While the legal literature contains numerous discussions on how to increase cooperation and resolve disputes in trade, investment, environment, intellectual property, and other areas, there has been remarkably little written on how to utilize these mechanisms to increase multinational cooperation for tax purposes. Rather, the debate has tended to devolve into two competing and irreconcilable camps: those supporting worldwide harmonization based on the network of bilateral tax treaties and those invoking the right to tax sovereignty to oppose any efforts at harmonization or cooperation. The primary thesis of this Article is that the fundamental problem with cooperation in the modern international tax regime is that it builds on the tax treaty model, thus effectively excluding countries which have not entered into tax treaties — mostly small, poorer countries. Reconsidering international tax in this light leads to a potentially surprising conclusion: that the move towards institutionalizing the web of bilateral tax treaties — which has dominated the modern international tax debate — may actually be counter to its stated goal of encouraging broader worldwide tax cooperation across all nations of the world. Instead, this Article proposes the creation of a tax cooperation mechanism specifically geared towards non-treaty member countries, conceding certain disputes in exchange for increased cooperation more generally. Such an approach could effectively replicate some of the benefits of a tax treaty, but with non-treaty member countries, without needing to overcome the obstacles which have prevented full treaties from being entered among such countries to date. Building a tax cooperation mechanism specifically around the premise of incentivizing cooperation of the least cooperative states in this manner could harness the same forces that led to the emergence of the modern international tax regime in the early twentieth century to address the fiscal crisis facing the early twenty-first century.


In an attempt to locate the role of poetry translation in the development of Argentine twentieth-century literature, this essay focuses on the work done by specific groups of poet/translators associated with three major literary magazines. An overview of the relationship between national production and translation in Argentina is first presented, and then, through a brief summary of the century's political events, certain parallelisms with literary movements are established. This is followed by an analysis of the imported expressions, which are often found to be incongruent or de/recontextualized within the local repertoire. Notions of cultural agency (Bourdieu) and cultural poetics (Greenblatt) serve to reveal both how these groups maintain a tradition of discernable discourse practices in their translations and how the imported schools of poetry generally served to legitimize the poet/translators' own poetic practices in forming a readership for their works by enforcing modes of reception through the inclusion of selected foreign poets.


In the coastal area of northeastern Cyrenaica (Libya), the excellent exposures of Cenozoic limestone sequences of Al Jabal al Akhdar average around 1000 m in thickness and allow detailed stratigraphic investigations to be undertaken. This study of the biostratigraphy and depositional environments has been augmented by an analysis of the microfacies and of matrix-free foraminiferal assemblages. The biotic contents of the microfacies provide a good tool for correlation with the Letter classification developed from the Indo-Pacific region. The palaeoecological significance of the biota has been evaluated by comparison with the ecological requirements of their present day counterparts. Limitations for the palaeoecological interpretations are mainly due to the inadequate relationships with existing ecological data sets and to some local bias in fossil recovery because of some unfavourable lithologies. In the investigated Eocene to Miocene shallow marine carbonate succession nine different microfacies and sub-microfacies were distinguished through depositional texture and biotic components. Wilson's standard carbonate facies belts, integrated with present day foraminiferal distribution models, have been used for reference in microfacies analysis and description. Most of the microfossils present are foraminifera and a total of 150 taxa, including larger, small and planktonic foraminifera, have been recognized and their stratigraphic and palaeaeocological distribution reported. Physiographically, the rock sequences investigated are referred to a shelf–carbonate platform complex, in which the depositional environments range from open shelf to restricted platform conditions. The nature and distribution of the foraminiferal assemblages and related biota, in association with sedimentological evidence, indicate a generalized shallowing upward trend in which several bathymetric oscillations, especially in the Oligocene, are reported. These reflect the interplay between local tectonics and large-scale eustatic changes.


NH3 has been investigated for its use as an alternative fuel including for use in internal combustion engines. In NH3 combustion, emissions of unburned NH3 with toxicity and N2O as a combustion product with high global warming potential (GWP) are important issues. However, few researchers have investigated NH3 and N2O emissions from NH3 assisted diesel engines operated using NH3–diesel dual fuel. We investigate a combustion strategy to reduce these emissions with a single-cylinder diesel engine mixed NH3 gas into the intake air. We found that an early diesel pilot injection reduced unburned NH3 and N2O emissions while HC and CO emissions increased. It was also reported that NH3 and diesel fuel work as low and high reactivity fuel for reactivity controlled compression ignition combustion (RCCI), respectively. Our previous study reports the aspects of RCCI on NH3–diesel dual fuel engine to some extent. The injection timing of diesel fuel and the quantity of NH3 govern the emissions and performance on RCCI combustion. These effects need to be investigated to manipulate the RCCI combustion and reduce emissions. This paper reports the efficiency and emissions for the diesel pilot injection timing sweep at various NH3 supply quantities and the effects of a split injection on the emissions and a combustion phase. In addition, we estimated the reduction in GHG emissions using a NH3–diesel dual fuel engine, which applied the early diesel pilot injection, compared with the diesel only operation, considering the N2O GWP.


Soil tillage influences water erosion, and consequently, losses of calcium, magnesium and organic carbon in surface runoff. Nutrients and organic carbon are transported by surface runoff in particulate form, adsorbed to soil colloids or soluble in water, depending on the soil tillage system. This study was carried out on an Inceptisol, representative of the Santa Catarina highlands, southern Brazil, between November 1999 and October 2001, under natural rainfall. The soil tillage treatments (no replications) were: no-tillage (NT), minimum soil tillage with chiseling + disking (MT), and conventional soil tillage with plowing + two diskings (CT). The crop cycles sequence was soybean (Glycine max), oats (Avena sativa), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and vetch (Vicia sativa). Conventional soil tillage treatment with plowing + two disking in the absence of crops (BS) was also studied. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were determined in both water and sediments of the surface runoff, while organic carbon was measured only in sediments. Calcium and magnesium concentrations were greater in sediments than in surface runoff, while total losses of these elements were greater in surface runoff than in sediments. The greatest calcium and magnesium concentrations in surface runoff were obtained under CT, while in sediments the greatest concentration occurred under MT. Organic carbon concentration in sediments did not differ under the different soil tillage systems, and the greatest total loss was under CT system.


Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) are indispensable companions to programming languages. They are increasingly turning towards Web-based infrastructure. The rise of a protocol such as the Language Server Protocol (LSP) that standardizes the separation between a language-agnostic IDE, and a language server that provides all language services (e.g., auto completion, compiler...) has allowed the emergence of high quality generic Web components to build the IDE part that runs in the browser. However, all language services require different computing capacities and response times to guarantee a user-friendly experience within the IDE. The monolithic distribution of all language services prevents to leverage on the available execution platforms (e.g., local platform, application server, cloud). In contrast with the current approaches that provide IDEs in the form of a monolithic client-server architecture, we explore in this paper the modularization of all language services to support their individual deployment and dynamic adaptation within an IDE. We evaluate the performance impact of the distribution of the language services across the available execution platforms on four EMF-based languages, and demonstrate the benefit of a custom distribution.


SUMMARY Errors in the medicines management process represent an important source of iatrogenic harm in primary care. Most errors result from underlying systems-based problems that are amenable to intervention and potentially preventable. In this paper, we seek to identify the frequency of medication-related morbidity in primary care, understand the underlying systemic reasons that increase risk of medication-related errors and iatrogenic harm, and suggest strate


In the Afrikaans-speaking South African theological context, there was little positive regard for Bultmann's work, especially for his demythologising program. More than seventy years have passed since Bultmann's 1941 essay on demythologising started a lively debate. For most, Bultmann and his legacy have receded into the past. With the 130th commemoration of Bultmann's birthday this year, it seems appropriate to revisit his 1941 essay on demythologising. The purpose of this paper is to listen again to the voice of Bultmann, unhindered by the interpretations of his work by others. This is possible, as the dust has long settled after the demythologisation debate. This exercise may reveal that Bultmann's work is still relevant in our new theological context.


Summary 1. Life-history theory predicts that organisms should allocate energy throughout their life such that they maximize their fitness. Copepod zooplankton are known to accumulate sunscreens (so-called mycosporine-like amino acids, MAAs) and antioxidant carotenoids to mitigate negative effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR), but it is not well known how this affects their fitness. 2. We followed cohorts of the marine copepod Acartia tonsa and assessed how fitness was affected by UVR exposure and a diet rich in UVR-protective sunscreens. 3. Several fitness components including somatic growth, egg quality and nauplii production (larvae) were negatively affected by UVR, whereas other components such as size at maturity, survival and length of life were not. Nauplii production through low egg quality was the most influential life-history parameter that changed in response to UVR. 4. There was interaction between fitness costs and food source. If copepods were fed a diet rich in UVR-screening MAAs, they were able to maintain and even increase their fitness even though they were exposed to otherwise detrimental radiation. Levels of UVR-protective carotenoids were low in the studied species and a meta-analysis revealed that marine copepods in general have much lower – by an order of magnitude – levels of carotenoids than freshwater species, while levels of MAAs are similar between the two habitats. 5. We conclude that allocation to different fitness components to some extent is plastic although egg quality is by far the most influential factor, and this is an example of how environmental variability affects overall fitness. Fitness costs associated with UVR exposure in the absence of UVR-screening MAAs were present. Other costs such as costs for accumulating MAAs were not detected, and if present, they were outweighed by a stimulated fitness in combined UVR and MAA treatments challenging the common model that inducible defences (such as accumulation of MAAs) should come with a cost. Low levels of carotenoids in marine systems suggest high predation pressures on pigmented specimens. Accumulation of nonpigmented MAAs could hence be a key adaptation for surface-dwelling marine zooplankton to maintain or even increase their fitness when exposed to detrimental radiation.


