From the Publisher:

Today's businesses are overwhelmed with the need to create more content, faster, cutomized for more customers, and for more media than ever before. Managing Enterprise Content: A Unified Content Strategy provides the concepts, strategies, guidelines, processes, and technological options that will prepare enterprise content managers and authors to meet the increasing demands of creating, managing, and distributing content.

Author Ann Rockley, along with the Rockley Group team, provides techniques that will help you define your content management requirements, build your vision, design your content architecture, pick the right tools, and overcome the hurdles of managing enterprise content. This book will help you visualize the broad spectrum of enterprise content, the requirements for effectively creating, managing, and delivering content, and the value of developing a unified content strategy for your organization.


This paper aimed to reveal the effectiveness and the mechanism of catalytic ozonation in the presence of iron silicate for the degradation of o -chloronitrobenzene ( o CNB). Experimental results show that catalytic ozonation in the presence of iron silicate could substantially enhance o CNB removal efficiency compared with ozonation alone, and that the adsorption of o CNB on the iron silicate surface had no significant effect on the degradation of o CNB. The results of a hydroxyl radical scavenger experiment using spin-trapping/EPR technology to identify hydroxyl radicals (•OH) confirm that •OH were the main active species in the removal of o CNB during the ozonation process catalyzed by iron silicate. The catalytic activity of the iron silicate was related to a highly hydroxylated surface. It was confirmed that the surface hydroxyl groups on the iron silicate were the reaction sites between ozone and o CNB.


Philip Hamburger posed a provocative challenge to administrative law in the USA, as attested to by the title to the book, which asked whether administrative law was unlawful. His thesis was grounded in English administrative law, as it developed in the seventeenth century and eighteenth centuries, when lawyers in the American colonies would have been familiar with it. It is central to Hamburger's argument that much of administrative law concerning both rulemaking and adjudication was "extralegal" and was thus regarded by English law during this period. In an earlier article I argued that this thesis was wrong as adjudged by positivist and non-positivist sources alike.Hamburger responded to my article, and took issue with the argument made therein. This article is a response to Hamburger's latest offering. The flaws in Hamburger's argument are even clearer now than hitherto, and there are numerous such mistakes. This article will, however, concentrate on four errors that are central to his thesis. First, Hamburger's thesis rests on the argument that administrative law is extralegal, and hence illegitimate and unlawful. It is the central construct from which all else flows. In my earlier article I contended that there were serious difficulties with his conception of the term extralegal. I was wrong. It is untenable. It will be seen that this is so when judged from the perspective of first principle, and from the perspective of positive law. Hamburger's project is thus built on an intellectual construct that does not withstand scrutiny. It is a pillar of sand.Secondly, Hamburger's thesis as to the legitimacy of adjudication and rulemaking by bodies charged with administration in the seventeenth and eighteenth century is wrong. He contends that events such as the demise of Star Chamber and the repeal of the Statute of Proclamations show that administrative adjudication and rulemaking were generally perceived to be extralegal and illegitimate in England at this time. He maintains this fixed view, and is critical of any who differ, repeatedly contending that they have ignored the historical sources. The reality is to the contrary. Hamburger's fierce insistence that his interpretation of these events is correct is combined with a signal unwillingness to consider whether that interpretation coheres with the evidence. This is a dangerous cocktail, which leads repeatedly to error. His interpretation is not correct. It is irreconcilable in empirical terms with a very great deal of regulatory legislation enacted over two hundred years, in which Parliament continually accorded the administration with powers and duties of a kind that are inconsistent with Hamburger's thesis. His argument is also incompatible with thousands of cases decided by the courts via judicial review, in which the courts accepted the grant of such authority as lawful, and did not in any way characterize it as extralegal or irregular. Hamburger's thesis is moreover defective in failing to recognize the clear normative differences between the situations where administrative adjudication and rulemaking were regarded as lawful and those where they were not. Thirdly, the qualifications that Hamburger makes to his own thesis are conceptually incoherent and do not fit with the empirical evidence. Hamburger seeks to qualify his conclusion that administrative law is extralegal and unlawful. His modality for doing so in the context of rulemaking is through definition of legislative and non-legislative rules; while in the context of adjudication it is done through definition of the term judicial. These qualifications are central to Hamburger's thesis. The meaning of these terms is, however, conceptually incoherent. It is also inconsistent with much empirical evidence, since as will be seen below the legislature frequently accorded the administration power of a kind that Hamburger believes that it did not and should not have had. The fourth error in Hamburger's thesis is methodological. Hamburger takes my earlier argument to task, contending that it was predicated on some brutish Austinian positivism, which ignored constitutional ideals. This is, as will be seen below, nonsense. It is nonetheless fitting that Hamburger should have raised the issue of methodology, since it will be seen that his own argument is premised on a constitutional methodology that is unsustainable both historically and legally. He seeks to defend a far-reaching argument that an entire body of law is unlawful, while ignoring a very considerable body of evidence in terms of legislation and judicial decisions that is inconsistent with his thesis. His argument is, moreover, premised on an indefensible distinction between 'constitutional ideals' on the one hand, and legislation and court decisions on the other, which ignores the normative values that are embodied in the latter.


Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) requires several nuclear physics inputs and nuclear reaction rates. An up-to-date compilation of direct cross sections of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]He and [Formula: see text]He reactions is given, being these ones among the most uncertain bare-nucleus cross sections. An intense experimental effort has been carried on in the last decade to apply the Trojan Horse Method (THM) to study reactions of relevance for the BBN and measure their astrophysical S(E)-factor. The reaction rates and the relative error for the four reactions of interest are then numerically calculated in the temperature ranges of relevance for BBN [Formula: see text]. These value were then used as input physics for primordial nucleosynthesis calculations in order to evaluate their impact on the calculated primordial abundances and isotopical composition for H, He and Li. New results on the [Formula: see text]He reaction rate were also taken into account.These were compared with the observational primordial abundance estimates in different astrophysical sites. Reactions to be studied in perspective will also be discussed.


Layout Marita Alanko Task complexity, information types and information sources 5 ABSTRACT In this study, the effects of perceived task complexity on the relationship between information types and information sources were examined. The information activities focused on were seen as a sub-process in task performance process. The information types to be acquired were expected to determine types of information sources used. Further, the perceived complexity of task was expected to determine what types of information were needed. This was considered in a real life work setting where the observation units were the actual work tasks of municipal administrators in two Finnish towns. By concentrating the analysis on the individual work tasks, the action-centred orientation was emphasised with the understanding that both individual as well as social aspects place constrains on these processes. The main research data consisted of 80 task diaries recorded by 39 participants. This material was supplemented through subsequent interviews. Additional background data were collected by unstructured observations, document review and by an e-mail questionnaire. The data were analysed according to a process-analysis method that focuses on the identification of different aspects of task performance, their classification and finally their cross-tabulation. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were utilised in the data collection and the analysis. The statistical significance of the findings was not tested. The research results show that there is a clear relationship between information types needed and information sources used, and that the effects of task complexity are mainly related to the need for information types during task performance. However, there are also indications that task complexity leads to a preference for people as information sources, especially general-purpose sources such as experts and meetings. Contrary to expectations task complexity or the need for multiple information types was not related to the increase in external information source use generally. However, the growing task complexity especially seems to increase the use of people inside the organization and to decrease the use of internal documentary sources. The increase of information source use was almost linear when more information types had to be acquired. The number of information sources used also increased in relation to task complexity, but much less steadily. The study elaborated the relationships between task complexity and information source types by introducing information types into the analysis. The findings of this and earlier studies by the present author indicate that there are common information related patterns of …


The Portuguese Inquisition lasted for centuries, sentenced tens of thousands of people
and created a global Diaspora. However, an analytical approach to understanding
fluctuations in inquisitorial severity is lacking. I use a Public Choice framework of the
inquisition by treating it as a power and wealth seeking bureaucracy. I find that economic
conditions affected overall sentencing; as well as political. Anti-inquisitorial lobbying is
found to be effective. Inquisitors acted to protect their co-religionists, engaged in
systematic rent seeking behavior and shifted their focus when it became politically
expedient. Far from being a pious Catholic institution intent on keeping religion pure, the
inquisition acted as a bureaucracy like any other modern one complete with rent seeking,
lobbying and politics.


This thesis begins by proposing the typology of the New Subsistence State as a conceptual tool for understanding governance challenges typically faced in jurisdictions characterised by subsistence social and economic relations. Defining features of the New Subsistence State include (1) an overwhelmingly subsistence economy corresponding to little or no historical experience of the generation and administration of large surpluses, (2) minimal workforce stratification and labour specialisation, (3) the predominance, especially in rural areas, of traditional authority relations, and (4) the realisation of statehood as a result of either the adoption or bestowal of the state model, rather than the autochthonous development of the state form. The thesis then examines ways in which the case-study of East Timor conforms to the typology of the New Subsistence State. This analysis includes consideration of a range of geographic, historical and socio-political features, and some of the ways these aspects restrict the capacity of the new state to operate effectively in accordance with the modern state model. A particular theme concerns the minimal extent to which the territory of East Timor has experienced meaningful social and economic modernisation throughout any of the chapters of its history. Additionally, a range of other influences contributing to governance challenges in East Timor in contemporary times are examined, including post-conflict aspects, demographic trends and political antipathies which have their origins in the 1974–1975 period. The analysis demonstrates that East Timor faces major challenges in all main areas of public administration, with the justice sector an area of particular concern. Whereas state institutions remain weak, the country has the option to draw on suco institutions to support some areas of governance, including justice and conflict resolution. In a number of comparable New Subsistence State contexts elsewhere, strategies have been implemented to link village-level forums to the state justice sector, yet no such initiative has been implemented in East Timor. However, a community justice and mediation program could be a relatively economical means of improving the efficiency of suco-level justice and conflict resolution forums, promoting human rights values and reducing the burden on the national courts system.


