Having accurate maps depicting the locations of residential buildings across a region benefits a range of sectors. This is particularly true for public health programs focused on delivering services at the household level, such as indoor residual spraying with insecticide to help prevent malaria. While open source data from OpenStreetMap (OSM) depicting the locations and shapes of buildings is rapidly improving in terms of quality and completeness globally, even in settings where all buildings have been mapped, information on whether these buildings are residential, commercial or another type is often only available for a small subset. Using OSM building data from Botswana and Swaziland, we identified buildings for which 'type' was indicated, generated via on the ground observations, and classified these into two classes, "sprayable" and "not-sprayable". Ensemble machine learning, using building characteristics such as size, shape and proximity to neighbouring features, was then used to form a model to predict which of these 2 classes every building in these two countries fell into. Results show that an ensemble machine learning approach performed marginally, but statistically, better than the best individual model and that using this ensemble model we were able to correctly classify >86% (using independent test data) of structures correctly as sprayable and not-sprayable across both countries.


Programs designed to help disadvantaged workers improve their labor-market prospects may have effects beyond improvements in employment rates and income. One possible supplementary effect is improvements in subjective well-being, or how participants feel about their current life situations. Subjective well-being is important because there are social costs related to lower levels of well-being, and because a person's outlook has been demonstrated to have an effect on his or her future behavior. The analysis reported here uses data collected as part of the Subsidized and Transitional Employment Demonstration (STED), which is designed to investigate the effects of subsidized and transitional employment programs on both financial and nonfinancial well-being. The STED programs examined here had positive effects on both employment and well-being while the programs were operating, but these effects dissipated. The analysis reported here examines two main research questions: -- What were the programs' effects on well-being and how did the effects vary over time? -- What are the mechanisms for these effects? Were the effects primarily due to participation in employment or did other factors contribute? The STED data-collection effort included multiple approaches to the measurement of well-being, including a global measure of "happiness" (or overall life satisfaction) and several more specific concepts such as emotional distress, "locus of control," and self-esteem. The interrelationships among the multiple measures were examined. Generally, individuals with less positive scores on the specific measures also had less positive overall assessments of their well-being, so the analysis focused on the overall measure. The analysis of STED's effects on well-being began by examining the variation in well-being associated with participants' social and demographic characteristics, and comparing the trends in that population with well-being trends among Americans in general. Members of the STED sample were less likely to assess their well-being positively than the general population, and some factors associated with positive assessments in the general population (marriage, for example) had little association with positive assessments in the STED sample. However, the STED programs, which provided employment (and earnings) along with supportive services, had a positive effect on well-being. The impact model indicates that these positive effects occurred both because the programs made it more likely for program group members to be employed (or because that employment brought them increased income) and because of their participation in the program itself, independent of its effects on their employment. These results add to an emerging body of literature on changes in well-being when people move from unemployment to employment.


Abstract The Chinese digital platform giants – Baidu, Alibaba and Tencent – have quickly risen to be amongst the most notable developers and users of artificial intelligence. One important catalyst for this development has been the so-called Platform Business Group (PBG) strategy used by Chinese digital platform firms. In this strategy a platform firm aims to develop powerful synergies by tightly linking together a number of different platforms it owns so as to offer multiple services to users under its umbrella. By applying the PBG strategy, Baidu, Alibaba, and Tencent are able to exploit enormous multi-faceted datasets on individuals for use in the development of artificial intelligence algorithms. As a result, the Chinese platform giants appear to be taking a somewhat different approach with the development and use of artificial intelligence than their Western counterparts. If the Chinese platform giants succeed in their efforts to expand into the global market, their business strategies will introduce a different threat to the conventional European industries from those challenges already presented by Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft.


Students in the developing world are frequently cited as being among the most important beneficiaries of online education initiatives such as massive open online courses (MOOCs). However, very little research has actually been done on the effects of online education in developing contexts. We describe a case study of our experience building and deploying Massively Empowered Classroom (MEC), an experimental project designed to explore how online educational content and techniques in blended learning can be used for undergraduate education in India. Our pilot study of a single course in algorithms extended over two semesters to more than 120 colleges in three state technical universities in India, and reached more than 4000 students. We identified a number of issues that we believe are unique to the Indian educational context. Specifically, we identify four key domains that MOOCs and similar educational initiatives must manage: Content, Incentives, Awareness, and Bandwidth. We believe that similar issues will extend to other developing countries with significant resource constraints.


With President Truman's 'Campaign of Truth' in the 1950s, Voice of America (VOA) established itself as one of the most important information programmes of the US government. The $20 million budget allocated to VOA in those years enabled it to employ about 1900 people and to broadcast in 45 different languages. Italy, with its strong and threatening Communist Party, was one of VOA's main targets. However, audience research (performed by the United States Information Agency's Italian branch and by the Italian opinion poll company Doxa) shows that the Italians always preferred their own national network RAI. The US government therefore started to target the RAI, with the aim of placing VOA-produced programmes directly on the Italian network in order to reach a mass audience. This article looks into what went on both 'on' and 'off the air', analysing how various Italian 'target groups' were addressed by VOA. Drawing on documents from the National Archives and Records Administration in both Washington DC and New York City, and from the Doxa archives in Milan, the study examines how the American government prepared to conquer the Italian network RAI.


This article analyzes the claims of a recent commentary by Douglas Holtz-Eakin, The Death Tax: Investments, Employment and Entrepreneurs, in 84 Tax Notes 782 (Aug. 2, 1999) that the estate tax discourages entrepreneurs from investing their resources in their entrepreneurial activities. The article concludes that the effects of the estate tax on entrepreneurs investing their resources are minimal for two reasons. First, the effective federal estate tax rates applicable to the yield from an investment when the entrepreneur is under age 60 are quite small (0.3% for investors under age 60, 0.1% for investors under age 50). The small effective tax rates probably have a minimal impact on aggregate investment by entrepreneurs, since the majority of entrepreneurs making investment decisions are probably under age 60. Indeed, using Holtz-Eakin's methodology, the article shows that the effective tax rate applicable to entrepreneurs under age 60 results in only a 0.22% decrease in the amount that entrepreneurs with employees would be willing to pay employees. Second, the article argues that the estate tax may have an even smaller impact than these small percentages suggest because of human behavior. Entrepreneurs may exclude the effective estate tax rate from their calculations entirely during their most productive years because of the psychological tendency to deny the inevitability of death.


Aim: Researching iodide oxidation by hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium with extracting iodine from drilling waters for compiling technological schedule.
Methods: Redox processes in the technology of removing iodine from underground waters was determined by the method of potentiometric titration and chemical sedimentation in the periodic action reactor with the intensive mixing of reacting substances, here was determined the concentration of J- and J2+, the molar interrelationship of components, pH, redox potential (Eh), index rH2 of the system. The research was carried out on the basis of real waters of Pripyat depression with iodine content up to 100 mg/dm3.
Results: A series of theoretical and practical studies was carried out to the result of which the method was substantiated of removing iodine from underground waters using hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid on the basis of which a technological scheme was proposed.
Scientific novelty: Optimal physics-chemical parameters (pH, Eh, rH2) were suggested for each stage of the technological process of removing iodine from underground waters which decreases the cost price of final product.
Practical value: The results of the work permitted to substantially cut down expenditures of H2SO4, to provide for excluding side processes. The results of the work were introduced into research-industrial equipment for extracting iodine from underground brines of the boring hole 504 in Borisov deposit of hydromineral products. The mass part of iodine in the final product constitutes 99.4-99.6%.
Keywords: Iodine extraction; brines; hydrogen index; redox potential; potentiometric titration; redox properties of system
References:
Rogov, A. F., Korchyk, N. M. (2007). The iodine extracting method from natural brine. Pat.no. 7789. YASO IP 7/00S021/52.
Korchyk, N. M., Budenkova, N. M., Turchenyuk, K. V., (2004). Getting alkaline iodide solutions in iodine extraction technology. UDUVHP, 28, 149-154.
Korchyk, N. M., Budenkova, N. M., Romanenko, A. G., (2001). Research hydrogen peroxide oxidation of iodine in an acidic environment in the extraction of iodine from alkaline technological solutions. Bulletin RDTU, 4(11), 102-108.
Korchyk, N. M., Budenkova, N. M., (2014). System analysis technology extracting iodine from highly mineralized water systems", Collection of articles 24 members of the International Scientific Conference "Innovative potential of world science -XXI century. Zaporizhya, 2, 4-8.
Ananieva, V., Trokhymenko, A., Hvorov, M. (2007). Determination of different iodine forms in the highly mineralized geothermal waters. Vistnik KNU of Shevchenko, Chemistry, 44, 10-12.


This article explores the relationship between hardships and protest in the world-system. Despite the history of discussion of anti-systemic protest, there has been little work that differentiates world-systems contributions to social movement research from others who examine social movements. We contribute to a theory of anti-systemic protest by re-introducing hardships as a crucial element that defines inequalities in the world-system; one consistent source of those hardships are austerity policies imposed in response to debt negotiations. In addition to our path analyses which demonstrate the clear link of hardships and protest, our case studies provide further historical analysis on when globalization, political openings, and long-term hardships also help explain the occasion of protest.


