Background Admission of infants to hospital with bronchiolitis consumes considerable healthcare resources each winter. We report an analysis of hospital admissions in England over five decades. Methods Data were analysed from the Hospital In-Patient Enquiry (HIPE, 1968–1985), Hospital Episode Statistics (HES, 1989–2011), Oxford Record Linkage Study (ORLS, 1963–2011) and Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network (PICANet, 2003–2012). Cases were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes in discharge records. Bronchiolitis was given a separate code in ICD9 (used in England from 1979). Geographical variation was analysed using Local Authority area boundaries. Maternal and perinatal risk factors associated with bronchiolitis and subsequent admissions for asthma were analysed using record-linkage. Results All-England HIPE and HES data recorded 468 138 episodes of admission for bronchiolitis in infants aged <1 year between 1979 and 2011. In 2011 the estimated annual hospital admission rate was 46.1 (95% CI 45.6 to 46.6) per 1000 infants aged <1 year. Between 2004 and 2011 the rates rose by an average of 1.8% per year in the all-England HES data, whereas admission rates to paediatric intensive care changed little (1.3 to 1.6 per 1000 infants aged <1 year). A fivefold geographical variation in hospital admission rates was observed. Young maternal age, low social class, low birth weight and maternal smoking were among factors associated with an increased risk of hospital admission with bronchiolitis. Conclusions Hospital admissions for infants with bronchiolitis have increased substantially in recent years. However, cases requiring intensive care have changed little since 2004.


This paper looked at students' perceived level of English proficiency among Dodoma secondary schools in Tanzania. Factors like attitude, anxiety, classroom activities, motivation, and learning resources were considered as influencing English learning. The study was guided by three theories: Input Hypothesis, Interlanguage and Vygotsky's theory of value. Correlation design was used to describe the association between the student and teacher-related factors and students' perceived level of English proficiency. Purposive sampling was used to select 300 form three students. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the participants. Reliability of the research instrument was determined by conducting a pilot study. Pearson Descriptive statistics and Kendall's Tau-b were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that the students' perceived level of proficiency in spoken English was average. The findings indicated a significant positive correlation between perceived English proficiency and attitude toward the English language, classroom activities, teacher motivation, and classroom environment. It is suggested that further studies integrate qualitative research methods to the research design in order to get an in-depth understanding of students' perception on English proficiency.


ABSTRACT Regional resilience to displacements. Regional Studies. This paper contributes to knowledge about regional resilience to displacement and examines the extent to which the characteristics of the (1) regional closures, (2) individuals in a region, (3) regional industry, (4) regional economy and (5) regional attractiveness influence the re-employment of displaced employees. Regions where the average size of establishment closures is large or the regional displacement rate is high exhibit increased resilience in terms of re-employing displaced employees in the same region. Unrelated and related industrial variety are positively related to resilience to displacement in regions with low re-employment capacities, whereas there is some evidence that regional attractiveness is positively related to resilience in regions with a good ability to re-employ displaced employees in the same region.


Saucer brooches are actually the most frequent bearers of Salin's Style I in England, but have been overlooked because of perceptions of the derivative nature of their ornament. This paper seeks to rectify the inbalance by accepting that translation (in a physical and linguistic sense) is the key to understanding both the form which Style I took on saucer brooches and potentially its meanings. The study is based on 281 cast saucer brooches (almost half the total corpus of the type): half feature zoomorphic decoration on its own and half combine zoomorphic and geometric motifs. The animal art is characterised in terms of motifs, presentation and composition. While 'coherent' motifs, recognisable from the classic, early repertoire of Style I, are reasonably well represented, attention is mostly given to the way motifs and designs were transformed, involving both established principles of Style I design (abbreviation, addition, re-assembly and ambiguity) and adaptation to the pre-existing, geometric-based, saucer-brooch tradition. Although calibrating the pace of change (devolution?) is difficult, the process can be shown to have endured throughout the 6th century and to have been most practised in western Anglo-Saxon districts. Explaining the meaning and role of this transformed animal art is obviously hard, but it is argued that it was the result not of ignorance or carelessness, but a deliberate choice. By adopting images from Northern Germanic mythology and blending them with other (Roman and Saxon) symbols, meanings were both perpetuated and subtly altered, enabling important kindred outside Kent and the main Anglian areas to negotiate their own identity and affiliations.


Probabilistic model checking is a technique for the verication of probabilistic systems. The size of the state space is a limiting factor for model checking. We used bisimulation minimisation to combat this problem. Bisimulation minimisation is a technique where the model under consideration is first minimised prior to the actual model checking. We also considered a technique where the model is minimised for a specic property, called formuladependent lumping. The minimisation algorithm has been implemented into the model checker MRMC. Using case studies, we empirically studied the
eectiveness of bisimulation minimisation for probabilistic model checking. The probabilistic models we consider are discrete-time Markov chains and continuous-time Markov chains. Properties are expressed in the temporal logic PCTL or CSL. Our experiments showed that bisimulation minimisation can result into large state space reductions. Formula-dependent lumping can lead to even larger state space reductions. For several cases, minimising the original model plus checking the minimised model is faster than model checking the original model. We conclude that bisimulation minimisation is a good state space reduction technique.


The present paper demonstrates the teaching approach in programming basics course for novices: schoolchildren of different ages and schoolteachers. This programming course was developed at the Institute of Informatics at Tallinn University of Technology in Tallinn, Estonia and it based on many years experience in teaching programming for non-IT first year students. The main aim of the chosen teaching approach in the course is to raise the motivation and keep the learners' interest in programming field on the high level. The idea of developed teaching technique is the implementation of the visual programming before a serious textual coding. Furthermore, authors suggest readers some ways and methods to overcome learners' difficulties in the first stage in a textual coding.


OBJECTIVE
Many studies have identified factors associated with increased symptom burden and prolonged recovery after pediatric and adolescent concussion. Few have systematically examined the effects of prior concussion on these outcomes in patients with concussion due to any mechanism. An improved understanding of the short- and long-term effects of a multiple concussion history will improve counseling and management of this subgroup of patients.

METHODS
A retrospective review of adolescent and young adult acute concussion patients presenting to the multidisciplinary concussion clinic between 2018 and 2019 was conducted at a single center. Patient demographic data, medical history including prior concussion, initial symptom severity score (SSS), injury mechanisms, and recovery times were collected. Univariate and multivariable analyses were conducted to identify associations of history of prior concussion and patient and injury characteristics with symptom score and recovery time.

RESULTS
A total of 266 patients with an average age of 15.4 years (age range 13-27 years) were included. Prior concussion was reported in 35% of patients. The number of prior concussions per patient was not significantly associated with presenting symptom severity, recovery time, or recovery within 28 days. Male sex and sports-related concussion (SRC) were associated with lower presenting SSS and shorter recovery time on univariate but not multivariable analysis. However, compared to non-sport concussion mechanisms, SRC was associated with 2.3 times higher odds of recovery within 28 days (p = 0.04). A history of psychiatric disorders was associated with higher SSS in univariate analysis and longer recovery time in univariate and multivariable analyses. Multivariable log-linear regression also demonstrated 5 times lower odds of recovery within 28 days for those with a psychiatric history.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study demonstrated that an increasing number of prior concussions was associated with a trend toward higher presenting SSS after youth acute concussion but did not show a significant association with recovery time or delayed (> 28 days) recovery. Presence of psychiatric history was found to be significantly associated with longer recovery and lower odds of early (≤ 28 days) recovery. Future prospective, long-term, and systematic study is necessary to determine the optimal counseling and management of adolescent and young adult patients with a history of multiple concussions.


We present methods able to predict the presence and strength of conditional and unconditional dependencies (correlations) between two variables Y and Z never jointly measured on the same samples, based on multiple data sets measuring a set of common variables. The algorithms are specializations of prior work on learning causal structures from overlapping variable sets. This problem has also been addressed in the field of statistical matching. The proposed methods are applied to a wide range of domains and are shown to accurately predict the presence of thousands of dependencies. Compared against prototypical statistical matching algorithms and within the scope of our experiments, the proposed algorithms make predictions that are better correlated with the sample estimates of the unknown parameters on test data ; this is particularly the case when the number of commonly measured variables is low.

The enabling idea behind the methods is to induce one or all causal models that are simultaneously consistent with (fit) all available data sets and prior knowledge and reason with them. This allows constraints stemming from causal assumptions (e.g., Causal Markov Condition, Faithfulness) to propagate. Several methods have been developed based on this idea, for which we propose the unifying name Integrative Causal Analysis (INCA). A contrived example is presented demonstrating the theoretical potential to develop more general methods for co-analyzing heterogeneous data sets. The computational experiments with the novel methods provide evidence that causally-inspired assumptions such as Faithfulness often hold to a good degree of approximation in many real systems and could be exploited for statistical inference. Code, scripts, and data are available at www.mensxmachina.org.


On the basis of an integrated theoretical approach to achievement motivation, the authors designed this study to investigate the potential influence of mastery goal, performance-approach and avoidance-approach goals, individual interest, and situational interest on students' learning in a physical education softball unit. The authors collected and analyzed data from 6th graders (N = 177), using correlation and multiple regression analyses. The results revealed that the mastery goal was a significant predictor for the recognition of situational interest, although individual interest directly contributed to acquisition of knowledge and skill. The findings suggest a need for researchers to adopt an integrated theoretical framework to explore the complicated connection between achievement motivation and learning in physical education.


