The water footprint for fossil fuels typically accounts for water utilized in mining and fuel processing, whereas the water footprint of biofuels assesses the agricultural water used by crops through their lifetime. Fossil fuels have an additional water footprint that is not easily accounted for: ancient water that was used by plants millions of years ago, before they were transformed into fossil fuel. How much water is mankind using from the past to sustain current energy needs? We evaluate the link between ancient water virtually embodied in fossil fuels to current global energy demands by determining the water demand required to replace fossil fuels with biomass produced with water from the present. Using equal energy units of wood, bioethanol, and biodiesel to replace coal, natural gas, and crude oil, respectively, the resulting water demand is 7.39 × 1013 m3 y−1, approximately the same as the total annual evaporation from all land masses and transpiration from all terrestrial vegetation. Thus, there are strong hydrologic constraints to a reliance on biofuel energy produced with water from the present because the conversion from fossil fuels to biofuels would have a disproportionate and unsustainable impact on the modern water. By using fossil fuels to meet today's energy needs, we are virtually using water from a geological past. The water cycle is insufficient to sustain the production of the fuel presently consumed by human societies. Thus, non‐fuel‐based renewable energy sources are needed to decrease mankind's reliance on fossil fuel energy without placing an overwhelming pressure on global freshwater resources.


With globalization and improved economic conditions, there has been a huge increase in the number of vehicles coming out of manufacturing plants. This has led to an exponential increase in the amount of exhaust gases in the environment. The major gases having maximum amount of harmful influence on the environment are unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter etc. Various technologies have been developed to tackle these gases both in petrol and in diesel engines. Selective Catalytic Reduction is one such advanced emissions control technology used for reduction of NOx emissions in diesel engines. SCR system injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine thus decomposing NOX into inert nitrogen. This paper reviews the use of various catalysts in SCR technology for reduction of NOx from diesel engine exhaust. The challenge


Entity matching is a crucial and difficult task for data integration. An effective solution strategy typically has to combine several techniques and to find suitable settings for critical configuration parameters such as similarity thresholds. Supervised (training- based) approaches promise to reduce the manual work for determining (learning) effective strategies for entity matching. However, they critically depend on training data selection which is a difficult problem that has so far mostly been addressed manually by human experts. In this paper we propose a training- based framework called STEM for entity matching and present different generic methods for automatically selecting training data to combine and configure several matching techniques. We evaluate the proposed methods for different match tasks and small- and medium-sized training sets.


Reliable information for population assessments is rare for sharks. We quantified patterns in catch rates and mean size for numerous tropical and subtropical species from 15 years of fishery-independent surveys (2002–2017) in northwestern Australia. This study region represents an area of ~0.8 million km2 which was closed to commercial shark fishing from 1993 or 2005 onward due to the very high State-wide catches of sandbar (Carcharhinus plumbeus) and dusky (Carcharhinus obscurus) sharks. A total of 43 shark and ray species were sampled, with sandbar shark being the most commonly caught species, followed by milk (Rhizoprionodon acutus), spot-tail (Carcharhinus sorrah), tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier), blacktip (Carcharhinus limbatus and Carcharhinus tilstoni), dusky and sliteye (Loxodon macrorhinus) sharks, and scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini). For sandbar shark, catch rates increased between 2008 and 2017 whereas for other taxa catch rates were mostly stable (albeit fluctuating). Mean size at capture fluctuated across years with no particular trends. Unlike for other parts of the world, catch rates and mean size of northwestern Australian sharks have been stable or increased in recent years. Though most shark species have conservative life histories, when science, management and enforcement work synergistically, sustainable resource use, recovery and conservation outcomes can all be achieved.


Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects of azathioprine (AZA) on Immune Complex-Combined TNBS/Ethanol method induced ulcerative colitis (UC) in rats and to explore its possible mechanism.
Methods: 64 Wistar rats were divided into 2 groups. Normal control group (n=12) was injected with saline and model group (n=52) was set up by immune complex-combined TNBS/ethanol. 4 rats were sacrificed to observe the macroscopical focus of infection in bowels in 3 weeks and UC model was taken out. The UC model rats were randomly divided into model control group, AZA low, medium and high dose group 1, 2.5, 5 mg/kg, respectively. All model rats were daily injected (caudal vein) with corresponding drug for consecutive 4 weeks. During the 4-week treatment, disease activity index (DAI) were observed. At the end of treatment, morphological observation was carried out on rats' colon (colonic mucosal damage index (CMDI) scores and histological score (HS)); IL-6, IL-8, IL-17 and TNF-α were determined by ELISA and the expression of p-selectin in the colonic tissues was detected using immunohistochemistry (IHC).
Results: The DAI, CMDI and HS of the model group were significantly higher than that of the normal control group (all p<0.01), indicating successful establishment of UC model. The DAI, CMDI and HS of the group treated with AZA were lower than those of the model group (DAI, HS: p<0.05; CMDI: p<0.01). Immune Complex-Combined TNBS/Ethanol significantly elevated IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α levels in serum as well as the p-selectin expression group in colon tissue compared with their control group (p<0.05). The low-dose AZA group, the medium-dose AZA group, and high-dose AZA group showed significant inhibition of elevation of serum IL-6IL-8IL-17TNF-α level and p-selectin expression in colon tissue.
Conclusions: AZA can alleviate intestinal inflammation and have a therapeutic effect for UC. Its mechanisms may be related to reduce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and thus alleviate inflammatory response.


A central challenge facing nations today is how to ensure that both people and the natural environment have adequate freshwater to sustain and nourish their existence. In many parts of the world, communities actually compete with nature for dwindling supplies, to the detriment of both. Most often, though, water for the environment is not a priority in water management practices, the result of which has gravely impacted the natural environment, especially the aquatic environment. Water, however, is an inseparable component of life, both human and environmental. It forms a relationship based on the intricacies of both the hydrologic cycle and the interdependencies of all life on Earth. When water resources are degraded, they can impact every form of life, including human life. The challenge, therefore, is to overcome the need for competition and to find ways to harmonize the water requirements of people with those of the natural environment.Potentially, the most effective means for achieving such harmonization is to integrate environmental concerns into national and international water laws and policies. The goal of such integration is to ensure that the water needs of both people and the natural environment are considered collectively and balanced in a way that will further the sustainable use of freshwater resources while maintaining ecosystem integrity."The Greening of Water Law: Managing Freshwater Resources for People and the Environment" explores the notion and the benefits of greening water law by presenting and assessing a variety of legal, procedural and policy mechanisms, for both national and international arenas, that can help to elevate the status and importance of environmental concerns in relation to other societal interests and harmonize the water needs of both people and the natural environment. The greening of water law is both a theoretical and practical effort to modernize legal regimes governing the management and allocation of freshwater resources. It is based on the recognition that the life and well-being of people and the natural environment are interrelated and even interdependent and that the coordination of the needs of these two water-dependent stakeholders will further the sustainable use of freshwater resources for both. It is also founded on the notion that by ensuring adequate supplies of clean freshwater for the environment, people, communities, and nations, the human condition can be enhanced through improved health and more sustainable resource exploitation and economic development.


Various applications of MPLS make use of label stacks with multiple
entries. In some cases, it is possible to replace the top label of the
stack with an IP-based encapsulation, thereby enabling the application
to run over networks that do not have MPLS enabled in their core
routers. This document specifies two IP-based encapsulations: MPLS-in-
IP and MPLS-in-GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation). Each of these is
applicable in some circumstances. [STANDARDS-TRACK]


Purpose
By using the lens of the social enterprise mark (SEM) accreditation which enables social enterprises to "prove" that the interests of people and planet are put before shareholder gain, this study aims to enhance the knowledge of how effectively the social agenda is communicated by higher education institutions (HEIs).

Design/methodology/approach
By using a qualitative research design, this exploratory study uses a combination of both a focus group and in-depth interviews with HEI holders of the SEM.

Findings
With a particular focus on University A, this study advances the knowledge around how social agendas and the role of the SEM in particular are used to communicate to HEI employees as a key stakeholder group.

Research limitations/implications
At the time of this study, fewer SEM accredited HEIs existed, and therefore, the following conclusions are based upon a small select sample of HEIs that held the SEM. Further studies are needed to provide a more representative view of each university's use of and commitment to the SEM/ Social Enterprise Gold Mark.

Practical implications
Building on Powell and Osborne's (2015) observations regarding the role of marketing in social enterprises, the findings of this study offer practical insight into current and or prospective HEI SEM holders as to the role of "social" accreditations, stakeholder perceptions of such marketing initiatives and how they can be used as a vehicle to improve social communications in the future.

Originality/value
The area of social enterprise and social impact has been evolving in recent decades, but literature in relation to its promotion and communication in the higher education sector remains scant. This study responds to this gap in the literature by providing greater insight into how social agendas and engagement with the SEM, specifically, are communicated by HEIs.