The topology of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) change dynamically with time. Connected dominating sets (CDS) are considered to be an effective topology for network-wide broadcasts in MANETs as only the nodes that are part of the CDS need to broadcast the message and the rest of the nodes merely receive the message. However, with node mobility, a CDS does not exist for the entire duration of the network session and has to be regularly refreshed (CDS transition). In an earlier work, we had proposed a benchmarking algorithm to determine a sequence of CDSs (Maximum Stable CDS) such that the number of transitions is the global minimum. In this research, we study the performance (CDS Lifetime and CDS Node Size) of the Maximum Stable CDS when a certain fraction of the nodes in the network are static and compare the performance with that of the degree-based CDSs. We observe the lifetime of the Maximum Stable CDS to only moderately increase (by a factor of 2.3) as we increase the percentage of the static nodes in the network; on the other hand, the lifetime of the degree-based CDS increases significantly (as large as 13 times) as we increase the percentage of static nodes from 0 to 80.


Herbert Butterfield (1900-1979) was an important British historian and religious thinker whose ideas, in particular his concept of a "Whig interpretation of history", remain deeply influential. In this intellectual biography - the first comprehensive study of Butterfield - C.T. McIntire focuses on the creative processes that lay behind Butterfield's intellectual accomplishments. Drawing on his investigations into Butterfield's vast and diverse output of published and unpublished work, McIntire explores Butterfield's ideas and methods. He describes Butterfield's lifelong devotion to his Methodist faith and shows how his Christian spirituality animated his historical work. He also traces the theme of dissent that ran through Butterfield's life and work, presenting a man who found himself at odds with prevailing convictions about history, morality, politics, religion, and teaching, a man who elevated the notion of dissent into an ethic of living in tension with any established system.


The Conversion of natural gas into synthetic liquid fuel carried out through a catalytic conversion process, known as the gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology, had a great impact since its discovery. The process utilizes the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) chemistry that was first developed in 1925. Gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuels are synthetic fuels that are intrinsically cleaner than conventional fuels.[1] They are environmentally benign due to the absence of sulfur content and the extremely low aromatic content. Gas-to-liquid (GTL) diesel fuel, being one of the most important GTL products, is therefore classified as ultra-clean fuel with lower emissions of carbon monoxide and particulates upon combustion. Nevertheless, the lack of sulfur and aromatic in the diesel fuels negatively impacts certain important physical characteristics such as lubricity and density. This fact makes these fuels improper for use in existing diesel engines. The lubricity issue is significant for GTL diesel fuels, as it not match the standards required by regulations in the United States, Europe and elsewhere. Lubricity is defined as "a qualitative term describing the ability of a fluid to affect friction between, and wear to, surfaces in relative motion under load." [2] The aim of this research project is to design new generation ultra clean diesel fuels, from the GTL process, that are environmentally friendly, have less emissions upon combustion but also practicable and compliant with global standards. The focus of this study is to develop a comprehensive knowledge and data to observe the possibility of stretching and tailoring the GTL diesel properties such that they meet the standards needed to be used in existing engines. The enhancement of lubricity, which serves as the major disadvantage, is to be carried out while maintaining all other physical properties within the range needed for existing engines and ASTM D975 and D7467 standards. Fatty acid methyl and ethyl esters are biodiesels that can provide significant improvements in the lubricity of diesel fuel. Previous studies on the effects of fatty acid methyl esters on diesel fuel lubricity have shown an increase in lubricity associated with the addition of these esters [3]. Addition of these esters in GTL diesel was found to be the best fit for lubricity enhancement. Our campaign, unlike other studies on diesel lubricity, does not only focus on certain physical properties of diesel but provide a comprehensive study showing all changes in other properties that accompany the change of the targeted property, being diesel in this case. For this study, four lubricity enhancement additives were selected. The selection covers a wide range of biodiesel characteristics and would thus allow deeper understanding of other factors such as saturation and chain length of esters on diesel lubricity and properties enhancement. The four esters that proved to have significant impact are Methyl Oleate (C19H36O2), Methyl Stearate (C19H38O2), Ethyl Oleate (C20H38O2) and Ethyl Stearate (C20H40O2). Both methyl and ethyl esters were found to affect the lubricity. However, other studies showed variation on which serves as a better lubricity enhancement additive. Our research will validate these findings and widen the study to experiment the effect of mixing different additives on all other diesel fuel properties. The concentrations of additives were selected to be in the range of 5%–20% by volume. For this purpose 28 blends were prepared for conducting the research. Subsequently blends were tested for fuel characteristics and physical properties. The tests nclude vapor pressure, viscosity, flash point, pour point, cloud point, distillation performance, heat content and lubricity. Current results show an increase in density, viscosity, flash point and vapor pressure with increasing additive concentrations of biodiesel. In contrast, the increase in additive concentration decreased the pour point, cloud point, recovery by distillation and calculated cetane number. All the changes lie well within American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. The work will be further continued to validate experimental results with industry partners, testing of lubricity characteristics using advanced microscopy and conducting a thorough result analysis and representation statistical methods and visualization techniques. This work will suggest ideal mixtures of GTL diesel and biodiesel additives that will best enhance the GTL diesel fuel. Such findings can be used in blending commercial GTL diesel fuel with suggested biodiesel to produce practicable, engine compliant and ASTM standard compliant GTL diesel. Since Qatar has the largest GTL plant in the world, this research is essentially significant and relevant. It also enriches Qatar's scientific research culture and serves the world by creating cleaner fuels for a cleaner environment. References [1] Elmalik, E.E., Raza, B., Warrag, S., Ramadhan, H., Alborzi, E., Elbashir, N.O. (2014). Role of Hydrocarbon Building Blocks on Gas-to-Liquid Derived Synthetic Jet Fuel Characteristics. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 53, 1856–1865. [2] Crown, L., Warfield, L., Hockert, C. (2013). Handbook 130 (2013)- Uniform Laws and Regulations in the areas of legal metrology and engine fuel quality. [3] Geller, D. P., & Goodrum, J. W. (2004). Effects of specific fatty acid methyl esters on diesel fuel lubricity. Fuel, 83(17-18), 2351–2356.


A proposal for the multiclad MII optical fiber structure with ultralarge effective area and small bending loss is presented. For the proposed structure small dispersion and dispersion slope are obtained thanks to what we believe to be a novel design method. The suggested design method is based on a weighted fitness function, which is applied to the genetic algorithm optimization technique. In the meantime, the foregoing structure introduces a special fiber whose mode field diameter is small and approximately insensitive to the variation of the effective area. Compared to the work reported previously, our method can precisely set the zero dispersion wavelength. The designed dispersion-shifted single-mode fibers have effective area, mode field diameter, and quality factor respectively within [150-194.79] microm(2), [6.82-7.95] microm, and [3.04-3.85] at lambda(0)=1.55 microm. An analytical method is used for the calculation of the dispersion and its slope. These calculations give dispersion and dispersion slope of [(-2.57 x 10(-4))-(-0.085)] ps/km/nm and approximately 0.064 ps/km x nm(2), respectively.


As the Holocaust recedes from us in time, the guardianship of its legacy is being passed on from its survivors and witnesses to the generation after. How should we, in turn, convey its knowledge to others? What are the effects of a traumatic past on its inheritors, and the second generation's responsibilities to its received memories? Eva Hoffman probes these questions through personal reflections and through broader explorations of the historical, psychological and moral implications of the second-generation experience. She examines the subterranean processes through which private memories of suffering are transmitted, and the more wilful stratagems of collective memory. As she guides us through the poignant juncture at which living memory must be relinquished, she asks what insights can be carried from the past, and urges the need to transform potent family stories into a fully-informed understanding of a forbidding history.


One of the most attractive low GWP and zero ODP refrigerants is carbon dioxide (R744). The use of CO2 in low temperature stages of cascade systems is nowadays state of the art. If it is used in refrigeration systems with higher heat sink temperatures, e.g. supermarket systems, CO2 has a disadvantage in terms of energy efficiency compared to other refrigerants. One possibility to improve the system COP is the introduction of a work extracting expander linked with a compressor for a second compression stage. Such an option, an expander-compressor-unit, provides two advantages: the system COP is improved and the discharge pressure and temperature of the main compressor become reduced. Until now several expanders and expander-compressor-units have been proposed. In this paper experimental results from several operation modes with an expander-compressor-unit (ECU) in supermarket systems will be compared with a standard throttle process.


We report our assessment of a study day on the primary health care team for trainee general practitioners, student health visitors and student district nurses. We found that insufficient attention has been given to helping learners co-operate with other disciplines in delivering primary health care and consider that team members need to acquire skills which will help them to communicate with their colleagues. We suggest that the training practice with its defined population should be the training base for district nurses and health visitors.


A new method of control for high-voltage Full Bridge Series-Parallel Resonant (FBSPR) DC-DC converter with capacitive output filter, using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is proposed in this paper. The output voltage regulation obtained via high switching frequency and Soft switching operation (ZCS and ZVS technologies) to decrease the losses and optimize the efficiency of converter. In the following sections, a Small-Signal Model of FBSPR converter on base of first harmonic analysis and the generalized averaging method is derived. Then the obtained model is used to simulate the dynamic behavior of real converter using Matlab software. It was also used to obtain ideal control signals which are the desired ANN inputs and outputs and were saved as a training data set. The data set is then used to train the ANN to mimic the behavior of the ideal controller. In fact the ANN controller is trained according to the small signal model of converter and the ideal operating points. To compare the performances of simulated and practical ANN controller, a prototype is designed and implemented. The prototype is tested for step changes in both output load and reference voltage at steady state and under transient conditions. Comparison between experimental and simulations show a very good agreement and the reliability of ANN based controllers.


