This report presents preliminary results from our project on creating distributed expertise for teaching computer organization & architecture course(s) in the undergraduate computer science curriculum. We present the details of an online survey designed to gather information from faculty on the current state of teaching this course. The survey also tries to identify specific areas of need for creating distributed expertise as reported by various faculty. We also present several resources that have been identified that are available for use by faculty teaching the course(s). This report represents a mid-point of an ongoing two-year study. Following a discussion of the currently identified needs, we discuss ways to address them and conclude the report with a plan of action that will follow in the next phase of the project.


Single-parameter adiabatic charge pumping, induced by a nearby radio-frequency antenna, is achieved in suspended carbon nanotubes close to the mechanical resonance. The charge pumping is due to an important dynamic adjustment of the oscillating motion to the antenna signal and it is different from the mechanism active in the two-parameter pumping. Finally, the second harmonic oscillator response shows an interesting relationship with the first harmonic that should be experimentally observed.


This paper explores two alternative mould fabrication technologies that allow for the casting of (solid) glass components with a great degree of freedom in shape and size and/or of a customized design, in a cost-efficient way. In specific, the paper discusses the research, design and experimental work conducted at TU Delft on 3D-printed sand moulds and adjustable, high-precision steel moulds. 3D-printed sand moulds can provide a high-accuracy, cost-effective solution for solid glass components of complex geometry and/or of customized design. Although this mould technique is already used for metal castings, it remains still unexplored in the field of glass casting. Accordingly, this paper presents the first experimental findings at TU Delft of this mould technology: mould samples using different binders and treated with various coatings for surface finishing are tested in the high temperatures anticipated in glass (kiln-)casting. Following, 3D-printed moulds are prepared for a given glass geometry and physical glass prototypes are made by kiln-casting. Adjustable metal moulds are another mould technique that offers a degree of freedom in the modulus of a structure. Essentially, components of different sizes and, to an extent, shapes can be generated by the same mould. Accordingly, the design principles and engineering of such a mould and the potential applications and limitations of this technology are discussed. As a proof of concept, an adjustable mould is made using 3D-printed PLA and laser-cut MDF. The mould is used for the generation of wax models of variable forms, which are used to kiln-cast glass prototypes by the lost-wax technique. Based on the findings on both presented mould technologies, guidelines are given on their suitability according to the production volume, the level of accuracy required and the complexity and variation of forms involved.


Regression discontinuity design (RDD) is a useful tool for evaluating programs when a single variable is used to determine program eligibility. RDD has also been used to evaluate programs when eligibility is based on multiple variables that have been aggregated into a single index using explicit, often arbitrary, weights. In this paper, we show that under specific conditions, regression discontinuity can be used in instances when more than one variable is used to determine eligibility, without assigning explicit weights to map those variables into a single measure.


Point-to-point parallel links are widly used in short-distance high-speed data communications. For these links, the design goal is not only to integrate a large number of I/Os in the systems, but also to increase the bit rate per I/O. The cost per I/O has to be kept low as performance improves.
 Voltage and timing error sources limit the performance of data links and affect its robustnest. These kinds of noise impose greater challenges in parallel data links, such as inter-signal timing skew and inter-signal cross-talk. The use of low-cost schemes, such as single-ended signaling, is effected signaficantly [sic] by the voltage and timging [sic] noise. Fully differential signaling schemes, two physical paths per signal channel, significantly increases the cost of system. Therefore, overcoming the voltage noise, keeping the cost low are two challenges in high-speed parallel links.
 In this thesis, we propose a new current-mode signaling scheme current-mode incremtnal [sic] signaling for high-speed parallel links. Also, the circuits of the receiver called current-integrating receiver are presented. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed signaling scheme, a 4-bit parallel link consisting of four bipolar current-mode drivers, five 10 cm microstrip lines with a FR4 substrate, and four proposed current-integrating receivers is implemented in UMC 0.13[micro]m, 1.2V CMOS technology and analyzed using SpectreRF from Cadence Design Systems with BSIM3V3 device models. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed current-mode incremental signaling scheme and the current-integrating receiver are capable of transmitting parallel data at 2.5 Gbyte/s.


This research project developed from a realisation that there was a missing link between movement work for grounding and the next demand on the student to jump. Debbie Green and Ita O'Brien began their research, 'From grounded foot to leaping foot' in February 2009, proposing the statement 'grounding is a pre-requisite' as the premise from which to start the investigation into how the use of the feet can be developed to take the actor from this deeply grounded place to jump and leap safely. The work is explored within the context of fundamental movement for the acting student with the aim of maximising the actor's physical choices within her/his expressive work. From being grounded to leaping is quite literally a big 'leap' for acting students to make. Following nine months of research (March–December 2009), Green and O'Brien led a series of six practical sessions with nine volunteer actors between January and March 2010 to develop the progression from the ground, through the rigour and preparation required to take the body into a jump and leap, to the strength and articulation required to land safely. The work was then presented as a Practice and Pedagogy Forum, to an invited audience within the Research Events programme at Central School of Speech & Drama on 26 October 2010. The work has subsequently been taken back into the classroom. This article is the culmination of the research into the progression of work, 'From grounded foot to leaping foot'.


Conventional tropical building designs are experiencing new paradigm in its
environmental response to improve lighting ambiance and users' comfort by
exploiting daylighting. This research focused on accessing existing daylight factors,
illuminance levels, users' preference and their perception towards daylight library
reading areas. The performance of daylighting applied in library design in tropical
country like Malaysia is evaluated based on their Side-Lit Window Design (SLWD).
Daylighting evaluation is done through three methodologies, namely, via Field
Measurement; Computer Simulation and User Survey. Reading areas in three
libraries have been identified as case studies. The libraries selected are Perpustakaan
Sultan Abdul Samad (L.l), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Perpustakaan Tun
Abdul Razak 1 (L.2), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) and the Main Library of
International Islamic University of Malaysia (L.3). By applying the Window to Wall
Ratio (WWR) and Window to Floor Ratio (WFR), each window design from the
case study is classified into three Typical Daylighted Bays (TDB), which are; low
WFR (0.2) with moderate headroom height (3m high); high WFR (0.4) with
moderate headroom height and high WFR with high headroom height (4 m).Illumination level readings are collected at three separate periods of a day, namely,
in the morning, afternoon and evening. Measurements are indicated using portable
Konica-Minolta Illuminance Meter T10 at 7 'P' test points lm apart from each other
starting from the windows of each TDB. Parametric analyses using RadianceIES
predicted potential window and interior criteria applicable in designing of future
daylighting designs in large public indoor areas. The simulations are generated
under '10K CIE Overcast Sky' file to predict daylighting performance during worst
case scenario affects in a tropical country. Furthermore, the survey carried out
measured users' comfort and awareness according to impacts shown in relation to
three different SLWD. The responses are recorded via questionnaires issued to them
at each of the selected TDB. The surveys are performed during diurnal operation
hours of the particular libraries.
Findings revealed that window design at the reading area in L.3 with WWR of 0.76,
WFR of 0.43 and headroom height of 4m allowed sufficient daylight transmittance.
However, users at this particular TDB complaint of too much daylighting within 7m
distance from the windows. Further parametric analyses revealed that at WWR of
0.5 achieved a close approximate of DF with WWR of 0.76. Therefore SLWD with
WWR of 0.5 can promote effective daylighting up to 3% of DF within 4m distance
from the windows in deep interior building such as libraries.


The Indo-Pacific coral genus Blastomussa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia) includes three species, i.e., B. merleti, B. wellsi, and B. loyae. Following the re-examination of relevant type material, other museum specimens, and the study of newly sampled corals, the genus is revised and the new species B. vivida is described. The new species differs from its congeners by being encrusting, having coralla with a cerioid corallite arrangement and much larger corallites. In vivo, the expanded polyp mantle is fleshy and characterised by bright, vivid colours. Specimens were sampled in New Caledonia, northern Papua New Guinea, Sabah (northern Malaysia), Brunei Darussalam and the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Additional records from Southeast Asia and the western Pacific were obtained through the study of museum collections and published illustrations of living animals in situ: Japan, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, and Australia. The new species appears widespread and has so far been misidentified as B. wellsi, which has smaller corallites, less septa, and a phaceloid corallite arrangement. The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Blastomussa and with other genera were investigated by analyses of their nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. These other genera are Parasimplastrea, Plerogyra, Physogyra, all currently incertae sedis in the Robust clade of Scleractinia as a result of molecular coral systematics, and Nemenzophyllia, whose phylogenetic position is examined for the first time. Representatives of all these genera are characterised by fleshy polyps with well-developed and expandable mantles. They are all closely related and form a strongly supported clade. The results of the molecular analyses provide evidence for Blastomussa's monophyly and show that the new B. vivida is a distinct species, which is most closely related to B. wellsi. Furthermore, the only known extant species of the genus Parasimplastrea appears to be embedded within the Blastomussa clade, thus prompting its taxonomic revision. Because Blastomussa is closely related to the monospecific Nemenzophyllia, the affinities of their polyp and corallite morphology are discussed. Although polyp morphology and molecular data suggest that Blastomussa, Plerogyra, Physogyra, and Nemenzophyllia could constitute a new scleractinian family, the macro and micromorphology of their skeletons need to be examined before a family diagnosis can be formulated.


