SR seal. For small rotor whirling motion around a centered position, both seals have the identical direct force coefficients and the equal-magnitude opposite-sign cross-coupling force coefficients in the orthogonal directions x and y. For all operation conditions, both the GS-SR and SS-GR liquid annular seals possess negative direct stiffness K and positive direct damping C. The GS-SR seal produces purely positive Ceff throughout the whirling frequency range for all operation conditions, while Ceff for the SS-GR seal shows a significant decrease and transitions to negative value at the crossover frequency fco with increasing rotational speed and inlet preswirl. From a rotordynamic viewpoint, the GS-SR liquid annular seal is a better seal concept for pumps.


Introduction: Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare condition. Mortality of TAPVC has improved dramatically in the present. Sutureless closure had initially used for congenital pulmonary venous stenosis (PVS) or post-repair PVS. Recently, it had been adopted for primary TAPVC to prevent postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction, a leading cause of death. This technique had gradually applied at our institute for primary TAPVC since 2018.

Methods: Prospective case series was conducted from mid-2019. Including criteria consists of patients with primary TAPVC. These are all supracardiac, infracardiac, mixed type and intracardiac TAPVC with pulmonary venous stenosis. Excluding measures are TAPVC with single ventricle, isomerism or heterotaxy. End-point outcomes were mortality and short-term PVS.

Results: Seventeen TAPVC cases were enrolled in this study from 06/2019-12/2020 at Children's Hospital 1. Male/female ratio was 12/5. Median age at admission was 44 (3-1010) days old. The median operative weight was 3.9 kg (2.4-11). Of those, fourteen (82.4%) cases were supracardiac TAPVC and 3 (17.6%) cases were infracardiac TAPVC. Nine (52.9%) cases were emergency operations. Median aortic clamp time was 66 (32-138) mins. Median bypass time was 112 (86-212) mins. There were 9 (52.9%) cases with arrhythmias, 2 (11.8%) cases with chylothorax. Mean ventilation time was 3.6±0.5 days; mean CICU time was 6.5 (1-20), median LOS was 14.5 (8-39). In-hospital mortality was 5.9% (1). Mean follow-up time was 12.3±6.4 months (range 4-24), there was no PVS with median pulmonary venous score of 0 (range 0-1).

Conclusions: Sutureless technique could be a safe option for primary TAPVC repair.


[1] Inorganic bromine plays a critical role in ozone and mercury depletions events (ODEs and MDEs) in the Arctic marine boundary layer. Direct observations of bromine species other than bromine oxide (BrO) during ODEs are very limited. Here we report the first direct measurements of hypobromous acid (HOBr) as well as observations of BrO and molecular bromine (Br2) by chemical ionization mass spectrometry at Barrow, Alaska in spring 2009 during the Ocean-Atmospheric-Sea Ice-Snowpack (OASIS) campaign. Diurnal profiles of HOBr with maximum concentrations near local noon and no significant concentrations at night were observed. The measured average daytime HOBr mixing ratio was 10 pptv with a maximum value of 26 pptv. The observed HOBr was reasonably well correlated (R = 0.57) with predictions from a simple steady state photochemical model constrained to observed BrO and HO2 at wind speeds <6 m s . However, predicted HOBr levels were considerably higher than observations at higher wind speeds. This may be due to enhanced heterogeneous loss of HOBr on blowing snow coincident with higher wind speeds. BrO levels were also found to be higher at elevated wind speeds. Br2 was observed in significant mixing ratios (maximum = 46 pptv; average = 13 pptv) at night and was strongly anti-correlated with ozone. The diurnal speciation of observed gas phase inorganic bromine species can be predicted by a time-dependent box model that includes efficient heterogeneous recycling of HOBr, hydrogen bromide (HBr), and bromine nitrate (BrONO2) back to more reactive forms of bromine. Citation: Liao, J., et al. (2012), Observations of inorganic bromine (HOBr, BrO, and Br2) speciation at Barrow, Alaska, in spring 2009, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00R16, doi:10.1029/2011JD016641.


Objectives. Critical aspects in the management of attempted-suicide patients have been identified in the literature. The aim of this study was to determine which of these aspects were included in the management of patients who attempted suicide in a rural district of KwaZulu-Natal. Design. Descriptive study. Setting. The two hospitals in a rural district of KwaZulu-Natal. Subjects. Attempted-suicide patients admitted to the above two hospitals between 1 June 2001 and 31 March 2002.Outcome measures. Patients were interviewed regarding how they were managed and were followed up until 3 months after the attempted suicide. Results. Medicine was given to 41% of participants on admission and 64% were counselled by a doctor. A no-suicide contract was entered into in 42% of counselled cases. Family therapy, social worker involvement and psychiatric referral were very low and there was no involvement of friends, teachers or priests. Conclusion. Management of patients who attempted suicide in this district is inadequate as there are no proper policy guidelines. It is important that health caregivers be trained in psychiatry.


