This thesis presents the results of a study designed to examine ways to engage and scaffold primary school students who experience literacy learning difficulties. Utilising a pedagogy of multiliteracies, proposed by the New London Group (1996, 2000), and a framework for inclusive pedagogy (Florian, 2014), this thesis sought to investigate ways to facilitate meaningful literacy learning for students who experience challenges when participating in print-based classroom activities.

A qualitative case study approach was adopted to support the broader sociocultural and multiliteracies perspective that underlies the theoretical direction of this research. Three student case studies were constructed illustrating the students' in-school and out-of-school literacy practices. Research data indicated that while these students exhibited strong engagement with multiple literacies in their out-of-school environment, their experiences in a classroom context were, at times, challenging and marginalising.

During the fieldwork period, which took place in a Western Australian Year 6 primary classroom, a multimodal literacy activity was implemented over one school term. This activity required students to: 1. Audioread the novel The Bad Beginning 2. Create a storyboard utilising the iPad app Kid's Book Report and 3. Create an iMovie review about the novel.

Data analysis revealed that engagement with the multimodal literacy activity emerged in similar ways for the case study students. These students appeared to be engaged with the literacy activity when they were:

• Activating prior knowledge and immersed in meaningful practices via situated learning.
• Experiencing opportunities to create meaning in multiple ways.
• Fostering shared meanings - scaffolded within a community of practice.

Results indicate that engagement with multiple literacies, beyond the printed word, allowed the students to navigate literacy within various contexts. Exploring multimodal ways to present their thoughts further enhanced the students' engagement with the multimodal literacy activity.

This study provides insight into key areas in the field of literacy research and contributes to understandings of: multiliteracies; inclusive pedagogy; sociocultural approaches to literacy; and open-ended and flexible approaches to literacy learning. The study may be of interest to pre and in service primary school educators and education researchers and policy makers.


This new and complete translation of Spinoza's famous 17th-century work fills an important gap, not only for all scholars of Spinoza, but also for everyone interested in the relationship between Western philosophy and religion, and the history of biblical exegesis. The existing Elwes translation of 1883 has long been regarded as insufficient by Spinoza scholars for its misleading rendering of the Latin and its many omissions. Samuel Shirley, well-known for his excellent best-selling translation of Spinoza's "Ethics," now presents this new, complete translation of Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-Politicus" in lucid English, which meets the highest standards of modern critical scholarship. The book includes an Index of Subjects and a detailed Index of Biblical References as well as an Introduction by Brad Gregory, which sets Spinoza squarely in the context of his time and intellectual tradition.


Recent computations involving quantum processing units (QPUs)have demonstrated a series of challenges inherent to hybrid classical-quantum programming, compilation, execution, and verification and validation. Despite considerable progress, system-level noise, limited low-level instructions sets, remote access models, and an overall lack of portability and classical integration presents near-term programming challenges that must be overcome in order to enable reliable scientific quantum computing and support robust hardware benchmarking. In this work, we draw on our experience in programming QPUs to identify common concerns and challenges, and detail best practices for mitigating these challenges within the current hybrid classical-quantum computing paradigm. Following this discussion, we introduce the XACC quantum compilation and execution framework as a hardware and language independent solution that addresses many of these hybrid programming challenges. XACC supports extensible methodologies for managing a variety of programming, compilation, and execution concerns across the increasingly diverse set of QPUs. We use recent nuclear physics simulations to illustrate how the framework mitigates programming, compilation, and execution challenges and manages the complex workflow present in QPU-enhanced scientific applications. Finally, we codify the resulting hybrid scientific computing workflow in order to identify key areas requiring future improvement.


Once thought to be rare, pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) are now recognized as the most common neurological disorders affecting children and one of the most common developmental disabilities (DD) in Canada (Autism Society of Canada, 2006). Recent reports indicate that PDDs currently affect 1 in 150 children (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, 2007). The purpose of this research was to provide an understanding of medical resident and practicing physicians' basic knowledge regarding PDDs. With a population of children with PDDs who present with varying symptoms, the ability for medical professionals to provide general information, diagnosis, appropriate referrals, and medical care can be quite complex. A basic knowledge of the disorder is only a first step in providing adequate medical care to individuals with autism and their families. An updated version of Stone's (1987) Autism survey was administered to medical residents at four medical schools in Canada and currently practicing physicians at three medical schools and one community health network. As well, a group of professionals specializing in the field ofPDDs, participating in research and clinical practice, were surveyed as an 'expert' group to act as a control measure. Expert responses were consistent with current research in the field. General findings indicated few differences in overall knowledge between residents and physicians, with misconceptions evident in areas such as the nature of the disorder, qualitative characteristics of autism, and effective interventions. Results were also examined by specialty and, while pediatricians demonstrated additional accurate


We present an efficient approach to characterizing the fault tolerance of multiprocessor systems that employ multiple shared buses for interprocessor communication. Of concern is connective fault tolerance, which is defined as the ability to maintain communication between any two fault-free processors in the presence of faulty processors, buses, or processor-bus links. We introduce a model called processor-bus-link (PBL) graphs to represent a multiple-bus system's interconnection structure. The model is more general than previously proposed models, and has the advantages of simple representation, broad application, and the ability to model partial bus failures. The PBL graph implies a set of component adjacency graphs that highlights various connectivity features of the system. Using these graphs, we propose a method for analyzing the maximum number of faults a multiple-bus system can tolerate, and for identifying every minimum set of faulty components that disconnects the processors of the system. We also analyze the connective fault tolerance of several proposed multiple-bus systems to illustrate the application of our method.


ABSTRACT A standard comprehension of curatorial practice is conditioned upon the organizing of relations between objects and meaning, between art and its perception and between objects and other objects. A widespread tendency established in a culture of critique in art and curatorial practice responds to this primacy of the organizational by retreating from it by producing 'open frameworks of interaction' in the hope that this naturalism will secure itself away from what it sees to be problematic instrumentalism of the image. This attitude is underscored, moreover, in practices where the horror of a conscious inability to make this retreat is further standardized in ironic forms of production that correlate a theory of constraint to the materialities of economic dominance. This article argues that both these responses to meaning meet at the same terminus, impoverishing the image and its potential. Looking to and setting out some further problems within Quentin Meillassoux's speculative materialism, this text seeks to move past these problematic realisms to examine the possibility for a future of the image without limits, asking first whether this thinking is possible, and if it is, what this demands for our understanding of its politics.


Horndeski models with a de Sitter critical point for any kind of material content may provide a mechanism to alleviate the cosmological constant problem. Moreover, they could allow us to understand the current accelerated expansion of the universe as the result of the dynamical approach to the critical point when it is an attractor. We show that this critical point is indeed an attractor for the shift-symmetric subfamily of models with these characteristics. We study the cosmological scenario that results when considering radiation and matter content, and conclude that their background dynamics is compatible with the latest observational data.


Reading the City analysing literary space in selected postapartheid urban narratives. Space can be read through text. Space is also constructed through text. Literary and critical theory has, however, emphasised time over space. However, space, place and location are crucial determining factors in any literary study. Through reference to theories of construction of place as well as writings on spatial history and the city I will discuss how place is created through text and how the urban environment affects literary production. Using the work of Michel Foucault (1986, 2002) on space and power, Michel de Certeau's approach to cities (2002) and WaIter Benjamin's (2002) theories on space, time and the city, as well as South African theoretical approaches to space and the city, I will attempt an analysis of place in chosen pieces of literature set in the postapartheid city by selected writers. I have chosen to focus on the cities of Durban and Johannesburg, and in particular the innercities, because it is here that major transformation in the use and representation of space has occurred. By looking at selected apartheid and postapartheid texts I will be able to analyse how the representation of literary space has altered with political and socio-economic changes. The time period I will look at primarily will be the postapartheid period. The interdisciplinary nature of this project means I will draw from literary criticism, critical theory, geography, sociology and economic history as well as elements of postcolonial and postmodem theory. The South African city today is a post-city; postcolonial and postapartheid. So too, the texts I have selected are post-texts, postmodem and post-struggle and I will conduct my analysis with this in mind. The concept of 'city' in literature is much more than just buildings and streets. It exists also in social relationships and links between people, both in the city and places outside of the city. The city is a set of social, political and cultural conditions that manifests itself in space and it is this aspect of 'city' which is represented in these texts that I will investigate. Through focusing on the autobiography Man Bitch (2001) by Johan van Wyk together with Never Been At Home (2001) by Zazah P. Khuzwayo and No Way Out (2001) by Zinhle Carol Mdakane all set in Durban, and Welcome to Our Hillbrow (2001) by Phaswane Mpe and the short story "Autopsy" (1996) by Ivan Vladislavic set in Johannesburg, I will investigate the representation of urban space in these texts ofpostapartheid literature. By way of introduction, I will examine relevant selected apartheid texts that deal with the cities of Durban (Lewis Nkosi's novel Mating Birds (1987)) and Johannesburg (selected poems of Mongane Wally Serote) and I will attempt to construct a literary image of the space of these cities under apartheid. A close reading of the texts selected will construct a clear picture of the current (and past) urban space through the medium of literature. It will be seen that major issues affecting South Africa's city inhabitants emerge as themes: AIDS, crime, migration and architectural degradation drive these narratives as does access to once restricted space.