Software model transformation is a central operation in Model-Driven Development approach. In order to represent software models, graphical modeling notations, for example UML, are used. Quality of software model, obtained after transformation, influences on further operations with it. Many papers, proposing strong contribution in model to model transformational approach, consider transformational tasks, relating to concrete transformational languages or environments. Respectively, transformational results are visualized in concrete modeling environments (for example Eclipse or Microsoft Visual Studio) and software models are represented in concrete formats XML (XML, 2015) or XMI. Such approaches depend on possibilities of concrete tools, formats or model transformation languages (QVT [9], ATLAS or other). Variety of transformational operations is limited by supported features of chosen practical tools. From other side, development of analytical approaches for model to model transformations permit avoiding transformation environment limitations and composing transformational rules with different levels of complexity. This paper is devoted to designing of modeling language for Model to Model Transformation. The language designing is started from abstract syntax development. Then concrete syntax based on software model graph representation is described. Software model representation is proposed on two levels: at metalevel and representation considering details. Transformation operations are described by means of transformation grammar. Designing of software tool architecture for software model to model transformation is presented. Case study, containing description of transformation process, is outlined.


The risk of flooding in urban areas could be better approached by complementing conventional sewer systems with sustainable urban drainage systems (SUDS) for storm-water management. This may be the case for developing world cities like Dar es Salaam with incomplete sewer services, as well as cities like Copenhagen with fully developed sewer systems. This paper explores some theories relevant to understanding how the implementation of SUDS may be one option for supporting a transition towards sustainable urban water management (SUWM). Using interviews, document analysis and observation, a comparison of the opportunities and barriers to the implementation of SUDS in Dar es Salaam and Copenhagen is presented. The results indicate that a bottom-up approach in Dar es Salaam is important, with the community level taking the lead, while in Copenhagen the top-down approach currently employed is promising. The ability of the institutional frameworks of both cities to support the implementation of SUDS is also discussed.


This article introduces a low-cost, easy to make apparatus that can be used to locate the position of an image formed by a plane mirror. The apparatus is combined with a method used to identify an image's position by drawing a ray diagram, based on the principle of reflection, to show how an image is formed. An image's distance and an object's distance can be measured precisely. In addition, the size of an object and an image can be determined accurately.


The global lockdown due to COVID-19 has reduced industrial activities, construction, tourism, material demand, and mobility. This has impacted many sectors of the global economy including the energy sector which has witnessed movements both towards and away from sustainability. Key trends observed include a reduced demand for both energy and energy services, zero to negative oil prices, disruptions in the supply chain of energy technologies and materials – specially for renewable energy, and a decline in investments. This has led to welcome reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, revealed opportunities for new and digitalized business models and responsible lifestyle choices, but all these will be short lived if we go back to business as usual.
Such behavioral and societal changes have revealed the potential for structural change and transitions in demand for energy services towards sustainability. An interesting revelation is that the positive fallouts for sustainable development are all related to what are commonly perceived to be difficult-to-overcome barriers such as lifestyle choices, behavior, and business models. Whereas the negative fallouts for sustainable development are the relatively easier to address issues of reinstating supply chains and kick-starting/accelerating investments in sustainable energy. As the world looks to recover from the economic and jobs related consequences of the pandemic, all stakeholders have a responsibility to ensure that we create a system of incentives to reward sustainable behavior while penalizing those actions that would take us back to the path of unsustainability. For the energy sector, this would translate not only to the choices that influence the supply of energy, including evaluating the balance of centralized and decentralized energy options, but also the choices that would impact the demand for energy itself! Re-examining these business models from the point of view of contributions to economic growth and jobs, while building on heightened awareness and a desire for green growth is the imperative.


Developing Neurons Make the Cut Neurons in the developing central nervous system of vertebrates derive from cells adjacent to the ventricles that then proliferate and differentiate to populate the brain. As one of these cells begins to differentiate, the cell nucleus migrates toward its new residence, away from the ventricle surface, and the cell stretches out. At some point, like any maturing adolescent, the cell has to leave home. Das and Storey (p. 200; see the Perspective by Tozer and Morin) show that instead of letting go and drawing the trailing process up into the migrating cell, the cell cuts off and discards its first roots. The abscission process leaves behind the primary cilium and any signaling systems localized to the cilium. During vertebrate neuronal development, the apical membrane is shed, allowing further differentiation. [Also see Perspective by Tozer and Morin] Withdrawal of differentiating cells from proliferative tissue is critical for embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis; however, the mechanisms that control this cell behavior are poorly understood. Using high-resolution live-cell imaging in chick neural tube, we uncover a form of cell subdivision that abscises apical cell membrane and mediates neuron detachment from the ventricle. This mechanism operates in chick and mouse, is dependent on actin-myosin contraction, and results in loss of apical cell polarity. Apical abscission also dismantles the primary cilium, known to transduce sonic-hedgehog signals, and is required for expression of cell-cycle-exit gene p27/Kip1. We further show that N-cadherin levels, regulated by neuronal-differentiation factor Neurog2, determine cilium disassembly and final abscission. This cell-biological mechanism may mediate such cell transitions in other epithelia in normal and cancerous conditions.


Even though environmental contexts have been associated with personality development, little attention has been paid to individuals' psychological perceptions thereof. Basic psychological needs theory assesses environments based on their levels of autonomy, competence, and relatedness support. In order to better understand the factors that drive personality development we related the support of basic psychological needs (BPN) and the individual importance ascribed to BPN support to Big Five personality development 1.5 years later. We focused on the context of the first job in a longitudinal study of young Germans (NT1 = 1,886; MageT1 = 18.41). Based on theory and previous research we derived multiple hypotheses and tested them simultaneously against each other with an information theoretic approach including response surface analyses. Results differed across the Big Five: Controlling for personality at T1, people who ascribed greater importance to BPN support, had higher perceptions of BPN support, and who had an incongruence between the two at T1 were higher in emotional stability and extraversion at T2. The pattern was more complex for openness, whereas individuals ascribing more importance to BPN support at T1 were more agreeable and conscientious at T2. Findings are discussed for theory and future research of personality development.


This compilation of case studies and cross-country essays focuses on the role of public policy in the experience of East Asian economies. A major theme running through the volume is regional learning and regional contagion--the spread of that learning. Beginning with the model and experience of Japan and continuing with the impressive achievements of countries originally considered unviable in the 1950s and 1960s, like Korea and Taiwan, contributors demonstrate how regional policy lessons permeated borders easily. The 1980s brought further lessons and flows of capital to the second generation of rapid industrializers. And the 1990s have seen regional contagion benefit new aspirants like Vietnam. As the chapters cumulatively reveal, however, the transferability of lessons depends on the institutional framework in which policy is formulated, the consistency of policy, and the quality of implementation.Part 1 includes the case studies for the first generation of rapidly developing East Asian economics--the tigers--while Part 2 incorporates the later generation success stories--the cubs--plus the Philippines, a country only now beginning to show significant progress. Part 3 includes cross-country essays on public investment, foreign direct investment, and cross-country patterns that synthesize the lessons learned and propose actions for other development aspirants to pursue.The essays aim to fill two major gaps--the paucity of country-specific work on the institutional side of development policy and the failure to explain the mixed record of industrial policies in East Asia. The volume will appeal to students, scholars, and policymakers in development economics.Danny M. Leipziger is Lead Economist, Latin America Region, World Bank.This title was formally part of the Studies in International Trade Policy Series, now called Studies in International Economics.


Essential oils are extracted by steam distillation of plants or cold pressing of citrus fruit pericarp. They are used in food, cosmetic, personal care and pharmaceutical industries. In Brazil, oils from orange and related products contribute to near 97% to the positive commercial performance of the sector. Predatory exploitation and the availability of new sources of raw materials, with more attracting prices, changed the paradigm. Prospective studies, sustainable use of Brazilian biodiversity, domestication of exotic species with commercial relevance, the use of breeding techniques and the development of new applications for essential oils are thematic lines, usually multidisciplinary, which have been prompting the expansion of the research on essential oils. This paper presents an analysis on essential oils balance trade from 2005 to 2008 and some historical data on research and production of essential oils in Brazil.


Objectives : To review evidence of positive exercise effects on BMD in early postmenopausal women (0.5-8 years postmenopausal) by summarising existing studies in this area.
Data sources : MEDLINE search using the terms "exercise" AND "BMD" AND "osteoporosis", later than 1970, plus the bibliographies of the studies identified by the MEDLINE search.
Study selection : Nine studies were identified and included in this review. All the studies included a non-training control group, half of them were randomised.
Data extraction : Exercise effects on bone mineral density at the hip and the spine were qualitatively compared predominantly based on the type of exercise and study duration. A quantitative analysis was not possible due to the inhomogeneity of the studies.
Data synthesis : 5 out of 7 studies (6 out of 9 exercising subgroups) demonstrated significant positive exercise effects defined as BMD differences in the exercise versus control group at the lumbar spine, and 3 out of 6 at the proximal femur. Intervention periods of all studies showing no positive results were shorter than nine months. However, only 3 studies showed significant positive BMD changes in the exercise group alone. All of these studies used mixed exercise regimes using high impact exercises and resistance training.
Conclusion : The results suggest that in particular exercise programmes with high impact and resistance training lasting longer than a year help to maintain or even improve BMD at the lumbar spine and hip in early postmenopausal women.