It is the contention of this paper that forced psychiatric interventions violate the universal prohibition of torture. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) lays the basis for this argument to be developed in a series of steps, starting from its recognition of equal legal capacity and free and informed consent of persons with disabilities, and equal right to respect for physical and mental integrity, as well as the freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. These obligations, contained in Articles 12, 25, 17, and 15 respectively, will require immediate cessation of forced psychiatric interventions. But there is a need to go further, and examine the serious nature and consequences of forced psychiatric interventions as a violent assault, in most cases sanctioned if not perpetrated by the state, affecting every aspect of a person's life: the body, the mind, the personality, the social relationships, and the spiritual values or higher meaning. Based on an examination of these factors, and the internationally accepted definitions of torture, I will argue for recognition of forced psychiatric interventions as a grave violation of human rights, necessitating criminalization of perpetrators and reparations for victims and survivors.


Seneca is a figure of first importance in both Roman politics and literature: a leading adviser to Nero who attempted to restrain the emperor's megalomania; a prolific moral philosopher; and the author of verse tragedies that strongly influenced Shakespeare and other Renaissance dramatists. This volume completes the Loeb Classical Library's new two-volume edition of Seneca's tragedies. John Fitch's annotated translation, which faces Latin text, conveys the force of Seneca's dramatic language and the lyric quality of his choral odes. Seneca's plots are based on mythical episodes, in keeping with classical tradition. But the political realities of imperial Rome are also reflected here, in an obsessive concern with power and dominion over others. The "Octavia" is our sole surviving example of a Roman historical play; set at Nero's court, it was probably written by an admirer of Seneca as statesman and dramatist.


INFECTIOUS DISEASESBy analyzing DNA of Plasmodium falciparum , the parasite that causes malaria, researchers are trying to determine the role agriculture played in promoting this deadly disease. One new analysis, reported on page [482][1], supports the notion that epidemic malaria traces back to a small population of P. falciparum that suddenly expanded exponentially about 20,000 years ago. But another, in press at the Proceedings of the Royal Society , suggests that the parasite has been common for hundreds of thousands of years, and that malaria took much the same toll on our ancestors on African savannas as it does today across the globe.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/293/5529/482


"Think Global, Act Local" has become a theme for development planning of governments around the world. This is partly due to the increasing recognition of the importance of planning at a small area level. As a consequence, there is a need to derive estimates of socio-economic variables for local areas, and project these into future. Regional scientists have been involved in both the small area estimation and the application of regional estimates to Government policy. This paper will describe a new technique to project small area socio-economic statistics into the future using a spatial microsimulation model. Spatial microsimulation models are a new form of microsimulation models that allow small area estimates of socio-economic variables to be derived from survey data, and allow scenario modelling using survey microdata. This paper extends the spatial microsimulation methodology by adding a projection technique that allows projections of the microdata to be derived. The paper applies this method to project variables that target service delivery populations for Australian State Governments. T he spatial microsimulation method used also allows some scenario modeling, and the paper will calculate projections of service delivery populations after a scenario of increasing unemployment as a result of the global financial crisis.


We study vertical integration incorporating the fact that it creates the possibility of knowledge disclosure. We consider a setting where, through integrating, an upstream monopolist learns its downstream partner's innovation, and can disclose it to its downstream rival. We show that a vertically integrated firm chooses to fully disclose its knowledge to its downstream rival. Knowledge disclosure intensifies downstream competition but, at the same time, expands the downstream market size. We also show that, due to knowledge disclosure, vertical integration increases firms' innovation incentives, consumer and total welfare, and decreases, instead of raises, the rival's cost.


This chapter discusses most-favoured-nation (MFN) clauses from early references in trade agreements to contemporary references in investor-state arbitrations. MFN clauses originated in early international trade practice and have continued to be incorporated in modern trade and investment treaties, both bilateral and multilateral. Their intended purpose is to lessen discrimination and encourage the growth of trade and foreign investment by ensuring that certain defined benefits accorded to one set of States (or their nationals, investments, goods, etc.) are extended to other States (or their nationals, investments, goods, etc.). In the investment treaty context, some commentators have observed that the right to a favourable dispute settlement mechanism is the primary concern of foreign investors, and investors often invoke MFN clauses to secure procedural rights that might otherwise be unavailable to them.


This article investigates the role of metaphor in the production and reproduction of language ideologies. It does this by focusing on official discourses concerning the language policy of Singapore, where recurrent appeal is made to the conduit metaphor (Reddy 1993) in articulating various claims and beliefs about language and its relation to questions of identity and values.The analytic framework adopted here treats language ideologies in terms of three semiotic processes: iconization, recursion, and erasure (Gal and Irvine 1995). By tracking a single metaphor through a variety of discourses, the article illustrates how these semiotic processes come together when metaphor is used in the service of ideology. The article also suggests the introduction of a fourth semiotic process, performativity, which draws attention to the various lexical realizations of the conduit metaphor.


A guide to building cross-platform apps using the W3C standards-based Cordova/PhoneGap framework Overview Understand the fundamentals of cross-platform mobile application development from build to distribution Learn to implement the most common features of modern mobile applications Take advantage of native mobile device capabilities including the camera, geolocation, and local storage using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript In Detail You don't have to know complex languages like Objective C to compete in the ever-growing mobile market place. The PhoneGap framework lets you use your web development skills to build HTML and JavaScript-based mobile applications with native wrappers that run on all the major mobile platforms, including Android, iOS, and Windows Phone 8. "PhoneGap Beginner's Guide" will help you break into the world of mobile application development. You will learn how to set up and configure your mobile development environment, implement the most common features of modern mobile apps, and build rich, native-style applications. The examples in this book deal with real use case scenarios, which will help you develop your own apps, and then publish them on the most popular app stores. Dive deep into PhoneGap and refine your skills by learning how to build the main features of a real world app. "PhoneGap Beginner's Guide" will guide you through the building blocks of a mobile application that lets users plan a trip and share their trip information. With the help of this app, you will learn how to work with key PhoneGap tools and APIs, extend the framework's functionality with plug-ins, and integrate device features such as the camera, contacts, storage, and more. By the time you're finished, you will have a solid understanding of the common challenges mobile app developers face, and you will know how to solve them. What you will learn from this book Set up and configure your development environment Manage cross-platform code bases Build well-performing modular apps Interact with the device sensors, file system, and camera Use key PhoneGap APIs Integrate native code in your mobile app Write a PhoneGap plugin Localize a mobile app Approach Written in a friendly, example-driven Beginner's Guide format, there are plenty of step-by-step instructions to help you get started with PhoneGap. Who this book is written for If you are a web developer or mobile application developer interested in an examples-based approach to learning mobile application development basics with PhoneGap, then this book is for you.


Uncontrolled landfills can cause the release of significant contamination. In South England and in other parts of the UK, historical landfills are spread along the coastal and estuarine marshes and mudflats, where waste was dumped without regard to the environment. Much of the pollution from these landfills may have been dispersed and diluted into coastal waters with little impact. However, fine-grained sediments within these environments may have trapped or sequestered metals. The aim of this study is to investigate the degree to which heavy metals from these historical sites may have contaminated the adjacent marshes and intertidal mudflats.


Time-aware recommender systems (TARS) are systems that take into account a time factor the age of the user data. There are three approaches for using a time factor: (1) the user data may be given different weights by their age, (2) it may be treated as a step in a biological process and (3) it may be compared in different time frames to find a significant pattern. This research deals with the latter approach. When dividing the data into several time frames, matching users becomes more difficult similarity between users that was once identified in the total time frame may disappear when trying to match between them in smaller time frames. The user matching problem is largely affected by the sparsity problem, which is well known in the recommender system literature. Sparsity occurs where the actual interactions between users and data items is much smaller in comparison to the entire collection of possible interactions. The sparsity grows as the data is split into several time frames for comparison. As sparsity grows, matching similar users in different time frames becomes harder, increasing the need for finding relevant neighboring users. Our research suggests a flexible solution for dealing with the similarity limitation of current methods. To overcome the similarity problem, we suggest dividing items into multiple features. Using these features we extract several user interests, which can be compared among users. This comparison results in more user matches than in current TARS.


Moire images that are generally termed as moire fringes have been generated due to the interference of two repetitive gratings. These patterns can be applied to many uses in metrology such as the measurements of surface profilometry of aerofoil, stress-strain effects, thermal deformation and so on. Moreover, 3D surface reconstruction as well as movement characterization of linearly and rotary moving objects can be visualized and identified by the moire imaging technique. Recently it is approached as an emerging tool in the fields of biotechnology-particularly in biomechanics, nanotechnology, broadband communication and optoelectronics as well. Conventional Moire interferometry evaluates the interference of two light waves being reflected on a reference surface and the object to be profiled. However, satisfactions in the requirements for the current significant issues in obtaining accurate measurements regarding the information of the movements as well as the dimensional deformations of objects dealing with the online inspection in micro-level and nano-level are still challenging. Particularly, for the demand of the present real-time auto-inspection of different precise information of movements objects statistically and dynamically. In that case single light wave system makes the moire sensing system easier and applicable in real-time imaging. Furthermore, avoiding the employment of expensive conventional imaging facilities in 3-D measurement in mechanical as well as bio-mechanical systems has become a critical problem to be tackled. Therefore, research has been conducted focusing on the objective of developing a simple but precise measuring tool based on a single wave moire imaging technique for multidimensional motion sensing by employing simple image processing approaches. An experimental set-up with a small CMOS camera has been developed capable of measuring the motion of an object by using a simply ink-printed straight optical grating lines attached to the moving objects. Several model experiments have been conducted for getting the information of movements of an object by adopting several mouse click options only on the moire image visible at the computer screen. After getting information of the moire image by the proposed technique, the movements of the object have been accurately identified. The system has been found simple and faster compared to the other conventional methods as well.