The associations between work demands, supports, and levels of psychological and physical health have been clearly established by research. There is growing evidence that occupational stressors are transmitted to spouses, with a possible subsequent effect on disease risks and life expectancy of both marital partners. The present study investigates the extent and direction of occupational stress transmission and the possible psychological mechanisms in a survey of 60 working couples. It analyzes the relationships between partners' psychological strain levels, investigates the accuracy of couples perceptions of each other's work stressors, and analyzes the complex interrelationships between an individual's work and the mental well-being of their spouse. Results show that work-related discussion is frequent among marital partners and that individuals have accurate perceptions of their partners' jobs. The study found evidence of transmission of stress from men to women, particularly where men have high strain jobs (high in demand and low in support), but no corresponding transmission from women to men. Some tentative explanations and proposals for further research are offered.


OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of Vipassana meditation on the physical and psychological health in a multi-ethnic population in the city of Muscat.

METHOD
The subjects were participants of a Vipassana meditation course taught in a ten-day residential retreat. Self-assessments of health-related parameters and physical and psychological symptomatology were collected from them before and immediately after the course. A control group was tested for a similar time interval.

RESULTS
Immediately after their 10-day training, the Vipassana participants assessed themselves significantly higher compared to their levels prior to the course, suggesting that the 10 days' practice had significantly improved their physical and psychological well-being. The control group did not exhibit such changes.

CONCLUSION
The present preliminary findings, juxtaposed with the results of studies from other parts of the world, suggest that the practice of Vipassana meditation may help mitigate psychological and psychosomatic distress.


Green Bonds are an instrument for driving the environmentally friendly and low-carbon economy. Green Bonds are bonds whose proceeds are earmarked for and transparently channelled to environmentally-friendly projects and activities. The real estate industry has a multi-decade track record of addressing environmental impacts through the use of rating systems certified by independent third parties. Green building certification systems address multiple environmental impacts and measure outcomes across all asset lifecycle phases. Using bonds for such investments is not new but in an effort to improve transparency and increase opportunities both for issuers and investors it can take a more active role in combating climate change. The goal of this paper is to describe how property developer can use Green Bond as one instrument in sustainable life cycle management and continuous development of properties. The method used is a case study of Finnish property owner company, which commits to invest the funds raised in certified, environmentally responsible and energy-efficient projects. The single case study method employed in this study captured the process of case organization towards Green Bond initiative. More precisely the data was gathered by qualitative document analysis (QDA). The results show that company begin the process with focusing on environmental sustainability especially putting the effort in the first phase to energy efficiency. The Green Bond initiative provided a new avenue towards economic sustainability. Additionally, issues like shared use of facilities was discussed from social sustainability perspective. The results are interesting for property owners who are interested in systematic development towards regenerative built environment.


Break prediction models can help water utility decision-makers to build pipe rehabilitation programs. For many years, using them has been a specialist matter. After more than 15 years of research into the ageing of water pipes, Irstea (formerly Cemagref) has developed the Linear Extension of the Yule Process (LEYP) model based on counting process theory, which relies not only on a pipe's characteristics and environment but also on its age and previous breaks. It was then decided to develop a break prediction tool usable by water utilities: the 'Casses' freeware. To make this possible, it was necessary to deal with several constraints. To cope with the diversity of available data for various water utilities, flexible input data formats were designed as well as an importation module which checks the conformity and coherence of data. Tools for data management and an advice module dedicated to model calibration were conceived for non-statistician users. The break prediction results can be used directly to compare break evolution with different rehabilitation strategies and they can also feed multicriteria decision tools. In this case, the 'Casses' freeware can work as a 'slave' of the integrated application.


Trace elements have been cited as both inhibitory and causative agents of cancer but importantly exposure to them is potentially modifiable. Our study aimed to examine toenail trace element status and risk of Barrett's oesophagus (BO) and oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC). Toenail clippings from each hallux were obtained from 638 participants of the FINBAR (Factors Influencing the Barrett's Adenocarcinoma Relationship) study comprising 221 healthy controls, 98 reflux oesophagitis, 182 BO and 137 OAC cases. The concentrations of eight toenail trace elements were determined using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Using multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis, odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated within tertiles of trace element concentrations. A twofold increased risk of BO was observed, but not OAC, among individuals in the highest tertile of toenail zinc status OR 2.21 (95% CI, 1.11–4.40). A higher toenail selenium status was not associated with risk of OAC OR 0.94 (95% CI, 0.44–2.04) or BO OR 0.89 (95% CI, 0.37–2.12). A borderline significant increased risk of BO was detected with a higher toenail cobalt concentration, OR 1.97 (95% CI, 1.01–3.85). No association was found between toenail levels of chromium, cerium, mercury and OAC or BO risk. This is the first case–control study to investigate a variety of trace elements in relation to OAC and BO risk. Despite antioxidant and proapoptotic properties, no associations were found with selenium. Higher concentrations of toenail zinc and cobalt were associated with an increased BO risk, but not OAC. These findings need confirmation in prospective analysis.


We consider interactive algorithms in the pool-based setting, and in the stream-based setting. Interactive algorithms observe suggested elements (representing actions or queries), and interactively select some of them and receive responses. Pool-based algorithms can select elements at any order, while stream-based algorithms observe elements in sequence, and can only select elements immediately after observing them. We further consider an intermediate setting, which we term precognitive stream, in which the algorithm knows in advance the identity of all the elements in the sequence, but can select them only in the order of their appearance. For all settings, we assume that the suggested elements are generated independently from some source distribution, and ask what is the stream size required for emulating a pool algorithm with a given pool size, in the stream-based setting and in the precognitive stream setting. We provide algorithms and matching lower bounds for general pool algorithms, and for utility-based pool algorithms. We further derive nearly matching upper and lower bounds on the gap between the two settings for the special case of active learning for binary classification.


Abstract Sandhill Research and Education Center is located on 215 ha of greenspace in South Carolina. The Center is now surrounded by suburban development. Although located within the Sandhills region and within the historic range of the Longleaf Pine Forest, agriculture has been the predominant land use during the last century. With development pressure and an interest in transitioning from agriculture to ecological restoration, a baseline inventory of the flora was initiated to provide further guidance to administrators. This survey delineates six plant community types (Swamp Tupelo, Sand Hickory, Blackjack Oak, Turkey Oak, Field, and Utility Right-of-Way) and reports a total of 328 species in 237 genera and 100 families. It adds two state records (Lespedeza virgata and Lotus corniculatus), 38 county records, and several noteworthy species.


High-power batteries generally consist of a series connection of many cells or cell banks. In order to maintain high performance over battery life, it is desirable to keep the state of charge of all the cell banks equal. A method provides individual charging for battery cells in a large, high-voltage battery array with a minimum number of transformers while maintaining reasonable efficiency. This is designed to augment a simple highcurrent charger that supplies the main charge energy. The innovation will form part of a larger battery charge system. It consists of a transformer array connected to the battery array through rectification and filtering circuits. The transformer array is connected to a drive circuit and a timing and control circuit that allow individual battery cells or cell banks to be charged. The timing circuit and control circuit connect to a charge controller that uses battery instrumentation to determine which battery bank to charge. It is important to note that the innovation can charge an individual cell bank at the same time that the main battery charger is charging the high-voltage battery. The fact that the battery cell banks are at a non-zero voltage, and that they are all at similar voltages, can be used to allow charging of individual cell banks. A set of transformers can be connected with secondary windings in series to make weighted sums of the voltages on the primaries.


We performed a statistical study of downward moving protons and alpha particles of ~keV energy (assumed to be of solar wind origin) inside the Martian induced magnetosphere from July 2006 to July 2010. Ion and electron data are from the Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA‐3) package on board Mars Express. We investigated the solar wind ion entry into the ionosphere, excluding intervals of low‐altitude magnetosheath encounters. The study compares periods of quiet solar wind conditions and periods of solar wind pressure pulses, including interplanetary coronal mass ejections and corotating interaction regions. The solar wind ion precipitation appears localized and/or intermittent, consistent with previous measurements. Precipitation events are less frequent, and the precipitating fluxes do not increase during pressure pulse encounters. During pressure pulses, the occurrence frequency of observed proton precipitation events is reduced by a factor of ~3, and for He2+ events the occurrence frequency is reduced by a factor of ~2. One explanation is that during pressure pulse periods, the mass loading of the solar wind plasma increases due to a deeper penetration of the interplanetary magnetic flux tubes into the ionosphere. The associated decrease of the solar wind speed thus increases the pileup of the interplanetary magnetic field on the dayside of the planet. The magnetic barrier becomes thicker in terms of solar wind ion gyroradii, causing the observed reduction of H+/He2+ precipitations.