Testing basics case studies black box testing techniques equivalence class testing boundary value testing decision table testing pairwise testing state-transition testing domain analysis testing use case testing white box testing techniques control path testing data flow testing testing paradigms waterfall testing exploratory testing exploratory planning supporting techniques knowing when to stop.


This study assessed the influence of a freshwater pulse on selected physico-chemical and biological variables in a permanently open freshwater deprived southern African estuary. In the absence of the freshwater pulse a reverse gradient in salinity was evident with hypersaline (salinity > 40) conditions prevailing in the upper reaches of the estuary. Total chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration during this period ranged from 0.25 to 0.60 μg·l-1. The mean total zooplankton abundance and biomass in the absence of freshwater during the daytime was 666 ind·m-3 (SD ± 196) and 12.4 mg·dwt·m-3 (SD ± 3.3), respectively. During the night time the mean total zooplankton abundance was 3121 ind·m-3 (SD ± 1203) and the biomass 21.8 mg·dwt·m-3 (SD ± 196). The total zooplankton abundance during the dry season was numerically dominated by the copepod nauplii and the calanoid copepod, Pseudodiaptomus hessei, which contributed up to 76% of the total zooplankton counts. The freshwater pulse was associated with the establishment of a horizontal gradient in salinity along the length of the estuary and a significant increase in the total chl-a concentration (range from 0.74 to 11.75 μg·l-1) and zooplankton biomass (range from 23.7 to 76.6 mg·dwt·m-3) (p ally, there was a marked increase in the total zooplankton abundances and biomass within the estuary. A distinct shift in the zooplankton community composition was evident with the copepod, Acartia longipatella numerically dominating the zooplankton counts.


BACKGROUND
Safety climate research suggests that a corresponding climate in work units is crucial for patient safety. Intensive care units are usually co-led by a nurse and a physician, who are responsible for aligning an interprofessional workforce and warrant a high level of safety. Yet, little is known about whether and how these interprofessional co-leaders jointly affect their unit's safety climate.

PURPOSE
This empirical study aims to explain differences in the units' safety climate as an outcome of the nurse and physician leaders' degree of shared goals. Specifically, we examine whether the degree to which co-leaders share goals in general fosters a safety climate by pronouncing norms of interprofessional cooperation as a behavioral standard for the team members' interactions.

METHODOLOGY/APPROACH
A cross-sectional design was used to gather data from 70 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Germany. Survey data for our variables were collected from the unit's leading nurse and the leading physician, as well as from the unit's nursing and physician team members. Hypotheses testing at unit level was conducted using multivariate linear regression.

RESULTS
Our analyses show that the extent to which nurse-physician co-leaders share goals covaries with safety climate in NICUs. This relationship is partially mediated by norms of interprofessional cooperation among NICU team members. Our final model accounts for 54% of the variability in safety climate of NICUs.

CONCLUSION
Increasing the extent to which co-leaders share goals is an effective lever to strengthen interprofessional cooperation and foster a safety climate among nursing and physician team members of hospital units.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal.


Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are a continuum of voluminous iron and magnesium rich rock emplacements which include continental flood basalts and associated intrusive rocks, volcanic passive margins, oceanic plateaus, submarine ridges, seamount groups, and ocean basin flood basalts. Such provinces do not originate at "normal" seafloor spreading centers. We compile all known in situ LIPs younger than 250 Ma and analyze dimensions, crustal structures, ages, and emplacement rates of representatives of the three major LIP categories: Ontong Java and Kerguelen-Broken Ridge oceanic plateaus, North Atlantic volcanic passive margins, and Deccan and Columbia River continental flood basalts. Crustal thicknesses range from 20 to 40 km, and the lower crust is characterized by high (7.0-7.6 km s?1) compressional wave velocities. Volumes and emplacement rates derived for the two giant oceanic plateaus, Ontong Java and Kerguelen, reveal short-lived pulses of increased global production; Ontong Java's rate of emplacement may have exceeded the contemporaneous global production rate of the entire mid-ocean ridge system. The major part of the North Atlantic volcanic province lies offshore and demonstrates that volcanic passive margins belong in the global LIP inventory. Deep crustal intrusive companions to continental flood volcanism represent volumetrically significant contributions to the crust. We envision a complex mantle circulation which must account for a variety of LIP sizes, the largest originating in the lower mantle and smaller ones developing in the upper mantle. This circulation coexists with convection associated with plate tectonics, a complicated thermal structure, and at least four distinct geochemical/isotopic reservoirs. LIPs episodically alter ocean basin, continental margin, and continental geometries and affect the chemistry and physics of the oceans and atmosphere with enormous potential environmental impact. Despite the importance of LIPs in studies of mantle dynamics and global environment, scarce age and deep crustal data necessitate intensified efforts in seismic imaging and scientific drilling in a range of such features.


Background: Multimorbidity (the co-occurrence of two or more chronic diseases) can be seen as a prototypical situation in which psychosocial adjustment is required. Even though most patients adapt successfully, a significant number of individuals show adaptation problems and develop additional mental health problems. Objective: For this reason, this article focuses on the importance of psychosocial adaptation as a core process in the context of quality of life. Results: Important findings pointing at the association between multimorbidity and mental health are summarized, and the stress-response perspective on psychosocial adjustment is introduced. Furthermore, cognitive-affective processing of the disease (in the context of illness perceptions) and interpersonal emotion regulation are presented as relevant examples for processes involved in psychological adaptation to multimorbidity. As an intervention possibility, expressive writing is given as a feasible example. Conclusion: Viewing adjustment problems to multimorbidity from a stress-response perspective offers a framework for a deeper understanding of core processes regarding multimorbidity and quality of life that is not only important for research but also for clinical practice. This article ends with a general summary and an outlook on clinical implications of the introduced stress-response concept of adjustment to multimorbidity.


The British Army of the 1820's was not trained far counter-insurgency
duties to operate in small detached parties. Their role in the campaign
against the Aborigines was to aid the civil power, and tensions and
inefficiencies resulted when troops were drected and commanded by
civilians. The colonial garrison was commanded by an experienced
soldier and administrator, lieutenant-Governor George Arthur. He
exercised a dual civil/military function ensuring all resources were
integrated through an administrative system centred on his police
districts. By 1830, Arthur sought a solution to the Aboriginal problem
based on a dual strategy of conciliation in the tribal lands, and use of
military force, to expel the natives from the settled areas. The Aborigines developed formidable skills as guerilla fighters, and
their tactics took advantage of their enemies' weapons limitations. With
loss of tradtional hunting grounds, the Aborigines were forced to rely on
raiding settlers' huts for supplies. This generated stronger countermeasures,
such as martial law in 1828 and the Black Line in 1830, which
was the climax of the counter-insurgency campaign. This was a sweep
and cordon operation, combining troops, and civilians who were called
out under a levy en masse, under Army command. The troops, now
under command of their own officers, were disciplined and efficient.
Opinions differ in contemporary and historical writings, concerning the Black Line, as to whether it was a 'fiasco' or, in terms of Arthur's dual
strategy, a success. As he dd not achieve his military aim to confine the
Aborigines in Tasman's Peninsula, the line was a failure, but due to
Walpole's contact, it was not a total failure, and as it was meticulously
planned and executed, the term 'fiasco' is inappropriate. As the Line
directly assisted the conciliatory arm of the dual strategy, it contributed to
Arthur's long term goal. Almost a mythology has developed over aspects of the line. Arthur distorted
fact in insisting that Walpole's contact, and the presence of
convicts with the Aborigines, led to the failure of his military obiective.
Without recognising the temper of the times, and that the Line was
Arthtur's only remaining military option, the 'fiasco' school of 'Writers has
unfairly branded the Black Line as a foolish enterprise. Historians'
statements of numbers deployed on the line vary considerably, a minor,
but pertinent example of how an error can develop by uncritical
acceptance of one primary source.The counter-insurgency campaign in the police districts and on the
Black Line, while being a minor footnote in the annals of the British Army,
is a sigificant but often misunderstood or forgotten phase of Tasmanian
history. It deserves more recognition by Tasmanian and Australian
military historians.


In this paper, we consider effect of pollution on prey-predator model with infected predator. We have modified the prey-predator model by introducing pollutant in susceptible predator and infected predator population. The pollutant effects both susceptible and infected predator at the same rate. It is assumed that prey population grows with logistic growth rate. Local stability analysis is done for boundary and interior equilibrium point $E^*$. Further, we have proved that if the rate of infection and the rate of depletion of predator due to pollutant is less than some threshold i.e., $\beta<\beta^*$ and $g<g^*$ then $E^*$ becomes unstable and periodic solutions bifurcates from $E^*$ and thus, Hopf bifurcation occurs. Finally, persistence of the system is obtained and numerical simulations are done in support of our results using MATLAB software. https://doi.org/10.28919/cmbn/3350


Episodic recollection entails the conscious remembrance of event details associated with previously encountered stimuli. Recollection depends on both the establishment of cortical representations of event features during stimulus encoding and the cortical reinstatement of these representations at retrieval. Here, we used multivoxel pattern analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging data to examine how cortical and hippocampal activity at encoding and retrieval drive recollective memory decisions. During encoding, words were associated with face or scene source contexts. At retrieval, subjects were cued to recollect the source associate of each presented word. Neurally derived estimates of encoding strength and pattern reinstatement in occipitotemporal cortex were computed for each encoding and retrieval trial, respectively. Analyses demonstrated that (1) cortical encoding strength predicted subsequent memory accuracy and reaction time, (2) encoding strength predicted encoding-phase hippocampal activity, and (3) encoding strength and retrieval-phase hippocampal activity predicted the magnitude of cortical reinstatement. Path analyses further indicated that cortical reinstatement partially mediated both the effect of cortical encoding strength and the effect of retrieval-phase hippocampal activity on subsequent source memory performance. Taken together, these results indicate that memory-guided decisions are driven in part by a pathway leading from hippocampally linked cortical encoding of event attributes to hippocampally linked cortical reinstatement at retrieval.