Indian agribusiness firms are facing increased challenges to manage their corporate brand because many negative implications of agribusiness activities on society are now under public scrutiny. Agribusiness firms are being blamed for environmental degradation, use of excess fertilizers and pesticides, and for promoting unhealthy foods. Such issues pose challenges to corporate brand building efforts of agribusiness firms. In recent years, the Indian agribusiness sector is witnessing a growing trend of using CSR activities to attenuate such negative impacts of agribusiness activities on the corporate brand building efforts of agribusiness firms. This chapter, through theoretical and empirical literature, explores the emerging brand-CSR relationship and uses of CSR as corporate branding strategies in the context of Indian agribusiness firms. The chapter highlights that instead of the traditional community-oriented CSR activities, key beneficiaries-oriented strategic CSR initiatives could be the way forward for sustainable corporate branding strategies in agribusiness.


We introduce Morse, a recurrent encoder-decoder model that produces morphological analyses of each word in a sentence. The encoder turns the relevant information about the word and its context into a fixed size vector representation and the decoder generates the sequence of characters for the lemma followed by a sequence of individual morphological features. We show that generating morphological features individually rather than as a combined tag allows the model to handle rare or unseen tags and outperform whole-tag models. In addition, generating morphological features as a sequence rather than e.g.\ an unordered set allows our model to produce an arbitrary number of features that represent multiple inflectional groups in morphologically complex languages. We obtain state-of-the art results in nine languages of different morphological complexity under low-resource, high-resource and transfer learning settings. We also introduce TrMor2018, a new high accuracy Turkish morphology dataset. Our Morse implementation and the TrMor2018 dataset are available online to support future research\footnote{See \url{https://github.com/ai-ku/Morse.jl} for a Morse implementation in Julia/Knet \cite{knet2016mlsys} and \url{https://github.com/ai-ku/TrMor2018} for the new Turkish dataset.}.


Background Inpatient mortality is among regularly collected data in Key performance indicators in the Ethiopian healthcare system, and it is generally reported to the Federal Ministry of Health and is used as one of inpatient services quality indicators. This study was undertaken to identify the magnitude, causes and pattern of mortalities among patients who are admitted and treated in surgical wards in Saint Paul Hospital Millennium Medical College for a period of three years. Methods A retrospective review was done on all patients admitted and died in the Department of Surgery in St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College from January 1, 2016–Dec 30, 2018. Result There were 10,259 admissions over three years and out of which there were 350 deaths between 2016–2018 making a crude mortality rate of 3.41 %. The commonest mode of admission was for emergency conditions, 195(62.7%). Out of emergency admissions, 139 mortalities were from general emergency surgery and 75 patients died from elective general surgery admissions. Eighty-four (26.9%) patients had comorbidity and the commonest comorbidity was anemia 21(25%). The commonest possible cause of death was multi-organ failure secondary to septic shock, 159(51%). Mortality rate patterns along the three years (2016, 2017, 2018) showed 3.34% (112/3360), 2.87% (102/3552) and 2.92% (98/3347) respectively. Conclusion The mortality rate of this study is much higher than global rates, but still there is a significant difference from other developing countries and also other researches in this country. Pattern of mortality did not show any difference across years of the study period.


In addition to the central pore-forming α subunit, sodium channels contain auxiliary β subunits, members of the immunoglobulin superfamily that interact with the α subunit through an extracellular immunoglobulin-like domain and thereby influence channel physiology and subcellular localization. Like other molecules in the immunoglobulin superfamily, sodium channel β subunits can act as cell adhesion molecules, leading Davis et al. to investigate the possibility that they might play a role in regulating neurite outgrowth during development. P14 to P21 mouse cerebellar granule cells plated on monolayers of 1610 Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells (CHL cells) that were stably transfected with the sodium channel β1 subunit had longer neurites than those grown on untransfected CHL cells. Antibodies against the β1 immunoglobulin region inhibited the enhanced neurite outgrowth, whereas the β1 extracellular domain (either added directly to the medium or added through expression of a secreted truncated form of β1) promoted neurite outgrowth as effectively as full-length β1. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that β1 was expressed in both cerebellar granule cells and Bergmann glia (which provide a substrate for granule cell migration during cerebellar development); moreover, granule cells isolated from mice that lacked β1 did not respond with enhanced neurite outgrowth when grown on CHL cells expressing β1. Thus, the sodium channel β1 subunit appears to play a role in neurite extension during development mediated through intercellular homophilic binding interactions involving its immunoglobulin-like domain. T. H. Davis, C. Chen, L. L. Isom, Sodium channel β1 subunits promote neurite outgrowth in cerebellar granule neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 51424-51432 (2004). [Abstract][Full Text]


For a same domain, several databases (DBs) exist. The emergence of classical web to the semantic web has contributed to the appearance of the notion of ontology that have shared and consensual vocabulary. For a given, it is more interesting to take advantage of existing databases, to build an ontology. Most of the data are already stored in these databases. So many DBs can be integrated to enable reuse of existing data for the semantic web. Even for existing ontologies, the relevance of the information they contain requires regular updating. These databases can be useful sou rces to enrich these ontologies. In the other hand, for these ontologies more than the ratio 'size of the instances on the size of working memory' is large more than the management of these instances, in memory, is difficult.Finding a way to store these instances in a structured manner to satisfy the needs of performance and reliability required for many applications becomes an obligation. As a consequence, d efining query languages to support these structures becomes a challenge for SW community. We will show through this paper how ontologies can benefit from DBs to increase system performance and facilitate their design cycle.The DBs in their turn suffers from several drawbacks namely complexity of the design cycle and lack of semantics.Since ontologies are rich in semantic, DBs can profit from this advantage to overcoming their drawbacks.


Who will prosper in today's environment of rapid and unpredictable change? Some would say that newcomers will have an advantage because they have no history to overcome or earnings to protect. There are many examples of upstarts who have used a superior market orientation to gain significant advantage over incumbents with far greater resources. It is not size or history that counts, but a superior ability to understand, attract and keep their valuable customers. In other words, the winning firms – whatever other advantage they may have – will also be market driven. Becoming market driven is not something that is done quickly or easily. It cannot be delegated to the marketing department for it requires the willing involvement of all functions. Many firms will take up the market-driven banner but will not succeed either because of a shortage of knowledge or a lack of determination. It is a far-reaching and fundamental change for many organizations, requiring them to abandon the very traditions that contributed to their past success.


The article concerns the interpretation and application of Article 3 of Interpol's Constitution, according to which "[i]t is strictly forbidden for the Organization to undertake any intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial character." The article analyzes the developments concerning the application of Article 3, and the various considerations pertinent to its interpretation. While Article 3 applies to all Interpol activities, in practice it has been particularly relevant to Interpol's activities in two domains: first, in the field of processing of information related to police work via Interpol's channels; and secondly, in the context of cooperation with other international entities.The article concludes that Article 3 has assumed a prominent place in Interpol's legal scheme and practice, both in defining the scope and nature of Interpol's activities and in shaping the very character of the Organization. Moreover, Article 3 serves as a fascinating example of a norm developed through the practice of an international organization, based on the interrelation between the Organization's internal legal regime and principles of international law.While the prohibition embodied in Article 3 appears to limit Interpol's potential scope of activities, it in fact supports the very purpose of the Organization. Indeed, only by avoiding engagement in certain matters, notably those of political character; by maintaining a position of neutrality; and by focusing on combating ordinary law crime, can Interpol promote international police cooperation among countries that have very different political structures, legal regimes, and cultures.


PurposeCustomer participation (CP) has received considerable interest in the service literature as a way to improve the customer experience and reduce service providers' costs. While its benefits are not in question, there is a paucity of research on potential pitfalls. This paper provides a conceptual foundation to address this gap and develops a comprehensive model of the risks of customer participation in service delivery, integrating research from the marketing, operations and supply chain management, strategy, and information technology fields.Design/methodology/approachThe model is derived deductively by integrating insights from research in marketing, operations and supply chain management, strategy, and information technology.FindingsThis paper identifies three categories of potential risks of CP (i.e. market, operational, and service network) and discusses ways that firms can mitigate these risks. Building on the model, it develops a CP risk assessment tool that managers can use when evaluating increases in CP.Research limitations/implicationsThe conceptual model proposed in this paper can serve as a robust basis for future research in customer participation, particularly in such areas as sharing economy services, service delivery networks, and experiential services. The risk assessment tool offers clear guidelines for managers who are considering an increase in customer participation in their service.Originality/valueThis is the first attempt to conceptually define customer participation risk and develop a comprehensive model of its drivers and strategies to mitigate it. This paper develops a straightforward method for managers to evaluate CP risk.


1. We have studied the number of phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)-containing nerve cells in the medulla and the activity of PNMT in the medulla, spinal cord and hypothalamus of the rat. 2. At 4 weeks of age there was an increase in the number of PNMT cells counted in the medulla of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR; 21%, P less than 0.01) and the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR-SP; 22%, P less than 0.01) compared with the Wistar--Kyoto (WKY) control rat. 3. At 4 months of age there were no significant differences in the number of medullary PNMT cells in two normotensive strains (WKY and Fisher rats), two genetically hypertensive strains (SHR and SHR-SP) and in DOCA--salt hypertensive rats. 4. In four week old rats the activity of PNMT was increased by about 50% in the spinal cord and medulla of the SHR and SHR-SP compared with the WKY rats, and immunotitration experiments suggest that this is due to an increased concentration of enzyme. 5. At 4 months of age there were no increases in PNMT activity of either genetically hypertensive rats or DOCA--salt hypertensive rats.


