Deering's model of Internet group communication, in spite of its simplicity and elegance, imposes limits on the complete development of IP multicast, due either to the profusion of contradictory requirements of applications, or to the reduced support provided by the network core for technical or economic reasons. Even if some of these difficulties may be resolved at the transport or application layers, thus remaining outside the scope of the present model, there also appear defects within this model, mainly due to inter-domain routing, involving address management, to QoS insensitivity and to loss of functionality. The recognition of these defects has already led to the solution presented by the MASC/BGMP project, which involves a transition from the present model. However there are many who argue that the success of unicast applications in TCP/IP will only be repeated in multicast applications through the use of much simpler solutions than the existing ones, or by including greater intelligence in the network interior. With this in mind, we analyse here the proposals RAMA and XCAST, which may be seen to demonstrate greater simplicity. We also look at AIM, designed for organising receivers into subgroups with similar interests. Leveraging Internet group applications will certainly involve one or other, or even both, of these approaches.


Objective: To examine the prevalence of behavior disorders in a 2001–2003 birth cohort of extremely preterm/extremely low birth weight (EPT/ELBW, <28 weeks gestational age or <1000 g) children in kindergarten. Method: We compared 148 EPT/ELBW children with 111 term-born normal birth weight classmate controls on reports of psychiatric symptoms obtained from parent interview (Children's Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes-Parent Form [P-ChIPS]), parent and teacher ratings of behavior (Child Behavior Checklist, Teacher's Report Form, and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function), and teacher ratings of social functioning (School Social Behavior Scales, second edition). Associations of behavior disorders with global cognitive ability and tests of executive function were also examined within the EPT/ELBW group. Results: Rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined on psychiatric interview were about twice as high for the EPT/ELBW group than for the normal birth weight group, odds ratio (95% confidence interval) = 2.50 (1.34, 4.68), p = .004. The EPT/ELBW group also had much higher rates of teacher-identified disorders in attention, behavior self-regulation, and social functioning, with odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) ranging from 3.35 (1.64, 6.83) to 18.03 (4.12, 78.94), all p values <.01. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and impaired behavior self-regulation were associated with deficits on tests of executive function but not with global cognitive impairment. Conclusions: The findings document increased rates of disorders in attention, behavior self-regulation, and socialization in EPT/ELBW children and suggest that deficits on tests of executive function are associated with some of these disorders. Early identification and intervention for these disorders are needed to promote early adjustment to school and facilitate learning progress.


This article investigates computer-based music composition using the CD Rom Dance eJay with pupils from a secondary school setting (13–15 years). Three issues are explored: the extent to which participants adopted different strategies during the composition process, how the strategies differed with respect to prior experience of formal instrumental music tuition and how the process data showed evidence of creative thinking skills in music. The design triangulates three sources of data comprising critical incident charting, onscreen manipulations and retrospective verbal protocols. The research suggests that whilst only one vertical composing strategy was used by all participants, creativity occurred within all the composing responses regardless of the participants' backgrounds and their prior experience of formal instrumental music tuition. The study also reveals the young people's own voices which contribute an understanding of how they constructed perceptions of their own creativity, originality and musical identity in the process of learning through music technology.


A mathematical model is presented to investigate the combined effects of buoyancy, porous inertial drag, boundary vorticity diffusion (Brinkman friction), transverse magnetic field, viscous dissipation, wall transpiration, thermal conductivity and various other thermofluid parameters on the convection boundary layer flow of an electrically-conducting fluid past a vertical permeable semi-infinite plate in a saturated porous medium. The transformed boundary layer equations are solved numerically on a x-h domain using the robust Keller-box finite difference method and a powerful double-shooting Runge-Kutta method (DSRK). Results are presented graphically for the local skin-friction function (surface shear stress parameter) and the local Nusselt number function (local heat transfer parameter) for a wide range of the pertinent physical parameters. For the special case of x = 0 (at the leading edge), plots are given to compare the computations by both numerical methods and found to be in excellent agreement.


The increasing popularity of fantasy and science fiction themes in art is celebrated in the annual "Spectrum" series. The premier venue for such art, each lavishly illustrated volume is an invaluable resource, eagerly awaited by art directors, illustrators, and readers alike. Drawn from books, comics, magazines, art galleries, advertisements, and portfolios, the collection represents a who's who in fantasy today. With a wider reach than any previous edition, "Spectrum 12" features 350 works by artists from Germany, England, the Netherlands, Korea, Australia, Japan, Canada, France, and the United States. Divided into seven categories, including one each devoted to comics and graphic novels, the illustrations expand the boundaries of the imagination and explore new realms of creativity. Among the artists included are Justin K. Sweet, Brad Holland, Greg Ruth, Lawrence Northey, Arthur Suydam, and H.R. Giger. A handy index provides contact information for each artist.


Password policy as described in this document is a set of rules that
controls how passwords are used and administered in Lightweight
Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) based directories. In order to
improve the security of LDAP directories and make it difficult for
password cracking programs to break into directories, it is desirable
to enforce a set of rules on password usage. These rules are made to
ensure that users change their passwords periodically, passwords meet
construction requirements, the re-use of old password is restricted,
and to deter password guessing attacks.


This article is premised on the idea that were we able to articulate a positive vision of the social scientist's professional ethics, this would enable us to reframe social science research ethics as something internal to the profession. As such, rather than suffering under the imperialism of a research ethics constructed for the purposes of governing biomedical research, social scientists might argue for ethical self-regulation with greater force. I seek to provide the requisite basis for such an 'ethics' by, first, suggesting that the conditions which gave rise to biomedical research ethics are not replicated within the social sciences. Second, I argue that social science research can be considered as the moral equivalent of the 'true professions.' Not only does it have an ultimate end, but it is one that is – or, at least, should be – shared by the state and society as a whole. I then present a reading of confidentiality as a methodological – and not simply ethical – aspect of research, one that offers further support for the view that social scientists should attend to their professional ethics and the internal standards of their disciplines, rather than the contemporary discourse of research ethics that is rooted in the bioethical literature. Finally, and by way of a conclusion, I consider the consequences of the idea that social scientists should adopt a professional ethics and propose that the Clinical Ethics Committee might provide an alternative model for the governance of social science research.


This brief essay, co-authored by a legal academic and by an experienced trial judge-turned-academic, looks at a state criminal procedure rule allowing for "criminal settlement conferences." Such conferences, not universally recognized, are basically a form of judicial mediation. This essay shows how the criminal settlement conference procedure can be improved in its implementation by infusing it with judicial practices and techniques of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ), techniques one of the authors has already used in conferences at which he has presided. Here, the essay goes a step beyond and proposes, with the full consent of the participants, the therapeutic use of an arbitration technique -- the "last best offer" (LBO) approach -- to motivate the parties (defendant, victim, and state) better to see and appreciate all the positions involved -- and to increase the chances of an agreed-upon settlement. The essay closes with a recommendation that other jurisdictions consider the adoption of the legal structure permitting such conferences and that such conferences be implemented with a robust use of therapeutic techniques, including the LBO approach.


Throughout history astrology has functioned symbolically to represent Man's attitude to and understanding of Nature. When Man disconnects himself from Nature, Self and the Cosmos, this disconnection is made evident through a decline or dismissal of interest in astrology. The paper argues that this disconnection makes astrology at times seem like a 'superstitious vulgarity', to use St Augustine's view of astrology. Many others over the centuries have discounted astrology in a similar manner. Yet, at other times in history, astrology has been held in high regard and recognised to be serving an important role in reconnecting Man to Nature, Self and the Cosmos. The present ecological crisis is perhaps a reflection of a psychological crisis a sign that the modern decline of astrology has progressed too far. The paper concludes with suggestions for how the emerging interest in systems thinking might enable modern man to reconnect with astrological thinking, and therefore Nature, Self and the Cosmos.


The fourth and the final of Basu's collected essays corpus, this volume is a collection of his inter-discliplinary essays straddling several of the social sciences and also the philosophical foundation of economics. This is a collection of relatively less technical papers and should be of interest to students of not just economics but also sociology and politics. Most of the essays have a development slant and several make explicit reference to India, making the book especially relevant for scholars and policymakers in India. The essays deal with wide-ranging issues-from philosophical questions, to social custom and culture, to questions that have traditionally been of interest to the sociologist and political scientist (gender, household behaviour, politics of globalization, etc.). The volume includes the author's most cited papers, such as 'Gender and Say' and 'The Growth and Decay of Custom'. An introductory chapter surveys and connects the terrain spanned by these essays. This volume illustrates how economics can, with careful handling, be taken to concerns beyond its traditional disciplinary boundaries.


An ongoing research focus in Augmented Reality (AR) is to improve tracking and display technology in order to minimize registration errors between the graphical display and the physical world. However, registration is not always necessary for users to understand the intent of an augmentation, especially in situations where the user and the system have shared semantic knowledge of the environment. I hypothesize that adding appropriate graphical context to an augmentation can ameliorate the effects of registration errors. I establish a theoretical basis supporting the use of context based on perceptual and cognitive psychology.
I introduce the notion of Adaptive Intent-Based Augmented Reality (i.e. augmented reality systems that adapt their augmentations to convey the correct intent in a scene based on an estimate of the registration error in the system). I extend the idea of communicative intent, developed for desktop graphical explanation systems by Seligmann and Feiner (Seligmann & Feiner, 1991), to include graphical context cues, and use this as the basis for the design of a series of example augmentations demonstrating the concept. I show how semantic knowledge of a scene and the intent of an augmentation can be used to generate appropriate graphical context that counters the effects of registration error.
I evaluate my hypothesis in two user studies based on a Lego block-placement task. In both studies, a virtual block rendered on a head-worn display shows where to place the next physical block. In the first study, I demonstrate that a user can perform the task effectively in the presence of registration error when graphical context is included. In the second, I demonstrate that a variety of approaches to displaying graphics outside the task space are possible when sufficient graphical context is added.


