The apostle Paul's presentation of his own physical body within the Corinthian correspondence functions as a gender-nuanced argument for authoritative leadership that mirrors the humiliated and shameful glory of the crucified Christ. Paul is committed to exercising his authority only in keeping with weakness, lack of rhetorical power, and feminized shame. He boasts that his own servile and feminizing sufferings are patterned after those of Christ. Even the apostle's apparently glorious experiences are accompanied by the infliction of suffering and the removal of an ability or right to speak. Lastly, his Sinai account demonstrates that even Paul's boast of open speech and self-disclosure is implicated in a feminizing act of unveiling his own shame and weakness. Even as he argues for his superiority to Moses on the basis of what at first glance appears to be a masculine apostolic boldness, the apostle's status is called into question. For his boldness and openness of self-presentation habitually reveal Paul to be shamefully weak and socially feminized. Paul's willing self-humiliation is predicated upon an insistence that in his body he will mirror the socially-gendered shame and weakness of the glorious and powerful crucified Christ.


Hypertension is a chronic medical condition that the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Hypertension can lead to damaged organs, as well as several illnesses, such as renal failure (kidney failure), aneurysm, heart failure, stroke, or heart attack. In our investigation, ten subsets were designed for male hypertension patient and control group. In this paper we apply t-test and entropy feature selection methods using 2fold and 5fold cross validation as our model selection methods with K-Nearest neighbour classifier. Among these groups, 3 number of biomarkers set were chosen (1,3,9) for 4 tables (t-test; 2-fold and 5-fold; entropy; 2-fold and 5-fold). From these biomarker sets which has the highest accuracy which is the measurement used for the classifier assessment was analysed and taken to the best models for each sub-set table. Each sub-set tables were analysed with each other and we tried to find the most appropriate biomarker. The defined biomarker was searched within database in order to find relationship with the illness. Consequently, highly recurrent and highly accurate candidate genes can be further analysed for becoming a biomarker. Further analysis (both database and wet study) can be suggested for the highly recurrent genes like Hs. 683236 (null), Hs. 475902, 420541, 656129, 647705 and 657792.


This paper focuses on acoustic streaming free jets. This is to say that progressive acoustic waves are used to generate a steady flow far from any wall. The derivation of the governing equations under the form of a nonlinear hydrodynamics problem coupled with an acoustic propagation problem is made on the basis of a time scale discrimination approach. This approach is preferred to the usually invoked amplitude perturbations expansion since it is consistent with experimental observations of acoustic streaming flows featuring hydrodynamic nonlinearities and turbulence. Experimental results obtained with a plane transducer in water are also presented together with a review of the former experimental investigations using similar configurations. A comparison of the shape of the acoustic field with the shape of the velocity field shows that diffraction is a key ingredient in the problem though it is rarely accounted for in the literature. A scaling analysis is made and leads to two scaling laws for the typical velocity level in acoustic streaming free jets; these are both observed in our setup and in former studies by other teams. We also perform a dimensional analysis of this problem: a set of seven dimensionless groups is required to describe a typical acoustic experiment. We find that a full similarity is usually not possible between two acoustic streaming experiments featuring different fluids. We then choose to relax the similarity with respect to sound attenuation and to focus on the case of a scaled water experiment representing an acoustic streaming application in liquid metals, in particular, in liquid silicon and in liquid sodium. We show that small acoustic powers can yield relatively high Reynolds numbers and velocity levels; this could be a virtue for heat and mass transfer applications, but a drawback for ultrasonic velocimetry.


Previous studies suggest that the polymorphic p53 intron 2 displays a high frequency of mutations, occurring with different frequencies in tumor tissues versus peripheral blood of lung cancer patients as compared to healthy individuals. We evaluated the significance of these polymorphisms and mutations utilizing matched triple specimens from the lung tumor, normal lung tissue, and peripheral blood of cancer patients. Identical genotypes were observed in normal tissues and blood, while 4 mutations were observed in tumors. The A1 allelic frequency was increased in the adenocarcinoma tissues as compared to normal tissues. Two p53 exon 2 polymorphisms were detected, appearing with equal frequencies among cancer patients and healthy individuals. The p53 intron 2 polymorphic locus is a hot spot for mutations in Hong Kong lung cancer patients.


The degree of linguistic diversity in South America is comparable only to that in New Guinea (see Ch. 13, this volume). This genetic diversity is refl ected in the sheer number of language families and isolates, many of which are now extinct or on the verge of extinction. In his classification, Loukotka (1968) established 117 languages families besides a large number of unclassifi ed isolates,
while Tovar and Tovar (1984) postulated over 170 groups.
Many of the linguistic families are discontinuous. For instance, Arawak languages are spoken in over ten areas north of the river Amazon, and over ten to the south. Even though there is no doubt as to the genetic relationship
between Arawak languages, the geographic diversity, and the extensive and prolonged language contact with genetically unrelated groups, have by and large created a situation whereby languages became restructured to various
extents, and their subgrouping within the family—using conventionalhistorical-comparative methodology—is problematic (see Aikhenvald 2001). The impact of long-term areal diffusion often makes it next to impossible to unequivocally state whether languages are related or not. This makes any attempts at establishing long-distance genetic relationships especially dubious^1.


This paper aims to apply the sociology of deviance and the concept of metaculture to the sociology of high-art and music. Examples of classical music criticisms over time are presented and discussed. Music critics have engaged in metaculture and norm promotion by labeling certain composers or styles of music as negatively deviant in a number of ways. Composers or styles of classical music have been labeled as not music, not worthy of being considered the future of music, a threat to culture, politically unacceptable, evil, and even criminal. Critics have linked composers they are critical of with other deviant categories, and ethnocentrism, racism, and other biases play a role in critics' attempts to engage in norm promotion and affect the public temper. As society changes, musical norms and therefore deviant labels concerning music also change. Maverick composers push musical ideas forward, and those music critics who resist these changes are unable to successfully promote their dated, more traditional norms. Implications of the findings for the sociology of deviance and the sociology of music are discussed.


In 1993, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineer Research Center conducted the Large Scale Dolos Flume Study (LSDFS) in order to investigate the structural response of concrete armor units. The study was primarily carried out in the large wave flume at the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory, Oregon State University. Over 300 model dolos units with a mass of 26 kg and a waist ratio of 0.32 were used. The units were cast from concrete. The instrumented dolosse were fitted with surfacemounted strain gages then subjected to a wide range of wave loading conditions. This strain gaging and the state-of-the-art data acquisition system increased the signal-to-noise ratio so that accurate measurements of static, quasi-static, wave-induced hydrodynamic, and unit-to-unit impact loading could be recorded. The LSDFS included a standard calibration series, static ramp tests, dry-land impact tests, and regular and irregular wave flume tests. Hydrodynamic instrumentation in the flume tests consisted of a very dense array of wave gages, current meters, runup-rundown gages, pore pressure transducers, hydrophones, digital video, and still photography in the nearshore zone. This paper presents previously unpublished details of the LSDFS specifically pertaining to instrumentation, calibration, dry-land impact tests, and some preliminary results of impact response captured in the flume tests.


In this essay I examine D. D. Kosambi's approach and assessment of classical Sanskrit literature from the Marxist point of view. In the first part, I discuss S. N. Dasgupta's critique of the Marxist approach to art and literature, arguing that Dasgupta had an idealist (and idealized) view of Indian society that does not match historical reality. I then contrast Dasgupta's views with those of Kosambi. The latter asserted that there was no qualitative change in the means of production and hence in the relations of production in India before the imposition of British rule. In his view, classical Sanskrit literature too reflects this ground reality. In the second part, I discuss how Kosambi's Marxist approach to art and literature was both aesthetic and historical. Through presenting Kosambi's appreciation of classical Sanskrit literature, I show that Daniel H. H. Ingalls misapprehended Kosambi's views and that his criticism of Kosambi was misdirected accordingly.


To offer theses electronically to its users is something that has been discussed in Swiss university libraries for some time now. There are two main reasons that it has not yet been realized anywhere in Switzerland: On the one hand, the two large university library networks have had big library system migrations to cope with (first the "Reseau Romand" in the French speaking part moved to VTLS, then, in the last two years, the "Informationsverbund Deutschschweiz, IDS" in the German speaking part switched to Aleph by Ex Libris). These migrations used up all available personnel resources. On the other hand, the federalist organization of all things politic in Switzerland, including the university system, means that there are hardly any national programmes to further and finance projects on a national level (or cantonal, for that matter) - in contrast to most other European countries where such programmes have proved to be a very strong incentive for developing various aspects of the digital library.


Building trade unions have had an instrumental role in advocating for worker welfare, training, health and safety in the U.S. construction industry. Since 1970s, the membership and market share of trade unions have dramatically declined, and there is no clear understanding and previous scholarly assessment of the drivers of such decline. This study provides a data-driven assessment of the market share controlling factors of the U.S. electrical trade unions and their signatory contractors. The study depended on collecting a large amount of data from the union electrical contractor organization, government census agencies, surveys, and interviews of electrical contractors. Union market share trends were found to be correlated to the use of higher crew ratios and the adoption of non-apprenticeship worker classifications.