How green or environmentally friendly urban areas are in comparison with rural areas is a topic that has received much attention in recent years. This is understandable because urban areas already emit around 70% of the global greenhouse gases. This percentage is likely to rise in the near future. This follows because the majority of the future growth in the global population is expected to be in urban areas. Key questions for the future relate to how green the cities will be, especially in terms of energy use and the emission of global greenhouse gases. Are there, for example, particular sizes or forms of cities that are energy efficient and have comparatively low emission rates of greenhouse gases? One of the most important of the greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide (CO2), whose human-activity related emission is widely regarded as a major contributing factor to recent global warming. The rate of CO2 emission is thus one measure of how green or environmentally friendly urban areas are. In view of this, we here report the results of a study of estimated residential and transportation CO2 emissions (at local authority levels) from 406 areas in the UK in relation to various other factors such as population, population density, fuel consumption, and income. We present as maps the variation in CO2 per capita throughout the UK. For transport CO2, there are notable lows in emission per capita in large cities and urban areas such as London, Liverpool-Manchester, and Glasgow-Edinburgh. For residential CO2 per capita, the low values are again in the large cities and city clusters. The highest emission values, however, are very clearly in the rural areas, in particular in the western part of Wales, in North England and in Scotland, particularly in the Highlands. These variations can partly be explained in terms of the climate in these areas. The residential CO2 shows a close-to-linear scaling relation with population; that is, the scaling exponent is 0.92. This implies that as the population grows, residential CO2 emissions grow at a similar but slightly lower rate. By contrast, transport CO2 shows a clear sub-linear relation with population; that is, the scaling exponent is 0.66. This implies that as the population grows, transport CO2 emissions grow at a much lower rate. We also analysed the residential CO2 emission in relation to population density, measured as number of people per square kilometre (N/km2). The resulting relation is non-linear and suggests that as the density increases the CO2 emission per capita decreases somewhat. All these results may suggest that large-population and dense areas in the UK are greener in terms of CO2 emission than smaller ones. However, calculated population sizes depend on city-boundary definitions, and there is not at present a general agreement as to how city boundaries should be defined. Thus, populations may not necessarily be the best parameter to measure CO2 against, and the results need to be put into a wider context before firm conclusions can be drawn. For Greater London we analysed transport and residential CO2 emissions per capita in relation to urban density, fuel consumption, and income. The results show strong correlations between fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Urban density also shows some correlation with residential CO2 emissions and fuel consumption, but hardly any with residential CO2 emissions per capita or average weekly income per household. By contrast, there is considerable correlation between income per household and residential CO2 emissions per capita. This last correlation illustrates how socio-economic factors may affect CO2 emissions and other environmental parameters that, to a large degree, determine whether or not an urban area is environmentally friendly or green.


This paper extends the empirical evidence on the forecasting accuracy of extrapolative methods. The robustness of the major conclusions of the M-Competition data is examined in the context of the telecommunications data of Fildes (1992). The performance of Robust Trend, found to be a successful method for forecasting the telecommunications data by Fildes, is compared with that of other successful methods using the M-Competition data. Although it is established that the structure of the telecommunications data is more homogeneous than that of the M-Competition data, the major conclusions of the M-Competition continue to hold for this new data set. In addition, while the Robust Trend method is confirmed to be the best performing method for the telecommunications data, for the 1001 M-Competition series, this method is outperformed by methods such as Single or Damped Smoothing. The performance of smoothing methods depended on how the smoothing parameters are estimated. Optimisation at each time origin was more accurate than optimisation at the first time origin, which in turn is shown to be superior to arbitrary (literature based) fixed values. In contrast to the last point, a data based choice of fixed smoothing constants from a cross-sectional study of the time series was found to perform well. © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


Drawing on Anishinabe concepts of holistic health and well-being, this article explores ways that repatriation of ancestral remains and cultural items can contribute to healing and well-being in Indigenous communities. The focus is on "Indigenous storywork" and embodied practices amongst those who are engaged in reclaiming ancestral remains and cultural items, with examples from the author's experience in repatriation, reburial, and reclaiming cultural heritage. The author describes her work developing a graphic narrative about repatriation as a method of storywork. She describes her use of comics and other storywork practices in teaching, and as a means of bringing Indigenous teaching and learning practices into higher education.


Background: Logistics service providers (LSPs) are becoming increasingly involved in their clients' businesses. Beyond just providing vehicles and buildings, LSPs are now becoming involved with knowledge-related work that is connected to the traditional services provided. Objectives: To investigate the likelihood and potential value of LSPs extending their range of services to their clients by means of a convergence of planning and execution activities. Method: In the research through a literature review and empirical study presented here, attention is given to the practical impact that convergence planning and execution functions have on business success, as well as how selected clients of an LSP (referred to in this article as logistics company A or LCA) perceive the impact of increased integration of LCA within its businesses. The results should assist LCA and other LSPs considering the same objective to ascertain the opportunities and key requirements associated with a strategy to converge planning and execution activities for their clients. Results: The study found that the vast majority of respondents see value in the convergence of planning and execution activities. Conclusion: Such convergence will be challenging, owing to the importance of the planning function for clients, as well as key collaborative and measurement requirements that will have to be put in place for successful business integration.


Datacenter networks provide the communication substrate for large parallel computer systems that form the ecosystem for high performance computing (HPC) systems and modern Internet applications. The design of new datacenter networks is motivated by an array of applications ranging from communication intensive climatology, complex material simulations and molecular dynamics to such Internet applications as Web search, language translation, collaborative Internet applications, streaming video and voice-over-IP. For both Supercomputing and Cloud Computing the network enables distributed applications to communicate and interoperate in an orchestrated and efficient way. This book describes the design and engineering tradeoffs of datacenter networks. It describes interconnection networks from topology and network architecture to routing algorithms, and presents opportunities for taking advantage of the emerging technology trends that are influencing router microarchitecture. With the emergence of "many-core" processor chips, it is evident that we will also need "many-port" routing chips to provide a bandwidth-rich network to avoid the performance limiting effects of Amdahl's Law. We provide an overview of conventional topologies and their routing algorithms and show how technology, signaling rates and cost-effective optics are motivating new network topologies that scale up to millions of hosts. The book also provides detailed case studies of two high performance parallel computer systems and their networks. Table of Contents: Introduction / Background / Topology Basics / High-Radix Topologies / Routing / Scalable Switch Microarchitecture / System Packaging / Case Studies / Closing Remarks


Functionalization of In-plane Photonic Microcantilever Arrays for Biosensing Applications Stanley J. Ness Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, BYU Doctor of Philosophy Microcantilevers have been investigated as high sensitivity, label free biosensors for approximately 15 years. In nearly all cases, a thin gold film deposited on the microcantilevers is used as an intermediate attachment layer because of the convenience of thiol-gold chemistry. Unfortunately, this attachment chemistry can be unstable when used with complex sample media such as blood plasma. The Nordin group at BYU has recently developed an all-silicon in-plane photonic microcantilever (PMCL) technology to serve as a platform for label-free biosensing. It has the advantage of being readily scalable to simultaneous readout of many PMCLs in array format, and allows integration with polymer microfluidics to facilitate the introduction of biological samples and reagents. An essential processing step for the transformation of the PMCL into a practical biosensor is the ability to effectively immobilize active biological receptors directly on silicon PMCL surfaces such that ligand binding generates sufficient surface stress to cause measureable PMCL deflection. This dissertation presents the development of a method to functionalize the sensor surface of all-silicon in-plane photonic microcantilever (PMCL) arrays. This method employs a materials inkjet printer for non-contact jetting and a fluid that is custom designed for ink-jetting and biological applications with approximately 1 pL droplet size. The method facilitates the application of different receptors on select PMCLs with drop placement accuracy in the +/7.5 μm range. The functionalization fluid facilitates further processing using humidity control to achieve full coverage of only the PMCL's top surface and removal of dissolved salts to improve uniformity of receptor coverage and to prevent fouling of the sensor surface. Once a functionalization method was successfully developed, a series of experiments were performed to investigate the amount of surface stress that can be generated when receptors are immobilized directly to the silicon surface. In one series of experiments, a 4.8 μM streptavidin solution was used with biotin immobilized on multiple PMCLs to demonstrate adsorption-induced surface stress and concomitant deflection of the PMCL. The group observed ~ 15 nm PMCL deflection on average, with a corresponding surface stress of approximately 4 mN/m. These experiments yield the sensor response in real-time and employ a combination of multiple PMCLs functionalized as either sensors or unfunctionalized to serve as references. Investigation of various attachment chemistries is included, as well as a comparison with and without passivation of non-sensor surfaces. Investigated passivation strategies prevented ligand binding from generating a differential surface stress. Failure modes and physical mechanisms for adsorption-induced surface stress are discussed. Immobilization and passivation strategies for antibody-based biosensing are demonstrated with fluorescence microscopy and a corresponding PMCL sensing experiment using rabbit anti-goat F(ab') fragments as the receptors and Alex Fluor 488 labeled goat antirabbit IgGs as the ligand. While the results of these experiments remain inconclusive, suggestions for future research involving the PMCL sensor array are recommended.


Enhancing resonance frequency of strong optical injection-locked semiconductor lasers is experimentally studied. Resonance frequency is increased from 4.1 to 53.9 GHz by the optical injection locking (OIL) technique. We experimentally demonstrate that resonance frequency is strictly equal to the frequency spacing between the cavity modes of the master and slave lasers under strong OIL condition. This result provides valuable information to improve OIL theory.