The personal excesses of Paul Gauguin are relatively well-known. This paper argues that Gauguin was suffering from a disorder known as Narcissistic Personality Disorder and that this directly impacted his creative work, particularly in the later years. Gauguin's narcissism is readily apparent from both published biographies and from his own writings. But the nature and structure of his own narcissistic fantasies are also apparent in his art. These manifest themselves in some of his most famous works and constitute a defence against both anxiety and depression. Themes such as birth, death, the nature of the self are dealt with in a fashion typical of a narcissist prone to grandiose fantasies. keywords: Gauguin, personality disorder, narcissism, narcissistic personality disorder url: http://www.clas.ufl.edu/ipsa/journal/2007_mather01.shtml The following might be regarded as an excursus on the autonomy of the creative imagination. Or, perhaps, an "ideal type" (in the Weberian sense) of an argument, an extreme argument, in stating the opposite; that is, that the products of the creative process are, in certain specific instances, reducible to the psychological state of the individual that has produced it. The "psychologizing of art" is reckoned by some to be very bad form, even by those who are somewhat engaged in so doing. It has a distinguished philosophical pedigree emanating from Nietzsche continuing through Freudian psychoanalysis and continuing with recent psychological approaches to art, the psychology of perception and advances in neurobiology. It usually takes the form of a "guilty reductionism", a concomitant avowal and disavowal of artistic license. Sociological treatments of art, on the other hand, have less stringent superegos being granted freer license in interpreting artistic developments in light of social movements and the changing balance of social forces. They are also regarded as more academically respectable or at least fashionable and have informed all sorts of art commentary and critique. There are very eminent examples of both approaches to the work of Paul Gauguin. Most psychoanalytic readings of Gauguin focus on a "personality vainly struggling to fend off the consequences of the feminine identification he made as a fatherless child" (Gedo, 1983: 147), a position repeated by one of the most recent treatments of Gauguin (Collins, 2001: 43). Sociologically informed treatments of his work have often focused on issues of colonialism, racism and sexism (Pollock, 1992; Solomon-Godeau, 1989). There is merit in both approaches. The following offers a psychological treatment of Gauguin. Specifically, that Gauguin exhibited all the symptoms of what is now termed "Narcissistic Personality Disorder". Understanding of the latter in actual fact is informed by classical Freudianism, "self-psychology" (Kohut, 1971), psychology and psychiatry. Various reasons account for this fusion, and there are tensions as well as harmony within this marriage. The lexicon of narcissism is still overwhelmingly psychoanalytical, but developmental psychology is now very firmly of the opinion that the child is much more outwardly directed than had been previously supposed. Narcissistic investment in the ego, as a general stage of human development, the idea of an objectless undifferentiated phase, (in more philosophical terms, an identical subject-object), is at least questionable. This is problematic, not only for the classical Freudian account but also for the two most recent influential accounts of pathological narcissism (Kohut, 1971; Kernberg, 1975) that presuppose such a phase. As well as specific disagreements the whole notion of "personality disorder" itself sits uncomfortably with the classical Freudian account of neurotic symptomology. The shift from symptom to much broader "character analysis" by Wilhelm Reich and "personality" by Adler promises a general fixity of the self perhaps at odds with the changing balance of forces favored by Freud. …


As in many other countries, land register and cadastre (LRC) data has a very large spectrum of users in Turkey. Such a phrase that "many public and private organizations" can be used is LRC data. The need is not only for up-to-date but also for "temporal" data. Since the traditional LRC system has a manual archiving system, the temporal analyses needed by different users cannot be performed in a rapid and reliable way. Moving from this point on and being motivated by the fact that there has been no research work on this issue in Turkey; this research undertook designing and developing a Temporal Geographic Information System (TGIS) for the country. In this context, the relevant agencies have been investigated first to evaluate their temporal analyses needs. Then, the temporal analyses were categorized. Finally, the TGIS was designed, developed, and tested.

 Key words: Temporal geographic information system, land register and cadastre data, temporal analyses, spatio-temporal queries.


Background : Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease, characterized by abnormal remodeling pattern of joints driven by inflammatory mediators within the affected joints. Its symptoms are many like pain, stiffness, and decreased function. Objective :  The present study mainly focused on the anti-inflammatory effect of omega 3 fatty acids (F.As) versus diclofenac, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in OA induced in rats Design : Intraarticular injection of monosodiumiodoacetate (MIA) 24.6 mg/kg in 0.6 ml saline was used to induce OA. Diclofenacand omega-3 F. These were administered orally, daily for 21 days and after 24 hours of OA induction. Results : Osteoarthritis induction resulted in an increase in serum levels of IL-6 (479.5%), TNF-a(545.5%), and CRP (754.2%) along with IL-10 level decrease (70.3%) as compared to normal group. Diclofenac intake demonstrated significant increase of IL-6 (24.9%), CRP (88.6%), and TNF-a (25.2%) compared to the OA control group. Omega 3 FAs intake showed significant reduction in inflammatory markers along with IL-10 increase, in comparison to OA group. Both treatment demonstrated a significant increase in TIMP2 along with decreased MMP2 and MPO in comparison with OA control. Positive correlation of IL-6 with MPO (r = 0.7, P=0.002), and negative one with IL-10 (r = 0.9, p<0.0001) and TIMP2 (r = -0.5, p<0.008) was observed. Interleukin-10 was negatively correlated with MMP2 (r = - 0.5, p<0.007) and MPO (r = -0.8, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Data derived from biochemical and histopathological results, indicated that omega3 FAs may be expressed as a natural anti-inflammatory agent of a significant potential in OA with evident remarkable effect. Keywords : OA; omega3FAs; diclofenac; MMP2; TIMP2; MPO


ABSTRACT Multidrug resistance (MDR), virulence and transferable elements potentiate Pseudomonas aeruginosa's role as an opportunistic pathogen creating a high risk for public health. In this study, we evaluated the possible association of multidrug resistance, virulence factors and integrons with intrahospital P. aeruginosa strains isolated from patients at Cumana hospital, Venezuela. Relevant clinical-epidemiological data were collected to study 176 strains (2009-2016) isolated from different hospital units. Bacterial resistance was classified as susceptible, low-level resistant (LDR), multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Most strains produced pyoverdine, DNase, gelatinase and hemolysin. Around 73% of the strains showed some type of movement. MDR and XDR strains increased from 2009 (24.2% and 4.8%, respectively) to 2016 (53.1% and 18.8%); while LDR decreased from 64.5% to 6.3%. The exoU and exoS genes were found in a significant number of strains (38.1 and 7.4%, respectively). Class I integrons were detected in 35.8% of the strains and the frequency was associated with resistance (42.9, 22.4, 41.4 and 61.9%, for susceptible, LDR, MDR and XDR, respectively). The MDR/XDR strains were positively associated with hemolysins and exoU, but negatively associated with bacterial twitching. MDR/XDR phenotypes were also associated with the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), septicemia, bronchial infection and diabetic foot ulcers, as well as long hospital stay (≥10 days) and previous antimicrobial treatment. High frequency of MDR/XDR strains and their association with class I integrons and virulence factors can increase the infection potential, as well as morbidity and mortality of patients attending this hospital and could spread infection to the community, creating a health risk for the region.


Title: The Predictive Validity of a Selection Battery for University Bridging Students in a Public Sector Organisation Kev terms: Predictive validity, selection battery, validity, reliability, selection battery, selection South Africa has faced tremendous changes over the past decade, which has had a huge impact on the working environment. Organisations are compelled to address the societal disparities between various cultural groups. However, previously disadvantaged groups have had to face inequalities of the education system in the past, such as a lack of qualified teachers (especially in the natural sciences), and poor educational books and facilities. This has often resulted in poor grade 12 results. Social responsibility and social investment programmes are an attempt to rectify these inequalities. The objective of this research was to investigate the validity ofthe current selection battery ofthe Youth Foundation Training Programme (YFTP) in terms of academic performance of the students on the bridging programme. A correlational design was used in this research in order to investigate predictive validity whereby data on the assessment procedure was collected at about the time applicants were hired. The scores obtained from the Advanced Progressive Matrices (APM), which forms part of the Raven's Progressive Matrices as well as the indices of the Potential Index Battery (PIB) tests, acted as the independent variables, while the Matric results of the participants served as the criterion measure ofthe dependent variable. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software programme by means of correlations and regression analyses. The results showed that although the current selection battery used for the bridging students does indeed have some value, it only appears to be a poor predictor of the Matric results. Individually, the SpEEx tests used in the battery evidently were not good predictors of the Matric results, while the respective beta weights ofthe individual instruments did confirm that the APM was the strongest predictor. Limitations were identified and recommendations for further research were discussed. vii