The aim of the study was to determine the species composition of insect assemblages colonising stumps of Picea abies (L.) Karst. in mountain conditions. Investigations were carried out in the Eastern Sudetes (south -western Po- land) in forest stands situated at 600- 700 m above sea level. The observations were conducted on stumps left behind after felling 70- 90 years old Norway spruces. The analysed stumps were colonised by insects from 21 families of 3 orders: Coleoptera (approximately 95%), Diptera (5%) and Raphidioptera (0.2%). There were 12 Coleoptera families determined with the dominance of Cer- ambycidae (almost 55%) and Curculionidae (37%) including Scolytinae (about 5%). Diptera were represented by 8 families, of which most abundant was the family Rhagionidae (almost 2%) followed by Muscidae (1.4%) and Syr- phidae (1.2%). The order Raphidioptera was represented by 1 family: Raphididae (0.2%). The spruce stumps were mainly colonised by cambio-xylophagous species which added up to 73% of all collect- ed specimens. The European spruce longhorn beetle Tetropium castaneum (L.) was most numerous (15.98 ± 14.99 specimens/stump) of all observed insects as well as it showed the highest permanence of occurrence (97% stumps). Second group with regard to abundance was the genus Hylobius (12.08 ± 20.38 specimen/stump) found in 62% of the observed stumps.


The net entry contribution to aggregate productivity growth has increased dramatically in the UK over 1990s according to calculations based on data from the Annual Respondents Database (ARD). Some recent studies have tried to link this to other structural changes over the same period such as increased globalisation and usage of ICT. I argue that the increase might equally have been caused by a systematic bias that is introduced to growth decompositions through random survey sampling of the underlying plant or firm panel datasets. This bias – despite being a general problem of growth decompositions does not seem to have been noticed in the literature yet. In the 1990s the Office for National Statistics (ONS) has successively increased the share of plants in the population of the ARD that are subject to random sampling. I show that this could cause the bias to spuriously increase the net entry contribution. My results show that correcting for the bias makes a substantial difference: the net entry contribution is about 10 percentage points lower on the corrected series in the 1990s. Surprisingly however, the positive correlation between ICT and net entry share – a main result of earlier studies – becomes more significant.


Resume : A new Data Clustering algorithm, Affinity Propagation suffers from its quadratic complexity in function of the number of data items. Several extensions of Affinity Propagation were proposed aiming at online clustering in the data stream framework. Firstly, the case of multiply defined items, or weighted items is handled using Weighted Affinity Propagation(WAP). Secondly, Hierarchical AP achieves distributed AP and uses WAP to merge the sets of exemplars learned from subsets. Based on these two building blocks, the third algorithm performs Incremental Affinity Propagation on data streams. The paper validates the two algorithms both on benchmark and on real-world datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed approaches perform better than K-centers based approaches. Mots-cles : Data Clustering, Data Streaming, Affinity Propagation, K-centers


Over the past few decades, roundabouts have become increasingly popular in the Unites States as alternatives to conventional stop-controlled or signalized intersections. Roundabouts reduce the number of conflict points from 32 to 8 as compared to traditional 4-leg intersections and have been shown to reduce crashes and injuries in a number of past studies. However, evaluations of safety performance at roundabout locations with high annual average daily traffic (AADT), are not as conclusive. This study analyzes the safety performance of all roundabouts in Michigan that were known to have been converted from signalized intersections using a before-after empirical Bayes analysis. The study included before and after data for 22 roundabouts and control location data for 56 signalized intersections that were located in the same geographic regions and had comparable AADT. The roundabouts evaluated as a part of this study had generally higher AADT, particularly on the minor road, than roundabouts in previous analyses of this nature. It was found that total crashes significantly increased after conversion, but the results for injury crashes were not conclusive. The results indicate roundabouts may not always improve safety after conversion from a conventional intersection and care should be taken when planning for such conversions, especially at higher volume intersections.


Acknowledgments. Introduction. Chapter 1: Building Resources. Chapter 2: Rails Source Control with Subversion. Chapter 3: Adding Users. Chapter 4: Build Tools and Automation. Chapter 5: Navigation and Social Networking. Chapter 6: The Care and Feeding of Databases. Chapter 7: Testing Tools. Chapter 8: Rails - Driven JavaScript. Chapter 9: Talking to the Web. Chapter 10: Internationalizing Your Application. Chapter 11: The Graphic Arts. Chapter 12: Deploying Your Application. Chapter 13: Performance. Chapter 14: Going Meta. Chapter 15: Extending Rails with Plugins. Chapter 16: Replacing Ruby Tools. Appendix A: Things You Should Download. Appendix B: Web Frameworks Inspired by Rails. Index.


Members of the Cryptotis goldmani group of small-eared shrews (Mammalia, Soricomorpha, Soricidae) represent a clade within the genus that is characterized by modifications of the forelimb that include broadened forefeet, elongated and broadened foreclaws, and massive humeri with enlarged processes. These modifications are consistent with greater adaptation to their semifossorial habits than other members of the genus. The species in this group occur discontinuously in temperate highlands from southern Tamaulipas, Mexico, to Honduras. In Guatemala, there are three species: the relatively widespread Cryptotis goodwini and two species (Cryptotis lacertosus, Cryptotis mam) endemic to highland forests in the Sierra de los Cuchumatanes of western Guatemala. Ongoing studies focusing on the relationships of variation in cranial and postcranial skeletal morphology have revealed a fourth species from remnant cloud forest in the Sierra de Yalijux, central Guatemala. In this paper, I describe this new species and characterize its morphology relative to other species in the C. goldmani group and to other species of Cryptotis in Guatemala. In addition, I summarize available details of its habitat and ecology.


This paper argues that many types of philosophical argument distract us, rather than provide clarity, in relation to the role that possession plays in the law of property. The philosophical strategies I have in mind include the natural law tradition's fascination with state-of-nature stories as well as Dworkinian claims that law is a matter of interpretation that must make reference to a general theory of justice. By either imagining away the concrete details of our legal system and institutions (through invoking a state of nature) or by passing too quickly to weightier ideas of justice and fairness (through Herculean judgment), these strategies distract us from seeing the centrality of law to a proper understanding of possession.To show this, I use the well-known distinction between justifying a particular action within a practice and justifying a practice as a whole. Puzzles about whether some particular action counts as "possession" and why this might be so are questions of the former kind and puzzles about why we might want to recognize and protect possession at all are questions of the latter kind. The key point is that different kinds of answers are suitable to the different questions. In other words, it is not clear at all that answering the question of how one should understand the elements of the practice of possession has anything to do with answering the question of why we think the practice of possession as a whole is justified. Answering questions about the elements of a practice should therefore make reference to the practice itself. The law of possession has multiple aspects but three stand out: it can refer to the relationship between a person and a thing (factual possession), it can refer to rights (the right of possession), it can refer to the question of to whom these rights can be attributed (possessory title). My claim is that to properly understand how these three aspects work and are related, we also need to bring to the fore the specifically legal aspects of this practice that help to constitute it and serve as its central organizing ideas. In this regard I look to two different legal ideas. The first is Lon Fuller's understanding of the principles of legality, which I argue can help us understand the role that factual possession plays in determining title conditions. The second is Kant's understanding of omnilaterality as a legal relation (which I will sever from his broader project of political justification), which I argue can help us understand the logical structure of the right of possession. Taken together these legal ideas illuminate that possession is at its core a legal practice and that references to pre-legal thought experiments (like the state of nature) or extra-legal values (such as political morality) are unhelpful in understanding its particular doctrinal features.


One of the key activities during the initial phase of the international GEOTRACES program was an extensive international intercalibration effort, to ensure that results for a range of trace elements and isotopes (TEIs) from different cruises and from different laboratories can be compared in a meaningful way. Here we present the results from the intercalibration efforts on neodymium isotopes and rare earth elements in seawater and marine particles. Fifteen different laboratories reported results for dissolved 143Nd/144Nd ratios in seawater at three different locations (BATS 15 m, BATS 2000 m, SAFe 3000 m), with an overall agreement within 47 to 57 ppm (2σ standard deviation of the mean). A similar agreement was found for analyses of an unknown pure Nd standard solution carried out by 13 laboratories (56 ppm), indicating that mass spectrometry is the main variable in achieving accurate and precise Nd isotope ratios. Overall, this result is very satisfactory, as the achieved precision is a factor of 40 better than the range of Nd isotopic compositions observed in the global ocean. Intercalibration for dissolved rare earth element concentrations (REEs) by six laboratories for two water depths at BATS yielded a reproducibility of 15% or better for all REE except Ce, which seems to be the most blank‐sensitive REE. Neodymium concentrations from 12 laboratories show an agreement within 9%, reflecting the best currently possible reproducibility. Results for Nd isotopic compositions and REE concentrations on marine particles are inconclusive, and should be revisited in the future.


