Armed groups in conflicts around the world frequently exploit child soldiers. Despite the unique experience of child soldiers, who are frequently recruited by means of force and deceit, immigration law as it is currently applied may bar former child soldiers from receiving asylum in the United States. In particular, the prevailing agency interpretation of the "persecutor bar" and the "material support bar" equates child soldiers with adults who have committed serious atrocities. This Note argues that the application of these asylum bars to former child soldiers runs against social values and standards of moral culpability in the United States. Child soldiers are perceived as victims in popular culture and international law rather than perpetrators. Drawing upon U.S. criminal law, this Note reasons that the common law principles of infancy and duress favor a reinterpretation of the immigration laws as they apply to child soldiers.


Epidemiological investigations in human populations in several parts of the world, including England, together with animal experiments have revealed associations between caries prevalence and trace elements in the environment or diet. These reports led to collaborative studies on caries prevalence in school children in England and Wales in areas where past base metal mining has left a legacy of extensive heavy metal contamination of garden and agricultural soils. In the Tamar Valley of Cornwall and Devon and in Ceredigion (Dyfed, Wales) a raised caries prevalence has been associated with high levels of plant-available Pb in soils, whereas in Somerset Cd pollution was not associated with any change in caries prevalence. If Pb is causal in these relationships then dietary Pb is probably more significant than Pb in air or water.


Organizational affiliations serve a social identity function for employees because others will typically infer information about them based on their place of employment. To the extent that job seekers are concerned about these inferences, they will attempt to maintain a positive social identity by joining organizations they believe are viewed as favorable by the public. Research has examined whether social identity needs interact with organizational personality perceptions (i.e., a type of symbolic inferences) but with some inconsistent findings. I argue that the existing organizational personality taxonomy may suffer from bandwidth correspondence issues that may be attenuating large interaction effects. In the first study of this investigation, I conceptualize an alternative taxonomy as well as develop a scale of organizational personality perceptions grounded in humanness theory (Haslam, Bain, Douge, Lee, & Bastian, 2005) that better reflects job seekers' identity needs relevant to organizational attraction. In the second study, I examine whether social identity concerns moderate the relations between humanness personality perceptions and recruitment outcomes. Results showed strong psychometric properties and construct validity of the humanness organizational personality measure. Additionally, social identity concerns predicted participants' job choice behaviors and interacted with humanness personality perceptions to influence recruitment outcomes. The findings suggest that given one's social identity concerns, perceptions of an organization's personality in humanness traits matter for important recruitment attitudes and behaviors. ORGANIZATIONAL PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL IDENTITY 2


Abstract The first edition of Europace journal in 1999 came right around the time of the landmark publication of the electrophysiologists from Bordeaux, establishing how elimination of ectopic activity from the pulmonary veins (PVs) resulted in a marked reduction of atrial fibrillation (AF). The past 25 years have seen an incredible surge in scientific interest to develop new catheters and energy sources to optimize durability and safety of ablation, as well as study the mechanisms for AF and devise ablation strategies. While ablation in the beginning was performed with classic 4 mm tip catheters that emitted radiofrequency (RF) energy to create tissue lesions, this evolved to using irrigation and contact force (CF) measurement while increasing power. Also, so-called single-shot devices were developed with balloons and arrays to create larger contiguous lesions, and energy sources changed from RF current to cryogenic ablation and more recently pulsed field ablation with electrical current. Although PV ablation has remained the basis for every AF ablation, it was soon recognized that this was not enough to cure all patients, especially those with non-paroxysmal AF. Standardized approaches for additional ablation targets have been used but have not been satisfactory in all patients so far. This led to highly technical mapping systems that are meant to unravel the drivers for the maintenance of AF. In the following sections, the development of energies, strategies, and tools is described with a focus on the contribution of Europace to publish the outcomes of studies that were done during the past 25 years.


Most recent developments in Greece have shown: despite an agreement on the third loan program, the Greek debt crisis is far from being solved. Following the resignation of prime minister Alexis Tsipras, Greece will have re-elections on September 20, 2015. Regardless of which Greek government will be in power after this date, future negotiations must be guided by three principles: Firstly, the monetary union should be preserved - but not at all cost. Secondly, agreements regarding structural reforms following the additional loans , which Greece was provided with on August 20, 2015, have to be kept and implemented. Thirdly , the alignment of liability and control should be the essential ingredient of all future actions intended to stabilize the monetary union.


From the Publisher:
Today's need-to-know optimization techniques, at your fingertips
The use of optimization methods is familiar territory to academicians and researchers. Yet, in today's world of deregulated electricity markets, it's just as important for electric power professionals to have a solid grasp of these increasingly relied upon techniques.
Making those techniques readily accessible is the hallmark of Optimization Principles: Practical Applications to the Operation and Markets of the Electric Power Industry.
With deregulation, market rules and economic principles dictate that commodities be priced at the marginal value of their production. As a result, it's necessary to work with ever-more-sophisticated algorithms using optimization techniques—either for the optimal dispatch of the system itself, or for pricing commodities and the settlement of markets. Succeeding in this new environment takes a good understanding of methods that involve linear and nonlinear optimization, including optimal power flow, locational marginal prices for energy, and the auction of hedging instruments.
In its comprehensive, skill-building overview of optimization techniques, Optimization Principles puts you on the same footing with algorithm-savvy software developers. Starting with a helpful look at matrix algebra fundamentals, this just-in-time reference covers:
Deregulated electricity markets: terminology and acronyms
Solution of equations, inequalities, and linear programs
Unconstrained and constrained nonlinear optimization
Applications to practical problems addressing system dispatch, market design, and material procurement
And related topics

As an aid to the uninitiated, appendices provide a brief description of basic principles of electricity, and the development of network equations.
Optimization Principles allows you to learn optimization methods at your own pace using Microsoft Excel or MATLAB software, and it includes an FTP web site with downloadable Excel spreadsheets and problems. After mastering these practical applications, you can then refer to chapters that highlight the theoretical background of the algorithms and resulting solutions. The book also includes a Web site with downloadable files of all example problems and solved problems.
Ideal for engineers, other electric power professionals, and advanced engineering students, Optimization Principles demystifies the electric power industry under deregulation—and delivers a complete, learn-as-you-go tutorial of optimization techniques that no other resource can match.
Author Biography: NARAYAN S. RAU, PhD, works as a principal engineer of power supply planning at ISO New England (formerly New England Power Pool).