Sustainable fishing is required to protect and maintain marine biodiversity and to ensure fisheries that are both economically viable and productive. Effective management of living marine resources requires well-informed decisions through an appreciation of past, present and future pressures. Understanding "why fish are caught where they are?" is the oldest question in fisheries research and is a central issue for the sustainable catch, management and conservation of marine resources. Here we look at the Australian longline fishery to better understand where yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) are caught on the hooks set by the eastern tuna and billfish fishery (ETBF) in the Tasman Sea. We view the catch of this species in the context of the recent oceanography of the Tasman Sea, sixty years of fishermen"s knowledge and experience, a future climate scenario, declining stocks of other large pelagic predatory fish and an increasing demand in products derived from these species.
The physical environment directly influences the distribution, abundance, physiology and phenology of marine species. Relating species presence to physical ocean characteristics to determine habitat associations is fundamental to the management of marine species, however, direct observation of highly mobile animals in the open ocean, such as tunas and billfish, is challenging and expensive. As a result detailed data on habitat preferences using electronic tags has only been collected for the large iconic, valuable or endangered species. An alternative is to use commercial fishery catch data matched with historical ocean data to infer habitat associations. Using catch information from an Australian longline fishery and Bayesian hierarchical models we investigate the influence of environmental variables on the catch distribution of yellowfin tuna (Chapter 2). The focus was to understand the relative importance of space, time and ocean conditions on the catch of this pelagic predator. We found that pelagic regions with elevated eddy kinetic energy, a shallow surface mixed layer and relatively high concentrations of chlorophyll a are all associated with high yellowfin tuna catch in the Tasman Sea. Time and space information, while important, were less informative than oceanic variables in explaining catch. An inspection of model prediction errors identified clumping of errors at margins of ocean features, such as eddies and frontal features, which indicate that these models could be improved by including representations of dynamic ocean processes which affect the catch of yellowfin tuna.
We use the same catch prediction model to consider where yellow fin tuna catches may occur in the context of a future climate scenario (Chapter 3). We used output from a global climate model (GCM) from the IPCC 2007 AR4 summit to produce predictions of surface ocean characteristics for the Tasman Sea in the 2060s. These data were used to initialize a biogeochemical model to create an ocean productivity product for the surface ocean that was equivalent to the chlorophyll a concentration as estimated by the ocean color SeaWiFS product. We use these products as inputs for the YFT catch prediction model to determine where YFT may be caught in the Tasman Sea in 2060s. We compare these predictions to those from the 1990s and the 2000s to show how the pattern of modelled YFT catches differ from those estimated by the model for the earlier time periods. Identifying possible shifts in the availability of YFT to commercial longlining over such long time period inform the construction of long-term goals upon which strategies for resource management; coastal infrastructure development and fleet management can be considered. This approach can also be applied at shorter time scales if biogeochemical downscaling is available.
Successful sustainable management of living marine resources can occur when the enhanced details of the resource, industry and market are thoughtfully integrated into the planning and implementation of management strategies. Engaging the fishing community in the management process is a proven approach to the successful implementation of management strategies with sustainable outcomes. We report on a 2006 survey of the ETBF which recorded the perspectives of the resource users and cooperative managers regarding the location and catch of YFT in the Tasman Sea (Chapter 4). We show that the fishing community hold varied perspectives on the most influential ocean characteristics with respect to YFT catch and show how perspectives relate to the fishing region. Further work collecting, analysing and incorporating the opinions and knowledge of the fishermen of the ETBF into habitat and catch models is recommended as a direction for future work. Utilizing the qualitative information from fishers would minimise biases in the catch information, associated with the multispecies targeting and markets prices, and encourage better collaboration between fishermen, scientists and management for the sustainable future of the resource and fishing community of the east coast of Australia.
Overall, the work presented here show that YFT catches in the Tasman Sea can be partially explained by variation in the surface ocean environment. To achieve this goal, we used machine learning techniques to identify the most informative variables from the available ocean data and used a generalized linear model based on a hierarchical Bayesian framework to characterise the relationship between these variables and YFT catch. These techniques have not previously been used for this purpose in the Tasman Sea. The algorithms and model structures employed here provide a valid alternative to conventional habitat modelling techniques.


ABSTRACT: A three dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the shearing of reinforced joints. Reinforcement of the shearing surfaces is effected with pretensioned bolts installed perpendicular to the sheared joint surface. The influence of bolt pretension forces examined included 20 kN, 50 kN and 80 kN respectively and aimed to complement the experimental work on double shearing of bolts installed in two different strength concrete blocks. Post shear stresses were analysed for both linear and nonlinear regions of the load - deflection curve. Simulation of several models in varying conditions provided a better understanding of the role of bolt pretensioning in sheared joint and bedding plane reinforcement. There was a clear relationship between the level of bolt pretensioning and the shear load applied. It was shown that the strength of the sheared composite medium was influenced by the applied shear load. The modeling study is part of a comprehensive programme of research work aimed at providing a better understanding of load transfer mechanisms in bolt /resin /rock for effective strata reinforcement.


Summary

In Paper I of this series we developed a generalized normal-mode formalism for computing the response of an aspherical, self-gravitating, linear viscoelastic earth model to a surface load. In the present article we introduce an expansion for the normal modes of an aspherical earth model, using as basis functions the normal modes of a spherically symmetric reference model. This expansion leads to a non-linear eigenvalue problem for the expansion coefficients and decay rates. We develop a linearization of this problem using perturbation theory, which incorporates arbitrary levels of coupling between normal-mode multiplets. As an illustration, we consider the special case of radial perturbations to a spherically symmetric model, and compare predictions based upon perturbation theory with those based upon the usual non-perturbative forward theory. We demonstrate that including overtone coupling is necessary for the accurate prediction of perturbations to the normal-mode decay times and eigenfunctions. These calculations suggest that our theory can accurately accommodate order of magnitude lateral variations in mantle viscosity and significant changes in lithospheric thickness.


Pulsed power is a short pulse, high energy generated by an explosive charge or high current which can be utilized for various applications. Explosive is a kind of pulsed power source, but the legal restrictions imposed on the usage of explosives are very severe and also it is necessary to strive for the handling, maintenance and safety of explosives. Rather than using explosive, electric pulsed power can be used to generate shock waves, as the technique is simple and safe. The aim of this study is to effectively use the underwater shock wave generated by the electric pulsed power for the destruction of structure and rocks. In this study, the underwater shock wave generated by gap discharge (GD method) or metal wire explosion (WE method) using the electric pulsed power was evaluated by optical observation using a high-speed camera, pressure measurement, and deformation of aluminum pipe.The energy of an underwater shock wave can be improved by increasing the charge energy of a capacitor. The underwater shock wave generated by GD method showed the existence of many shock waves. The duration of the pressure pulse is long in this phenomenon, but a peak pressure of underwater shock wave by the WE method is higher than the GD method. In the deformation experiments of aluminum pipe, the bulging produced by the WE method has about 2 times that of the GD method.


This study was conducted to gain insight as to whether students retain spelling better if they learn the words through the context of literature or through the use of words in isolation. The students used in this study were heterogeneously grouped eighth graders who attended a rural high school in western New York. Two English classes with the same teacher were used for a total of 40 students. The students were given six spelling lists. Three of the lists were taken from the novel Across Five Aprils which was being read and studied at the time. The other three lists were phonically similar words with no attachment to literature. Each week the students were given a pretest, a practice test and a final test. The weeks that the contextual lists were used, there were several activities that the students engaged in using the words and the literature. The weeks of isolation there was no extra practice. After the sixth week the students no longer were given spelling lists. However, seven weeks after the last test, they were given a final test consisting of eight contextual words and eight words from the isolation lists. The results of this test were used to evaluate which method helped the students retain spelling words better. The results of this study indicated that in relation to spelling retention there was no statistically significant difference between the literature based approach and the traditional isolation approach.


The implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in many countries brings with it the necessity to upgrade and further train in-company private accountants to comply with these new external reporting requirements. As part of this process, it is assumed that company accountants will also be expected to perform the internal management accounting functions of the firm in a more efficient and effective manner in accordance with internationally recognized best practices. The full range of management accounting activities includes cost and profitability analysis and reporting, decision support analysis, and a variety of activities relating to the planning and budgeting process. It has previously been observed that a country's cultural and accounting values can have an impact on the success of its IFRS implementation. (Borker D. R., 2013) Furthermore, a more recent study indicates the likelihood that Global Management Accounting Principles (GMAP) as currently proposed by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA), may also be found more or less acceptable based on country specific cultural and accounting values. (Borker D. R., Manuscript) This paper addresses the possible impact of such values on the management accounting activities of a firm. Specifically, it examines the potential impact on GMAP acceptability by different countries. Using Hofstede cultural values (Hofstede, 1980), and a set of accounting values based on Gray's original work (Gray, 1988), expanded to include other socio-cultural factors, (Borker D. R., 2014) an analysis is conducted based on a worldwide twelve-country sample. Management Accounting standards, discussed here, are based the Global Management Accounting Principles proposed the AICPA and CIMA. Results of the analysis indicate that cultural and accounting values of individual countries may have a differential impact of the acceptability and success of firms in implementing international management accounting standards.