The Russian painter Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944), who later lived in Germany and France, is one of the pioneers of 20th-century art. Nowadays he is regarded as the founder of abstract art and is, moreover, the chief theoretician of this type of painting. Together with Franz Marc and others he founded the group of artists known as the "Blauer Reiter" in Munich. His art then freed itself more and more from the object, eventually culminating in the "First Abstract Watercolour" of 1910. In his theoretical writings Kandinsky repeatedly sought the proximity of music; and just as in music, where the individual notes constitute the medium whose effect stems from harmony and euphony, Kandinsky was aiming for a pure concord of colour through the interplay of various shades. Gauguin had demanded that everything "must be sacrificed to pure colours". Kandinsky was the first to realize this and thus to influence a whole range of artists.


This paper is a call to embrace and work towards a specific form of intellectual activism in business schools. Based on the inspiring work of professor Patricia Hill Collins, and other black feminist and post-colonial scholars, intellectual activism is here defined as 'the myriad ways in which people place the power of their ideas in service to social justice'. This paper calls for and delineates a positive response to the current crisis by identifying key areas of work that scholars in business schools can engage with. This intellectual activist praxis invests the key dimensions of our work: teaching, research activities, and our work as employees and managers in business schools. In a systematizing and pro-positive effort I indicate that such academic praxis has four key features. It is progressive, critical, engaged and concrete. These features are elaborated and then I introduce specific tactics/practices for engagement and offer examples. In summary, intellectual activism in business schools is (i) a form of political work; (ii) a form of 'building work'; and (iii) not easy.


Austin v. Loral, 29 N.Y.2d 124 (1971), is a favorite among Contracts casebooks because the New York Court of Appeals held that it was a "classic" example of economic duress. It involved Austin, a small gear part manufacturer, who had entered into a subcontract to provide gear parts to Loral, a publicly-traded defense industry supplier. Loral had a contract with the U.S. government to supply radar sets, to be used in the U.S. efforts in Vietnam. Midway through performance of the subcontract, Austin apparently refused to continue to deliver the gear parts unless Loral acceded to certain demands, which included a price increase on the gear parts. In a 4-to-3 decision, the New York Court of Appeals held that Loral had agreed to Austin's price demands under economic duress. The first part of this article reconstructs and retells the rich and intricate story of Austin v. Loral. A theme emerges: with the escalation of the conflict in Vietnam came a market shift in the defense industry. The demand for radar caused the price of Austin's gear parts to see a substantial market increase. But, Austin's materials and labor costs also rose, causing Austin significant losses under the subcontract with Loral. Using the reconstructed story of the case, and the theme that emerges from the trial testimony, this article then discusses the concept of framing in a legal sense and draws parallels to theories of framing in the field of cognitive linguistics. Applying these theories, the article presents the frames of contract modification and economic duress and discusses the doctrinal differences between them at the time of Austin v. Loral. Even though the contract involved a sale of goods, the courts made no reference to U.C.C. § 2-209, which addresses contract modifications and appears to apply squarely to the situation. The absence of reference to the U.C.C. is probably because the parties did not frame the litigation as a question of modification but, rather, solely as an issue of economic duress. Had Austin reframed the dispute as one of modification, the Court of Appeals might well have asked a different question, dictated by the comments to U.C.C. § 2-209: whether Austin acted in good faith in requesting modification of the subcontract. In assessing whether Austin was acting in good faith, the market changes and Austin's significant losses under the subcontract would have been doctrinally relevant. Finally, while Austin could have reframed the legal dispute, it also could have argued for a more sensible doctrine of economic duress, one that did not solely focus on Loral's lack of choices. The doctrinal thesis of the article posits that, in the context of contract modification, duress jurisprudence seems to be (and should be) subsumed by solely a good faith inquiry. Using the context of Austin v. Loral as an example, the article discusses refocusing the duress doctrine in the modification context to ask solely whether the threat was made in good faith.


Abstract This paper aims at analyzing the co-movement between fiscal policy and monetary policy rules in the context of price stabilization. More specifically, we observe the potential impact of fiscal policy credibility on the price stabilization in the inflation targeting framework. Motivated by the fact that empirical studies concerning this aspect are still limited, we take the case of Indonesia over the period 2001-2013. Based on the quarterly data analysis, we found that the impact of credibility typically depends on characteristics of fiscal rules commitment. On one hand, the credibility of debt rule reduces the inflation rate. In contrast, the incredible deficit rule policy does not have any impact on the inflation rate and therefore does not support to inflation targeting. Given those results, we conclude that credibility matters in stabilizing price levels. Accordingly, those findings suggest tightening coordination between monetary and fiscal policy to maintain fiscal sustainability in accordance with price stabilization policy


Validity and Reliability of a Photographic Method of Assessing Body Composition Elizabeth Z. MacDonald Department of Exercise Sciences, BYU Master of Science The LeanScreenTM app uses photographs and touchscreen technology of an iPad or iPhone to estimate body composition using the Department of Defense (DoD) prediction equations that use cirumference measurements of the neck, abdomen, waist, and hips. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliability of the LeanScreenTM app in 148 weight-stable adults (82 men, 66 women) who were normal weight, overweight, or obese as defined by body mass index. The percent body fat (%BF) of each subject was estimated during one visit using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometery (DXA) as the criterion measure, and three field methods: the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and an OMRON bioelectical impedance (BIA) device. The %BF of each subject was determined once using DXA. Each of two administrators assessed the %BF of each subject twice using the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and the OMRON BIA device. When using the LeanScreenTM app, administrators assessed body composition using photographs they had taken and the photographs taken by the other administrator. Validity was established by comparing estimates of %BF from the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and the OMRON BIA device to %BF values obtained from DXA. Interand intrarater reliability was determined using mutliple measurements taken by each of two administrators. The three field methods were compared to DXA using mixed model ANOVA and Bland-Altman analyses. Analysis of the data revealed that the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and the OMRON BIA device significantly underestimated (p < 0.05) the %BF determined by DXA by an average of -3.26 ± 3.57 %BF, -4.82 ± 3.45 %BF, and -8.45 ± 3.48 %BF, respectively. Limits of agreement (LOA) for the LeanScreenTM app (6.99 %BF), manually measured circumferences (6.76 %BF), and the OMRON BIA device (6.82 %BF) were large. Slopes of the line-of-best-fit through the data in the Bland-Altman plots indicate that bias of %BF estimates using the LeanScreenTM app (slope = 0.06; p = 0.008) and the OMRON BIA device (slope = 0.15; p <0.0001) increased as %BF increased. For each method of assessment, minimal variance could be attributed to different administrators peforming the assessment and each administrator performing multiple assessments. All interand intrarater reliability coefficients of the LeanScreenTM app, manually measured circumferences, and OMRON BIA estimates of %BF exceeded 0.99. The results of this study indicate that all three field methods of body composition assessments were highly reliable, however, these field measures are not recommended for use in the assessments of %BF due to a significant bias and large limits of agreements.


Second-order dual to a variational problem is formulated. This dual uses the Fritz John type necessary optimality conditions instead of the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker type necessary optimality conditions and thus, does not require a constraint qualification. Weak, strong, Mangasarian type strict-converse, and Huard type converse duality theorems between primal and dual problems are established under appropriate generalized second-order invexity conditions. A pair of second-order dual variational problems with natural boundary conditions is constructed, and it is briefly indicated that duality results for this pair can be validated analogously to those for the earlier models dealt with in this research. Finally, it is pointed out that our results can be viewed as the dynamic generalizations of those for nonlinear programming problems, already treated in the literature.