Skeletal muscle insulin resistance plays a key role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. It recently has been hypothesized that excessive activity of the inhibitor of κB (IκB)/nuclear factor κB (NFκB) inflammatory pathway is a mechanism underlying skeletal muscle insulin resistance. However, it is not known whether IκB/NFκB signaling in muscle from subjects with type 2 diabetes is abnormal. We studied IκB/NFκB signaling in vastus lateralis muscle from six subjects with type 2 diabetes and eight matched control subjects. Muscle from type 2 diabetic subjects was characterized by a 60% decrease in IκBβ protein abundance, an indicator of increased activation of the IκB/NFκB pathway. IκBβ abundance directly correlated with insulin-mediated glucose disposal ( R d ) during a hyperinsulinemic (40 mU · m −2 · min −1 )-euglycemic clamp ( r = 0.63, P = 0.01), indicating that increased IκB/NFκB pathway activity is associated with muscle insulin resistance. We also investigated whether reversal of this abnormality could be a mechanism by which training improves insulin sensitivity. In control subjects, 8 weeks of aerobic exercise training caused a 50% increase in both IκBα and IκBβ protein. In subjects with type 2 diabetes, training increased IκBα and IκBβ protein to levels comparable with that of control subjects, and these increments were accompanied by a 40% decrease in tumor necrosis factor α muscle content and a 37% increase in insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. In summary, subjects with type 2 diabetes have reduced IκB protein abundance in muscle, suggesting excessive activity of the IκB/NFκB pathway. Moreover, this abnormality is reversed by exercise training.


Immature sugarcane grown by sand culture was treated with foliar sprays of 6-azauracil, and 6-azauracil combined with gibberellic acid (GA). There were four objectives: 1, To verify growth-inhibitory effects of azauracil and to define the lowest effective concentration; 2, to determine whether growth inhibition can be maintained in the presence of a powerful growth stimulus; 3, to determine the influence of azauracil on protein and sugar constituents of treated plants; and 4, to determine whether inhibitor action can be correlated with activity of essential hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. One experiment was conducted with seven concentrations of foliar azauracil. A second experiment combined three inhibitor concentrations with three levels of GA. All plants were treated once at 14 weeks of age and a single harvest was made 6 weeks later. Results are summarized as follows: 1. Azauracil injury symptoms appeared within 72 hours among plants given the highest inhibitor level (0.40 percent), and within 8 days for plants receiving as little as 0.005 percent. Severe symptoms included general yellowing of the foliage with localized red to red-brown spots on leaves. Similar spots plus parallel red streaks appeared on sheaths. A solid band of darkened tissue was often visible immediately below the dewlap. Death of tissues occurred at leaf tips and margins. Newly emerging leaves were yellowed, malformed, and apparently nonfunctional. Tillers were also malformed. Symptoms remained throughout the study. 2. Plants treated with 0.40-percent azauracil were dead within 15 to 20 days. Meristematic tissues died in those given 0.10 percent, but otherwise the plants survived in a stunted condition. The lowest inhibitor level causing significant growth decline was 0.04 percent. 3. Sucrose accumulated in immature storage tissue in response to increasing azauracil. As little as 0.01 percent caused a major sucrose rise, and 0.04 percent yielded about fourfold increases. Azauracil caused a general loss of fructose, suggesting a suppression of invertase. 4. Each of the enzymes assayed declined sharply with increasing inhibitor concentration. These included acid phosphatase, ATP-ase, amylase, in vertase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase. Based on activity trends from plants surviving the inhibitor treatment, the tissues are believed to have been almost totally deficient of enzyme activity at the time of death. The inhibitor effect was far more pronounced in immature storage tissues than in leaves. This suggests a rapid translocation from leaves to storage areas and possible accumulation in tissue having intense biochemical activity. 5. Water-soluble protein was increased up to threefold by 6-azauracil in immature storage tissue. A similar but less pronounced effect was found in leaves. 6. Combination of 6-azauracil with GA generally verified growth, sugar, enzyme, and protein effects observed earlier. Growth inhibition was retained at all GA levels. High GA, equivalent to 0.10 percent of the pure acid, partially countered an azauracil suppression of fresh weight, millable stalk weight and internode length. Meristematic tissues were killed by high azauracil, 0.05 percent, but remained alive when high GA was combined with the inhibitor. 7. Evidence suggests that combined azauracil and GA promoted physiological maturity more effectively than either agent acting alone. S. Gibberellic acid generally increased sugar content and retarded enzyme action as a main effect. 9. Brix and polarization values were raised both by GA and 6-azauracil as main effects. Combination of 0.01-percent GA with 0.05-percent azauracil gave the maximum brix and polarization values recorded. 10. Possible mode of action of 6-azauracil in cane is discussed from the standpoint of disrupted nucleic acid synthesis. It is suggested that the precise information needed for synthesis of discrete enzymes is uncoded from nucleic acid carriers, with subsequent deficiency of catalytic potential following in proportion to inhibitor level. Biochemical consequences of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme deficiency in cane are pointed out.


Embiopterans produce silken galleries and sheets using exceptionally fine silk fibers in which they live and breed. In this study, we use electron microscopy (EM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) techniques to elucidate the molecular level protein structure of webspinner (embiid) silks. Silks from two species Antipaluria urichi and Aposthonia ceylonica are studied in this work. Electron microscopy images show that the fibers are about 90-100 nm in diameter, making webspinner silks among the finest of all known animal silks. Structural studies reveal that the silk protein core is dominated by β-sheet structures, and that the protein core is coated with a hydrophobic alkane-rich surface coating. FTIR spectra of native embiid silk shows characteristic alkane CH2 stretchings near 2800-2900 cm-1, which decrease approximately 50% after washing the silk with 2 : 1 CHCl3 : MeOH. Furthermore, 13C ssNMR data shows a significant CH2 resonance that is strongly affected by the presence of water, supporting the idea that the silk fibers are coated with a hydrocarbon-rich layer. Such a layer is likely used to protect the colonies from rain. FTIR data also suggests that embiid silks are dominated by β-sheet secondary structures similar to spider and silkworm silk fibers. NMR data confirms the presence of β-sheet nanostructures dominated by serine-rich repetitive regions. A deconvolution of the serine Cβ NMR resonance reveals that approximately 70% of all seryl residues exist in a β-sheet structure. This is consistent with WAXD results that suggest webspinner silks are 70% crystalline, which is the highest crystalline fraction reported for any animal silks. The work presented here provides a molecular level structural picture of silk fibers produced by webspinners.


This article explores the natural dichotomy inevitably occurring in an externship field placement program and discusses some practical training techniques to minimize the negative aspects of the field placement experience for the law school, the field supervisor and the student. The dichotomy occurs where, in an off-campus field placement, the primary concern of the supervising attorney must be the work of the agency or the judicial chambers, while the concern for the education of the field extern must by nature be a secondary goal. The article synthesizes current literature in the pedagogical theories of field supervision and identifies the methods and characteristics of an effective field supervisor, as well as how effective field supervisors recognize and compensate for common barriers to effective field supervision. A primary focus of the article is the motivating and regenerative effect of GLACE, the Greater Los Angeles Consortium on Externships, which prepared and distributed jointly adopted written materials to shared field placement supervising attorneys and judicial chambers to assist in training and mentoring law students. GLACE schools also adopted joint supervision guidelines and policies for all shared field supervisors and judicial chambers, significantly raising the visibility and importance of diligent field supervision in the Los Angeles area. The article finally suggests that externship faculty train students in a specific pro-active curriculum to assist students in initiating effective field supervision independently of that provided by the field supervisor and describe the components of such training.


Events such as the phone-hacking scandal, Wikileaks and the Mohammed cartoons controversy have placed ethics of media at the centre of current debates. Media are not only centralised institutions, but also technologies and means through which we sustain relationships with each other. We live with and in media, and this book sketches and critiques the normative contours of our intensely mediated worlds. What are the 'ethics' of media? What forms would we expect them to take? Do digital media create new ethical dilemmas and what is our responsibility as spectators/witnesses? Bringing together philosophers and media scholars and drawing on a range of contemporary case studies, the book highlights the diversity of competing answers to the question, 'is there an ethics of media?'