Abstract Noise in a community college library can be part of the nature of the environment. It can also become a huge distraction for those who see the library as their sanctuary for quiet study and review of resources. This article describes the steps that should be taken by library staff in order to be proactive about noise and the library environment, in order to fulfill the mission of the library for the campus community. The overall goal is for staff to control acceptable levels of noise and related Student behavior.


Journalism and news are so much a part of our lives that most societies take them for granted. To access the news, people have traditionally had to pay for newspapers or acquire television and radio receivers with accompanying licenses or cable subscriptions. To a large extent, accessing the news has been connected to specific physical domains, especially the home. The widespread diffusion of computers, the Web, and news sites that started in the mid-1990s has made news increasingly accessible, and over the past decade, mobile news has fueled this even more. Digital technologies have become an accepted part of our lives. Access to news and information is easier than ever, with an abundance of free news via connected and ubiquitous digital platforms. News is expensive to produce, however, creating concerns about future business models to support journalism. It means we cannot take journalism for granted. News media must produce content that is valuable to society.
 Mobile devices and different forms of mobile media and communication have become integral parts of contemporary societies. The nexus of mobile media and reporting has become one of the most important developments for journalism. Research into mobile news production falls into two main strands. On the one hand, we find research taking an organizational approach, with studies of intra-organizational collaborations in developments of mobile services, what mobile platforms to use, business model considerations, and so forth. On the other hand, we encounter research focusing more specifically on news production among mobile journalists (so-called MoJos). For the working journalist, the mobile device has become the key tool for gathering information, images, and video, and for communicating with colleagues and sources.


Nonprofit organizations thrive to the extent that their volunteer resource manager follows best practices for hiring, training, and managing volunteers. In an effort to identify some of the best practices in volunteer management, exemplary volunteer resources managers were identified from a consulting outreach program. These managers were then interviewed and the results from these interviews are presented here. Volunteer resource managers shared their best practices for improving volunteer organizational commitment, organizational recognition of volunteers, volunteer satisfaction with communication, volunteer perception of voice, volunteer competence & volunteer contribution, and volunteer burnouts & intentions to quit. In addition to presenting these practices, commentary includes ideas on implementation in general.


The Brazilian Amazon and Cerrado biomes have been subject to strong pressure from agricultural expansion over the past two decades. A common claim is that the associated tree cover loss was partly driven by speculative land acquisition. In this paper, we analyze the effects of information on planned road infrastructure improvements and changes in conservation policy implementation on expectations of forest conversion. We use a unique land price dataset covering the period from 2001–2012. Based on land rent and hedonic valuation theory, we argue that forestland prices convey information on expected future land use. We decompose forestland prices into a conventional forestland rent and a speculative part related to forestland conversion and alternative land use rents. Using a fixed-effect panel, we then assess whether, where, and to what extent changes in conservation policy affect forestland prices over time. Our results confirm that forestland prices contain expectations about converting forestland to agricultural or pasture land. We also find indications that the Brazilian land market conveys information about potential conservation policy leakage and explore this conjecture descriptively using dynamic deforestation hotspot maps.


Most of the states abandoned the theory of absolute immunity since the fifties. The restrictive theory of state immunity is declared in both statutory and case law. Under the restrictive theory of state immunity, the immunity of the sovereign is recognized with regard to sovereign or public acts of a state, but not with respect to private acts. But the Civil Procedure Code of The Republic of Lithuania, passed in 1964, stated the rule of absolute immunity – the potential litigants were allowed to pursue claims in the courts against foreign states only in case of a written consent of the foreign state, the execution of the judgment in respect of foreign state's property was possible only with the same condition. This rule was the inheritance of the USSR times not matching changed social relations and political and economic state system of Lithuania. In 1998 The Supreme Court of Lithuania made the decision in civil case V. Stukonis v. USA embassy, in which stated the restrictive theory of state immunity. The decision indicated the main landmarks of the restrictive theory such as the distinction between acta jure imperii or sovereign acts and acta jure gestionis or private, non-sovereign acts. Though the Lithuanian case law in the field of state immunity is still scanty. Only three civil cases have reached the Supreme Court so Lithuanian courts have not faced most of the problems of applying the restrictive state immunity that the courts of other states had. The article presents a short overview of the development of the restrictive state immunity doctrine indicating the main problems of applying the doctrine that the courts of other states were confronted of, also presenting the solutions of these problems. The article analyzes certain aspects of Lithuanian Supreme Court case law, proposes improvements of the existing legal regulation.


Several civilizations have risen, flourished and fallen in the valley of the Nile, each with its own religion, language, culture, institutions and style of life. Yet beneath them all a certain basic unity persisted. In few fields can this continuity of social life be seen more clearly than in the love of tales and in the manner of telling them. One of the oldest stories known to humanity, that of Sinuhe, shows a subtlety, a self-consciousness and an artificiality that mark it as the product of a highly developed literary tradition. The Greek literature produced in Egypt includes the most famous of all stories, the "Romance of Alexander," later translated and adapted into countless languages. The literature of the Copts is largely church literature. The Arab invasion at the beginning of the 7th century brought a new language, religion and culture to Egypt. Some of the tales in the Thousand and One Nights are also of Egyptian provenance. In the 20th century, the Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arab to receive a Nobel prize. The Egyptian has always loved a good story, and told it well. It is by the limitless wealth of imagination that Egyptian literature is chiefly distinguished, and it is thanks to this quality in its literature, religion and monuments that the country impressed Hebrew, Greek, Arab and Western European alike as a land of magic and wonder.


The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is vital for life and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that control this process is a critical first step towards the development of pharmaceutical treatments for muscle wasting disorders. Intracellular Ca²âo is a regulator of muscle growth yet surprisingly the signaling proteins by which Ca²âo regulates this function remain largely unknown. The serine/threonine kinase Ca²âo/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is one of the Ca²âo-regulated proteins found in muscle. The goal of this study was to determine whether the phosphorylation or protein expression of any of the CaMKII isoforms present in skeletal muscle (i.e. CaMKII[beta]M [gamma] or [delta]) is altered in response to muscle atrophy or hypertrophy. Male CD-1 mice (~6-8 weeks old) underwent unilateral denervation of the hindlimb to induce atrophy and the plantaris muscles removed 1 3 7 10 and 14 days later. In addition mice underwent unilateral ablation of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to induce hypertrophy and the plantaris muscles removed 1 3 7 and 10 days later. Consistent with previous studies denervation induced a time-dependent decrease in muscle weight after 3 days and ablation induced a time-dependent increase in muscle weight after 3 days. To assess alterations in CaMKII (Thr286/287) phosphorylation and expression western blot analyses were performed. Denervation elicited a significant decrease in CaMKII[beta]M expression after 3 days but an increase in CaMKII[gamma] and CaMKII[delta] after 10 days. Phosphorylation of CaMKII[gamma] was decreased after 7 days while there were no alterations in CaMKII[beta]M or CaMKII[delta]. Ablation induced a significant decrease in CaMKII[beta]M expression after 7 days an increase in CaMKII[delta] after 7 days but no change in CaMKII[gamma]. Phosphorylation of CaMKII[gamma] was significantly decreased after 1 day while there were no changes in CaMKII[beta]M or CaMKII[delta]. Collectively these results suggest a differential and complex regulation of CaMKII isoforms during alterations in muscle mass. In summary this study demonstrated that in mouse skeletal muscle CaMKII isoforms are differentially phosphorylated and expressed during denervation-induced atrophy and synergist ablation-induced hypertrophy. These findings underscore the necessity of examining each CaMKII isoform separately in order to determine its possible role in regulating muscle mass.