Most poliovirus (PV) strains, such as PV type 1/Mahoney, cannot infect the mouse central nervous system. We previously identified two determinants of mouse adaptation of PV type 1/Mahoney at positions 22 and 31 of the viral capsid proteins VP1 and VP2, respectively (T. Couderc, J. Hogle, H. Le Blay, F. Horaud, and B. Blondel, J. Virol. 67:3808-3817, 1993). These residues are located on the interior surface of the capsid. In an attempt to understand the molecular mechanisms of adaptation of PV to mice, we investigated the effects of these two determinants on the viral multiplication cycle in a human cell line. Both determinants enhanced receptor-mediated conformational changes leading to altered particles of 135S, one of the first steps of uncoating, and viral internalization. Furthermore, the residue at position 22 of VP1 appears to facilitate RNA release. These results strongly suggest that these determinants could also facilitate conformational changes mediated by the PV murine receptor and internalization in the mouse nerve cell, thus allowing PV to overcome its host range restriction. Moreover, both mouse adaptation determinants are responsible for defects in the assembly of virions in human cells and affect the thermostability of the viral particles. Thus, these mouse adaptation determinants appear to control the balance between the viral capsid plasticity needed for the conformational changes in the early steps of infection and the structural requirements which are involved in the assembly and the stability of virions.


The use of scenario planning in urban and regional planning practice has grown in the last decade as one way to face uncertainty. However, in adapting scenario planning from its origins in the business sector, planners have eliminated two key components: (1) the use of multiple scenarios, and (2) the inclusion of diverse organizations, people, and interests through deep deliberations. We argue that this shift limits the ability of planners to plan for multiple plausible futures that are shaped by an increasing number of diverse actors. In this paper, we use case-study research to examine how uncertainty was considered in four scenario-planning processes. We analyzed and compared the cases based on analytical categories related to multiple futures and diversity. We found that the processes that used multiple, structurally distinct scenarios explored a wider range of topics and issues shaping places. All four relied heavily on professional stakeholders as the scenario developers, limiting public input. Only one of the processes that included multiple futures captured the differential effects that scenarios would have on diverse people and interests. Overall, the purpose of the scenario planning drove the participant diversity and ultimately the quality and use of the scenarios.


Background: Scene management is a critically important aspect of paramedic practice but, to date, there has been no formal research in this area. Objective: To generate a substantive theory of paramedic scene management practice. Method: A grounded theory methodology was used to conduct a qualitative inquiry that involved interviewing paramedics concerning their approach to scene management. Paramedics were selected from rural, suburban and urban settings and were categorised by competence level as novice, experienced and expert. Results: A theory was generated that describes how paramedics coordinate key specific social processes to establish "space control" at the scene. Conclusion: This study introduces the first formal theory of paramedic scene management and suggests that recognition of this aspect of practice will improve both pre- and in-service educational programming and assist with medical quality assurance.


Mining from ambiguous data is very important in data mining. This paper discusses one of the tasks for mining from ambiguous data known as multi-instance problem. In multi-instance problem, each pattern is a labeled bag that consists of a number of unlabeled instances. A bag is negative if all instances in it are negative. A bag is positive if it has at least one positive instance. Because the instances in the positive bag are not labeled, each positive bag is an ambiguous. The mining aim is to classify unseen bags. The main idea of existing multi-instance algorithms is to find true positive instances in positive bags and convert the multi-instance problem to the supervised problem, and get the labels of test bags according to predict the labels of unknown instances. In this paper, we aim at mining the multi-instance data from another point of view, i.e., excluding the false positive instances in positive bags and predicting the label of an entire unknown bag. We propose an algorithm called Multi-Instance Covering kNN (MICkNN) for mining from multi-instance data. Briefly, constructive covering algorithm is utilized to restructure the structure of the original multi-instance data at first. Then, the kNN algorithm is applied to discriminate the false positive instances. In the test stage, we label the tested bag directly according to the similarity between the unseen bag and sphere neighbors obtained from last two steps. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed algorithm is competitive with most of the state-of-the-art multi-instance methods both in classification accuracy and running time.


Bioswales are a common feature of urban green infrastructure plans for stormwater management. Despite this fact, the nitrogen (N) cycle in bioswales remains poorly quantified, especially during dry weather in the soil, gas, and plant phases. To quantify the nitrogen cycle across seven bioswale sites located in the Bronx, New York City, we measured rates of ammonium and nitrate production in bioswale soils. We also measured soil nitrous oxide gas emissions and plant foliar nitrogen. We found that all mineralized nitrogen underwent nitrification, indicating that the soils were nitrogen-rich, particularly during summer months when nitrogen cycling rates increase, as indicated by higher levels of ammonium in the soil. In comparison to mineralization (0 to 110 g N m−2 y−1), the amounts of nitrogen uptake by the plants (0 to 5 g N m−2 y−1) and of nitrogen in gas emissions from the soils (1 to 10 g N m−2 y−1) were low, although nitrous oxide gas emissions increased in the summer. The bioswales' greatest influx of nitrogen was via stormwater (84 to 591 g N m−2 y−1). These findings indicate that bioswale plants receive overabundant nitrogen from stormwater runoff. However, soils currently used for bioswales contain organic matter contributing to the urban nitrogen load. Thus, bioswale designs should use less nitrogen rich soils and minimize fertilization for lower nitrogen runoff.


The U.S. soybean crop is now forecast at 3.958 billion bushels, 31 million bushels larger than the October forecast. The U.S. average yield is forecast at 47.5 bushels, 0.4 bushel larger than the October forecast. Yield forecasts changed by a bushel or two for the majority of states, with smaller forecasts in six of the 29 states. Production forecasts were not changed for the rest of the world. In the November WASDE report, the USDA increased the forecast of both the domestic crush and exports during the current marketing year so the forecast of year-ending stocks remains at 450 million bushels, or 12.4 percent of projected consumption. The domestic crush should be supported by strong soybean meal demand, particularly in the export market, and by favorable crush margins. The pace of soybean export sales and shipments also support the larger export forecast. The marketing year average price is still forecast in a range of $9.00 to $11.00. Current spot prices in the Eastern Corn Belt near the mid point of that range. The U.S. corn crop is projected at 14.407 billion bushels, 68 million bushels smaller than the October forecast. The U.S. average yield is forecast at 173.4 bushels, 0.8 below the October forecast. The yield forecasts declined by five bushels in Minnesota, three bushels in Kansas, and two bushels in Iowa. The change in the production forecast is relatively small, but is in the opposite direction of the expected change. The projection of both corn and total coarse grain production in the rest of the world was increased slightly, with declines in the projections of Chinese and Argentina coarse grain production more than offset by increases for the European Union and Mexico. The USDA forecast of marketing year consumption of corn for ethanol production was increased by 25 million bushels, but the forecast of corn for other food and industrial uses was reduced by 20 million bushels. Marketing year consumption is forecast at 13.66 billion bushels, which would leave year-ending


Knowledge brokers have emerged as a new type of actors shaping scientific production, influencing science–policy relationships, and thereby contributing to regional competitiveness. Yet, the spatial dimension of these knowledge brokers has received little attention. Using Framework Programme participations in European cities, we analyse and discuss the location strategy of knowledge brokers, highlighting the importance of co-location with the funding source. Our findings show that knowledge brokers are clustered in Brussels, and not elsewhere, to be closer to the European Commission in order to access strategic, informal and tacit information, while contributing to the construction of transnational R&D networks. While this 'local buzz' has positive side effects on the regional innovation system of Brussels; knowledge brokers emerge as a new type of spatially clustered actors shaping the distribution of EU funding for 'European knowledge pipelines'.


This article underlines the challenges refugees experience in accessing higher education in both first-asylum and resettlement countries. It focuses specifically on Turkey's higher education system, and the policies and practices in place to respond to the educational requirements of Syrian refugees. Our analysis reveals that accommodating the influx of Syrian higher education students into the Turkish system presents a huge challenge for policy makers and higher education institutions. The case study conducted at Istanbul University further emphasizes the common barriers that refugees face when trying to access higher education in host countries – financial hardship, language issues, non-recognition of prior learning and a lack of information or guidance. Restrictive regulations and legal precarity, on the other hand, tend to be less of a challenge when it comes to accessing higher education. Our findings support that central regulating body's immediate action and its commitment to provide higher education for refugees are crucial to prevent a short-term crisis. However, we also argue that despite the flexibility introduced for refugees in the legal and regulatory framework, implementation depends on institutional policies and practices that are mainly constrained by their capacity and resources.