Comparing the origins of AIDS and malaria may provide insight for gauging the prospect of future pathogen transmissions from apes to humans. Two of the most widespread and virulent diseases of modern humans appear to have originated in our closest relatives, the African apes. There is evidence that the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the cause of malaria in humans, is of gorilla origin (1, 2), whereas the pandemic form of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the cause of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), stems from a lentivirus infection of chimpanzees (3). Is their great ape origin a coincidence, or are there important parallels that could provide insight into the prospects of future zoonoses in which other pathogens from the great apes might successfully colonize humans?


With increasing communication rates via quantum channels, memory effects become unavoidable whenever the use rate of the channel is comparable to the typical relaxation time of the channel environment. We introduce a model of a bosonic memory channel, describing correlated noise effects in quantum-optical processes via attenuating or amplifying media. To study such a channel model, we make use of a proper set of collective field variables, which allows us to unravel the memory effects, mapping the n-fold concatenation of the memory channel to a unitarily equivalent, direct product of n single-mode bosonic channels. We hence estimate the channel capacities by relying on known results for the memoryless setting. Our findings show that the model is characterized by two different regimes, in which the cross correlations induced by the noise among different channel uses are either exponentially enhanced or exponentially reduced.


This study examines various aspects of social and economic support of Thai elderly as assessed by the 2nd Survey of Elderly in Thailand (aged 60 and over) conducted by the National Statistical Office in 2002. Where possible, comparisons are provided with results from the 1st Survey of Elderly in Thailand conducted in 1994. The analysis covers characteristics of Thai elderly, trends and differentials in their living arrangements, the impact of living arrangements on their well-being, sources of material support, caregiving and social support. An extensive discussion of data problems associated with the 2002 survey is also provided. Co-residence between older parents and adult children (including children-inlaw) declined from 74 to 66 percent between 1994 and 2002. Nevertheless, in 2002, 79 percent of Thai elderly still either lived with or had frequent contact with a child or child in-law and 77 percent received income or material support from children. Thus the family, and in particular adult children, still play a major role in providing support and care for the elderly in Thailand. Adult children followed by work are the two most common sources of support for Thai elders. One third of elderly reported their income to be insufficient, a share that has remained constant between 1994 and 2002. Between 3-5 percent of elderly in 2002 reported receiving a government welfare allowance. The poorest elderly are most likely to receive the allowance but the inverse association between the percentage who ever received an allowance and socioeconomic status is weak. Improvements in the selection process for government allowances would help ensure that the elderly most in need are covered by the program.


The aim of this chapter is to report the results on synthesis DLC thin films and carbon nanocomposites by the versatile nanofabrication method based on plasma entitled thermionic vacuum Arc (TVA) . TVA technology is based on the localized ignition of the arc plasma in vacuum conditions. Among thin film coating methods by vacuum deposition techniques with high purity, low roughness, and good adhesion on the substrates, TVA is one of the major suitable methods to become a powerful coating technology . Two or three different TVA discharges can be ignited simultaneously in the same chamber for multi-material processing using TVA and separate power supplies. These TVA discharges are localized and do not interfere with each other. Simultaneous two or three TVA discharges were already used for the production of alloy/composite of various materi‐ als. This is due to the high versatility concerning the configuration of experimental arrangements, taking into account the number of electron guns, symmetry of the electrodes, relative position of the anode versus cathode, and also the huge opportunity to combine the materials to be deposited: bi- and multi-layers, nanocomposites, or alloys in order to have specific applications. This chapter presents the comparative results concerning the surface-free energy information processing, the reflective index, the hardness, and the morphology to provide a coherent description of the diamond-like carbon films and carbon nanocomposites synthesized by thermionic vacuum arc (TVA) and related configurations where Me = Ag, Al, Cu, Ni, and Ti : binary composites (C-Me, C-Si) and ternary composites (C+Si+Me) . The results include reports on the distribution in size, surface, geometry, and dispersion of the nanosized constituents, tailoring and understanding the role of interfaces between structurally or chemically dissimilar phases on bulk properties, as well as the study of physical properties of nanocomposites (structural, chemical, mechanical, tribological). The results presented here could have a great impact on the development of advanced materials and many manufacturing industries, as well as expanding the technologically important field of interface science where the control of the film-substrate interface would be critical.


Reflectance measurements in the visible and infrared wavelengths, from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), are used to derive aerosol optical thicknesses (AOTs) and aerosol properties over ocean and land surfaces, separately. Both algorithms employ radiative transfer (RT) code to create lookup tables, simulating the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance measured by the satellite. Whereas the algorithm over ocean uses a vector RT code that includes the effects of atmospheric polarization, the algorithm over land assumes scalar RT, thus neglecting polarization effects. In the red (0.66 /spl mu/m) and infrared (2.12 /spl mu/m) MODIS channels, scattering by molecules (Rayleigh scattering) is minimal. In these bands, the use of a scalar RT code is of sufficient accuracy to model TOA reflectance. However, in the blue (0.47 /spl mu/m), the presence of larger Rayleigh scattering (optical thickness approaching 0.2) results in nonnegligible polarization. The absolute difference between vector- and scalar-calculated TOA reflectance, even in the presence of depolarizing aerosols, is large enough to lead to substantial errors in retrieved AOT. Using RT code that allows for both vector and scalar calculations, we examine the reflectance differences at the TOA, assuming discrete loadings of continental-type aerosol. We find that the differences in blue channel TOA reflectance (vector-scalar) may be greater than 0.01 such that errors in derived AOT may be greater than 0.1. Errors may be positive or negative, depending on the specific geometry, and tend to cancel out when averages over a large enough sample of satellite geometry. Thus, the neglect of polarization introduces little error into global and long-term averages, yet can produce very large errors on smaller scales and individual retrievals. As a result of this study, a future version of aerosol retrieval from MODIS over land will include polarization within the atmosphere.


Background: Many patients who experience bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED) find it hard to access evidence-based treatments. Rates of failure to enter outpatient services following initial assessment are high, as are dropout rates from specialist outpatient eating disorders services. Aims: To offer CD-Rom CBT, a cognitive-behavioural multi-media supported self-help treatment, in a locality-based outpatient NHS Eating Disorders Service to patients who have binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. Method: Patients referred to a catchment-based NHS outpatient eating disorders service who were assessed and had an eating disorder with a binge-eating component were offered CD-Rom based CBT (Overcoming Bulimia) whilst on the waiting list for individual CBT. Results: Forty patients completed the 8 sessions and attended the evaluation appointment (13 had BN, 27 had BED). For both groups, there were significant improvements in well-being and functioning, as well as significant reductions in problems and risk. There was also a significant reduction on the "Bulimic Subscale" of the EDI. These results were comparable with the original study findings (Schmidt, Treasure and Williams, 2001). Dropouts from the CD-Rom reflected rates common to other EDS treatments suggesting that CD-Rom did not directly impact upon service dropout rates. Conclusions: Computer assisted CBT for Eating Disorders offers a promising, feasible and acceptable first step for patients who have bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder and access treatment from specialist eating disorders services.


The effects of semi-purified extracts of rice bran were studied in restructured beef roasts to increase nutritional value and oxidative stability. Crude rice bran oil at 0, 1, and 2% (w/w) was added to restructured beef roasts that were stored at 4 °C and analyzed at 0, 7, and 14 d. Saturated fatty acid to unsaturated fatty acid (SFA/UFA) ratio decreased, vitamin E vitamers increased (p<0.05), and cholesterol decreased in the beef roasts with rice bran oil. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) numbers were lower (p<0.05) in the beef roasts with rice bran oil after 7 days of storage and the cholesterol oxidation product, 7-ketocholesterol, decreased in a similar manner. The addition of 2 % rice bran oil (RBO) was effective in increasing nutritional value and reducing the level of oxidative degradation. Beef roasts containing either rice fiber (RF) or RF/RBO had higher oxidative stability (p<0.05) during storage (0, 4, and 8 d) compared to control roasts, with no additive. TBARs value and 7-ketocholesterol of beef roasts with RF and RF/RBO were lower (p<0.05) than those o f the control during storage. SFA/UFA ratio was significantly reduced in beef roasts with additives, whereas vitamin E vitamers and UFA were higher (p<0.05) in the roasts with RF/RBO. Beef roasts containing RF and RBO were acceptable to consumers in sensory attributes. Cholesterol autoxidation was examined in an aqueous meat model system with different levels of nonsaponifiable fraction from rice bran (0, 700, 1400, and 2100 ppm). The effect of nonsaponifiable fraction was determined at 4 h intervals for 16 h at pH 5.5 and 80 °C. Increased oxidation time reduced (p<0.05) total vitamin E vitamers


The question posed in this article is whether Catholics can fully, unreservedly, and conscientiously carry out their duties as citizens and as holders of their various public offices (legislative, judicial and executive) of the State, in accordance with the laws and constitution of the democratic and pluralist States in which they live. My concern—as a practicing Catholic and a practicing lawyer—is that the increasingly fierce Church criticism, which arose during the papacy of John Paul II and now of Benedict XVI, of the perceived trend towards secularization in the social and political mores of Western (particularly European) democracies, and the greater readiness by Church officials to take it upon themselves explicitly to instruct the laity in political matters, puts this whole issue again into question. Should the bishops of the Catholic Church be seeking to use their ecclesiastical authority (over the faithful) to oppose or promote changes in the laws which apply to all within our society and/or to influence the way we might vote or carry out civic duties? This is a big and complex area involving the interplay of politics and theology; of private and public morality. It touches on the role of teaching office of the Catholic Church and the assent (and possibility of dissent) on the part of the faithful. It takes in questions of conscientious objection and unjust laws. It concerns individual conscience and the hope of salvation. It is about voting as sinning. It is about judging, and being judged.