Due to the complex adaptive costs and benefits of large brains and large neocortical volume, mammalian species exhibit huge variation in brain size. However, the precise nature of the genomic changes accounting for these variations remains poorly understood. Using genome-wide comparative analysis of gene family size of more than 39 fully sequenced mammalian species, I studied whether changes in the number of copies of genes involved in distinct cellular and developmental functions has contributed to shaping the morphological, physiological and metabolic machinery supporting brain evolution in mammalians. My results reveal an overrepresentation of gene families displaying a positive association between GFS and level of encephalization. This bias occurs most prominently in families associated with specific biological functions, such as cell-cell signalling, chemotaxis and immune system. Moreover, I find that most gene family size variations associated with increased brain size are mostly explained by the link between neocortex ratio and gene family size variations. The results in this study suggest that variations in gene family size underlie morphological adaptations during brain evolution in mammalian lineages. Lastly, using comparative transcriptomics analysis across different human tissue types with cellular longevities ranging from 120 days to over 70 years, I set out to identify the molecular signature of long term post-mitotic cell maintenance. I found that genes down regulated in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are significantly enriched in genes whose expression levels are associated with increased post-mitotic cellular longevity (PMCL). This holds true also for genes down regulated in Hutchinson-Gilford progeria-derived fibroblasts. The work here presented suggest that PMCL-associated genes are part of a generalized machinery of post-mitotic maintenance and functional stability in both neural and non-neural that becomes compromised in two specific neurodegenerative conditions and supports the notion of a common molecular repertoire for cell maintenance differentially engaged in different cell types with differing survival requirements.


Natural language texts frequently contain related information in different positions in discourse. As human readers, we can recognize such information across sentence boundaries and correctly infer relations between them. Given this inference capability, we understand texts that describe complex dependencies even if central aspects are not repeated in every sentence. In linguistics, certain omissions of redundant information are known under the term ellipsis and have been studied as cohesive devices in discourse (Halliday and Hasan, 1976). For computational approaches to semantic processing, such cohesive devices are problematic because methods are traditionally applied on the sentence level and barely take surrounding context
into account.

In this dissertation, we investigate omission phenomena on the level of predicate-argument structures. In particular, we examine instances of structures involving arguments that are not locally realized but inferable from context. The goal of this work is to automatically acquire and process such instances, which we also refer to as implicit arguments, to improve natural language processing applications. Our main contribution is a framework that identifies implicit arguments by aligning and comparing predicate-argument structures across pairs of comparable texts. As part of this framework, we develop a novel graph-based clustering approach, which detects corresponding predicate-argument structures using pairwise similarity metrics. To find discourse antecedents of implicit arguments, we further design a heuristic method that utilizes automatic annotations from various linguistic pre-processing tools.

We empirically validate the utility of automatically induced instances of implicit arguments and discourse antecedents in three extrinsic evaluation scenarios. In the first scenario, we show that our induced pairs of arguments and antecedents can successfully be applied to improve a pre-existing model for linking implicit arguments in discourse. In two further evaluation settings, we show that induced instances of implicit arguments, together with their aligned explicit counterparts, can be used as training material for a novel model of local coherence. Given discourse-level and semantic features, this model can predict whether a specific argument should be explicitly realized to establish local coherence or whether it is inferable and hence redundant in context.


In the Philippines, importation has remained as one of the most feasible options for the government to meet the growing demand for rice. It is thus imperative for the government to develop a strategy that would ensure adequate supply and minimum importation costs. One of the critical factors in import decisionmaking is rice production. The Inter-Agency Committee on Rice and Corn (IACRC), of which the National Food Authority (NFA) and the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS) are members, decides on importation when there is an impending production shortfall in the coming season. However, because Philippine agriculture is vulnerable to extreme climate events and climate change is expected to further intensify climate variability, rice production forecast is becoming more uncertain. Inaccurate production forecasts could lead to incorrect volume and ill-timing of rice imports, which in turn, could result in either a waste of resources for the government or a burden to consumers. Contraction of rice imports in the early 1990s and over-importation in 1998 illustrate how inaccurate forecasts of the volume and timing of rice importation, especially during El Nino and La Nina years, could result in substantial economic costs. This paper evaluates the significance of seasonal climate forecast (SCF) in rice policy decisions of the government, particularly on importation. It presents an alternative method of forecasting the level of rice production through regional rice production models. The rice production models systematically incorporate SCF and could be used in support of the current practice of forecasting rice production based on planting intentions. The paper also demonstrates how SCF, together with these production estimates, could be incorporated in the rice import decisions of the government through the Rice Importation Simulation (RIS) model, which was developed using a Discrete Stochastic Programming (DSP) modeling approach. The RIS model, which recommends a set of optimal rice import strategies, could serve as guide for the government in its rice import decisions in the face of seasonal climate variability and could be used in estimating the potential value of SCF.


This chapter presents a possible path towards fully wearable and fabric-based electronic platforms. It provides an overview of materials and methods in the field of smart fabrics and e-textiles with the perspective of achieving fabric-based standalone platforms. Electronic components, interconnects and sensors can be made out of fabric and polymeric materials. Smart fabric sensors can measure force, pressure, strain, temperature and chemicals, among other parameters. Fabric power elements compatible with textile platforms are found in textile capacitors, supercapacitors, solar cells and energy-harvesting components. All these elements can be integrated such that a complete sensing and electronics platform is primarily made of compliant materials. Flexible macroelectronics technologies have a direct impact on wearables and development of functionalized textiles.


A proxy object is a surrogate or placeholder that controls access to another target object. Proxy objects are a widely used solution for different scenarios such as remote method invocation, future objects, behavioral reflection, object databases, inter-languages communications and bindings, access control, lazy or parallel evaluation, security, among others.
 Most proxy implementations support proxies for regular objects but they are unable to create proxies for classes or methods. Proxies can be complex to install, have a significant overhead, be limited to certain type of classes, etc. Moreover, most proxy implementations are not stratified at all and there is no separation between proxies and handlers.
 In this paper, we present Ghost, a uniform, light-weight and stratified general purpose proxy model and its Smalltalk implementation. Ghost supports proxies for classes or methods. When a proxy takes the place of a class it intercepts both, messages received by the class and lookup of methods for messages received by instances. Similarly, if a proxy takes the place of a method, then the method execution is intercepted too.


[1] Getting seismic data from the deep oceans usually involves ocean-bottom seismometers, but hydrophone arrays may provide a practical alternative means of obtaining vector data. We here explore this possibility using hydrophone stations of the International Monitoring System, which have been used to study icebergs and T-wave propagation among others. These stations consist of three hydrophones at about the depth of the deep sound channel in a horizontal triangle array with 2 km sides. We use data from these stations in the very low-frequency regime (0.01–0.05 Hz band) to demonstrate that these stations can also be used as water column seismometers. By differencing the acoustic pressure, we obtain vector quantities analogous to what a seismometer would record. Comparing processed hydrophone station records of the 2004 Great Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake with broadband seismograms from a nearby island station, we find that the differenced hydrophones are indeed a practical surrogate for seismometers.


Astroturfing attacks use automated accounts to artificially propel a chosen keyword to the top of Twitter trending topics. Lateral astroturfing is a sophisticated subset of such attacks in which the automated tweets 1) are posted by compromised accounts and 2) are deleted immediately after they are created. The former makes the attack more effective and the latter aids in evading detection. We present the first large-scale analysis of lateral astroturfing attacks. We detected over 20 thousand astroturfing accounts that were used between February 2019 and June 2019 to manipulate 3,710 unique keywords --- at least 10% of daily trending topics in the region analyzed. Lateral astroturfing pollutes trending topics; allows for the manipulation of users' opinions; and permits content that could otherwise be filtered by the platform, such as illicit advertisements. Our results aid in understanding user manipulation on social media and more generally shed light on the type of adversarial behavior that arises to evade detection.


This research brief presents results from the Bureau's Making Ends Meet Survey, a nationally representative survey of adults with a credit record developed by the CFPB's Office of Research. The survey results provide a deeper understanding of how often U.S. consumers have difficulty making ends meet, how they cope with these shortfalls, and the subsequent effects of financial difficulty. The Bureau conducted the survey in May 2019, before the efforts to halt the spread of COVID-19 altered many people's lives. Yet the economic effects of COVID-19 add new urgency to the survey's goal of understanding how prepared households are for economic hardships such as job loss or medical expenses.

U.S. consumers are frequently exposed to financial shocks which can lead to difficulty paying for bills and expenses. Consumers who experience difficulty often adjust by borrowing, cutting back on other expenses, not paying bills or expenses, or seeking additional income. Many consumers report that they are not well prepared to weather even a brief period of loss of their main income source without altering their lifestyle.


EVIDENCE FROM THESE tests showed that a single fruit decayed by Rhizopus arrhizus, and placed into a no. 10 can of healthy fruit before canning resulted in total disintegration
 of healthy fruit during six months' storage at room temperature. Addition of a single
 Rhizopus stolonifer decayed fruit also resulted in significant softening within a six-month period in
 fruit from one out of three orchards. There was little change in rating of fruit after
 nine months' storage, but in one treatment 48% of the good Tilton fruit showed initiation
 of softening, with flesh starting to disintegrate, and soft to the touch.