A photoacoustic technique was used to evaluate total diffuse light scattering from a diffraction grating as functions of incidence angle and polarization of 632.8-nm photons. Diffuse light scattering for a 520-line/mm silver-coated replica grating was found to decrease with increasing angle of incidence and to exhibit no strong dependence on polarization of the incident photons, except in the angular regions where surface plasmons were excited.


The key ingredients of the SynEx-UCL software components are:
1. A comprehensive and federated electronic healthcare record that can be used to
reference or to store all of the necessary healthcare information acquired from a
diverse range of clinical databases and patient-held devices.
2. A directory service component to provide a core persons demographic database to
search for and authenticate staff users of the system and to anchor patient
identification and connection to their federated healthcare record.
3. A clinical record schema management tool (Object Dictionary Client) that enables
clinicians or engineers to define and export the data sets mapping to individual
feeder systems.
4. An expansible set of clinical management algorithms that provide prompts to the
patient or clinician to assist in the management of patient care.
CHIME has built up over a decade of experience within Europe on the requirements
and information models that are needed to underpin comprehensive multiprofessional
electronic healthcare records. The resulting architecture models have
influenced new European standards in this area, and CHIME has designed and built
prototype EHCR components based on these models. The demonstrator systems
described here utilise a directory service and object-oriented engineering approach,
and support the secure, mobile and distributed access to federated healthcare
records via web-based services.
The design and implementation of these software components has been founded on
a thorough analysis of the clinical, technical and ethico-legal requirements for
comprehensive EHCR systems, published through previous project deliverables and
in future planned papers.
The clinical demonstrator site described in this report has provided the solid basis
from which to establish "proof of concept" verification of the design approach, and a
valuable opportunity to install, test and evaluate the results of the component
engineering undertaken during the EC funded project. Inevitably, a number of
practical implementation and deployment obstacles have been overcome through
this journey, each of those having contributed to the time taken to deliver the
components but also to the richness of the end products.
UCL is fortunate that the Whittington Hospital, and the department of cardiovascular
medicine in particular, is committed to a long-term vision built around this work. That
vision, outlined within this report, is shared by the Camden and Islington Health
Authority and by many other purchaser and provider organisations in the area, and
by a number of industrial parties. They are collectively determined to support the
Demonstrator Site as an ongoing project well beyond the life of the EC SynEx
Project.
This report, although a final report as far as the EC project is concerned, is really a
description of the first phase in establishing a centre of healthcare excellence. New
EC Fifth Framework project funding has already been approved to enable new and
innovative technology solutions to be added to the work already established in north
London.


The purpose of this report (RE-304-2) is to present OVE's evaluation of the IDB's program in Guatemala during 1993-2003. Following established methodology and procedure, the report attempts to provide an account to the Board of Executive Directors regarding the program's relevance and results and to offer reflections for consideration as the Bank's Country Strategy for the period 2005-2007 is being prepared. The report overviews key development and institutional challenges with a view to providing the background that is needed to inform the evaluation. It then examines the country dialogue and programming, the delivery of the program, and the apparent results achieved.


Electronic structure calculations are used to develop design rules for enhanced electrical conductivity in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks. The electrical resistivity of Co2+ based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks has previously been found to be ∼1000 times lower than that of Zn2+ based materials. The electrical conductivity of the frameworks can also be tuned by ligand molecule selection. Using density functional theory calculations, this controllable electrical conductivity is explained in terms of tuneable conduction band edge character, with calculations revealing the improved hybridisation and extended band character of the Co2+ frameworks. The improvements in the methylimidazolate frameworks are understood in terms of improved frontier orbital matching between metal and ligand. The modular tuneability and previously demonstrated facile synthesis provides a route to rational design of stable framework materials for electronic applications. By outlining these design principles we provide a route to the future development of stable, electrically conductive zeolitic imidazolate frameworks.


Efforts such as Wikipedia have shown the ability of user communities to collect, organize and curate information on the Internet. Recently, a number of question and answer (Q&A) sites have successfully built large growing knowledge repositories, each driven by a wide range of questions and answers from its users community. While sites like Yahoo Answers have stalled and begun to shrink, one site still going strong is Quora, a rapidly growing service that augments a regular Q&A system with social links between users. Despite its success, however, little is known about what drives Quora's growth, and how it continues to connect visitors and experts to the right questions as it grows. In this paper, we present results of a detailed analysis of Quora using measurements. We shed light on the impact of three different connection networks (or graphs) inside Quora, a graph connecting topics to users, a social graph connecting users, and a graph connecting related questions. Our results show that heterogeneity in the user and question graphs are significant contributors to the quality of Quora's knowledge base. One drives the attention and activity of users, and the other directs them to a small set of popular and interesting questions.