ABSTRACT Spot blotch, caused by Cochliobolus sativus, is one of the most common foliar diseases of barley in the upper midwest region of the United States. To examine the genetics of host-specific virulence in C. sativus, a cross was made between isolate ND90Pr (which exhibits high virulence on barley genotype Bowman and low virulence on genotype ND 5883) and ND93-1 (which exhibits low virulence on both genotypes). Ascospore progeny segregated 48:55 for low virulence/high virulence on Bowman, indicating the presence of a single virulence gene in isolate ND90Pr. To complement the study of host-specific virulence in the pathogen, an experiment also was conducted on the genetics of specific resistance in the host. Progeny from a Bowman/ND 5883 cross were evaluated for their infection responses (IRs) to isolate ND90Pr at the seedling stage. The F(2) population segregated 1:3 for low IRs (resistant)/high IRs (susceptible), indicating the presence of a single resistance gene in genotype ND 5883. This result was confirmed in the F(3) generation, as a 1:2:1 ratio was found for homozygous resistant, segregating, and homozygous susceptible families, respectively. The data from this study demonstrate that both virulence in the pathogen and resistance in the host are under monogenic control in this specific host genotype/fungal isolate combination.


This paper presents findings from a study of five healthy subjects performing 50% maximum voluntary contraction until complete fatigue of the muscle. An overlapping window technique was used to find the values for mean frequency (MNF), median frequency (MDF) of the power spectrum, root mean square (RMS) and muscle fibre conduction velocity (MFCV). The surface electromyography signal (sEMG) was collected from the vastus lateralis muscle using a three channel Laplacian electrode. The results show the MNF and MDF values showed a consistent trend with each other where they remained at steady values between 20-30% and 75-80% of the signal after which they fell 15-30% of this value. The RMS showed a linear increase in value. The MFCV showed a similar trend to that found in the MNF and MDF values. 


Background: Nearly 3 billion people worldwide rely on solid fuel combustion to meet basic household energy needs. The resulting exposure to air pollution causes an estimated 4.5% of the global burden of disease. Large variability and a lack of resources for research and development have resulted in highly uncertain exposure estimates. Objective: We sought to identify research priorities for exposure assessment that will more accurately and precisely define exposure–response relationships of household air pollution necessary to inform future cleaner-burning cookstove dissemination programs. Data Sources: As part of an international workshop in May 2011, an expert group characterized the state of the science and developed recommendations for exposure assessment of household air pollution. Synthesis: The following priority research areas were identified to explain variability and reduce uncertainty of household air pollution exposure measurements: improved characterization of spatial and temporal variability for studies examining both short- and long-term health effects; development and validation of measurement technology and approaches to conduct complex exposure assessments in resource-limited settings with a large range of pollutant concentrations; and development and validation of biomarkers for estimating dose. Addressing these priority research areas, which will inherently require an increased allocation of resources for cookstove research, will lead to better characterization of exposure–response relationships. Conclusions: Although the type and extent of exposure assessment will necessarily depend on the goal and design of the cookstove study, without improved understanding of exposure–response relationships, the level of air pollution reduction necessary to meet the health targets of cookstove interventions will remain uncertain. Citation: Clark ML, Peel JL, Balakrishnan K, Breysse PN, Chillrud SN, Naeher LP, Rodes CE, Vette AF, Balbus JM. 2013. Health and household air pollution from solid fuel use: the need for improved exposure assessment. Environ Health Perspect 121:1120–1128; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206429


During the past few years there has been a revolution in the design of desktop computers. Most processors today include more than one processor core, allowing parallel execution of programs. Furthermore, most commodity computers include a graphical processor that outperforms the central processor by at least one order of magnitude. Tapping into this vast resource is commonly referred to as heterogeneous computing. The change in hardware invalidates old software-design truths. There is therefore need for new algorithms, and research into adapting existing algorithms to these architectures. Our main focus has been to accelerate algorithms relevant for mechanical engineering. In this dissertation we present four algorithms devoted to take advantage of the computational strengths of heterogeneous architectures. Each work is based on state-of-the-art hardware available at the time the research was performed. First we describe an algorithm for high-quality visualization of parametric surfaces. This is useful in a CAD setting, were an accurate rendering is important for visual validation of model quality. We further describe simulation of shallow-water waves using a state-of-the-art numerical scheme. Our accelerated implementation gave a speedup of up to 40 times compared to an optimized reference implementation. Our implementation features real time simulation and visualization of semi-realistic nonlinear wave effects. Finally we present two algorithms for shape simplification of 3D-models. The algorithms aim at reducing time spent on preparing models for finite element analysis. Finite element analysis is important to determine mechanical properties of objects prior to manufacture. Such analysis can be used to investigate thermal behavior and determine the strengths and weaknesses of physical components. Before the analysis can take place the models must undergo a preparation phase where shape simplification plays an important role. The first work we describe for shape simplification is a hybrid algorithm, using graphics hardware for the computationally demanding operations, and the main processor for maintaining the data structure. Our second work describes a shape simplification algorithm highly suitable for heterogeneous architectures and a reference implementation on the Cell BE.


Nuclear receptor pharmacology has, to a certain extent, led the way, compared with other receptor systems, in the appreciation that ligands may exert very diverse pharmacology, based on their individual chemical structure and the allosteric changes induced in the receptor/accessory protein complex. This can lead to very selective pharmacological effects, which may not necessarily be predicted from the experience with other agonists/partial agonists/antagonists. If this is the case, then drug discovery may be back to drug-specific pharmacology (where each drug may have an original profile), rather than specific-drug pharmacology (where agents specific for a receptor have a distinct profile). As functional selectivity is indeed a crucial mechanism to be considered when going through the drug discovery development process, then initial screens using reconstituted systems may not show the appropriate pharmacology, simply because the required stoichiometry of corepressors and coactivators may not be present to select the best compounds; therefore, multiple effector systems are necessary to screen for differential activation, and, even then, screening with in vivo pathophysiological models may ultimately be required for the selection process—a massive but necessary task for pharmacologists. Thus, the characterization of nuclear receptors and their associated proteins and the ligands that interact with them will remain a challenge to pharmacologists.


Understanding how new species form is one of the
central goals of evolutionary biology. While historically studies
have focused on the role of nuclear genetic incompatibilities in
speciation, cytonuclear incompatibilities have been proposed to be
among the first genetic incompatibilities to arise, influencing the
early stages of the speciation process. However, due to the lack of
studies characterizing reproductive isolation at the intraspecific
level, little is known regarding the role of cytonuclear
incompatibilities at these early stages. The effect of cytonuclear
incompatibility could be mitigated though biparental plastid
inheritance, by increasing the likelihood of individuals inheriting
a compatible chloroplast. Alternatively, accelerated plastid
evolution could speed up the co-evolution of the plastid and
nuclear genomes, increasing the propensity for cytonuclear
incompatibility when crossing between populations. This
dissertation uses Campanulastrum americanum as a system to study
how biparental plastid inheritance and accelerated plastid
evolution may impact the evolutionary dynamics of cytonuclear
incompatibilities and their contribution to incipient speciation.
Analysis of chloroplast and nuclear markers distinguished four
geographically structured, genetically divergent lineages in C.
americanum. Crossing studies found substantial reductions in
germination and survival when crossing between these lineages.
There was also evidence for cytonuclear incompatibility underlying
reproductive isolation in survival, supporting the idea that
cytonuclear incompatibilities arise early in the speciation
process. However, reproductive isolation between divergent lineages
appeared to be reduced in the Appalachians where these lineages are
likely in secondary contact. In addition, analysis of plastid
inheritance patterns found that C. americanum has biparental
plastid inheritance, which in genetically-divergent crosses
mitigates the impact of cytonuclear incompatibility on reproductive
isolation, potentially slowing the speciation process. In contrast,
analysis of plastid sequence divergence and polymorphism in C.
americanum found evidence for increased nucleotide substitution
rates acting at the among and within species level, suggesting that
accelerated plastid evolution may facilitate the development of
cytonuclear incompatibility in this species. Altogether,
cytonuclear incompatibility appears to be contributing to incipient
speciation in C. americanum, but the dynamics of this contribution
are being influenced, often in opposing ways, by a variety of
mechanisms, including gene flow, biparental plastid inheritance and
accelerated plastid evolution.