Salam leaf is a kind of leaf herb is used for a variety of food and drugs has a property that can be utilized in everyday life. Egg is a complete nutritional capsules. Fat content in eggs of about 5 g. Fat content in eggs can result in an increased content of cholesterol in the body, making the basis for the reseachers to reduce cholesterol content in egg. So the egg can still be consumed by people who are afraid of cholesterol in order to maintain the health of the body. One way of lowering cholesterol in eggs is by using salam leaf in the solution process of soaking the egg. The general aim of this study was to determine the effect of condensation of salam leaf in the process of soaking the egg yolk cholesterol content.
The method used in this research is completely randomized design (CRD). Solution immersion treatment salam leaf used in this study consisted of four levels of treatment (control, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) and replicates that used as many as four times.
The results showed that the higher the solution concentration used in the cholesterol content decreases. Analysis of variance showed that treatment of egg immersion in solution of salam leaf significant (P<0,01) on egg cholesterol content. Significant difference test also showed the smallest decrease in an optimal treatment is at 0,75% solution consentrasion.
The research concluded that the treatment solution concentration salam leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) in the process of soaking lowering cholesterol content of egg yolk. Up to 1% concentration level solution salam leaf used in the process of soaking the lower the cholesterol content of egg yolk. Treatments that effectively lower cholesterol content of eggs wre soaking treatment with 0.75% concentration.


THE SPATIO-TEMPORAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN movement that induce the percept of a visual beat were investigated in three experiments. Experiment 1, in which participants synchronized key presses with point-light representations of simple conducting gestures, showed that visual beat induction was related to acceleration along the trajectory ( a ), and, to a lesser extent, high instantaneous speed ( v ). Experiment 2, in which the curvature component of the gestures was held constant, largely supported this finding. Experiment 3, in which the speed component of the gestures was held constant, indicated that neither radius of curvature ( r ) nor rate of change of radius of curvature ( r 9) alone were related to visual beat induction. In addition, analysis of the characteristics of the gestures highlighted inconsistencies between descriptions of the beat in the conducting literature, and descriptions of biological motion in the human movement literature,with the gestures used here conforming to the latter.


We have developed a k-coefficient retrieval approach for Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) observations, using AIRS cloud-cleared radiances (ACCRs) as input. This new approach takes advantage of the available ACCR, reduces computational expense, offers an efficient and accurate cirrus cloud retrieval alternative for hyperspectral infrared (IR) observations, and is potentially applicable to the compilation of a long-term cirrus cloud climatology from hyperspectral IR observations. The retrieval combines a lookup-table method coupled to a residual minimization scheme using observed cloudy and cloud-cleared AIRS radiances as input. Six AIRS channels between 766 and 832 cm-1 with minimal water vapor absorption/emission have been selected, and their spectral radiances have been demonstrated to be sensitive to both cirrus cloud optical depth (τc) and ice crystal effective particle size (De). The capability of the k-coefficient approach is demonstrated by comparison with a more accurate retrieval program, which combines the delta-four stream (D4S) approximation with the currently operational Stand-alone AIRS Radiative Transfer Algorithm (SARTA). The distribution patterns and the range of retrieved cloud parameters from the k-coefficient approach are nearly identical to those from SARTA+D4S retrievals, with minor differences traced to uncertainties in parameterized cloudy radiances in the k-coefficient approach and in the ACCR. The k -coefficient approach has also been applied to four AIRS granules over North Central China, Mongolia, and Siberia containing a significant presence of cirrus clouds, and its results are quantitatively compared to simultaneous Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer/Aqua cirrus cloud retrievals. Finally, AIRS retrieved τc and De are consistent with the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) and CloudSat derived values for semitransparent cirrus clouds, with more significant differences in thicker cirrus and multilayer clouds.


We identify the conditions that guarantee equivalence of the reduced dynamics of an open quantum system (OQS) for two different types of environments-one a continuous bosonic environment leading to a unitary system-environment evolution and the other a discrete-mode bosonic environment resulting in a system-mode (nonunitary) Lindbladian evolution. Assuming initial Gaussian states for the environments, we prove that the two OQS dynamics are equivalent if both the expectation values and two-time correlation functions of the environmental interaction operators are the same at all times for the two configurations. Since the numerical and analytical description of a discrete-mode environment undergoing a Lindbladian evolution is significantly more efficient than that of a continuous bosonic environment in a unitary evolution, our result represents a powerful, nonperturbative tool to describe complex and possibly highly non-Markovian dynamics. As a special application, we recover and generalize the well-known pseudomodes approach to open-system dynamics.


This article investigates the free associations of materials and colors in the context of interior architecture. Materials and colors rarely appear alone in interiors; therefore, in the scope of this study, the researchers explored material pairs and color pairs in addition to single materials and single colors. To elicit free associations from these interior design elements, 192 randomly selected volunteers participated in an experiment using a group of material (fabric, timber, plasterboard) and color (red, green, white) models under controlled conditions. The results contribute to an increased understanding of the associations between the concepts of materials and colors in interiors. While, each model was associated with sensory descriptors, only some models were associated with symbolic or affective descriptors. Single materials were related to different descriptors in interiors on their own, but when they were paired they were associated with fewer affective descriptors. The results showed that color pairs were always associated with all types of descriptors with an exception of red and green color pair, which was not mentioned with affective descriptors. The study findings are expected to be beneficial for interior architects, architects, product designers and researchers who want to shape and investigate a user's experience of interiors. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2016


This article explores three questions. First, it considers who does and should determine the demand for probation services; second, why the pattern for the demand and supply of probation services is as it currently is; and finally, it considers how the future demand and supply of probation services might be altered. The author argues that the 'silting up' of probation caseloads with low risk offenders is a major problem for an already over-stretched workforce and suggests a number of measures which could be taken to address this problem – these include the 'up-tariffing' of community service, more use of restorative justice approaches, a more effective strategy to inform sentencers of the effects their sentencing decisions are having, and a return to a greater reliance on financial penalties.


El anarcosindicalismo espanol. Una historia en imagenes Colectivo Solidario Confederacion Sindical Solidaridad Obrera, Madrid 2007 367 pages, ISBN 978-84-611-7337-2; 12 available from http://www.nodo50.org/sobrera/ Marking the centenary of Solidaridad Obrera ('Workers' Solidarity'), Spain's most important anarcho-syndicalist newspaper, this extensive graphic history of the Spanish libertarian tradition is one of the most recent books published by the Confederacion Sindical Solidaridad Obrera. In keeping with their previous publications, this volume is reasonably priced; as a pictorial history, it is lavishly illustrated, consisting of some 1,200 images, essentially photos, engravings, paintings, drawings, trade union stamps, magazine covers, newspaper headings, through which over 150 years of working-class struggle are narrated. It concludes with an appraisal of the anarcho-syndicalist movement in Spain today. Inevitably, the text generally plays a secondary role, largely introducing and contextualizing images; further context is provided by a useful introductory chronology preceding each chapter and section. The story begins with the struggle to organise in Spain in 1835 and the intense repression that followed. The unrelenting readiness of the state and its lackeys to use all possible means to repress any challenge from below whether real, potential or imagined - is a constant feature of this history. It is striking that the garrotte vil, the agonisingly protracted method of strangulation first used to execute a trade unionist in 1856, was still being used in the mid-1970s, when the young Catalan anarchist Salvador Puig Antich was executed. Equal attention is given to repeated attempts at criminalizing the libertarian movement, from the Mano Negra frame-up, which resulted in 300 jailings and 8 executions in the 1880s, up to the Scala Affair of the late 1970s, when a police agent provocateur organised a petrol bombing - which tragically resulted in the deaths of 4 CNT activists - in an attempt to discredit the anarchist movement. The sight of troops on the streets during strikes is a recurring one, a reminder of how the army was frequently deployed as a tool of internal repression within a militarised system of industrial relations. Yet official attempts to raise the cost of protest proved futile, essentially due to the sacrifices of thousands of anonymous, largely unknown activists who sustained the movement through their sacrifices, often giving up their freedom, even their lives; inevitably, only a fraction of these militants are seen here. From the images that provide a glimpse of social and working conditions, it is easy to see how the CNT became so deeply rooted within Spanish working-class society and resistant to state repression. Even before anarchist culture flourished in Spain, we see evidence here of popular traditions of direct action street protest and armed uprisings, rebellious acts that provided fertile ground for anti-state, anti-authoritarian ideology. The CNT's resistance dovetailed with these traditions, and while driven underground soon after its birth, it surfaced during World War One on a wave of militancy, becoming the lodestar of the dispossessed, with a membership of over 700,000. By the 1930s, the union had come to organise over a million workers. Inevitably, the approach here is essentially chronological, covering all the key moments and periods, while giving special attention to the second Republic and the revolution, which saw the highest and lowest points in the history of the CNT and anarcho-syndicalism, the legendary short summer of liberation, the crisis opened up by wartime governmental collaboration, and then the long winter of Francoism. …


Abstract : Proof-carrying code (PCC) and certifying model checking (CMC) are two established paradigms for obtaining objective confidence in the runtime behavior of a program. PCC enables the certification of low-level binary code against relatively simple (e.g., memory-safety) policies. In contrast, CMC provides a way to certify a richer class of temporal logic policies, but is typically restricted to high-level (e.g., source) code. In this report, an approach is presented to certify binary code against expressive policies, and thereby achieve the benefits of both PCC and CMC. This approach generates certified binaries from software specifications in an automated manner. The specification language uses a subset of UML statecharts to specify component behavior and is compiled to the Pin component technology. The overall approach thus demonstrates that formal certification technology is compatible with, and can indeed exploit, model-driven approaches to software development. Moreover, this approach allows the developer to trust the code that is produced without having to trust the tools that produced it. In this report details of this approach are presented and experimental results on a collection of benchmarks are described.