Filed in the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in Support of Defendant-Appellant Google.Summary of argument: Class certification was improperly granted below because the District Court failed to conduct a rigorous analysis of the adequacy of representation factor, as Rule 23(a)(4) requires. The three individual plaintiffs who claim to be class representatives are not academics and do not share the commitment to broad access to knowledge that predominates among academics. Although the District Court, in rejecting the proposed Google Books settlement last year, recognized that the class representatives and their lawyers had not adequately represented the interests of academic authors when negotiating the proposed settlement, the court brushed aside concerns about adequacy of representation when the case went back into litigation, despite an academic author submission that challenged class certification because of inadequacies in the plaintiffs' representation of academic author interests. These concerns should have been taken seriously because academic authors make up a substantial proportion of the class that the District Court certified; most of the books that Google scanned from major research library collections were written by academics. Academic authors overall greatly outnumber generalist authors such as the named plaintiffs.Academic authors desire broad public access to their works such as that which the Google Books project provides. Although the District Court held that the plaintiffs had inadequately represented the interests of academic authors in relation to the proposed settlement, it failed to recognize that pursuit of this litigation would be even more adverse to the interests of academic authors than the proposed settlement was. That settlement would at least have expanded public access to knowledge, whereas this litigation seeks to enjoin the Google Book Search operations and shut down access to works of class members even though academic authors would generally favor greater public access to their works. Because of this, the interests of academic authors cannot be adequately accommodated in this litigation by opting out of the class, as the District Court assumed. Indeed, the only way for the interests of academic authors to be vindicated in this litigation, given the positions that the plaintiffs have taken thus far, is for Google to prevail on its fair use defense and for the named plaintiffs to lose. For this reason, there is a fundamental conflict between the interests of the named class representatives and the interests of academic authors. Academic authors typically benefit from Google Books, both because it makes their books more accessible to the public than ever before and because they use Google Books in conducting their own research. Google's fair use defense is more persuasive to academic authors than the plaintiffs' theory of infringement. The plaintiffs' request for an injunction to stop Google from making the Book Search corpus available would be harmful to academic author interests.In short, a "win" in this case for the class representatives would be a "loss" for academic authors. It is precisely this kind of conflict that courts have long recognized should prevent class certification due to inadequate representation. The District Court failed to adequately address this fundamental conflict in its certification order, though it was well aware of the conflict through submissions and objections received from the settlement fairness hearing through to the hearings on the most recent class certification motions. Because of that failure, the order certifying the class should be reversed.


This thesis deals with fibre orientation in wall-bounded shear flows. The primary application in mind is papermaking. The study is mainly experimental,but is complemented with theoretical considerations.The main part of the thesis concerns the orientation of slowly settlingfibres in a wall-bounded viscous shear flow. This is a flow case not dealt withpreviously even at small Reynolds numbers. Experiments were conducted usingdilute suspensions with fibres having aspect ratios of rp ≈ 7 and 30. It is foundthat the wall effect on the orientation is small for distances from the wall wherethe fibre centre is located farther than half a fibre length from the wall. Farfrom the wall most fibres were oriented close to the flow direction. Closer tothe wall than half a fibre length the orientation distribution first shifted to bemore isotropic and in the very proximity of the wall the fibres were orientedclose to perpendicular to the flow direction, nearly aligned with the vorticityaxis. This was most evident for the shorter fibres with rp ≈ 7.Due to the density difference between the fibres and the fluid there is anincreased concentration near the wall. Still, a physical mechanism is requiredin order for a fibre initially oriented close to the flow direction at about half afibre length from the wall to change its orientation to aligned with the vorticityaxis once it has settled down to the wall. A slender body approach is usedin order to estimate the effect of wall reflection and repeated wall contacts onthe fibre rotation. It is found that the both a wall reflection, due to settlingtowards the wall, and contact between the fibre end and the wall are expectedto rotate the fibre closer to the vorticity axis. A qualitative agreement withthe experimental results is found in a numerical study based on the theoreticalestimation.In addition an experimental study on fibre orientation in the boundarylayers of a headbox is reported. The orientation distribution in planes parallelto the wall is studied. The distribution is found to be more anisotropic closerto the wall, i.e. the fibres tend to be oriented closer to the flow direction nearthe wall. This trend is observed sufficiently far upstream in the headbox.Farther downstream no significant change in the orientation distribution couldbe detected for different distances from the wall.


In the study, rat brain synaptosomes were used, which are an adequate and convenient model for studying presynaptic processes. L Glutamate activity was judged by the change in the intensity of the fluorescent signal, by the change in the cytoplasmic levels of free calcium [Ca 2+ ]in. The study was conducted according to the Weiler method. Synaptosomes were isolated from rat brain using two-stage centrifugation. The entire isolation procedure was carried out at 4°C. To measure the amount of cytosolic Ca 2+ synaptosomes were calculated according to the Grinkevich equation. An increase in the concentration of [Ca 2+ ]in caused by L glutamate, primarily due to the activation of membrane permeability, the movement of Ca 2+ into the cell, and the release of Ca 2+ from intracellular depots. SP-6 competes with L glutamate for the glutamate binding site of NMDA-receptors. L Glutamate partially reduces the effect of SP-6, which may indicate that part of the external calcium also comes under the influence of SP-6 through the open glutamate binding site and in place calcium channels of the NMDA-receptors. It was revealed that SP-6 increases fluorescence and the level of [Ca 2+ ]in, respectively, in synaptic membranes compared to the control. This data gives, about a possible competition between SP-6 and L glutamate for the site of regulation of the opening of ion channels of NMDA-receptors.