Free radicals include both Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS).When free radicals are produced in a regulated manner in a healthy human body it is scavenged efficiently by antioxidant defense system. But excess generation of pro-oxidants by continuous chain reaction in the form of ROS and RNS cause several human diseases. The shift of the balance in the favour of pro-oxidants results in a condition called "oxidative stress". Alcohol is primarily metabolized in the liver to generate ROS and RNS, leading to diseases such as cirrhosis, fatty liver and chronic hepatitis. Alcohol induced damage is associated with oxidative stress. The excess generation of prooxidants and reduced antioxidant levels provide an effective model of Hepatotoxicity which is noteworthy. Recent trend is to discover polyherbal formulation of medicinal plants which have hepatoprotective function. In the present study 80% alcoholic extract of leaves of Aloe vera, Bacopa monniera, Moringa oleifera and rhizome of Zingiber officinale were utilized to prepare Herbal Preparation or HP-4.Further the hepatoprotective effects of HP-4 was tested in alcohol induced Hepatotoxicity in mice. Silymarin is a well known hepatoprotective drug was used as a standard for comparison. Biochemical and histopathological studies provided ample evidence that HP-4 provided a hepatoprotective role in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity which was comparable to drug Silymarin. The presence of phytochemicals in HP-4 provided a synergistic, supra-additive and co-operative effects in the hepatoprotective function in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity mice model.


The basis of many object manipulation algorithms is RGB-D input. Yet, commodity RGB-D sensors can only provide distorted depth maps for a wide range of transparent objects due light refraction and absorption. To tackle the perception challenges posed by transparent objects, we propose TranspareNet, a joint point cloud and depth completion method, with the ability to complete the depth of transparent objects in cluttered and complex scenes, even with partially filled fluid contents within the vessels. To address the shortcomings of existing transparent object data collection schemes in literature, we also propose an automated dataset creation workflow that consists of robot-controlled image collection and vision-based automatic annotation. Through this automated workflow, we created Toronto Transparent Objects Depth Dataset (TODD), which consists of nearly 15000 RGB-D images. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that TranspareNet outperforms existing state-of-the-art depth completion methods on multiple datasets, including ClearGrasp, and that it also handles cluttered scenes when trained on TODD. Code and dataset will be released at https://www.pair.toronto.edu/TranspareNet/


William Bouguereau (1825-1905) was a highly important and influential French academic painter, who taught a long succession of gifted students, primarily at the private Academie Julien in Paris. Bouguereau wanted to become a serious history painter and his efforts paid off in 1850 when he won the much coveted Prix de Rome (meaning that the French government paid him to stay in Rome and study art). After his studies in Italy, he established his reputation in Paris as a premier history painter, portraitist, and decorator of churches during the 1850s and 1860s. He was elected to the Academie des Beaux-Arts in 1876 and remained an important and influential member for 30 years. His large output of Salon paintings was consistently praised by critics, often purchased by the French state, and frequently reproduced in the press. He won numerous awards throughout his career and can be seen as the epitome of the French Academy. Originally published as part of the two-volume set, now available for the first time as a single volume, this edition includes a chapter entitled 'William Bouguereau's Nymph and Satyr'. It is a detailed discussion of the painting, one of his most significant works, and is written by Kara Lysandra Ross. Today, more than 100 museums and galleries across the world exhibit Bouguereau's work, including the Musee d'Orsay (Paris), the Denver Art Museum, The Art Institute of Chicago, The Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York) The Hermitage (St. Petersburg), Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery (UK), Chi-Mei Museum (Taiwan), Tyne & Wear Museums (UK).


The hallmark of adaptive immunity is the production of specific antibodies. This process is initiated upon the ligation of the B cell antigen receptor (BCR) which activates multiple intracellular signaling cascades through the phosphorylation of the B cell 'master regulator': SLP65. Our lab found that in order to function, SLP65 interacts constitutively – in a stimulation independent manner, with molecules of the CIN85/CD2AP-family of adaptor proteins, harbouring multiple protein interaction domains. Mouse models with B-cell specific CIN85 deletion and patients with a germline deletion in CIN85 encoding gene have shown that CIN85 is mandatory for B cell activation and the subsequent B cell responses. The molecular basis of the mechanism driving this, however, needed further elucidation. The primary cells pose a limitation to the scope of genetic and mechanistic studies due to the scarce availability of the reserve. I addressed these aspects through the generation of CIN85-deficient B cells from the established B cell lines, followed by subsequent deletion of CD2AP. The cellular system thus created was used to conduct genetic and biochemical functional assays to assess how these proteins work. I observed that CIN85 significantly impacts the Ca2+ flux upon BCR-ligation. Moreover, CIN85 could additionally affect an upstream NF-κB pathway signaling element called PKCβ. I also used the abovementioned CIN85/CD2AP-double deficient cells to investigate further binding partners of SLP65 employing SILAC-based mass spectrometry to look for possible functional redundancies. In our collaboration with Prof. C. Griesinger's group, we found that CIN85 and SLP65 undergo phase-separation into supramolecular-clusters, representing the more recent and exciting intracellular compartments of membrane-free, mini-organelles, that orchestrate signaling in B cells. Due to their capacity to interact with multiple signaling elements, droplet signalosomes could be the modus operandi for CIN85/CD2AP-family of adaptor proteins for scaffolding of relevant signaling proteins.


The effect of La2O3 addition on the microstructure and grain growth behavior of yttria-stabilized zirconia (8YSZ) was investigated. To this end, 8YSZ was doped with 1-15 wt% La2O3 by means of colloidal processing, and then sintered at 1550 °C for 1 h. XRD results identified a dissolution limit of 5 wt% La2O3 in 8YSZ, the insoluble La2O3 at higher concentrations reacting with ZrO2 during sintering to form a secondary La2Zr2O7 phase. Both undoped and La2O3-doped 8YSZ specimens were annealed at 1400, 1500, and 1600 °C for 10, 50, and 100 h to induce grain growth. Grain growth measurement results showed that an increase in annealing temperature and holding time caused to grain growth in all specimens. Excessive grain growth was observed in the case of the undoped, and 1-5 wt% La2O3-doped 8YSZ specimens; however, the grain growth in 10 and 15 wt% La2O3-doped 8YSZ was inhibited by the formation of a pyrochloric La2Zr2O7 secondary phase around the grains and grain boundaries of 8YSZ. Grain growth exponent (n) and activation energy (Q) values for grain growth of undoped 8YSZ were obtained as 3, and 358 kJ/mol, respectively, while 15 wt% La2O3 containing specimens had a grain growth exponent of 3, and activation energy of 413 kJ/mol. These results indicate that grain growth rate can be controlled by the addition of 10 or 15 wt% La2O3. Copyright © 2014 VBRI press.


Background: The oral aphthous is a common oral ulcer with intense pain and there is no treatment for it, yet. Echinacea is an herbal medicine that moderated the immune system. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Echinacea on the treatment of aphthous ulcer. Methods: 50 patients with minor aphthous participated in our study. 25 patients take 3 tablets in a day for five weeks (case group) and 25 patients didn't take any tablets (control group). The patients were monitored for one month before taking the tablets for six months. During this period, the number of lesions, complete improvement of ulcers, recurrence rate and intensity of pain were considered in each month. Finally, the Friedman and ANOVA tests used to analyze the obtained data. Result: Our study showed a significant difference between a number of lesions during six-month in case and control groups (p>0.001). In this way, we observed that the number of lesions was decreased significantly after six months in the case group. Hence, ANOVA analysis showed a significant decrease between each month for the intensity of pain (p=0.025), complete improvement (p<0.001) and recurrence rate (p=0.026). Conclusion: In conclusion, we showed that Echinacea tablets as an herbal medicine have positive effects on a number of lesions, intensity of pain, complete improvement and recurrence rate in patients with recurrent minor aphthous ulcers.


ABSTRACT Salsnes Filter delivers a technology used for primary treatment of wastewater. The technology could be described as a rotating belt sieve with continuously air cleaning of the sieve cloth. The process is referred to as 'Salsnes filtration' throughout the text. Salsnes filtration can point out particularly high treatment efficiency, but it is not fully understood how this is obtained. Furthermore it is not clear how the process should be operated to achieve 'optimum performance'. In an attempt to understand this, both a theoretical and an experimental approach have been applied; hence the paper consists of two main parts. In the theoretical part, different fouling mechanisms are described, and it is explained how these affect the hydraulic resistance of the sieve cloth and the resulting filtrate flux through it. In the experimental part, sieving under different pressure conditions has been explored. It was not succeeded in obtaining data suitable for statistical analyses, but some useful suggestions were given. Most importantly, it may not be beneficial to establish a particle cake under high pres-sure conditions since this provides low permeability. It was found that upholding of high pressure was sufficient to counteract this, but that a relatively small decrease in pressure results in a significant decrease in filtrate fluxes. It is concluded that Salsnes filtration should strive for a minimum decline in the ratio between pressure difference and hydraulic resistance in order to achieve the most uni-form flux through the belt sieve, which is thought to ensure the highest treatment efficiency.