An NRP1-independent, non-natural SEMA3A mutant isoform is a parenterally deliverable anticancer drug that normalizes the vasculature. Semaphoring to tumor vasculature Solid tumors typically have blood vessels that are not only increased in number but also exhibit various structural and functional abnormalities. Thus, vascular normalization is frequently proposed as an antitumor strategy, with the goal of improving intratumoral oxygenation and drug delivery. SEMA3A, a protein from the semaphorin family, is a known vascular normalizing agent but not a good therapeutic candidate due to adverse effects. To address this concern, Gioelli et al. engineered a mutant version of SEMA3A that retained its vascular normalizing function but did not activate the pathway responsible for the main side effects. The authors then confirmed the ability of mutant SEMA3A to normalize tumor vasculature and demonstrated its anticancer effects alone and combined with chemotherapy. Vascular normalizing strategies, aimed at ameliorating blood vessel perfusion and lessening tissue hypoxia, are treatments that may improve the outcome of cancer patients. Secreted class 3 semaphorins (SEMA3), which are thought to directly bind neuropilin (NRP) co-receptors that, in turn, associate with and elicit plexin (PLXN) receptor signaling, are effective normalizing agents of the cancer vasculature. Yet, SEMA3A was also reported to trigger adverse side effects via NRP1. We rationally designed and generated a safe, parenterally deliverable, and NRP1-independent SEMA3A point mutant isoform that, unlike its wild-type counterpart, binds PLXNA4 with nanomolar affinity and has much greater biochemical and biological activities in cultured endothelial cells. In vivo, when parenterally administered in mouse models of pancreatic cancer, the NRP1-independent SEMA3A point mutant successfully normalized the vasculature, inhibited tumor growth, curbed metastatic dissemination, and effectively improved the supply and anticancer activity of chemotherapy. Mutant SEMA3A also inhibited retinal neovascularization in a mouse model of age-related macular degeneration. In summary, mutant SEMA3A is a vascular normalizing agent that can be exploited to treat cancer and, potentially, other diseases characterized by pathological angiogenesis.


Highly purified Sendai virus contained a protein kinase activity which atatlysed the phosphorylation of endogenous polypeptides or exogenous protamine sulphate. The virus contained very low levels of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity. Polyacrylamide gel analysis of the reaction product indicated that the phosphorylation was specific for certain polypeptides and varied according to whether the virus was grown in eggs or in tissue culture. This variation was partially associated with the difference in the polypeptide pattern that occurred when the virus was grown in eggs or in tissue culture. Characterization of these phosphoproteins demonstrated that the phosphate was incorporated predominantly in a phosphoester linkage with theonine residues. Using a detergent and high salt solubilization procedure, the protein kinase activity was found associated within glycoprotein free virus particles but not with the nucleocapsid-associated polypeptides. In vivo phosphorylation occurred when Sendai virus was grown in eggs or in tissue culture with [32P] and the phosphorylated polypeptides were similar to those of the protein kinase reaction product. Phosphorylation could also be detected in the infected cell and could occur once the virus particle polypeptides were being synthesized. The non-structural polypeptides were not phosphorylated.


Teacher knowledge is a critical factor that influences pedagogical decisions. If we want teachers to make appropriate choices in the classroom we must know and understand the types of knowledge used during this decision-making process. To this end, we sought to understand how, and the extent to which, two 5 grade teachers drew upon and integrated their knowledge of mathematics, learners, and pedagogy while teaching. Stimulated recall interviews were analyzed to uncover the types of knowledge and interactions that occurred. Both teachers primarily used their knowledge of learners and pedagogy, with the knowledge of mathematics playing a supportive role. In addition, the teachers integrated their knowledge in one of two ways: a) one knowledge type was used to justify or explain a statement about a second knowledge type and b) a discussion of one knowledge type lead to an implication or reflection about a second knowledge type. These interactions allowed the teachers to use and build their connected knowledge. Understanding how teachers integrate and use their knowledge has implications for the structure of teacher professional development.


Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a globally recognized public health concern. Multiple studies have shown the association of CKD with cardiovascular mortality that persists after adjustment for traditional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. CKD causes accelerated coronary artery disease (CAD). In this chapter, we discuss the pathophysi‐ ological mechanisms that play a role in increasing CVD risk in patients with CKD. Further we delve into some commonly encountered challenges related to CVD in patients with CKD. These include revascularization challenges, contrasted induced nephropathy and alterations in traditional risk factors for CVD in renal transplant patients.


Prior research has shown that EL classification is consequential for students, however, less is known about how EL classification impacts students' outcomes. In this study, we examine one hypothesized mechanism: teacher perceptions. Using nationally-representative data (ECLS-K:2011), we use coarsened exact matching to estimate the effect of EL status on teachers' perceptions of students' skills in language arts, math, science, and social studies in kindergarten through second grade. We further explore whether that impact is moderated by instructional setting (bilingual versus English immersion). We find evidence that EL classification results in lower teacher perceptions across content areas and grade levels. This impact is, however, moderated by bilingual environments. This study adds to research on teacher perceptions and the effects of EL classification.


Herein we have developed a cost effective, environmentally friendly, and disposable electrochemical aptasensor (termed SPCE/PAM/PA/PDA/Apt) for the sensitive and selective detection of Aflatoxin B2 (AFB2) through immobilization of an AFB2 aptamer (Apt) on a conducting porous polyacrylamide/phytic acid/polydopamine (PAM/PA/PDA) hydrogel modified screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE). The porous structure of the PAM/PA/PDA hydrogel provides a high electrode surface area for the covalent immobilization of Apt as well as good conductivity. In the presence of AFB2, the conformation of immobilized Apt was changed by interaction of Apt with AFB2, resulting in the reduction of peak currents of [Fe(CN)6]3/4−. Under optimized conditions, the as-developed SPCE/PAM/PA/PDA/Apt was capable of detecting AFB2 with a wide dynamic range from 0.1 pg mL−1 to 100 ng mL−1 and a low detection limit of 0.10 pg mL−1 in buffer solution. SPCE/PAM/PA/PDA/Apt also exhibits good reproducibility as well as selectivity against other mycotoxins including Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), Aflatoxin G2 (AFG2), Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and Ochratoxin A (OTA). Moreover, the capability of SPCE/PAM/PA/PDA/Apt was demonstrated by determination of AFB2 in spiked corn extracts.


Although grazing of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a common practice in the southern Great Plains, little is known about the efficacy of wheat as a dual-purpose crop in the Nebraska Panhandle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of establishment and harvest times on forage and grain production of wheat cultivars adapted to the region, Six cultivars were planted at four dates (very early, recommended early, recommended late, and very late) in each of 3 yr. Forage samples were taken from a previously nonharvested area late in the fall, at jointing, and at the boot stage. Grain yield at maturity was measured from each forage harvest treatment and from a full-season unharvested control. In 2 of 3 yr. grain yield was reduced an average of 25% compared with the full-season check when plants were harvested for forage at the joint stage. No grain was produced when forage was removed at the boot stage. Forage removal during the fall averaged 1300 kg ha -1 dry matter and resulted in insignificant losses in grain yield. While most of the fall growth was too low to the ground for clipping, it could provide high-value supplemental grazing on account of the high crude protein (310 g kg 1 ) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (800 g kg -1 ) levels. Spring grazing in this region is limited to the time prior to jointing if market conditions favor grain production.


The standards for resolving putative conflicts between federal laws are not always clear, and neither for that matter is the standard for determining what constitutes a federal law capable of superseding effect. The technique of setting federal norms of professional conduct on a decentralized basis by borrowing or incorporating state norms is increasingly troublesome to the extent that the borrowed state norms are disuniform and that they are being put to multiple remedial purposes. Federal legislation preempting state law of professional conduct is conceivable but hardly likely, particularly as the norms are pressed into duty for purposes other than professional discipline. Pending other steps that might lead to national uniformity, the answer for the federal courts may be a uniform set of norms directly regulating litigation conduct in all federal courts.


Abstract. Water stress is a defining characteristic of Mediterranean ecosystems, and is likely to become more severe in the coming decades. Simulation models are key tools for making predictions, but our current understanding of how soil moisture controls ecosystem functioning is not sufficient to adequately constrain parameterisations. Canopy-scale flux data from four forest ecosystems with Mediterranean-type climates were used in order to analyse the physiological controls on carbon and water flues through the year. Significant non-stomatal limitations on photosynthesis were detected, along with lesser changes in the conductance-assimilation relationship. New model parameterisations were derived and implemented in two contrasting modelling approaches. The effectiveness of two models, one a dynamic global vegetation model ("ORCHIDEE"), and the other a forest growth model particularly developed for Mediterranean simulations ("GOTILWA+"), was assessed and modelled canopy responses to seasonal changes in soil moisture were analysed in comparison with in situ flux measurements. In contrast to commonly held assumptions, we find that changing the ratio of conductance to assimilation under natural, seasonally-developing, soil moisture stress is not sufficient to reproduce forest canopy CO2 and water fluxes. However, accurate predictions of both CO2 and water fluxes under all soil moisture levels encountered in the field are obtained if photosynthetic capacity is assumed to vary with soil moisture. This new parameterisation has important consequences for simulated responses of carbon and water fluxes to seasonal soil moisture stress, and should greatly improve our ability to anticipate future impacts of climate changes on the functioning of ecosystems in Mediterranean-type climates.


Abstract This paper examines variation in the use of rhotics in Santomean Portuguese. In Portuguese, the distribution of rhotics is determined by syllable structure (Bonet & Mascaró, 1997). However, the emerging variety of Portuguese spoken in São Tomé and Príncipe diverges from the standard norm and shows great variability in its use of rhotics; specifically, Santomeans often use a strong-R in positions that require a weak-r in European and Brazilian Portuguese. Sociolinguistic interviews with 56 speakers from the capital of São Tomé and Príncipe and its surroundings provide 5287 data points for analysis. Based on the apparent-time construct (Bailey, 2004; Bailey et al., 1991), variation patterns show a language change in progress in the use of the strong-R, with younger speakers using it more frequently. Results also reveal the emergence of rhotic fricatives in the speech of Santomeans born after the independence of the country.