The law school of 2020 will soon appear around the corner. An increasingly asked question is, What will it look like? Will it look like the Langdellian model of the past 120 years, centered on the coverage of appellate case reports, leavened by a modest degree of experiences and some tweaks? Or will it look very different – a blend of technology, Langdell, Carnegie, and a reshaped marketplace? Our view is that the 2020 law school will indeed be different. But how different depends on who wins the war between traditional education, tracing back to the days of Professor Christopher Columbus Langdell in the 1870s, and the current drivers influencing legal education from inside and out. In a word, we are living in a time of struggle – struggle for control of the soul of legal education.In legal education orthodoxy, the law school essentially has lived a double-life – part grand university, part Hessian craft guild. The grand university identity takes on a similar hue as a graduate liberal arts endeavor: offering a good background for its emphasis on critical thinking, whether students practice law or not. The Hessian craft guild, by contrast, trains students to learn the details of the skilled practitioner, to welcome clients into a specific domain. This double life is firmly rooted in traditional legal education, but it is not evenly spaced. Instead, it generally has been skewed toward the grand university identity. As the oft-repeated saying has it, law schools teach people how to "think like lawyers", but not actually how to be lawyers. In this regard, legal education appears to be a professional training ground that at least implicitly distances itself from the practical preparation required to succeed within specific domains.Especially in the United States, the tensions underlying this double life have been exacerbated in recent years by powerful market forces – students are applying in strikingly lower numbers to enter law school, clients are demanding changed fee structures, and the Internet is providing access to forms purveyors and legal services across states and countries. At the same time, the old legal education pipeline, from law school, to big firms, to in-house and other jobs, has been significantly degraded.Accompanying the degradation of the legal education pipeline has been the demise of the complementary but implicit partnership with the legal profession – that law schools teach students to think, and lawyers teach students how to actually practice law. The understanding is that schools turn out unpolished students, and the profession turns them into completed lawyers, acting as finishing schools for the profession. Historically, this implicit partnership thrived. All parties benefitted. It created greater demand when jobs were plentiful, as well as exuberantly high salaries. It even benefitted law professors, who could teach within the university confines, draw increasingly large salaries, and devote time to scholarship and a few classes each year.This training agreement essentially collapsed during the great recession of 2008-10, when lawyers and law firms could no longer devote the resources to polish students over a period of time. With fewer students applying to schools and jobs much less plentiful, creating value for the education became paramount. The drivers of change became reframing tools, causing law schools to commence vertical and horizontal remapping of the entire education in a way that had not occurred for decades. Critical evaluation of the Langdellian education form grew exponentially.This article posits that the legal education of 2020 will have to involve reframing if it is again to thrive. The drivers of change, particularly the law services marketplace and the changing nature of clients and legal work, will require faculty and administrators to reconsider outcomes, values and objectives of the enterprise. In many ways, any resulting configuration ought to become more like that of a business school than a liberal arts curriculum. For example, there should be a reinvigorated focus on connections between lawyering, clients and legal education, including the recognition that most students who attend law school intend to practice some form of law. The education should connect with new realities – that lawyers today reach solutions collaboratively, often in teams; that lawyers manage projects and utilize a variety of skill-sets, all within a service profession requiring expertise in different but specialized knowledge domains; and that access to legal services is still an issue for many persons living in the United States. Given the utilization of these new drivers and the connections illuminated between lawyering and law school, the underlying theory-practice tensions also should shift. In essence, law schools likely will start producing more measurable outcomes – outcomes focusing on transforming novices into nimble experts with multiple skill sets. In 2020, the change in legal education might be significant, but it also needs to be significantly improved, given the volatile nature of the times.


Culture has attributes of a global public good that needs to be preserved for mankind as a whole. World Culture Certificates are proposed to efficiently preserve World Heritage. The community of nations has to agree on the Global Heritage List and how much each nation is to contribute to that purpose. Each World Heritage site conserved is acknowledged through the issuance of a tradable Certificate. Countries and private firms are induced to seek sites where financial resources can be spent most productively. This leads to an efficient allocation of resources to preserve World Heritage.


Markups vary widely across industries and countries, their heterogeneity has increased overtime and asymmetric exposure to international trade seems partly responsible for this phenomenon. In this paper, we study how the entire distribution of markups affects resource misallocation and welfare in a general equilibrium framework encompassing a large class of models with imperfect competition. We then identify conditions under which trade opening, by changing the distribution of markups, may reduce welfare. Our approach is novel both in its generality and in the emphasis on the second moment of the markup distribution. Two broad policy recommendations stand out from the analysis. First, whenever there is heterogeneity in markups, be it due to trade or other distortions, there is also an intersectoral misallocation, so that the equilibrium can be improved upon with an appropriate intervention. This suggests that trade liberalization and domestic industrial policy are complementary. Second, ensuring free entry is a crucial precondition to prevent adverse effects from asymmetric trade opening.


We present a nonstandard hull construction for locally uniform groups in a spirit similar to Luxembourg's construction of the nonstandard hull of a uniform space. Our nonstandard hull is a local group rather than a global group. We investigate how this construction varies as one changes the family of pseudometrics used to construct the hull. We use the nonstandard hull construction to give a nonstandard characterization of Enflo's notion of groups that are uniformly free from small subgroups. We prove that our nonstandard hull is locally isomorphic to Pestov's nonstandard hull for Banach-Lie groups. We also give some examples of infinite-dimensional Lie groups that are locally uniform.


Free will consists in the capacity to initiate and execute plans of action. It involves the capacity to respond to reasons and control how our motivational states issue in our actions. Neurological and psychiatric disorders can diminish this capacity by causing dysfunction in the neural networks that mediate it. But brain abnormalities do not necessarily compromise free will. Pharmacological, surgical, and psychological interventions can restore the relevant capacity to varying degrees. The most difficult questions regarding free will involve conscious and unconscious aspects of our mental states and their role in self-control. I discuss violent impulses, addiction, and psychopathy and consider whether or to what extent individuals with these conditions can control their behavior and be responsible for it. Certain drugs might enhance the will and responsibility by increasing choices and strengthening responsiveness to reasons. While we should be open to this idea, it can have counterintuitive consequences.


In 2011, a research team led by the University of North Texas, the Educopia Institute/MetaArchive Cooperative, and the worldwide Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD), began studying the production, dissemination, and preservation of Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs). The original intent was to develop and disseminate documentation for academic libraries that would help curators better understand and address the preservation challenges presented by these new digital collections. As researchers from the libraries of University of North Texas, Virginia Tech, Rice University, Boston College, Indiana State University, Penn State, and the University of Arizona began to grapple with ETD lifecycle management issues, they quickly realized that librarians were but one of many academic stakeholder groups that work collaboratively to produce and maintain ETD collections. Studying the library role in isolation was neither feasible nor helpful. The scope of our work increased to encompass the roles and responsibilities of core stakeholders in the ETD lifecycle: students, faculty, administrators, technologists, commercial vendors, and librarians. The resulting Guidance Documents address areas of interest to ETD program planners, managers, and curators. They will help this extended set of stakeholders understand, document, and address the administrative, legal, and technical challenges presented by ETDs—from submission to long-term preservation. The authors have aimed to be comprehensive in their treatment of ETD programs, and encourage readers to review all of the Guidance Document to gain a holistic view. However, they have also highlighted the sections of each document relevant to 4 roles in ETD programs: institutional administrators, submission staff, access and repository staff, and IT staff.


Having been desired by my friend Miss Caroline Birley to examine two Crustaceans in nodules from the Mekran Coast— part of a much larger series, mostly enclosing fossil shells, described by Mr. R. B. Newton, F.G.S. (see ante, pp. 293–303)—I gladly comply with the request to add a note thereon to his paper. The first concretion, when broken open, displays the dorsal aspect in impression and counterpart of a small crab, 5½ cm. broad by 3 cm. deep, having one long, slender, forcipated chela, imperfectly preserved, measuring nearly 5 cm. in length; and part of one of the fifth posterior pair of feet, adapted for swimming, showing it to have been near to the family Portunidæ, to which our common shore-crabs of the genus Portunus belong. None of these, however, can be satisfactorily compared with the fossil crab from Ormara, which is certainly referable to another genus.


The future of mass communication programs should depend on the educational contributions they make. But other circumstances arise, such as budget worries. When the axe recently fell on several programs, the AEJMC president asked: "Are journalism/mass communication programs becoming an endangered species?"(1) As journalism educators, we have an abiding concern for program content and quality, but we can not be blind to our place in higher education. We must ask ourselves some searching questions.We have gone from schools of journalism to schools of journalism and mass communication--sometimes to schools of communication that embrace us along with speech and drama. We have also gone from a professional concern that drew students whose interests lay in public affairs and creative expression to an ever-expanding field where most students seem to have pedestrian vocational interests.Was it wrong to go from profession to field? One can only agree enthusiastically with Marvin(2) that communication is a great idea for a field. But was it right to become more field than profession?Should we return to those J-School days of yesteryear? Should we drop advertising, public relations, and media studies? Were we wrong to ever extend beyond editorial journalism? Were we wrong to venture into the realm of social science, even though mass communication figures increasingly in our working, leisure, cultural, and political lives? Has mass communication--and journalism--become a minor regency within an evergrowing realm of communication?But is any of this the crux of our problem? Is this why our programs appear vulnerable to administrative cost-cutting? Is it not the way of our contemporary world that the economy and jobs take precedence over the polity and profession...that advertising and public relations are the principal mass communication careers of the future for our graduates, that mass media have become too important not to be analyzed and criticized?And how much of a profession were we? Those in editorial practice-the professionals-were divided as to whether a journalism degree or a liberal arts degree was the better preparation for an editorial career. Such indecision is hardly the hallmark of a profession.Did we do something wrong in cultivating this field--or did we fail to do something right? The two are not necessarily the same. Did we make a mistake becoming a field...or did we fail by not carrying on further, by not becoming more of a discipline? We have not lacked for a vision of becoming a scientific discipline,(3) and there is precedent enough for that. Just as medicine has its science and practice, so might we. There is even metaphoric parallel. Communication is, as we know too well, often called upon to cure our ills.Why did we evolve from profession to field but then not develop into a discipline? Why are our scholars more interested in staking out territorial claims in limitless terrain than discovering and organizing theoretical principles scientifically? Why do we have more to say about mass communications effects than we do about general principles of mass communication effectiveness?Starting with the universities themselves as organizations, and extending to the putative "world community," there is no shortage of collective entities and would-be collective entities that could strongly benefit from more effective mass communication. For example, even if the information superhighway succeeds in yielding universal connectivity, this will hardly begin to solve our mass communication problems. (It may produce more problems than it solves, given its likely development as an economic venue, not as a societal and political instrument. Access, noise, and pollution problems are already evident with just a modest degree of connectivity.)Social scienceBut what do collective enterprises like the university and the country find when they look to the field of mass communication? …