Impulsivity can be defined as the failure to resist an impulse, drive or temptation that is harmful to oneself or others (Hollander et al., in press). Impulsivity is a measurable aspect of behaviour, manifesting as impatience (including the inability to delay rewards), carelessness, risk-taking, sensationand pleasure-seeking, an underestimated sense of harm, and extraversion. The subjective experience of an impulse involves also an increasing sense of arousal or tension before committing/engaging in the act and an experience of pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act. Aggressive behaviour is a conduct that inflicts harm upon oneself or others. Behaviour can be impulsive without being aggressive (for example, a person who engages in pathological gambling is behaving in an impulsive manner, but not in an aggressive manner). Likewise, aggressive behaviour can lack impulsivity (as in a premeditated murder). Impulsive disorders cause large costs to society, and are associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, social/family/job dysfunction, accidents, suicide, violence, aggression, criminality, and excessive utilization of health-care, government and financial resources (Hollander et al., in press). Largely on the basis of the varying theoretical and clinical approaches of the myriad scientific and professional disciplines studying impulsivity and aggressive behaviours in animal models or in humans, impulsivity and aggressiveness are conceptualized and diagnosed in an unusually broad and disparate fashion. Just as anxiety and depression may be conceptualized either as symptoms or as specific disorders, impulsivity may be distinguished as a symptom or as a distinct disorder. In psychiatric classification, impulsivity is a core symptom of a broad spectrum of disorders, including the impulse-control disorders (impulse-control disorders not elsewhere classified, comprising pathological gambling [PG], intermittent explosive disorder, pyromania, kleptomania, and trichotillomania, and impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified [NOS]), the impulsive aggressive personality disorders (borderline, antisocial), the neurological disorders that can be associated with disinhibition of behaviour (such as epilepsy), and substance abuse (Hollander and Rosen, 2000). Of interest, addictive behaviour could also be described as conduct resulting from failure to inhibit impulses that urge and seek tension relief or pleasure. Furthermore, other psychiatric conditions also contribute to the expression of impulsivity, notably attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mania, and eating disorders (Hollander and Rosen, 2000). The impulse-control disorders may belong to a family of compulsive-impulsive spectrum disorders lying at opposite ends of the dimension of risk avoidance, with impulsive disorders driven by pleasure or arousal, and compulsive disorders driven by reduction of anxiety (Hollander, 1998). Both impulsive and compulsive disorders involve a failure to resist a drive to act in a way that is potentially self-damaging, escalation of anxiety before engaging in the act, and relief of anxiety following the act. In fact, one of the few differences between the two types of disorders is that most compulsive behaviour disorders are perceived by the patient as ego-dystonic, whereas impulsive behaviours are usually viewed as ego-syntonic, at least in the impulsive setting. Rather than being the dimensional opposite of obsessive-compulsive disorders, impulse-control disorders may represent a different phenomenological manifestation of a group of disorders sharing the feature of decreased ability to inhibit motor responses to affective states. We are at a very early stage in our understanding of the neurobiology of impulsivity and aggression (Kavoussi et al., 1997). Thus, it is noteworthy that meanings and definitions of impulsivity and aggressiveness differ greatly in psychiatry and in neurobiology. Moreover, no simple extrapolation of animal subtypes to humans is possible, mainly because of the influence of complex cultural variables on behaviour. On the whole, research into the subtypes of human impulsivity has been rather limited. Much of this has been conducted in children. Clinical observation, experimental paradigms in the laboratory, and cluster/factor analytical statistics have all been used in an attempt to subdivide impulsivity and aggression. A consistent dichotomy can be identified for aggression between an impulsive-reactive-hostileaffective subtype and a controlled-proactive-instrumental-predatory subtype. Although good internal consistency and partial descriptive validity have been shown, these constructs still need full external validation, especially regarding their predictive power for comorbidity, treatment response, and long-term prognosis (Vitiello and Stoff, 1997). In attempting to find parallels between aggression in humans and aggression in animals, Gregg and Siegel (2001) observed that whereas both humans and animals exhibit aggressive behaviour, animals do not engage in the premeditated aggressive acts that humans often display. Vitiello et al., (1990), in distinguishing between affective aggression and predatory aggression, emphasize that the first is impulsive, occurring as a result of autonomic arousal, while the second is cold-blooded and premeditated, and is not a result of arousal. Due to the presence of the frontal cortex, humans have the capacity to engage in both affective and predatory aggression, while animals engage only in affective aggression, which is aggression related to survival and increased arousal. Impulsivity has been classified in to three different types: motor impulsivity, impulsivity without programming, and attentive impulsivity; the last may be represented by an exaggerated alert reaction (Barratt and Stanford, 1995).


PURPOSE: According to the literature, expert physiotherapists possess a superior organization of knowledge, organized around working hypothesis, that includes specific patterns, which can be explicitly and intuitively recognized and more general abstract sets of semantic relations, which reflect meaningful links between aspects of the problem (Mayer 1992; Jones and Higgs 1995; Higgs and Jones 1995). This organization of knowledge allows for the solution of a typical problem almost automatically through recognition of clinical patterns. In these conditions, knowledge base becomes highly structured in the forms of semantic networks (referred as "schemas"). The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the knowledge structure of expert physiotherapists when managing low back pain patients. Relevance: Elicitation and description of expert physiotherapists' working hypothesis, both diagnostic and non- diagnostic will contribute to clarify the types of knowledge used in physiotherapy practice. Subjects: A sample of four expert physiotherapists was selected from a pool of registered physiotherapists of the Portuguese Manual Therapy Group, according to the following criteria: more than 10 years of experience in acute and recurrent low back pain, post- graduate education in areas related with management of low back pain problems and participation as lecturers or clinical supervisors in undergraduate and postgraduate courses related to neuromusculoskeletal dysfunctions. Methods and Material: This investigation uses a qualitative case study design. Data was collected through non- participant observation, semi- structured interview, memos and field notes, during the episode of care. The interviews were audio taped, transcribed and analysed. Data analysis process was organized according to Morse's Model of qualitative data analysis (1994). After transcription of each interview, information received was coded. The coding process searches for working hypothesis according to Rivett and Higgs (1997) framework. Analysis: Coding categories were developed and revised while data analysis continues. Analysis of the data collected from video- observation and interview were reviewed by the sample that has been involved in the study. Both criterioa used in observation, and coding schema will be analysed by two external persons, who were not involved within the study. Results: The analysis of data showed evidence of working hypothesis generation in some specific themes. The majority of hypothesis formulated on the first session were related with areas or structures that could be responsible for patient's symptoms and the mechanism by which a patient's symptoms are being initiated and/ or maintained. In the following sessions the working hypothesis moved progressively to management and reassessment. Conclusions: This study provides some support for the view that understanding patient's symptoms and its relationship with movement dysfunction seems to be the major concepts that organized expert's reasoning in the management of low back pain patients.


The dynamic properties of micro based stochastic macro models are often analyzed through a linearization around the associated deterministic steady state. Recent literature has investigated the errors made by such a deterministic approximation. Complementary to this literature we investigate how the linearization affects the stochastic properties of the original model. We consider a simple real business cycle model with noisy learning by doing. The solution has a stationary distribution that exhibits moment failure and has an unbounded support. The linear approximation, however, yields a stationary distribution with possibly a bounded support and all moments finite.


Graecoanatolica Radoman, 1973 is a remarkable genus of Hydrobiidae, recognized with its disjunct distribution between Macedonia, Greece (Thessaly), and Turkey (Lakes Region). However, the current distribution of the genus is restricted to Turkey, as the 2 Balkan species have been declared extinct. In this study, a taxonomic revision of the Graecoanatolica species in Turkey is presented. Among 6 previously recognized species, G. conica Radoman, 1973 and G. brevis Radoman, 1973 from the provinces of Denizli and Burdur are determined to be extinct. G. anatolica (Schutt, 1965) comb. nov. is transferred to the genus and G. dinarica sp. nov. is described as new. Morphological, anatomical, and distributional information about all species distributed in Turkey is given, and an identification key to the species is provided. In the light of the paleogeographical and zoogeographical data available, determining factors of the distribution of the genus are discussed and notes on the ecology of the extant species are presented.


The 2000s were dominated by rising fuel prices and economic recession. Both had an impact on the structure of the trucking industry and how freight was moved. This paper examines how fuel prices shaped trucking industry's network characteristics such as the average length of haul, average load, and capacity utilization. In particular, we show the effect of fuel price on average length of haul using 29 quarterly independent surveys from the Danish heavy goods vehicle (HGV) trip diary from 2004 to 2011. The results show that the average length of haul is sensitive to changes in fuel price: a DKK 1 (0.18$) increase in diesel price/liter leads to a 4 percent decrease in the average length of haul in the 2004-2007 period. This implies that firms improve transport efficiency by reducing the number of kilometers needed to transport a tonne of cargo as a short run response to fuel price increases. This result, however, is not confirmed for the years following the 2008 financial crisis. It also depends on where in the distribution of the average length of haul one looks.


The primary objectives of this study were to: (a) collect on-farm antimicrobial use (AMU) data in fattener pigs employing two questionnaire-based surveys; (b) assess different quantitative measures for quantifying AMU in fattener pigs; (c) compare AMU in fattener pigs between two different management systems producing finishers: farrow-to-finish (FtF) farms versus finisher farms. Two questionnaires were designed both containing five groups of questions focused on the responder, the farm and AMU (eg, in-feed, in-drinking water and parenteral); both surveys were carried out by means of personal face-to-face interviews. Both surveys started with a sample size of 108 potentially eligible farms per survey; nevertheless, finally 67 finisher farms and 49 FtF farms were recruited. Overall percentages of animals exposed to antimicrobials (AM) were high (90 per cent in finisher farms and 54 per cent FtF farms); colistin (61 per cent and 33 per cent) and doxycycline (62 per cent and 23 per cent) were the most common AMs, followed by amoxicillin (51 per cent and 19 per cent) and lincomycin (49 per cent), respectively. Questionnaire-based surveys using face-to-face interviews are useful for capturing information regarding AMU at the farm level. Farm-level data per administration route can be used for comparative AMU analysis between farms. Nevertheless, for the analysis of the putative relationships between AMU and AM resistance, measures based on exposed animals or exposure events are needed.