Author(s): Koanantakool, P; Ali, A; Azad, A; Buluc, A; Morozov, D; Oliker, L; Yelick, K; Oh, SY | Abstract: Copyright 2018 by the author(s). Across a variety of scientific disciplines, sparse inverse covariance estimation is a popular tool for capturing the underlying dependency relationships in multivariate data. Unfortunately, most estimators are not scalable enough to handle the sizes of modern high-dimensional data sets (often on the order of terabytes), and assume Gaussian samples. To address these deficiencies, we introduce HP-CONCORD, a highly scalable optimization method for estimating a sparse inverse covariance matrix based on a regularized pseudolikelihood framework, without assuming Gaussianity. Our parallel proximal gradient method uses a novel communication-avoiding linear algebra algorithm and runs across a multi-node cluster with up to 1k nodes (24k cores), achieving parallel scalability on problems with up to ≈819 billion parameters (1.28 million dimensions); even on a single node, HP-CONCORD demonstrates scalability, outperforming a state-of-the-art method. We also use HP-CONCORD to estimate the underlying dependency structure of the brain from fMRI data, and use the result to identify functional regions automatically. The results show good agreement with a clustering from the neuroscience literature.


This paper describes the TOPS (Tavistock Outreach Project in primary
schools) experience of running a psychotherapy group for latency girls.
The group consisted of five girls in their final year of primary school
whose teachers felt could benefit from support in their relationship
difficulties. The group ran in the school for just under two terms of
weekly sessions and was led by a Child Psychotherapist and an Assistant
Therapist. Susan Reid's Psychodynamic group approach (1993)
underpinned the therapeutic approach used in the group.
A description of TOPS - a school based therapeutic provision, opens the
paper, followed by a brief description of the school setting, the rational
for group work and the selection criteria. The group's development over
time and the powerful processes that took place in it are demonstrated
through the emerging themes discussed: Falling apart and coming
together, the therapy box as a trigger for chaos as linked to the
mythological story of 'Pandora's Box', the group's relationship with the
group leaders, anxieties about changes and endings with the girls
imminent move to secondary School and the group's move from a Basic
Assumption group to a Work Group (Bion, 1959). Accordingly, over
time, a slow shift in the group's' state of mind could be observed; from
ganging against and excluding a member or the Group Leaders, to
gradually becoming more thoughtful, integrated and better accepting of
what the group and the Group Leaders had to offer – but in the context of
many returns to a gang mentality along this path.
The paper concludes with some reflection upon the outcomes of the work
and discussion of these. Despite the fairly short life of the group – 12
sessions, pleasing outcomes were reported by the teachers, parents and
the group members who saw improvement in their relationship.


Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer (CRC). The benefit from EGFR inhibitors appears to be limited to a subset of patients with CRC. Mechanisms of resistance to EGFR inhibitors are being identified. KRAS codon 12 activating mutation is a predominate mechanism of resistance to EGFR inhibitors in around 40% of patients with advanced CRC. Other potential mechanisms of resistance include ligand expression, increased EGFR number, mutations of BRAF and activation of alternate signaling pathways.


In this paper, we demonstrate how the collaborative and sequential unfolding of a story ties into
 the constitution of a membership categorization device which we have glossed as 'us and them'. The data come
 from a focus group activity where first and second generation immigrants to Denmark have been asked to discuss
 their situation in Denmark. Using Ethnomethodological Conversation and Membership Categorization Analysis, we
 present one story which involves a story-teller and his family and an elderly Danish couple living in the same
 block of flats. In the telling of the story, co-participants align and affiliate, and disalign and
 disaffiliate, at sequentially relevant junctions. We will argue that not only do such phenomena indicate
 listenership and possible agreement to the moral of the story in its telling, but also to the morally
 implicative categorical work involved in the story's telling.


The island of Hispaniola, which includes Haiti and the Dominican Republic, is a strongly active seismic zone at the level of the island arc of the Greater Antilles, on the boundary of the North American and Caribbean plates. The geodetic data and the geological reconstructions indicate to this place a convergence of plates of the order of 2 cm per year on average. The earthquake on January 10, 2010, which has destroyed the capital of Haiti, Port-au-Prince, came to add to the long list of destructive earthquakes which hit Hispaniola during the last centuries. The seismic hazard is however marred strong uncertainties due to a complex seismotectonic environment and insufficient knowledge of the observed seismicity. This seismic zoning is the fruit of a sismotectonique synthesis realized within the framework of assessment of hazard and seismic risk in the capital of the Dominican Republic, Santo Domingo (260 km2; 3 million people) (project PNUD). Initially, a unified catalog of earthquakes was established, collecting historical and instrumental data. The oldest known earthquake dated 1562. More than 25 epicenters of earthquakes of magnitude Mw at least equal to 6,5 are located at the level of Hispaniola or nearby immediate, among whom the earthquakes of magnitude superior to 7,5, of 1691, on 1842, on 1887 and 1946. To best clarify the focal characteristics of historical earthquakes, the study sought to find the most contemporary documentary sources describing the seismic events. Although there are uncertainties on the magnitude and location, the catalogue of seismicity is considered complete from since 1945 for above 5.0 magnitude. Figure 1: Seismic zonation of Hispaniola Island (Caraibes) Mapping active faults of Hispaniola was carried out on the basis of scientific publications, digital models of terrain, and geological maps (including maps to 1: 50 000 available on the Dominican Republic). The information on the geometry of the faults, the kinematics of their current movement, and the characteristics of their geologic evolution is integrated into the GIS. Based on this sismotectonique interpretation, we distinguish 3 types of seismic sources: intercrustaux domains, major active faults, and the North American subduction zone. Each seismic source is described according to the mechanism and current rate of deformation, the associated seismicity, the estimated maximal magnitude and the corresponding return period. The parameters of seismic activity of the sources used for probabilistic seismic hazard calculations are inferred mainly from these characteristics.


Paolo Boffetta, who9s now at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, was the top candidate to become the new director of the Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health in Villejuif, France. But Boffetta withdrew his application on 28 January after some epidemiologists claimed that his scientific judgments, for instance on the risks of diesel exhaust, were influenced by corporate funding. Boffetta denies the claims but says he does not want to engage in a "mud fight."


The exploration of low-coordinate phosphorus chemistry resulted in the synthesis of a range of novel phosphorus species which were duly characterised and subjected to extensive reactivity studies; potential applications and implications for the field are outlined.

The group 14 chloropropargyls R3EC≡CCH2Cl (E = Si, Sn; R = nBu, Ph, Me2Ph, nPr, iPr) were prepared from HC≡CCH2Cl and the respective R3ECl. While attempts to convert
R3EC≡CCH2Cl to R3EC≡CCH2PX2 (X = Cl, NEt2) via the Grignard reaction and addition of ClPX2 were unsuccessful, reactions with LiPR'2 effected conversion to group 14 propargylphosphines R3EC≡CCH2PR'2 (E = Si, Sn; R3 = nBu3, Ph3, Me2Ph, nPr3, iPr3; R' = Ph, SiMe3). The addition of neat I2 to R3SiC≡CCH2P(SiMe3)2 afforded impure samples of R3SiC≡CCH2PI2 (R3 = Me2Ph, nPr3, nBu3) that could not be isolated from pentane solutions; attempts to convert R3SiC≡CCH2P(SiMe3)2 to R3SiC≡CC≡P with AgOTf and DABCO were unsuccessful. The synthesis of PhC≡CCH2PR'2 (R' = Ph, SiMe3) was achieved by reaction with LiPR'2, while the Grignard reaction followed by addition to ClP(NEt2)2 afforded the novel allene Ph((NEt2)2P)C=C=CH2; reactions with HCl and MeI occurred exclusively at phosphorus.

The syntheses of phosphaalkenes C6H4(1-C(OSiMe3)=PR')(R) (R = 2-Me, 3-Me, 3-CN, 4-CN, 4-CO2Me, 4-COCl; R' = H, SiMe3) were attempted by Becker condensation of C6H4(1-
COCl)(R) and R'P(SiMe3)2. These reactions were studied in some detail in order to ascertain the principle reaction products, for which tentative identities were assigned. Phosphaalkenes E-/ZC6H4(1-C(OSiMe3)=PSiMe3)(2-Me) and E-/Z-C6H4(1-C(OSiMe3)=PSiMe3)(3-Me) were isolated and characterised spectroscopically.

A library of meta- and para-substituted phosphomides C6H4(R)C(O)PPh2 (R = 3-Me, 3-CN, 3-CH2Cl, 4-CN, 4-CO2Me) was synthesised by reaction of HPPh2 with the respective acyl chlorides C6H4(R)COCl. Following standard literature methods for assessing electronic characteristics, IR data evidenced extensive delocalisation of the phosphorus lone pair into the carbonyl region in all cases, though coordination chemistry evidenced coordination exclusively via the phosphorus lone pair, indicative of little delocalisation. Novel di-phosphomides C5H3E(2,6-C(O)PPh2)2 (E = CH, N) were generated by addition of C5H3E(COCl)2 to HPPh2 and their behaviour as tridentate pincer ligands assessed by reaction with transition metals. The reaction of MeP(SiMe3)2 with C5H3E(2,6-C(O)PPh2)2 (E = CH, N) generated unprecedented diphosphametacyclophanes {3-CO-C6H4-C(O)PMe}2 and {2-CO-C5H3N-C(O)PMe}2; {3-COC6H4-C(O)PMe}2 is the first example of a metacyclophane that incorporates multiple phosphorus centres within the ligand skeleton, and was characterised crystallographically.


The consultation is undergoing a bigger revolution than the one caused 300 years ago by the invention of the stethoscope. For centuries, doctors have held surgeries and outpatient clinics, their patients sometimes travelling hundreds of miles for a specialist opinion. The advent of new communication technology now means that future generations of doctors and their patients may never meet, except through the information superhighway.