Functional receptor channels activated by GABA and other neurotransmitters were "transplanted" from rat brain to Xenopus oocytes by injecting the oocytes with total poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from rat or chick brain. Membrane currents elicited in the oocyte by GABA inverted polarity at about the chloride equilibrium potential (ca. -25 mV). Pentobarbital potentiated the GABA-activated currents, without appreciably changing the reversal potential or form of the current- voltage relationship. At low (less than 10(-5) M) concentrations of GABA, pentobarbital (100 microM) potentiated the responses by a factor of 10 or more, but responses to high (ca. 1 mM) concentrations of GABA were almost unchanged. Half-maximal activation of the response was obtained with about 3 X 10(-5) M GABA when applied alone and with about 4 X 10(-6) M GABA when applied together with 100 microM pentobarbital. At low doses of GABA, the size of the current increased as the 1.4th power of GABA concentration, but this relationship became nearly linear in the presence of pentobarbital. The potentiation of the GABA response increased linearly with concentrations of pentobarbital up to about 300 microM, reaching a maximum of about 50-fold. At higher concentrations of pentobarbital, the response to GABA declined. Relaxations of GABA- activated currents following voltage steps became slower in the presence of pentobarbital, suggesting that the open life-time of the channels was prolonged. In addition to actions on GABA-activated currents, pentobarbital itself elicited a small membrane current that inverted polarity at a potential (-10 mV) more positive than the GABA- activated current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


This article's pivotal theme is: "How to compose a site-specific sound-art installation for a commercial space in order to improve conditions, while taking perceptual, social, aesthetical, temporal and spatial criteria into account"
The interdisciplinary, art-based research approach is derived from the concept of acousmatics, i.e. the process of apprehending any sound, the source of which is invisible. Acousmatic perception concerns the everyday identification process; when lacking visual contact with the sound source, we automatically seek references, such as social (what produces the sound and what is my relation to it?), aesthetical, spatial and temporal (e.g. orientation and demarcation). The acousmatic concept identifies phenomena based on individually, culturally and spatially conditioned experiences.
Today, a shopping culture dominates urban space. Indoor malls expose us to all types of acousmatically perceived sounds: jingles, signals, music and muzak from public loudspeakers, mobile devices, etc. In this respect, one could claim that the soundscape of the shopping culture embodies an acousmatic environment.
In 2009, the research and sound-art group Urban Sound Institute (USIT) created a permanent sound installation in a shopping mall (Gallerian) located in downtown Stockholm. This installation serves as a case study for the present paper. The artistic assignment involved the creation of a meeting place without material devices as well as the enhancement of the overall atmosphere. The research objective was to elucidate different qualities of the sound installation in regard to the acousmatics of the shopping mall, promoting discussions on the articulation of sound-space configurations in relation to time and site-specific context, issues on musical-architectural qualities as well as objective, subjective and inter-subjective interrelationships between the experience of the sound-art installation and the experience of the shopping mall soundscape. Other applied, interrelated concepts are metabolic environment and masking- and cutting effects.


This paper explores organizational responses to conflicting institutional demands. An inductive comparative case study of four social enterprises that scaled their organization while embedded in competing social welfare and commercial logics suggests that, when facing competing organizational templates imposed by their institutional environment, organizations attempt to strike a balance at the organizational level by adopting a combination of intact practices from both logics instead of balancing at the practice level by resorting to strategies such as decoupling. In addition, we find an important legitimating effect of founding origins: in a sector where the social welfare logic is ultimately predominant, organizations originating from the social sector benefited from an a priori legitimacy capital, which allowed them to borrow freely from both social and commercial practices. In contrast, organizations emanating from the commercial sector, suffering from an a priori legitimacy deficit, had to display their conformity with social templates in order to secure their acceptance in the field and therefore adopted predominantly social practices. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of hybrid organizations and point to the founding origins of organizations as an important determinant of the pattern of hybridization strategies.


We apply a four-dimensional variational (4D-VAR) data assimilation system to optimize carbon monoxide (CO) emissions for 2003 and 2004 and to reduce the uncertainty of emission estimates from individual sources using the chemistry transport model TM5. The system is designed to assimilate large (satellite) datasets, but in the current study only a limited amount of surface network observations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory (NOAA/ESRL) Global Monitoring Division (GMD) is used to test the 4D-VAR system. By design, the system is capable to adjust the emissions in such a way that the posterior simulation reproduces background CO mixing ratios and large-scale pollution events at background stations. Uncertainty reduction up to 60 % in yearly emissions is observed over well-constrained regions and the inferred emissions compare well with recent studies for 2004. However, with the limited amount of data from the surface network, the system becomes data sparse resulting in a large solution space. Sensitivity studies have shown that model uncertainties (e.g., vertical distribution of biomass burning emissions and the OH field) and the prior inventories used, influence the inferred emission estimates. Also, since the observations only constrain total CO emissions, the 4D-VAR system has difficulties in separating anthropogenic and biogenic sources in particular. The inferred emissions are validated with NOAA aircraft data over North America and the agreement is significantly improved from the prior to posterior simulation. Validation with the Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument version 4 (V4) shows a slight improved agreement over the well-constrained Northern Hemisphere and in the tropics (except for the African continent). However, the model simulation with posterior emissions underestimates MOPITT CO total columns on the remote Southern Hemisphere (SH) by about 10 %. This is caused by a reduction in SH CO sources mainly due to surface stations on the high southern latitudes.


We propose a broadly applicable empirical approach to classify individuals as time consistent versus naive or sophisticated regarding their self-control limitations. Operationalizing our approach based on nationally representative data reveals that self-control problems are pervasive and that most people are at least partly aware of their limited self-control. Compared to naïfs, sophisticates have higher IQs, better educated parents, and are more likely to take up commitment devices. Accounting for both the level and awareness of self-control limitations has predictive power beyond one-dimensional notions of self-control that neglect awareness. Importantly, sophistication fully compensates for self-control problems when choices involve immediate costs and later benefits. Raising people's awareness of their own self-control limitations may thus assist them in overcoming any adverse consequences.


Rhinosporidiosis is a chronic granulomatous disease caused by fungus Rhinosporidium seeberi affecting most commonly the anterior nares. Urethral involvement is extremely rare. We present such a case in a 61-year-old man with intermittent bleeding per urethra and fleshy mass coming through the urethral meatus. On histological examination of hematoxylin-eosin-stained smears, the lesion showed numerous sporangia mixed with inflammatory infiltrates and occasional giant cells, beneath the urethral squamous epithelium. The mass was excised and fulguration of the base with diathermy was offered for cure.


A new finite state machine (FSM) partitioning approach is proposed in this paper. Genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to search the optimal or near optimal solution. A new cost function is used to guide the optimisation. The proposed algorithm is implemented in C. A new design model is proposed to implement partitioned sub-FSMs, which makes the existing monolithic FSM state assignment can be applied to partitioned FSMs. The experiment results show that the proposed approach can reduce power dissipation up to 78%.


James H. Stilwell* I. Introduction and Background A. Introduction A prolific number of premises liability decisions, involving suits arising out of crimes by third party actors against tenants or invitees on a premises, have been rendered by Texas appellate courts in recent years. The Texas Supreme Court has issued a flood of at least thirteen opinions in premises liability cases in the past fourteen years.1 In the last fifteen months, courts of appeals have contributed numerous opinions as well.2 The 1997 Texas Pattern Jury Charges3 provide additional aid regarding the subject of this Article; however, the provided premises liability pattern jury charges contain a warning against their use in activity-based premises liability cases.4 The art of advocacy is essential in preparing and arguing for particular jury definitions, instructions, and questions for premises/crime cases due to the morass of existing case law. With the plethora of opinions that have been rendered, a variety of arguments can be made as to which definitions, instructions, and questions should be given to juries in these types of cases. Heed should be given, however, to existing case law.5 Providing the jury with an improper charge6 can cause the reversal of a hard fought victory.7 Furthermore, if a plaintiff fails to include all of the requisite elements in the charge, the plaintiff may have waived the claim.8 Understanding the foundational background of the basis for civil liability of a premises owner or property manager for crimes committed against tenants or invitees on his or her property is a prerequisite for preparing a proper jury charge.9 This Article begins by providing the practicing litigator with an overview of jury charge drafting and submission procedure, followed by the basic law in premises liability criminal-actor cases-focusing on recent case decisions. The Article then examines and analyzes the 1997 Texas Pattern Jury Charge for premises liability cases. Finally, this Article sets forth and provides arguments for additional premises liability charge definitions, instructions, and jury questions not present in the 1997 Texas Pattern Jury Charge.lo The Article also refers the reader to an appendix containing a draft jury charge, with definitions and instructions, as well as citations to the existing case law basis for each item. B. Background-Drafting and Submitting the Jury Charge While a number of different Rules of Civil Procedure relate to the submission of the jury charge,11 the Rules themselves do not govern the drafting or contents of the charge.12 The only guidance specifically provided by the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure is set forth in Rule 278. Rule 278 states in part, "The court shall submit [to the jury, in a written charge,'3] the questions, instructions and definitions . . . which are raised by the written pleadings and the evidence."14 As the contents of the jury charge are based on the substantive law and law of the case, a number of different sources exist to aid in drafting an appropriate charge. The State Bar of Texas has prepared a series of Texas Pattern Jury Charges (hereinafter "Pattern Charges");15 however, these are intended as guides to assist attorneys and judges and should not be indiscriminately used. The introduction to one of the volumes of the Pattern Charges states: The purpose of this volume . . . is to assist the bench and bar in preparing the court's charge in jury cases. It provides definitions, instructions, and questions needed to submit jury charges in . . . premises . . . cases. The pattern charges are suggestions and guides to be used by a trial court if they are applicable and proper in a specific case.16 Wary practitioners should also consult the statutes and cases that govern the particular matter at bar when preparing a draft jury charge." The Pattern Charges have been held improper before.18 Different courts will require attorneys to submit their draft jury charges at different times. …


The public housing crisis became politically salient during and after the 2011 Tents Protest in Israel. Alongside demands from the young largely Jewish middle class to restore the economic order, many women in poverty took to the streets hoping to affect a change in the neoliberal course. This protest extended beyond the summer of 2011, and it was there where Gal the 'researcher' and Riki the 'activist' met. During our joint endeavour we wondered; how do women in poverty become activists and what incentivizes them to turn their personal struggle into a political collective act? This paper stems from our decision to bring together our respective knowledge and experience to the benefit of the struggle. Using life stories as our method we track the personal histories of women in poverty in order to better understand their journey away and towards home, and how the interpretation and conceptualization of their predicament has shaped their struggle. Theoretically, we employ the distinction offered by James Tully between civil/modern and civic/diverse modes of citizenship. By bringing the women's voices to the fore and listening to what they say, we demonstrate first, how being disappointed by trailing the civil path to rights, they differ to the civic mode of citizenship; and, second, how by diversifying their forms of citizenship performance they re-constitute themselves as worthy, deserving citizens. We thus argue against common interpretations of people in poverty as irrational, apathetic and passive citizens, lacking the right(s) repertoire to fight against their social marginalization and being unworthy of their legal entitlements as citizens.