The article considers sustainable consumption and alternative food networks in the context of global consumer capitalism as a locus where a new form of consumer sovereignty can be developed. It offers a theoretical overview aimed at charting the emergence and consolidation of a relational, responsible vision of consumer sovereignty. Potentially alternative to neo-classical and neoliberal views, such a vision of consumers and their power involves both sustainability, equality and democracy, and private happiness, conceived as a form of responsibility for personal, creative well-being and fulfillment as opposed to acquisition and spending power. Ultimately the article offers a reappraisal of the economistic notion of utility of goods, and proposes a way forward for alternative ways of consuming and of thinking of consumption which aim at avoiding the mere reproduction of charity and at involving individuals' subjectivity working on their capacities to develop new pleasures in sustainable lifestyles.


Abstract To reconstruct the paleodiet and habitat preference of gomphotheres, we measured the carbon and oxygen isotope composition of 68 bone and tooth samples for three species of Gomphotheriidae from 24 different localities (Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, and Brazil). Additionally, we measured the isotopic oxygen in the phosphate of 30 samples to control diagenetic alteration. We calculated the correlation between pairs of δ18Op–δ18Oc values for enamel, dentine, and bone, taken from the same individual in order to verify whether the oxygen of structural apatite carbonate was in equilibrium with body water. Because of the good correlation obtained among pairs of the three skeletal components, we considered the δ13C results of all components to be equally representative of both gomphothere groups, and we used them collectively in the analysis of the data. To compare the different groups of specimens, we divided the samples into six groups, taking into account their taxonomy as well as their geographic and stratigraphic distribution. Cuvieronius specimens from Chile were exclusively C3 plants eaters, whereas specimens from Bolivia and Ecuador had a mixed C3-C4 diet. Stegomastodon showed a wider range of dietary adaptations. Specimens from Quequén Salado in Buenos Aires Province were entirely C3 feeders, whereas the diet of specimens from La Carolina Peninsula (Ecuador) was exclusively C4. The remaining South American groups analyzed were C3-C4 mixed-feeders. Carbon isotope composition of bone and teeth decreased as latitude increased. We found evidence of an exclusively C3-dominated diet at approximately 35–41°S. This result confirms that ancient feeding ecology cannot always be inferred from dental morphology or extant relatives. Data from middle and late Pleistocene indicated that, over time, there was an adaptive change in paleodiet from predominantly mixed-feeders to more specialized feeders. We propose that this dietary evolution was one of the causes that forced gomphotheres to extinction in South America. In addition, the data presented in this paper suggest that because of the different feeding preferences among mastodons, mammoths, and gomphotheres, only the bunodont gomphotheres reached South America.


Purpose. To investigate the difference between the eyes from the same human with respect to the biomechanical properties of fresh corneal tissues and investigate the assumption of similarity of the corneal biomechanical properties between the eyes. Methods. Strip specimens extracted through a small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) surgery were tested using a uniaxial tensile test. The specimens were extracted vertically. Low-strain tangent modulus (LSTM), high-strain tangent modulus (HSTM), and tensile strength (σb) were the biomechanical parameters used in the comparison of the eyes from the same human. Results. Ninety corneal specimens from 45 persons were included in this study. The LSTM of the left and right eyes were 1.34 ± 0.52 and 1.37 ± 0.46 MPa, while the HSTM were 50.53 ± 7.51 and 49.41 ± 7.01 MPa, respectively. There was no significant difference between the eyes in terms of LSTM, HSTM, andσbP=0.813, 0.335, and 0.605, resp.. The LSTM and HSTM were significantly correlated with the spherical equivalent (SE) (P≤0.01, P=0.001, resp.). Conclusions. The assumption that the corneal biomechanical properties of the eyes from the same human are similar has been confirmed for the first time using fresh human corneal tissue. This finding may be useful in further biomechanical studies.


Launched in May 2000, NAPE seeks to promote the culture of nonviolence and peace within West African communities with particular focus on children and youth in schools and in the informal sector. The programme promotes peer mediation and peace clubs in schools as well as peace education curriculums at various levels: schools, colleges, teachers' training colleges, universities and policy level. Peacebuilding is not an event but rather a process which when properly inculcated in the minds and comportment of children, youth and adult; they will become agents of change – this is the philosophy behind NAPE.


This study highlights the experiences of people who have recently moved to or from Jefferson County, Iowa. This report summarizes details about reasons for moving, community satisfaction, sources of information, age, education, housing, and income of the respondents. The purpose is to increase understanding about why people move so community leaders and citizens can develop actionable strategies for attracting and retaining population.


By now, almost without exception, every business has an internet presence, and is likely engaged in e-commerce. What are the major risks perceived by those engaged in e-commerce and electronic payment systems? What potential risks, if they become reality, may cause substantial increases in operating costs or threaten the very survival of the enterprise?This article utilizes the relevant annual report disclosures from eBay (parent of PayPal), along with other eBay and PayPal documents, as a potentially powerful teaching device. Most of the descriptive language to follow is excerpted directly from eBay's regulatory filings. My additions include weaving these materials into a logical presentation and providing supplemental sources for those who desire a deeper look (usually in my footnotes) at any particular aspect. I've sought to present a roadmap with these materials that shows eBay's struggle to optimize its business performance while navigating through a complicated maze of regulatory compliance concerns and issues involving governmental jurisdictions throughout the world. First, a brief look is provided at the SEC's disclosure requirements. Second, a description of the eBay and PayPal history and business models is presented. Next, is a discussion of risk factors: credit cards; U.S. state money transmission laws; online and mobile growth; and reliance on internet access. International issues follow, with an examination of anti-money laundering, counter-terrorist, and other potential illegal activity laws. The author estimates that PayPal's cost of accounting and legal fees and management time devoted to the discovery, examination and documentation of the perceived enterprise risk associated with e-commerce, cyber, information technology and electronic payment system risks may aggregate in the range of tens-of-millions of dollars a year. The value proposition offered here is disarmingly simple -- at no out-of-pocket cost, the reader has an opportunity to invest probably less than an hour to read and reflect upon eBay and PayPal's multiple-million-dollar research, investment and documentation of perceived e-commerce, cyber, IT, and electronic payment system risk. Hopefully, this will prove of value to those either interested in the rapidly changing dynamics of (1) electronic payment systems, or (2) those engaged in Internet site operations.


This work focuses on the a posteriori error estimation for the reduced basis method applied to partial differential equations with quadratic nonlinearity and affine parameter dependence. We rely on natural norms—local parameter-dependent norms—to provide a sharp and computable lower bound of the inf-sup constant. We prove a formulation of the Brezzi-Rappaz-Raviart existence and uniqueness theorem in the presence of two distinct norms. This allows us to relax the existence condition and to sharpen the field variable error bound. We also provide a robust algorithm to compute the Sobolev embedding constants involved in the error bound and in the inf-sup lower bound computation. We apply our method to a steady natural convection problem in a closed cavity, with a Grashof number varying from 10 to $10^7$.


Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a chronic granulomatous condition caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a microorganism that affects the skin and Schwann's cells. Making a diagnosis of this condition is difficult in non-endemic areas because of low clinical suspicion. During the 2012-2019 time period, three cases of Hansen's disease were diagnosed and treated in the ID service of Dos de Mayo Hospital. The average time history of the disease was 4 years. Patients started their condition with the appearance of pruriginous papular lesions affecting specific body regions, progressing to generalized nodular lesions. Paresthesia and tactile, thermal, pain, and vibratory hypoesthesia were found. These manifestations later progressed to anesthesia. Diagnosis was made through bacilloscopy in lymphatic fluid and skin node biopsy. Clinical features for each patient are also described. We emphasize the importance of clinical suspicion for diagnosing this unattended disease in non-endemic areas.


Aim. The aim of the study was to compare the antimicrobial effectiveness of 2 herbal mouthrinses, Listerine and Peridex (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate) as determined by the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against predominant oral bacteria in vitro. Material and Methods. S. An agar dilution method was employed to assess the inhibitory effect of the test agents against 40 oral bacteria. Serial dilutions of the 4 test mouthrinses [The Natural Dentist Healthy Gums Oral Rinse, The Natural Dentist Healthy Gums Oral Rinse minus bloodroot (sanguinaria), Listerine and Peridex] were prepared at concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 μ g/ml. Filter-sterilized test agents were added to basal medium in petri plates and inoculated with suspensions of the test species using an MIC 2000 inoculator. Inoculated plates were incubated anaerobically at 35 degrees C and examined daily. The MIC was interpreted as the lowest concentration of the agent that completely inhibited the growth of the test species. MICs were performed in duplicate. Results. The 2 Natural Dentist formulations effectively inhibited the growth of the majority of the 40 test species. Compared with Listerine, The Natural Dentist Healthy Gums Oral Rinses exhibited significantly lower MICs (> a 2 fold difference in MICs) for Actinomyces species, periodontal pathogens, E. nodatum, T. forsythia and Prevotella species as well as the cariogenic pathogen, S. mutans. Peridex had the lowest MICs compared with Listerine and The Natural Dentist Healthy Gums Oral Rinse for all test species examined. Conclusion. Although less potent than Peridex, The Natural Dentist Healthy Gums Oral Rinse was a more effective antimicrobial than Listerine in inhibiting the growth of oral bacteria in vitro.