Along it, a doctor can receive clinical details about patients, as well as photographs, x rays and scans, offer diagnoses, and suggest treatments. If the information is made available on the Internet, 30 million people can join in the consultation. One recent case has generated wide interest in implications of the technology.

Zhu Ling is a 21 year old college student living in China who presented with alopecia and transient gastrointestinal distress. She then developed a peripheral neuropathy, had a …


On 4 August 2012 Jessica Ennis kicked off what some described as the greatest night in British sporting history. For her it was the end of a long, winding, and sometimes harrowing road. Nobody was under more pressure at the London Olympics than 'the face of the Games'. Yet Jessica delivered the heptathlon gold medal, and the huge outpouring of relief she showed afterwards hinted at the roller-coaster journey she had been on. Behind the smiles and politeness, Jessica has endured much. Bullied at school for being small, she proved to critics and rivals alike that size really didn't matter. Hers is an inspiring tale of following your dreams no matter what life throws at you. In 2008 Jessica thought her career might be over when she was injured on the eve of the Olympic Games in Beijing. But she overcame this setback to rebuild her career and technique, becoming the world and European champion in successive years. Her biggest test was yet to come, though, when her rivals overhauled her in the build-up to London. Unbelievable is a refreshingly candid account of her rise to fame in a highly charged world in which body image issues and drug abuses lurk. From the unique pressures facing her, to behind-the-scenes glimpses into the greatest show on earth, and a revealing account of her love-hate relationship with her long-term coach, Jessica reveals the truth behind the smiles for the first time. Unbelievable includes exclusive behind-the-scenes photos. This is the story of how the girl next door became London's poster girl, and how an ordinary woman used an extraordinary talent to claim the title of the world's greatest all-round female sports star.


The past five years have seen dramatic advances in planning algorithms, with an emphasis on propositional methods such as GRAPHPLAN and compilers that convert planning problems into propositional conjunctive normal form formulas for solution using systematic or stochastic SAT methods. Related work, in the context of spacecraft control, advances our understanding of interleaved planning and execution. In this survey, I explain the latest techniques and suggest areas for future research.


Though there is a growing knowledge base emerging on Mathematics Professional Development (MPD), little is known about the practice of facilitating teachers learning in MPD. The purpose of this study was to explore the nature of facilitating practice-focused MPD for elementary grades teachers. This study of the practice of facilitation provides greater understanding of the purposes of instructional decisions made by facilitators leading professional learning tasks (PLTs) aimed to assist teachers in learning and enacting a core practice of mathematics instruction. In the context of a MPD project that lead to significant improvements in teachers' instructional practices, this explanatory case study design examined the instructional decisions of two MPD leaders as they facilitated PLTs designed to support teacher learning about a core practice of mathematics instruction. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of observation, field notes, interviews, and planning guides from the Summer Institute were conducted to understand the nature of MPD facilitation that supports teacher learning of a core practice. Findings indicated that although facilitators use similar instructional moves as teachers in mathematics classrooms, the practice of facilitating practice-focused PLTs is fundamentally different than classroom instruction. Facilitators' instructional moves when representing the core practice were most similar in their purpose. In PLTs that decomposed the practice and provided opportunities for teachers to approximate the practice, facilitation differed from classroom instruction in its focus and purpose. Results suggest facilitating MPD requires extensive MKT, as well as knowledge of teachers' context, in order to foster the relationships needed to support teachers' learning of enacting core instructional practices. The study's outcomes have implications for leaders making decisions about MPD and teacher educators preparing facilitators to lead MPDs.


In this study, the effect of artificially aging paper rolled onto support cores wrapped with isolating materials was examined. Oversize paper artifacts often cannot be stored flat due to their size. Therefore, these artifacts may be rolled onto a paper-based support core, which itself is wrapped with a barrier material for use as a space-saving and long-term archival storage solution. A paper-based support core is made up of a series of paper sheets spiral wound onto one other and bound with an adhesive. Two of the cores chosen for this study were identified as being archival, implying a paper artifact can be rolled directly onto the core for long-term storage without detrimental effect. While both support cores were manufactured with paper that complied with the archival standards outlined by the Library of Congress, one core was bound using sodium silicate while the other was made using a proprietary blend of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) and polyvinyl acetate (PVA). The second two cores were identified as being non-archival. However, they were included in this study as they are occasionally used by conservation professionals. One support core was comprised of kraft paper and an unknown adhesive (supplier not able to identify) while the other consisted of recycled paper and a PVA/acrylic based adhesive. Five isolating layer materials were selected: a polyethylene non-woven film (PE), a multilayered film comprised of polyethylene, aluminum foil, and nylon, a polyethylene terephthalate film (PET), a heavy duty aluminum foil, and a tissue paper containing 3.5% calcium carbonate buffer. The effect of no isolating layer was also examined. Whatman no. 1 cotton paper (W1) was chosen as the model archival paper to be rolled onto each of the 24 support cores. Magnets were used to hold the W1 paper and isolating layer in contact with the cores during artificial aging. Tubes were artificially aged at 90°C and 50% relative humidity (RH) for up to 24 weeks and sampled at various time points. Changes to the yellowness index (YI) and pH of the W1 paper were examined to understand how well the isolating layers succeeded as a barrier, preventing transfer of volatile elements from the core to the archival object. Preliminary results indicate at these aging conditions, heavy duty aluminum foil was the best isolating layer.


The aim of this thesis is to examine the relationships between family life, wellbeing
and eating healthily among young adults in Britain who are going through
the transition from adolescence to adulthood. The research objectives are
addressed using both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Secondary
analysis was performed on two large, nationally representative data sets, the
British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the Health Survey for England
(HSFE). Data was also collected, mainly using biographical interviews, from a
group of young adults at a college of further education in Essex during 2001.
Several important findings are reported. Using a typology of parenting 'styles', it
seems that young people who are close to their parents in adolescence, and
who experience appropriate rules and boundaries (classified as having
authoritative parents) are more likely to report better social, emotional, physical
and mental well-being when they are aged 16-24 than their peers who
experience non-authoritative parenting when at secondary school. Parenting
style is more clearly associated with later well-being than whether young people
grew up in an intact, lone parent or stepfamily. Young people with better wellbeing
are more likely to participate in post-compulsory education and
employment whereas young people with the worst well-being are more likely to
be unemployed or otherwise economically inactive (though direction of causality
is not determined in the research). An important objective was to examine
whether young people have diets that are likely to meet recommendations for
helping to prevent the onset of cancer and coronary heart disease. Many young
people did not meet the recommended targets for fat and fibre and this was
closely associated with the transition to adulthood. Eating healthily was at odds
with young people's need to differentiate from the family whilst strengthening
bonds with peers. After the turmoil of leaving school, some young people started
to make healthier food choices, and this was associated with having a better
sense of well-being and authoritative parents in adolescence.


Rural areas in Morocco are characterized by specific particulars dispersal, remoteness and importance. Considering this particular context, it is necessary to adjust the analysis and treatment methods, the monitoring and sanitary inspection systems. Within this framework, a new methodology was developed with the purpose of supervising and monitoring drinking water quality in rural areas. This methodology consists basically in applying common norms for rural localities bordering existing adductions, and in the adoption of a simplified approach for non-accessible rural localities supplied by autonomous drinking water systems. The simplified approach relies essentially on sanitary inspection data and on the control of parameters that constitute a sanitary risk in the short term (bacteriological parameters). The control of residual chlorine content is so important, for it ensures a high bacteriological quality of water and can offer the opportunity for a quick reaction of the manager. These two approaches are based mainly on resource protection, water disinfection and population awareness about the good use and preservation of water quality. Indeed, in order to ensure the continuity of rural autonomous drinking water systems in terms of quantity and quality of distributed water, various management models were developed: management by means of water user associations, and by a private operator. For these different modes of management, the methodology to adopt for supervising and monitoring drinking water quality in rural areas together with the attribution of tasks and responsibilities was already established. The right of citizens to sustainable and safe water is a stimulating challenge which requires the collaboration and involvement of all acting agents in the sector.


The evidence-base for the practice of coaching continues to flourish, despite the fact that very little is known about the practitioners (i.e. the coaches) themselves. It is of value to understand how coaches perceive their practice. Such information can be utilized to create a common knowledge-base about coaches that can be used, in turn, to track trends and forward research that evaluates coaching services. As the use of Co-Active coaching in facilitating behaviour change continues to rise it becomes important to learn more about Certified-Professional Co-Active Coaches (CPCC). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate what CPCCs enjoy about being coaches. These results were contained within a larger survey. A total of 390 CPCCs who were over 18 years of age, could read English, and had access to the Internet participated in the current study. Findings included: that witnessing clients change their lives; the sense of satisfaction and fulfillment from coaching; the collaborative relationship with clients; the autonomy and flexibility of the profession; and the gratification received from using their skill set were the main reasons CPCCs enjoyed coaching. This paper elaborates on these findings and makes suggestions for future research.