Abstract A little-known aspect of the Battle of Gettysburg is the story behind the Civil War battle damage still present m some of the town's buildings. During the first three days of July 1863, cannons fired over and into Gettysburg, and as a result some of the homes were inadvertently struck by the shells. As a battlefield guide, the author has driven by these structures everyday for the past few years, and a highlight of any tour is a stop in front of the Sheads house on Buford Avenue, where one can point up to an artillery shell embedded just to the left of its attic window. The loud Oehs and Aahs that emanate from visitors are more than ample evidence of the fascination experienced when coming face to face with battle damage caused more than 130 years earlier. It conjures up the frightening image of a family huddled in the corner of their cellar, while the cannon from both armies fire missiles of death back and forth across the town. For the Gettysburg civilians, this was the true horror of war, the constant fear that one of these shells might crash through their wall, explode in their home, and kill members of their family. It does not take a great knowledge of Civil War tactics to understand and appreciate that fear. [excerpt] Recommended Citation Smith, Timothy H. (1996) "A Tour of Gettysburg's Visual Battle Damage," Adams County History: Vol. 2 , Article 4. Available at: https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/ach/vol2/iss1/4  Download


The purpose of this field study is to investigate, analyze, and evaluate certain experiments and procedures used in the application of several kinds of glazes over acrylic under paintings. The investigation and experiments consisted of research to determine (1) a definition of a glaze, (2) defining the media used for the underpainting, (3) criteria utilized in the identification of the kind of glaze to use, (4) factors involved in obtaining and mixing the formulas used, (5) common qualities found in the glazes such as transparency and drying time, and (6) color plates illustrating the several formulas used in the experiments. The research and experiments seems to justify the following conclusions, (1) certain glazes may darken the tonal values or they may bring into harmony dissimilar color effects, (2) some glazes are more feasible than others in that they are easier to mix and apply, (3) a color enhances a picture if it is keyed into the other colors in the picture, (4) a brilliant third color may be produced by placing one color glaze over another glaze, (5) subtle effects may be obtained by placing warm glazes and vice versa, (6) some glazes dry much faster than others such as one with a copal media base, (7) an illuminant may be developed that cannot be obtained by any other method, and (8) finally there is no object in glazing unless some additional artistic purpose is served by doing so.


Abstract Significant amounts of radioactive materials were released to the atmosphere from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant after the accident caused by the major earthquake and devastating tsunami on March 11, 2011. Accurate and efficient prediction of the distribution and fate of radioactive materials eventually deposited at the surface in the Fukushima area is of primary importance. In order to make such a prediction, it is important to gather information regarding the main migration pathways for radioactive materials in the environment and the time dependences of radioactive material transport over the long term. The radionuclide of most concern in the Fukushima case is radioactive cesium. Previous surveys indicate that the primary transportation mechanisms of cesium are either soil erosion and water transport of sediment-sorbed contaminants or transport of dissolved cesium in the water drainage system such as by rivers. A number of mathematical models of radioactive contaminants, with particular attention paid to radiocesium, on the land and in rivers, reservoirs, and estuaries in the Fukushima area are developed. Simulation results are examined while simultaneously implementing field investigations. For example, the orders of magnitude of the radiocesium concentration on the flood plain of the Ukedo River by model prediction and field investigation results were both 105 Bq/kg. Microscopic studies of the adsorption/desorption mechanism of cesium and soils have been performed to shed light on the mechanisms of macroscopic diffusive transport of radiocesium through soil. The maximum exchange energy between cesium and prelocated potassium in the frayed edge site was simulated to be 27 kJ/mol, which reproduces the corresponding value previously achieved by experiments. These predictions will be utilized for assessment of dose from the environmental contamination and proposed countermeasures to limit dispersion of the contaminants.


Advanced emotion recognition in text is essential for developing intelligent affective applications, which can recognize, react upon, and analyze users' emotions. Our particular motivation for solving this problem lies in large-scale analysis of social media data, such as those generated by Twitter users. Summarizing users' emotions can enable better understandings of their reactions, interests, and motivations. We thus narrow the problem to emotion recognition in short text, particularly tweets. Another driving factor of our work is to enable discovering emotional experiences at a detailed, fine-grained level. While many researchers focus on recognizing a small number of basic emotion categories, humans experience a larger variety of distinct emotions. We aim to recognize as many as 20 emotion categories from the Geneva Emotion Wheel. Our goal is to study how to build such fine-grained emotion recognition systems. We start by surveying prior approaches to building emotion classifiers. The main body of this thesis studies two of them in detail: crowdsourcing and distant supervision. Based on them, we design fine-grained domain-specific systems to recognize users' reactions to sporting events captured on Twitter and address multiple challenges that arise in that process. Crowdsourcing allows extracting affective commonsense knowledge by asking hundreds of workers for manual annotation. The challenge is in collecting informative and truthful annotations. To address it, we design a human computation task that elicits both emotion category labels and emotion indicators (i.e. words or phrases indicative of labeled emotions). We also develop a methodology to build an emotion lexicon using such data. Our experiments show that the proposed crowdsourcing method can successfully generate a domain-specific emotion lexicon. Additionally, we suggest how to teach and motivate non-expert annotators. We show that including a tutorial and using carefully formulated reward descriptions can effectively improve annotation quality. Distant supervision consists of building emotion classifiers from data that are automatically labeled using some heuristics. This thesis studies heuristics that apply emotion lexicons of limited quality, for example due to missing or erroneous term-emotion associations. We show the viability of such an approach to obtain domain-specific classifiers having substantially better quality of recognition than the initial lexicon-based ones. Our experiments reveal that treating the emotion imbalance in training data and incorporating pseudo-neutral documents is crucial for such improvement. This method can be applied to building emotion classifiers across different domains using limited input resources and thus requiring minimal effort. Another challenge for lexicon-based emotion recognition is to reduce the error introduced by linguistic modifiers such as negation and modality. We design a data analysis method that allows modeling the specific effects of the studied modifiers, both in terms of shifting emotion categories and changing confidence in emotion presence. We show that the effects of modifiers vary across the emotion categories, which indicates the importance of treating such effects at a more fine-grained level to improve classification quality. Finally, the thesis concludes with our recommendations on how to address the examined general challenges of building a fine-grained textual emotion recognition system.


Today the greatest challenge to the cyber world is security. Technology rapidly changes, making old methods obsolete and requiring new developments and advancements in information security. Cryptography, the science of preparing coded or protected communications, designs systems which make messages intelligible only to the person possessing a key. There are two types of key-based cryptosystems: symmetric key and asymmetric cryptosystem. Symmetric key encryption is a cryptographic technique that uses a shared secret key to encrypt and decrypt data. Symmetric encryption algorithms are very efficient in processing large amounts of information. There are two types of symmetric encryption algorithms: stream ciphers and block ciphers, which provide bit-by-bit and block encryption respectively. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a block cipher which was approved by the U.S. Federal Information Processing Standards in 2001 and is used to secure Top Secret information by the federal government. This cryptosystem has a highly complex algebraic structure. We design a simplified version of this cryptosystem that has all the functions that AES has, but is made suitable for timely security analysis. Our simplified AES is based on a field of characteristic 7, while all other known versions of AES are based on fields of characteristic 2. We then investigate how the characteristic of the field affects the security of this cryptosystem.