In 1975, German choreographer Kurt Jooss created his last dance, Dixit Dominus, for Swedish-based Indian dancer Lilavati Häger. After Rani Nair reconstructed what is often seen as a "minor" work, she then created Future Memory (2012) to engage more directly with her inheritance, from caring for the personal things and stories that surrounded the piece to re-working its promise of dancing between European and Indian forms. Working outward from my position as dramaturg and historian for this project, this essay addresses the potential and precariousness of contemporary dance's experiments with redoing history at the intersection of multiple contested legacies.


Social rights moe different in Eastern Europe chan in the West. Their legacy reflects the very different relationship be tween Stale and eitizen, and the more instrwnemal use of law under Stale socialism. 'Ibis paper develops a model fel' diSlinguishing between different fCl'ms of social rights, not only in the West. but also as the eoneept might be ap plied 10 different )X"liods of Slate socialism. A tfPOlogy of different social rights is offered. and the IaSling legacies of such rights moe ~amined in Hungarian pensIon and housing poliey since 1949. The paper is organized in four pans: 1) There is discussion of previous approaches 10 interpreting social rights in Eastern Europe. 2) A rough model is suggested 10 disUnguisb between varying coneeptions of social rights along two dimensions: lheir relative emphasis on substantive or procedural justice, and on e negative or positive derwOOn of the swe's obliP.,tion 10 fulfill these rights. The result is four elassificalions of rights. The reigning Anglo-Saxon conception of social rights is 1hereby distinguished not only &om the view employed by western welfare Slate advocates, but also from the Classical Communist Iogie and a Late Socialist fmn Ibat is most relevant 10 eontemporary Hungary. 3) It is argued Ibalthe informality of rights &hal was so central 10 the Late Socialist welfare Stale has in many war.s been reinforced by the process of cransformation from state socialism. 4) Housing and pension policy are used 10 illustrate the Hun pian rights legacy and bow it continues 10 influence social policy.


Abstract. The seismic reflection data processing to identify thin coal beds and intrinsic fault structure associated with coalmines suffers from the coherent noise that arises due to interference and diffraction of seismic signals from adjacent horizontal boundaries on either sides of the fault structure. The amplitudes of the interfering reflections mislead the interpretation of geological features like faults, curved reflectors, etc. In particular, correlated and erratic noise create more severe problem than the random noise in the interpretation of such complex geological structures. Here, we employed Space Lagged Singular Spectral Analysis (SLSSA) algorithm, which decomposes the amplitudes from a constant time/depth to determine the original signal amplitude based on eigen properties of the signal. Thus, we can de-noise seismic signal to delineate the concealed discontinuities and to map the fault structures. Initially, we tested the algorithm on the synthetic data of fault structure embedded with complex mixed noise (random and colored) of known percentage. Finally, the method was employed on high-resolution seismic reflection observations recorded from Singareni coalfield, India. The SLSSA method reveals some significant kinematic fault structures in the coal-bearing zone, which agreed with regional fault structures in the PG basin and correlates well with available geological information in the area.


The MAP (maximum a posteriori assignment) problem in Bayesian networks is the problem of finding the most probable instantiation of a set of variables given partial evidence for the remaining variables. The state-of-the-art exact solution method is depth-first branch-and-bound search using dynamic variable ordering and a jointree upper bound proposed by Park and Darwiche [2003]. Since almost all search time is spent computing the jointree bounds, we introduce an efficient method for computing these bounds incrementally. We point out that, using a static variable ordering, it is only necessary to compute relevant upper bounds at each search step, and it is also possible to cache potentials of the jointree for efficient backtracking. Since the jointree computation typically produces bounds for joint configurations of groups of variables, our method also instantiates multiple variables at each search step, instead of a single variable, in order to reduce the number of times that upper bounds need to be computed. Experiments show that this approach leads to orders of magnitude reduction in search time.


Human stem cell research represents an exceptional opportunity for regenerative medicine and the surgical reconstruction of the craniomaxillofacial complex. The correct architecture and function of the vastly diverse tissues of this important anatomical region are critical for life supportive processes, the delivery of senses, social interaction, and aesthetics. Craniomaxillofacial tissue loss is commonly associated with inflammatory responses of the surrounding tissue, significant scarring, disfigurement, and psychological sequelae as an inevitable consequence. The in vitro production of fully functional cells for skin, muscle, cartilage, bone, and neurovascular tissue formation from human stem cells, may one day provide novel materials for the reconstructive surgeon operating on patients with both hard and soft tissue deficit due to cancer, congenital disease, or trauma. However, the clinical translation of human stem cell technology, including the application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in novel regenerative therapies, faces several hurdles that must be solved to permit safe and effective use in patients. The basic biology of hPSCs remains to be fully elucidated and concerns of tumorigenicity need to be addressed, prior to the development of cell transplantation treatments. Furthermore, functional comparison of in vitro generated tissue to their in vivo counterparts will be necessary for confirmation of maturity and suitability for application in reconstructive surgery. Here, we provide an overview of human stem cells in disease modeling, drug screening, and therapeutics, while also discussing the application of regenerative medicine for craniomaxillofacial tissue deficit and surgical reconstruction.


These experiments were conducted in order to obtain data on the walking velocities, twisting rates and flow rates in different building components. The building components studied were doorways and comers. An experiment was also conducted to find the effect of opposed flow on these parameters. Students were used as the test subject in these experiments. After the experiments had be conducted the data was extracted using an image analysing teclmique. This involved using the video footage of the experiments. This video footage was firstly conve1ied to a computer file using a video film capturing package. The resulting computer file was then able to be analysed using the computer program Persias which is able to calculate velocities, distances, and twisting rates of people or objects. The experiments provided velocity data as a function of the interperson distance and the results obtained are similar to the results obtained in previous research which gives the movement velocity as a function of the occupant densities. STUDY OF EVACUATION MOVEMENT THROUGH DIFFERENT BUILDING COMPONENTS


Cloud computing offers a new way of service provision by re-arranging various resources over the Internet. The most important and popular cloud service is data storage. In order to preserve the privacy of data holders, data are often stored in cloud in an encrypted form. However, encrypted data introduce new challenges for cloud data deduplication, which becomes crucial for big data storage and processing in cloud. Traditional deduplication schemes cannot work on encrypted data. Existing solutions of encrypted data deduplication suffer from security weakness. They cannot flexibly support data access control and revocation. Therefore, few of them can be readily deployed in practice. In this paper, we propose a scheme to deduplicate encrypted data stored in cloud based on ownership challenge and proxy re-encryption. It integrates cloud data deduplication with access control. We evaluate its performance based on extensive analysis and computer simulations. The results show the superior efficiency and effectiveness of the scheme for potential practical deployment, especially for big data deduplication in cloud storage.


In the early twentieth century, women were consistently excluded from the literary studies and deprived of employment opportunities in America. Paul Lauter underlines that the 'American canon was sanctified by the male literary critics trained in formalism, reflecting the professor's concern that a truly American art is to be attractive when it embodies the values of masculine culture' (Lauter 34). It is not wrong to say that there was some prejudice against women in the literary works, especially in the dramatic works. The main reason for this was that women worked for long hours with low pay in the 1920s. Thus, they did not have the social and economic freedom. Of all the 20th century American women playwrights, Susan Glaspell gained her reputation due to the fact that she rebelled against the gender norms and played a crucial role in the American theatre. Also in Britain the early twentieth century is generally presented as being unsuccessful for the British female playwrights. In addition, in the 1920s it was acknowledged that the female playwrights were not prolific and that society tended to appraise female playwrights less favourably. However, in fact; the inter-war female playwrights were entering upon the male-dominated theatre. One of the ignored, but great English playwrights in the 1900s is Cicely Hamilton. Diana of Dobson's is her great work which was a commercial drama in the early 20th century England. This paper emphasises the social problems and the social identity of the women in the early 20th century by illustrating an American and an English feminist play. Trifles which was written by Susan Glaspell reveals the poor conditions the women faced and the sexual inequality they encountered. The caged bird which symbolises the woman in the play is also representative for the women in society. The other play, Diana of Dobson's was written by the English suffragette Cicely Hamilton. Overworking, problems of poverty, ill-pay, and domestic service are some of the themes in this play. The main focus of this paper will, particularly, be on comparing and contrasting the social and economic roles of the women between the American and English plays by the women playwrights who had both lived in the early 20th century and manifested the achievement of the British and American female playwrights against the male-dominated drama.