The validity of the matching estimator in programme evaluation depends on the completeness of the set of variables used for matching. When an attitudinal variable is relevant for the participation decision, but is either unmeasured or measured only after entry to the programme, estimates of effects may be biased or hard to interpret. This issue is investigated with data from an evaluation study of careers guidance for employed adults, which utilised the method of propensity score matching. Job satisfaction, measured shortly after entry to the programme, was found to be strongly associated with participa-tion, but may itself have been influenced by the early experience of careers guidance. Estimates of the impacts of guidance on several post-programme education and training outcomes are considered, both including and exclud-ing the job satisfaction measure from the participation model. Data experiments with adjusted values of job satisfaction are also performed. It is found that estimates of treatment effects are highly sensitive to these variants, and respond in a non-monotonic fashion. The implications for evaluation methodology are discussed.


Academic researchers and practitioners are always keen to know more about
organizational practices. Some experts even claim that academic researchers are
ignorant about organizational knowledge. Given that the study is an attempt to
provide an exemplar from real life in order to increase the organizational
awareness of the academic community and practitioners. The objective of the study
is to understand and learn the experience of a radical change initiative that took
place within the Military Aircraft division of British Aerospace over the period
1993-98. The emphasis is on the effectiveness of the change methodology applied
in the process of change.
Open-ended interviews and documents were the major sources of the data used in
the case study. The interviews reflected the actual experiences of those who were
involved, while the documents provided contextual data and information on the
key themes of the change. Nine change projects were examined which were
introduced during five-year period. Analysis showed that there was a huge gap
between the organization's practices and those of the benchmark companies. This
gap is what BAe sought to lessen/remove through radical change initiative. The
study postulates that the qualitative paradigm can shape the analysis of such a
change initiative by contextualizing the phenomenon. Pettigrew et al's (1989)
framework has beena pplied to assessth e change,w hich consistso f the context, the
content and the process.
The change programme was a successful attempt to increase internal efficiency,
developing business partnerships and strengthening customer satisfaction. The
study concludes that there is a strong relationship between the extent of management
sponsorship, employees involvement, a flatter organizational structure, efficient use of
technology, an effective change methodology and the success of such radical change
initiatives. The experience of this company can be used in other organizations provided
that their drivers for change are similar to those of the company investigated.


Many central banks implement monetary policy in a way that maintains a tight link between the stock of money and the short-term interest rate. In particular, their implementation procedures require that the supply of reserve balances be set precisely in order to implement the target interest rate. Because bank reserves play other key roles in the economy, this link can create tensions with other important objectives, especially in times of acute market stress. This article considers an alternative approach to monetary policy implementation -- known as a "floor system" -- that can reduce or even eliminate these tensions. The authors explain how this approach, in which the central bank pays interest on reserves at the target interest rate, "divorces" the supply of money from the conduct of monetary policy. The quantity of bank reserves can then be set according to the payment or liquidity needs of financial markets. By removing the opportunity cost of holding reserves, the floor system also encourages the efficient allocation of resources in the economy.


Air transport climatology to Cape Point (South Africa; 34.21 o S, 18.29 o E) was examined by analyzing 5-day kinematic back trajectories at both 300 and 5000 m above ground level for the period 2001-2003. Trajectories were computed using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model version 4 (HYSPLIT-4). A multivariate statistical procedure, known as cluster analysis was performed separately for the whole data set, and for yearly and seasonal trajectories, in this way trajectories were classified into distinct transport pathways showing interannual and seasonal variations. The influence of weather systems such as semi-permanent subtropical continental anticyclones, transient ridging anticyclones originating in the midlatitude westerlies, and baroclinic disturbances in the westerlies on major transport patterns were also discussed. Cluster analysis results identified seven transport flow patterns to Cape Point (northerly, northeasterly, south-easterly, southerly, south-westerly, westerly and north-westerly). Similar year to year gross features of atmospheric transport patterns were observed at the 5000 m level, however, variability in transport patterns was observed at the 300 m level. Both spring and summer mean clusters exhibit a south-easterly transport associated with trade winds, while autumn and winter show recirculation associated with anticyclones dominating over the interior of South Africa during this period. The influence of the 2002/2003 ENSO (El Ninõ-Southern Oscillation) proved to be insignificant on flow characteristics of Cape Point. Other features such as recirculation of air across southern Africa were also observed. The flow height characteristics of the 5-day cluster means to Cape Point affirmed that South Africa lies in the descending component of the Hadley cell circulation. The autumn and winter cluster means show greater wind shear between the 300 and 5000 m levels.


PROBLEM/CONDITION
Overweight, drinking and driving, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, physical inactivity, and smoking are associated with the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among older adults (i.e., persons aged > or =65 years) in the United States.

REPORTING PERIOD
This report presents data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) for 1994-1997 and from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) for 1993-1995.

DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEMS
BRFSS and NHIS are maintained by CDC and have been used for surveillance purposes. Each survey is administered annually and includes questions about health risks and health behaviors from a representative sample of the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population. The NHIS is designed to provide national estimates and the BRFSS, state estimates.

RESULTS
Prevalences of overweight, drinking and driving, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, and smoking decreased with increasing age among older adults in the United States; physical inactivity was the only health risk that increased with increasing age. Sex and race were differentially associated with all five health risks.

INTERPRETATION
Specific subgroups of older adults are at risk for being overweight, drinking and driving, inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption, physical inactivity, and smoking. These health risks varied by age, race, residential state, and socioeconomic status and highlight the heterogeneous nature of older adults.

PUBLIC HEALTH ACTION
Surveillance for health risks among older adults provides information to help identify effective interventions for the growing population of older adults in the United States.


BACKGROUND
Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) has become a valuable tool adjunctive to coronary angiography due to its ability to directly image atheroma and the vessel wall. We aimed to evaluate the use of IVUS during diagnostic angiography and coronary interventions in a coronary intervention academic high volume center of northern Greece.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
IVUS studies have been retrospectively retrieved from 2005 to 2008 from the archives of the catheterization laboratory of our department. IVUS was performed in 403 patients (294 male) of mean age 62±6 years. Indications for coronary angiography +/- intervention were acute coronary syndromes (49%), stable angina (46%) and previous coronary angioplasty evaluation (5%).

RESULTS
Forty eight per cent of the IVUS studies were performed in left anterior descending artery (LAD), 25% in right coronary artery (RCA), 18% in left circumflex artery (LCx), and the rest (9%) in left main coronary artery (LMCA) or in coronary branches. Indications for performing an IVUS study were assessment of intermediate lesions (60%), evaluation of stent placement (36.5%), and determination of stent restenosis aetiology (3.5%). Among studies performed for assessment of intermediate lesions, 63% showed a non critical stenosis. IVUS after coronary stenting revealed a suboptimal stent placement in 77% of the cases, while in cases of stent restenosis, IVUS showed inadequate initial stent deployment in 43% of the patients.

CONCLUSIONS
The use of IVUS in our department has contributed to the optimization of intervertional treatment of coronary lesions by means of evaluating borderline lesions, stenting placement and stent restenosis.


To an attorney practicing law in the common law system, the term "replevin" describes a legal remedy for recovering personal property held by another party. In this civil procedure, the determination of rightful ownership falls to the court. Archivists and manuscript collectors have appropriated this same term to describe any effort by a government archives to recover public records in private hands, whether these efforts involve the courts or are carried out informally through discussions and negotiations with private parties. The number of "true" replevin cases involving disputed public records is small and existing commentary in the archival literature focus on these judicial decisions. This dissertation examines the quieter cases, developing a sharper understanding of what replevin means to individuals who are charged with preserving records and to those who are personally driven to collect. Three state archives serve as case studies and semi-structured interviews with institutional employees, archival records, active records, statute and case law as data sources.

A consistent message emerging from discussions with government officials is that each replevin case is singular in the manner in which it is resolved. Still, there is an apparent pattern to the replevin of public records, conceptualized in this dissertation as a six-stage process. Each case begins with the discovery of the alienated record and results in a custody determination favoring either the government or the private party. This dissertation determines that variances in statute, case law, and the involvement of legal counsel strongly influence a government's decision to pursue, the shape of negotiations, and the state's ultimate ability to recover the targeted record.

The issue of replevin is one that has provoked friction between the community of government archivists and some members of the collecting community, a friction largely stemming from an ambiguous understanding of the nature of a "public record" and disagreement as to whether an archives should lay claim to records that never have been in its possession. This study probes the motivations of public officials pursuing public records and argues that it is in the public interest for public archives to have an active replevin agenda.


Product standards and technical regulations are critical to industrial performance and global trade. Reform of national standards, testing, and product certification regimes represents an important new area for international debate. Government agreements to eliminate overlapping certification rules would significantly lower costs for business and consumers. Efforts to harmonize national regulatory systems could prove to be one of the most important parts of multilateral and regional trade talks into the 21st century. This study examines these issues in the context of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. The research centers on (1) analysis of multilateral efforts to reduce technical barriers to trade through the GATT, (2) a critical examination of efforts at standards policy reform through APEC, and (3) development of a concrete and practical set of recommendations to support APEC's goal of open trade in the region by 2020. The work will result in a unique and timely contribution to policy debate for use by industry, government, and academic experts.