OBJECTIVES
One of the systems, which can be prenatally reprogrammed, is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The aim of our experiment was to determine how prenatal activation of RAAS via exposure to elevated levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) influences the rat offspring's emotionality.

METHODS
Pregnant female rats were implanted with osmotic minipumps that continually released Ang II and oval object of the same shape and size was implanted into control dams. The adult offspring (AngII and control groups) were tested in rat grimace scale (RGS), open field test (OF) and elevated plus maze (EPM).

RESULTS
Psychological stress increased the RGS score in both groups of animals. AngII animals had significantly lower RGS score (i.e. less negative emotions) in the home cage but higher index of emotional reactivity in RGS. AngII animals had also significantly lower frequency of defecation in OF and had no effect on changes in anxiety-like behaviour.

CONCLUSION
We concluded that maternal activation of RAAS modified some aspect of emotionality of experimental animals and led to an enhanced emotional response to stress situation.


Generalized planning is concerned with the characterization and computation of plans that solve many instances at once. In the standard formulation, a generalized plan is a mapping from fea- ture or observation histories into actions, assuming that the instances share a common pool of features and actions. This assumption, however, excludes the standard relational planning domains where actions and objects change across instances. In this work, we extend the standard formulation of generalized planning to such domains. This is achieved by projecting the actions over the features, resulting in a common set of abstract actions which can be tested for soundness and completeness, and which can be used for generating general policies such as "if the gripper is empty, pick the clear block above x and place it on the table" that achieve the goal clear(x) in any Blocksworld instance. In this policy, "pick the clear block above x" is an abstract action that may represent the action Unstack(a, b) in one situation and the action Unstack(b, c) in another. Transformations are also introduced for computing such policies by means of fully observable non-deterministic (FOND) planners. The value of generalized representations for learning general policies is also discussed.


Over the last thirty years, sentencing guidelines have become an increasingly prominent feature of the American criminal justice system. Between the Supreme Court's Apprendi-Blakely-Booker line of cases, dedicated law reviews like the Federal Sentencing Reporter, multitudinous other law review pieces, and Doug Berman's famous sentencing blog, a great deal of ink has been spilled discussing the contours and future of guidelines reform. Most of this scholarship, however, falls in one of two camps. In one camp are scholars who chronicle the history of sentencing guidelines in particular states. In the other are scholars who discuss guidelines as a national phenomenon, but mostly with an eye to exposing the flaws in the federal system, or offering suggestions for future reformers. Most scholars in the latter camp use the states as foils for the federal system, and chronicle the former as a success story and the latter as a failure. This Note is different. It has one essential goal: offering an explanation for the persistence of sentencing guidelines in American jurisprudence at large. As some scholars have noted, state guidelines survived and thrived in the face of Blakely. At the same time, the federal guidelines still govern the outcome in around 85% of criminal cases, despite being panned as a failure and rendered purely advisory by the Supreme Court. This Note attempts to account for this persistence by offering a somewhat abstract "model" for guidelines resilience. In particular, this Note draws upon the states' experience to argue that guidelines are most successful when they represent a diversely composed commission's collaborative effort to administer and regulate criminal sentencing rather than revise substantive criminal law. Yet this Note also accounts for the federal experience as well. It argues that when guidelines reform ambitiously attempts to do more - when the guidelines embody a new, draconian criminal code intended dramatically to alter sentencing practice, and the commission acts "legislatively" in defining and ranking crimes - such reform prompts eventual opposition and evasion, and ultimately some form of external moderation is a necessary precondition for continued survival. I argue that for the federal system, Booker served that role. I conclude by exploring what this history may mean for the future. This model - part historical and part theoretical - is by no means perfect. But it represents an important first step in synthesizing the history of guidelines reform - a step that may well prove helpful for future sentencing reformers.


This study is aimed at analysing the possibilities of contemporary use and re-functioning of Kaunas inter-war modernism buildings from the users' comfort point of view. For the study, we have selected the building of the House of Commerce, Industry and Crafts designed in 1937 - 1939 by the well-known architect of this period V. Landsbergis-Zemkalnis that was continuously used and re-used for the administrative, office, and library purposes through its entire existence. In the frame of this research the analysis of literature, including the peculiarities of heritage building re-functioning from the users' comfort point of view and the historical context of the case study building, and the field study including the photographical survey and the measurements of thermal conditions during warm and cold seasons were carried out. The research on site has shown the favourable conditions for the users according to the contemporary standards; however, the deterioration of some building's structures threaten its heritage values and the use possibilities in the future. It can be concluded that the prestige generated by the heritage values and social significance of Kaunas inter-war modernism architecture together with the appropriate thermal conditions for the users encourage sustainable renovation and re-functioning of such buildings for the needs of contemporary society. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.20.3.19323


Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects the motor system, but extramotor involvement is common. Progressive muscle weakness and wasting, including bulbar and respiratory muscles, limit survival to 2–5 years after disease onset in most patients. The diagnosis is made on clinical grounds and is based on the presence of signs of upper and lower motor neuron loss in different body regions in the absence of other pathologies that can explain the symptoms and signs of the patient. Making an accurate diagnosis can be difficult in early disease stages. ALS is a heterogeneous disorder with variability in age at onset, in phenotypic presentation, in the extent of frontotemporal involvement and in the disease progression rate. There is a high unmet medical need for objective markers that aid in early diagnosis and in predicting disease outcome. In this chapter, the current knowledge about the diagnos‐ tic and prognostic value of 18 F 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET in ALS is discussed. The potential of other targets and PET tracers to visualize different aspects of ALS disease pathology is described.


It has been extremely difficult to demonstrate that foreign aid has any positive influence on economic growth. Easterly, Levine and Roodman (2004) challenge the robustness of Burnside and Dollar's (2000) claim that aid is associated with growth when governments enact the right policies. We show that Burnside and Dollar's result disappears entirely when adequate attention is paid to either the correct interpretation of interaction terms or identification in their two-stage least squares equations. In addition, we are unable to find a set of political institutions that encourage a link between foreign aid and growth. The most encouraging news they have is that some political institutions appear to mitigate the otherwise deleterious effects of foreign aid. On the whole it appears that state-to-state assistance has not been of much help in fostering economic growth in developing countries. Woodberry (2004) identifies a form of non-state cross-border involvement with beneficent effects. Specifically, they argue that protestant missionary activity in the early twentieth century was an important source of economic development because it encouraged mass education (and therefore, human capital accumulation), the growth of a middle class, and democratization. In this paper, we will attempt to compare the effects of protestant missionary activity and foreign aid flows on economic development. Are these two forms of cross-border "assistance" substitutes or compliments or neither? Data on protestant missionary activity collected by Woodberry will be merged with the Easterly, Levine and Roodman data set in order to answer this question. Prepared for presentation at the International Political Economy Society Meetings, College Station, Texas, November 13-14, 2009


Taking as its starting point a holographic interferometric
technique, used to measure the static and dynamic bulk moduli
of elastomers, this thesis describes the progression of
research aimed at extending the range and nature of these
measurements. The use of Electronic Speckle Pattern
Interferometry (E.S.P.I) as an alternative optical technique
is described. The use of amplitude and phase modulation
within this interferometer is also described.
These modulation techniques are shown to be advantageous in
manipulating fringe distributions making data extraction
easier and more accurate. This allows measurement, over an
extended frequency range, of the pressure and temperature
dependence of bulk moduli and also Young's moduli for
elastomer samples. The visco-elastic components of these
moduli are also investigated by using E.S.P.I. to measure the
loss component tan σ of the vibrational response of the
elastomer.