Active Galactic Nuclei are the luminous centres of active galaxies that produce
powerful relativistic jets from central super massive black holes (SMBH). When
these jets are oriented towards the observer's line-of-sight, they become very
bright, very variable and very energetic. These sources are known as blazars
and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) provides a direct means of observing
into the heart of these objects. VLBI performed at 3 mm with the Global
mm-VLBI Array (GMVA) and 7 mm VLBI performed with the Very Long Baseline
Array (VLBA), allows some of the highest angular resolution images of blazars to
be produced. In this thesis, we present the first results of an ongoing monitoring
program of blazars known to emit at γ-ray energies.
The physical processes that produce these jets and the γ-ray emission are still not
well known. The jets are thought to be produced by converting gravitational energy
around the black hole into relativistic particles that are accelerated away
at near the speed of light. However, the exact mechanisms for this and the role
that magnetic fields play is not fully clear. Similarly, γ-rays have been long known
to have been emitted from blazars and that their production is often related to
the up-scattering of synchrotron radiation from the jet. However, the origin of
seed photons for the up-scattering (either from within the jet itself or from an external
photon field) and the location of the γ-ray emission regions has remained
inconclusive. In this thesis, we aim to describe the likely location of γ-ray emission
in jets, the physical structure of blazar jets, the location of the VLBI features
relative to the origin of the jet and the nature of the magnetic field, both of the
VLBI scale jet and in the region where the jet is produced.
We present five sources that have been monitored at 3 mm using the GMVA
from 2008 until 2012. These sources have been analysed with near-in-time 7 mm
maps from the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), γ-ray light curves from the Fermi/LAT
space telescope and cm to mm-wave total-intensity light curves. In one
source, OJ 287, the source has additionally been analysed with monthly imaging
at 7 mm with the VLBA and near-in-time 2 cm VLBI maps. We use these resources
to analyse high angular resolution structural and spectral changes and
see if they correlate with flaring (both radio and γ-ray) activity and with VLBI
component ejections. By spectrally decomposing sources, we can determine
the spatially resolved magnetic field structure in the jets at the highest yet performed
resolutions and at frequencies that are near or above the turnover frequency
for synchrotron self-absorption (SSA). We compute the magnetic field
estimates from SSA theory and by assuming equipartition between magnetic
fields and relativistic particle energies.
v
All sources analysed exhibit downstream quasi-stationary features which sometimes
exhibit higher brightness temperatures and flux density variability than the
VLBI "core", which we interpret as being recollimation or oblique shocks. We
find that γ-ray flaring, mm-wave radio flaring and changes in opacity from optically
thick to optically thin, is in many cases consistent with component ejections
past both the VLBI "core" and these quasi-stationary downstream features.
We find decreasing apparent brightness temperatures and Doppler factors as
a function of increased "core" separation, which is interpreted as consistent
with a slowly accelerating jet over the de-projected inner ∼10-20 pc. Assuming
equipartition between magnetic energy and relativistic particle energy, the
magnetic field strengths within the jets at these scales are, on average, between
B ∼ 0.3 − 0.9 G, with the highest strengths found within the VLBI "core".
From the observed gradient in magnetic field strengths, we can place the mmwave
"core" ∼1-3 pc downstream of the base of the jet. Additionally, we estimate
the the magnetic field is Bapex ∼ 3000 − 18000 G at the base of the jet. We
computed theoretical estimates based on jet production under magnetically
arrested disks (MAD) and find our estimates to be consistent.
In the BL Lac source OJ 287, we included monthly 7 mm and near-in-time 2 cm
VLBA maps to provide full kinematics and increased spectral coverage. Following a previously reported radical change in inner-jet PA of ∼100◦we find unusually discrepant PAs compared with the previous jet direction, that follow very different trajectories. The source exhibits a downstream quasi-stationary feature that at times has higher brightness temperatures than the "core". The source also exhibited a large change in apparent component speeds as compared with previous epochs, which we propose could be due to changes in jet pressure causing changes in the location of downstream recollimation or oblique shocks and hence their line-of-sight viewing angle. The addition of 2 cm VLBA data allows for a comparison of magnetic fields derived from SSA and equipartition.
The magnetic field estimates are consistent within 20%, with BSSA ≥ 1.6 G and Bequi ≥ 1.2 G in the "core" and BSSA ≤ 0.4 G and Bequi ≤ 0.3 G in the stationary feature. Gamma-ray emission appears to originate in the "core" and the stationary feature. The decrease in magnetic field strengths places the mmwave "core" downstream of the jet base by ≤6 pc and likely outside of the broad line region (BLR).
This, combined with the results in other sources are consistent with γ-rays being produced in the vicinity of the VLBI "core" of in further downstream stationary features, which are likely over a parsec downstream of the central black hole, favouring the scenario of photons being up-scattered within the relativistic jet.


This essay examines interconnections between "race" and economic inequality in the United States, focusing on the case of African-Americans. I will argue that it is crucially important to distinguish between racial discrimination and racial stigma in the study of this problem. Racial discrimination has to do with how blacks are treated, while racial stigma is concerned with how black people are perceived. My view is that what I call reward bias (unfair treatment of persons in formal economic transactions based on racial identity) is now a less significant barrier to the full participation by African-Americans in U.S. society than is what I will call development bias (blocked access to resources critical for personal development but available only via non-market-mediated social transactions). By making these points in the specific cultural and historical context of the black experience in U.S. society, I hope to contribute to a deeper conceptualization of the worldwide problem of race and economic marginality.


Modulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression may be a basic mechanism by which alveolar macrophages (AMs) regulate the inflammatory process in the lung in response to local stimuli. As a model for studying the anti-inflammatory activity of drugs on human AMs, we investigated the effects of fusafungine, an antibiotic for local use by aerosol with anti-inflammatory properties, and that of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, on ICAM-1 expression induced in vitro by recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ). ICAM-1 protein expression was studied on AMs by means of flow cytometry with an anti- CD54 monoclonal antibody; messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were deter- mined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ICAM-1 was expressed before culture on 21% of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells, with low intensity. Culture for 24 h with rIFN-γ resulted in a significant increase in ICAM-1 protein expression (82% of cells were strongly positive). Fusa- fungine significantly inhibited rIFN-γ-induced ICAM-1-protein expression on AMs in a concentration-dependent fashion. The mechanism of ICAM-1 downregulation was mainly post-transcriptional, but also partly transcriptional. By contrast, dexa- methasone did not influence rIFN-γ-induced ICAM-1 expression. This in vitro model using human AMs should prove useful for investigating the cellular and molecular targets of anti-inflammatory drugs.


Peptides exhibit no melting behavior during heating due to their strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds, which limits the use of peptides as a bulk material. Here, we added a melting point to peptides by introducing nylon monomer units via papain-catalyzed chemoenzymatic synthesis. The peptides containing 14 mol% nylon units had a melting point of approximately 200 °C.


Abstract An understanding of diversity and its implications for policy is critical to those charged with delivering sporting services in culturally plural societies. This paper reports a research project which aimed to examine how, on the one hand, Muslims in two specific local contexts in the UK (Leicester in the East Midlands; Birmingham in the West Midlands) make sense of the relationship between their religious (Islamic) identities and sporting interests and, on the other, how local policy makers perceived and responded to the sporting needs of these Muslim communities. According to the 2001 census, Leicester and Birmingham represent, respectively, one of the most ethnically diverse areas in Britain and the domicile for one-third of the Muslim population in Britain. Interviews were undertaken with representatives of Muslim organizations, governmental and quasi-governmental sporting organizations, in both cities. Critical Discourse Analysis of interviewees' responses reveal pluralistic views on a range of issues such as: the "(un)suitability" of the environment/space provided for, or accessed by, Muslims to practise sport; funding; gender equity; equity and social inclusion agenda versus cultural and religious diversities; and a resistance (on the part of policy makers) to target provision at faith groups.


Abstract Background: Malnutrition, either as undernutrition or overnutrition, leads to detrimental alterations in body composition. The objective of this study was to investigate selected anthropometric measurements, and the nutritional status of older men and women living in the Lake Victoria Basin. This was a cross-sectional study. Setting: The setting was selected rural and urban areas of Kisumu, Jinja, and Mwanza, in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, respectively. Subjects: The subjects were older adults (227 men and 310 women) aged ≥ 60 years. Outcome measures: The outcome measures were weight, height, arm span, mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) and triceps skin-fold thickness (TSF). Body mass index (BMI) and arm muscle area (AMA) were computed using standard equations. Results: The results show that older adults in the three regions were significantly different (p-value < 0.05) in all anthropometric measurements, except MUAC. The women had significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) BMI, TSF, and MUAC, than the men. Negative slopes indicated a decline in all anthropometric measurements with age. Overall underweight (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) was 26.4%, 58.3% were normal (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), 10.8% were overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2), and 4.5% were obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2). Older men (29.5%) were significantly more underweight (p-value < 0.05) than older women (24.2%), with overweight (12.5%) and obesity (6.8%) being significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in older women. Conclusion: The findings suggest energy depletion and loss of muscle mass, with significant differences in the three regions, and in the sex and age groups. A small proportion was overweight and obese. The decline in anthropometric measurements with age indicates poor nutritional status with aging. Thus, nutrition and health interventions should be specific to regions.


The manifestation of negative psychological states has been a recurrent theme in the HIV literature. This study explored the life satisfaction of HIV positive persons in India along with the extent of hopelessness (pessimism) manifested in them. HIV positive adults (N=309) registered with Network for Positive People a NGO in Tamilnadu India constituted the respondents for this investigation. They were administered the Hopelessness Scale (Beck et al. 1974) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (Diener 1985). Respondents were compared on the basis of gender and marital status. Data analysis revealed that female respondents and those who were single showed a significant difference from male respondents and those married and scored higher on pessimism and lower on life satisfaction. Further the life satisfaction score showed highly significant negative correlations with the overall hopelessness score and its sub-dimensions. These findings are in consonance with the Western literature and show poorer emotional states in HIV positive persons from India and indicate areas for intervention which merit attention.