Context Medicinal use of dietary herbal supplements can cause inadvertent arsenic toxicosis. Case Presentation A 54-year-old woman was referred to the University of California, Davis, Occupational Medicine Clinic with a 2-year history of worsening alopecia and memory loss. She also reported having a rash, increasing fatigue, nausea, and vomiting, disabling her to the point where she could no longer work full-time. A thorough exposure history revealed that she took daily kelp supplements. A urine sample showed an arsenic level of 83.6 μg/g creatinine (normal < 50 μg/g creatinine). A sample from her kelp supplements contained 8.5 mg/kg (ppm) arsenic. Within weeks of discontinuing the supplements, her symptoms resolved and arsenic blood and urine levels were undetectable. Discussion To evaluate the extent of arsenic contamination in commercially available kelp, we analyzed nine samples randomly obtained from local health food stores. Eight of the nine samples showed detectable levels of arsenic higher than the Food and Drug Administration tolerance level of 0.5 to 2 ppm for certain food products. None of the supplements contained information regarding the possibility of contamination with arsenic or other heavy metals. The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) has changed the way dietary herbal therapies are marketed and regulated in the United States. Less regulation of dietary herbal therapies will make inadvertent toxicities a more frequent occurrence. Relevance to Clinical Practice Clinicians should be aware of the potential for heavy metal toxicity due to chronic use of dietary herbal supplements. Inquiring about use of dietary supplements is an important element of the medical history.


BIOETHICSFor more than a year, patient activists and ethicists have been demanding a more critical, independent review of protocols for clinical studies in psychiatry, arguing that many studies of psychiatric disorders expose subjects to needless risks. Now, a surprising new voice has joined the chorus of reformers: Steven Hyman, director of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the nation's largest funder of clinical research in psychiatry. At the NIMH advisory council meeting on 5 February, Hyman plans to seek approval of a new review panel that would screen "high risk" human studies before NIMH agrees to fund them. And earlier this month, he suspended enrollment in 29 of 108 intramural clinical protocols and asked that more than 50 be rewritten to clarify scientific objectives or human subjects protections. But researchers worry that singling out clinical psychiatry for extra review would stigmatize that area of biomedicine and discourage young investigators from entering a field with a "politicized" review process.


This essay investigates the structure of fiduciary obligations, specifically the obligation of loyalty. Fiduciary obligations differ from promissory obligations with respect to the possibility of "accidental compliance." Promissory obligations can be satisfied through behavior that conforms to a promise, even if that behavior is done for inappropriate reasons. By contrast, fiduciary loyalty necessarily has an intentional dimension, one that prevents satisfaction through accidental compliance. The intentional dimension of fiduciary loyalty is best described by what we call the "shaping" account. This account both explains the conscientiousness that loyalty demands and improves on other accounts of the intentional dimension of loyalty. Our analysis challenges two of the most prominent ways of conceptualizing fiduciary obligations. "Contractarianism" configures fiduciary obligations as a species of contractual duties. The view that we call "proscriptivism" reduces fiduciary obligations to the juridical prohibitions that apply to fiduciaries. Neither of these approaches is satisfactory, because each neglects the intentional dimension of fiduciary loyalty.


The novel characteristics of guided modes in the chiral negative refractive index fiber are investigated theoretically in this letter. We derive the characteristic equation of guided modes. Based on two types of chiral metamaterial parameters, we present the dispersion curves, energy flux, and power of guided modes. Some abnormal features, such as the existence of surface mode and dispersion curves with different shapes, intersection of dispersion curves of different guided modes, negative energy flux in the achiral cladding, and zero power at some normalized frequencies, are found in the chiral negative refractive index fiber.


A brief survey delivered to the International Folk Music Council, on behalf of the African Music Society. Africa, south of the equator, is a fine country for music. It contains a population of about sixty million Bantu peoples. They are said to have spread themselves across the continent from the region of the great lakes, migrating and fighting their way into their various corners, defending themselves and their few patches of arable land as best they could from their fellow wanderers until they achieved some kind of equilibrium. After a few hundred years of comparative isolation the famous explorers of the last century opened up the continent to commercial, religious, mineral and agricultural enterprises, each of which has affected the lives and consequently the music of the indigenous peoples. But the invasion is by no means complete and today we have three facets of Bantu music side by side: the original folk music, which is still the music of the great majority, and is far more active than some would have us believe; music in decay, eclipsed both by foreign prejudice and by indigenous gullibility; and thirdly, music in reconstruction, a state of affairs in which the melting pot is throwing up new forms of music, good, bad and indifferent, all of them strongly coloured by intrinsically African characteristics. All three stages should be borne in mind when contemplating Bantu music.


Beginning with antiquity, Reversing Sail: A History of the African Diaspora captures the essential political, cultural, social, and economic developments that shaped the black experience. In this second edition, Michael A. Gomez updates the text to include the most recent research on the African Diaspora. Continuing to pay particular attention to the lives of the working classes, the second edition expands its temporal boundaries to include developments into the twenty-first century, as well as integrating women and feminist perspectives more thoroughly. It also widens the geographical span to include Latin America, while incorporating more on African experiences in Europe, North Africa, and the Persian Gulf. Assessing the impact of religion, global trade, slavery and resistance, and the challenges of modernity, this edition further connects the experiences of Africans and their descendants over time and space, attending to both convergences and divergences, while explaining how the deep past informs subsequent developments.


Background: We previously hypothesized a role for mitochondria damage checkpoint (mito-checkpoint) in maintaining the mitochondrial integrity of cells. Consistent with this hypothesis, defects in mitochondria have been demonstrated to cause genetic and epigenetic changes in the nuclear DNA, resistance to cell-death and tumorigenesis. In this paper, we describe that defects in mitochondria arising from the inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (mtOXPHOS) induce cell cycle arrest, a response similar to the DNA damage checkpoint response. Materials and Methods: Primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts obtained from p53 wild-type and p53-deficient mouse embryos (p53 -/-) were treated with inhibitors of electron transport chain and cell cycle analysis, ROS production, mitochondrial content analysis and immunoblotting was performed. The expression of p53R2 was also measured by real time quantitative PCR. Results: We determined that, while p53 +/+ cells arrest in the cell cycle, p53 -/- cells continued to divide after exposure to mitochondrial inhibitors, showing that p53 plays an important role in the S-phase delay in the cell cycle. p53 is translocated to mitochondria after mtOXPHOS inhibition. Our study also revealed that p53-dependent induction of reactive oxygen species acts as a major signal triggering a mito-checkpoint response. Furthermore our study revealed that loss of p53 results in down regulation of p53R2 that contributes to depletion of mtDNA in primary MEF cells. Conclusions: Our study suggests that p53 1) functions as mito-checkpoint protein and 2) regulates mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial biogenesis. We describe a conceptual organization of the mito-checkpoint pathway in which identified roles of p53 in mitochondria are incorporated.


Nanoscience is an exploding field that has been described as the Next Big Thing, equivalent to a New Industrial Revolution. The fields touched by its applications include information technology, biotechnology and health care, energy production and utilization, security and national defense, food and agriculture, aerospace, manufacturing, and environmental improvement. 2004 saw publication of two huge multi-volume works (Schwarz and Nalwa), but as a January 2005 Choice review noted, the field is changing so rapidly you almost could consider any encyclopedia on the topic obsolete on arrival. While that may be somewhat true of specific details of a fast-moving technology, more enduring will be the social issues raised by emerging technologies like these. That same Choice review noted neither of the new encyclopedias attempted to deal with such issues, focusing instead on engineering aspects, oso economic and social implications of nanoresearch await treatment.o We propose to provide that treatment in an encyclopedia covering the ethical, legal, policy, social, economic, and business issues raised by the science and the technology. Because of their far-reaching consequences, truly transformative technologies always generate controversy. Thus, while nanotechnologies hold promise to dramatically improve quality of life, the popular press often focuses on negative specters of a Frankenstein or a PandoraAes box. Somewhere between the hype of those promising abundance for all and the gloom of those forecasting global doom are social scientists and ethicists attempting to identify and understand the broad implications of nanotechnology, to gauge its promise and acceptance, to assess impacts for decisions by regulatory agencies, and to facilitate the development of judicious policy approaches to new technology options.


In this paper, we show that there is a dual effect with state-based scheduling. In general, this makes the optimal scheduler and controller hard to find. However, by removing past controls from the scheduling criterion, we find that certainty equivalence holds. This condition is related to the classical result of Bar-Shalom and Tse, and it leads to the design of a sub-optimal scheduler with a certainty equivalent controller. Furthermore, we show that a mapping of the state-based scheduler into one which fulfills this condition, and consequently has an optimal certainty equivalent controller, does not result in an equivalent class of design in the sense of Witsenhausen. Computing the estimate remains hard, but can be simplified by introducing a symmetry constraint on the scheduler.


The MediaMetro application provides an interactive 3D visualization of multimedia document collections using a city metaphor. The directories are mapped to city layouts using algorithms similar to treemaps. Each multimedia document is represented by a building and visual summaries of the different constituent media types are rendered onto the sides of the building. From videos, Manga storyboards with keyframe images are created and shown on the fatade; from slides and text, thumbnail images are produced and subsampled for display on the building sides. The images resemble windows on a building and can be selected for media playback. To support more facile navigation between high overviews and low detail views, a novel swooping technique was developed that combines altitude and tilt changes with zeroing in on a target.