We develop, formulate, verify and later validate a multiobjective model of student admission. Through a two-stage optimization procedure the model seeks to maximize student admission and student allocation into departments and academic programmes respectively. In the first stage, we seek to determine the optimal number of new student intake in all the departments of a given faculty by observing the departments' capacity limitations in terms of lecture rooms/halls availability, budget constraints, number of faculty members and affirmative action quota. The second stage concerns the application of the same procedure with the objective of determining the optimal allocation of students obtained in the first stage into the respective academic programmes within the same department with constraints unique to each academic programme. Every constraint has its own weightage besides its level of priority. We then describe the application of the model to the Faculty of Science & Technology of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia with its five academic centres/departments and then to the Centre for Mathematical Sciences with its three academic programmes. For both stages, we compare the results of the preemptive goal programming model with the non preemptive weighted goal programming model to analyse the adaptability of the models to real situations. Sensitivity analyses of the results are done to gauge the reliability of the model. We hope that the results of the application will demonstrate the model's capability to provide an optimal apportionment of student admission policy with regard to the number of student intake and allocation into the departmental academic programmes of a faculty, as well as recognizing the capacity limitations of each academic programme.


Abstract Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants from wastewater using titanium dioxide is recognized as an efficient process. To be feasible, this process needs to be solar- or visible light -activated, but, due to its wide band gap energy, titanium dioxide can only be activated by ultraviolet radiation. In this paper, thin films of titanium dioxide were deposited by Spray Pyrolysis Deposition using organo-metallic (titanium-iso-propoxide) and inorganic (titanium chloride) precursors, as a first step in optimizing the deposition process of titanium dioxide - carbon composite thin films, active in the visible spectral range. The thin films were characterized to outline the differences when using these two precursor solutions, when deposited on Fluorine doped Tin Oxide-glass, regular glass and microscopic glass, in terms of crystallinity (by using X-ray diffraction), elemental composition (using Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry), surface morphology (Scanning Electronic Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy). The photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide thin films was investigated based on the removal efficiencies of methylene blue from a synthetically prepared wastewater. The samples deposited using the inorganic precursor show higher roughness, and this proves to be the most important factor that influences the phocatalytic processes. After 8 hours of ultraviolet irradiation, methylene blue removal efficiencies up to 36% were observed; the highest removal efficiency was registered using the thin titanium dioxide film obtained using the titanium chloride precursor, deposited on fluorine doped tin oxide glass substrate, due to the titanium dioxide-tin dioxide semiconductor tandem formed at the interface, that limits the electron-hole recombination, thus increasing the photoctalytic performance of the substrate.


We quantitatively integrated 169 samples (N= 35,265 employees) that have been used to investigate the relationships of the following 7 work-related stressors with job performance: role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, job insecurity, work–family conflict, environmental uncertainty, and situational constraints. Overall, we obtained a negative mean correlation between each job performance measure and each stressor included in our analyses. As hypothesized, role ambiguity and situational constraints were most strongly negatively related to performance, relative to the other work-related stressors. Analysis of moderators revealed that (a) the negative correlation of role overload and performance was higher among managers relative to nonmanagers; (b) publication year moderated the relation of role ambiguity and role overload with performance, although in opposite directions; (c) the correlations obtained for published versus unpublished studies were not significantly different; and (d) using the Rizzo et al. scale of role ambiguity and role conflict decreased the magnitude of the correlations of these stressors with performance, relative to other scales. Theoretical contributions, future research directions, and practical implications are discussed.


The impact of information technology (IT) on society is tremendous. Globalization of trade, the emergence of information economies, and the growth of the Internet and other global communications networks have recast the role of information systems in managing global corporations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which personal characteristics such as gender, age, education, income, and experience predict IT managers' job satisfaction in Nigeria. A sample of 360 IT managers selected from business organizations in Nigeria were used for this research. The results of this study suggest that IT managers were satisfied with their job, co‐workers, and supervision, whereas they were dissatisfied with their pay and the promotion system. The results of regression analyses also showed that personal characteristics were significant predictors of job satisfaction.


The style, timing, and pattern of slip on the Santa Cruz Island fault were investigated by trenching the fault and by analysis of offset late Quaternary landforms. A trench excavated across the fault at Christi Beach, on the western coast of the island, exposed deformation of latest Pleistocene to Holocene sediments and pre-Quaternary rocks, recording repeated large-magnitude rupture events. The most recent earthquake at this site occurred ca. 5 ka. Coastal terraces preserved on western Santa Cruz Island have been dated using the uranium-series technique and by extrapolation using terrace elevations and the eustatic record. Offset of terraces and other landforms indicates that the Santa Cruz Island fault is predominantly left lateral, having a horizontal slip rate of not more than 1.1 mm/yr and probably about 0.8 mm/yr. The fault also has a smaller reverse component, slipping at a rate of between 0.1 and 0.2 mm/yr. Combined with measurements of slip per event, this information suggests a long-term average recurrence interval of at least 2.7 k.y. and probably 4–5 k.y., and average earthquake magnitudes of Mw 7.2–7.5. Sense of slip, recurrence interval, and earthquake magnitudes calculated here for the Santa Cruz Island fault are very similar to recent results for other faults along the southern margin of the western Transverse Range, including the Malibu Coast fault, the Santa Monica fault, the Hollywood fault, and the Raymond fault, supporting the contention that these faults constitute a continuous and linked fault system, which is characterized by large but relatively infrequent earthquakes.