The study of fossils provides three main types of information: 1. the best method yet devised for recognising Phanerozoic time divisions over wide areas; 2. one of the best methods for distinguishing past sedimentary environments; 3. the only direct evidence of evolution through time, and thus a demonstration of the evolutionary relationships between those groups of animals and plants which have developed since the early Cambrian. Palaeontology thus serves both Geology and Biology. This multiple service is even more evident today than in the past, especially in such fields as marine ecology. Not only are many modern ecological techniques being applied to fossil collecting, but the necessity to find out more about past environments has resulted in many palaeontologists wading and dredging to find out for themselves what is happening in modern seas. This article is essentially a personal view of a palaeontologist who is attempting to use fossils to unravel past events and conditions in the light of present day processes. Of necessity, it cannot be a review of more than a small part of palaeontology. Most of the examples selected to illustrate this article are taken from fossil groups about which I have some experience; many of the points could equally well be made from other fossil groups. Drs. H. G. Reading and B. W. Sellwood have kindly made some comments on the typescript. Fossils as time indicators Some fossils can be used as a rough working basis for stratigraphy without considering them as much more than formed


The phenomenon of distributed knowledge is well-known in epistemic logic. In this paper, a similar phenomenon in ethics, somewhat neglected so far, is investigated, namely distributed morality. The article explains the nature of distributed morality, as a feature of moral agency, and explores the implications of its occurrence in advanced information societies. In the course of the analysis, the concept of infraethics is introduced, in order to refer to the ensemble of moral enablers, which, although morally neutral per se, can significantly facilitate or hinder both positive and negative moral behaviours.


This research examines the integration of informal and formal care for persons with HIV/AIDS. Data come from a panel survey of informal HIV/AIDS caregivers (N = 642) and are analyzed using a modified version of the Behavioral Model that allows for inclusion of predisposing, enabling and need characteristics of persons with HIV/AIDS and their caregivers. The outcome component of our model emphasizes the role of case management as an intermediary service designed to facilitate linkage to other services. Results indicate: substantial use of case management and other services among persons receiving informal care; characteristics of care recipients, caregivers and dyads directly influence case management and service use; case management positively influences service use at baseline and change in service use over time; and the association between case management and service use generates indirect influences on service use related to characteristics of care recipients, caregivers and dyads. These results highlight the importance of case management as a mechanism for integrating informal and formal care and demonstrate that service utilization is influenced by the social context of illness.


This dissertation proposes multinomial probit Bayesian additive regression trees (MPBART), ordered multiclass Bayesian additive classification trees (O-MBACT) and Bayesian quantile additive regression trees (BayesQArt) as extensions of BART Bayesian additive regression trees for tackling multinomial choice, multiclass classification, ordinal regression and quantile regression problems. The proposed models exhibit very good predictive performances. In particular, ranking among the top performing procedures when non-linear relationships exist between the response and the predictors. The proposed procedures can readily be applied on data sets with the number of predictors larger than the number of observations. MPBART is sufficiently flexible to allow inclusion of predictors that describe the observed units as well as the available choice alternatives and it can also be used as a general multiclass classification procedure. Through two simulation studies and four real data examples, we show that MPBART exhibits very good out-ofsample predictive performance in comparison to other discrete choice and multiclass classification methods. To implement MPBART, the R package mpbart is freely available from CRAN repositories. When ordered gradation is exhibited by a multinomial response, ordinal regression is an appealing framework. Ensemble of trees models, while widely used for binary classification, multiclass classification and continuous response regression, have not been extensively applied to solve ordinal regression problems. This work fills this void with Bayesian sum of regression trees. The predictive performance of our ordered Bayesian ensemble of trees model is illustrated through simulation studies and real v data applications. Ensemble of regression trees have become popular statistical tools for the estimation of conditional mean given a set of predictors. However, quantile regression trees and their ensembles have not yet garnered much attention despite the increasing popularity of the linear quantile regression model. This work proposes a Bayesian quantile additive regression trees model that shows very good predictive performance illustrated using simulation studies and real data applications. Further extension to tackle binary classification problems is also considered.


The quantification of fossil fuel contributions to carbon dioxide concentrations is necessary for monitoring, reporting, and verifying carbon dioxide emissions, which is necessary for the success of international agreements to reduce emissions. However, existing fossil fuel carbon dioxide (FFCO2) emissions inventories vary in terms of the data and methods used to estimate and distribute FFCO2. This paper compares how the approaches used to create FFCO2 emissions inventories effect the magnitude and spatial distribution of emissions estimates. Five FFCO2 emission inventories were compared: Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center (CDIAC), Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), Fossil Fuel Data Assimilation System (FFDAS), Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 (ODIAC), and Vulcan. The effects of using specific approaches in the creation of spatially explicit FFCO2 emissions inventories, and the effect of resolution on data representation are analyzed using graphical, numerical, and cartographic data. Results are analyzed to understand the effects of using top-down versus bottom-up approaches, nightlights versus population, and the inclusion of large point sources. Understanding the relationship between these patterns and how they change with resolution supports future development of gridded FFCO2 emissions inventories.


During recent years, linear system theory has intensively been applied in estimation and control. At the same time, image processing has attracted increasing interest and attempts have been made to extend the techniques of systems theory to multidimensional problems, among others, by Bose, Attasi, Givone and Roesser, and Mitra. Part I of our results is centered around polynomial descriptions of systems. The notion of minimality in connection with state space requires the concept of coprimeness of 2-D polynomial matrices. For this purpose, we have extended the existing 1-D results on greatest common right divisor (GCRD) extraction, Sylvester resultants, matrix fraction descriptions (MFD) to the 2-D case. In addition we have results that appear to be unique for multidimensional problems such as existence and uniqueness of so-called "primitive factorizations" and existence of general factorizations. Part II will appear in a companion paper presenting results on a comparison between the different state space models that have been proposed, using what we consider to be proper definitions of state, controllability and observability and their relation to minimality of 2-D systems. We also represent new implementations of 2-D transfer functions using a minimal number of dynamic elements.


Existing approaches to assess the economic impact of climate policies tend to overlook the financial sector and to focus only on direct effects of policies on the specific institutional sector they target, neglecting possible feedbacks between sectors, thus, underestimating the overall policy effect. To fill in this gap, we develop a methodology based on financial networks, which allows for analyzing the transmission throughout the economy of positive or negative shocks induced by the introduction of specific climate policies. We apply the methodology to empirical data of the Euro Area to identify the feedback loops between the financial sector and the real economy both through direct and indirect chains of financial exposures across multiple financial instruments. By focusing on climate policy-induced shocks that affect directly either the banking sector or non-financial firms, we analyze the reinforcing feedback loops that could amplify the effects of shocks on the financial sector and then cascade on the real economy. Our analysis helps to understand the conditions for virtuous or vicious cycles to arise in the climate-finance nexus and to provide a comprehensive assessment of the economic impact of climate policies.


This final research takes the problem related with research object mean show is the using process of finger print as the prove instrument in exposing stealing crime with cruel act that occurred in crime scene. In this case, there are problems chosen by the writer. The first is how is the power of prove instrument of finger print in show the thief with cruel act? The second, what the problem in using of finger print as the prove in express of stealing crime with cruel act?
This research used sociology judism approach method. Judiscally, the research measured based on the rule of law and in sociologically the approach is done with the fact either ion practice or law aspect which is used to face the problem. From the definition above, it can be conclude that sociology judism approach Method is the approach that is taken from the positive rule of law whuch is related with the finger print to expose stealing crime with cruel act.
Based on the result of research case in Polrest Tuban. the writer got some results. The first result is the process of taking print.
As the prove instrument used to expose crime as the process of taking finger print through the tool. The second is the process of taking finger print in crime scene. And the last is the process of taking finger print. On the frace at Polrest Tuban. All of thee process is often used to know the result of finger print in crime scene. It has the same meaning with the definition of finger print in Pactiloscopy Guiding. Pactiloscopy Guiding is an effort in acquailand some today through the Observasion Process and finger print research, which is used to some necessaries or necessities of the sign or as the hand sign. The power of Finger Print as the prove of instrument can be seen in Kononglijk Berluit on 16th January 1901 Number 27 (1.S 1911/234) it is continued by the Governor of Netherland on 30 March 1920/27 (1.S /259). In this rule, it can be know that in Judicature process. Dactiloscopy Method can be used as the legal prove Instrument to become aas the prove, because:
1.The truth degrees can be proved through the expert
2.The human finger print exist from their born
3.The human finger print can't be change
4.The finger print is different from one to another,although they are twins.
An expert is very needed in the process of Proveness in Judicature event. In stealing with cruel act, there are some problems in taking the finger print. It is told by Mr. Subiantoro, on july 18th 2007. He sstated that in taking finger print in Reskrim Polrest Tuban, its' very often face the problem which influence working desire. From the result of inspector. The problem are about crime scene. Inspector him self, the tool on process and the rule aspect.


In typological studies of expressions of motion events, there is a need for aquantitative methodology that assesses and qualifies inter- and intra-linguisticvariation. The article reports on a large corpus study of the use of Spanishmotion verbs in constructions of telic motion. Verb associations with theconstructional V-slot were measured by using collostructional methodology(Stefanowitsch and Gries, 2003). Six categories of construction-specific variationwere identified. The corpus data and broad evidence from other semanticdomains suggest that the encoding of Spanish argument structure is verb-drivenand that verb constraints versus schematicity is a typological parameter. Thestudy concludes that Spanish is a verb-framing language rather than a verbframedlanguage (cf. Talmy, 2000), which explains the substantial variationobserved.


PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify ways to develop museum shop product, which will possess competitive advantage, and to recommend what should be done to develop such product so that it has a positive impact on the city brand of St. Petersburg.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 76 museums have been studied through the observation method to describe their shops' inventory in terms of percentages of each product. Mostly St. Petersburg museums were included in the analysis. The observation method enabled the researchers to analyse the inventory of the museum souvenir shops. The findings of the analysis enabled the researchers to reach conclusions about museums' strategies of product development.FindingsThe research allowed to make the conclusion that although the museum shops in St.Petersburg demonstrate positive tendencies in the development of competitive stores' products a lot of work is still to be done. Not all museums are characterised by availability of clear strategy for product development. They offer souvenirs (if any) which do not differ from those existing on the market according to topics and functions which are characteristic for them. Recommendations on how to make the product of museum shops more competitive were proposed.Practical implicationsCities need new and fresh ways to create and promote their brands. Museums can contribute to this significantly with the help of souvenirs production. This research will provide insight into the process of how museums can do this by developing their shops' inventory strategies. Recommendations to improve strategies for creation of competitive product were offered in the paper.Originality/valueIn today's competitive conditions, museums are creating augmented products and create museum shops. Nevertheless, the role of museum shops in brand creation is underexplored. Museum shops have a high potential for creating high-quality products that may influence the museum and city brand in a positive way, as souvenirs and visual images of museum artifacts play an essential role in making an impression on tourists.


Shroeder Sorensen analyses in depth the close relationship of the TV-series Cosmos [1980] with the popular culture, in its broadest sense, at the time of its release. The novel application of Fantasy-Theme analysis to the rhetorical vision of the series reveals how it is the product of a very careful and successful design. The book also compares the original series with its 2014 reboot Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey [2014]. Abstract


Context: Delirium is an acute fluctuating disorder. Impairment in attention and awareness is considered a core symptom. Data from the west suggests that up to 80% of ventilated patients have delirium. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, prevalence, risk factors, and outcome of delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care hospital. Settings and Design: The study was carried out in various ICUs of a multidisciplinary tertiary care hospital after approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients or family members of the patients before enrolling in the study. Subjects and Methods: Consecutive patients aged 16 years or more admitted to the ICUs were recruited for the study. Patients with bilateral deafness and blindness, neurosurgical and neurological cases, and patients or relatives refusing consent were excluded. All the patients were assessed between 9 am and 5 pm daily on the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale (RASS) to assess the level of sedation and agitation. The patients found to be arousable (−3 to + 4) were screened using the Confusion Assessment Method for ICU (CAM-ICU) for the presence of delirium. Those patients who screened positive for delirium on CAM-ICU were further assessed by the psychiatrist for the diagnosis of delirium as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision ( DSM-IV-TR) diagnostic criteria. All the enrolled patients were administered an etiological checklist specifically designed for the study. The patients were followed until the point of discharge from ICU or death. Statistical Analysis Used: Data analysis was performed using Epidata Analysis version 2.2.2 and Epilnfo 3.5.4 software. Results: Out of 109 patients, 18 (16.5%) patients had delirium within 24 h of admission in ICU, and 36 (33%) developed delirium after 24 h of ICU stay. Conclusions: Thus a total of 49.5% of patients developed delirium during ICU stay. History of delirium in the past, the use of invasive ventilation, and hypocalcemia were significantly more in delirious patients as compared to nondelirious patients. The mean stay of delirious patients in ICU was significantly more. Restraints were used more in delirious patients, and the difference was statistically significant.


Abstract. Indian agriculture relies on monsoon rainfall and irrigation from surface and groundwater. The inter-annual variability of monsoon rainfalls is high, which forces South Indian farmers to adapt their irrigated area extents to local water availability. We are developing and testing an automatic methodology for monitoring spatio-temporal variations of irrigated crops in near real time based on Sentinel-1 and -2 data feed over the Telangana State, South India. These freely available radar and optical data are systematically acquired worldwide, over India since 2016, on a weekly basis. Their high spatial resolution (10–20 m) are well adapted to the small size field crops that is common in India. We have focused first on drought prone areas, North of Hyderabad. Crop fraction remains low and varies widely (from 10 to 60%, ISRO-NRSC, Bhuvan). Those upstream areas, mainly irrigated with groundwater, are composed by less than 20% of irrigated areas during the dry season (Rabi, December to March) and up to 60% of the surface is used for crop production during the Kharif (June to November), which includes rainfed cotton and drip irrigated maize crops and inundated rice. A machine learning algorithm, the Random Forest (RF) method, was automatically used over 6 growing seasons (January to March and July to November, from 2016 to 2018) from the Sentinel-1&2 data stacked for each season, to create crop mapping at 10 m resolution over a study area located in the north of Hyderabad (210 by 110 km). Six seasonal land cover field surveys were used to train and validate the classifier, with a specific effort on rice and maize field sampling. The lowest irrigated area extents were found for driest conditions in Rabi 2016 and Kharif 2016, accounting for 3.5 and 5% with moderate classification confusion. This confusion decreases with the increase of irrigated crops areas during Rabi 2017. For this season, 22% of rice and 9% of irrigated crops were detected after heavy rainfall events in September 2017, which have filled surface water tanks (3.4% of the surface area) and groundwater (Central Groundwater Board observations). From this abundance situation, the surface water detected for each season decreased regularly to less than 0.3% together with the rice and irrigated area extents respectively from 22 to 11% and 10 to 3%, despite a good monsoon 2017. Groundwater level show similar trends, with a drop from 20 meters depth in October 2016 and 2017 to more than 30 m in June 2018 (more recent available data). The deficit of the monsoon 2018 will certainly bring this situation to a hydrological drought at the beginning of 2019, probably similar to the Rabi 2016 situation. The estimated Irrigated Water Demand (IWD) varies from 51 to 310 mm/season, depending on water availability. This methodology shows the potential of automatically monitoring, in near real time, with standard computers, irrigated area extents presenting fast high resolution variability. As it is based on standard global satellite acquisitions, it is foreseen to be used for other regions, for any studies on farmer's adaptation to climate and hydrological variability, as a proxy to estimate irrigation water needs and water resources availability. In Telangana for instance, it provides an inventory of crop production and irrigation practices before the implementation of mega project infrastructures funded by this new state: - the Kâkâtiya tank restoration program to enhance monsoon runoff capture or the Kaleshwaram project to divert Godavari river water toward upstream Telangana region through tunnels and canals in 20 giant reservoirs.


From the 1970s onwards, changes in economic theory began to draw attention to the relationship between economic growth and technological innovation. Technological innovation has come to be considered fundamental to boosting international trade, increasing productivity and generating more and better jobs, among other benefits. However, more recent academic narratives began to change through considering the importance of technological innovation for social purposes such as social inclusion and sustainable development. This recovered the concept of social innovation and alongside the development of a plethora of alternative innovation concepts – such as sustainable innovation, open innovation, responsible innovation, green innovation, among other "xinnovation" concepts (Gaglio et al. 2017). Nevertheless, l ittle is known about the extent to which these counterhegemonic concepts emerge and feature in Science, Technology, and Innovation (STI) policy discourses. In this sense, this article aims to understand the use of "x-innovation" concepts and the role attributed to innovation for (allegedly) counterhegemonic purposes in the STI national policies of Iberoamerican countries within the framework of disclosing the specificity of this discourse.


SURMOF (surface-anchored metal–organic frameworks) thin films exhibit exciting chemical and physical properties, which can be modulated in a straightforward fashion to achieve specific benefits for numerous applications in future technologies. Here, we report a detailed characterization of resistive switching in crystalline SURMOF films of around ≈10, ≈20 and ≈50 nm thicknesses. These demonstrated switching characteristics combined with the ability to deposit monolithically oriented crystalline HKUST-1 films with well-defined thicknesses in the nm-range on conductive substrates serving as bottom electrodes and to lithographically fabricate top-electrodes opens up the possibility to employ these metal–organic hybrid materials as solid state devices for potential nonvolatile resistive random access memory (RRAM) memory applications. MOF bipolar switching RRAM devices based on SURMOFs with thicknesses of 10±5 nm, 20±5 nm and 50±5 nm show exceptionally promising performance. The huge flexibility of MOF materials with regards to device applications is demonstrated by loading guest molecules into the pores of these framework materials. In the case of ferrocene infiltration, we show that the already impressive performance of the SURMOF-RRAM devices can be further improved. The results demonstrate the great potential of SURMOF thin films for the implementation of novel and scalable active materials for the next generation of digital processing and organic-based microelectronic devices.


We report the laboratory experiment on a segmented mirror testbed that shows the use of a dispersed Rayleigh interferometer to phase segmented mirrors. Segment alignment of tip-tilt is fulfilled by overlapping diffraction pattern centroids of the three individual segments on the focal plane. A spherical interferometer is introduced to evaluate the performance of piston, tip-tilt sensing, and control closed-loop, and finally a total residual root-mean-square (RMS) surface error of about 45 nm is achieved, in which a typical error of about 20 nm is contributed by piston. These results demonstrate that the dispersed Rayleigh interferometer can successfully sense the piston of segmented mirrors and be used in phasing segmented telescopes under extensive studies.