: Image enhancement is one of the difficult problems of image processing. The purpose of image enhancement is to process an image so that the result is more suitable for a particular application than the original image. Digital image enhancement techniques offer various ways to improve the visual quality of images. The appropriate selection of these techniques is very important. Producing the natural scene with good contrast, vivid color and rich details is an essential goal of digital photography. The acquired images, however, are often low contrast because of poor lighting conditions and the limited dynamic range of imaging device. Contrast enhancement is thus an important step to improve the quality of recorded images and make the image details more visible. In this paper, a block-based methodology is proposed for contrast enhancement of low contrast indoor and outdoor images with reference images. The low contrast images are adjusted with CNN Adaptive Bilateral Enhancer with reference image blocks.


Advertising is becoming more and more complex, and there is a strong demand for measurement tools that are capable of keeping up. In tandem with new measurement problems and solutions, new capabilities for evaluating measurement methodologies are needed. Given the complex marketing environment and the multitude of analytical methods available, simulation can be an essential tool for evaluating and comparing analysis options. This paper describes the Aggregate Marketing System Simulator (AMSS), a simulation tool capable of generating aggregate-level time series data related to marketing measurement (e.g., channel-level marketing spend, website visits, competitor spend, pricing, sales volume). It is flexible enough to model a wide variety of marketing situations that include different mixes of advertising spend, levels of ad effectiveness, types of ad targeting, sales seasonality, competitor activity, and much more. A key feature of AMSS is that it generates ground truth for marketing performance metrics, including return on advertising spend (ROAS) and marginal ROAS (mROAS). The capabilities provided by AMSS create a foundation for evaluating and improving measurement methods, including media mix models (MMMs), campaign optimization (Scott, 2015), and geo experiments (Vaver & Koehler, 2011), across complex modeling scenarios.


During the debate leading to airline deregulation, it was widely predicted that a number of new airlines would enter the scheduled passenger airline industry following the elimination of economic regulation of interstate operations by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB). These airlines would join the eleven trunk, eight local service, two Alaskan and two Hawaiian carriers that were authorized by the CAB to operate scheduled passenger service with jet aircraft at the time the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978[92 Stat. 1705] was adopted on October 24, 1978. Over 25 years have passed since 1978 and it is well known that a great deal of entry has occurred. However, there have been incorrect statements regarding the actual number of such airlines. For example, the Economist (July 10, 2004, p. 59) contained the following statement regarding "America's airlines": "Of the 34 newcomers created after deregulation, 32 soon went bust." This paper will show that information is wrong by a factor of almost four; it does so by identifying and listing 129 "startup" airlines that inaugurated interstate scheduled passenger service with jet aircraft. Clearly, it is past time to publish a definitive list of startup airlines that entered the industry following the implementation of deregulation in late 1978, both to promote accurate reporting and to facilitate future research. The purpose of this paper is to provide such a list. Furthermore, it will identify which of those startup airlines emerged from existing airlines that the CAB had prohibited from providing interstate scheduled passenger service with large aircraft prior to 1978 – such as the former supplemental, air cargo, intrastate and commuter carriers – and which were newly organized after deregulation. Finally, it also identifies those startup scheduled passenger airlines that operated independently of all other carriers and those which were affiliated with larger carriers. One requirement for a new carrier to obtain an operating certificate under the much-reduced criteria of the Airline Deregulation Act has been for it to report traffic, financial and operating data on Form 41 or Form 298 schedules. Each carrier's data were then compiled and published -- initially by the CAB to 1984, and then by the Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Office of Airline Information. A few startup airlines may have never actually inaugurated operations, or have been so short-lived that they failed to file any reports before they disappeared. However, the great majority did file for varying periods. The carrier information in this paper is obtained from those filings. This means that not only did the carriers listed actually provide service, but also that consistent traffic and financial data are available to evaluate the performance of each carrier over all or most of its operating life.


Historical Discourse analyses the importance of the language of time, cause and evaluation in both texts which students at secondary school are required to read, and their own writing for assessment. In contrast to studies which have denied that history has a specialised language, Caroline Coffin demonstrates through a detailed study of historical texts, that writing about the past requires different genres, lexical and grammatical structures. In this analysis, language emerges as a powerful tool for making meaning in historical writing.
Presupposing no prior knowledge of systemic functional linguistics, this insightful book will be of interest to researchers in applied linguistics and discourse analysis, as well as history educators.


We report what we believe is the first experimental observation of bright-soliton-induced two-dimensional waveguides. The waveguides are induced by two-dimensional photorefractive screening solitons, and their guiding properties, i.e., whether the waveguides are single mode or multimode, are controlled by adjustment of the soliton parameters.


OBJECTIVE
To determine differences in self-reported fluoride exposure and fluoride exposure biomarkers between two racial groups.