To potentially cure neurodegenerative diseases, we need to understand on a molecular level what triggers the complex folding mechanisms and shifts the equilibrium from functional to pathological isoforms of proteins. The development of small peptide models that can serve as tools for such studies is of paramount importance. We describe the de novo design and characterization of an α-helical coiled coil based model peptide that contains structural elements of both α-helical folding and β-sheet formation. Three distinct secondary structures can be induced at will by adjustment of pH or concentration. Low concentrations at pH 4.0 yield globular particles of the unfolded peptide, while at the same pH, but at higher concentration, defined β-sheet ribbons are formed. In contrast, at high concentrations and pH 7.4, the peptide forms highly ordered α-helical fibers. Thus, this system allows one to systematically study now the consequences of the interplay between peptide and protein primary structure and environm...


The catalytic activity of a series of Ru-PNP pincer ligand complexes was studied in the direct amination of alcohols with ammonia. It turned out that all complexes of PNP ligands bearing a secondary amine showed no activity in this hydrogen-shuttling reaction sequence, while all complexes of homologous ligands bearing a tertiary amine gave active catalysts. Further comparative studies on catalysts bearing an acridine-based PNP pincer ligand and a PNP ligand of the Xantphos family provided valuable mechanistic insight that led to the design of a highly active catalyst. It appears that in the group of ligands studied here only ligands that do not form stable Ru-amido complexes are active alcohol amination catalysts.


Over the past 10 years, client briefing or facility programming of building projects, has received a great deal of attention from researchers and practitioners. Despite these efforts, tangible improvements to client briefing remain elusive. More testing and evaluation still needs to be carried out before we can judge whether or not any progress has been made. The primary aim of this paper is to present the present authors' experience of testing three potential client briefing techniques in a study conducted within the design studio of a university school of architecture and building. The authors also place the client briefing problem into context by first analysing types of problem, the client briefing problem itself, potential problem‐solving techniques and the three techniques selected for this trial. The current paper presents the results of a survey of student architect opinions about the processes and techniques that were trialed. It was found that more empirical research is needed with these and other techniques in the client briefing environment because no single technique is likely to provide the best solution in every situation. However, whichever technique is adopted, it seems advisable to identify the client's strategic objectives clearly so that the design team can begin its work on a firm foundation. Resistance within the design studio culture towards potential application of analytical techniques is also discussed.


In the right context, Small Wind Turbines (SWTs) can offer a valuable complement to solar photovoltaics (PV) or diesel
generators, offering diversity in power generation sources and the potential for local manufacture. However, the biggest
challenges facing small wind are the high variability in the wind resource (in both space and time) and the high maintenance
requirements of SWTs. What is more, PV prices have fallen dramatically in the last decade, resulting in the proliferation of an
array of desirable and highly modular solar solutions, such as solar lanterns and Solar Home Systems (SHS). Consequently,
outside of high wind regions, SWTs are now rarely directly economically competitive against solar PV. Going forward, SWTs are
still likely to have a role to play, but in niche contexts and as a complimentary addition to hybridise solar PV or diesel systems,
rather than as a standalone alternative.
Market assessments are an essential first step to determine the relative viability of PV-wind or wind-diesel hybrid systems
with PV or diesel systems in particular contexts. In favourable regions, the high maintenance requirements of SWTs can be
tackled by providing stable institutional support to empower local champions, establish a decentralised maintenance network
and foster the development of a local small wind industry. End users and local technicians should be empowered to carry out as
much maintenance as they are able/willing to, especially in remote regions, where frequent long maintenance trips are likely to
lead small wind electrification programmes to failure. Sustainable business models should focus on productive applications and
addressing the weaknesses of diesel and/or solar generation through hybridisation.


This paper explores the extent to which factors other than commodity and energy prices may have contributed to the Canadian dollar's depreciation since the early 1970s. The variables considered include among others budgetary conditions and productivity. The approach involves a long-term determination, using cointegration methodology, of variables that may have played a major role in the behaviour of the real exchange rate. The authors conclude that, while growing indebtedness in Canada has contributed to the Canadian currency's depreciation against the U.S. dollar, it explains only 20 per cent of that decline during the 1990s. Non technical summary Amano and van Norden (1995) have developed a model for determining the real Can$/US$ exchange rate that has proven itself particularly robust over time, in terms of statistical significance and stability. This model consists of both short- and long-term components. The long-term component takes the form of a term of error correction arising from a linear relationship between the real exchange rate, commodity prices (excluding energy), and the price of energy. The short-term dynamic is essentially induced by the spread between interest rates in Canada and the United States. In this paper, the authors attempt to examine the extent to which factors other than commodity and energy prices may have contributed to the Canadian dollar's depreciation since the early 1970s. The variables considered are selected on the basis of theoretical or earlier empirical criteria, and include the productivity gap between Canada and the United States, the gap in the ratio of public spending to GDP, the gap in income per capita, net foreign assets, and the gap in the ratios of public debt to GDP. Of these variables, only the gap between debt-to-GDP ratios in Canada and the United States would appear to provide any additional information. Including this variable improves the global specification of the model and its predictive power, especially for the period relating to the early 1990s. Although commodity price variable continue to dominate real exchange rate dynamics over the entire sample, debt assumes ever greater importance from the mid-1980s, when the Canada-U.S. indebtedness gap began to widen. The portion attributable to indebtedness tends to fade towards the end of the 1980s, but reasserts itself in the mid-1990s, when the indebtedness gap (as a proportion of GDP) reached record levels. The indebtedness gap at that time could explain as much as 20 per cent of the depreciation of Canada's real exchange rate, but this percentage starts to decline towards the end of 1997, as the country's public finances strengthened. It is noteworthy that the price of energy becomes steadily less significant as the estimation period is lengthened. Thus, the commodity price index and the Canada-U.S. indebtedness gap alone provide an almost complete explanation of real exchange rate behaviour over the period 1974-1998. This observation is consistent with various empirical tests that point to a continuous drop in the predictive power of energy prices in several macroeconomic relationships.


Ancient Jewish law took a strict approach to medical relationships between Jews and non-Jews. Sages forbade Jews to provide non-Jews with medical services: to treat them, circumcise them, or deliver their babies, in order to refrain from helping pagan-idolatrous society. Such law created particularly severe social conflicts in cases of mixed societies based on joint systems. The current paper focuses on the attitude of Moses ben Maimon (Maimonides, Rambam, 1138-1204), a medieval Sephardic Jewish Rabbi towards providing medical service to gentiles. Following the classical rabbis R. Moshe ben Maimon in his halakhic tome Mishne Torah, objected to treating non-Jews. His rigid attitude found expression in several aspects of helping and giving medical treatment to non-Jews. Despite the classical rabbinical restrictions on medical relationships between Jews and non-Jews, and his own rigid halakhic verdicts, Maimonides treated gentiles. According to one understanding, Maimonides cured Muslims for a wage, which is permitted. However, it seems that the main factor that may have facilitated Maimonides halakhic position is the identification of Islam as a non-idolatrous faith. Interestingly not only on medical issues did the Maimonides act differently than his halakhic rulings in Mishne Torah, rather in other areas as well.


Health was introduced as part of physical education (PE) in Sweden in 1994. This chapter focuses on both transformational processes and the lack thereof in PE and in physical education teacher education (PETE) in Sweden with the introduction of "health." Prior to that PE focused entirely on different bodily movements for about 170 years, and the demanded changeover has been markedly lagging. At the same time, scientific development within the field of physical activity and health has been strong during the past two decades. Presently, the PETE at The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH in Stockholm, Sweden, is undergoing changes with the aim of creating a merger of perspectives from old, mainly sports-oriented, traditions in PE with newer individual and population health-related perspectives to a wider perspective of physical activity. These new perspectives are framed within diverse dimensions of the environment: for example, how the physical environment affects levels of physical activity and well-being and the need for sustainable development. The rationale for the latter perspective is that the contexts of bodily movement can affect the environment both positively and negatively and are thereby closely linked to both individual and public health. The transformational process described is still in an early state, and clearly future developmental steps are needed, some of which are described in the final section.


Abstract It has been well documented that East Asian students in primary and secondary education academically outperform their Western counterparts. One prominent explanation points to the role of culture. This study explores the cultural explanation from a comparative perspective. Analyzing data from mainland China, Taiwan, South Korea, the U.S., Germany, and Australia, we examine the variation across social contexts in the importance of family SES to parents' and children's educational expectations, paying particular attention to comparison between East-Asian and Western societies. We find that educational expectations are much less dependent on family background in East Asian societies than in the West, in that parents and children in the former all tend to hold high educational expectations, irrespective of family socioeconomic status.


The aim of this article is to provide insight on how claims that sport contributes to development or peace are transformed into facts. Beyond a theoretical discussion about how sport for development and peace (SDP) facts are built, this article demonstrates, in rich detail, the subtle art of SDP fact building for funding purposes. Specifically, through an integrative literature review and two case studies, a mix of fact-building actors composed of experts, literature, and allies, is exposed and analyzed. Furthermore, a conceptual model that synthesizes the relationship between the mix of fact-building actors and contextually predisposed funding agencies is also proposed.