The authors provide a description of integrated engineering workstations (IEWs) used in undergraduate electrical engineering laboratories. The IEWs are used for the design, analysis, and testing of engineering systems. Examples of laboratory experiments and software programs are presented. Two CAED (computer-aided engineering and design) software packages are described, BUCOP and BUDSP, which have enhanced the educational process at Bucknell on many different levels. The undergraduate developers of the packages have learned how to design and verify software systems. BUCOP and BUDSP have also stimulated the curiosity and creativity of students in the design of linear control systems and digital filters. Students now have a better understanding of realistic complex control and signal processing systems and are more aware of CAED capabilities. >


The metal strung harp indigenous to Ireland and Scotland from the Medieval period to the end of the 18th century was widely admired throughout its time period, and is now an important part of the cultural and musical heritage of both of these countries. This type of harp, known as the 'Irish harp', cláirseach, or clàrsach, currently has 18 known surviving instruments, including two sets of fragments. All of these harps are now too fragile to be played, therefore musicians and audiences wishing to explore the performance practice and repertory associated with them must rely on faithful replicas. The extensive knowledge and understanding of the construction of the surviving harps that is crucial to building these replica instruments is currently very limited, however. Although harps of this type enjoyed a long period of use dating back to the Medieval period, most surviving instruments post-date the beginning of the 17th century. Two harps belonging to the National Museum of Scotland, the 'Queen Mary' and 'Lamont', generally dated to circa the 15th century, are understood to be two of the oldest extant examples, making a study of their construction of particular interest. This dissertation presents the results of a comprehensive study of the construction of these two harps. A methodology was developed to address the issue of their uniqueness and fragility by combining the techniques used for nonand minimally destructive analysis of archeological artefacts with non-invasive medical diagnostic imaging. This study has utilized CT-scanning to provide three-dimensional radiography of each harp; XRF and SEM-EDX analysis to identify woods, metals, and pigments; photography and microscopy to record the decorative work, visible damage, repairs, and modifications; and a visual examination to assess the current state of each harp and to identify areas of interest for further analysis. The CT scanning was conducted at the Clinical Research Imaging Centre of Queen's Medical Research Institute, and the remainder of the analysis was conducted at the National Museums Scotland Collections Centre. Staff at both centres kindly facilitated the acquisition of the data for this study. Part I of this dissertation discusses the stringing of the instruments, presenting materials analysis of wire fragments, analysis of the effect of damage to the frames on the length and number of strings, and proposed reconstructions of the 'as-built' string lengths. Possible solutions for the pitch and gamut of each harp are also discussed. The construction of the harps is discussed where it is relevant to understanding the stringing. Part II presents a general discussion of the construction of each harp, including materials, decorative work, modifications, and signs of wear. This section also discusses evidence that may help establish dates of construction and timelines of modifications. Diagrams showing the dimensions of each harp are also presented. The implications of the results of this study for current understanding of these harps are discussed in detail and the methodology employed is discussed in terms of its applicability to future research of other surviving instruments.


This paper investigates economic aspects of marine protected areas (MPAs) that are closely related to the underlying marine biota. Many marine scientists recognize that enough is now known about the marine biology for the scientific siting of MPAs to protect marine environments that create associated economic values. Marine scientists have identified several objectives of MPAs. These include protection of genetic and biodiversity, increase in population levels and structures (e.g., age, size, fecundity), enrichment of ecosystems by promoting species interactions, and the protection of continental shelf landscapes from invasive human actions. Indeed, some marine scientists and fisheries economists view MPAs as an 'insurance policy' against over-fishing and other human uses of oceanic resources that have damaged so many of the world's fisheries. The economic analysis presented here pays attention to optimal zoning, policies to maintain sustainable economic rents, and the optimal policing of MPAs.


In this paper, systems where information about model accuracy is contained in a model error model are considered. The validity of such a model is typically restricted to input signals that are limited in amplitude. It is then natural to require the same amplitude restriction when designing controllers. The resulting implications for controller design are investigated in both the continuous and the discrete time case.


Background: Cardio-vascular disorders with known and unknown risk factors are likely to become a major public health problem in Asia. Prevalence of risk factors of coronary heart diseases (CHD) has shown variations in different study settings that necessitates area specific research. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of risk factors of CHD and find out awareness amongst urban population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during May'13 – April'14 among 350 subjects of 25-64yrs selected by systematic random sampling. Data on socio-demographic, medical and personal history along with anthropometric measurements were collected through house-to-house visit. Blood sample was analyzed for fasting blood sugar, lipid profile. Results: Prevalence of risk factors CHD among males in decreasing order are high LDL (54.4%), low HDL (49.7%), high triglyceride (44.2%), central obesity and BMI ≥23 (43.5%). In females they are central obesity (59.6%), followed by sedentary life style (51.7%), high LDL (49.3%) and high BMI (40.9%). Prevalence of high blood sugar showed an increasing trend as age advanced with 7 to 8 fold rise in age group of 45-54 and 55-64 in comparison to 25-34 years. Awareness regarding traditional risk factors CHD ranged from 70% to 80%. Lack of physical exercise as risk factor was known to only 22%. Conclusion: Although awareness about risk factors CHD was encouraging, high prevalence of risk factors indicates lack of healthful practices in community. Key words: Coronary Heart Disease, Dyslipidemia, Epidemiology, Life style, Obesity, Risk factors.


There are ongoing debates about the livelihoods of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians living in remote communities, and the role for policy in addressing socioeconomic equity and the economic viability of those communities. The characteristics and dynamics of remote labour markets are important parameters in many of these debates. However, remote economic development discourses are often conducted with limited access to empirical evidence of the actual functioning of labour markets in remote communities – evidence that is likely to have important implications for the efficacy of policy alternatives. Unique survey data collected from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders living in 21 remote communities in central Australia for the Cooperative Research Centre for Remote Economic Participation's Population Mobility and Labour Markets project are used to examine these labour markets, with a focus on the role of education and training. Examining access to education, employment opportunity and other structural factors, it is clear that the reality of economic engagement in these communities is far removed from the functioning of mainstream labour markets. The assumptions about, or lack of distinction between remote and urban locations, have contributed to misunderstanding of the assets and capabilities remote communities have, and aspire to develop. Evidence from the survey data on a number of fronts is interpreted to suggest policies to promote employment opportunity within communities offer greater potential for improving the livelihoods of remote community residents than policies reliant on the assumption that residents will move elsewhere for work.


We present results of concurrent maximum-likelihood restoration implementations with a spatially variant point-spread function (SV-PSF) on both synthetic and real data sets from the Hubble Space Telescope. We demonstrate that SV-PSF restoration exhibits superior performance compared with restoration with a spatially invariant point-spread function. We realize concurrency on a network of Unix workstations and on a SV-PSF model from sparse point-spread function reference information by means of bilinear interpolation. We then use the interpolative point-spread function model to implement several different SV-PSF restoration methods. These restoration methods are tested on a standard synthetic Hubble Space Telescope test case, and the results are compared on a computational effort–restoration performance basis. These methods are further applied to actual Hubble Space Telescope data, including an application that corrects for motion blur, and the results are presented.


This paper presents a new, lossy texture compression technique that is suited to implementation on low-cost, low-bandwidth devices as well as more powerful rendering systems. It uses a representation that is based on the blending of two (or more) 'low frequency' signals using a high frequency but low precision modulation signal. Continuity of the low frequency signals helps to avoid block artefacts. Decompression costs are kept low through use of fixed-rate encoding and by eliminating indirect data access, as needed with Vector Quantisation schemes. Good quality reproduction of (A)RGB textures is achieved with a choice of 4bpp or 2bpp representations.


The completion of 6 detailed cross sections using the gamma-ray logs of 94 closely spaced wells has provided new correlations and confirmed some earlier correlations of the Lower and Middle Devonian strata of the Lake Erie region. These sections connect western New York; northwestern Pennsylvania; northern, central, and northwestern Ohio; southwestern Ontario; and southeastern Michigan. The Lower Devonian Bois Blanc Limestone of western New York is continuous with the type Bois Blanc of northern Michigan via southwestern Ontario. It has been traced southwestward across northern Ohio and southward into the lower part of the type Columbus Limestone in central Ohio. The Edgecliff, Clarence, Nedrow, and Moorehouse Members of the overlying Middle Devonian Onondaga Limestone of western New York correlate with the Upper Columbus Limestone of Ohio; the Seneca Member of the Onondaga is equivalent to the overlying Delaware Limestone. The Amherstburg and Lucas Formations of the Detroit River Group of Michigan and Ontario can be traced southward across Lake Erie into the lower and middle parts of the Upper Columbus of Ohio. The Amherstburg correlates with the Edgecliff, Clarence, Nedrow, and lower Moorehouse Members of the New York Onondaga; the Lucas correlates with the middle part of the Moorehouse Member. The Dundee Limestone of northwestern Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario is an equivalent of the upper Moorehouse and Seneca Members of the New York Onondaga Limestone. It is not coterminous with the Delaware of Ohio, as the base of the Dundee is significantly older than the base of the Delaware. These correlations have been strengthened by tracing the stratigraphic positions of four different ash beds through the upper part of the carbonate sequence; three of these ash beds are parts of the type Tioga Ash Bed in the subsurface of northern Pennsylvania. A major, regional unconformity separates the Lower and Middle Devonian carbonate sequence from the overlying Middle Devonian terrigenous one; the Delaware and Dundee Limestones cannot be correlated with any part of the Marcellus Formation of the New York Hamilton Group. In western New York, the Cherry Valley Limestone Member of the Marcellus Formation rests directly and unconformably upon the Onondaga. In northwestern Pennsylvania and northeastern Ohio, the Union Springs Shale reappears between the Cherry Valley and the Onondaga. Beneath central Lake Erie, the Union Springs, Cherry Valley, and Oatka Creek Members of the Marcellus merge into the Bell Shale, Rockport Quarry Limestone, and Arkona Shale of Ontario. The Arkona can be traced across Lake Erie into the Plum Brook and Lower Olentangy Shales of Ohio. The lower part of the terrigenous sequence of the Lake Erie region consequently is Marcellus in age, not Skaneateles. The Prout (Ohio) and Hungry Hollow (Ontario) Limestones are homotaxial and correlate with the Centerfield Limestone of New York. The Rockport Quarry, Arkona, and Hungry Hollow can be traced into the Silica Shale of southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio. The Widder Shale and Ipperwash Limestone of Ontario merge into the Tenmile Creek Dolomite of Michigan and Ohio.