Feature Issue on AvailabilityProtection of communication against network failures is becoming increasingly important, and here we present what we believe to be the most capacity-efficient protection method possible, the complete rerouting protection method, when we require that all communication should be restored in the case of a single link network failure. We present a linear programming model of the protection method and a column-generation algorithm. For six real-world networks, the minimal restoration overbuild network capacity is between 13% and 78%. We further study the importance of the density of the network, derive analytical bounds, and study methods to speed up the column-generation algorithm. We expect that the suggested protection method will be used for calculating lower bounds required for protection, but not as a functioning protection method.


: Research on Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) from third-person videos has shown encouraging results on removing the need for manual reward design for robotic tasks. However, most prior works are still limited by training from a relatively restricted domain of videos. In this paper, we argue that the true potential of third-person IRL lies in increasing the diversity of videos for better scaling. To learn a reward function from diverse videos, we propose to perform graph abstraction on the videos followed by temporal matching in the graph space to measure the task progress. Our insight is that a task can be described by entity interactions that form a graph, and this graph abstraction can help remove irrelevant information such as textures, resulting in more robust reward functions. We evaluate our approach, GraphIRL , on cross-embodiment learning in X-MAGICAL and learning from human demonstrations for real-robot manipulation. We show significant improvements in robustness to diverse video demonstrations over previous approaches, and even achieve better results than manual reward design on a real robot pushing task. Videos are available at https://sateeshkumar21.github.io/GraphIRL .


Robert Alexander Cole, also affectionately referred to as "King Cole," was one of America's most successful black businessmen during the early-to-mid-twentieth century. As President of the black-owned Metropolitan Funeral System Association (later the Chicago Metropolitan Mutual Assurance Company) from 1927 to 1956, he presided over a company that gained both local and national recognition for its ongoing demonstration of community service. While individual success stories (both black and white) are prevalent in American business history, Robert A. Cole's rise to prominence merits special consideration. Cole, born on October 8, 1882, in Mt. Carmel, Tennessee, was the seventh of Robert and Narcissa Cole's eight children. At the time of Robert's birth, his parents, both of whom were ex-slaves, eked out a tenuous existence as tenant cotton farmers.(1) Cole's boyhood appears to have been a happy, rigorous, experience. Cotton cultivation was no less labor intensive in the late nineteenth century than it had been during slavery; therefore, Cole spent more time working on the family farm than in school. He did manage to complete four years of formal education. Cole, despite his limited educational background, would later in life refer to the following advice his mother gave him: "If you never learn nothing else, learn how to figure figures."(2) At the age of seventeen, Cole decided his future lay outside the drudgery of tenant farming. Armed with a fourth-grade education and a desire to be "somebody," he left home to seek his fortune. The first stop on his journey toward future importance was Paducah, Kentucky, where he found employment in a machine shop. Within a year, he became foreman. Still, despite his rise in occupational status, it became apparent that under the South's racial code he remained a "nigger." Cole subsequently left Paducah and spent the next few years as a roustabout. It appears likely that he developed his legendary fondness for gambling during this period.(3) In 1905, Cole came to Chicago seeking the wider opportunities the city reportedly offered blacks. After working briefly as a busboy, he secured employment as a Pullman porter. He would later assert that the education which he received during his twenty years as a Pullman porter compensated for his lack of formal education. While performing his duties, he made a point of talking to business executives and observing their actions. His diligence ultimately resulted in his being promoted to porter-in-charge, the highest position a black could then reach in the railroad industry.(4) While Cole worked his way up within the Pullman Company, he established important social ties as well. His friendship with Daniel McKee Jackson, black Chicago's most prestigious undertaker and the acknowledged czar of South Side gambling activities, appeared especially significant. Dan Jackson, one of Chicago's most powerful blacks during the early twentieth century, gained this distinction partially through his close association with three-time Republican Mayor William Hale "Big Bill" Thompson.(5) Thompson - who once campaigned in the black community by stating, "I'll give your people jobs, and any of you want to shoot craps go ahead and do it"(6) - protected Dan Jackson's various South Side gambling clubs. Jackson, in return, actively campaigned for Thompson among Chicago blacks. Because Jackson regularly donated a portion of his gambling profits in the form of money, food, and other provisions to Bronzeville's less fortunate,(7) his endorsement of Thompson carried considerable weight. This mutually beneficial relationship between Jackson and Thompson ended (temporarily) in 1923 when Democrat William Dever, running on a reform platform, upset Thompson in that year's mayoral election. Significantly, the new Dever administration made closing down black Chicago gambling operations a top priority.(8) Thus, Dan Jackson witnessed a dramatic drop in his personal income. …


For the last 40 years, academics advocated the use of the traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) techniques but these suggestions were ignored by practitioners for a long time. The Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Present Value Payback Period (PVPP) are now some of the more widely used traditional DCF-based techniques, especially among large firms. However, academics are now criticising these techniques as they are based on rigid assumptions that ignore the management of flexibility in projects. The Real Option Valuation (ROV) is suggested as an alternative technique because it implicitly incorporates this flexibility in project valuation. With ROV, opportunities in projects are treated as real options and are therefore valued using financial option principles. Real options give the firm the opportunity to act on an investment project (invest, abandon, rescale) at a later date, when more information is available. As with the traditional DCF-based techniques in the past, few firms seem to have adopted ROV despite academics' recommendations. This study is thus aimed at determining through a survey, whether the largest firms in South Africa, specifically those included in the JSE/FTSE Top 40 index, are using ROV. Based on the results of the survey, it is concluded that firms generally do not use ROV as only nine percent of the respondents were found to be using it. This is largely attributed to managers being unaware of the technique, and to some extent, to the technique's complexity. On the other hand, managers were generally found to recognise the flexibility despite not using ROV, although it was not confirmed whether they quantify this flexibility.


The exceptional value of the Psalms in the Christian church The Psalms have a special place in the Bible as God's great prayer and hymn book. It is the work of various people, under the most representative situations, but it is also the work of the Holy Spirit. The Psalms express the lives, struggles, joy and praise of people before God with great clarity and true compassion. Their experiences of life, seen in the light of the living God, are vivid and real. The Christian Church took over the Psalms as their own, after the example of Jesus, whose life and work was seen as pictured in them. It became their prayer and hymn book - their life guide. The message of the Psalms is of such exceptional spiritual depth, expressing in great clarity every human need and emotion before God, that the Christian Church could find and understand itself in those situations and could associate itself with it.


Among the thousands of scarabs, scaraboids and other stamp-seal amulets unearthed in Iron Age contexts in Cisand Transjordan, many are engraved with royal Egyptian imagery. Focusing mainly on pharaonic motifs, this paper aims to catalogue the principal motifs and production groups, to trace their development throughout the earlier parts of the Iron Age and to extrapolate their significance vis-a-vis the other contemporary glyptic assemblages. As will be shown, the royal imagery of the Egyptian king underwent considerable changes during pre-monarchic and monarchic times in Israel, Judah and neighboring regions. Local seal production not only vividly copied earlier and contemporary Egyptian prototypes, it also developed idiosyncratic "pharaonic" motifs that were produced for the local market. Imported Egyptian glyptic goods—such as scarabs and other amulet types—reveal further facets of the seal consumption. They, too, shed light upon the ideological and religious preferences of the local population and illuminate the development of vernacular a!itudes towards pharaonic symbols of power—including their obvious political and sacred connotations.


Abstract This paper considers different publishing and distribution models for African studies journals. The case considered in detail is that of Africa, the journal of the International African Institute (IAI). I discuss the publishing model employed by the Institute for its journal, some other comparable African studies journals, and the dissemination of journals edited from Africa. Flowing from our experiences of publishing an important journal in the field, I offer some more general reflections on the possible directions of publishing African journals in the era of electronic publishing. Background of the IAI The IAI was established as the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures in London in 1926. It had a dual mandate of providing an international centre to promote research and dissemination of information and knowledge on Africa cultures; and increasing and strengthening the link between knowledge and practical activities and the needs of administrators, educators and missionaries (Schapera 1949). The Institute has evolved through the commonly identified periods in African studies, from colonialist, missionary and anthropological discourses; through the independence and decolonization periods; to the postcolonial period. Today, the Institute's aims are cast in general terms of the advancement and dissemination of African studies research, achieved chiefly through a programme of scholarly publishing. Africa: Journal of the IAI The Institute's journal, Africa, has been published since 1928. It is interdisciplinary and has a distinguished record of publishing on African societies and cultures, and on all regions of the continent, including North Africa. Africa, together with the Institute's wider publication programme, is arguably the Institute's most lasting achievement and enduring contribution to African studies (Crowder 1987). Seventy-eight volumes have been published to date. The journal is published in four issues a year. It is the second oldest British Africanist journal, after the journal of the Royal African Society, African Affairs. Africa may lay the claim to be the first African studies journal to focus on international cooperation, specifically upon development (Last 1990). A key editorial concern is with the 'local perspective', indigenous anthropology and local knowledge production. For example, Africa has published work in African languages right from its beginnings. Local knowledge and its transmission are ever relevant to the journal. Electronic publishing now allows the publication of longer extracts in the online edition. A special issue on the topic of 'Knowledge in Practice: expertise and the transmission of knowledge' was published as vol. 79, no. 1, 2009. Moreover, the journal is the main source of revenue that supports the running of the IAI, notably, its other publishing activities. Revenue from the journal represents around 60 per cent of the Institute's operating income. The money is used to cover organizational ninning costs, and to cross-subsidize other publishing activities, notably the publication of scholarly monographs and edited collections of papers. In all, some 500 books and serials have been published in the Institute's lifetime in various series.2 Income is also used to subsidize reduced subscriptions to members of related African studies membership organizations - the ASAUK and the Royal African Society; free subscriptions to the e-journal for institutions in Africa, and some donations of appropriate printed materials to libraries in Africa through the London based Book Aid International. Publishing the journal For most of its life, Africa has been published under contract to a university press. From 1928-1974, it was published by Oxford University Press. From 1982, it was published by Manchester University Press. Edinburgh University Press (EUP) took it on from 1991, and is the current publisher of the journal. …