In the design of Weapon Control Systems (WCS) for main battle tanks there is a requirement for low-order models of the elevating mass and barrel. In this work two models suitable for this requirement are put forward. The two models under consideration break the barrel down into rigid sections that are connected by frictionless pin-joints and linked by torsional springs and dampers. This model is referred to as a Lumped Parameter Flexible Beam Model (LPFBM) in this work. These models consider the barrel being broken down into two and three rigid sections. The lengths of the rigid sections and spring stiffnesses are selected to preserve the resonances (poles) and anti-resonances (zeros) of the system. This is achieved by using a novel scheme based on equations derived for the cantilever mode frequencies for the zeros and on optimising the lengths of the rigid sections for the poles. The responses from these two models, in the frequency and time domain, are compared to a finite-element barrel version, which is used as the base model and a non-optimised two-section LPFBM. Recommendations are then made on the appropriate model to use in the design of a WCS based on the required frequency range of the model and whether muzzle motion predictions are needed.


Postharvest degreening treatment with exogenous ethylene application is widely used in Mediterranean growth area to improve the external coloration of the early-season citrus varieties in which internal maturity is achieved when the peel is still green. Nevertheless this treatment can induce physiological disorders overall related to calyx senescence. In previous studies it has been reported that the application of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyloxyacetic acid (TPA) reduces calyx senescence associated to ethylene exposure. However it is important to know the effect of this auxin under commercial industrial conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of postharvest application of TPA on the reduction of disorders associated to degreening in clementines in different commercial post-harvest applications (by drencher and by low volume spraying in the handling line). The application of TPA by drencher significantly reduced the disorders of calyx senescence associated to degreening treatment in clementines, recommending 40 ppm of TPA as the most effective dose. The application of TPA by low volume spraying in the handling line treatments was effective on the reduction of calyx disorders, obtaining the best results with 100 ppm of TPA; nevertheless in the trials clementines exhibited low susceptibility to calyx disorders after degreening process. The results suggest that this auxin could be a good option to control disorders of citrus fruit during degreening treatment.


This paper considers ASEAN's value added and limitations as regards its ability to play a meaningful and practical security role in East Asia and the Asia Pacific. It argues that ASEAN's contributions to regional security and within ASEAN-plus arrangements are not uniform. Instead, they vary depending on the relationship and the arrangement. This paper gives particular attention to two sets of relations: 1) ASEAN's relations with major powers; and 2) major power relations with one another. It argues that the latter has proven most challenging in terms of both practical changes to the regional security environment and growing questions about the appropriateness and capacity of ASEAN to "lead" institutional arrangements, but that such challenges may also vary depending on which major power relationship or regional institution is in question. It further argues that ASEAN's challenges are also conditioned by security contributions that are often understated, though dissatisfactions from both inside and outside the organization are likely to remain persistent challenges to ASEAN ability to defend its current role.


Planning the sequence of components (or parts) to be assembled during manufacturing is an important application problem for virtual environments for three main reasons. First, it is a difficult combinatorial optimization but a highly visual problem. Second, a majority of assembly operations in factories (with the exception of simple pick-and-place operations) are still performed manually, because they are difficult to automate. Hence, it is an important problem involving human-machine interface. Third, there are a number of assembly operations which require dextrous operator training. Hence, it is also an important training problem. Recent research suggests a promising approach for assembly determination based on using heuristic rules to generate soft constraints in addition to the regular hard quantitative constraints due to part geometry and topology. We believe that the emergence of virtual environments can enable us to systematically use these soft constraints, which previously has not been possible. In this paper, we report results of experiments involving fifteen voluntary participants using a nonvirtual reality (VR) environment involving blueprints, a nonimmersive desktop VR environment, and an immersive projection-based VR environment to first teach participants skills in handling soft and hard constraints for assembly planning through examples, and then to measure the effectiveness of their learnt skills in solving a different example problem. We have classified soft constraints as infeasibility constraints, reorientation constraints, difficulty constraints, instability constraints, and dissimilarity constraints. A significant observation is that the participants could, on average, perform the assembly operations in approximately half the time in the immersive and nonimmersive VR environments than in the traditional environment using blueprints.


Optical backbone networks are carrying enormous amount of traffic and therefore, network reliability performance is extremely important to minimize the service interruption time and loss of data. Besides, increasing energy consumption of the ICT sector makes network energy efficiency gain a lot of attention. Reducing the usage of components in the network is a promising strategy to both make network more energy efficient and reliable as it allows (i) putting idle components into a power-saving, or sleep, mode and (ii) reusing them as redundancy for failure recovery. The new generation of synthetic reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexers (ROADMs) implemented by Architecture on Demand (AoD) supports the above functionalities by offering unprecedented flexibility and self-healing capabilities. In AoD nodes, components are interconnected via high-port-count optical switch serving as optical backplane, and each connection uses only the components necessary to fulfill the switching and processing requirements. In this paper, we aim at improving optical network availability and reducing power consumption by minimizing the number of optical amplifiers used in AoD nodes. To this end, a decision on the necessity of signal amplification is made for every connection according to the power level at each node. Unnecessary amplifiers are bypassed and put into sleep mode, decreasing the overall power consumption of the network. This also reduces the associated risk of connection failure, while reuse of idle amplifiers for failure recovery further improves connection availability. To gain greater insight into the benefits of our approach, we analyze the performance of the NSF and EON network deploying AoD nodes with different optical backplane implementations, i.e. 3D MEMS and piezoelectric optical switch (POS), and compare them with networks deploying hard-wired ROADMs. Simulation results show that deployment of synthetic AoD nodes with POS as optical backplane can reduce the network mean down time and power consumption of EDFAs by up to 63% and 38%, respectively, on average over all test cases.


Abstract. The soils of the northern hemispheric permafrost region are estimated to contain 1100 to 1500 Pg of carbon. A substantial fraction of this carbon has been frozen and therefore protected from microbial decay for millennia. As anthropogenic climate warming progresses much of this permafrost is expected to thaw. Here we conduct perturbed model experiments on a climate model of intermediate complexity, with an improved permafrost carbon module, to estimate with formal uncertainty bounds the release of carbon from permafrost soils by the year 2100 and 2300 CE. We estimate that by year 2100 the permafrost region may release between 56 (13 to 118) Pg C under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 and 102 (27 to 199) Pg C under RCP 8.5, with substantially more to be released under each scenario by the year 2300. Our analysis suggests that the two parameters that contribute most to the uncertainty in the release of carbon from permafrost soils are the size of the non-passive fraction of the permafrost carbon pool and the equilibrium climate sensitivity. A subset of 25 model variants are integrated 8000 years into the future under continued RCP forcing. Under the moderate RCP 4.5 forcing a remnant near-surface permafrost region persists in the high Arctic, eventually developing a new permafrost carbon pool. Overall our simulations suggest that the permafrost carbon cycle feedback to climate change will make a significant contribution to climate change over the next centuries and millennia, releasing a quantity of carbon 3 to 54 % of the cumulative anthropogenic total.