On 29 March 2017 the United Kingdom (UK) notified the European Council under Article 50 of the Lisbon Treaty of its intention to withdraw from the European Union (EU) following the outcome of the historic 'Brexit' referendum on 23rd June 2016 in which a majority of eligible voters in the UK voted to 'Leave' the EU. Although the UK and EU have not finalised their future trade agreement at the time of writing, the UK government has nevertheless introduced a legislative programme designed to effect withdrawal from the EU and return legislative sovereignty to the UK yet also maintain a close trading relationship with the EU. As the UK is in a unique position – an EU member state seeking to become a third country for data protection purposes – the UK government has proposed transitional arrangements and bespoke post-exit data protection arrangements. This chapter analyses the proposals to assess whether they are likely to be accepted, either in full or in part, and forecast what the post-Brexit data protection arrangements between the UK and EU will comprise – both in the short and longer term. It also considers the data protection implications of the UK leaving the EU on 29 March 2019 with no transitional or future trade deal in place. It does so in five sections: firstly, it provides an overview of the data protection framework in place until the date of exit and outlines how and why the General Data Protection Regulation 2106/679 (GDPR) will be incorporated into UK law when the UK ceases to be a member of the EU. Secondly, it briefly outlines how the trade deal that is negotiated between the UK and EU will determine future data protection arrangements. This involves considering the implications of the UK becoming an EEA country, leaving with a trade deal or no trade deal in place and in the process becoming a third country for data protection purposes, and the consequences that would flow from such arrangements in terms of: unimpeded cross border personal data transfers or the UK needing to secure either a bespoke treaty with mutual adequacy recognition or a unilateral adequacy decision by the EC and replication of existing adequacy decisions. Thirdly, it provides a substantive analysis of provisions in national surveillance laws that could prove a potential obstacle to an adequacy decision, should one be needed. Fourthly, it reviews the position of the national supervisory authority, the ICO, and how its membership status of the European Data Protection Board may change, as well as outlining how the ICO may retain or lose the right to participate in the one stop shop mechanism depending on the final trade deal agreed. It concludes that if the UK becomes a third country for data protection purposes it will have to amend national surveillance law, accept a loss of data protection law and policy making influence, and accept continuing influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in order to initially secure and thereafter retain an adequacy decision. These measures will no doubt disappoint 'Brexiteers' who are keen to reclaim legislative sovereignty. By contrast, data protection advocates will frame the UK's post-withdrawal compliance with the GDPR as evidence of the dawning of a new era in which data protection laws are strengthened and harmonized on a global basis.


Chester Nimitz was an admiral's Admiral, considered by many to be the greatest naval leader of the last century. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Nimitz assembled the forces, selected the leaders, and - as commander of all U.S. and Allied air, land, and sea forces in the Pacific Ocean - led the charge one island at a time, one battle at a time, toward victory. A brilliant strategist, he astounded contemporaries by achieving military victories against fantastic odds, outpacing more flamboyant luminaries like General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral "Bull" Halsey. And he was there to accept, on behalf of the United States, the surrender of the Japanese aboard the battleship USS Missouri in August 1945. In this first biography in over three decades, Brayton Harris uses long-overlooked files and recently declassified documents to bring to life one of America's greatest wartime heroes.


Global logistics in business operation is playing a critical role in responding to the changing market demand in a world of globalization and mass customization. The efficiency of global distribution holds the key to success in international trade. Not only is collaborative transportation management (CTM) a new collaboration strategy between the shipper and carrier, it is also a new business model. This paper presents a descriptive case study on the application of CTM to business global logistics. In-depth interviews were conducted with respondents from multinational electronic manufacturing service (EMS) corporations and transportation logistics service providers. Our analysis reveals that third-party logistics (3PL) service providers play an important role in global sourcing of multinational corporations. Integrating CTM with enterprise resource planning (ERP) via information technology (IT) can facilitate transportation capacity planning and achieve prompt delivery within the shortest time possible. The positive impact of CTM on business logistics enables enterprises to gain competitive advantage in the global business arena. 1. Introduction The rise of regional economies around the world as well as the development of globalization has caused the supply chain to face problems such as global sourcing, cross-country production, diverse needs of customers, short product life cycle, demand for rapid delivery, frequent order placement, reduced procurement quantity, high logistics cost and diminished revenues. Hence, efficiency in global distribution is the key to survival and success under the intensely competitive business environment, which demands adequate product supply, rapid delivery and low inventory. Growing trend of mass customization and e-commerce are forcing manufacturers and retailers to shorten their planning cycles and delivery time. With smaller planning windows and the universal objective to minimize inventory in the value chain, transportation has become a critical opportunity in the process (Browning and White, 2000; Sutherland, 2003). Transportation consumes 5.5% of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP), and approximately the same proportion of a company's sales revenue (Wilson and Delaney, 2003). Transportation service represents a major component of order lead time. Much of the variability in order lead time is attributed to variation in transit times (CTM White Paper, 2004). Huge capital in terms of sunk cost is a unique feature of transportation industry, making it difficulty, if not impossible, to increase supply capacity or find substitutes within a short time. The success in supply chain management lies in whether the replenishment can be in the right place when it needs to be there. The supply chain is a complex system made up of many parties. Insufficient or unavailable carrier capacity provided in time for the shipper will cause disruption in the supply chain when the delivery will be in process but its status is unknown or delayed. Such uncertainty will cause both the buyers and sellers to maintain a larger inventory just in case. Hence, suppliers either have to face the pressure of excess inventory or run the risk of inadequate stock. This jeopardizes the whole supply chain, posing problems of increased cost, time delay and negative impact on business. A single member of the supply chain alone cannot do much to resolve supply chain problems. This is why collaboration among partners in a supply chain has become a topic of great interest for many and an essential element of company strategy for others (CTM White Paper, 2004). Previous studies on supply chain collaboration has focused mainly on the collaboration among supply chain parties including, the suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers/distributors and retailers (Armistead and Overton, 1994; Bowersox et al., 1999; Holmberg, 2000; Hoyt and Hug, 2000; Stank et al., 1999; Tage et al., 2003; Thomas and Griffin, 1996; Holweg et al. …


Background: Resection of aggressive benign or malignant tumours of the proximal fibula are difficult due to the high number of surrounding anatomical compartments and close association with many important neurovascular and functional structures. For the same reasons malignant tumours behave differently in this area. Before the 1980s results were poor. With the introduction of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and limb salvage surgery, Malawer described a technique of local en bloc resection. This study presents the oncological and functional results of a case series using this technique.
Patients and methods: A retrospective folder review of 14 patients was done. Six patients with a large active, an aggressive benign or a low-grade malignant tumour had a Malawer type I marginal resection, and eight patients with a stage IIB malignant sarcoma had a Malawer type II wide intracompartmental resection sacrificing the common peroneal nerve. The follow-up at a median of 38 months included the imaging, histology and a functional MSTS score.
Results: The median age of the type I resections was 42.5 years; giant cell tumour was the commonest tumour (50%); and the median functional MSTS score at follow-up was 29. The median age of the type II resections was 12 years; osteoblastic osteosarcoma was the commonest tumour (75%); and the median functional MSTS score was 26. All type II resections achieved clear margins at the initial surgery and there were no recurrences or metastases in either group. There were no wound complications and no vascular complications in spite of sacrificing the tibialis anterior artery in some type I and all type II resections, and the peroneal artery in type II resections. No patient complained of knee instability. The main functional impairment was due to loss of common peroneal function which required an AFO in some patients and a tibialis posterior tendon transfer in one patient.
Conclusions: Resection of benign and malignant tumours of the proximal fibula achieved good cure rates and functional results, despite the sacrifice of the common peroneal nerve.
Level of evidence: Level 4


In this paper we present a study of laser damage to large core multimode glass optical fibers by high peak laser power of up to 175 kW. Fibers samples prepared with polymer coatings having different refractive indices were tested in a two-point bend tester while transmitting laser light. The peak power used in the experiment clearly differentiated the performance among the samples. A polymer coating having lower refractive index significantly improves the fiber resistance to bending while transmitting laser. This observation provides important insight into the damage mechanism for this particular failure mode.