The carboxylation of alumina nanoparticles (NPs), with bifunctional carboxylic acids, provides molecular anchors that are used for building more complexed structures via either physisorption or chemisorption. Colloidal suspensions of the NPs may be prepared by covalently bonding a series of carboxylic acids with secondary functional groups (HO2C-R-X) to the surface of the NPs: lysine (X = NH2), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (X = OH), fumaric acid (X = CO2H), and 4-formylbenzoic acid (X = C(O)H). Subsequent reaction with octylamine at either 25°C or 70°C was investigated. Fourier transform IR-attenuated reflectance spectroscopy (FTIRATR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) along with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were used to characterize the bifunctionalized monolayers and/or multilayer corona surrounding the alumina NPs and investigate the reaction mechanism of octylamine with the functional groups (X) of the NPs. Except for the fumaric functionalized NPs, addition of octylamine to the functionalized NPs leads to removal of excess carboxylic acid corona from the surface via an amide formation. The extent of the multilayer is dependent on the strength of the acid⋯acid interaction.


The rapid rise in food prices has been a burden on the poor in developing countries, who spend roughly half of their household incomes on food. This paper examines the factors behind the rapid increase in internationally traded food prices since 2002 and estimates the contribution of various factors such as the increased production of biofuels from food grains and oilseeds, the weak dollar, and the increase in food production costs due to higher energy prices. It concludes that the most important factor was the large increase in biofuels production in the U.S. and the EU. Without these increases, global wheat and maize stocks would not have declined appreciably, oilseed prices would not have tripled, and price increases due to other factors, such as droughts, would have been more moderate. Recent export bans and speculative activities would probably not have occurred because they were largely responses to rising prices. While it is difficult to compare the results of this study with those of other studies due to differences in methodologies, time periods and prices considered, many other studies have also recognized biofuels production as a major driver of food prices. The contribution of biofuels to the rise in food prices raises an important policy issue, since much of the increase was due to EU and U.S. government policies that provided incentives to biofuels production, and biofuels policies which subsidize production need to be reconsidered in light of their impact on food prices.


The condensation coefficient (c. c.) of a liquid is defined as the ratio of the observed rate of evaporation under given conditions to the 'expected' rate calculated from the known saturation vapour pressure, for the same conditions. Values of the c. c. less than 1 have been reported in the past, but the accuracy of the experiments has been criticized on various grounds. Experimental work is described which establishes that the c. c. of glycerol at 18°C is 0⋅052 ± 0⋅005. Previous experimental determinations are reviewed in the light of this result, and it is found that for various liquids the c. c. is nearly equal to the free-angle ratio defined by Kincaid and Eyring on the basis of a simple model of liquid structure. This equality is not found for chloroform. The theory of evaporation is discussed on a model of the liquid surface consisting of a compact ordered layer with a mobile adsorbed layer of molecules above it. On the assumption that evaporating and condensing molecules pass through the adsorbed condition, it is shown that the c. c. is determined by the rates of exchange between substrate and adsorbed layer, and adsorbed layer and vapour, respectively. In particular, a c. c. near unity results if the rate of exchange between substrate and mobile layer is very much greater than that between mobile layer and vapour. The above assumption does not give a satisfactory explanation of the equality of c. c. and free-angle ratio for alcohol molecules. It is shown that for polar molecules which form an oriented surface layer in the liquid state it is to be expected that evaporation will take place mainly by direct exchange of molecules between the ordered layer and the vapour, although an adsorbed layer will be present. In this case an argument given by Herzfeld shows the condition for equality of c. c. and free-angle ratio to be that there should be no exchange of energy between rotational and translational co-ordinates in the process of evaporation. It is further concluded from a rather qualitative discussion that a major contribution to c. c. and free-angle ratio for the simple alcohols arises from restriction of rotation of the hydroxyl group about the carbon-oxygen bond.


First results of a multiannual integration with the new global aerosol model system ECHAM4/MADE are presented. This model system enables simulations of the particle number concentration and size-distribution, which is a fundamental innovation compared to previous global model studies considering aerosol mass cycles only. The data calculated by the model provide detailed insights into the properties of the global submicrometer aerosol regarding global burden, chemical composition, atmospheric residence time, particle number concentration and size-distribution. The aerosol components considered by the model are sulfate (SO4), nitrate (NO3), ammonium (NH4), black carbon (BC), organic matter (OM), mineral dust, sea salt and aerosol water. The simulated climatological annual mean global atmospheric burdens (residence times) of the dominant submicrometer aerosol components are 2.25 Tg (4.5 d) for SO4, 0.46 Tg (4.5 d) for NH4, 0.26 Tg (6.6 d) for BC, and 1.77 Tg (6.5 d) for OM. The contributions of individual processes such as emission, nucleation, condensation or dry and wet deposition to the global sources and sinks of specific aerosol components and particle number concentration are quantified. Based on this analysis, the significance of aerosol microphysical processes (nucleation, condensation, coagulation) is evaluated by comparison to the importance of other processes relevant for the submicrometer aerosol on the global scale. The results reveal that aerosol microphysics are essential for the simulation of the particle number concentration and important but not vital for the simulation of particle mass concentration. Hence aerosol microphysics should be taken into account in simulations of atmospheric processes showing a significant dependence on aerosol particle number concentration. The analysis of the vertical variation of the microphysical net production and net depletion rates performed for particle number concentration, sulfate mass and black carbon mass concentration unveils the dominant source and sink regions. Prominent features can be attributed to dominant microphysical processes such as nucleation in the upper troposphere or wet deposition in the lower troposphere. Regions of efficient coagulation can be identified.


Previous studies showed that changes of gonadal weight and of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) receptor number in response to fluctuations in natural environmental conditions are smaller in female than in male Indian weaver bird (Ploceus phillippinus). Therefore, we studied whether the response to artificial photoperiodic changes differs between the sexes. Birds were transferred to short-day (SD) photoperiods during the breeding phase (June). Other birds were subjected to long-day (LD) photoperiods during the nonbreeding phase (December). Exposure to SD for 10 weeks induced a marked testicular weight decrease. Similarly, FSH binding per unit testicular weight as well as per two testes decreased after SD exposure. The influence of photoperiodic manipulations on the ovarian weight was much smaller than that on the testicular weight. SD exposure did not alter FSH binding either per unit ovarian weight or per ovary. Plasma gonadotropin concentration significantly decreased in both sexes subjected to SD environment. On the other hand, exposure to LD significantly increased testicular weight. LD exposure slightly increased ovarian weight, but the increase was statistically not significant. FSH binding per unit testicular weight markedly increased 10 weeks after transfer to LD. The total FSH binding per two testes showed a parallel change with the testicular weight. However, there was no significant increase in FSH binding per unit ovarian weight during 10 weeks of LD exposure. Although LD exposure for 10 weeks significantly increased the total FSH binding per ovary, the rate of increase was much smaller than that in the testes. The plasma gonadotropin level in both sexes was increased by LD exposure. Scatchard plot analyses of FSH binding indicated that FSH binding changes were due to changes in binding site number. These results suggest that photoperiod regulates FSH receptor numbers particularly in the testis. Such an effect is manifested by marked changes in the testicular weight under different photoperiodic conditions in the subtropical bird.


Using matched employer-employee data from the German LIAB for 2001, the authors found that German works councils are in general associated with higher earnings, even after accounting for establishment- and worker heterogeneity. Works council wage premia exceed those of collective bargaining and are higher, in fact, where both institutions are present in the workplace. The authors also found evidence indicating that works councils benefit women relative to men and appear to favor foreign, east-German, and service-sector workers as well. Separate evidence from quantile regressions suggests that the conjunction of works council presence and collective bargaining is important to the narrowing process. In smaller plants even the presence of a works council markup depends on the coexistence of the works council entity with the machinery of collective bargaining.


Metallic and dielectric nanostructures can show sharp contrasted resonances, sensitive to the environment, and high field enhancement in sub-wavelength volumes. For this reason, these structures are commonly used as molecular sensors. Only few works have focused on their application in optical microscopy, in particular in superresolution. In this work we have designed, fabricated and optically tested a nanostructured TiO(2) substrate, fabricated by direct embossing of TiO(2) derived film, as a substrate for fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, using numerical simulations, we have compared the signal to background noise with respect to other metallo-dielectric structures. We show that the TiO(2) structure is a good candidate for reducing the thickness of the fluorescence excitation down to ~100 nm. Therefore, this substrate can be used to obtain Total Internal Reflection (TIRF) axial resolution without a TIRF-Microscopy system.