Draft Introduction Studies on the South African labour market have almost exclusively focused on the factors determining and shaping the current and future supply of labour in the country. This has, in the main, been driven by the availability of national data sets that have been limited essentially to household surveys produced by Statistics South Africa. This has of course resulted in an extremely rich flow of useful and interesting results on the determinants of participation, employment and earnings in the South African labour market. However, the more integrated model of the labour market, would of course also need to examine the contribution of intra-and inter-firm dynamics in shaping the domestic labour market. Until the very recent release of two firm surveys for the country, scant else was available to undertake such research. The purpose of this paper therefore is firstly to expose the reader to the labour market information embedded in the two surveys. Secondly, and perhaps more importantly, we will attempt to concentrate on those labour market issues that shed more light on firm-level skills development, skills acquisition and labour demand factors that are dictated by human capital attributes. In essence, the paper will try and assess the contribution of firm-specific effects in shaping employment and earnings, together with providing a more coherent grasp of firms' activities and perceptions in relation to the recruitment, development and shortage of skilled personnel in their respective organisations.


ALABAMA HAS EMBARKED on an ambitious new distance learning program, with the goal of providing every student with the education necessary to be successful in the global economy. The central concept of the plan is to offer underserved schools with advanced courses and additional course electives through a statewide network. The program has been blazed by the vision and leadership of Gov. Bob Riley, the Alabama Board of Education, and Superintendent of Education Joe Morton. In the fall of 2004, Gov. Riley appointed a task force, led by the Alabama Department of Education, to bring all stakeholders together to plan a distance learning initiative. Partners included universities throughout Alabama, local school districts, Alabama Public Television (www.aptv.org), the BellSouth Foundation (www.bellsouthfoundation.org), the Southern Regional Education Board (www.sreb.org), the Appalachian Regional Commission (www.arc.gov) and the Alabama Supercomputer Authority (www.asc.edu). The task force initiated a multiphased program titled ACCESS Distance Learning (Alabama Connecting Classrooms, Educators and Students Statewide; www.accessdl.state.al.us). The initiative aimed to move the limited distance learning occurring from the disparate school system level to a statewide level, develop state policy, create partnerships with corporate sponsors, and collaborate with multiple universities and school systems. As we move on the fast track toward implementing statewide distance learning in Alabama, we will have gone from our fall 2005 total of 425 students enrolled, with 21 course offerings and fewer than 8 percent of school districts sharing teachers via interactive videoconferencing (IVC), to potentially more than 4,500 students in more than 42 different courses (either IVC or web-based) in the fall of 2006, along with 44 percent of the school districts sharing teachers via IVC. According to Martha Donaldson, distance learning administrator with the Education Department, "Combining challenging courses, excellence in teaching, and variety in course offerings, Alabama's ACCESS Distance Learning initiative meets the unique curricular needs of students statewide." Initial funding for the program was provided by the Alabama Legislature in October 2005, at $10.3 million dollars, with the same amount appropriated for a second year. Thanks to the funding, ACCESS Distance Learning courses are being provided free to public high school students. The funds also provide incentives for delivery schools to share teachers, as well as for teachers to learn course delivery using technology tools. Blending Technologies The task force examined a number of distance learning models, including the Florida Virtual School (www.flvs.net), and by implementing parts of each one, created a hybrid that is suited for delivery by state government. In addition, the state is building an extensive support structure for teachers and students, applying expertise from higher education and other stakeholders. [GRAPHIC OMITTED] One of the goals of the ACCESS Distance Learning program is to adopt several strategies that leverage the existing resources in Alabama. Research shows that 115 of the 470 high schools in the state have invested in H.323 IVC labs. One of the strategies at work is to connect all 115 existing labs in order to provide broadband connectivity (10 Mbps) to the state educational network, and to enable quality of service (QoS) network connectivity to other IVC sites in the state through the Alabama Supercomputer Authority. Since no special point-to-point dedicated lines are needed, this is an added incentive for districts to participate. Additional internet broadband connectivity can be used not only for distance learning, but also for internet usage and transmission of secure data to the state. By the end of the second year of implementation, we plan to install broadband connectivity in all 470 high schools. …


In May of 2012, eggplant (Solanum melongena) plants in an experimental research plot located at Zamorano in the Department of Francisco Morazán, Honduras, were observed with symptoms that included leaf chlorosis and cupping, overall stunting, and production of small and malformed fruits. The research plot was planted next to a commercial tomato field heavily infested with the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli, a vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum' (1,2,3). This bacterium severely affects potato and other solanaceous species and is the putative causal agent of zebra chip disease (2,3). The plot was planted with the eggplant variety 'China' and about 25% of the plants were symptomatic. A total of 10 eggplant samples, including five symptomatic and five asymptomatic plants, were collected from the plot. Total DNA was extracted from the leaf tissue of each of the collected plants with the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) buffer extraction method (1). The DNA samples were then tested by PCR using specific primer sets OA2/OI2c and OMB 1482f/2086r to amplify a portion of 16S rDNA and the outer membrane protein (OMB) genes, respectively, of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' (1,2). OMB gene and 16S rDNA fragments of 605 and 1,168 bp, respectively, were amplified from the DNA of two of the five (40%) symptomatic plants with each primer set, indicating the presence of 'Ca. L. solanacearum.' No 'Ca. L. solanacearum' was detected in the five asymptomatic plants with either primer sets. DNA amplicons with both primer sets were cloned from the DNA of the two 'Ca. L. solanacearum'-positive plant samples and four clones of each of the four amplicons were sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the 16S rDNA resulted in two independent but related consensus sequences (deposited in GenBank as Accession Nos. KF188224 and KF188225) and were 99% similar to each other. The two sequences showed 99 to 100% identity to a number of 16S rDNA sequences of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' in Genbank, including accessions HM245242, FJ811596, and KC768319. For the OMB amplicons, a single consensus sequence was obtained following clone sequencing and was deposited in GenBank as accession KF188229. BLASTn analysis of the sequence indicated that it was 100% identical to several OMB sequences of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' in GenBank, including accessions KC768331 and CP002371. To our knowledge, this is the first report of 'Ca. L. solanacearum' associated with eggplant in Honduras. Eggplant is an economically important commodity in Central America and serious damage to this crop due to this plant pathogen could expand throughout the region, especially if its insect vector B. cockerelli is not properly managed. 'Ca. L. solanacearum' has also caused millions of dollars in losses to potato and several other solanaceous crops in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and New Zealand (2,3). In addition, this bacterium severely damages carrot crops in Europe, where it is transmitted to carrot by the psyllids Trioza apicalis and B. trigonica (3,4). It is imperative that both 'Ca. L. solanacearum' and its insect vectors be effectively monitored and managed to minimize their threat to economically important vegetable crops in many parts of the world. References: (1) J. M. Crosslin et al. Southwest. Entomol. 36:125, 2011. (2) L. W. Liefting et al. Plant Dis. 93:208, 2009. (3) J. E. Munyaneza. Am. J. Pot. Res. 89:329, 2012. (4) J. E. Munyaneza et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 103:1060, 2010.


In this paper, we examine educational differentials in married women's attachment to the labor force in Japan. Using ten waves of data from a nationally representative survey, we estimate discrete-time multi-state hazard models of labor force participation to evaluate the role of incentives to remain in the labor force, incentives to remain out of the labor force, husbands' characteristics, living arrangements, and a measure of work orientation. Importantly, the estimation of simultaneous hazards for labor force exit and entry allows us to make inferences about theoretically relevant, but unobserved, attitudinal heterogeneity. Our central finding is that university graduates are more likely to both remain in and out of the labor force. The relatively low likelihood of exit reflects educational differences in occupational characteristics but the relatively low likelihood of reentry remains unexplained after controlling for a wide range of individual and family characteristics. These results, in combination with strong positive correlation in the unobserved components of equations for labor force exit and entry, point to the importance of opportunity costs associated with career interruption as well as unobserved differences in orientations toward work and family.


Realization of highly efficient holographic structures can be obtained by combining the polymer liquid crystal polymer slices (POLICRYPS) technique and the use of a spatial light modulator. To achieve this result, a new prepolymer mixture is necessary that is sensitive to visible light and fulfills all requirements of the POLICRYPS technique. In this paper, we report on our efforts to realize this new mixture and on the first attempts made for fabricating one-dimensional POLICRYPS gratings. Newly obtained diffractive structures have been compared with standard POLICRYPS showing negligible differences.


Whether people of differing types can live happily together is one of the most important social and political questions concerning urban areas. From a variety of theoretical perspectives, such mixing seems extremely unlikely. While the theoretical result seems well supported in the context of race, the evidence for income mixing is much less stark. Compared to the strict segregation predicted by the models (and embodied in the context of race), Americans live in economically diverse neighborhoods. While this has lead to some further theoretical experiments, the stability of this mixing has never been addressed as an empirical matter. It would be naive to look at cross-sectional snapshots of income mixing as representing stable situations, since neighborhood change is a prevalent feature of American urban economies. This paper sketches out the empirical implications of slow transition towards the predicted equilibrium, and tests those implications. It is the first paper to directly evaluate the persistence and stability of mixed-income communities. The results are supportive of the three models of income segregation: income mixing appears to be unstable, although the adjustment process is slow. This work is of especial importance due to the focus mixed-income communities receive in the urban planning and policy.