BACKGROUND
Barkhof criteria have been adopted to demonstrate dissemination in space in the new multiple sclerosis diagnostic criteria because of their high specificity for predicting conversion to multiple sclerosis. One of the 4 Barkhof criteria is the presence of an infratentorial lesion. In clinically isolated syndromes (CIS) of the brainstem (CISB), the infratentorial criterion does not demonstrate dissemination in space, raising the possibility that the criteria may be less specific in CISB, as compared with specificity in other CIS, in which all 4 criteria demonstrate dissemination in space.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the validity indices of Barkhof criteria in CISB with those in other CIS.

DESIGN
Inception cohort with median follow-up of 34 months for CISB and 40 months for other CIS.

SETTING
Institutional ambulatory referral center.

PATIENTS
A sample of 51 patients with CISB and 102 patients with other CIS (46 with myelitis and 56 with optic neuritis) was analyzed. Barkhof criteria, with a cutoff of 3 of 4, were applied to magnetic resonance imaging performed at baseline. Four combinations each containing 3 parameters were also applied, with a cutoff of 2 of 3.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Specificity of unmodified Barkhof criteria and of the 4 combinations to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis.

RESULTS
The specificity of the criteria in CISB was 61% against 73% in other CIS. The combinations that retained the infratentorial lesion parameter had lower specificities in the CISB group; in analysis of the group with other CIS, no such differences were found.

CONCLUSION
The infratentorial lesion criterion is responsible for the lower specificity of Barkhof criteria in CISB.


The tetraspanin TM4SF1 mediates type I collagen–triggered reactivation of dormant breast cancer cells. Disseminated breast cancer cells often enter a state of dormancy in metastatic niches, and their reactivation causes the emergence of metastatic disease even many years later. The tetraspanin TM4SF1 was previously identified as a molecule that promotes metastatic outgrowth in mice injected with dormant cancer cells. Gao et al. found that TM4SF1 promotes the reactivation of dormant breast cancer cells in the lung, bone, and brain by facilitating signaling in response to cellular contact with type I collagen, a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Bioinformatics analyses showed that high TM4SF1 expression correlated with reduced metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients and that expression of a TM4SF1-associated gene signature (identified in TM4SF1-transfected cells) was a predictive marker of early relapse. Silencing TM4SF1 in metastatic breast cancer cell lines both decreased the expression of various pluripotency factors, including Sox2, a signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) target gene. When injected into mice, breast cancer cells in which TMS4SF1 was knocked down exhibited less metastatic outgrowth in lung, bone, and brain without impairing tumor cell viability. Staining lung sections from a mouse model of metastatic breast cancer to detect collagen and Ki-67, an indicator of actively dividing cells, indicated that most tumor cells in contact with type I collagen were proliferating, whereas most of those not in contact with type I collagen were not positive for Ki-67, suggesting that these may be quiescent. Treating cultured breast cancer cells with soluble type I collagen but not other ECM components induced wild-type but not TM4SF1-deficient cells to form tumor spheres. Various analyses revealed that TM4SF1 interacted with the extracellular portion of the collagen receptor discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a receptor tyrosine kinase, and stimulated collagen-induced clustering of DDR1. The TM4SF1-DDR1 complex interacted with the scaffold protein syntenin 2. Silencing TM4SF1 prevented the coimmunoprecipitation of DDR1 and syntenin 2. Time course analyses after treating dormant breast cancer cell line 4TO7 with type I collagen while manipulating the abundance or activity of various proteins revealed that collagen-stimulated DDR1 activates protein kinase Cα (PKCα) through TM4SF1, which recruits PKCα through syntenin 2, and that PKCα subsequently activates Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)–STAT3 signaling. Silencing STAT3, SOX2, or syntenin 2; disrupting syntenin 2 binding to TM4SF1; or silencing but not enzymatically inhibiting DDR1 suppressed the ability of breast cancer cells to form organoids in culture or colonize metastatic niches in mice. Given that the presence of type I collagen stimulates cell migration out of the primary tumor, these new findings reveal another mechanism by which this ECM component promotes metastatic disease. H. Gao, G. Chakraborty, Z. Zhang, I. Akalay, M. Gadiya, Y. Gao, S. Sinha, J. Hu, C. Jiang, M. Akram, E. Brogi, B. Leitinger, F. G. Giancotti, Multi-organ site metastatic reactivation mediated by non-canonical discoidin domain receptor 1 signaling. Cell 166, 47–62 (2016). [PubMed]


T field for application of biomass is rising. The demand for food and feeding stuff rises while at the same time energy, chemicals and other materials also need to be produced from biomass because of decreasing fossil resources. However, the biorefinery ideas and concepts can help to use the limited renewable raw materials more efficiently than today. With biorefineries, valuable products, such as platform chemicals, can be produced from agricultural feedstock, which can subsequently be further processed into a variety of substances by the chemical industry. Due to the role they play as producers of biomass, rural areas will grow in importance in the decades to come. Parts of the biorefinery process can be relocated to the rural areas to bring a high added value to these regions. By refining biomass at the place of production, new economic opportunities may arise for agriculturists, and the industry gets high-grade pre-products. Additionally, an on-farm refining can increase the quality of the products because of the instant processing. To reduce competition with the food production and to find new possibilities of utilisation for these habitats, the focus for new agricultural biomass should be on grasslands. But also croplands can provide more renewable raw materials without endangering a sustainable agriculture, e.g. by implementing legumes in the crop rotation. To decide if a region can provide adequate amounts of raw material for a biorefinery, new raw material assessment procedures have to be developed. In doing so, involvement of farmers is inevitable to generate a reliable study of the biomass refinery potentials.


This thesis is composed of six papers, all dealing with the issue of sampling from a finite population. We consider two different topics: real time sampling and distributions in sampling. The main focus is on Papers A–C, where a somewhat special sampling situation referred to as real time sampling is studied. Here a finite population passes or is passed by the sampler. There is no list of the population units available and for every unit the sampler should decide whether or not to sample it when he/she meets the unit. We focus on the problem of finding suitable sampling methods for the described situation and some new methods are proposed. In all, we try not to sample units close to each other so often, i.e. we sample with negative dependencies. Here the correlations between the inclusion indicators, called sampling correlations, play an important role. Some evaluation of the new methods are made by using a simulation study and asymptotic calculations. We study new methods mainly in comparison to standard Bernoulli sampling while having the sample mean as an estimator for the population mean. Assuming a stationary population model with decreasing autocorrelations, we have found the form for the nearly optimal sampling correlations by using asymptotic calculations. Here some restrictions on the sampling correlations are used. We gain most in efficiency using methods that give negatively correlated indicator variables, such that the correlation sum is small and the sampling correlations are equal for units up to lag m apart and zero afterwards. Since the proposed methods are based on sequences of dependent Bernoulli variables, an important part of the study is devoted to the problem of how to generate such sequences. The correlation structure of these sequences is also studied. The remainder of the thesis consists of three diverse papers, Papers D–F, where distributional properties in survey sampling are considered. In Paper D the concern is with unified statistical inference. Here both the model for the population and the sampling design are taken into account when considering the properties of an estimator. In this paper the framework of the sampling design as a multivariate distribution is used to outline two-phase sampling. In Paper E, we give probability functions for different sampling designs such as conditional Poisson, Sampford and Pareto designs. Methods to sample by using the probability function of a sampling design are discussed. Paper F focuses on the design-based distributional characteristics of the π-estimator and its variance estimator. We give formulae for the higher-order moments and cumulants of the π-estimator. Formulae of the design-based variance of the variance estimator, and covariance of the π-estimator and its variance estimator are presented.


Abstract : Under subcontract to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Sea Grant Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network (AOSN) program, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's Deep Submergence Laboratory (WHOI-DSL) produced a passive capture latch for ODYSSEY-class autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The latch is an all-titanium, split tine device, shock-mounted to the bow of the AUV. When the AUV concludes a survey mission and returns to a moored, midwater docking station, the latch leads the AUV's approach and is the first device to collide with the station's vertical docking pole. Latching to the pole is an entirely passive event requiring only forward motion of the AUV. A positive capture indication generated by proximity switches mounted on the device initiates AUV power and data transfer servicing by the station. Unlatching action requires one revolution of a latch motor cam and a brief backing command to the AUV thruster. The possibility of system malfunction was considered in latch design. If for any reason the latched vehicle cannot perform normal unlatching behavior, or the station fails, the latch defaults by securing the AUV to the moored station indefinitely. Two WHOI AUV latches have been used successfully on three offshore engineering test cruises.


The innate immune system surveys the extra- and intracellular environment for the presence of microbes. Among the intracellular sensors is a protein known as Nod2, a cytosolic protein containing a leucine-rich repeat domain. Nod2 is believed to play a role in determining host responses to invasive bacteria. A key element in upregulating host defense involves activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. It has been suggested through indirect studies that NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, or NIK, may be involved in Nod2 signaling. Here we have used macrophages derived from primary explants of bone marrow from wild-type mice and mice that either bear a mutation in NIK, rendering it inactive, or are derived from NIK-/- mice, in which the NIK gene has been deleted. We show that NIK binds to Nod2 and mediates induction of specific changes induced by the specific Nod2 activator, muramyl dipeptide, and that the role of NIK occurs in settings where both the Nod2 and TLR4 pathways are activated by their respective agonists. Specifically, we have linked NIK to the induction of the B-cell chemoattractant known as BLC and suggest that this chemokine may play a role in processes initiated by Nod2 activation that lead to improved host defense.