A method of seismic response analysis of 2D inhomogeneous structures, based on the ray method and on the application of the Debye procedure to include slight absorption, is presented. Program package RESPO, designed for such an analysis of the seismic response on the free surface of a general 2D laterally varying, geological near-surface structure assuming P, SV or SH plane-wave incidence from below, is briefly described. The package is tested on the classical model of a sedimentary basin. The study differs from previous applications of the ray method to the basin model in the following aspects. The frequencydomain approach is used. A comparison of the ray method results with the results of the discrete wavenumber method for long periods is made. More attention is paid to the analysis of the formation of the wave field. This analysis reveals two main types of wave propagation inside the basin: the dominant horizontally propagating local interference waves and less expressive vertically propagating waves in the central part of the basin. Effects of slight absorption (Futterman's causal absorption) are considered. The absorption causes a decrease in amplitudes and time delays at later times. The decrease in the amplitudes is not so expressive because of large periods and relatively short travel times of the waves investigated.


This paper examines the monetary transmission mechanism in eight EU member states. It provides useful empirical evidence for assessing the impact of a common monetary policy in the early stages of EMU, and enables us to form a view on how the regime change represented by EMU is likely to be translated into changes in policy multipliers in the various EU countries. The empirical analysis applies techniques recently developed by Wickens and Motto (2001) for identifying shocks by estimating a VECM for the endogenous variables, and a stationary VAR in first differences for the exogenous variables. Our findings suggest that there are significant differences between EU countries in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy.


Abstract The past three decades have been a time of considerable global conflict, affecting over 50 countries and causing substantial impacts on civilian health. While many effects are direct results of violence, conflict also impinges on health through indirect means. The restricted mobility of health care staff and patients, targeting of health care workers, and stressful working conditions disrupt the ability of health care workers in conflict zones to function effectively. This paper explores the challenges experienced by health care workers in West Bank, Palestine, as well as their strategies of persistence. Research activities included participant observation and interviews with health care providers, which were then analysed for common themes. Results demonstrated that the Israeli military occupation of the West Bank considerably impacts civilians' access to both urgent and preventive care. While attempting to deliver care, providers encountered disruptions, harassment and violence, which interrupted care and contributed to job stress. Professional perseverance was evident, but its influence was limited by enduring constraints. This study thus underscores the importance of accountability to international law regarding the rights of civilians to health care in conflict zones. Health professionals may play a particular role in advocating for just and dignified resolutions to conflicts.


the research introduces a structured and consistent approach for digital forensic investigation. Digital forensic science provides tools, techniques and scientifically proven methods that can be used to acquire and analyze digital evidence. The digital forensic investigation must be retrieved to obtain the evidence that will be accepted in the court. This research focuses on a structured and consistent approach to digital forensic investigation. This research aims at identifying activities that facilitate and improves digital forensic investigation process. Existing digital forensic framework will be reviewed and then the analysis will be compiled. The result from the evaluation will produce a new model to improve the whole investigation process.


Debates in the Digital Humanities by Matthew K. Gold, ed. University of Minnesota Press 2012 516 pages ISBN: 978-0-8166-7795-5 (paperback) [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] In 2008, the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) established the Office of Digital Humanities to provide grant funding for research in the new academic field of the digital humanities, an indication that DH (as practitioners call it) had moved out of the margins of the academy. One of the projects that the NEH has funded is Looking for Whitman: The Poetry of Place in the Life and Work of Walt Whitman, which brings students and faculty in five courses from four universities together in "a multi-campus experiment in digital pedagogy" to study the work of the 19th-century American poet. One of the leaders of this experiment in pedagogy, Matthew Gold, is the editor of the comprehensive collection of essays, Debates in the Digital Humanities. In an essay on Looking for Whitman, Gold states succinctly the implications of the digital humanities: "the radical potential of projects like Looking for Whitman--and perhaps of digital humanities pedagogy more generally--lies in their ability to connect learners in ways that hack around the artificial boundaries of selectivity and elitism that educational institutions have long erected around themselves" (p. 407). The use of the word "hack" in relation to the digital humanities is strategic, connoting subversive, unauthorized action against the status quo, a theme that runs throughout the volume. If you have never heard of the digital humanities, you will find yourself longing for specific examples like Looking for Whitman as you read the first 200 pages of Debates in the Digital Humanities. The book is organized in six parts, including both essays and blog posts on each topic--defining, theorizing, critiquing, practicing, teaching, and envisioning the future of the digital humanities. "Part I: Defining the Digital Humanities" is more successful in illustrating the challenge of defining the discipline than it is in providing an authoritative definition, leading the reader in circles around the question, "What is DH?" "Let's be honest," states Rafael Alvarado in a reprinted blog post, "there is no definition of digital humanities" (p. 50). Confirming the reader's impression, Alvarado says that DH "has nearly as many definitions as affiliates" (p. 50). In spite of its vagueness, perhaps the most helpful definition is provided by Matthew Kirschenbaum as he quotes from Wikipedia: "The digital humanities is a field of study, research, teaching, and invention concerned with the intersection of computing and the disciplines of the humanities" (p. 4). The digital humanities, formerly known as humanities computing, traces its origins to the work of Father Roberto Busa (1913-2011), an Italian Jesuit priest who in 1949 initiated with IBM a 30-year project to digitize the complete works of St. Thomas Aquinas in a searchable database. In the last decade, advances in computing (e.g., wikis, social networking, crowdsourcing, GPS) have created tools that are redefining the research and teaching in history, linguistics, and literary criticism. "Part IV: Practicing the Digital Humanities" and "Part V: Teaching the Digital Humanities" provide compelling illustrations of DH at work and are probably better starting points for outsiders to the field since they include excellent illustrations of the applications of the digital humanities. One of the results of the digitization of literary texts has been to facilitate the work of the literary critic. When I was an English major in the 1980s, I would have to manually cull through a novel like Melville's Moby-Dick page by page looking for references, for example, to "whiteness," a recurring motif in the novel with thematic significance. Once I had identified key references to whiteness, I would then review each relevant passage carefully in order to interpret Melville's use of the motif and its relation to the larger theme of racial difference, a preoccupation in pre-Civil War America. …


The right to resist and the right to rebel have again become relevant as legal problems. Their justifications traditionally derive from natural law, human rights, the principle of the lesser evil or of the social contract. Interpretation of the right to resist expresses the tendencies to the law of people, in particular, the right to self-determination, distinguishing national and international understanding, and underscores the special nature of such right. Also, two-level research of the right to resist should be distinguished research of the right to resist – the first is a debate about the nature character and legislative consolidation of this right, partly focused on preventive-limiting its properties, whereas the second one is updated at the time of social upheaval and legal concerns, and it contains not only the evaluation of the events, but sometimes attempts to justify ex post risk of abuse and original post-legitimation of public authorities. An important condition for the existence of the right to resistance is a legitimate aim. This could be called the internal condition, which is provided by those who implement this right. Other condition (which can be called external) and the base of implementation should recognize certain actions, acts or decisions by public authorities – those that violate human rights are illegal and unfair. At the same time, the purpose and result of the right to resistance may be changes in the public authorities, the termination of abuse of authority and violation of human rights by its agents, return to democratic legal regime or change in the constitutional system, aimed at creating a state of law, as well as in some cases, when combined with the right to selfdetermination, – the achievement of independence. The author of the present paper considers that the right to resist is an individual right, a human right. But the author inclines to the idea of the collective nature of the right to resist implementation, but warns against simply counting the number of persons engaged in it. In other words, it does not matter how many people commit acts, but it does matter how many people support them. Considering the modalities of implementing the right to resist, it should be noted that these forms can be active or passive, expressed in actions directly or indirectly. The right of rebellion is an extreme form of the right to resist, which is carried out in case if the non-violent means of resistance are exhausted or proved ineffective. The conditions (and bases) of the right of rebellion are phenomena, such as the following: (1) massive human rights violations by public authorities (quantitative criterion); (2) systematic human rights violations by public authorities (accumulating criterion); or (3) extraordinary human rights violations by public authorities (criterion by serious, explicit and violent nature of the violation). Ambiguous is an issue of the limits of the right of rebellion, its permission and proportion, as well as whether it is possible to develop a mechanism for exercising this right.


Aceh has archeological remains in the form of gravestones from several Islamic kingdoms that once stood there. One area that pretty much brings Islamic artifacts is the city of Banda Aceh. Some buildings during the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam are still firmly established, one of which is Masjid Baiturahmaan Banda Aceh. In addition to building heritage, the city of Banda Aceh turned out to have many burial complexes from the time of the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam. Tuan Di Kandang Cemetery Complex, Putri Ijo, Kings of Kampung Pande, and Tombs of the Bugis Dynasty Kings. The four cemetery complexes are cemeteries of the descendants of count of the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam. The existence of the cemetery complex there are located close to the shoreline now. Year 2004 Tsunami-affected Banda Aceh swallowed quite a lot of casualties. The existence of gravestones in the four complexes experienced significant damage. One of them is the position of the placement of the tombstones that have been turned by the brunt of the 2004 tsunami. In addition, due to the tsunami strikes, several tombstones around the Tuan Di Kandang Tomb complex, Raja Kampung Pande, Putri Ijo arose, and the Tombs of the Bugis Dynasty Kings. Some gravestones that emerged after the tsunami hit gave us new data sources regarding the existence of gravestones from the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam. In his writings, Daphne A. Johnson in the journal Reconceptualizing Cultural Identity and Its Role in Intercultural Business Communication (2007: 281-285) explained that identity has attributes. It then cause problems in the form of how the attributes are visible on the gravestones that arises after the 2004 tsunami and its relationship with the cemetery around. Based on the survey results of the study found that the presence of these gravestones have attributes similar to that of the four surrounding funeral complex and indirectly shows that there is a relationship with the Kingdom of Aceh Darussalam.