Supervised machine learning relies on a labeled training set, whose size is closely related to the achievable performance of any learning algorithm. Thanks to the progresses in ubiquitous computing, networks, and data acquisition and storage technologies, the availability of data is no longer a problem. Nowadays, we can easily gather massive unlabeled datasets in a short period of time. Traditionally, the labeling was performed by a small set of experts so as to control the quality and the consistency of the annotations. When dealing with large datasets this approach is no longer feasible and the labeling process becomes the bottleneck. Crowdsourcing has been proven to be an effective and efficient tool to annotate large datasets. By distributing the labeling process across a potentially unlimited pool of annotators, it allows building large labeled datasets in a short period of time at a low cost. However, this comes at the expenses of a variable quality of the annotations, i.e. we need to deal with a large set of annotators of possibly unknown and variable expertise. In this new setting, methods to combine the annotations to produce reliable estimates of the ground truth are necessary. In this thesis, we tackle the problem of aggregating the information coming from a set of different annotators in a multi-class classification setting. We assume that no information about the expertise of the annotators or the ground truth of the instances is available. In particular, we focus on the potential advantages of using Bayesian Nonparametric models to build interpretable solutions for crowdsourcing applications. Bayesian Nonparametric models are Bayesian models which set a prior probability on an infinite-dimensional parameter space. After seeing a finite training sample, the posterior probability ends up using a finite number of parameters. Therefore, the complexity of the model depends on the training set and we can infer it from the data, avoiding the use of expensive model selection algorithms. We focus our efforts on two specific problems. Firstly, we claim that considering the existence of clusters of annotators in this aggregation step can improve the overall performance of the system. This is especially important in early stages of crowdsourcing implementations, when the number of annotations is low. At this stage there is not enough information to accurately estimate the bias introduced by each annotator separately, so we have to resort to models that consider the statistical links among them. In addition, finding these clusters is interesting in itself, as knowing the behavior of the pool of annotators allows implementing efficient active learning strategies. Based on this, we propose in two new fully unsupervised models based on a Chinese Restaurant Process prior and a hierarchical structure that allows inferring these groups jointly with the ground truth and the properties of the annotators. The second problem is modeling inconsistent annotators. The performance of the annotators can be in-homogeneous across the instance space due to several factors like his past experience with similar cases. To capture this behavior, we proposed an algorithm that uses a Dirichlet Process Mixture model to divide the instance space in different areas across which the annotators are consistent. The algorithm allows us to infer the characteristics of each annotator in each of the identified areas, the ground truth of the training set, as well as building a classifier for test examples. In addition, it offers an interpretable solution allowing to better understanding the decision process undertaken by the annotators, and implement schemes to improve the overall performance of the system. We propose efficient approximate inference algorithms based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling and variational inference, using auxiliary variables to deal with non-conjugacies when needed. Finally, we perform experiments, both on synthetic and real databases, to show the advantages of our models over state-of-the-art algorithms.


This thesis is concerned with studying the properties of gradings on several examples of cluster algebras, primarily of infinite type. We start by considering two classes of finite type cluster algebras: those of type Bn and Cn. We give the number of cluster variables of each occurring degree and verify that the grading is balanced. These results complete a classification in [16] for coefficient-free finite type cluster algebras. We then consider gradings on cluster algebras generated by 3×3 skew-symmetric matrices. We show that the mutation-cyclic matrices give rise to gradings in which all occurring degrees are positive and have only finitely many associated cluster variables (excepting one particular case). For the mutation-acyclic matrices, we prove that all occurring degrees have infinitely many variables and give a direct proof that the gradings are balanced. We provide a condition for a graded cluster algebra generated by a quiver to have infinitely many degrees, based on the presence of a subquiver in its mutation class. We use this to study the gradings on cluster algebras that are (quantum) coordinate rings of matrices and Grassmannians and show that they contain cluster variables of all degrees in N. Next we consider the finite list (given in [9]) of mutation-finite quivers that do not correspond to triangulations of marked surfaces. We show that A(X7) has a grading in which there are only two degrees, with infinitely many cluster variables in both. We also show that the gradings arising from Ee6, Ee7 and Ee8 have infinitely many variables in certain degrees. Finally, we study gradings arising from triangulations of marked bordered 2- dimensional surfaces (see [10]). We adapt a definition from [24] to define the space of valuation functions on such a surface and prove combinatorially that this space is isomorphic to the space of gradings on the associated cluster algebra. We illustrate this theory by applying it to a family of examples, namely, the annulus with n + m marked points. We show that the standard grading is of mixed type, with finitely many variables in some degrees and infinitely many in the others. We also give an alternative grading in which all degrees have infinitely many cluster variables.


We investigate the effects of different regulatory policies directed towards high-frequency trading (HFT) through an agent-based model of a limit order book able to generate flash crashes as the result of the interactions between lowand high-frequency (HF) traders. We analyze the impact of the imposition of minimum resting times, of circuit breakers (both ex-post and ex-ante types), of cancellation fees and of transaction taxes on asset price volatility and on the occurrence and duration of flash crashes. In the model, lowfrequency agents adopt trading rules based on chronological time and can switch between fundamentalist and chartist strategies. In contrast, high-frequency traders activation is event-driven and depends on price fluctuations. In addition, high-frequency traders employ low-latency directional strategies that exploit market information and they can cancel their orders depending on expected profits. Monte-Carlo simulations reveal that reducing HF order cancellation, via minimum resting times or cancellation fees, or discouraging HFT via financial transaction taxes, reduces market volatility and the frequency of flash crashes. However, these policies also imply a longer duration of flash crashes. Furthermore, the introduction of an ex-ante circuit breaker markedly reduces price volatility and removes flash crashes. In contrast, ex-post circuit breakers do not affect market volatility and they increase the duration of flash crashes. Our results show that HFT-targeted policies face a trade-off between market stability and resilience. Policies that reduce volatility and the incidence of flash crashes also imply a reduced ability of the market to quickly recover from a crash. The dual role of HFT, as both a cause of the flash crash and a fundamental actor in the post-crash recovery underlies the above trade-off.


ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to identify the obstacles to information and communication technology (ICT) implementation in the kindergarten environment through exploring the beliefs of kindergarten teachers. Thirty Israeli kindergarten teachers participated in semistructured interviews. Their content analysis revealed three main obstacle-related categories, of which the first two are most salient: (1) pedagogically, despite acknowledgment of its value, ICT does not play a key role in the kindergarten teachers' education philosophy; (2) didactically, ICT is used mainly as a source of information and for instructional illustration, rather than as a means to new teaching strategies; and (3) developmentally, computer use affects children's social development, especially those with special needs, but not always positively. The main conclusion is that kindergarten teachers neither overcome these obstacles nor utilize ICT potential to its fullest; hence, teachers should be encouraged to participate in ICT-related professional training to understand the didactic opportunities ICT offers early childhood education and its developmentally related pros and cons and adopt innovative ICT-related pedagogies.


Gap junction channels allow communication in the form of small molecules that flow between adjacent cells. Conductance through gap junctions formed of the connexin43 (Cx43) protein is decreased after stimulation of G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) at the cell surface, but the actual mechanism of channel regulation has been unclear. van Zeijl et al. report that in Rat-1 fibroblasts, one way gap junction conductance can be regulated is through changes in the abundance of the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2]. The authors confirmed decreased conductance of gap junctions formed from Cx43 in cells transfected with an active form of the G protein alpha subunit Gαq. Gαq activates phospholipase C-β (PLC-β), which catalyzes hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2, forming the second messengers inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol, and experiments with a fluorescently labeled probe containing a pleckstrin homology domain that binds PtdIns(4,5)P2 revealed that PtdIns(4,5)P2 was depleted from the plasma membrane in cells expressing the active Gαq protein. Depletion of PLC-β3 with RNAi prevented depletion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 from the plasma membrane in cells treated with GPCR agonists. The communication with the gap junction appeared to require PtdIns(4,5)P2 itself, rather than IP3 or DAG, and channel inhibition could be reproduced by depletion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 with an engineered version of phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase targeted to the plasma membrane. Similarly, overexpression of PtdIns(4)P 5-kinase [to maintain the abundance of PtdIns(4,5)P2 at the membrane] also prevented receptor-mediated decreases in gap junctional communication. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that PLC-β3 associated with the scaffold protein ZO-1 (zona occludens 1), and depletion of ZO-1 with RNAi also reduced receptor-mediated regulation of gap junction channels. Thus, the authors propose that ZO-1 helps assemble complexes containing PLC-β3 and Cx43. It's not altered second messenger production that shuts down the channel but rather the action of PLC-β3 to deplete membrane concentrations of PtdIns(4,5)P2, which appears to directly modulate conductance of gap junctions as it does other ion channels and transporters. L. van Zeijl, B. Ponsioen, B. N. G. Giepmans, A. Ariaens, F. R. Postma , P. Várnai, T. Balla, N. Divecha, K. Jalink, W. H. Moolenaar, Regulation of connexin43 gap junctional communication by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. J. Cell Biol. 177, 881-891 (2007). [Abstract] [Full Text]