Growth, Employment, Inequality, and the Environment deals with the fundamental economic problems of our time: employment, inequality, the environment, and quality of life. This exciting new volume is unique in that it is the first book of its kind in which these problems are analyzed using a unified theory framework. Figueroa achieves his goal by addressing two significant problems. First, to solve the epistemological challenges of building unity of knowledge, he presents a unified theory of capitalism. Second, he considers the epistemological problem of the role of theory in scientific knowledge. This book therefore deals with a consistent theoretical system. That having been said, these theories—which contain logically correct propositions—may turn out to be empirically false. In order to avoid this error, some rules of scientific knowledge are needed. Growth, Employment, Inequality, and the Environment presents a method that contains such rules. The method is derived from the Popperian epistemology, making it operational in economics. The proposed unified theory is therefore empirically valid; it is a good approximation of the real world. Theoretical economics is thus treated under explicit epistemological rules: theory is the servant, not the master.


This article aims to contribute to the wider debate on the historicity of the Shāh-nāmah by focusing on the way Firdawsī uses the word khargāh. The word, which is first attested in Rūdakī poetry, has not been dealt with adequately in previous scholarship dedicated to the Shāh-nāmah. An analysis of all the occurrences in the text provides results consistent with those obtained from contemporary sources: the khargāh appeared in Central Asia (here, Tūrān); it was the standard dwelling of Turkic-speaking pastoral nomads (here, Tūrānians), whatever their social rank; and it was adopted later as a status symbol by non-Turkish elites (here, during Kay-Khusraw's reign). In Firdawsī's Shāh-nāmah khargāh should therefore also be understood as the type of framed tent known as "trellis tent" (the so-called yurt).


The relationship between Hollywood studios and the American conservative Christians has always been a tricky one, as they are not an easy audience to satisfy. The surprising box office success of The Passion of The Christ (Mel Gibson, 2004) nevertheless underlined that, in some cases, the American conservative Christians, and more particularly the Protestant ones, can become a financial asset as a niche audience for Hollywood. This article describes the reasons that pushed the producers and distributors of The Chronicles of Narnia to take advantage of that niche audience. It shows how they did it and came to collaborate with the American Evangelicals, who make an extensive use of modern methods of communication and welcome such high-profile opportunities to spread God's word. But this article also demonstrates that in a globalized movie industry ruled by market shares and profits, Hollywood's overtures to the American conservative Christians cannot but be limited, as the latter remain a niche audience.


From the Publisher:
ESource—Prentice Hall's Engineering Source—provides a complete, flexible introductory engineering and computing program. Featuring over 15 modules and growing, ESource allows users to fully customize their series through the ESource website. Users are not only able to pick and choose modules, but also sections of modules, and re-paginate and re-index the complete project. For any Engineer or Computer Scientist interested in a complete, customized reference.


Optical wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) networks have emerged as an ideal backbone for the dynamic transport of bandwidth-intensive applications. Most emerging applications require end-to-end survivable connections to be set up for specific time durations that have sliding or fixed setup times (such as IPTV, grid computing backup storage). It is critical for the development of future network infrastructure that user-centric, dynamic, and end-to-end management and control mechanisms are devised to bridge the gap between the transport capacity and the needs of new applications at the customer edges. In this paper, we study the problem of dynamic provisioning of user-controlled connection requests that have specified holding times and delay tolerances. Delay tolerance is a measure of customer patience, and it is defined as the duration a connection request can be held until it is set up. A connection that cannot be established at the instant of its request could potentially be set up in the remaining duration of its delay tolerance. In this study, different dynamic scheduling algorithms are developed and compared by giving priority to connections according to their arrival rates, delay tolerances, and holding times. Using a mathematical model for impatient requests and simulation experiments, we show that delay tolerance flexibility in the traffic model provides a reduction of up to 50% on blocking probability, without the use of extra backup capacity.


Calls for global relevance and accountability are prevalent in private-public partnerships. Current community engagement projects in higher educational institutions reflect this focus. The academic partner can play a boundary spanning (bridge building) role in a community–university partnership. The university partner often enters the partnership without full realisation of the challenges of its role. The Siyazama Craft Project, an entrepreneurial development intervention for poverty alleviation in Stellenbosch is an example of the boundary spanning role of the academic partner in the Faculty of Theology. This intervention is in line with the community interaction policy of the faculty and the university. The Siyazama entrepreneurship project is described, and challenges experienced during the course of planning, implementation and evaluation are presented. Identification of challenges in projects of this nature could provide insight for university partners in development projects. Findings could be applied to the broader context of public-private partnerships, which form part of corporate social responsibility projects in response to needs for relevance, accountability and responsible sustainable development.


W e believe science is rational and unbiased, but is the same true for scientists themselves? In recent years, researchers have begun to question how the culture of the scientific community influences the experiences of those who join it. In a special collection of Physical Review Physics Education Research focused on gender studies, two papers spotlight the ways in which the culture of experimental physics can create an unequal workplace that constrains women's choices, behavior, and training. Ramón Barthelemy of the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, and colleagues [1] and Allison Gonsalves of McGill University, Canada, and co-workers [2] interviewed students and faculty members at physics labs in several countries, identifying many ways in which stereotypes—both implicit and explicit—affect professional interactions and impact the careers of women.


The Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie (BBCH) identification key was adapted for crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa) to facilitate identification of phenological stages and decisions regarding field operations from seeding to harvest maturity. The original system described leaf development based on leaf count from stage 11 (1 leaf) to stage 19 (9 leaf), and head development based on percentage of expected head size reached at maturity from stage 41 to 49. The new coding leaf development stages range from 11 to 29, corresponding to the 1-leaf to 19-leaf stages. The head development stages also ranged from 41 to 49, but phenological stages near commercial maturity from 43 to 49 are now described as a function of head firmness. The important maturity traits of crisphead lettuce include head size and density. Head volume can be estimated from three diameters by using Currence's equation, which takes into account head geometry. The firmness index obtained by hand compression gave a more precise estimate of head density than the density estimate derived from Currence's equation or the sphere equation. Crisphead lettuce development stages and maturity traits can be easily quantified in the field for use in planning field operations and for experimental purposes.


In theoretical study of most of agricultural machines working bodies there is a need of the modeling of material particles (material points) motion on their working surfaces. Questions of such modeling in cases when the specified surfaces are give to material points movement with difficult trajectories are especially difficult. Objective of this research is to develop the basic provisions of complex movement theory of material point. When carrying out research methods of modeling theory, theoretical mechanics, higher mathematics, in particular differential geometry, methods of drawing up programs and numerical calculations on the personal computer are used. As a result of the conducted theoretical research the complex movement of material point which relative movement happens in a moving trihedron of curve which is defined by the natural equations is considered. The figurative movement of a trihedron is defined by differential characteristics of curve. Competency of use of Frenet formulas for finding absolute speed and point acceleration in projections on unit vectors of the moving trihedron is proved. As a result of numerical calculations on the personal computer there were found absolute trajectories of material point movement and qualitative assessment of received results was carried out.


Health behavior incentive programs are increasingly common in Medicaid programs nationwide. Iowa's Healthy Behaviors Program (HBP) requires Medicaid expansion enrollees to complete an annual wellness exam and health risk assessment or pay monthly premiums to avoid disenrollment. The extent to which the program reduces the use of hospital-based care and lowers health care spending is unknown. Using data for 2012-17 from Medicaid and for 2014-17 from HBP, we evaluated changes in use and spending associated with HBP participation. Compared to nonparticipants, HBP participants were less likely to have an emergency department visit or be hospitalized (by 9.6 percentage points and 2.8 percentage points, respectively) but had higher total health care spending ($1,594). Meanwhile, Iowa's Medicaid expansion was associated with increased use and spending independent of HBP participation-that is, applying to both participants and nonparticipants. Overall, our findings suggest that the HBP was associated with substantial reductions in hospital-based care but increased health care spending.


Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is an infrequent but nevertheless serious life-threatening severe complication of HIV infection. As a result of its non-specific presentation, PAH tends to be recognized at a late stage of the disease, and patients have generally been in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV by the time of diagnosis. The widespread use of HAART has improved overall survival in HIV-infected individuals, but its effect on the incidence and severity of PAH in particular has been controversial. Data on the long-term impact of HAART on the course of PAH and patient survival in this context have been lacking. This article presents key data from two recent major European studies (the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and a prospective French national study) investigating the prevalence of PAH in the HIV-infected population and the effect of HAART on the long-term course of the disease. Data from these large studies do not suggest that HAART has a major effect on the course of PAH or on survival in these patients. Although there is evidence that new cases of PAH are declining, the overall prevalence is currently similar to the pre-HAART era, and there is still a significant number of HIV-infected individuals who have or are at risk of PAH. Given recent improvements in the treatment of PAH, the early recognition of these individuals is essential.


Braided textile reinforced composites become increasingly attractive as protection materials in sports (e.g. hockey sticks, helmets and shin guard) due to their high structural stability and excellent damage tolerance. There are requirements to develop an effective way to enhance product optimisation, test and design; however, the mechanical behaviours and energy dissipation mechanisms of braided composites have not been fully understood. There are no numerical modelling paradigms which are widely accepted due to the sheer complexity of the problem. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to build a robust multi-scale modelling framework which will account for damage in the composite under static and dynamic loading states. Validated with corresponding experiments, the modelling capability should finally allow us to design braided composite structures for targeted performance before they are manufactured. [Continues.]