This article argues that a "counter-conducts approach", drawing on the work of Michel Foucault, can be used to disaggregate the concept of resistance and highlight how some resistant practices work to subvert dominant ways of being. One of the features of a "counter-conducts approach" is an attention to the interpenetration of forms of power and resistance, governmentality and alternative modes of subjectification. Such an approach can be used to interpret forms of social protest in new ways, particularly in terms of the ways in which they facilitate or hinder ethical self-reflection and militant lives. Examples are provided from contemporary South Africa, specifically the Occupy Umlazi protest and a township youth movement known as "izikhothane" or pexing. In very different ways these protests are public assertions that "we are not like that". As such they each challenge mainstream social values, yet they also have quite problematic implications for progressive politics and radical theorists.


It was recently proposed that the induction period observed during the hydration of tricalcium silicate could be explained by the build-up of ions in solution. Due to the importance of defects in this mechanism, this work describes the effect of different annealing effects on the defect structure and hydration behavior of C3S. The impact of annealing on the crystal structure was checked by X-ray diffraction and the defect structure studied by transmission electron microscopy. The hydration kinetics were followed by isothermal calorimetry of pastes. Scanning electron microscopy was used to look at the microstructure formation. It was observed that grinding created a highly deformed layer on the surface of the grains, which disappeared after annealing. The defect structure was closely related to the length of the induction period observed in pastes by calorimetry. There was no observable effect on the morphology of C-S-H during hydration, but the number of calcium hydroxide nuclei was less in pastes from annealed material.


Padang city is a coastal city in Sumatra. Padang is the region that is most likely to be devastated by a tsunami that may occur in the near future. The research estimated that the arrival of a tsunami (ETA) in Padang city could be about 20-30 minutes. Padang city is situated on the very flat liquefiable ground, with approximately 800,000 people in which 50% of residents live in tsunami inundation area. Therefore, it would be difficult to evacuate almost 400,000 people in a short time to a safe tsunami zone. There would not be enough time for people to reach a safe or higher place.

The local government has made various efforts to develop local early warning systems and disaster management. These activities include preparing legislation, preparing evacuation infrastructure, building shelters, and preparing resources for government officials and for the community, and other support activities that must be done to anticipate the tsunami hazard. It is recognized that the provision of all infrastructure for evacuation requires a longer period, and is not an easy thing to do considering that Padang city is not a prosperous city, and it has low revenue.

In the light of the condition, Padang city needs a tsunami evacuation planning. This study aims to evaluate the process of tsunami evacuation planning in Padang city, Indonesia. The evaluation will be through measurement and assessment of a disaster preparedness index of tsunami evacuation, with the assessment object given by the government and society. To achieve the aim and the objective of the research, the single case study is selected. This study implements a mixed method application, with semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire survey. Content analysis is used to analyse qualitative data, and the descriptive statistics technique is used to examine quantitative data.

Based on the results of the survey, it is known that the knowledge of individuals in Padang city is apparently good. It is comprehended by their ability to understand the meaning of the tsunami disaster, the causes of the earthquake and tsunami and their characteristics. Mosque in tsunami zone is the basis in tsunami preparedness, because it has many advantages among them: as a vertical tsunami shelter, as a shortest-fastest way, as a facility to disseminate disaster / EWS and as a facility to educate students. People who work in BPBDs will stay / permanently there for five years. If the displacement remains the case, at least BPBD can recommend an employee who has the capacity in disaster and participates in a forum on the disaster in Padang city. Tsunami evacuation maps must be reviewed, both from the number of maps distribution and the ability and willingness of the public to read maps, the effectiveness of the placement of maps at the intersection and the road.


The War in Iraq has intensified the international human rights community's attention to the staggering amount of debt facing any future Iraqi government. US Politicians and members of the international human rights community have argued that it is fundamentally unfair to force citizens of a country to repay the debts incurred by a former brutal regime that oppressed them and violated their basic human rights. Until recently, arguments that successor governments should not be forced to repay the debts of former leaders or regimes relied almost exclusively on philosophical or humanitarian grounds. This Article seeks to shift the discussion from the human rights, to the insolvency, arena and evaluates the doctrine of odious debts using the insolvency framework found in the United States Bankruptcy Code. The Article presents instances where businesses are allowed to repudiate promises made to groups typically favored in our society (employees), are allowed to discharge debts owed to favored (often governmental) creditors, or, are allowed to subordinate certain creditor claims. The Article then argues that allowing a new regime to repudiate odious debts is consistent with basic insolvency principles that the Bankruptcy Code applies to both consumer and business restructurings. Entities that lend to, or invest in, sovereigns understand ex ante that many of the typical creditor remedies available upon default (repossession of collateral, replacement of managers) simply are not available in the context of sovereign lending. Given this, the Article stresses that sovereign debt restructurings will never resemble an typical insolvency proceeding or out-of-court workout and that, instead, sovereign debt restructurings should focus on the need both to rehabilitate the sovereign's finances and also to allow the new leaders to perform the sovereign's principal business function of providing essential health and human welfare services for its citizens.


The National Security Agency's bulk collection of telephony metadata runs contrary to Congress's intent in enacting the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. The program also violates the statute in three ways: the requirement that records sought be "relevant to an authorized investigation;" the requirement that information could be obtained via subpoena duces mecum; and the steps required for use of pen registers and trap and trace devices. Additionally, the program gives rise to serious constitutional concerns. Efforts by the government to save the program on grounds of third party doctrine are unpersuasive in light of the unique circumstances of Smith v. Maryland, the privacy invasions resulting from the universal use of pen registers and trap and trace devices, and the advent of new technologies. Over the past decade, tension has emerged between the view that new technologies should be considered from the perspective of trespass doctrine and the view that Katz's reasonable expectation of privacy test should apply. Cases involving, for instance, GPS chips, thermal scanners, and highly-trained dogs divide along these lines. Regardless of which approach one adopts, however, similar results mark the application of these doctrines. Under trespass doctrine, the primary order for the telephony metadata program amounts to a general warrant — the elimination of which was the aim of the Fourth Amendment. Under Katz, in turn, citizens do not expect that their telephony metadata will be collected and analyzed. Most Americans do not even realize what can be learned from such data, making invalid any claim that they reasonably expect the government to have access to such information. FISA reform is necessary to enable the government to take advantage of new technologies, to empower the intelligence agencies to respond to national security threats, and to bring surveillance operations within the bounds of statutory and constitutional law. Inserting adversarial counsel into the FISA process, creating a repository of technological expertise for FISC and FISCR, restoring prior targeting, heightening protections for U.S. persons, further delimiting relevant data, narrowing the definition of "foreign intelligence" to exclude "foreign affairs," and requiring the government to demonstrate past effectiveness prior to obtaining renewal orders offer some possibilities for the future of foreign intelligence gathering in the United States.


Liriomyza sp. leafminer fly is an important pest of shallot crops that spread widely in Southeast Asia and Pacific regions such as Indonesia, China, Japan, Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam. This study aims to identify the type of Liriomyza species attacking onion plants in Bali, Indonesia through morphological and molecular characterization. Onion leaf samples showing symptoms of Liriomyza attack, taken from the study site, were subsequently cultured in the laboratory. Adult flies obtained from breeding were then identified based on their morphological characteristics. While the molecular characteristics were identified through several steps: DNA isolation, DNA electrophoresis, PCR chain reaction, then put back into the re-electrophoresis box, and finally sequencing method was applied. The results showed that the Liriomyza species was found to have a morphological characteristic such that it has a simple color pattern on a simple abdomen with no connecting line between the segments and the next segment, dark grey or near black scutellum. These characteristics refer to the species L. chinensis. GenBank data tracking results through identification of squamous alignment results indicate that the Liriomyza COI nucleic acid found showed the highest homology with L. chinensis (EF104701.1), L. chinensis (AB721340.1) and L. chinensis (AB721343.1) with identical rate of 99%. Based on the results then Liriomyza species found attacking onion planting on the island of Bali is L. chinensis.


� Abstract The enlightenment was a philosophical project to construct a rational society without the need for a supreme being. It opened the way for the creation of market democracy and rapid economic growth. At the same time economic growth is the underlying cause of climate change, and we have become aware that this may destroy our civilization. The principal underpinning of the enlightenment project is the general equilibrium theorem (GET) of Arrow and Debreu (1954), asserting the existence of a Pareto optimal price equilibrium. Arrow's work in social choice can be interpreted as an attempt to construct a more general social equilibrium theorem. The current paper surveys recent results in social choice which suggests that chaos rather than equilibrium is generic. We also consider models of belief aggregation similar to Condorcet's Jury Theorem and mention Penn's theorem on existence of a belief equilibrium. However, it is suggested that a belief equilibrium with regard to the appropriate response to climate change de- pends on the creation of a fundamental social principle of "guardianship of our planetary home." It is suggested that this will involve conict between entrenched economic interests and ordinary people, as the effects of climate change make themselves felt in many countries.


This paper investigates three questions related to endogenous information and knowledge disclosure by firms: Which industry sectors are more apt to disclose information and knowledge? Why is such knowledge released? Is knowledge disclosure an efficient strategy? An empirical analysis on four French data sets that focus on appropriation, the practices of innovation, and the related payoffs suggests answers to these questions. A firm with high R&D intensity, from a high-tech sector, participating in R&D partnerships is found to be more likely to engage in disclosure. Firms in the sample were found to 'leak' their knowledge to public laboratories to a greater degree than to other private sector firms. Leakage also was found to be associated with improved innovation performance. This research helps broaden the literature on knowledge management practices to include not only the pursuit of formal intellectual property rights such as patents but also less formal inter-organizational knowledge transmission mechanisms.


Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a devastating and refractory generalized epilepsy affecting children and adolescents. In this study we report the results of resective surgery in 18 patients with LGS phenotype who underwent single-lobe/lesionectomy or multilobe resection plus multiple subpial transection and/or callosotomy. After surgery, seven patients became completely seizure-free (Engel Class I) and five almost seizure-free (Engel Class II). Additional four had significant seizure control (Engel Class III), and two had no change in seizure frequency (Engel Class IV). Of the 4 patients without any lesion on brain MRI, 2 ended with Engel Class II, 1 with III and the other with IV in Engels' classification. Mean intelligence quotient (IQ) increased from 56.1 ± 8.1 (mean ± SD) before operation to 67.4 ± 8.2 (mean ± SD) after operation, a significant improvement (P = 0.001). Results also indicated that the younger the patient at surgery, or the shorter the interval between onset of seizure and resective operation, the better the intellectual outcome. Our data suggest that resective epilepsy surgery can be successful in patients with LGS phenotype as long as the EEG shows dominance of discharges in one hemisphere and corresponding ipsilateral imaging findings, even with contralateral ictal discharges.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The mismatch between lesions identified in perfusion- and diffusion-weighted MR imaging is typically used to identify tissue at risk of infarction in acute stroke. The purpose of this study was to analyze the variability of mismatch volumes resulting from different time-to-peak or time-to-maximum estimation techniques used for hypoperfused tissue definition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data of 50 patients with middle cerebral artery stroke and intracranial vessel occlusion imaged within 6 hours of symptom onset were analyzed. Therefore, 10 different TTP/Tmax techniques and delay thresholds between +2 and +12 seconds were used for calculation of perfusion lesions. Diffusion lesions were semiautomatically segmented and used for mismatch quantification after registration. RESULTS: Mean volumetric differences up to 40 and 100 mL in individual patients were found between the mismatch volumes calculated by the 10 TTP/Tmax estimation techniques for typically used delay thresholds. The application of typical criteria for the identification of patients with a clinically relevant mismatch volume resulted in different mismatch classifications in ≤24% of all cases, depending on the TTP/Tmax estimation method used. CONCLUSIONS: High variations of tissue-at-risk volumes have to be expected when using different TTP/Tmax estimation techniques. An adaption of different techniques by using correction formulas may enable more comparable study results until a standard has been established by agreement.


We analyzed season‐long water level records at 12 stations around the Lake of Geneva (local name Léman) for evidence of internal seiches modified by Coriolis force and compared the results with predictions from a two‐layer numerical model with real bottom topography for typical wind situations. Results are also compared with those obtained from current and temperature measurements in the lake. Agreement was satisfactory in all cases. Model predictions and measurements both indicated that only three internal seiche modes are excited: the 1st mode and the 3rd mode, which are Kelvin‐seiche oscillations, and the 12th mode, which is a Poincaré seiche. The model, driven by winds from different directions, demonstrates that the wind field, constrained by the local topography, determines which of the modes is generated.


Deterministic Synchronous Multichannel Extension (DSME) is a prominent MAC behavior first introduced in IEEE 802.15.4e. It can avail deterministic and best effort Service using its multisuperframe structure. RPL is a routing protocol for wireless networks with low power consumption and generally susceptible to packet loss. These two standards were designed independently but with the common objective to satisfy the requirements of IoT devices in terms of limited energy, reliability and determinism. A combination of these two protocols can integrate
 real-time QoS demanding
 and
 large-scale IoT networks.
 In this paper, we propose a new multi-channel, multi-timeslot scheduling algorithm called Symphony that provides QoS efficient schedules in DSME networks. In this paper we provide analytical and simulation based delay analysis for our approach against some state of the art algorithms. In this work, we show that integrating routing with DSME can improve reliability by 40% and by using Symphony, we can reduce the network delay by 10--20% against the state of the art algorithms.


Water is a human right which is recognised globally, with an increasing focus being placed on the ethical considerations of water use. The paper focuses on investigating access and perceptions surrounding this basic need in the Bekkersdal community and the Wonderfonteinspruit, in the Gauteng Province, South Africa. It is hypothesised that several challenges exist both internally and externally in the process of ensuring the right to water in Bekkersdal, from both an environmental and service provision perspective. Through the use of a questionnaire conducted with a statistically representative group from the Bekkersdal community, the following issues were investigated: current water use of municipal and river water, challenges regarding water availability and quality, perceptions regarding the state of the Wonderfonteinspruit and future water use wants and needs. The results indicate a strong reliance on municipal water complicated with water service delivery issues, which resulted in 10% of the residents making use of the polluted Wonderfonteinspruit on a regular basis. Furthermore, the need for solutions to water supply and availability solutions should be developed in conjunction with community members. This research represents some of the first steps that need to be taken to do so.


This paper presents a model of legal migration from one source country to two host countries, both of which can control their levels of immigration. Because of complementarities between capital and labor, the return on capital is positively related to the level of immigration. Consequently, when capital is immobile, host nations' optimal levels of immigration are positively related to their capital endowments. Further, when capital is mobile between the two host nations, the common return on capital is a function of the levels of immigration in both countries, meaning that immigration is a public good. As a result, when immigration imposes costs on host countries, the Nash equilibrium results in free riding and less immigration than would occur in the cooperative equilibrium. These results are qualitatively unaltered when capital mobility extends to the source nation.


Several explants from Fl hybrid seeds and
aseptically-germinated seedlings of muskmelon Cucumis
melo var. Birdie, were tested for their capacity for
plant regeneration through direct organogenesis in
vitro.
Excised cotyledons and - embryos from imbibed,
ungerminated seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog
(MS) medium containing 1.0 - 5.0 uM and 1.0-50.0 uM benzylaminopurine (BAP), kinetin, or isopentenyl adenine
(2iP) respectively, in the presence or absence of 5.0 uM
gibberellic acid (GA₃). Embryo explants produced
callus on all media tested, and only 39 of cotyledon
explants produced buds on medium containing 2.0 - 3.0 uM
BAP.
Unimbibed, testaless seeds were germinated
aseptically on MS medium in the presence of 1.0 - 50.0
uM BAP, kinetin or 2 ip. On medium containing 3.0 uM
BAP, 68% of cultures produced small buds in the region
of the cotyledonary node within three weeks. The
addition of GAl (5.0 uM) or naphthalene acetic acid
(NAA) (0.1 - 1.5 uM) did not increase the percentage of
cultures which produced buds.
Cotyledonary nodes were subcultured to media
containing the same (3.0 UK) or lower concentrations of
BAP for two weeks and then to MS basal medium for
another two weeks to allow further bud development and
shoot elongation. The highest number of shoots per
cotyl edonary node (9.7) was obtained when the first
subculture medium contained 0.5 uM BAP.
Individual shoots less than 1.0 cm, 1.0 - 2.5 cm
and more than 2.5 cm in length, were tested for rooting ability in the presence of 3.0 uM IBA. The highest
percentage rooting (49) occurred in shoots more than
1.0cm long. Further studies on root induction showed
that the highest percentage of rooting (85% ), occurred
when shoots 1.0 - 2.5 cm lonq were cultured in the
light, on filter-paper bridqes in liquid, half-strength
MS medium containing 2.0 uM NAA , without charcoal.
Complete plantlets. fNere successfully transplanted
to the qlasshouse and qrown in hydroponic culture. The
plants flowered and produced normal fruit.


Digital Preservation has evolved into a specialized, interdisciplinary research discipline
of its own, seeing significant increases in terms of research capacity, results, but also
challenges. However, with this specialization and subsequent formation of a dedicated subgroup
of researchers active in this field, limitations of the challenges addressed can be observed.
Digital preservation research may seem to react to problems arising, fixing problems that exist
now, rather than proactively researching new solutions that may be applicable only after a few
years of maturing.
Recognising the benefits of bringing together researchers and practitioners with various
professional backgrounds related to digital preservation, a seminar was organized in Schloss
Dagstuhl, at the Leibniz Center for Informatics (18-23 July 2010), with the aim of addressing
the current digital preservation challenges, with a specific focus on the automation aspects
in this field. The main goal of the seminar was to outline some research challenges in digital
preservation, providing a number of "research questions" that could be immediately tackled,
e.g. in Doctoral Thesis. The seminar intended also to highlight the need for the digital
preservation community to reach out to IT research and other research communities outside the
immediate digital preservation domain, in order to jointly develop solutions.


INTRODUCTION
In the general population, erectile dysfunction (ED) is surrounded by a "taboo." Epidemiologists studying this problem have to be aware of the phenomenon of the "tip-of-the-iceberg."

AIMS
Our aim is to describe the iceberg phenomenon for ED and their help-seeking behavior in the general population during a period when public interest in ED heightened and waned after the introduction of the drug sildenafil.

METHODS
The data were obtained as part of a large longitudinal community-based study, i.e., the Krimpen study. With four rounds of data collection with an approximate 2.1 years interval, the local pharmacists provided data on medication use, whereas abstracts from the medical record and history were provided by the local general practitioners (GPs). The data from the questionnaires were entered into the Krimpen study database but were not communicated to the GPs.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
ED: according to the ICS-questionnaire, GP consultation: search of electronic medical dossier for ED or reports from any specialist, use of ED medication as delivered by the pharmacy.