Report issued by the Brookhaven National Laboratory discussing the formats and procedures used at the ENDF Neutron Cross Section Library. As stated in the introduction, "this report describes the philosophy, data formats, and procedures that have been developed for the Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)" (p. 1-1). This report includes tables, and illustrations.


Preface. Chapter 1 Principles of Bayesian Inference. 1.1 Bayesian updating. 1.2 MCMC techniques. 1.3 The basis for MCMC. 1.4 MCMC sampling algorithms. 1.5 MCMC convergence. 1.6 Competing models. 1.7 Setting priors. 1.8 The normal linear model and generalized linear models. 1.9 Data augmentation. 1.10 Identifiability. 1.11 Robustness and sensitivity. 1.12 Chapter themes. References. Chapter 2 Model Comparison and Choice. 2.1 Introduction: formal methods, predictive methods and penalized deviance criteria. 2.2 Formal Bayes model choice. 2.3 Marginal likelihood and Bayes factor approximations. 2.4 Predictive model choice and checking. 2.5 Posterior predictive checks. 2.6 Out-of-sample cross-validation. 2.7 Penalized deviances from a Bayes perspective. 2.8 Multimodel perspectives via parallel sampling. 2.9 Model probability estimates from parallel sampling. 2.10 Worked example. References. Chapter 3 Regression for Metric Outcomes. 3.1 Introduction: priors for the linear regression model. 3.2 Regression model choice and averaging based on predictor selection. 3.3 Robust regression methods: models for outliers. 3.4 Robust regression methods: models for skewness and heteroscedasticity. 3.5 Robustness via discrete mixture models. 3.6 Non-linear regression effects via splines and other basis functions. 3.7 Dynamic linear models and their application in non-parametric regression. Exercises. References. Chapter 4 Models for Binary and Count Outcomes. 4.1 Introduction: discrete model likelihoods vs. data augmentation. 4.2 Estimation by data augmentation: the Albert-Chib method. 4.3 Model assessment: outlier detection and model checks. 4.4 Predictor selection in binary and count regression. 4.5 Contingency tables. 4.6 Semi-parametric and general additive models for binomial and count responses. Exercises. References. Chapter 5 Further Questions in Binomial and Count Regression. 5.1 Generalizing the Poisson and binomial: overdispersion and robustness. 5.2 Continuous mixture models. 5.3 Discrete mixtures. 5.4 Hurdle and zero-inflated models. 5.5 Modelling the link function. 5.6 Multivariate outcomes. Exercises. References. Chapter 6 Random Effect and Latent Variable Models for Multicategory Outcomes. 6.1 Multicategory data: level of observation and relations between categories. 6.2 Multinomial models for individual data: modelling choices. 6.3 Multinomial models for aggregated data: modelling contingency tables. 6.4 The multinomial probit. 6.5 Non-linear predictor effects. 6.6 Heterogeneity via the mixed logit. 6.7 Aggregate multicategory data: the multinomial-Dirichlet model and extensions. 6.8 Multinomial extra variation. 6.9 Latent class analysis. Exercises. References. Chapter 7 Ordinal Regression. 7.1 Aspects and assumptions of ordinal data models. 7.2 Latent scale and data augmentation. 7.3 Assessing model assumptions: non-parametric ordinal regression and assessing ordinality. 7.4 Location-scale ordinal regression. 7.5 Structural interpretations with aggregated ordinal data. 7.6 Log-linear models for contingency tables with ordered categories. 7.7 Multivariate ordered outcomes. Exercises. References. Chapter 8Discrete Spatial Data. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Univariate responses: the mixed ICAR model and extensions. 8.3 Spatial robustness. 8.4 Multivariate spatial priors. 8.5 Varying predictor effect models. Exercises. References. Chapter 9 Time Series Models for Discrete Variables. 9.1 Introduction: time dependence in observations and latent data. 9.2 Observation-driven dependence. 9.3 Parameter-driven dependence via DLMs. 9.4 Parameter-driven dependence via autocorrelated error models. 9.5 Integer autoregressive models. 9.6 Hidden Markov models. Exercises. References. Chapter 10 Hierarchical and Panel Data Models 10.1 Introduction: clustered data and general linear mixed models. 10.2 Hierarchical models for metric outcomes. 10.3 Hierarchical generalized linear models. 10.4 Random effects for crossed factors. 10.5 The general linear mixed model for panel data. 10.6 Conjugate panel models. 10.7 Growth curve analysis. 10.8 Multivariate panel data. 10.9 Robustness in panel and clustered data analysis. 10.10 APC and spatio-temporal models. 10.11 Space-time and spatial APC models. Exercises. References. Chapter 11 Missing-Data Models. 11.1 Introduction: types of missing data. 11.2 Density mechanisms for missing data. 11.3 Auxiliary variables. 11.4 Predictors with missing values. 11.5 Multiple imputation. 11.6 Several responses with missing values. 11.7 Non-ignorable non-response models for survey tabulations. 11.8 Recent developments. Exercises. References. Index.


Abstract These days the rule of law is often invoked in Burma. Although its contemporary salience is partly a consequence of recent global trends, the rule of law also has lineages in the country's colonial and early post-colonial periods. To examine these lineages, this article distinguishes between its procedural and substantive conceptions. Whereas the latter conception recognizes the subjects of law as freely associating equals, the former is compatible with a range of political practices, including those that are undemocratic. The records of decisions in criminal cases before Burma's superior courts during the period of British domination suggest that some semblance of procedural rule of law did exist, and that it was compatible with the rule of colonial difference. Out of this procedural rule of law a nascent, substantive type emerged during the early years of democratic life in the post-colony, before the onset of military dictatorship. The article concludes that more effort to structure interpretations of the rule of law in history might better enable discussion about the concept's continued relevance.