Overview: There are probably no other people on earth to whom the image of the 'stone-age' is so persistently attached than the inhabitants of the island of New Guinea, which is divided into independent Papua New Guinea and the western part of the island, known today as Papua and West Papua. From 'Stone-Age' to 'Real-Time' examines the forms of agency, frictions and anxieties the current moment generates in West Papua, where the persistent 'stone-age' image meets the practices and ideologies of the 'real-time' – a popular expression referring to immediate digital communication. The volume is thus essentially occupied with discourses of time and space and how they inform questions of hierarchy and possibilities for equality. Papuans are increasingly mobile, and seeking to rework inherited ideas, institutions and technologies, while also coming up against palpable limits on what can be imagined or achieved, secured or defended. This volume investigates some of these trajectories for the cultural logics and social or political structures that shape them. The chapters are highly ethnographic, based on in-depth research conducted in diverse spaces within and beyond Papua. These contributions explore topics ranging from hip hop to HIV/ AIDS to historicity, filling much-needed conceptual and ethnographic lacunae in the study of West Papua.


Meeting human needs is considered as fundamental to sustainable human settlement. However, in micro level developments particularly in respect of a housing unit, for example, an operational definition of sustainability which will be useful in its practical implementation, has yet to be developed. To address this, the author posits that theories on the relationship between the environment and the person can be taken as a conceptual frame of reference. One of them is the theory of Person-Environment Congruence (PEC). This theory conceptualizes "congruence" as the favourable outcome of the person-environment relationship. Achieving PEC is considered as the most important criteria that supports the concept of housing sustainability. In the context of housing, the author considers that PEC is achieved when the dwelling place can offer its inhabitants a place which meets their basic needs. In order to operationalize this concept in terms of housing unit design, the author propagates the use of the Means-End Chain (MEC) research model to explore the relationship between a person and his or her environment. The combination of the two concepts facilitates the identification of those housing attributes emphasized in the home-making process, together with the users' perceptual orientation towards those attributes. To experiment with the application of the MEC research model in respect of exploring the concept of PEC, a case study was conducted on 15 renovated and personalized houses in a mass housing scheme in Malaysia. The traditional MEC methods were maintained with some modifications to accommodate the various housing characteristics. The results suggest that the MEC research model is able to link the relevant housing unit attributes to user values, and it is potentially applicable in the design of a housing unit. The results also indicated that user participation is essential in home making process, in order to achieve and maintain sustainability.


The House GOP Blueprint for tax reform is the most ambitious corporate tax reform since the 1930s. It cuts business tax rates and allows immediate expensing of capital outlays. It accomplishes these goals by replacing the current corporate income tax which taxes profits to a destination based cash flow tax that taxes cash flow. The tax is a move from origin or production based to destination or consumption based. As Alan Auerbach said rather than figuring out "how do you measure income...with cash flow you just follow the money." The cash flow tax is designed to accomplish a couple big goals. First, stop the gaming done by companies like Facebook to reduce their corporate tax burden. Second, encourage equity investment over borrowing. Finally, encourage exports while increasing the tax burden on imports. To put it mildly, the plan has caused quite a reaction.
This essay considers the GOP proposals under the lens of whether the new corporate tax will disproportionately harm the lower boundaries. The new corporate income tax is being marketed as more progressive than the current corporate income tax because it will shift the tax from normal returns to supernormal returns, in other words from labor to capital. Since capital tends to be the wealthy; the tax will redistribute from the rich to the poor. In order to examine the progressivity of the proposal, I first discuss the proper comparative baseline for determining progressivity. Since the proposed tax, at first blush, appears to increase the deficit, the primary question is can the current structure ever be progressive. By cutting other social programs or raising the deficit to pay for the tax is not progressive. Then, assuming that the tax could be neutral in costs because rates can change, the essay concludes that the proposed corporate tax still fails short of being considered progressive. The distortions that continue to exist cause too much uncertainty that the distributive effects would benefit anyone but the owners of capital.


We introduce a Bayesian approach to multiple testing. The method is an extension of the false discovery rate (FDR) method due to Benjamini and Hochberg (1995). We also examine the empirical Bayes approach to simultaneous inference proposed by Efron, Tibshirani, Storey and Tusher (2001). We show that, in contrast to the single hypothesis case – where Bayes and frequentist tests do not agree even asymptotically – in the multiple testing case we do have asymptotic agreement.


Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) were calculated by using chromic oxide in the diet as an indigestible marker to evaluate the Iranian Cottonseed meal (CSMP). Then, the nutritional value of cottonseed meal ( CSM) as soybean meal (SBM) substitute in quality low cost rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) ration was investigated. In this study, six formulated feeds consisting different levels of CSMP (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100%) substitution of SBM were fed to a total of 540 rainbow trout with initial mean body weight of 50 ± 5 g. Fish were randomly stocked into eighteen 100L fiberglass tanks with 30 fish per tank and 3 tanks per diet and fed to apparent satiation 3 times a day and 7 days per week for 60 days. The ADC of CSMP and SBM were measured as of dry matter, 62.7 and 69.2%; crude protein, 82.4 and 87.3%; fat, 66.6 and 78.5%, respectively. After an 8 week feeding trial, the average weight gain of fish fed with diets 1 to 6 was: 100.6, 102, 102.9, 103.3, 103.9, and 103.4g, respectively. Average feed conversion ratio (FCR) of fish fed diets 1 to 6 was measured as of 1.28, 1.31, 1.31, 1.27, 1.29, and 1.25, respectively. For all six treatments, the survival percentage was more than 99%. ADC value for most nutrients of CSMP was different from those of SBM. Weight gain, specific growth ratio (SGR), daily weight gain (DWG) and survival rate were not significantly different (P>0.05) for fish fed with CSMP diets compared to the control diet but the differences of FCR were significant among different diets (P<0.05). In the feasibility study, complete replacement of SBM by CSMP revealed to be economic and based on the gossypol analysis, total gossypol levels was not observed for toxicity on liver of fish fed by CSMP, indicating the possibility of total replacement of SBM by CSMP in rainbow trout fed formulations.


The stereotype of Byzantine art as static and unchanging still compels Byzantine specialists to emphasize that change is readily evident in Byzantine art if one knows where and how to look for it. This paper is a case study about such change and how a unique set of social forces in the early eleventh century induced cultural change that resulted in new visual forms. The subject of this case study is the mosaic known as The Zoe Panel, located in the South Gallery of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. The panel depicts the Emperor Constantine IX presenting a bag of money to the enthroned Christ, while the Empress Zoe presents an imperial scroll probably signifying an ongoing grant. Although there has been much written about this mosaic, the fact that the moneybag and imperial scroll represent two new iconographic elements in imperial portraits has gone largely unnoticed. This study argues that the appearance of these new iconographic features is a direct reflection of the specific dynastic, economic and social circumstances in the Byzantine Empire in the early eleventh century.


In a metric space $(X,d)$ we reconstruct an approximation of a Borel measure $\mu$ starting from a premeasure $q$ defined on the collection of closed balls, and such that $q$ approximates the values of $\mu$ on these balls. More precisely, under a geometric assumption on the distance ensuring a Besicovitch covering property, and provided that there exists a Borel measure on $X$ satisfying an asymptotic doubling-type condition, we show that a suitable packing construction produces a measure ${\hat\mu}^{q}$ which is equivalent to $\mu$. Moreover we show the stability of this process with respect to the accuracy of the initial approximation. We also investigate the case of signed measures.


This paper suggests that it is not enough to simply account for the lsquo;beginningrsquo; in Hegelrsquo;s philosophy. To capture the speculative depth of Hegelrsquo;s thinking one must also account for the beginning of philosophy as such. That is, how or why the philosopher begins or lsquo;the beginning before the beginningrsquo;. The question of the activation of the philosophical project itself is explored through Hegelrsquo;s notion of the lsquo;need of philosophyrsquo; and the fundamental relation between the historical event of the French Revolution and philosophical thinking. This question is explored through a critical discussion of those thinkers who are also concerned with the philosophy/revolution relation but are critical of Hegelrsquo;s approach. It is suggested that these critical readings employ a thematic approach to both Hegel and philosophy more generally. This approach renders them unable to appreciate Hegelrsquo;s philosophy speculatively and as a consequence the relation between philosophy and freedom, via the revolution, is misconstrued. In contradistinction to these readings the question of how one encounters Hegelrsquo;s thought non-thematically is explored through an analysis of the willingness of the would-be philosopher to activate themselves into the philosophical project and dwell with Hegel in the lsquo;wersquo;. Rather than providing answers to the questions raised, this paper seeks to act as a provocation for a renewed encounter with Hegelrsquo;s philosophy. br /


Water contains dissolved oxygen that a fish needs to breathe. It is important to increase the amounts of separation of dissolved oxygen from water for diverse applications using the separation system. In this paper, a separation system of dissolved gases from water concurrently variable mixed with the exhalations using a compressor is proposed. This system takes use of exhalations to increase the amounts of separation of dissolved oxygen from water. A compressor with variable off-time and on-time is used to control the exhalations mixed with inlet water. Exhalations contain some portion of carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen. Separation of dissolved gases containing dissolved oxygen is enhanced by using exhalations. The amounts of separation and the compositions of carbon dioxide and oxygen are measured. Higher amounts of separation can make the size of the separation device smaller, and then, application areas are diversified. Keywords—Concurrently, variable mixed, exhalations, separation, hollow fiber.