"The central question here, as in all issues concerning indigenous rights, is who is in a position to control resources. It is question of land rights." (1) Sami--Scandinavia "To us Indians human rights is a matter of daily survival; it is the right to food, to firewood and to fresh water, but above all it is the right to our customs." (2) Plains Cree--Canada "Our history, identity, and tribal sovereignity are indistinguishable from the land. From time immemorial, it has always been so." (3) Umatilla--United States INTRODUCTION Since the Stocholm Declaration thirty years ago and particularly in the last decade, the rights and status of indigenous peoples (4) have begun to secure a more widely recognized place in international law, (5) including international environmental law. As a result of the impact of several important conventions, the rights of indigenous peoples are increasingly defined. Parallel to these developments, commentators have contributed analysis to an emerging framework for protecting and enhancing the rights of indigenous peoples. (6) In that same vein, the paradox is that indigenous peoples are confronted with increasing impacts from the demand for natural resources,, development, population growth and international trade. These effects are particularly important because the culture of indigenous peoples is often directly dependent on natural resources and changes are likely to create long-lasting, even permanent environmental harm. Indigenous peoples are thus especially vulnerable to these forces from a cultural standpoint. (7) Indigenous peoples are also found in some of the most sensitive areas of the world where, as in the Arctic and the Nordic region for example, the flora and fauna are extremely susceptible to irretrievable damage. (8) In this way, culture and the environment are intertwined and for many indigenous peoples, they are indivisible. Any harm to one is almost certain to damage the other and injury to both is a substantial threat to identity and therefore, even survival. This article considers selected aspects of these impacts from a Nordic perspective, focusing on natural resources, the environment and the Sami (formerly referred to by others as the Lapps), found in the last wilderness of Europe. In light of the vast cultural diversity of indigenous peoples across the world, where it is estimated there are some 5,000 different groups in seventy different countries, (9) it is instructive to examine these impacts in a more specific context, in light of the heritage, belief systems and world view presented. (10) Further, by examining one group like the Sami through the lens of specific conflicts and issues relating to natural resources and the environment, analysis moves beyond theoretical constructs, addressing the challenge in implementing legal principles and standards and in creating and maintaining institutions for the protection of their rights. In that same vein, an informed understanding of the status of indigenous peoples in one context has value in providing insight into the broader framework of international and domestic law relating to indigenous peoples generally. By considering the context in a more empirical setting, scholarship has the prospect of contributing to a more pragmatic understanding of the issues related to indigenous peoples and the environment, and their rights and aspirations. Part I of the article introduces the larger picture and the process of transition in which indigenous peoples like the Sami are found. The discussion focuses on both the convergence of legal systems generally which influence the protection of indigenous peoples in international and domestic law and the concomitant impacts related to the concentration of new forces from trade, technology and communications, or, in a word, globalization. These dynamics, in concert with the `internationalization' of the environment, have special consequences for indigenous peoples. …


The prosperity of Neolithic rice agriculture along the Yangtze River Valley (China) under the humid East Asian Monsoon has been well documented. However, the way in which major hydrological changes influenced the expansion of rice farming remains elusive, mainly because detailed climate records associated with critical periods of the development of early rice farming are still lacking. Here we present high-resolution n -alkane carbon (δ 13 C) and hydrogen (δD) isotope data sampled every 5 cm from a 360 cm sedimentary sequence spanning an ∼5 k.y. period at the Tianluoshan archaeological site in China's eastern coastal region. Combined with micropaleontological records, our dual isotope data reveal a detailed climate change profile between 7.0 and 4.6 ka, showing major hydrological changes that coincided with the early development of rice farming in the lower Yangtze region. Two major evapotranspiration events, indicated by synchronized positive δ 13 C and δD shifts of as much as 5‰ (δ 13 C) and 60‰ (δD), are evident ca. 7.0 ka and 6.4 ka, and coincided with regional sea-level changes. Our new isotope data suggest that these short drought climate conditions superimposed upon local sea-level regressions opened suitable new habitats for expanding rice agriculture in the lower Yangtze Delta when subsequent humid climate regimes returned.


Classical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) are ubiquitous in statistics. However, these techniques are only able to reveal linear relationships in data. Although nonlinear variants of PCA and CCA have been proposed, these are computationally prohibitive in the large scale.

In a separate strand of recent research, randomized methods have been proposed to construct features that help reveal nonlinear patterns in data. For basic tasks such as regression or classification, random features exhibit little or no loss in performance, while achieving drastic savings in computational requirements.

In this paper we leverage randomness to design scalable new variants of nonlinear PCA and CCA; our ideas extend to key multivariate analysis tools such as spectral clustering or LDA. We demonstrate our algorithms through experiments on real-world data, on which we compare against the state-of-the-art. A simple R implementation of the presented algorithms is provided.


After the 2001 crisis, Argentina - once the poster-child for pro-market structural-adjustment policies - had to define a new strategy in order to manage the societal demands that had led to the fall of the previous administration. The demand by the majority of the population for employment recovery spurred the government to introduce a massive employment program, the Plan Jefes y Jefas de Hogar Desocupados (Program for Unemployed Male and Female Heads of Households). This program, which accounted for less than 1 percent of GDP at the outset, paved the way for a reduction of the contractionary effects that otherwise would have caused a catastrophic devaluation of the currency. This paper explores how Argentina pursued a strategy of employment generation, with the state participating as employer of last resort, to recover from one of the worst social and economic crises in its history.


In June 1992, author Roy Moxham did a very strange thing: he wrote to a bandit in an Indian jail. Phoolan Devi was the controversial and charismatic 'Bandit Queen' hailed as a modern-day Robin Hood in the villages surrounding Delhi. In revenge for her own gang rape, her followers killed 20 high-caste Indians, which led to her surrender and imprisonment. Struck by her story and appalled by her plight, Roy Moxham helped Phoolan Devi obtain justice, offered her encouragement when she became an MP in India on her release, and travelled with her for several years before she was finally gunned down in 2001. Based on the diaries that documented their extraordinary friendship, Moxham offers a fascinating portrait of a remarkable woman and reveals the hidden face of India.


Abstract Systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) generally support the use of exercise interventions to reduce pain and improve function in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (LBP). However, many RCTs in the field of LBP include small numbers of subjects, have significant methodological limitations and use diverse exercise interventions. This review shows that the smaller RCTs often overestimate the true effectiveness or fail to detect true benefits. Also, statistically significant results from RCTs of low methodological quality might not be valid. This review showed that evidence from RCTs that are larger (≥ 40 subjects in exercise group), score high on the adapted van Tulder methodological quality criteria (≥ 5/10) and have used adequate statistical tests, support the use of exercise for patients with LBP of at least 6 weeks' duration, although the effect sizes tend to be smaller. This higher quality evidence particularly supports the use of strengthening exercises, (organised) aerobic exercises, general exercises, hydrotherapy and McKenzie exercises for back pain of at least 6 weeks' duration.


Time-dependent solutions of a spatial diffusion equation are often used to describe the transport of solar energetic particles, accelerated in large solar flares. Approximate analytical solutions of the diffusion approximation can complement and guide detailed numerical solutions of the Fokker-Planck equation for the particle distribution function. The accuracy of the diffusion approximation is limited, however, because the signal propagation speed is infinite in the diffusion limit. An improved description of cosmic-ray transport is provided by the telegraph equation, characterised by a finite signal propagation speed. We derive the telegraph equation for the particle density, taking into account adiabatic focusing in a large-scale interplanetary magnetic field in a weak focusing limit. As an illustration, we calculate a propagating pulse solution of the telegraph equation, determine the rise time when the maximum particle intensity is reached at a given distance from the Sun, and compare the results with those obtained in the diffusion approximation. In comparison with the diffusion equation, the telegraph equation predicts an asymmetrical shape of the pulse and a shorter rise time. These potentially significant differences suggest that the more accurate telegraph equation should be used in analysis of the solar energetic particle data, at least to quantify the accuracy of the focused diffusion model.


The sequence of papers starts with an interview of David Albertini and his extraordinary contribution to the knowledge of 'the most wondrous of cells--the oocyte' and follows with a road map of the life of an oocyte from its origin as a primordial germ cell (PGC) to completion of maturation, evidencing the hurdles encountered during this troubled journey. The female gamete is followed during its migration as a PGC towards the gonadal ridge (Mamsen et al.) and during its entry into meiosis (Spiller et al.), when, for the first time, we are able to read a whole genome transcriptional portrait of precious human PGCs in a comparative analysis with that of the mouse (Diedrichs et al.). Then, its growing phase in the adult ovary is described all through to the antral compartment, with a specific focus on metabolic changes (Collado-Fernandez et al.), the role of the Akt signalling pathway (Cecconi et al.) and the developmental relationship occurring between the oocyte and its companion theca, granulosa and cumulus cells within the antral follicle (Hennet and Combelles). During these stages of maturation, the oocyte acquires the zona pellucida, a glycoprotein layer crucial at the time of fertilisation, but, we learn here, also important for the growth of a healthy oocyte (Wassarman and Litscher). The long perdurance of the oocyte within the human ovary, maternal age, hormonal stimulation, disturbed metabolism, and depletion of the follicle pool contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction, spindle aberrations, and errors in chromosome segregation (Eichenlaub-Ritter)...