A growing number of funding agencies and international scholarly organizations are requesting that research data be made more openly available to help validate and advance scientific research. Thus, this is an opportune moment for research data repositories to partner with journal editors and publishers in order to simplify and improve data curation and publishing practices. One practical example of this type of cooperation is currently being facilitated by a two year (2012-2014) one million dollar Sloan Foundation grant, integrating two well-established open source systems: the Public Knowledge Project's (PKP) Open Journal Systems (OJS), developed by Stanford University and Simon Fraser University; and Harvard University's Dataverse Network web application, developed by the Institute for Quantitative Social Science (IQSS). To help make this interoperability possible, an OJS Dataverse plugin and Data Deposit API are being developed, which together will allow authors to submit their articles and datasets through an existing journal management interface, while the underlying data are seamlessly deposited into a research data repository, such as the Harvard Dataverse. This practice paper will provide an overview of the project, and a brief exploration of some of the specific challenges to and advantages of this integration.


State Forestry is regarded by political ecologists as a coercive tool deployed by state authorities to nationalize, control and order the forest as a resource within the territory of a nation. The consequence of this is civilizing local people and subjecting them to the grip of the state. Much of this literature comes from the global South. However, in the iconic Bialowieza Forest in eastern Poland, touted as Europe's last primeval forest for its old oaks and woodland bison, state foresters altered the prominence of their nationalistic and nationalizing history in three surprising ways: 1) they downplayed their historical role in nationalizing the periphery in the 1920s when the area was split between a national park and a forest belonging to the newly formed Polish state (the Second Polish Republic); 2) they created new allegiances with the Belarusian-identified local population, and 3) they referenced neighbouring Belarus' preferential management of forests within the adjacent Belovezshkaya National Park. This article weaves together insights from political ecology, post-socialist studies and environmental history in an ethnographic account of Polish state foresters in interaction with biologists, conservationists and "local" people in the fight to expand the Polish Bialowieza National Park from 1990-2013. Foresters downplayed the forest's significance for the nation, at least rhetorically, because conservationists viewed and promoted the forest as having national, European and global heritage. Yet the globalized cosmopolitics of conservationists enabled, or perhaps even forced, foresters to frame their concerns in a language of local and ethnic minority rights and community participation. The transcendence of ethnic and cultural differences by foresters over nearly ninety years of existence marks an important and novel component of the post-socialist period. Keywords: Post-socialist, political ecology, forests, environmental history, Poland, Belarus, foresters, ethnography, periphery


Abstract The iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits of the eastern Adirondack Mountains consist of intrusive sheets or dikes of magnetite, fluorapatite, augitic pyroxene, quartz, and microcline. Other trace mineral phases include ilmenite with hematite exsolution, V-rich titanite rimming magnetite, zircon, monazite-(Ce), stillwellite-(Ce), lanthanite-(Ce), allanite-(Ce), and thorite. Observations under transmitted light show polygonal and cumulate textures. The ore bodies, each with knife-edge contacts with the host gneisses, are closely associated in time with A-type leucogranites and granitic gneisses ( ca . 1070–1050 Ma). Backscattered electron (BSE) images highlight the following types of fluorapatite-monazite-(Ce) relations that formed as a result of metamorphism and fluid-rock interaction: (1) areas of relatively low BSE intensities containing tiny secondary monazite-(Ce) and thorite crystals developed within brighter apatite grains and along crystal margins and fractures; (2) areas of low BSE intensity within larger fluorapatite grains; (3) oriented rods of quartz in fluorapatite; (4) monazite-(Ce) rimming fluorapatite; and (5) multi-domain clusters of fluorapatite in unzoned fluorapatite. Fluorapatite samples from these IOA deposits were analyzed by electron microprobe and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for major and trace elements. All grains contain high concentrations of light and heavy rare earth elements and yttrium, and samples from some deposits are exceptionally enriched in heavy rare earth elements and yttrium. The crystal structures of the fluorapatites from Cheever, Mineville, Palmer Hill, Arnold Hill, and Rutgers mine were analyzed. Rare earth elements (REE) are dominant at the Ca2 site, and in the most REE-rich sample, from Cheever, 5.7% of the Ca2 sites and 3.5% of the Ca1 sites are occupied by REEs. We consider that the most likely geological scenario for the incorporation of the REEs in fluorapatite includes high concentrations of incompatible elements in a dense iron- and phosphorus-rich melt that formed by immiscibility with the silicate melt of the Lyon Mountain granite. The high REE concentration appears to have been accommodated in the fluorapatite structure through a coupled substitution with Si 4+ . A later, low-temperature stage of fluid infiltration, probably at greenschist facies conditions, re-mobilized the REE and produced secondary minerals within the ore, including low-actinide bearing monazite-(Ce), tremolite, ferro-actinolite, chlorite, rutile, and hematite.


What is a non-ossifying fibroma? A non-ossifying Fibroma (NOF) is one of the most common benign bone tumors found in 30 to 40% of children between 8 to 20 years of age. They are noncancerous and do not spread to other areas of the body. A NOF is a result from failure of the bone to properly close at its outer shell. They tend to persist or increase in size as the child grows but decrease in size or close once growth ends.


This paper aims to understand the Islamic perspectives on Legal Capacity governing Healthcare for people with Disabilities. This paper will first focus on Legal capacity in general which derives from the Article 12 of the Convention of the rights of people with disabilities, and will then discuss how this aspect of the CRPD is applied within the context of Sharia'h law in healthcare in Qatar.The recognition of legal capacity allows an Incapacitated individual access to make fundamental decisions, such as where to reside and what kind of medical care to receive. Without legal capacity, a person is relegated to the status of an object rather than an independent human being with thoughts, emotions, and opinions without this (Quinn et al., 2002). This concept of Legal capacity was introduced in the CPRD through the paradigm shift from the Medical Model to the Social/ Human rights model. Before the adoption of the CRPD, the medical model did not permit legal capacity, and as a result, decision-making system followed the substitute decision-making system, carried out through guardianship, conservatorship, and deputyship.The current social/ human rights model in place views disabled people as rights holders and full-fledged members of the society. It places emphasis on the interaction between individuals and social barriers like discrimination, exclusion or prejudice which prevent persons with disabilities from exercising their legal capacity, through empowerment and normality of disability represents a high priority (O' Mahony 2012). This Human rights model promotes supported decision-making over previously practiced Substituted decision-making, with the intent to remedy unequal treatment of people with disabilities. Islamic countries draw distinction between legal capacity for rights, and legal capacity to act. The Islamic countries use the former as the accepted definition of legal capacity. Legal capacity for rights is interpreted as the fitness of a person to be subject of legal relations, and thus refers to an individual's status within a given legal system. Islamic countries had a reservation to the Article 12, which was in line with their own definition of Legal capacity.Islamic perspectives on legal capacity for people with mental disabilities could be fitting in the medieval context, but cannot necessarily be applied in modern times.Most mental health laws specifically allow for the denial of legal capacity of people with a mental health diagnosis (McSherry a Weller, 2010). This denial of legal capacity on the basis of psycho-social disability is a direct contravention of Article 12(2) of the CRPD.Adopting the substituted decision-making system has anti-therapeutic effects as individuals tend to gradually lose their functional ability to exercise rights and they can hardly recover their decision –making capacities under the guardianship system. In practice – most cases of incapacitation result in plenary guardianship, which eventually means that the person in question will be denied the legal capacity in all areas of life. The Sharia'h compliant Civil Code of Qatar allows people with physical and sensory disabilities the possibility of having a judicial assistant (Article 127).In Qatar, Persons with psycho-social disabilities may be deprived of legal capacity. The culture encourages interdependence, rather than the independence, of individual family members, who internalize a group rather than an individual decision-making process. In 2016, a law on Mental Health was approved. It regulates – for the first time – involuntary hospitalization and forced medical treatment in Qatar.In our view, for Qatar to become fully CRPD compliant, efforts need to be made to extend supported decision-making through the Sharia'h compliant Civil Code (Article 127) to people with intellectual and psycho-social disabilities. ReferencesMcSherry, Bernadette, and Penelope Weller, eds. Rethinking rights-based mental health laws. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2010.O»Mahony, Charles. «Legal capacity and detention: implications of the UN disability convention for the inspection standards of human rights monitoring bodies.» The International Journal of Human Rights 16.6 (2012): 883-901.Quinn, Gerard, et al. «Human rights and disability.» Derechos Humanos y Discapacidad], HR/PUB/02/1, United Nations (2002).