METHODS
Questionnaires regarding fluoride exposure, urine and water collection kits were distributed to African American and White 7-14-year-old children. Children received a dental exam for fluorosis. Water, urine, and saliva were analyzed for fluoride content. Questionnaire responses and results of sample analyses were compared and observed differences were analyzed.

RESULTS
83 African American and 109 White children completed the study. Dental fluorosis was observed in 62.5 percent White and 80.1 percent African American children. Significant differences were found for fluorosis prevalence and severity between the groups (P < 0.05). Less African American children reported having used fluoride supplements in the past. White children began brushing their teeth at an earlier age. More White children visited a dentist for the first time before age 3. African American children reported currently using larger amounts of toothpaste. More Whites than African Americans had received topical fluoride treatments over the previous year. All of these differences were significant. Multivariate models showed that supplement use and amount of toothpaste used for brushing had significant associations to a child's fluorosis scores. Fluoride concentration of water and saliva was not different for the two groups; however, the fluoride content in urine was significantly higher in African Americans than in Whites [P < 0.05; 1.40 +/- standard deviation (SD) 0.65 ppm versus 1.08 +/- SD 0.28 ppm].

CONCLUSIONS
Differences in fluoride exposure between two racial groups were observed. These differences are complex and need to be better defined.


More Productive Minor Construction Project through Information Technology (MoPMIT) is a research project that focuses the use of IT to improve the management of reactive maintenance (RM) works for large clients. The research participants include a group of building owners, facilities management team, contractors and suppliers. At the early stage of this research, several existing deficiencies with RM projects were identified, which require some measures of improvement. These problems include poor communication between different parties; lack of knowledge sharing; and poor quality of information, which often lead to longer time taken to fix a problem and incurs higher cost. The current development of knowledge management and Internet technology has offered a platform for developing an online knowledge management system to improve the operation of these RM projects. A prototype web-based system called "MoPMIT" has been developed to demonstrate the idea by having all parties in the process to share information and communicate on a common interface with pre-allocated password access as a control mechanism that will limit each user to its role in the RM process. Testing has been conducted and feedbacks from potential MoPMIT users show that there is a consensus that the system will lead to better management of knowledge, improve communication and better data sharing among all parties. This paper will illustrate how the system operates and the theoretical underpinning that has enabled the development of the tool.


This paper presents a consistent EU energy and energy related emissions outlook for the period to 2030. The baseline scenario for the EU was developed using the PRIMES model. The first section presents the key energy features of the baseline outlook of the European energy system. The second section deals with the role of technology progress in the demand and the supply side. Emphasis is given to the role of technological improvement both in the short and the long run. Finally, the paper concludes with the key messages of the outlook.


The present research aimed at the investigation into the effect of stocking density on the hematological response of Oncorhynchus mykiss maintained in flow through condition. The stock having a weight of 520.22 ± 48.20 g and 580.25± 52.2 g were stocked in flow through FRP tanks at the stocking density of 38 kg/m 3 and 30 kg/ m 3 respectively. The sampling of Oncorhynchus mykiss blood from the four variants before and after the experimental trial allowed determination of hematological indices. Red blood cell counts (RBCc), hematocrit values (Hct), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were measured and analyzed, with routine methods used in fish hematology. Differences in hematological parameters were statistically analyzed by Student T test. Physiological stress, induced by maintenance in different technological condition induced by stocking stress, was reflected in the hematological indices (significant increase, p 0.05 MCH, MCHC) with direct implications at the biotechnological level.


Richard Nixon and Nikita Khrushchev's famous "kitchen debate" in 1958 involved more than the virtues of American appliances. Both Nixon and Khrushchev recognized the political symbolism of the modern kitchen; the kind of technological innovation represented in this everyday context spoke to the political system that produced it. The kitchen connects the "big" politics of politicians and statesmen to the "small" politics of users and interest groups. Cold War Kitchen looks at the kitchen as material object and symbol, considering the politics and the practices of one of the most famous technological icons of the twentieth century. Defining the kitchen as a complex technological artifact as important as computers, cars, and nuclear missiles, the book examines the ways in which a range of social actors in Europe shaped the kitchen as both ideological construct and material practice. These actors -- from manufacturers and modernist architects to housing reformers and feminists -- constructed and domesticated the technological innovations of the postwar kitchen. The home became a "mediation junction" in which women users and others felt free to advise producers from the consumer's point of view. In essays illustrated by striking period photographs, the contributors to Cold War Kitchen consider such topics as Soviet consumers' ambivalent responses to the American dream kitchen argued over by Nixon and Khrushchev; the Frankfurter Kuche, a European modernist kitchen of the interwar period (and its export to Turkey when its designer fled the Nazis); and the British state-subsidized kitchen design so innovative that it was mistaken for a luxury American product. The concluding essays challenge the received wisdom of past interpretations of the kitchen debate.