Most people in the world and about a fifth of all school-aged Americans speak at least two languages. Nevertheless, little is known about second language (L2) processing in development, even though language proficiency is strongly related to success in almost all domains. Whereas behavioral studies of L2 acquisition in children are abundant, neurocognitive studies of L2 processing typically are limited to adults with several years of exposure, who may use general cognitive mechanisms to compensate for any difficulties in L2 processing. Research on bilingual adults suggests that age of acquisition (AoA) and proficiency have different effects on different aspects of L2 processing. The present study therefore recorded event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in order to index processes of phonological awareness (Rhyming effect: RE), semantics (N400), and syntax (LAN, P600) in bilingual and monolingual children 6-8 years of age. Even though behaviorally, bilingual children with an average AoA of 4 years had lower English proficiency than monolingual children, proficiency predicted similar differences in ERPs across groups: greater proficiency was linked with shorter latencies and higher amplitudes of all ERP components. Latency in these cases represents speed of processing while amplitude of ERP effects in children can v be thought of as an indication of detection of the introduced violations. The appearance of the anterior rhyming effect, latency of the posterior rhyming effect, along with the distribution of the anterior ERP effect for phrase structure violations were related to AoA. More specifically, bilingual 6- to 8-year olds of higher English proficiency processed rhyming nonwords slower than 3- to 5-year-old monolingual children, which could have a strong impact on later vocabulary acquisition. Differences across lingualism groups in distribution of the anterior negativity elicited by phrase structure violations could indicate different neural generators for processing of syntax. Noteworthy is that differences in processing as illustrated by these ERP effects were recorded even though in both these cases bilingual children's English proficiency were within the normal range expected of monolingual children of similar age. Early acquisition was thus important for processing of rhyming and for more automatic syntactic processing as revealed by differences in the anterior negativity. (Less)


Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) typically use license-free industrial, scientific, and medical frequency bands, and by increasing the demand for different usages of WSNs, it is anticipated that this band gets saturated. One solution to deal with this spectrum scarcity in WSNs is utilizing the cognitive radio concept, called cognitive radio sensor networks (CRSNs). One of the most critical challenges in CRSNs is spectrum sensing, which can be implemented by centralized, cluster based or distributed methods. In CRSNs, distributed methods have better spectrum sensing performance due to their fast adaptation to the network changes. Also they have lower power consumption level, which is critical in CRSNs. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed diffusion-based spectrum sensing method for CRSNs that improves the robustness of the spectrum sensing method against link failure and network topology changes. It also increases the algorithm's convergence rate while its accuracy is acceptable. We prove the proposed method convergence and calculate its mean square error, considering link failure assumption. Simulation results confirm that the proposed method improves the convergence rate compared with conventional distributed methods, and using the proposed method increases the convergence rate and needs less communications to make a decision about the absence or presence of the primary user.


Through many recent successes in simulation, model-free reinforcement learning has emerged as a promising approach to solving continuous control robotic tasks. The research community is now able to reproduce, analyze and build quickly on these results due to open source implementations of learning algorithms and simulated benchmark tasks. To carry forward these successes to real-world applications, it is crucial to withhold utilizing the unique advantages of simulations that do not transfer to the real world and experiment directly with physical robots. However, reinforcement learning research with physical robots faces substantial resistance due to the lack of benchmark tasks and supporting source code. In this work, we introduce several reinforcement learning tasks with multiple commercially available robots that present varying levels of learning difficulty, setup, and repeatability. On these tasks, we test the learning performance of off-the-shelf implementations of four reinforcement learning algorithms and analyze sensitivity to their hyper-parameters to determine their readiness for applications in various real-world tasks. Our results show that with a careful setup of the task interface and computations, some of these implementations can be readily applicable to physical robots. We find that state-of-the-art learning algorithms are highly sensitive to their hyper-parameters and their relative ordering does not transfer across tasks, indicating the necessity of re-tuning them for each task for best performance. On the other hand, the best hyper-parameter configuration from one task may often result in effective learning on held-out tasks even with different robots, providing a reasonable default. We make the benchmark tasks publicly available to enhance reproducibility in real-world reinforcement learning.


In recent years, a novel type of multiscale variational statistical approaches, based on so-called multiscale statistics, have received increasing popularity in various applications, such as signal recovery, imaging and image processing, mainly because they in general perform uniformly well over a range of different scales (i.e. sizes of features). By contrast, the underlying statistical theory for these methods is still lacking, in particular with regard to the asymptotic convergence behavior. For the sake of narrowing such gap, we propose and analyze a constrained variational approach, which we call MultIscale Nemirovski-Dantzig (MIND) estimator, for recovering smooth functions in the settings of nonparametric regression and statistical inverse problems. It can be viewed as a multiscale extension of the Dantzig selector (Ann. Statist., 35(6): 2313–51, 2009) based on early ideas of Nemirovski (J. Comput. System Sci., 23:1–11, 1986). To be precise, MIND minimizes a homogeneous Sobolev norm under the constraint that the multiresolution norm of the residual is bounded by a universal threshold.

The main contribution of this work is the derivation of convergence rates of MIND both almost surely and in expectation for nonparametric regression and linear statistical inverse problems. To this end, we generalize the Nemirovski's interpolation inequality for the multiresolution norm and Sobolev norms, and introduce the method of approximate source conditions to our statistical setting. Based on these tools, we are able to obtain certain convergence rates under abstract smoothness assumptions about the truth. For a one-dimensional signal, such assumptions can be translated into classical smoothness classes and source sets by means of the approximation properties of B-splines. As a consequence, MIND attains almost minimax optimal rates simultaneously over a large range of Sobolev and Besov classes, for nonparametric regression of functions and their derivatives. Analogous results have been also obtained for certain linear statistical inverse problems, such as deconvolution if the Fourier coefficients of the convolution kernel is of polynomial decay. Put differently, these results reveal that MIND possesses certain adaptation to the smoothness of the underlying true signal. In parallel, we have presented a similar analysis for a penalized version of MIND, and its parameter choice via the Lepskii balancing principle. Finally, complimentary to the asymptotic analysis, we examine the finite sample performance of MIND by various numerical simulations.


We examined the potential for exploitation competition by differential attractiveness in two sympatric species of columnar cacti on Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles. Stenocereus griseus and Subpiloccreus repandus have temporally overlapping flowering phenologies and share pollinators. We examined nectar volume, energy contents, and sugar ratios for the entire night and at two‐hour intervals in both cactus species. Except for a burst in nectar volume and sugar concentration by Subpilocereus repandus during the first two hours of anthesis, nectar secretion patterns, energy contents, and sugar ratios (70% hexose) were similar for the two species. The standing crops of nectar in both species were kept very low by bat pollinators. We suggest that the potential for exploitation competition between Stenocereus griscus and Subpilocereus repandus is currently very low on Curapo.


Harlem, The Depression Years: Leadership and Social ConditionsINTRODUCTIONA spirit of optimism existed among some quarters of America's black population in the 1920s with many anticipating great improvements in their condition and race relations. Black migrants from the South and Caribbean immigrants flocked to northern cities. Harlem was an especially irresistible magnet and cultural mecca to black artists and musicians. Members of the black literary and artistic elite found themselves in vogue not only with black audiences, but also with white theatergoers and white publishing houses.No doubt this cultural phenomena coupled with socioeconomic and political improvements in the lives of southern migrants freed from apartheid, lynching, and political disenfranchisement in the American South led James Weldon Johnson to make a positive assessment of Harlem and its future prospects in Black Manhattan (1930). Gilbert Osofsky in, Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto, suggests that beneath the bright lights of Broadway and literary salons of the 1920s, the process of residential segregation and concentration in low income jobs was transforming Harlem's prospects in another more negative direction. Renaissance satirist George Schuyler in an observation more supportive of Osofsky, but which minimizes the impact of the depression on blacks, stated: "The reason why the Depression didn't have the impact on the Negroes that it had on the whites was that the Negroes had been in the Depression all the time."(2) How could such astute students of the Harlem scene disagree?I believe the answer to the status of Harlem in the 1920s and the depression era of the 1930s lies in an analysis of socioeconomic conditions in those respective periods and the impact of the depression on Harlem's various social classes and ideologically diverse leadership. First, the depression had a very negative impact on social conditions and standard of living in Harlem beyond that which existed in the 1920s. Secondly, these conditions mobilized workers, the less conservative elements of the black middle class, intellectuals, Afro-Americans, and Afro-Caribbean blacks to pursue the more militant tactics of mass boycotts, mass Picketing, parades, and anti-eviction efforts aimed at ending discrimination and gaining control of Harlem institutions. Thirdly, the greater activist orientation of Harlem's diverse leadership was more the result of tactical radicalization rather than profound ideological transformations. The overall goals of a significant portion of Harlem leaders in the depression remained consistent with their pre-depression ideology. For example, in the boycott campaign for sales and clerical workers in white owned department stores on 125th Street, the bourgeois leadership desired the integration of blacks into the work force while nationalists had the ultimate goal of taking control of Harlem's economy, and the Communist Party (CP) sought converts to their approach of interracial working class solidarity. Even the CPs positive image rested on reformist anti-discrimination issues rather than on their revolutionary programs (e .g. Black Belt Nation plan and doctrine of Proletarian Revolution).(3) Fourthly, the ideological, class, and intra-racial ethnic diversity of Harlem which made it so fascinating, dynamic, and volatile also made cooperation between contending factions difficult, but yet possible for periods of time in the depression. Fifthly, the LaGuardia administration while compiling a liberal record on style, rhetoric, and some race issues also reflected conservatism and timidity on others.I intend to explore these themes by surveying socioeconomic conditions in Harlem and through an analysis of the 1934 campaign for jobs in department stores on 125th Street, and the campaign for integration of Harlem Hospital.SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONSThe depression took a tremendous toll on all Americans, but blacks suffered the most. …