Copper (Cu) is required by the enzyme nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR), which catalyzes the last step of the complete denitrification pathway in denitrifying bacteria. Some denitrifiers also require copper for nitrite reductase (NiRK), whereas others use the iron nitrite reductase (NiRS). We report the inhibition of the activity of these enzymes in three strains of denitrifiers (two containing NiRK, the other NiRS), by forming nonbioavailable complexes with 1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane1,4,8,11‐tetraacetic acid hydrochoride hydrate (TETA), a strong Cu(II) chelator, and tetrathiomolybdate (TTMo), a strong Cu(I) chelator. Both ligands complex Cu with stability constants comparable to naturally occurring ligands and much more strongly than other widely used chelators, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Addition of TETA to growth media lowered free Cu2+ concentrations below 10−16 mol L−1 and induced Cu limitation in all organisms. While Cu is strongly complexed in seawater, 10−16 mol L−1 free Cu2+ is lower than most reported values, suggesting that the organisms have evolved high‐affinity Cu transport systems. TTMo had different effects, and inhibited NiRK more effectively than N2OR. It is likely that TTMo inhibits NiRK through direct, noncompetitive inhibition, as reported for other reduced sulfur compounds, rather than by inducing Cu limitation. The activity of NiRK may be sensitive to trace levels of reduced sulfur, which could account for its scarcity in marine systems. While Cu limitation of denitrification is probably uncommon in aquatic systems, the presence of reduced sulfur compounds may induce Cu limitation or enzyme inhibition leading to the accumulation of nitrite and nitrous oxide.


Percutaneous balloon angioplasty has been reported to be useful in the treatment of intracranial atherosclerotic arterial stenoses; however, arterial dissection with increased risk of stroke has limited its widespread implementation. Although vascular stenting has improved the outcome of similar procedures in the extracranial vasculature, its intracranial application has been limited by the lack of suitable stents. We report a case of successful percutaneous stenting of a symptomatic intracranial carotid artery using a second-generation, flexible, coronary stent.


Taking up Grosz's proposal for the `complexities of time and becoming' to be considered seriously, this article explores the status of time and the future within feminist theory through empirical research in which teenage girls describe things `staying'. Focusing on these `things that stay' and drawing on Bergson's concepts of duration and the virtual, the article argues that time is dynamic and heterogeneous; things endure through divergence and transformation. It argues that if the relations of temporality are understood as both continuous and discontinuous, enduring and changing, feminist theory orients to the future in `novel' ways.


We present the Euler rotations of the plates involved in the Alpine–West Carpathian orogen. The rotations are defined to a large extent by the magnetic anomalies of the Atlantic Ocean. A few extra rotations occurred during two collisions and a Mid-Cretaceous event. At variance with earlier reconstructions, we additionally control the rotations by the orientation of palaeomagnetic declinations. The plate rotations are integrated into a model illustrated by palaeogeographical maps. Special features of the model are: (1) subdivision of the northern margin of Adria into the two plates, Pelso and Austroalpine–West Carpathia, on the basis of palaeomagnetic data; (2) Eohellenic obduction of Meliata units onto the eastern margins of Pelso and Austroalpine–West Carpathia from the Tethys side; (3) first (Eoalpine) collision of the marginal plates of Adria with Tisza far off the West European plate margin; (4) a 80–90° rotation of Austroalpine–West Carpathia during the Eoalpine collision; (5) subdivision of the Neoalpine collision into a Palaeogene stage of predominantly strong SE–NW shortening and a Neogene stage of predominantly lateral extrusion westward and eastward. In principle, the maps show quantitative ocean spreading, subduction, and plate rotations. However, possible modifications of the model discussed in this paper limit the quantitative evaluation.


Summary: "Prototype tests of an acoustic flowmeter system were made in a 24-ftdiam power penstock at Oahe Dam to evaluate the system prior to permanent installation in the outlet works at Summersville Dam. Comparative discharge measurements included acoustic, penstock pressure-momentum (Gibson), turbine model test ratings, scroll-case pressure differential (Winter-Kennedy flowmeter), and surge tank volume changes. The acoustic flowmeter measurements were very consistent and many of the comparisons were within 1%. The location of the measuring section for a single-path acoustic flowmeter must be selected to give a known or measurable relation between the flow pattern of the whole section and that along the acoustic path" (p. xi).


Aim Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common fatal malignances of the digestive tract. Its prognosis is poor mainly due to the lack of reliable markers for early detection and prognostic prediction. Here we aim to identify the molecules involved in ESCC carcinogenesis and those as potential markers for prognosis and as new molecular therapeutic targets. Methods We performed genome-wide gene expression profile analyses of 10 primary ESCCs and their adjacent normal tissues by cDNA microarrays representing 47,000 transcripts and variants. Candidate genes were then validated by semi quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), tissue microarrays (TMAs) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining. Results Using an arbitrary cutoff line of signal log ratio of ≥1.5 or ≤−1.5, we observed 549 up-regulated genes and 766 down-regulated genes in ESCCs compared with normal esophageal tissues. The functions of 302 differentially expressed genes were associated with cell metabolism, cell adhesion and immune response. Several candidate deregulated genes including four overexpressed (CTTN, DMRT2, MCM10 and SCYA26) and two underexpressed (HMGCS2 and SORBS2) were subsequently verified, which can be served as biomarkers for ESCC. Moreover, overexpression of cortactin (CTTN) was observed in 126/198 (63.6%) of ESCC cases and was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.000), pathologic stage (P = 0.000) and poor survival (P<0.001) of ESCC patients. Furthermore, a significant correlation between CTTN overexpression and shorter disease-specific survival rate was found in different subgroups of ESCC patient stratified by the pathologic stage (P<0.05). Conclusion Our data provide valuable information for establishing molecules as candidates for prognostic and/or as therapeutic targets.


The paper describes results of computations of resistance, trim and sinkage for the KRISO Container Ship (KCS) at different Froude numbers in calm water. Unstructured trimmed grids with local refinement in zones of interest have been used to obtain maximum accuracy at low cell count. The solution method is of finite-volume type and uses mostly approximations of second order. Free surface is modeled using Volume-of-Fluid approach and a high-resolution interface-capturing scheme. It is demonstrated that acceptable accuracy can be achieved with grids containing around half a million cells for half of the geometry.


This research investigated earnings below the Living Wage for staff in care homes for older people, what the costs and benefits might be, and how this pay increase could be funded. The research also explored the implications of the new National Living Wage and reductions to in-work benefits. The costs and benefits of paying all the lowest-paid care home workers in the UK the Living Wage. The research found that: The estimated annual wage cost of paying the LW to all care home staff in 2014 is £830 million for the UK, increasing to almost £1 billion when National Insurance and pension contributions are factored in. Paying higher wages reduces the need for in-work benefits, conservatively estimated at £19 per week per household in 2014. The new National Living Wage announced in the Summer 2015 budget will affect at least 50% of care home workers. Including National Insurance and pension contributions, it would cost £387 million per year.


Quantitative and scientific reasoning is a critical student learning outcome in higher education. Data are presented for large samples of undergraduate students who were assessed as entering freshmen and then again after completing 45-70 credit hours. Results are presented around four key issues that are central to educational assessment. First, entering freshmen with transfer credits for quantitative and scientific reasoning courses that fulfill general education requirements, on average, score similar to entering freshmen without such credit. About 97% of entering freshmen who had transfer credits received their credits through dual enrollment programs. As a sophomore-junior, students who had completed their general education requirements performed similar to students who had started, but not yet finished these requirements. Second, small to moderate correlations were observed between grade-point averages in relevant general education coursework and quantitative and scientific reasoning. Third, students' quantitative and scientific reasoning, on average, increases from freshmen to sophomore/junior years. Finally, the proportion of students who meet faculty-set standards substantially increases from pre-test to post-test. Taken together, results suggest that changes in quantitative and scientific reasoning are a function of relevant courses. Additional research is needed to examine the role of lower-level versus higher-level courses in student performance. Results also indicate a need to investigate how differences in the quality of dual enrollment courses facilitate quantitative and scientific reasoning.


Computational methods have been widely applied in conjugate heat transfer analysis. The very first and crucial step in such research is the meshing process which consists in dividing the analysed geometry into numerous small control volumes (cells). In Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) applications it is desirable to use the hexahedral cells as the resulting mesh is characterized by low numerical diffusion. Unfortunately generating such mesh can be a very time-consuming task and in case of complicated geometry - it may not be possible to generate cells of good quality. Therefore tetrahedral cells have been implemented into commercial pre-processors. Their advantage is the ease of its generation even in case of very complex geometry. On the other hand tetrahedrons cannot be stretched excessively without decreasing the mesh quality factor, so significantly larger number of cells has to be used in comparison to hexahedral mesh in order to achieve a reasonable accuracy. Moreover the numerical diffusion of tetrahedral elements is significantly higher. Therefore the polyhedral cells are proposed within the paper in order to combine the advantages of hexahedrons (low numerical diffusion resulting in accurate solution) and tetrahedrons (rapid semi-automatic generation) as well as to overcome the disadvantages of both the above mentioned mesh types. The major benefit of polyhedral mesh is that each individual cell has many neighbours, so gradients can be well approximated. Polyhedrons are also less sensitive to stretching than tetrahedrons which results in better mesh quality leading to improved numerical stability of the model. In addition, numerical diffusion is reduced due to mass exchange over numerous faces. This leads to a more accurate solution achieved with a lower cell count. Therefore detailed comparison of numerical modelling results concerning conjugate heat transfer using tetrahedral and polyhedral meshes is presented in the paper.