Lutein, a dihydroxy xanthophyll, is the most abundant carotenoid in plant photosynthetic tissues and plays crucial structural and functional roles in the light-harvesting complexes. Carotenoid β-and ε-hydroxylases catalyze the formation of lutein from α-carotene (β,ε-carotene). In contrast to the well studied β-hydroxylases that have been cloned and characterized from many organisms, the ε-hydroxylase has only been genetically defined by the lut1 mutation in Arabidopsis. We have isolated the LUT1 gene by positional cloning and found that, in contrast to all known carotenoid hydroxylases, which are the nonheme diiron monooxygenases, LUT1 encodes a cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase, CYP97C1. Introduction of a null mutant allele of LUT1, lut1-3, into the β-hydroxylase 1/β-hydroxylase 2 (b1 b2) double-mutant background, in which both Arabidopsis β-hydroxylases are disrupted, yielded a genotype (lut1-3 b1 b2) in which all three known carotenoid hydroxylase activities are eliminated. Surprisingly, hydroxylated β-rings were still produced in lut1-3 b1 b2, suggesting that a fourth unknown carotenoid β-hydroxylase exists in vivo that is structurally unrelated to β-hydroxylase 1 or 2. A second chloroplast-targeted member of the CYP97 family, CYP97A3, is 49% identical to LUT1 and hypothesized as a likely candidate for this additional β-ring hydroxylation activity. Overall, LUT1 defines a class of carotenoid hydroxylases that has evolved independently from and uses a different mechanism than nonheme diiron β-hydroxylases.


Abstract Analogies are an important tool of archaeological reasoning. The Kalahari San are frequently depicted in introductory texts as archetypal, mobile hunter-gatherers, and they have influenced approaches to archaeological, genetic and linguistic research. But is this analogy fundamentally flawed? Recent arguments have linked the San populations of southern Africa with the late Pleistocene Later Stone Age (c. 44 kya) at Border Cave, South Africa. The authors argue that these and other claims for the Pleistocene antiquity of modern-day cultures arise from a fundamental misunderstanding of the nature of cultural and archaeological taxonomies, and that they are a misuse of analogical reasoning.


The phrase "the criminal justice system " is ubiquitous in discussions of criminal law, policy, and punishment in the United States-so ubiquitous that, at least in colloquial use, almost no one thinks to question the phrase. However, this way of describing and thinking about police, courts, jails, and prisons, as a holistic "system, " became pervasive only in the 1960s. This essay contextualizes the idea of "the criminal justice system" within the longer history of systems theories more generally, drawing on recent scholarship in intellectual history and the history of science. The essay then recounts how that longer history converged, in 1967, with the career of a young engineer working for President Johnson's Crime Commission, whose contributions to the influential report The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society launched the modern and now commonplace idea of "the criminal justice system. " Throughout, the essay reflects upon the assumptions and premises that go along with thinking about any complex phenomenon as a "system" and asks whether, in the age of mass incarceration, it is perhaps time to discard the idea, or at least to reflect more carefully upon its uses and limitations.


When performing greenhouse gas inventories, product carbon footprints, company carbon footprints, and policy studies, it is important to select a carbon accounting approach that is appropriate for the intended use. This report examines the available forest carbon accounting options and the factors to consider in selecting among them. It finds that the "carbon neutrality" debate involves carbon accounting questions related to system boundaries, the greenhouse gases to include, baselines, attribution, and a number of other factors. Because trees require decades to grow, it is especially important that spatial and temporal boundaries are established correctly in studies of forest carbon. Otherwise the results of the analysis may not properly reflect the renewability of forest biomass and the removals of CO2 from the atmosphere during forest growth. Also important, especially in policy studies, is addressing market responses to increased demand for forest biomass. Studies that use accounting methods that ignore these forces produce results that understate the benefits of using forest biomass. Much of the current debate about the benefits of forest-derived materials and fuels is not about whether these benefits exist but whether the benefits are delayed (the so-called "carbon debt"). Where the benefits are delayed, the estimated delay is reduced by using accounting methods that reflect market responses. The significance of a delay in delivering greenhouse gas mitigation benefits, however, cannot be assessed by carbon accounting alone.


Bush v. Gore was a straightforward and legally correct decision. For more than a quarter century, the Supreme Court has treated the stuffing of ballot boxes as a paradigmatic violation of the Equal Protection Clause. Much more subtle and indirect forms of vote dilution have also been outlawed. Like some of those practices, the selective and partial recount ordered by the Florida Supreme Court may have been an inadvertent form of vote dilution. But that recount had effects that were virtually indistinguishable from those in the paradigmatic case. There is no meaningful difference between adding illegal votes to the count and selectively adding legal votes, which is what the Florida court was doing. The Supreme Court rightly concluded that the vote dilution in this case violated well-established equal protection principles. Nor did the Supreme Court err in its response to this constitutional violation. Although the Court acted with unprecedented dispatch after the Florida court's December 8, 2000 decision, it was highly improbable that a legally proper recount could be conducted by the December 18 deadline set by federal law. And it was quite impossible for such a recount to meet the December 12 deadline that the Florida court itself had found in Florida law. Contrary to a widespread misconception, the U.S. Supreme Court properly accepted the Florida court's interpretation of state law and provided that court with an opportunity to reconsider its own interpretation of state law. When the clock ran out, it was entirely due to mistakes and delays attributable to the Florida court. The Supreme Court's majority opinion has been subjected to a barrage of political criticisms of a kind that might more fittingly be directed against a Senate Majority Leader or a Secretary of State. Ironically, it is precisely because the Justices correctly applied the law that they have been accused of having partisan motives.


This research focuses on the need for preserving fruits in rural areas to prevent waste. The solar drier is made of vital chambers i.e. the concentrator chamber (that harvests the solar irradiance), the transport pipe (that transports the heat generated by convection) and hanger chamber (where the fruits are placed). The temperature within the concentrator chamber and hanger chamber was monitored. The design allowed heat transfer by convection from the collector to the chamber at an efficiency of 92 %. The design allowed the temperature build up in the solar collector to be transported faster through hanger chamber with the help of incorporated detachable low power dc fan. This arrangement makes the dryer to either operate in the natural convection dryer mode (without the fan) or as a forced convection dryer (with the fan attached). It is observed that the forced convection provided higher air in-flow and hence greater drying capability. However, regions with moderate precipitation may have challenges of delayed fruit drying and growth of microorganism over the surfaces of the dried fruit.


The motivation for this paper comes from a real need to have an overview about the challenges of modelling and control for very demanding systems, such as wind turbine systems, which require reliability, availability, maintainability, and safety over power conversion efficiency. These issues have begun to stimulate research and development in the wide control community particularly for these installations that need a high degree of "sustainability". Note that this topic represents a key point mainly for offshore wind turbines with very large rotors, since they are characterised by challenging modelling and control problems, as well as expensive and safety critical maintenance works. In this case, a clear conflict exists between ensuring a high degree of availability and reducing maintenance times, which affect the final energy cost. On the other hand, wind turbines have highly nonlinear dynamics, with a stochastic and uncontrollable driving force as input in the form of wind speed, thus representing an interesting challenge also from the modelling point of view. Suitable control methods can provide a sustainable optimisation of the energy conversion efficiency over wider than normally expected working conditions. Moreover, a proper mathematical description of the wind turbine system should be able to capture the complete behaviour of the process under monitoring, thus providing an important impact on the control design itself. In this way, the control scheme could guarantee prescribed performance, whilst also giving a degree of "tolerance" to possible deviation of characteristic properties or system parameters from standard conditions, if properly included in the wind turbine model itself. The most important developments in advanced controllers for wind turbines are addressed, and open problems in the areas of modelling of wind turbines are also outlined.


This paper examines the costs borne by financial institutions, merchants, and consumers in making, facilitating and accepting consumer-to-business payments. It examines the resource costs incurred by these sectors, how these have changed since 2006, and how fees and other transfers determine which sectors ultimately bear these costs. It also examines how resource costs vary at different transaction sizes and, for merchants, how costs differ between small and large entities. The results suggest that the resource costs of the payments system have fallen as a per cent of GDP since 2006. On a per transaction basis, direct debit remains the lowest-cost payment instrument while cheques remain the most expensive. At the point of sale, payments using cash, eftpos and contactless MasterCard & Visa debit cards have broadly similar costs for transactions under about $20; above $20, eftpos is the lowest-cost payment method. The results indicate that the relationship between resource and private costs varies significantly across instruments. The greater share of the overall cost is borne by merchants. The consumer undertaking a transaction typically pays a small proportion of its cost; consumers face a similar cost for credit card payments as for debit card payments despite the higher cost of credit cards to the economy. Finally, the results suggest that small businesses incur higher costs than large merchants.


This exploration of the semantic domain of 'translation' in Japan focuses on the evolution and interrelationships of selected key terms, as well as on terminological discontinuities, potential terminological insights into Japanese views on translation, and how these terms differ from standard English 'equivalents'. The paper identifies three layers of translation terminology in Japan and notes the potential for discrepancies and rivalry amongst these layers. The etymologically derived implications of certain terms sometimes run counter to translational reality, a fact that calls into question the validity of relying on historical semantics as a source of theorising.


Consumption of green products is growing rapidly in the United States. We assessed the extent to which this consumption is motivated by a desire to promote societal-level change in corporate practices that affect the climate, and posit a social–cognitive model in which people's global warming beliefs and consumer activism beliefs predict their green purchasing goals, behavior, and opinion leadership. Using nationally representative survey data, we tested the model and found a good fit: Global warming and consumer activism beliefs predict people's green purchasing goals, which in turn predict green purchases and opinion leadership. These results suggest that communication that creates concern about global warming and enhances beliefs about the power of consumer action is likely to stimulate green consumption.