More than a million women worldwide are diagnosed with breast cancer every year and breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the UK. Despite improvements in the treatment of breast cancer, it remains the second most common cause of death from cancer in women after lung. Research into the aberrant molecular pathways which characterise neoplasia is necessary to highlight potential therapeutic targets with the aim of improving the survival of women with breast cancer.
Rab25 is a member of the Rab superfamily of small GTPases, which are involved in the regulation of intracellular vesicular trafficking. A number of studies have suggested that dysregulation of Rab25 protein expression may be implicated in breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer. However, the published data are conflicting and further research is required to improve the understanding of the role of Rab25 in neoplasia.
At the commencement of this project, there was no commercially available anti-Rab25 antibody. The data presented here describe the affinity purification and validation of a rabbit polyclonal anti-Rab25 antibody suitable for use in Western blotting, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, an immunohistochemical scoring system was devised and validated prior to the investigation of Rab25 expression in a large breast cancer cohort.
The data presented here show that loss of Rab25 expression correlates with decreased breast cancer related survival of patients who have tumours which have also lost the expression of the oestrogen receptor. Furthermore, loss of Rab25 expression has maximal negative effect on the survival of patients with tumours which have lost both oestrogen and HER2 receptor expression.
To investigate the effect of Rab25 knockdown in vitro, the MCF7 cell line was stably transfected with a short hairpin siRNA vector targeted against Rab25. Knockdown of Rab25 had no demonstrable effect on cellular proliferation or colony formation, but Rab25 knockdown cells can migrate to heal a scratch wound at a greater rate than cells transfected with a non-targeted control vector. Knockdown of Rab25 protein expression increases total surface and intracellular β1 integrin protein levels in MCF7 cells, but this increase is not as a result of increased transcription.


ABSTRACT Coastal archaeological heritage is potentially vulnerable to increased erosion resulting from predicted future sea-level rise and increased storminess. As all sites cannot be protected, it is essential that heritage managers know which sites and landscapes are most at risk so they can prioritize resources and decision-making most effectively. One method of doing so is through desk-based modeling of coastal vulnerability. This article outlines the advantages and limitations of such an approach and demonstrates the application of a desk-based model to case studies from Newfoundland's coast. The rate of future sea-level rise around Newfoundland is complicated by its glacio-isostatic recovery since the last ice age. The first step therefore in this assessment is to combine output from glacio-isostatic adjustment models with appropriate rates of global eustatic sea-level rise. Next, these data are integrated with existing information on coastal characteristics (topography, surficial geology, erosion rates) to assess coastal sensitivity to sea-level rise. Finally, overlay of known archaeological sites identifies those locations at greatest risk from destructive coastal changes. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of such models for regional-scale analyses but caution against the use of low resolution data to generate site-specific predictions.


Problem Many congregations that are part of multi-church districts are presented with the challenge of motivating and equipping lay people with the skills they need for effective preaching in the postmodern world. This project sought to develop a compact and user-friendly preaching workshop, and preaching laboratory to train lay preachers to preach effectively. Method A Scripture and literature search was conducted on preaching. Principles were used to develop Holistic Preaching Workshop and Preaching Laboratory which were given to lay preachers of Manhattan Seventh-day Adventist Church in Manhattan, New York City. After the six-hour weekend workshop lay preachers delivered public presentations at the Wings Theatre in which they used seminar principles. Their preaching was videotaped. Participant and audience responses were solicited in order to evaluate and revise the workshop. Results Research revealed that lay preaching is an effective and legitimate plan prepared by God for spreading of the Gospel. Three principal factors of holistic postmodern preaching were suggested: authenticity of the speaker, Scriptural accuracy, audience adaptation. Lay preachers appreciated the workshop, but some felt that they did not have enough time to assimilate new material. Audience responses to lay sermons increased as more holistic principles were incarnated in preaching. Conclusions Suggested principles of holistic preaching seem valid, and there appears to be a strong receptivity for lay preaching training. The workshop may also be effective with professional clergy. Applications of the workshop to other audiences than lay speakers require adaptation and more testing. Practical sermon-building skills should be added and follow the introductory stage of the workshop. Training has to be more gradual.


The purpose of this research is to knowing the marketing channel of pineapple chips, to analyze marketing efficiency of pineapple chips, to analyze marketing mix of  pineapple chips and to identify aspects of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and formulate strategies that can be applied in development agroindustry pineapple chips. The analityc method used in this research is survey method with sample 12 craftsmen. The reseach result shows there are two marketing channels pineapple chips are directly and indirectly. Marketing efficiency at direct and indirect marketing channel there is the same in the plastic 250gr packaging. Product strategies with respect to product attributes, branding, gift packaging, labeling and product support services. Pricing strategies based on cost and competition. Distribution strategies are directly to consumers, through retailers and wholesalers. Promotion strategies are personal selling, sales promotion and direct marketing. Pineapple chips marketing strategy are participation in training in order to development business, increase production, cooperation with the government to finding alternative problems solutions and utilizing media promotion. Keywords : Agroindustry, marketing mix, marketing strategy


At Varsity College (VC) and throughout the divisions of The Independent Institute of Education, academic developers are known by the title of 'Academic Development Coordinators'. This paper reflects critically on the development of this role. Some of the critical insights gained in this role are examined, from the author's initial appointment as an academic development coordinator based at one of the regional campuses, and then subsequently as the national academic development coordinator in which academic leadership is provided for the regional campus academic development coordinators. Thereafter three pertinent issues are explored with which the newly evolved role still grapples. Firstly, the unconscious ignorance of the complexity embedded within this role. Secondly, there is the profound shift in awareness that occurs in academic identity, from that of subject expert to a teaching and learning professional managing an academic culture. Finally, there exists the issue of how to manage sensitively an academic developer within the context of the institution's performative education agenda.


The impact of interference on multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems has recently attracted interest. Most studies of channel estimation and data detection for MIMO systems consider spatially and temporally white interference at the receiver. In this paper, we address channel estimation, interference correlation estimation, and data detection for MIMO systems under both spatially and temporally colored interference. We examine the case of one dominant interferer in which the data rate of the desired user could be the same as or a multiple of that of the interferer. Assuming known temporal interference correlation as a benchmark, we derive maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of the channel matrix and spatial interference correlation matrix, and apply these estimates to a generalized version of the Bell Labs Layered Space-Time (BLAST) ordered data detection algorithm. We then investigate the performance loss by not exploiting interference correlation. For a MIMO system undergoing independent Rayleigh fading, we observe that exploiting both spatial and temporal interference correlation in channel estimation and data detection results in potential gains of 1.5 dB and 4 dB for an interferer operating at the same data rate and at half the data rate, respectively. Ignoring temporal correlation, it is found that spatial correlation accounts for about 1 dB of this gain.


We know the numbers: 76 percent of faculty in US universities is contingent. We are captivated by the viral news pieces—"Thesis Hatement," "Academia's Indentured Servants," "Death of a Professor," and "The PhD Now Comes with Food Stamps"—and we follow hashtags on Twitter—#NotYourAdjunctSidekick. But in what ways does women's studies' relatively precarious place within academia fit into these conversations? How do feminists working in a variety of disciplines reconcile their feminist labor politics with the need to grow their programs and departments under the edicts of the corporate university, particularly when relying upon contingent labor to do so? These questions were at the heart of three collectively organized sessions on feminist contingency at the 2014 annual National Women's Studies Association Conference (NWSA) in San Juan, Puerto Rico, the highlights of which are presented here. This article hopes that the lessons learned in this historic event—lessons about silence-breaking and collectivizing, but also about inequity, privilege, shame, and guilt—will be used in women's studies classrooms, departmental meetings, and beyond, contributing to the growing conversation about this important issue, and perhaps even offering action steps toward solutions.


Through the careful examination of a case taken up by the U.S. Supreme Court during the 2010 Term, Schwarzenegger v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n, this article assesses a new perspective on the issue of regulating children's access to mass media. The dominant influence of mass media on children is recognized by experts across many disciplines, including child development, communication theory, psychology, sociology, and medicine. Numerous studies demonstrate potential harm to children from exposure to mass media and marketing sources. Nevertheless, courts have been reluctant to recognize such consequences, primarily on the basis of First Amendment and free speech concerns. Indeed, in a significant line of cases the courts have invalidated every legislative effort to regulate children's access to violent video games. This legal reluctance presents a major barrier to the real world application of and benefit from research conclusions regarding the impact of media violence and consumer culture on children. While research of this nature has supported attempts at industry self-regulation or voluntary compliance with ethical guidelines, such efforts have achieved little success. The disconnect between law and social science has led scholars like Professor Barbara Bennett Woodhouse to propose a reframing of the issues. She calls for a paradigm shift from family law's traditional approach of the parent-child-state triangle to recognize the influence of what she terms "mass-media marketing." She proposes a new "child-centered approach to environmental ethics," or in her words "ecogenerism," and suggests that those who advocate for protection of children from the harms of mass media and marketing have much to learn from the environmental law and ethics movement. Woodhouse's proposal offers an appealing perspective for those who support regulation of children's access to harmful media. The real issue, however, is whether ecogenerism will evolve from academic theory to actual practice. This article tests her theory by revisiting the line of violent video game cases to evaluate whether her ecogenerist perspective can achieve any real change in the courts' decisions. Particular attention is devoted to challenges presented by First Amendment free speech protections with a primary focus on the Ninth Circuit's decision in Schwarzenegger to invalidate a California statute prohibiting the sale or rental of violent video games to minors, a case that the Supreme Court is poised to soon decide. While some speculate that the Supreme Court is unlikely to reverse the Ninth Circuit's decision given the uniform position of other courts on this issue, this article reveals that an ecogenerist perspective demands a reversal by the Court precisely for that reason. Should the Court affirm the Ninth Circuit's invalidation of the statute, the article concludes by proposing recommendations for future research and regulatory efforts from an ecogenerist perspective.


The sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is a chronic respiratory disorder of high prevalence among children (up to 4%). Nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard method to diagnose SAHS, which is a complex, expensive, and time-consuming test. Consequently, alternative simplified methods are demanded. We propose the analysis of the respiratory rate variability (RRV) signal, directly obtained from the airflow (AF) signals. The aim of our study is to evaluate the usefulness of the spectral information obtained from RRV in the diagnosis of pediatric SAHS. A database composed of 946 AF and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) recordings from children between 0 and 13 years old was used. Our database was divided into four severity groups according to the apnea-hipopnea index (AHI): no-SAHS (AHI < 1 events/h), mild (1 events/h ≤ AHI < 5 events/h), moderate (5 events/h ≤ AHI < 10 events/h), and severe SAHS (AHI ≥ 10 events/h). RRV and 3% oxygen desaturation index (ODI3) were obtained from AF and SpO2 recordings, respectively. A spectral band of interest was determined (0.09–0.20 Hz.) and a total of 12 spectral features were extracted. Nine of these features showed statistically significant differences (p-value < 0.05) among the four severity groups. The spectral features from RRV along with ODI3 were used as inputs to binary logistic regression (LR) classifiers. The diagnostic performance of LR models were evaluated for the AHI cut-off points of 1, 5, and 10 e/h, achieving 66.5%, 84.0%, and 88.5% accuracy, respectively. These results outperformed those obtained by single ODI3. The joint use of the spectral information from RRV and ODI3 achieved a high diagnostic capability in the most severely-affected children, thus showing their complementarity. These results suggest that the information contained in RRV spectrum together with ODI3 is useful to help identify moderate-to-severe SAHS. * This work was supported by 'Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades' and 'European Regional Development Fund (FEDER)' under projects DPI2017-84280-R and RTC-2017-6516-1, and by 'European Commission' and 'FEDER' under project 'POCTEP 0378_AD_EEGWA_2_P'. V. Barroso-García was in a receipt of a 'Ayuda para financiar la contratación predoctoral de personal investigador' grant from the Consejería de Educación de la Junta de Castilla y León and the European Social Fund. F. Vaquerizo-Villar was in receipt of a 'Ayuda para contratos predoctorales para la Formación de Profesorado Universitario (FPU)' grant from the Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (FPU16/02938). L. Kheirandish-Gozal and D. Gozal were supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant HL130984. V. Barroso-García, G. C. Gutiérrez-Tobal, F. Vaquerizo-Villar, and R. Hornero, are with the Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). D. Álvarez and F. del Campo are with the Hospital Universitario Río Hortega of Valladolid, Spain (e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com). L. Kheirandish-Gozal and D. Gozal are with the Department of Child Health, The University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA (email: email@example.com).


Summaries This article attempts to synthesize a coherent analysis of the ways in which warfare in Africa has changed since the end of the Cold War. Strategies used by governments to combat insurgencies and counter the threat of military coups d'etat are assessed, contrasting the centralized military machine of the former Ethiopian government with the policy of fragmenting military authority pursued by President Mobutu of Zaire. The economic decline of African governments and the decline of external patronage of both governments and rebel movements has led to important structural changes that compel military structures to seek to extract resources from local populations, humanitarian aid programmes, and control of commerce. This leads to much more decentralized, locally‐specific forms of military organization. The article finally deals with innovations in military doctrine in Africa, specifically the way in which counter‐insurgency and destabilization strategies have been adapted and developed, and the use of children as combat troops.


Purpose

To compare characteristics of sex offenders with an intellectual disability (ID) referred to community-based and different levels of secure services. To identify those characteristics, which predict referrals to community-based or secure services.

Methods

A total of 131 cases of sex offenders with ID referred to an ID service in a number of health board regions in the UK in 2002 (and 2003 for high secure referrals) were reviewed. Data were collected on demographic information, ethnicity, level of learning disability, possible medical diagnoses, psychiatric diagnoses, abuse experienced in childhood, living circumstances, employment or occupation, referring agent, legal status on day of referral, index behaviour, age at time of index behaviour, charges, legal status on day of index behaviour, previous problematic behaviour, and previous offending. Data were entered into a binomial logistic regression model in an attempt to predict the referrals to community-based services.

Results

Numerous characteristics were found to be associated with the different levels of service security, but only two predictor variables retained a strong association with community or secure referrals in the model. The likelihood of the offender being referred to a community-based service increased if they were based in the community at the time of the index behaviour and decreased as the diversity of problematic behaviour exhibited by the offenders increased.

Conclusions

Given the relatively high proportion of referrals to community-based services and the fact that many of these referrals had a complicated offence history, it is important that community-based services are properly equipped and resourced to deal with such referrals. In particular, the case is made that services for sexual offenders with ID at all levels of security should at least have available interventions directed at aggression.


In-depth research on gender power and masculinity and various programmatic efforts to engage men have made it abundantly clear that men and boys must be an integral part of efforts to promote gender equality. This is especially relevant in India where caste class and linguistic ethnicity have tremendous influence on how men construct their sense of masculinity and define what it means to be a "real man" or what is expected of them. Recent research suggests that men's attitudes and more broadly masculinity perpetuate son preference and to some extent intimate partner violence in India. With this in mind ICRW conducted research surveying a total of 9205 men and 3158 women aged 18-49 in the following seven states across India: Uttar Pradesh Rajasthan Punjab and Haryana Odisha Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The study findings emphasize that in India masculinity i.e. men's controlling behavior and gender inequitable attitudes strongly determines men's preference for sons over daughters as well as their proclivity for violence towards an intimate partner -both of which are manifestations of gender inequality. Masculine control in women's lives affects their own experiences of intimate partner violence and preference for sons. The study finds that ultimately eliminate son preference and intimate partner violence in India it is critical to develop and implement national policies and programs that involve men in promoting gender equity and diminishing socio-cultural and religious practices thatreinforce gender discrimination.


Sequence stratigraphy arose as a paradigm in stratigraphy after the integration of the descriptive seismic method, introduced by Exxon researchers in the 1970s, with genetic concepts linking seismic attributes to sedimentary dynamics. Since then, the sequence stratigraphy model underwent significant modification owing to the increasing scenarios of application, each with its own practical requirements. This led to the fragmentation of the original model into a plethora of sub-methods and the flourishing of redundant notions and terminology. Reviewers striving to preserve the unity and fitness of sequence stratigraphy systematically weakened the central assumption by which it stood as a novelty and a paradigm: the relevance of relative sea-level cycles in shaping strata 'sequentially'. In contrast to this attitude, the value of a model explicitly relying on the upholding control of sea-level is herein reconsidered, based on the marine record of Quaternary, climate-driven, sea-level cycles. Traditionally conceived as exceptionally short-lived and extraordinary events in the history of the Earth, these cycles are documented worldwide on modern continental margins, providing convincing evidence of how sea-level fluctuations actually shape sequences.


Bargaining theory seeks to answer the question of how to divide a jointly generated surplus between multiple agents. John Nash proposed the Nash Bargaining Solution to answer this question for the special case of two agents. Kleinberg and Tardos extended this idea to network games, and introduced a model they call the Bargaining Game. They search for surplus divisions with a notion of fairness, defined as balanced solutions, that follow the Nash Bargaining Solution for all contracting agents. Unfortunately, many networks exist where no balanced solution can be found, which we call unstable. In this thesis, we explore methods of changing unstable network structures to find fair bargaining solutions. We define the concept of Blocking Sets, introduced by Biro, Kern and Paulusma, and use them to create stability. We show that by removing a blocking set from an unstable network, we can find a balanced bargaining division in polynomial time. This motivates the search for minimal blocking sets. Unfortunately this problem is NP-hard, and hence no known efficient algorithm exists for solving it. To overcome this hardness, we consider the problem when restricted to special graph classes. We introduce a O(1)-factor approximation algorithm for the problem on planar graphs with unit edge weights. We then provide an algorithm to solve the problem optimally in graphs of bounded treewidth, which generalize trees.


Program synthesis of general-purpose source code from natural language specifications is challenging due to the need to reason about high-level patterns in the target program and low-level implementation details at the same time. In this work, we present PATOIS, a system that allows a neural program synthesizer to explicitly interleave high-level and low-level reasoning at every generation step. It accomplishes this by automatically mining common code idioms from a given corpus, incorporating them into the underlying language for neural synthesis, and training a tree-based neural synthesizer to use these idioms during code generation. We evaluate PATOIS on two complex semantic parsing datasets and show that using learned code idioms improves the synthesizer's accuracy.