The World Intellectual Property Organization's plan to restructure the way Internet domain names in .com, .net, and .org are assigned and adjudicated is deeply flawed. The WIPO plan's flaws include: bias, enabling censorship, zero privacy, intimidation, a tilting of the playing field, and a smorgasbord approach to law. This paper proposes an alternative, fairer, reform plan. The key elements of the plan are: Reduce speculative registration: Require advance payment before registration; Penalize false contract details: De-register domains with fake contact information; Create special rules to penalize mass speculation; Trust courts to continue to clarify relevant law; Understand that rapid changes in technology may make domain names less important; Create differentiated commercial and non-commercial top-level domains.


We report the results of a randomized evaluation of three programs designed to improve the home learning environment among rural households in India. Households were assigned into one of four groups that received either: (1) adult literacy classes for mothers, (2) training for mothers on how to enhance their children's learning at home, (3) a combination of the first two interventions, or (4) nothing, which serves as the control group. We find that mothers in the first three groups perform 0.11, 0.06, and 0.15 standard deviations better (respectively) on a combined language and math test when compared to the control group. We find that the three programs had statistically significant effects of 0.04, 0.05, and 0.07 standard deviations on children's math scores (respectively), but only the combined intervention had significant effects on language scores. We also find that the interventions increased women's empowerment, mother participation in child learning, and the presence of education assets in the home. JEL Classifications: C93, D13, I21, O15


Vertebrate skeletal muscles act across joints and produce segmental accelerations and therefore animal movement when they contract. Different muscles and different motor units vary in their mechanical contractile properties. Early studies on motor unit recruitment demonstrated orderly recruitment of motor units from the slowest to the fastest during a graded contraction. However, many subsequent studies illustrate conditions when alternative recruitment strategies may exist. Motor unit recruitment during locomotion is thus multifactorial and more complex than typically thought. Different types of motor unit vary in their mechanical properties, including rates of force activation and deactivation, maximum unloaded shortening velocities and the shortening velocities at which maximum mechanical power output and maximum mechanical efficiency occur. In short, it would make mechanical sense to perform fast activities with the faster motor units and slow activities with the slower motor units. However, determining patterns of motor unit recruitment during locomotion has presented experimental challenges. Comparisons between distinct muscles have shown that fast fish swimming and the cat paw shake are activities which employ predominantly the fast and not the slower muscle. Glycogen depletion studies have showed that jumping in the bushbaby uses fast without slow motor units within the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius muscles. Studies in man show that differential recruitment of the different types of muscle fibre occurs at different times within each running stride. It is suggested that vertebrates may have a strategy of recruiting the motor units that are most mechanically suited for the different locomotor demands. However, we have much to learn about motor recruitment patterns during locomotion.


The intersection between Early Childhood Development (ECD), peacebuilding, and sustainable
development is a complex and newly emerging area of research in the cross-disciplinary field of early
childhood and international development. This paper is important for its contribution to the
developing knowledge-base in its conceptualizations of the role of young children in the promotion of
social cohesion and peaceful societies. It begins by discussing the increasingly high profile of ECD
in the global advocacy for building sustainable development. The discussion presents a
multidimensional conceptualization of early childhood that is rooted in a wider social justice and
human rights agenda and encapsulated in an ecological framework that depicts the intrinsic
relationship between the child, family, community, and wider society. The findings reveal the
potential linkages between ECD and young children's role in fostering peace as conceptualized in
three interrelated paradigms – a rights-based, participatory, and pedagogical approach. The paper
argues for the importance of advancing further research to foster greater understanding of the
connections between children and peacebuilding especially in the context of fragile and conflictaffected
countries.


Abstract. Research of the Methodology Group at the Freie Universitat Berlin focuses on subjective well-being, mood regulation, health psychology, and the development of new methods for the analysis of psychological data. In particular, we are interested in the role mood regulation plays for subjective well-being and the way people adapt to life events. In terms of health promotion, we study sun protection behavior and are interested in the prevention of skin cancer. In our methodological research, we are concerned with the development and application of new statistical models for analyzing longitudinal and multitrait-multimethod data.


Dispersive linear systems with negative group delay have caused much confusion in the past. Some claim that they violate causality, others that they are the cause of superluminal tunneling. Can we really receive messages before they are sent? This article aims at pouring oil in the fire and causing yet more confusion :-).


We investigate methods for selecting sets of labeled vertices for use in predicting the labels of vertices on a graph. We specifically study methods which choose a single batch of labeled vertices (i.e. offline, non sequential methods). In this setting, we find common graph smoothness assumptions directly motivate simple label selection methods with interesting theoretical guarantees. These methods bound prediction error in terms of the smoothness of the true labels with respect to the graph. Some of these bounds give new motivations for previously proposed algorithms, and some suggest new algorithms which we evaluate. We show improved performance over baseline methods on several real world data sets.


The general expression for a monochromatic antenna pattern is extended to a two dimensional function with dependence on both space and time. Expressions for the wideband antenna pattern in space and the impulse response in time are developed. The effects of random errors in the spatial domain and errors common to all elements with fluctuations in the frequency domain are analyzed. Examples are given, including RF beamformers and elements in finite arrays, but with an emphasis on a photonic beamformer, which shows improved performance relative to its RF counterparts in both the spatial and time domains


Introduction: Previous studies have suggested that the cerebellum is a primary site of motor learning. The cerebellar cortex has a particular glial architecture with large astroglial cells. In addition, more recent works have revealed that astrocytes play a more active role in neuronal activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the number of astrocytes in the molecular layer of rat's cerebellum after spatial learning. Methods: 21 male albino wistar rats were used in this study. Reference and working memory methods of Morris Water Maze (MWM) were used. Following behavioral testing, animals were decapitated under diethyl ether anesthesia. Brains were removed and fixed for 2 weeks for histological assessment. Finally, 7 I¼m thick coronal slices were cut and stained with PTAH staining for showing the astrocytes. Results: Our results showed a significant difference in the number of astrocytes between the control, reference and working memory groups. On the other hand, the number of astrocytes in the working memory group was more than the other groups. There was no difference in density of astrocytes between the lateral and medial parts of the cerebellum in any group. It seems that the distribution of astrocytes in the lateral and medial parts of cerebellum is similar. Discussion: We concluded that spatial learning such as reference or working memory methods, can increase the number of astrocytes in the cerebellum and this increase is similar in the cerebellar cortex.


Following the request from the European Commission, the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA GMO Panel) assessed the monitoring report for the 2011 growing season of maize MON 810 provided by Monsanto Europe S.A. The EFSA GMO Panel already assessed the 2009 and 2010 monitoring reports and followed the same approach as for the assessment of the methodology applied by the applicant for monitoring maize MON 810 in 2011. The EFSA GMO Panel considered the plan for insectresistant management and addressed the comments raised by the applicant on its previous recommendations for improving the methodology of the resistance monitoring of target pests. The EFSA GMO Panel also paid particular attention to the design and analysis of the farmer questionnaires. The EFSA GMO Panel notes similar shortcomings in the overall methodology for the post-market environmental monitoring of maize MON 810 as in the previous monitoring reports. Hence, while the EFSA GMO Panel reiterates its previous recommendations for the improvement of the methodology, it also clarifies and elaborates on those related to the monitoring of resistance evolution in target pests. However, from the data submitted by the applicant, the EFSA GMO Panel does not identify adverse effects on the environment, human and animal health due to maize MON 810 cultivation during the 2011 growing season. The outcomes of the 2011 monitoring report do not invalidate the previous EFSA GMO Panel"s scientific opinions on maize MON 810. © European Food Safety Authority, 2013


The compound alkaline lead carbonate 3PbCO3 .2Pb(OH)2 was prepared in our laboratory. The Thermal behavior of this compound was studied using both techniques of thermogravimetery and differential scanning calorimetery under O2 gas atmosphere from 25 to 600°C. The identity of products at different stages were confirmed by XRD technique. Results obtained using both techniques support same decomposition stages for this compound. Three distinct energy changes takes place, two endothermic and one exothermic in DSC results. The amount of ΔH for each peak is reported. i›™ 2006 Trade Science Inc. - INDIA


Fecal sludge (FS) contains significant amounts of plant nutrients and organic matter although it also contains pathogens. Therefore, FS can be used as fertilizer after proper sanitization. This study was designed to test dried fecal sludge (DFS)-based pellet fertilizers on maize cultivation. The DFS fertilizers were produced by composting, co-composting with sawdust, or irradiated by gamma-irradiation, and then nitrogen-enriched and pelletized using gelatinized or gamma-irradiated cassava starch. These DFS pellet fertilizers were compared to each other and to no-fertilization, mineral fertilizer, and agro-industrial waste compost. The fertilizer applications were 150 or 210 kgN/ha. Maize was cultivated in pots containing Cambisol and Ferric Lixisol growth media. The EC-SDFS-PG pellet (DFS + sawdust co-composted, enriched with nitrogen and pelletized) at a rate of 210 kgN/ha produced the highest maize yield (4.4 ton/ha) among all other treatments, while mineral fertilizer produced 3.9 ton/ha. It is concluded that the EC-SDFS-PG pellet produces similar or higher maize yields than mineral fertilizer and more than the agro-industrial compost in both growth media types.