If you're interested in real estate investing, you may have noticed notice the lack of coverage it gets in mainstream financial media, while stocks, bonds and mutual funds are consistently touted as the safest and most profitable ways to invest. According to real estate guru Ken McElroy, that's because financial publications, tv and radio programs make the bulk of their money from advertising paid for by the very companies who provide such mainstream financial services. On the other hand, real estate investment is something you can do on your own - without a large amount of money up front! Picking up where he left off in the The ABC's of Real Estate Investing, Mc Elroy reveals the next essential lessons and info that no serious investor can afford to miss. Mc Elroy tells readers: How to think - and operate - like a real estate mogul * "The Top Ten Real Estate Markets to Watch" * How to identify and close expert deals * Why multifamily housing is the best real estate investment out there * How to surround yourself with a team that will help maximize your money * How to avoid paying thousands in taxes by structuring property sales wisely * Important projections about the future of real estate investment and more.


Malaysia has undergone rapid economic, social and environmental change over the last fifty years. Today, the progress is still continuing and to ensure that it is going in the right direction, the 9"1 Malaysia Plan (2006 - 2010) has outlined its Thrust 4 as "to improve the standard and sustainability of quality of life" among all Malaysians. The construction industry has a great impact not only to the Malaysian socio-economic landscape but also to the environment. Since 1990s, it has steadily generated about 5-10% of the total national Gross Domestic Product. However the global construction industry is also responsible for contributing 35 - 45% of CO2 emissions throughout the world. Studies conducted by the United Nations Environment Programme in early 2007 indicate that by 2020, major parts of CO2 emissions will come from the developing countries.
Sustainable Development is indeed a strategic necessity for the buildings and construction sector. This paper aims to address issues pertaining to sustainability in our built environment, that is the sustainable development (ecology) and its relations to sustainable growth (economic). The conceptual framework here is to assess environmental performance of existing building stocks in particular purpose built offices (PBOs) in major cities throughout Malaysia. Since 1990's many built-environment related institutional body or NGOs around the world has been developing various assessment tools to evaluate various kind of buildings in a framework of Sustainable and Green Building agenda. Among the leading building assessment tools are currently used in United States (Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design - LEED), Canada (Green Building Tool - GBTool), Japan (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency-CASBEE) and Australia (GreenStar). For Malaysia to stimulate market demand for high-performance buildings, provide 'branding', and transform the skills and knowledge of the sector as a whole, green building assessment tool and rating system is deemed necessary. This paper introduces Building Environmental Efficiency as Sustainable Tool for Assessment and Rating Initiative (BEESTARI), a research work that is currently in progress. With the mantra of "adopt and adapt", the four abovementioned building assessment tools is
used as a point of reference to modify and develop Malaysia very own Building Assessment Tool. However, this paper focuses and analyse issues pertaining to the environmental considerations that are essential in determining the most suitable framework for the Malaysian case. BEESTARI has a potential to act as an action checklist and quality rating tool that can be used by pertinent stakeholders throughout all four phases of a building life cycle. It is also hoped that the utilization of BEESTARI under the proposed Malaysia
Green Building Council's leadership as part of the Malaysia Green Building Initiative is an innovative way for Malaysian
construction industry to move forward in a sustainable manner. It is believed that BEESTARI would be able to set a benchmark for pertinent stakeholders in the building and construction sector to produce more buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy places to live and work. It is hoped that PBOs stakeholders will instill a sense of urgency in holistic building process practices that will improve building performance by meeting specified standards to reduce the negative impact of
buildings not only to the occupants but also to the environment where in the long run will be able to improve the overall Life Cycle Management of PBOs.


Soft hang is an action that was expected to respond instantly but instead drives an application into a coma. While the application usually responds eventually, users cannot issue other requests while waiting. Such hang problems are widespread in productivity tools such as desktop applications; similar issues arise in server programs as well. Hang problems arise because the software contains blocking or time-consuming operations in graphical user interface (GUI) and other time-critical call paths that should not.
 This paper proposes HangWiz to find hang bugs in source code, which are difficult to eliminate before release by testing, as they often depend on a user's environment. HangWiz finds hang bugs by finding hang points: an invocation that is expected to complete quickly, such as a GUI action, but calls a blocking function. HangWiz collects hang patterns from runtime traces supplemented with expert knowledge, and feed these patterns into a static analysis framework that searches exhaustively for hang points that involve potential hang bugs.
 Experiments with several large, real-world software packages (including a source control client, a graphics editor and a web server) show that there are several hang bugs in these applications, and that HangWiz is effective in finding them. The experiments also demonstrate that HangWiz is scalable and can analyze millions of lines of code. We further discuss related techniques and report our experience on fixing hang bugs.


Contemporary coding education often presents students with the task of developing programs that have user interaction and complex dynamic systems, such as mouse based games. While pedagogically compelling, there are no contemporary autonomous methods for providing feedback. Notably, interactive programs are impossible to grade by traditional unit tests. In this paper we formalize the challenge of providing feedback to interactive programs as a task of classifying Markov Decision Processes (MDPs). Each student's program fully specifies an MDP where the agent needs to operate and decide, under reasonable generalization, if the dynamics and reward model of the input MDP should be categorized as correct or broken. We demonstrate that by designing a cooperative objective between an agent and an autoregressive model, we can use the agent to sample differential trajectories from the input MDP that allows a classifier to determine membership: Play to Grade. Our method enables an automatic feedback system for interactive code assignments. We release a dataset of 711,274 anonymized student submissions to a single assignment with hand-coded bug labels to support future research.


What gives an organism the ability to regrow tissues and to recover function where another organism fails is the central problem of regenerative biology. The challenge is to describe the mechanisms of regeneration at the molecular level, delivering detailed insights into the many components that are cross-regulated. In other words, a broad, yet deep dissection of the system-wide network of molecular interactions is needed. Functional genomics has been used to elucidate gene regulatory networks (GRNs) in developing tissues, which, like regeneration, are complex systems. Therefore, we reason that the GRN approach, aided by next generation technologies, can also be applied to study the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex functions of regeneration. We ask what characteristics a model system must have to support a GRN analysis. Our discussion focuses on regeneration in the central nervous system, where loss of function has particularly devastating consequences for an organism. We examine a cohort of cells conserved across all vertebrates, the reticulospinal (RS) neurons, which lend themselves well to experimental manipulations. In the lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, there are giant RS neurons whose large size and ability to regenerate make them particularly suited for a GRN analysis. Adding to their value, a distinct subset of lamprey RS neurons reproducibly fail to regenerate, presenting an opportunity for side-by-side comparison of gene networks that promote or inhibit regeneration. Thus, determining the GRN for regeneration in RS neurons will provide a mechanistic understanding of the fundamental cues that lead to success or failure to regenerate.


According to the World Water Assessment Program, today, half the world's population lives in urban areas. Because of this, many of the world cities are growing exponentially and unchecked urban sprawl is spawning areas that lack water infrastructure. The vast majority of these people will be living in crowded informal settlements with inadequate, sometimes non-existent, water and sanitation services. The poor as always, are the first to suffer. Globally, an estimated 2,000 children (UNICEF) under the age of five die every day from diarrheal diseases and of these some 1,800 deaths are linked to water, sanitation and hygiene. Extending safe drinking water to the 180 million urban dwellers currently lacking it, will play a key role in improving the health and security of cities, protecting economies and ecosystems, and minimizing the risk of pandemics. With this in mind, this paper will cover an ongoing design process that started in 2012, for the development of water generating facilities to be implemented as independent, self-sufficient interventions within impoverished communities. Each one of the proposed buildings will use atmospheric water generators to produce water from the humidity in the air, which will be re-mineralized and stored for free access by the communities around them. A small percentage of the water produced will also be used to feed a mushroom and hydroponic vegetable farm within the building, designed to provide cheap and accessible nourishment to the neighborhood. Ultimately, a network of interdependent facilities could be placed around the informal settlements creating a hive that would function more as urban acupuncture than urban development, producing a financially feasible proposal designed to directly serve a community through architectural interventions that require minimal maintenance and the possibility of creating local jobs while helping solve the water and food crisis in informal settlements around the developing world.


0 0 1 242 1385 University of Western Australia 11 3 1624 14.0 Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:Times; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;} In modern works it is often stated that Constantinople was called 'New Rome' (or 'Second Rome'), with the implication that this was an official title. This incorrect statement is particularly common in works written by scholars whose first, and perhaps only, language is English (which is why a thorough English-language study of the question, with the relevant evidence translated into English and analysed rather than simply accepted, is needed). Some ancient authors (writing long after the foundation of the city) do in fact say or imply that Constantinople was formally named 'New Rome' or 'Second Rome', but this claim is, as Franz Dolger wrote a long time ago, 'auf einer Fiktion beruht'. These expressions belong to laudatory rhetoric and elevated historical prose and poetry, and are never found in official documents or on the coinage. Also, who could believe that Constantine I would ever have allowed any name other than his to be the official name of his new city?  The present study examines the relevant evidence in order to demonstrate that it is wrong to say that Constantine's city was ever officially called anything other than 'Constantinople'. On the other hand, it also shows that in an ecclesiastical context it has been correct to refer to 'New Rome', ever since the decision of the Oecumenical Council of A.D. 381, arranged by Theodosius I. The question has often been discussed in the past, but this study of the evidence reaches a firmer conclusion than most previous discussions, explains why an incorrect opinion has flourished, analyses the evidence more closely and presents it in English.