A new anomaly has been discovered in the WF4 channel of WFPC2 which is characterized by sporadic images having low or zero bias levels. Early beginnings of the problem can be traced near the time of Service Mission SM3B in March 2002 where images begin to appear with progressively lower and lower bias levels. By mid-2004 some images appear with very low bias levels – far below the normal 311 DN, and in February 2005 the first images with zero bias level are seen. As of this writing all images are significantly below normal bias levels, and nearly 30% have zero bias level. While the calibration pipeline will correct for low bias levels, close examination of these images reveals faint horizontal streaks (<1 DN RMS) and low photometry (up to 70% low for faint targets at very low bias and gain 15); these effects are correctable and preliminary corrections are given in the Appendices. Images with zero bias, however, suffer much more serious problems -these are blank except for brightest pixels and the data are not recoverable. Both A-to-D gains 7 and 15 show similar anomalies, though the onset is slower at gain 15 due to its greater digitization range. Extrapolation of current trends suggests gain 7 will become completely unusable in mid2006 while gain 15 will produce some useful data until late-2006. Fortunately, the other WFPC2 CCDs appear unaffected by the anomaly, and show no evidence for early onset of similar problems. Examination of bias levels during periods with frequent WFPC2 images shows low and zero bias episodes every 4 to 6 hours. This periodicity is driven by cycling of the WFPC2 Replacement Heater, with the bias anomalies occurring at the temperature peaks. We suggest that lowering the Replacement Heater temperature set points by a few degrees C might effectively eliminate the WF4 anomaly. Copyright© 2005 The Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


Symbolic execution is a powerful technique for analyzing program behavior, finding bugs, and generating tests, but suffers from severely limited scalability: the largest programs that can be symbolically executed today are on the order of thousands of lines of code. To ensure feasibility of symbolic execution, even small programs must curtail their interactions with libraries, the operating system, and hardware devices. This paper introduces selective symbolic execution, a technique for creating the illusion of full-system symbolic execution, while symbolically running only the code that is of interest to the developer. We describe a prototype that can symbolically execute arbitrary portions of a full system, including applications, libraries, operating system, and device drivers. It seamlessly transitions back and forth between symbolic and concrete execution, while transparently converting system state from symbolic to concrete and back. Our technique makes symbolic execution practical for large software that runs in real environments, without requiring explicit modeling of these environments.


The notion of school belonging refers to the sense of membership and relatedness individual students feel with the other students and with the teachers at their school. Educational and psychological studies carried out in various contexts have shown that students' sense of school belonging is associated with several academic and non-academic outcomes, such as students' motivation to learn, level of academic achievement, and general future orientation. However, one of the major gaps in school belonging studies is the lack of connections between theoretical studies and actual school practice. There is an international need to gain a better understanding of the factors affecting students' sense of belonging in schools. To deepen our knowledge of how schools can better promote students' sense of school belonging at the whole-school level, this study focuses on school celebrations. The study consists of a statistical survey questionnaire conducted at three Finnish lower-secondary schools during the 2013–2014 academic year. To analyze the data and test the methodological hypotheses, we used a structural equation model (SEM). The findings of this study show that students' socio-emotional and educational experiences of school celebrations are positively related to their sense of school belonging. The study also shows the notable role of peer relationships in shaping students' social and emotional experiences of these events. The findings highlight the need for educational researchers, curriculum makers, and practitioners to pay more attention to the social, emotional, and educational content that school celebrations provide for students.


Welcome to our first edition. We are excited to provide a new, and what we believe, timely avenue for presenting research findings and publications in Southeast Asia, for scholars interested in Southeast Asia. Although Southeast Asia as a region of study has provided tremendous contributions to theory and practice regarding forests and society across the social and natural sciences, avenues for cultivating a scholarship of the region remain limited. We seek to engage on a broad set of themes through the application of targeted research related to timely issues affecting the human-environment interface in a diverse region that we have much to learn from. We take a broad understanding of the forest - as a politico-administrative unit, a geographic area, and as an ecological unit. We do not limit the forest to its boundaries but rather seek to engage on the dynamics of change in social and ecological processes. Under such an umbrella, new approaches and methods become possible. 'Forest' can be analyzed as land use, ecological process, divided across watersheds, as landscapes, mountains, and more. The lens of 'society' allows for opportunities to understand change, whether it is the interaction between a resource to be preserved, exploited, forgotten, or erased. Forests, therefore, operate as the clues of what once was, has become, and what can be. Particularly in the age of climate change, riddled by increasingly complex challenges, a new dimension also emerges for the forest. Different perspectives at different scales – from the local to the global – provide equally important dimensions, and are those which we seek to provide avenues to learn from, and communicate through this journal. As the reader will find in this inaugural issue, we have compiled an initial set of studies across multiple methods and geographies that help to set the terms of future editions. We examine: historical political ecologies of land use around opium cultivation in the uplands of Thailand; emerging governance regimes of corporate social responsibility in Myanmar; the capacity of new state institutions to manage land conflict in forest estate lands in Indonesia; a close analysis of forest harvesting and management in a mangrove forest in Malaysia; and, an economic valuation of non-timber forest products in a national park in Indonesia. There is much to choose from and much more to delve into. We hope that this issue serves as an impetus to engage on these timely themes and further encourages new ideas for submissions.


The endoplasmic reticulum proteins ORP5 and ORP8 mediate PI4P-phosphatidylserine exchange at contact sites with the plasma membrane. Most membrane lipids are manufactured in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Different organelles and the plasma membrane (PM) have distinct phospholipid compositions. Chung et al., working in mammalian cells, and Moser von Filseck et al., working in yeast, both describe how a family of proteins is important in maintaining the balance of lipids within the cell. These special proteins accumulate at and tether contact sites between the ER and the PM and promote the exchange of specific phospholipids, which helps to maintain the PM's distinct identity. J. Chung, F. Torta, K. Masai, L. Lucast, H. Czapla, L. B. Tanner, P. Narayanaswamy, M. R. Wenk, F. Nakatsu, P. De Camilli, PI4P/phosphatidylserine countertransport at ORP5- and ORP8-mediated ER–plasma membrane contacts. Science 349, 428–432 (2015). [Abstract] [Full Text] J. Moser von Filseck, A. Čopič, V. Delfosse, S. Vanni, C. L. Jackson, W. Bourguet, G. Drin, Phosphatidylserine transport by ORP/Osh proteins is driven by phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate. Science 349 432–436 (2015). [Abstract] [Full Text]


Title of Dissertation: STUDENT TEACHER EXIT PORTFOLIOS: IS IT AN APPROPRIATE MEASURE AND A UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION TOWARD THE ASSESSMENT OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED TEACHER CANDIDATES? Leslie Ann Jackson Simpson, Doctor of Philosophy, 2004 Dissertation directed by: Dr. James Dudley Professor Emeritus, College of Education Department of Education Policy and Administration The student teacher portfolio, at the forefront of teacher education assessment issues during the past decade, was the topic of this study. The teacher education community has moved beyond the initial concerns about defining a teacher portfolio, identifying appropriate contents of a teacher portfolio, and determining the place of portfolios in a program's assessment system. The teacher education community is now concerned about whether the student teacher exit portfolio is an appropriate measurement of all teacher candidates and contributes possibly unique information to the assessment of the competency of teacher candidates. This study investigated the possible influence of the demographic factors of gender, age, and certification levels of the teacher candidates on the assessment outcomes of student teacher exit portfolios. It also compared the outcomes of traditionally accepted assessments (student teaching grade, Praxis I tests, Praxis II tests, and overall grade point average) with the outcomes of the exit portfolio assessment. This was an ex-post facto study, based upon existing data collected about each teacher candidate (n=76), with no treatment afforded the teacher candidates as part of the study. Two conclusions were drawn from the findings of this study. First, the demographic factors of gender, age, and choice of certification level of the teacher candidates did not appear to influence the outcomes of the exit portfolio. The teacher candidates noted that they valued the portfolio process. Because of these two findings, the exit portfolio was deemed to be an appropriate assessment tool at this institution. Second, the exit portfolio results, compared with the four other assessments, did not indicate correlational statistics of a predictive quality. Therefore, the exit portfolio was considered to contribute information not offered by the other more traditional assessments of the competencies of teacher candidates. STUDENT TEACHER EXIT PORTFOLIOS: IS IT AN APPROPRIATE MEASURE AND A UNIQUE CONTRIBUTION TOWARD THE ASSESSMENT OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED TEACHER


For a plan to achieve some goal -- to be valid -- a set of sufficient and necessary conditions must hold. In dynamic settings, agents (including humans) may come to hold false beliefs about these conditions and, by extension, about the validity of their plans or the plans of other agents. Since different agents often believe different things about the world and about the beliefs of other agents, discrepancies may occur between agents' beliefs about the validity of plans. In this work, we explore how agents can use their Theory of Mind to resolve such discrepancies by communicating and/or acting in the environment. We appeal to an epistemic logic framework to allow agents to reason over other agents' nested beliefs, and demonstrate how epistemic planning tools can be used to resolve discrepancies regarding plan validity in a number of domains. Our work shows promise for human decision support as demonstrated by a user study that showcases the ability of our approach to resolve misconceptions held by humans.