RESULTS
The age-standardized prevalence of ED is stable, i.e., around 40%. During the period 1995 to 2000, the incidence increased from 5% to 6.5%, then it stabilizes around 5% per year. The first-time use of ED medication increases exponentially between 1995 and 2000, then it stabilizes at about 3.5% per year. The number of GP consultations by men with ED increases up to 1999, after which it stabilizes at about 1.8% per year.

CONCLUSION
We suggest that the availability and awareness of a new pharmacological option induced a change of behavior among GPs and their patients.


Contraceptive use in Nigeria at 15 per cent is low, despite a high human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence of 3.4 per cent and fertility rate of 5.7 per cent. We assessed the levels of spousal communication on family planning and contraception (FPC) and HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), influence of demographic characteristics on this communication and association between this communication and the respondents' health behaviours. We used a cross-sectional and nationally representative data on reproductive health and HIV/AIDS-related issues from randomly selected 30,752 men and women of reproductive age. Descriptive statistics, Pearson chi-square (c2) and logistic regression were used to analyze the data at 5 per cent significance level. About 61 per cent of the respondents were 25–49 years old and mostly from rural areas (65 per cent). Only 20 per cent of the respondents discussed HIV/AIDS with their spouses within 12 months preceding the survey while 15 per cent discussed FPC. A discussion of both HIV/AIDS and FPC among spouses was reported among 9 per cent compared to 26 per cent who reported discussing either. Respondents aged 35–39 years had higher odds of discussing HIV/AIDS (Odds Ratios [OR] = 7.06:6.16–8.09) than those aged 15–19 years. Urban dwellers also had higher odds (OR = 1.24:1.16–1.31) of HIV/AIDS discussions than rural respondents. Modern contraceptive use was 35 per cent and 23 per cent among respondents who discussed FPC and HIV/AIDS compared to 8 per cent and 9 per cent, respectively, among those who did not. Spousal communication on FP and HIV/AIDS was low and has influenced contraceptive use and HIV positivity in Nigeria. There is a need to encourage spousal discussion on FP and HIV/AIDS, especially among the rural dwellers and the poor and uneducated as a strategy for improving modern contraceptive use.


In this revealing study, Daisuke Miyao explores "the aesthetics of shadow" in Japanese cinema in the first half of the twentieth century. This term, coined by the production designer Yoshino Nobutaka, refers to the perception that shadows add depth and mystery. Miyao analyzes how this notion became naturalized as the representation of beauty in Japanese films, situating Japanese cinema within transnational film history. He examines the significant roles lighting played in distinguishing the styles of Japanese film from American and European film and the ways that lighting facilitated the formulation of a coherent new Japanese cultural tradition. Miyao discusses the influences of Hollywood and German cinema alongside Japanese Kabuki theater lighting traditions and the emergence of neon commercial lighting during this period. He argues that lighting technology in cinema had been structured by the conflicts of modernity in Japan, including capitalist transitions in the film industry, the articulation of Japanese cultural and national identity, and increased subjectivity for individuals. By focusing on the understudied element of film lighting and treating cinematographers and lighting designers as essential collaborators in moviemaking, Miyao offers a rereading of Japanese film history.


The function of the central cannabinoid receptor (CB1) was investigated by invalidating its gene. Mutant mice did not respond to cannabinoid drugs, demonstrating the exclusive role of the CB1 receptor in mediating analgesia, reinforcement, hypothermia, hypolocomotion, and hypotension. The acute effects of opiates were unaffected, but the reinforcing properties of morphine and the severity of the withdrawal syndrome were strongly reduced. These observations suggest that the CB1 receptor is involved in the motivational properties of opiates and in the development of physical dependence and extend the concept of an interconnected role of CB1 and opiate receptors in the brain areas mediating addictive behavior.


The Great Plains Spittlebug, Lepyronia gibbosa (Homoptera: Cercopidae) is a state threatened specie in Michigan. The distribution, population size, host plant use, and basic biology details of this insect were determined in southwestern Michigan during the summer of2001. Juvenile populations and host-plant use data were obtained using standard transects. Adult populations were obtained by sweeping a 25-meter transect with a standard sweep net. Adult host plant use was determined by using a gas-powered vacuum to sample insects on individual plant species. It was found that the distribution of the Great Plains Spittlebug is much greater than previously reported (Hanna, 1970), as the insects were found in six counties (Lake, Newaygo, Oceana, Mason, Van Buren, and Muskegon), three of which were new county records. Data from this survey will be used in designing a recovery plan for the specie and the prairie habitats.


Managers of information systems development projects seem to be primarily in a reactive mode of management: being concerned more with day-to-day crises than with planning for the future. This research is aimed at providing project managers with a tool that will enable them to be proactive, by putting in place a set of performance indicators that focus on those issues that will have a downstream effect on project success or failure. A rigorous cause-and-effect relationship between the measurement of current activities and future performance is derived from the Balanced Scorecard, the Generalised Scorecard Model and the Goal-QuestionMetric framework. The paper reports on the results obtained to date when this approach is applied to an actual development project. The interim results suggest that the approach delivers benefits by highlighting areas of concern, and by initiating focus on project factors that might otherwise not be addressed in a timely manner.


The degree of asphyxia is best ascertained by measuring the amount of fetal acidosis determined by umbilical arterial blood. An umbilical arterial pH of less than 7.0 is seen in about 0.3% of deliveries.1 It indicates a severity of acidosis that places the fetus at risk for permanent neurological damage because of asphyxia. However, the outcome of infants with umbilical cord pH of less than 7.0 who required neonatal intensive care is relatively good. Eighty-one percent can be expected have a normal examination at discharge.


There may be a million asteroids with masses far greater than ocean liners in Earth-approaching orbits, nearly all of which telescopes have yet to see. Some of those Near-Earth Objects are potential killers. Those at least 40 meters across could wipe out a metropolis; a kilometer-wide asteroid could devastate part of a continent and shroud the planet in soot. NASA-sponsored searches, mostly from the ground, have found most of the kilometer-size, civilization-threatening asteroids, but only a fraction—perhaps 1%—of the smaller, but still menacing, objects. Convinced that NASA will not finish the job, two former astronauts have founded a private foundation to raise $450 million for a space mission to find asteroids that may threaten our planet.


Almost all of the major applications in the specific Fields of Communication used a well-known device called Linear Feedback Shift Register. Usually LFSR functions in a Galois Field GF(2n), meaning that all the operations are done with arithmetic modulo n degree Irreducible  and especially  Primitive Polynomials. Storing data in Galois Fields allows effective and manageable manipulation, mainly in computer cryptographic applications. The analysis of functioning for Primitive Polynomials of 16th degree shows that almost all the obtained results are in the same time distribution.


The agINFRA project focuses on the production of interoperable data in agriculture, starting from the vocabularies and KOS used to classify and an-notate them. In this paper we report on our first steps in the direction of con-tributing to a LOD of agricultural data. In particular we look at germplasm data and soil data, which are still widely missing from the LOD landscape, seeming-ly because information managers in this field are still not very familiar with LOD practices. This is why this paper also recaps the basics of LOD publishing, which will be applied in the agINFRA project.


to connect to critical stakeholders and, thereby, to integrate into foreign business ecosystems. Reverting to explorative, inductive methodology, the study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by approaching networking from a rare angle; networking as practice. The study examines (i) the precepts and principles that direct the start-ups' networking efforts, (ii) the practices they employ to identify relevant partners and establish connections to them, (iii) the practices they make use of in the interface of newly established connections to sway and commit the respective partners to their cause and network, and finally (iv), the practices that offshore governmental agency nodes apply to help start-ups assimilate to foreign local ecosystems. We found that firms need to embrace and learn how to exploit serendipitous networking opportunities to gain access to stakeholders that purely ansoffian planning approaches could never uncover. The exploitation of serendipity necessitates flexibility with regard to the start-ups' existing product or service concepts, strategies and business plans because in the serendipitous mode these are often re- and co-designed with newly encountered stakeholders. Many of the actual networking practices were found to have evolved together with the progress of other dominant megatrends such as the spread and acceptance of social and other digital media. Such progress seems to have endogenously affected some of the conventional cultural tenets of networking, helping to bypass hierarchical gatekeepers in organizations, for instance. In addition, the diffusion and acceptance of more content- and context-rich communication techniques such as social and mobile video, prototyping and story-telling have made pitching a proposal faster, more holistic, experiential and interactive. We further found that offshore governmental agency nodes can play a decisive role in accelerating and facilitating the integration of foreign newcomers into a local ecosystem. Important prerequisite for the capability to provide such services is a respected and established status within the ecosystem, a vast, cross-sectoral network, and professional employees with hands-on industrial experience in the respective ecosystem.