This report considers some of the key legal and regulatory issues that are raised by the foregoing observations. It is first of all important to stress that within the confines of the current project, the emphasis is upon CO2 for EOR rather than on CCS. Accordingly, we make only passing mention of the CCS Directive, because while this instrument is crucial to any effort to inject CO2 into a depleted hydrocarbon reservoir for the purposes of permanent sequestration, it has nothing to say about the injection of the same gas into a producing reservoir for purposes of EOR. Thus, while the former exercise is subject to a range of requirements relating to, for example, on-going monitoring to ensure that there is no release of CO2, the same does not apply to the latter. Rather, the use of CO2 for EOR is something that can be regulated simply as an adjunct to the rights and responsibilities that the operator has by virtue of holding a petroleum production licence.7 In other words, as regards the regulation of CO2 for EOR, it would appear that a similar approach can be adopted to both the operation of pipelines and the deployment of the physical process itself as has been used for 50 years on the UKCS in relation to the production and transportation of hydrocarbons. This approach consists in authorisation from the Secretary of State for the construction and use of pipelines "in, under or over" the territorial sea and the continental shelf,8 his or her consent for specific interventions in a reservoir,9 as well as the application of general or specific environmental and health and safety law as required.


Layers of sand-sized silicate spherules in 3.2 to 3.5 Ga Archean greenstone belts in South Africa and Western Australia formed by the accumulation of quenched liquid silicate droplets having primary compositions resembling those of immediately underlying rock sequences. The layers and particles appear to be unrelated to volcanic activity, and we suggest that both occurrences may represent melt droplets formed during meteorite or comet impacts. If so, these spherules are the oldest known terrestrial impact products. If these objects are representative of a larger population of early Archean impact features, it may be possible to directly estimate the meteorite flux on the early Archean earth.


The phenomenon of cultural diplomacy between Indonesia and Thailand had appeared since the visit of the Kings of Thailand to Java more than a hundred years ago. In addition, the Indonesian immigrants who has come to Thailand are also an important factor of musical history of both countries. As a result of these interactions, the exchange of ideas, information, value, system, tradition, belief, and other aspects of culture are in the interest of foster mutual understanding through musical dimension. More precisely, the interaction contributes to the exchange of musical ideas. In the Thai music history, angklung and gamelan is an essential tool for building international relations between the two countries at the community level. The relation between the two countries is similar to the relationship between two people so that emotion is the key methodologies in cultural diplomacy. The purpose of diplomacy is to give those people around you to know you better. There used to be a lot of cultural imperialism in cultural diplomacy, but this should be avoided. Currently, cultural diplomacy can give an idea on how a country engaging with others, a capacity to share and accept other viewpoints. The music has a very positive impact for the development of musical culture in Thailand today.Angklung has been taught in every elementary school in the whole of Thailand, even at the level of junior high school and high school. The ideas of new works by Thailand composers today inspired many of the gamelan orchestra. Despite the fact may be felt by the people of Thailand that the influence of Indonesian music is so powerful, so far no Thai person who writes about the history of this music as cultural diplomacy. Cultural diplomacy conceived and built in three models of representation: soft power, nation branding, and cosmopolitan constructivism.


This book is an exploration into the unique continuity that exists in New York City between the past and present of the intriguing art form of tattooing. Here the electric tattoo machine was developed, and has had a unique influence in modern tattooing worldwide. The technical and artistic values that first coalesced here during the early 20th century now are intrinsic to the art form. This creative process was pushed underground in the early 1960s when tattooing was banned in New York. After 35 years of marginalization, the city re-legalized tattooing in 1997 in response to the unprecedented surge in public enthusiasm and demand. Today, tattoo artists explore their trade as never before in the five boroughs of New York City; such rapid growth and change has put pressure on an art that continues to emphasize the values formalized over 100 years ago. Hundreds of color photos illustrate this fascinating text, which includes commentary from artists past and present.


With new entries and sensitive edits, this fifth edition places J.A. Cuddon's indispensable dictionary firmly in the 21st Century. Written in a clear and highly readable style. Comprehensive historical coverage extending from ancient times to the present day. Broad intellectual and cultural range. Expands on the previous edition to incorporate the most recent literary terminology. New material is particularly focused in areas such as gender studies and queer theory, post-colonial theory, post-structuralism, post-modernism, narrative theory, and cultural studies. Existing entries have been edited to ensure that topics receive balanced treatment.


Rhou encodes a Cdc42-related atypical Rho GTPase that influences actin organization in cultured cells. In mouse embryos at early-somite to early-organogenesis stages, Rhou is expressed in the columnar endoderm epithelium lining the lateral and ventral wall of the anterior intestinal portal. During foregut development, Rhou is downregulated in regions where the epithelium acquires a multilayered morphology heralding the budding of organ primordia. In embryos generated from Rhou knockdown embryonic stem (ES) cells, the embryonic foregut displays an abnormally flattened shape. The epithelial architecture of the endoderm is disrupted, the cells are depleted of microvilli and the phalloidin-stained F-actin content of their sub-apical cortical domain is reduced. Rhou-deficient cells in ES cell-derived embryos and embryoid bodies are less efficient in endoderm differentiation. Impaired endoderm differentiation of Rhou-deficient ES cells is accompanied by reduced expression of c-Jun/AP-1 target genes, consistent with a role for Rhou in regulating JNK activity. Downregulation of Rhou in individual endoderm cells results in a reduced ability of these cells to occupy the apical territory of the epithelium. Our findings highlight epithelial morphogenesis as a required intermediate step in the differentiation of endoderm progenitors. In vivo, Rhou activity maintains the epithelial architecture of the endoderm progenitors, and its downregulation accompanies the transition of the columnar epithelium in the embryonic foregut to a multilayered cell sheet during organ formation.


We present an experimental C interface to Oz, which enables programmers to add metaterms to the DFKI Oz system in a modular way. Low-level issues, as garbage collection and waking up suspended computation, are transparent. Metaterms are fully compatible with the other components of the system, as for example the Oz Browser. Metaterms are a well-suited means to implement instances of the CLP(X) framework. To demonstrate the use of the interface we implement a solver for CLP(Real Intervals).


Background Guinea Bissau is a trachoma-endemic country that has pledged to eliminate blinding trachoma by 2020 by implementation of the SAFE strategy. Evidence for elimination is to be presented in a dossier to WHO. Mass drug administration (MDA) with azithromycin for active trachoma has been carried out in the Bijagos and Cacheu regions. Through collaboration with government and non-government agencies, we conducted coverage and impact surveys to evaluate success of MDA and build capacity in monitoring and surveillance activities within the Programa Nacional de Saude de Bissau. Our surveys demonstrate the feasibility of compiling the elimination dossier and show promising results. Methods (1) Coverage survey (Bijagos): Seven households were randomly selected from 17 villages on five islands which had received MDA 1 month previously. Household members reported whether they had taken azithromycin and population coverage was calculated. (2) Impact survey (Cacheu): 15 households were randomly selected from 20 clusters. Trained ophthalmic nurses recorded cases of follicular trachoma (TF) amongst 1–9 year-olds and of trachomatous trichiasis (TT) amongst people aged 15 and above. Prevalence estimates of TF and TT were calculated. Results (1) MDA Coverage (Bijagos): Estimated MDA coverage was 90.9% overall (n=518) and 94.4% amongst children aged 1–9. (2) Impact survey (Cacheu): 701 1–9 year-olds and 1557 >14 year-olds were examined. The estimated prevalence of TF1–9 was 0.3% and that of unoperated TT>14 was between 0.1 and 0.4%. Conclusions These surveys provide evidence that MDA can achieve very high levels of coverage in remote and poorly accessible areas and can reduce TF to below the WHO elimination threshold. Successful TF elimination can allow focus to shift to operating TT, which remains a significant public health problem after MDA. These surveys demonstrate how sound epidemiological methods can be used in programmatic settings to evaluate elimination campaigns, guide future programme activities and contribute to global data collection.


A group of Talaandig tribesmen is gathered in a clearing on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Some members of the group are perched on a boulder, huddled over a small, yellow device and are visibly worried about the bad weather. Finally, they sigh with relief when their chief declares, ´Alright, we have a GPS signal!´

The Talaandig people are part of what can be described as a new movement of indigenous community surveyors. Equipped with global positioning system (GPS) receivers, these surveyors have an ambitious goal - to delineate and reclaim their ancestral territories. Their GPS records are used to create accurate three-dimensional maps through an innovative process known as participatory 3D modelling (P3DM). Coordinated by the Philippine Association for Intercultural Development (PAFID) and sponsored by the European Union, P3DM initiatives are facilitating cooperation and effective decision making among indigenous communities and government planners in two important fields: land conflict resolution and natural resource planning.

In just over five years, PAFID and its community partners have mapped over a million hectares of ancestral domains. Due to their technical accuracy and exhaustive detail, P3DM maps are now accepted by the government as proof of claims for legal recognition of ancestral land rights. Until recently, the bulk of indigenous lands had not been properly surveyed and had been classified as state owned. Planning officials had designated large areas for mining, logging and military installations, which led to evictions, violent confrontations and the mass dispossession of many local communities.

For example, the Teduray tribe in the province of Sultan Kudarat had been evicted, and their members harassed by private and public land developers. By mapping their ancestral domains, they have been able to prove their occupation of the land since time immemorial. Now that the tribe has legal title to the land, the provocations and the violence have ceased.