Thyroid is a brownish red, highly vascular endocrine gland. It has got a very important physiological role in humans. It develops as a downward growth from thyroglossal duct and a part of this duct may remain patent leading to development of a fibro muscular structure called levator glandulae thyroideae. Its presence in humans is known but problem arise during surgeries of thyroid or structures nearer to it. Keeping this point in view, we conducted a study on incidence of levator glandulae thyroideae in twenty six adult human thyroid glands of both sexes. The entire samples were collected from Department of Anatomy, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal and Bundelkhand Medical College, Sagar. Pyramidal lobe and levator glandulae thyroideae were present in 30.76% and 34.61% cases respectively. They were situated to the left side of midline in most of the cases. Knowledge about pyramidal lobe as well as levator glanduleae is very important during neck and thyroid surgery.


The proper management of energy resources is essential for any wireless sensing system. With applications that span industrial, civil, and aerospace infrastructure, it is necessary for sensors and sensor nodes to be physically robust and power efficient. In many applications, a sensor network must operate in locations that are difficult to access, and often these systems have a desired operational lifespan which exceeds that of conventional battery technologies. In the present study, the use of microwave energy is examined as an alternate method for powering compact, deployable wireless sensor nodes. A prototype microstrip patch antenna has been designed to operate in the 2.4 GHz ISM band and is used to collect directed radio frequency (RF) energy to power a wireless impedance device that provides active sensing capabilities for structural health monitoring applications. The system has been demonstrated in the laboratory, and was deployed in field experiments on the Alamosa Canyon Bridge in New Mexico in August 2007. The transmitted power was limited to 1 W in field tests, and was able to charge the sensor node to 3.6 V in 27 s. This power level was sufficient to measure two piezoelectric sensors and transmit data back to a base station on the bridge.


This tech report presents formal specifications for the Memoir system and proofs of the system's correctness. The proofs were constructed manually but have been programmatically machine-verified using the TLA+ Proof System. Taken together, the specifications and proofs contain 61 top-level definitions, 182 LET-IN definitions, 74 named theorems, and 5816 discrete proof steps. The proofs address only the safety of the Memoir system, not the liveness of the system. Safety is proven by showing that a formal low-level specification of the Memoir-Basic system implements a formal high-level specification of desired behavior. The proofs then show that a formal specification of the Memoir-Opt system implements the Memoir-Basic system.


Today, one of the main challenges of the Business-to-Business (B2B) E-Commerce solutions is to improve the business processes that organizations carry out with their suppliers and customers. B2B relationships require the management of public business processes, which span the organizational boundaries and are jointly managed by the organizations. Although Workflow and Web Service Composition approaches have been proposed to model and manage public processes, they present shortcomings to achieve the requirements of autonomy, decentralization, P2P interaction and negotiation. A flexible approach that can achieve these requirements is the use of Interaction Protocols to model and manage public processes. Interaction Protocols allows to model public processes with a high abstraction level, which can be understood by the enterprises, people and systems. In this work we describe the modeling of public processes using interaction protocols. We discuss different aspects for representing interaction protocols in the context of B2B relationships. In addition, we describe several examples of public processes modeled with interaction protocols. These examples of public processes are derived from collaborative models for the supply chain management. Benefits of the interaction protocols for represent public processes in B2B relationships are also identified.


In this correspondence, we consider the robust filtering problem for linear perturbed systems with steady-state error variance constraints. The purpose of this multiobjective problem is to design a linear filter that does not depend on the parameter perturbations such that the following three performance requirements are simultaneously satisfied. 1) The filtering process is asymptotically stable. 2) The steady-state variance of the estimation error of each state is not more than the individual prespecified value. 3) The transfer function from exogenous noise inputs to error state outputs meets the prespecified norm upper bound constraint. We show that in both continuous and discrete-time cases, the addressed filtering problem can effectively be solved in terms of the solutions of a couple of algebraic Riccati-like equations/inequalities. We present both the existence conditions and the explicit expression of desired robust filters. An illustrative numerical example is provided to demonstrate the flexibility of the proposed design approach.


"Interpreting State Constitutions: A Jurisprudence of Function in a Federal System" is the first book-length treatment of a topic central to contemporary debates over the enforcement of civil liberties: how ought courts, government officials and lawyers to go about interpreting the constitutions of the American states? Following the Supreme Court's retreat from the aggressive protection of individual rights, state courts have begun to take up the slack by construing state constitutions to provide broader protection for liberties than does the federal Constitution. This development has reversed the polarity of constitutional politics: liberals have become partisans of unimpeded state power, while conservatives find themselves arguing for state subordination to a nationalized constitutional law controlled centrally by the Supreme Court. Although it is imperative in this environment for courts, government officials and lawyers to know how properly to interpret state constitutions, the field has been riven by disagreement. "Interpreting State Constitutions" cuts through these disputes by laying out the first fully developed theory of subnational constitutional interpretation. The book's central contribution is to ground state constitutional interpretation in a functional conception of federalism. It argues that states are integral components of a national system of overlapping and mutually checking authority; that the purpose of this system is to protect liberty; that resisting national tyranny is one of the most important goals to which state power may be directed; and that state courts may appropriately take this goal of state power into account when deciding how to construe state constitutional provisions. The resulting account is not only descriptively superior to prevailing models of state constitutional interpretation, but also provides valuable prescriptive advice to state courts designed to show them how to fulfill their responsibilities to the federal system in a way that strengthens American constitutional discourse and improves the protection of American liberty.


Political Anti-Semitism in Post-Soviet Russia: Actors and Ideas in 1991-2003, Vyacheslav Likhachev. Ed. and trans. from Russian by Eugene Veklerov. Stuttgart, Germany: ibidem-Verlag, 2006. Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society Series. Andreas Umland, ed. 230 pp. [euro]24.90 paper."It is a tragedy that a nation that fought so valiantly to defeat Nazi fascism now sees the emergence of neo-fascist groups among its own citizens," said former U.S. Ambassador to Russia Alexander Vershbow in a speech he delivered in Moscow in March 2004. According to recent polls, 72 percent of Russia's population of approximately 143 million people believe that nothing prevents its Jews from living in Russia in peace and harmony. (There are about 500,000 Jews in Russia, few of whom observe religious laws, belong to a temple, or give their children a Jewish upbringing.) However, a recent opinion poll in Moscow indicated that 21 percent of respondents thought that the activities of Nazi groups should not be curtailed. Anti-Semitism, which has plagued the world for centuries, has deep roots in the history of Russia and its people. Indeed, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, an anti-Semitic, tsarist book, which was established as a hoax in 1921 and is still widely circulated in Muslim countries as evidence supporting the Jews' desire for world domination through secret control of the media and manipulation of the money supply, was written by a Russian from Orel, Sergey Nilus, in 1902. And the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), unlike the Roman Catholic Church and most Protestant churches, has never accepted responsibility for its anti-Semitism during the Holocaust nor repudiated its main traditional charge that the Jews were responsible for the crucifixion of Christ.Political Anti-Semitism in Post-Soviet Russia shows that anti-Semitism is alive and well in contemporary Russia, in general, and in its political life, in particular. The book is based on research conducted by the author between 2000 and 2002. Because of the rapidly changing political life in post-Soviet Russia, the book is topical now, but could become dated over time.The book is divided into three parts. The first part is devoted to an analysis of anti-Semitism in the context of the political parties in the contemporary Russian Federation. Two elements of this issue are discussed: first, moderate anti-Semitism found in the parties of the political mainstream, and second, the anti-Semitism found in marginal groups in the extreme Right, including the ultra-nationalist and religious fundamentalist groups, along with the attitude of the state toward both. For purposes of understanding this portion of the book, the Abbreviations summary and the Glossary of Organizations' Russian Names added to the front of the book by its editor, Dr. Eugene Veklerov, along with his informative footnotes, are invaluable. The author makes the important point that Russia's predicted slide into a fascist state fortunately did not occur.The second part of the book is devoted to anti-Semitic propaganda. The anti-Semitic press and its financial resources are discussed in detail. For example, publications may be deliberately overpriced, resulting in a profit after selling the first issue, and the profits are then used to increase the circulation and size of the publication. Or, volunteers may perform the technical production jobs in cheap basements or private apartments and then distribute the publications. The author also analyzes the structure and content of anti-Semitic propaganda in periodicals and newspapers and the authorities' successful efforts to shut down many of the publications.In the third part of the book, the author provides a description of the social, conspiratorial, religious, and racial aspects of anti-Semitism. He then analyzes the function of anti-Semitism in the ROC and in Islam in contemporary Russia, including an examination of the Russian extreme right-wing movement as a "religious" movement. …


The paper analyzes the historical development of stochastical independence from an epistemological point of view with the intention of obtaining an educational perspective for this concept. In the historical development, a conversion of the concept's content and of the mathematical definition can be noted. At the beginning, immediately concrete representations about dependencies resp. independencies of real facts were associated with this concept, whereas the concept was formally defined, mathematically, by the multiplication formula. This process should not be interpreted as a total detachment of a mathematical concept from real references. This opens, in principle, a variety of possible references to applications, which, however, are no longer simultaneously realized in the scientific research of the discipline. As opposed to that, developing the concept in mathematics instruction should be organized by establishing a permanent relationship between representations of content (object) and mathematical definition (signs, formulas). In this respect, the concept of stochastical independence is an important example for analyzing the transition from an empirical to a theoretical understanding of the object.