General surgery ain't what it used to be. There have been several changes and challenges in general surgery in recent years. Firstly, there has been a natural tendency for general surgeons to want to focus on, and hence sub-specialise in, a particular area of general surgery. Consequently, it is difficult to find a surgeon in a tertiary centre who is comfortable doing all types of general surgery. The current sub-specialties in general surgery include hepatobiliary surgery, colorectal surgery, vascular surgery, breast surgery, endocrine surgery, trauma surgery, paediatric surgery, transplantation, and others that are being proposed.


The results of a first search for CP violation in the production and decay of top quark-antiquark (tt̄) pairs are presented. The search is based on asymmetries in T-odd, triple-product correlation observables, where T is the time-reversal operator. The analysis uses a sample of proton-proton collisions at √ s = 8 TeV collected by the CMS experiment, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 19.7 fb−1. Events are selected having one electron or muon and at least four jets. The T-odd observables are measured using four-momentum vectors associated with tt̄ production and decay. The measured asymmetries exhibit no evidence for CP-violating effects, consistent with the expectation from the standard model.


The Roman monetary system was highly complex. It involved official Roman coins in both silver and bronze, which some provinces produced while others imported them from mints in Rome and elsewhere, as well as, in the East, a range of civic coinages. This is a comprehensive study of the workings of the system in the Eastern provinces from the Augustan period to the third century AD, when the Roman Empire suffered a monetary and economic crisis. The Eastern provinces exemplify the full complexity of the system, but comparisons are made with evidence from the Western provinces as well as with appropriate case studies from other historical times and places. The book will be essential for all Roman historians and numismatists and of interest to a broader range of historians of economics and finance.


International agreements aim to conserve 17% of Earth's land area by 2020 but include no area‐based conservation targets within the working landscapes that support human needs through farming, ranching, and forestry. Through a review of country‐level legislation, we found that just 38% of countries have minimum area requirements for conserving native habitats within working landscapes. We argue for increasing native habitats to at least 20% of working landscape area where it is below this minimum. Such target has benefits for food security, nature's contributions to people, and the connectivity and effectiveness of protected area networks in biomes in which protected areas are underrepresented. We also argue for maintaining native habitat at higher levels where it currently exceeds the 20% minimum, and performed a literature review that shows that even more than 50% native habitat restoration is needed in particular landscapes. The post‐2020 Global Biodiversity Framework is an opportune moment to include a minimum habitat restoration target for working landscapes that contributes to, but does not compete with, initiatives for expanding protected areas, the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.


Abstract Populations of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have been declining throughout their range since the 1960s. Productivity, which includes production and survival of young, is often cited as a factor in these declines. We monitored radio-equipped Greater Sage-Grouse at 3 sites in western Wyoming to assess early brood-rearing habitat use (through 14 days post-hatch) and productivity. Logistic and linear regression analyses with Akaike's Information Criterion were used to evaluate early brooding habitat use and to examine relationships between productivity and vegetation, insect size and abundance, and weather parameters. Females with broods were found in areas with greater sagebrush canopy and grass cover, and fewer invertebrates compared to random areas. The number of juveniles per female (estimated from wing barrel collections during fall harvest) was positively related to the abundance of medium-length Hymenoptera and grass cover, and the proportion of females with confirmed chicks 14 days post-hatch was positively related to abundance of medium-length Coleoptera and total herbaceous cover. Although the specific parameters varied slightly, Greater Sage-Grouse productivity in Wyoming appeared to be associated with a combination of insect and herbaceous cover elements. Managing for abundant and diverse insect communities within dense protective sagebrush stands should help ensure high-quality early brood-rearing habitat and increased Greater Sage-Grouse productivity.


Tolerance to low P soils is a desirable trait in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown in acid-weathered soils. Genetic variability in response to P-defi cient soils exists in the Andean gene pool. G19833, a low P–tolerant indeterminate Andean landrace, has been evaluated for quantitative trait loci (QTL) and tolerance to low P in combination with Mesoamerican parents. Our goal was to expand our understanding of phenotypic traits and QTL from G19833 expressed in an Andean background. An F 5:7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed from two Andean bean genotypes, G19833 and AND696, a determinate line susceptible to low P soils, was examined under low and high soil P levels in replicated fi eld trials. Phosphorus uptake was reduced by 70% and yield by 60% in low P compared to high P treatments. A linkage map was developed with 11 linkage groups and a total length of 1105 cM. Quantitative trait loci for root growth, seed yield, seed P content, and P use effi ciency colocalized near the fi n gene on linkage group B1. Quantitative trait loci for root growth traits, seed yield, and P uptake colocalized on B11. Quantitative trait loci for root length density (cm cm –3 ) and root surface area (cm 2 ) did not colocalize with QTL for P uptake. This study indicates that root traits did not play an important role in tolerance to low P soil in an Andean × Andean cross, contrary to previous results with the same P-effi cient Andean parent (G19833) crossed to a Mesoamerican bean genotype.


Heart rate and blood pressure are appropriately used as surrogate markers of maternal cardiac output (CO) during spinal anaesthesia (SA) for Caesarean section (CS). Maintenance of baseline maternal blood pressure, using phenylephrine, has been shown to produce the closest to zero umbilical arterial base deficit, despite the fact that phenylephrine may depress maternal cardiac output. However, the maximum change in cardiac output has been shown to correlate better with uteroplacental blood flow than upper arm blood pressure. The maintenance of blood pressure and maternal cardiac output are therefore both important for maternal safety and comfort, and fetal wellbeing. Two studies of cardiac output changes during SA for CS are presented, employing pulse wave form analysis (LiDCOplus, LiDCO Ltd, Cambridge, UK).


Despite a large international literature on the relationship between firm-level trading behaviour and productivity, evidence on this link for the UK has been hampered by long-standing data issues. This paper addresses this data gap, introducing a new dataset which combines information from the ONS' Annual Business Survey (ABS) and HM Revenue & Customs' (HMRC) trade in goods declarations. We apply this new dataset to examine the prevalence of trading behaviour among businesses of different sizes, ownership types and in different industries; and to analyse the link between productivity and trader status for British businesses in the non-financial business economy. The results of this analysis show that large businesses and those which are foreign-owned are most likely to declare international trade in goods. Among businesses with more than 10 employees, only around one-in-five firms report trade in goods to HMRC, but businesses which declare trade in goods accounted for around 40% of all employment in 2016. Most direct trade in goods is undertaken by the Manufacturing and Wholesale & Retail industries. Our analysis also suggests that trade in goods is strikingly concentrated: 38% of the value of UK goods exports was accounted for by the top 50 exporters in 2016, while the top 50 importers accounted for 34% of the value of imports over the same period. Our productivity analysis suggests that the productivity of British businesses which declare international trade in goods was around 70% higher on average than for businesses which did not in 2016. After controlling for their size, industry and foreign ownership status, businesses which declare goods exports or imports have labour productivity premia relative to non-traders of around 21% and 20% respectively. These premia are notably lower for trade with the EU: consistent with lower barriers to EU goods trade enabling relatively less productive businesses to access these markets. Analysis of the link between labour productivity and the intensive margin of trade suggests businesses which source a large proportion of their inputs abroad, which export more products (particularly to non-EU nations), or which export to more countries (particularly within the EU) tend to be more productive than businesses which have less internationalised supply chains, which import a wider variety of products and which have a more limited geographical reach within the EU. Although these results are not necessarily causal, they provide a detailed overview of the link between productivity and trade in goods in the UK context.


Consumption of prey by harp (Phoca groenlandica), hooded (Cystophora cristata), grey (Halichoerus grypus), and harbour (Phoca vitulina) seals in Atlantic Canada was estimated for the period 1990–96 by synthesizing and integrating information on individual energy requirements, population size, distribution and diet composition. Total annual consumption by these four species increased from 3.1 million to 4.0 million tons over the seven-year period. Seventy-seven percent (by weight) of the total prey consumption consisted of fish, of which capelin and sand lance were the dominant species accounting for 49% (by weight) of the total fish consumed. The majority (74%) of total prey consumption occurred off southern Labrador and Newfoundland (Div. 2J and 3KL), followed by the northern Gulf of St Lawrence (Div. 4RS) (18%), and the eastern Scotian Shelf (Div. 4VsW) (4%). Harp seals were the most important predator, accounting for 82% of total consumption, followed by hooded seals (10% of total prey consumption), grey seals (7.8%), and harbour seals (0.2%). Regional differences existed in predation impacts of the four pinnipeds; harp seals were most important in Div. 2J and 3KL and in Div. 4RS, hooded seals were most important in Div. 2J and 3KL and Div. 3M (Flemish Cap), while grey seal predation predominated in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence (Div. 4T) and on the Scotian Shelf (Div. 4VsW). Of the 3.1 million tons of fish consumed by the four species of seals in 1996, only about 20% accounted for commercial species such as Greenland halibut (7%), Atlantic cod (6%), redfish (4%), and Atlantic herring (3%). Most of the consumption of these commercial species consisted of juveniles.