Recent studies have emphasized the merits of search processes that lack overarching objectives, instead promoting divergence by rewarding behavioral novelty. While this less objective search paradigm is more open-ended and divergent, it still differs significantly from nature's mechanism of divergence. Rather than measuring novelty explicitly nature is guided by a single, fundamental constraint: survive long enough to reproduce. Surprisingly, this simple constraint produces both complexity and diversity in a continual process unparalleled by any algorithm to date. Inspired by the relative simplicity of open-endedness in nature in comparison to recent non-objective algorithms, this paper investigates the extent to which interactions between two coevolving populations, both subject to their own constraint, or minimal criterion, can produce results that are both functional and diverse even without any behavior characterization or novelty archive. To test this new approach, a novel maze navigation domain is introduced wherein evolved agents must learn to navigate mazes whose structures are simultaneously coevolving and increasing in complexity. The result is a broad range of maze topologies and successful agent trajectories in a single run, thereby suggesting the viability of minimal criterion coevolution as a new approach to non-objective search and a step towards genuinely open-ended algorithms.


Controlled exposure experiments using 1 to2 kHz sonar signals were conducted with 11 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), one minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), and one northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) during three field trials from 2011 to 2013. Ship approaches without sonar transmis-sions, playbacks of killer whale vocalizations, and broadband noise were conducted as controls. Behavioural parameters such as horizontal movement, diving, social interactions, and vocalizations were recorded by animal-attached tags and by visual and acoustic tracking. Based on these data, two expert panels independently scored the severity of behavioural changes that were judged likely to be responses to the experimental stimuli, using a severity scale ranging from no effect (0) to high potential to affect vital rates (9) if exposed repeatedly. After scoring, consensus was reached with a third-party moderator. In humpback whales, killer whale playbacks induced more severe responses than sonar exposure, and both sonar exposures and killer whale playbacks induced more responses and responses of higher severity than the no-sonar ship approaches and broadband noise playbacks. The most common response during sonar exposures in all three species was avoidance of the sound source. The most severe responses to sonar (severity 8) were progressive high-speed avoidance by the minke whale and long-term area avoidance by the bottlenose whale. Other severe responses included prolonged avoidance and cessation of feeding (severity 7). The minke whale and bottlenose whale started avoiding the source at a received sound pressure level (SPL) of 146 and 130 dB re 1 μPa, respectively. Humpback whales generally had less severe responses that were triggered at higher received levels. The probability of severity scores with the potential to affect vital rates increased with increasing sound exposure level (SEL). The single experiments with minke and bottlenose whales suggest they have greater susceptibility to sonar disturbance than humpback whales, but additional studies are needed to confirm this result.


The Delaware Arbitration Program established a procedure by which businesses can agree to have their disputes heard in an arbitration proceeding before a sitting judge of the state's highly regarded Chancery Court. The Program arguably offers a veritable trifecta of procedural advantages for commercial parties, including expert adjudication, efficient case management and short cycle time and, above all, a proceeding cloaked in secrecy. It also may enhance the reputation of Delaware as the forum of choice for businesses. But the Program's ambitious intermingling of public and private forums brings into play the longstanding tug-of-war between the traditional view of court litigation as a public venue for private dispute resolution and the and perception of courts as institutions that represent and are accountable to the public. A constitutional challenge based on third parties' right of access to court proceedings resulted in a district court ruling that arbitration proceedings heard before sitting judges of the Delaware Chancery Court were "essentially" non-jury civil trials and thus were subject to public access. The case raises legitimate questions about the appropriateness of structuring a program in which sitting judges serve as arbitrators and preside over a procedure that is effectively shielded from public view. It also implicates issues regarding the use of public resources in ostensibly private disputes, and even the way our justice system is funded. This article explores the factors that provided the impetus for the Delaware Arbitration Program and analyzes the arguments and policy considerations for and against the district court's decision.


The objective of this study was to estimate the annual cost burden of Parkinson disease (PD) in the United States. Resource use and cost profiles were developed using all-payer statewide hospital discharge data from 6 states; emergency department visit, long-term–care, and national survey data; fee schedules; and published study findings. (Average direct and indirect costs per patient were calculated in 2007 US dollars.) The annual cost per patient was $21,626 (direct cost: $12,491). When applied to the US PD population (N = 500,000), the annual average cost was approximately $10.78 billion (direct costs, $6.22 billion; indirect costs, $4.56 billion). PD has substantial economic consequences for patients and their families, insurers, and society. (Drug Benefit Trends. 2009;21:179-190)


After half a century of failed soil and water conservation projects in tropical developing countries, technical specialists and policy makers are reconsidering their strategy. It is increasingly recognised that the land users have valuable environmental knowledge themselves. This review explores two hypotheses: first, that much can be learned from previously ignored indigenous soil and water conservation (ISWC) practices; second, that ISWC can often act as a suitable starting point for the development of technologies and programmes. However, information on ISWC is patchy and scattered. Many ancient, derelict systems are better described than traditions which still persist today. ISWC has been most commonly developed under dry and marginal conditions, and/or on steep hillsides. Sustained population pressure has often tended to stimulate ISWC. There is a need for more incorporation of ISWC into resource conservation programmes: many projects have ignored local traditions to their detriment. It is widely agreed that further study and research on ISWC is required and justified as a logical starting point towards developing adoptable and sustainable soil and water conservation systems for small-scale farmers.


The static provisioning problem in wavelength-routed optical networks has been studied for many years. However, service providers are still facing the challenges arising from the special requirements for provisioning services at the optical layer. In this paper, we incorporate some realistic constraints into the static provisioning problem, and formulate it under different network resource availability conditions. We consider three classes of shared risk link group (SRLG)-diverse path protection schemes: dedicated, shared, and unprotected. We associate with each connection request a lightpath length constraint and a revenue value. When the network resources are not sufficient to accommodate all the connection requests, the static provisioning problem is formulated as a revenue maximization problem, whose objective is maximizing the total revenue value. When the network has sufficient resources, the problem becomes a capacity minimization problem with the objective of minimizing the number of used wavelength-links. We provide integer linear programming (ILP) formulations for these problems. Because solving these ILP problems is extremely time consuming, we propose a tabu search heuristic to solve these problems within a reasonable amount of time. We also develop a rerouting optimization heuristic, which is based on previous work. Experimental results are presented to compare the solutions obtained by the tabu search heuristic and the rerouting optimization heuristic. For both problems, the tabu search heuristic outperforms the rerouting optimization heuristic.


For years, AIDS researchers have passionately debated the possibility that some people 's immune systems might be able to clear HIV infection. Earlier claims were controversial, but two large European studies have yielded what some researchers regard as solid evidence that infants, at least, can cast off the virus. In a total of about 400 babies born to HIV-positive mothers, the studies identified some 20 who were originally infected and later had no detectable virus in their blood.


This chapter presents a descriptive analysis of illicit drug trading conducted via cryptomarkets,
'eBay' style marketplaces operating on the darknet (Martin 2014a, 2014b). Over the past seven
years, cryptomarkets have emerged as a significant new vector for the retail and delivery of
illicit drugs. One of the least understood aspects of cryptomarket-facilitated drug trading
concerns the location of vendors who use the darknet to trade illicit drugs across national
borders. While previous quantitative papers in this area have noted the locations of vendors
selling drugs on cryptomarkets (eg Christin 2013; Soska & Christin 2015), these previous studies
have not differentiated between vendors who are prepared to sell drugs to international or
domestic-only clientele. The aim of this research is to fill this gap in knowledge and determine
which countries are the most active, in terms of both domestic-only and internationally
oriented drug vendors, as well as which countries dominate the trade in particular drugs,
specifically cannabis, ecstasy-type products, cocaine, methamphetamine and opioids.


Abstract. The crystallographic preferred orientations (textures) of three samples of Black Hills Quartzite (BHQ) deformed experimentally in the dislocation creep regimes 1, 2 and 3 (according to Hirth and Tullis, 1992) have been analyzed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). All samples were deformed to relatively high strain at temperatures of 850 to 915 °C and are almost completely dynamically recrystallized. A texture transition from peripheral [c] axes in regime 1 to a central [c] maximum in regime 3 is observed. Separate pole figures are calculated for different grain sizes, aspect ratios and long-axis trends of grains, and high and low levels of intragranular deformation intensity as measured by the mean grain kernel average misorientation (gKAM). Misorientation relations are analyzed for grains of different texture components (named Y, B, R and σ grains, with reference to previously published prism , basal , rhomb and σ1  grains). Results show that regimes 1 and 3 correspond to clear end-member textures, with regime 2 being transitional. Texture strength and the development of a central [c]-axis maximum from a girdle distribution depend on deformation intensity at the grain scale and on the contribution of dislocation creep, which increases towards regime 3. Adding to this calculations of resolved shear stresses and misorientation analysis, it becomes clear that the peripheral [c]-axis maximum in regime 1 is not due to deformation by basal 〈a〉 slip. Instead, we interpret the texture transition as a result of different texture forming processes, one being more efficient at high stresses (nucleation or growth of grains with peripheral [c] axes), the other depending on strain (dislocation glide involving prism and rhomb 〈a〉 slip systems), and not as a result of temperature-dependent activity of different slip systems.