Quantitative estimation of Trapidil and its formulation by UV spectroscopy methods was developed. The Shimadzu UV 1700 double beam UVvisible spectrophotometer and Jasco v-63 UV-spectrophotometer was used for the determination of Trapidil in the formulation. In the UV method, trapidil was quantified at 304 nm and 225.4 nm by A1%,1 cm value and by comparison with standard at both the wavelength while for zero order derivative 293.8 nm and 316.4 nm for first order derivative in 0.1N NaOH were selected. Recovery studies of 98.8-101.14%, percentage relative standard deviation (RSD less than 2%) and correlation coefficient (linearity range) that developed methods were accurate and precise. This method can be employed for the routine analysis of formulation containing trapidil.


Some of the pitfalls of research on the Web are highlighted and exacerbated when the type of research being done is for "hot," controversial, or debatable topics. Who to trust, where to find the information, and how to determine what is reliable are all questions that will present themselves. However, the resources available on the Web are well suited for addressing many of the challenges of hot topic research. Finding points of view for obscure and well-known advocacy groups, finding the most current legislation on an issue, and finding recent events related to the issue are all actually enhanced and made easier by researching a topic on the Web. Knowing the pitfalls and benefits from the outset can make using the Web much more profitable for hot topics research. By using appropriate sites for topic identification, you can quickly build a useful collection of core sites. By knowing where to identify federal and state legislation, you can determine the state of current policy on a topic. And certainly, the Web is most likely to help with timely news and insight on advocacy groups that might provide no--or hard-to-find --printed materials on their positions. The following strategies and sources will facilitate efficient use of the Web for hot topics research that results in a full, well-informed view of the topic. Topic Selection Some researchers approach the Web with a specific topic in mind, others with an assignment to write a position paper on a topic of their choice. Those in the first category may know nothing about a topic that has been assigned to them. The latter group may have no ideas for a topic on which to write. For each approach, there are similar ways to begin. Researchers with an assigned or defined topic may either know nothing about their topic or have no sense of the context in which to frame an argument. These individuals may need to find an overview of their topic in order to identify and understand opposing points of view. Encyclopedias are great resources for this purpose. Online, of course, the most prominent is Britannica Online (www.britannica.com). A keyword search results in a list of hand-selected Web sites that the editors have found to be informative and reliable, pointers to Encyclopaedia Britannica (EB) articles, magazine articles available freely online, and books that may be purchased. The EB article will include varying levels of objective information on a topic, relevant statistics, scientific insight into the topic, and, for broader topics, a bibliography of key sources for off-the-Web research. Example: The coverage on the Britannica site for a research topic such as the death penalty includes pointers to those sections of EB articles that discuss capital punishment in a variety of legal systems around the world; informative abstracts and full text of selected newspaper and magazine articles from sources such as The Economist, USA Today, Christian Science Monitor, and National Review; as well as annotated links to a variety of Web sites. The researcher using this site would be able to efficiently construct an outline of opposing viewpoints and arguments as a starting point for further study. Unfortunately, the publishers of Britannica Online have announced that they will revert to a proprietary, subscription-based format later this year. At this writing, it is not known how much of the current site will be available when this change occurs. There are, however, other free encyclopedia sources on the Web that also provide useful background and overviews of hot topics. Encarta (http://encarta.msn.com) from Microsoft provides encyclopedia articles, charts and tables, multimedia, and Web site links. For those having a hard time selecting a topic, the ability to browse a list of controversial issues is useful. Both Yahoo! and Google provide excellent Web directories that serve this purpose. The Yahoo! "Issues and Causes" site (http://dir. …


Switching to sexual reproduction requires a specific phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II at the master regulator gene ste11. Fission yeast typically divide asexually unless starved for nitrogen, which triggers a switch to sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction in Schizosaccharomyces pombe is initiated through the transcriptional induction of the Ste11 transcription factor, which is the master regulator of mating and meiosis. In a genome-wide analysis of the interaction of the RNA polymerase II (RNA PolII) kinases (Mcs6, Cdk9, and Lsk1) and specific phosphorylated forms of RNA PolII, Coudreuse et al. found an unexpected chromatin distribution of RNA PolII phosphorylated at the Ser2 sites in its C-terminal domain (CTD) heptad repeat (YSPTSPS) and ultimately determined that the RNA PolII kinase Lsk1 and this Ser2-phosphorylated RNA PolII (S2P) were specifically required for ste11 induction. Analysis of drug-sensitive mutants (Msc6 and Cdk9) or genetic knockout strains (Lsk1) and in vitro kinase assays with alanine point mutants of the CTD showed that Lsk1 only phosphorylated the Ser2 site, whereas Mcs6 and Cdk9 phosphorylated both the Ser2 and the Ser5 site. Genome-wide occupancy analysis of vegetative cells showed that Ser5-phosphorylated PolII (S5P), Mcs6, and Cdk9 were correlated and broadly distributed, whereas S2P and Lsk1 had a more restricted pattern of chromatin association. The distribution of S5P or S2P and individual PolII kinases showed distinct patterns with respect to where along the gene they were present: Mcs6 showed a peak at promoters, and Cdk9 showed a bimodal distribution with a peak at the beginning of the coding region and a peak at the 3'-untranslated region. S2P and Lsk1 exhibited distinct patterns at different genes, with some showing enrichment at the 5'-untranslated region and some enrichment at the 3'-untranslated region. Detailed analysis of ste11, which showed 5'-untranslated region enrichment, revealed that recruitment of the RNA PolII was dependent on S2P and Lsk1 and ste11 mRNA failed to increase in response to nitrogen starvation in cells carrying S2P-deficient RNA PolII or lacking Lsk1. These S2P-deficient or Lsk1-deficient cells also failed to undergo mating and meiosis; sterility of the Lsk1-deficient strain was rescued by forced expression of ste11 from a plasmid with the adh1 promoter, which is not regulated by S2P and Lsk1. Thus, the cyclin-dependent kinase Lsk1 specifically phosphorylates RNA PolII at the 5'-untranslated region of ste11 to allow gene-specific transcription. D. Coudreuse, H. van Bakel, M. Dewez, J. Soutourina, T. Parnell, J. Vandenhaute, B. Cairns, M. Werner, D. Hermand, A gene-specific requirement of RNA polymerase II CTD phosphorylation for sexual differentiation in S. pombe. Curr. Biol. 20, 1053–1064 (2010). [Online Journal]


Camera captured human pose is an outcome of several sources of variation. Performance of supervised 3D pose estimation approaches comes at the cost of dispensing with variations, such as shape and appearance, that may be useful for solving other related tasks. As a result, the learned model not only inculcates task-bias but also dataset-bias because of its strong reliance on the annotated samples, which also holds true for weakly-supervised models. Acknowledging this, we propose a self-supervised learning framework to disentangle such variations from unlabeled video frames. We leverage the prior knowledge on human skeleton and poses in the form of a single part-based 2D puppet model, human pose articulation constraints, and a set of unpaired 3D poses. Our differentiable formalization, bridging the representation gap between the 3D pose and spatial part maps, not only facilitates discovery of interpretable pose disentanglement, but also allows us to operate on videos with diverse camera movements. Qualitative results on unseen in-the-wild datasets establish our superior generalization across multiple tasks beyond the primary tasks of 3D pose estimation and part segmentation. Furthermore, we demonstrate state-of-the-art weakly-supervised 3D pose estimation performance on both Human3.6M and MPI-INF-3DHP datasets.


This paper presents performance of a novel noncontacting compliant foil seal (CFS) in a small gas turbine simulator. The preliminary numerical study on a CFS for the hot section of a gas turbine engine was discussed in the previous work by the authors. A high temperature hybrid dynamic simulator representative of a small gas turbine engine spool was developed. The developed air turbine driven hybrid simulator includes a compliant foil bearing (CFB) and a CFS in the simulated hot turbine section and an oil mist lubricated ball bearing in the cold compressor section of the engine. The hybrid simulator is successfully tested at speeds up to 56,000 rpm and temperatures up to 600 °C . A solid lubricant film, PS304 developed by NASA, was used for the CFB and CFS journals. The coating is employed to provide a smooth contact surface between the journal and CFS and to prevent wear at startup/shutdown where the hydrodynamic lift off effects are minimal. The CFS features the following three distinguishing characteristics: lower leakage flow rate compared to Labyrinth and brush seal; capability of handling larger shaft excursions; and the ability to support dynamic loads. The CFS performance at different operating speeds and temperatures , and differential pressures was investigated. In a similar condition, a leakage flow comparison was made among a Labyrinth seal, a brush seal and a CFS. The experimental results indicate superior performance of the CFS over the other two types of seals. Unlike brush seal, CFS showed no evidence of rub or induced wear on the journal or seal surface.


TAGteach is a multi-component intervention package involving the use of teaching with acoustical guidance (TAG), a teaching procedure that uses an auditory stimulus (e.g., click sound) to indicate that a desired behaviour has occurred (Fogel, Weil, & Burris, 2010). TAGteach has been found to effectively improve performance in sports (Fogel et al., 2010), dance (Quinn, Miltenberger, & Fogel, 2015), surgical techniques (Levy, Pryor, & McKeon, 2016), and walking (Persicke, Jackson, & Adams, 2014). An adapted alternating treatments design was used to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of the standard TAGteach errorcorrection procedure and a modified TAGteach error-correction procedure to teach four novice adult yoga practitioners beginner yoga poses. Results showed that both error-correction procedures were effective for all participants; however, the relative efficiency of these errorcorrection procedures remains unclear. Results are discussed in terms of limitations and considerations for future research.