The P3DM models are also proving invaluable in natural resource planning. With increasing pressure on diminishing resources such as freshwater, forests and fish, making sustainable development plans is crucial to the survival of small tribes. Because the physical three-dimensional features of a P3DM model are immediately recognizable, all members - including elders and those who cannot read - are able to participate in resource planning. Such models have been used in resolving inter-tribal conflicts over resources, most notably water, and in pointing out problem areas and solutions to government planners.

The mapping process
The P3DM mapping process starts with a series of consultations during which key group members, such as elders and leaders, provide information about their territory and discuss their needs and obligations with regard to the land. The members then produce rough sketch maps of their domain, and identify its boundaries and important geographical features such as mountains and water bodies. The dimensions and coordinates of these features are verified by GPS ground surveys, and the sketch maps are refined.

Next, the group creates a ´blank´ relief model, which starts out as a series of layers of cardboard. Single contour lines from topographic maps are traced onto the cardboard, and the pieces are cut out and pasted one on top of the other to build up a 3D model of the area. The members of the group bring the relief model to life using paint, yarn and push pins of various colours and sizes to indicate the details identified on the sketch maps, as well as natural resources, land cover, settlements and infrastructure. Other features, including administrative boundaries or protected areas, can be added to the model at a later stage. The meanings of the various map elements remain clear and consistent because all community members refer to a single, mutually agreed upon legend.

The next step in the process involves taking high-resolution digital photographs of the 3D model that can be integrated into a geographical information system (GIS) so that the data are more widely accessible. Once the images have been stored in a computer, they may be corrected with additional GPS ground survey data and combined to produce 2D thematic maps (of land cover, natural resources, etc). These maps are validated by the communities before they are submitted to the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) for review. The 3D models and the 2D GIS maps are regularly updated to reflect any changes in land use.

PAFID´s experiences demonstrate that an intelligent combination of participatory decisionmaking and modern technology can provide solutions to land conflicts and assist in natural resource planning. The secret of the success of the P3DM approach lies in its ability to engage both indigenous community members and the authorities in an ongoing political dialogue that is mutually beneficial.

mailto:email@example.com

Rino B. Bersalona is PAFID-Mindanao´s area coordinator, and

mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com

Kail M. Zingapan is a PAFID GPS/GIS trainer. For more information, visit

http://www.pafid.org

www.pafid.org.


The objective of this work is to predict the plate elastic buckling includes critical buckling load and corresponding buckling mode for stiffened and unstiffened plate under in-plane loading. The numerical study has been achieved by employing the FEM (ANSYS package ver.11) using a shell element of eight nodes with five DOF at each node as a discretization element such that the equation of elastic stability with isotropic material properties has been taken into consideration studies. The study of aluminum alloy 6063-O plates subjected to in-plane loading showing the effect of stiffened plates, stepped thickness, and changing of applied loading. It has been found that buckling strength increases when plate width (b) increase for stiffened and unstiffened plate, also critical buckling load has high values for biaxial load than uniaxial for plates with the same specification. Also, an experimental test has been performed on different cases which exhibit a good verification of results.


The T2K long-baseline neutrino experiment in Japan is designed to study neutrino oscillations, to determine the mixing angles and mass-squared difference of the neutrino mass eigenstates and, potentially, to discover CP violation in neutrinos by comparing neutrino to antineutrino oscillations. In the near detector complex 280 m downstream of the produc- tion target at the Japanese Particle Accelerator Research Centre (J-PARC), the WAGASCI experiment will measure the ratio of cross sections from neutrinos interacting with a water and scintillator targets, in order to constrain neutrino cross sections essential for the T2K neutrino oscillation measurements. A prototype Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector, called Baby MIND, has been constructed at CERN and will act as a magnetic spectrometer behind the main WAGASCI target. The Baby MIND spectrometer was installed between February and March 2018 in the near detector complex, behind WAGASCI and is able to measure the charge and momentum of the outgoing muon from neutrino charged current interactions inside the WAGASCI target, to be able to perform full neutrino event reconstruction. Baby MIND collected data in the reverse horn focussed antineutrino beam between April and May 2018. In this thesis, the Baby MIND spectrometer is described in detail along with the performance from initial beam tests performed with the Proton Synchrotron (PS) charged particle beam at the T9 test beam facility at CERN. The test beam was used to perform measurements of track reconstruction efficiency and charge reconstruction efficiency, using dedicated reconstruction programmes, SaRoMaN and SAURON. The software environment used to perform event reconstruction in the complex detector geometry of Baby MIND is described in this thesis. Furthermore, a machine learning multi-variate analysis was used to perform particle identification between muons and hadrons, allowing for a pure selection of muons in the test beam. NuSTORM is a novel type of neutrino beam from the decay of muons in a storage ring. This type of facility produces well defined beams of $\nu_\mu$ and $\bar{\nu_e}$ neutrinos. A study is performed in the thesis to determine the expected sensitivity of mea- suring neutrino interactions in a fully active scintillator neutrino target, with a magnetised iron detector downstream. This analysis also benefited from an identification of the different event types by using a machine learning multi-variate approach. Finally, results are presented on charged current quasi-elastic neutrino and antineutrino interactions in iron reconstructed with the Baby MIND detector during the 2018 neutrino data taking at J-PARC.


Since 1977, conjugated polymers have received attention as materials for display devices with a low-cost solution process, but the low efficiency of these materials has been considered as a drawback which should be overcome. Nowadays metal nanoparticles are inserted on the display device's cathode to overcome the low efficiency of the materials through the enhanced coupling between the Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and exciton in emitting material . In our previous work, conjugated polymer with an imprinted regular Ag-dot-array structure showed a 2.7-fold improvement of integrated photoluminescence (PL) intensity , but the result was not optimized. Therefore, in this study, we calculated the Ag-dot-array absorbance-peak shift in detail using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation and found the absorbance peak location which maximized photoluminescence (PL) intensity, depending on various Ag dot condition. The resulting information was applied to the previous structure . Thus, we reduced the trial and error of finding the optimized absorbance peak location and the imprint processing costs. The most important parameter of the Ag-dot-array absorbance peak was the lattice constant. Furthermore, we proved the indium tin oxide (ITO) waveguide effect in our structure using FDTD.


It is one fundamental conviction of ancient philosophy that, in contrast to the vast majority, only few are able to gain knowledge of truth. This axiom, which also underlies Cicero's Hortensius , is adapted by the young Augustine. When looking for a concept of truth that combines the ideal of a philosophical existence with Christianity, he decides to join the Manichaeans. As opposed to the 'mainline church' of the catholica in which 'the many' are gathered, the Manichaeans appear to him as a small, elitist Christian community meeting higher intellectual as well as ethical demands. This claim seems to be particularly and impressively confirmed by the ' pauci electi '. Their approach has apparently strengthened Augustine's belief that true, higher Christianity is to be found amongst the Manichaeans. When he later devotes himself to the catholica and leads the fight against the Manichaeans, Augustine adheres to the conviction of the 'few wise'. Also within the catholica only few attain maximum insight and lead an appropriate life. At the same time, however, Augustine increasingly considers 'the many' as positive. These two aspects are combined in his epistemological concept of ' auctoritas ': by means of their auctoritas , the few 'wise' within the Catholic Church are supposed to guide the many towards truth on their journey of faith and cause them to improve their moral conduct. Its big success is a major argument for the catholica , whilst the ' paucitas ' of the Manichaeans (and all heretics) can be considered evidence of the groundlessness and absurdity of their doctrine.


Weakly acidic cation exchange resin can be used for simultaneous separation of anions and cations when acidic eluents were employed. On the weakly acidic cation exchange resin, anions were retained by ion exclusion mechanism, while cations by cation exchange mechanism. The selection of eluent is very important for the separation of interesting analytes. In this study, a mixture of 0.6 mmol/L 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA), 0.75 mmol/L sulfosalicylic acid (SSA), and 6.0 mmol/L 18-crown-6 was employed as eluent for the simultaneous separation of common inorganic anions (Cl−, NO3 − and SO4 2−) and cations (Na+, NH4 +, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+). A good separation of these anions and cations on the weakly acidic cation exchange column (Tosoh TSKgel OApak-A) was achieved in 16 min. The linear range of peak area calibration curves for all analytes were up to two orders of magnitude. The conductivity detection limits calculated at S/N=3 were from 0.2 to 1.6 μmol/L for anions and cations. The method developed in this work was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of major inorganic anions and cations in several environmental water samples.


Recurrent congestion on the UK motorway network can be a major cause of delay. One approach to eliminating or reducing the effects of congestion which has proved successful, both in the UK and abroad, is ramp metering. This uses traffic signals on entry slip roads to regulate the flow of traffic joining the main carriageway, with the aim of reducing disturbance to the mainstream traffic. There is a range of different approaches to ramp metering, including standard fixed time signals, traffic responsive schemes and coordinated systems, in which the signals on a number of adjacent merges are linked. This study details a comparative study of several different strategies using SISTM (Simulation of Strategies for Traffic on Motorways), a microscopic motorway simulation program which was developed at TRL. The results from this study suggest that, under certain high flow conditions, traffic responsive ramp metering could have some effect in reducing congestion. However, under other conditions, implementation of ramp metering might result overall in increased delays to traffic. When coordinated ramp metering was investigated, no discernable benefits emerged. (A)