The False Discovery Rate (FDR) is a commonly used type I error rate in multiple testing problems. It is defined as the expected False Discovery Proportion (FDP), that is, the expected fraction of false positives among rejected hypotheses. When the hypotheses are independent, the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure achieves FDR control at any pre-specified level. By construction, FDR control offers no guarantee in terms of power, or type II error. A number of alternative procedures have been developed, including plug-in procedures that aim at gaining power by incorporating an estimate of the proportion of true null hypotheses. In this paper, we study the asymptotic behavior of a class of plug-in procedures based on kernel estimators of the density of the $p$-values, as the number $m$ of tested hypotheses grows to infinity. In a setting where the hypotheses tested are independent, we prove that these procedures are asymptotically more powerful in two respects: (i) a tighter asymptotic FDR control for any target FDR level and (ii) a broader range of target levels yielding positive asymptotic power. We also show that this increased asymptotic power comes at the price of slower, non-parametric convergence rates for the FDP. These rates are of the form $m^{-k/(2k+1)}$, where $k$ is determined by the regularity of the density of the $p$-value distribution, or, equivalently, of the test statistics distribution. These results are applied to one- and two-sided tests statistics for Gaussian and Laplace location models, and for the Student model.


The influence of banks and other private lenders pervades public companies. From the first day of a lending arrangement, loan covenants and built-in contingency provisions affect managerial decision making. Conventional corporate governance analysis has been slow to notice or account for this lender influence. Corporate governance discourse has traditionally focused only on corporate law arrangements. The few existing accounts of creditors' influence over firm managers emphasize the drastic actions creditors take in extreme cases - when a firm is in serious trouble - but in fact, private lender influence is a routine feature of corporate governance even absent financial distress. While lenders of course intervene when their borrowers encounter distress, recent empirical work demonstrates private lender influence at much earlier points in the debtor-creditor relationship. In addition to the effects of covenant constraints and other initial loan terms, a subsequent covenant violation may trigger active lender intervention, including imposition of additional limits on managerial discretion. Covenant violations and lender intervention, however, do not typically signal the borrower's financial distress. Instead, this interactive response to ex post contingency is routine. Borrower and lender expect future modification of their deal terms, and they contract in anticipation of it. Initial covenants and subsequent violations effectively reallocate degrees of control from managers to lenders, in a fluid process that commences with the inception of the lending arrangement. In this Article, I explain the regularity of lender influence on managerial decision making - "lender governance" - comparing this routine influence to conventional governance arrangements and boards of directors in particular. I show that the extent of private lender influence rivals that of conventional governance mechanisms, and I discuss the doctrinal and policy implications of this unsung influence. Accounting for lender governance requires a new examination of corporate fiduciary duties, debtor-creditor laws, and the regulatory reform proposals that have emerged to address the current financial crisis. I also discuss the implications of private lender influence for future corporate governance research.


BACKGROUND
As patient needs become more complex in the critical care setting, nurses with increased clinical expertise are needed to expand the research knowledge base and apply existing knowledge in practice settings.

PURPOSE
To review opportunities and resources that are available to facilitate nurses' involvement in critical care research: opportunities for participation in research, sources of ideas, human and financial resources, and ideas for the dissemination of research findings.

CONCLUSIONS
Opportunities and resources available for critical care research are numerous, varied, and widely available. They should be used to advance the scientific bases for critical care practice.


Disc spectra from highly luminous black hole binaries are observed to be rather simple, despite theoretical predictions to the contrary. We collate the disc-dominated spectra from multiple observations of 10 separate sources and show that they are consistent with a simple multicolour blackbody with a disc luminosity of L disc T 4 over two orders of magnitude. This is probably compatible with the predictions of standard Shakura-Sunyaev α-disc theory. However, these models also predict that the radiation-pressure-dominated disc is unstable, in strong conflict to the observed lack of variability of the light curves. We show that this discrepancy is unlikely to be resolved by modifications such as additional energy loss in a jet, a wind or a corona. This motivates consideration of alternative disc models, in particular the β-discs, where the viscous heating is proportional to gas pressure, which are stable. While proper calculations have yet to be performed, it seems likely that such models predict significant departures from a simple L disc T4 relation, again in conflict with the observations. More generally, this shows that accretion disc spectra can give reliable constraints on the disc structure, and should be used to test the next generation of accretion disc models, in which the disc viscosity is calculated self-consistently from the magnetically generated turbulent dynamo.


BACKGROUND
Whether collaborative care models that enable interactive communication (timely, 2-way exchange of pertinent clinical information directly between primary care and specialist physicians) improve patient outcomes is uncertain.

PURPOSE
To assess the effects of interactive communication between collaborating primary care physicians and key specialists on outcomes for patients receiving ambulatory care.

DATA SOURCES
PubMed, PsycInfo, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, and Web of Science through June 2008 and secondary references, with no language restriction.

STUDY SELECTION
Studies that evaluated the effects of interactive communication between collaborating primary care physicians and specialists on outcomes for patients with diabetes, psychiatric conditions, or cancer.

DATA EXTRACTION
Contextual, intervention, and outcome data from 23 studies were extracted by one reviewer and checked by another. Study quality was assessed with a 13-item checklist. Disagreement was resolved by consensus. Main outcomes for analysis were selected by reviewers who were blinded to study results.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Meta-analysis indicated consistent effects across 11 randomized mental health studies (pooled effect size, -0.41 [95% CI, -0.73 to -0.10]), 7 nonrandomized mental health studies (pooled effect size, -0.47 [CI, -0.84 to -0.09]), and 5 nonrandomized diabetes studies (pooled effect size, -0.64 [CI, -0.93 to -0.34]). These findings remained robust to sensitivity analyses. Meta-regression indicated studies that included interventions to enhance the quality of information exchange had larger effects on patient outcomes than those that did not (-0.84 vs. -0.27; P = 0.002).

LIMITATIONS
Because collaborative interventions were inherently multifaceted, the efficacy of interactive communication by itself cannot be established. Inclusion of study designs with lower internal validity increased risk for bias. No studies involved oncologists.

CONCLUSION
Consistent and clinically important effects suggest a potential role of interactive communication for improving the effectiveness of primary care-specialist collaboration.

PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE
RAND Health's Comprehensive Assessment of Reform Options Initiative, the Veterans Affairs Center for the Study of Provider Behavior, The Commonwealth Fund, and the Health Foundation.


With economic growth having cooled to 0.7 percent in the first quarter of 2007, the economy can ill afford a slump in consumption by the American household. But it now appears that the household sector could finally give in to the pressures of rising gasoline prices, a weakening home market, and a large debt burden. The signals are still mixed; for example, while April's retail sales numbers caused concern, May's were much improved, and so was the ISM manufacturing index for June. Consumption growth indicates a slowdown. This Public Policy Brief examines the American household and its economic fortunes, concentrating on how falling home prices might hamper economic growth, generate social dislocations, and possibly lead to a full-blown financial crisis.


The document presents the Gender Equality Audit Tool (GEAT) of the TARGET Coordination and Support Action (CSA). TARGET aims at implementing customised gender equality plans (GEPs) in six European research performing and research funding organisations (RPOs and RFOs), and a gender equality strategy (GES) in a network of higher education engineering schools, referred to as gender equality innovating institutions (GEIIs).
In the TARGET framework and methodology, the GEAT serves as an instrument for implementing the starting point of a sustained, reflexive and participatory institutional transformation process towards enhanced gender equality in the GEIIs.
The document contains a detailed description of each of the four GEAT steps: Step 1"Preparing the Participatory Gender Equality Audit"; Step 2 "Defining the Perimeters – Institutional Structure and Context", Step 3 "In-Depth Data collection in the Three TARGET GEA Dimensions" and Step 4 "Taking Stock of Existing Gender Equality Policies". For each step a brief explanation of the purpose and rationale of the GEA is given together with practical suggestions and hands-on tips as to how the GEA step can be implemented. Two additional paragraphs provide an outline of the institutional participatory workshops, and details on additional resources on promoting gender equality in RPOs and RFOs available online.


Excerpt] The debate within the labor movement over the merits of quality of worklife (QWL) or "employee involvement" programs has concentrated primarily on two positions. One side sees QWL as a way to improve working conditions, morale and productivity by providing a more congenial workplace where everybody "works together." The other side claims that, at best, quality of worklife programs are sophisticated disguises for deskilling and speed-ups, and, at worst, are manipulative union-busting tools which U.S. management has borrowed from the Japanese. In the discussion that follows, we present the information which persuaded us to reach a rather optimistic conclusion about the potential of employee involvement programs. We conclude that we live in an age of deskilled management. Management has lost sight of the product and has concentrated on increasingly complicated methods of increasing profits without having to produce better products or services. We argue that what hope there is to correct this structural mismanagement lies in the hands and minds of workers and their unions. To the extent that those doing the work know more about it than others, it is essential that the knowledge of the many shape the decisions currently in the hands of the few. To that end, we propose a model of employee involvement which depends for its success on the strength of the union and of rank-and-file involvement in its operation. We get to this point first by reviewing the development of management as a profession. We then outline three characteristic ways that employee involvement programs can work. The first two models show the most likely outcomes of QWL programs. They are characterized by managerial domination, lack of access to critical information governing high-level decision making, no way to change shopfloor routines in spite of worker requests for change, and a general separation of decision-making from decision implementation. The third scenario presents what we consider to be the minimum requirement for a truly empowering QWL program. Our aim is to help change the way unionists conceive their options regarding QWL. But equally important, we hope that our conclusions generate discussions on ways to prevent workers and their unions from being silent victims in the crimes of mismanagement.