A lumped-refined multichannel analysis scheme is developed for a high-fidelity thermal-hydraulic (T-H) calculation through neutronics code coupling and applied to a control element assembly (CEA) ejection accident of the Ulchin Unit 3 nuclear power plant to quantify the conservatism of the conventional scheme. The high-fidelity core minimum departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) ratio calculation is realized by coupling more than two TORC dynamic link libraries (DLLs) under the control of the neutronics code, one for the lumped multichannel calculation and the others for the refined subchannel calculations. Realistic radial boundary conditions are supplied from the lumped multichannel calculation to the refined TORC DLL through the neutronics code. The CEA ejection accident problem is simulated from the DNB limiting conditions for operation condition, which is searched by adjusting the core radial peaking factor at a 30% axial offset power shape. The results indicate that the simplified hot-channel model contains ~15 and 5% conservatism in the core minimum DNB ratio and in the number of failed fuel rods, respectively, and reveals that those conservatisms are mainly due to the unrealistic isolated boundary condition. Therefore, it is concluded that the developed scheme can be effectively used to quantify the conservatism of a conventional DNB evaluation scheme.


This paper analyzes vertical integration incentives in a bilaterally duopolistic industry where upstream producers bargain with downstream retailers on terms of supply. In the applied framework integration does not affect the total output produced, but it affects the distribution of rents among players. Vertical integration incentives depend on the strength of substitutability or complementarity between products and the shape of the unit cost function. I demonstrate furthermore that in contrast to the widely prevailing view in competition policy, vertical integration can under particular circumstances convey more bargaining power to the merged entity than a horizontal merger to monopoly. The model is applied to analyze strategic merger incentives to influence entry decisions. Mergers can facilitate and deter entry. While horizontal mergers to deter entry are never profitable, firms on different market levels may strategically choose to integrate vertically to keep a potential entrant out of the market. I provide conditions for such entry-deterring vertical mergers to occur.


Background/Context New technologies have been largely absent in arts education curriculum even though they offer opportunities to address arts integration, equity, and the technological prerequisites of an increasingly digital age. This paper draws upon the emerging professional field of "media arts" and the ways in which youth use new technologies for communication to design a 21st-century K-12 arts education curriculum. Description of prior research on the subject and/or its intellectual context and/or policy context Building on sociocultural theories of constructionism as well as Dewey's theories of the arts and aesthetics as a democratic pedagogy, this study draws upon over three years of extensive field study at a digital design studio where underprivileged youth accessed programming environments emphasizing graphics, music, and video. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of the Study This study documents what youth learn through media art making in informal settings, the strengths and limitations of capitalizing on youth culture in media art production, and the distinct contributions that media arts education can make to the classroom environment. Research Design A mixed-methods approach was utilized that analyzed data from participants and professional interviews, an archive of youths' media art, and videotape documentation of youth at work on their projects. Conclusions/Recommendations Findings point to the ways in which youth engage with technology that encourages active learning and how new types of software can be used to illustrate and encourage this process.


Effective oak silvicultural treatments allow light to reach the forest floor with sufficient intensity and duration to enable establishment, growth, and development of preferred species. Although it is intuitive that increases in light will accompany various levels of canopy removal, specific amounts and the distribution of light resulting from different silvicultural treatments have not been precisely determined. Our objectives were to document the amounts and distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in stands receiving alternative silvicultural treatments.


This dissertation presents an extensive introduction to the Summa of St Antonin (Antoninus, Antonino) of Florence and his teaching on justice in buying and selling. It also presents, for the first time, critical editions and English translations of three chapters of his Summa: 2.1.16 (On fraud), 3.8.1 (On merchants and artisans), and 3.8.2 (On the various kinds of contracts). St Antonin was a Dominican friar and archbishop of Florence from 1446 to 1459, and composed one of the most comprehensive medieval manuals of moral theology, his Summa. In his preaching and writing, Antonin sought to teach the merchants and artisans of Florence about the proper conduct of trade and exhorted them to practice virtue and moderation in the pursuit of profit. The first part of this dissertation is an introduction with four chapters. Chapter One provides a brief literature review on St Antonin and a biography. Chapter Two is a study of his Summa: its conception, textual witnesses, and process of composition. This chapter demonstrates that the manuscripts traditionally considered to be the originals are indeed the author's autographs, and offers the most extensive analysis of these manuscripts yet produced. Chapter Three expounds the development of scholastic teaching on justice in buying and selling in the thirteenth-century faculties of canon law and theology. Chapter Four explains Antonin's teaching: its social context in renaissance Florence; its content, sources, and method; and its purpose, namely, helping the clergy in their pastoral duties of preaching, hearing confessions, and resolving moral dilemmas. A postscript comments on Antonin's place in the history of moral theology. The second part of the dissertation, the appendices, is the critical edition and English translation, preceded by an explanation of the edition and followed by tables illustrating the recensions of each chapter, as well as a description of Antonin's handwriting.


Abstract
 The sterile insect technique may be implemented to control populations of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), when environmental concerns preclude widespread use of chemical attractants or toxicants. The goal of the present study was to evaluate whether the mating competitiveness of sterile B. dorsalis males could be increased via pre-release feeding on methyl eugenol. Males of the oriental fruit fly are strongly attracted to this plant-borne compound, which they ingest and use in the synthesis of the sex pheromone. Previous studies conducted in the laboratory and small field-cages have shown that males given methyl eugenol produce a more attractive pheromone for females and have a higher mating success rate than males denied methyl eugenol. Here, levels of egg sterility were compared following the release of wild-like flies and either methyl eugenol-fed (treated) or methyl eugenol-deprived (control) sterile males in large field enclosures at four over flooding ratios ranging from 5:1 to 60:1 (sterile: wild-like males). Treated sterile males were fed methyl eugenol for 1–4 h (depending on the over flooding ratio tested) 3 d prior to release. Eggs were dissected from introduced fruits (apples), incubated in the laboratory, and scored for hatch rate. The effect of methyl eugenol was most pronounced at lower over flooding ratios. At the 5:1 and 10:1 over flooding ratios, the level of egg sterility observed for treated, sterile males was significantly greater than that observed for control, sterile males. In addition, the incidence of egg sterility reported for treated sterile males at these lower over flooding ratios was similar to that noted for treated or control sterile males at the 30:1 or 60:1 over flooding ratios. This latter result, in particular, suggests that pre-release feeding on methyl eugenol allows for a reduction in the number of sterile flies that are produced and released, thus increasing the cost-effectiveness of the sterile insect technique.


Interest in children's drawings is contemporary with the birth of modern psychology but as yet there is no psychological theory that successfully accounts for the nature of children's drawing. The two main theories, visual realism and intellectual realism, fall short. The work of Georges-Henri Luquet is important because it goes beyond both theories. Luquet's work, though important and of interest to developmental psychologists, remains untranslated to date and so is often inaccurately cited. This translation of Le Dessin Enfantin makes Luquet's ideas available to a wider readership for the first time.


Purpose of reviewDysfunction of the endothelium plays an integral role in atherogenesis. This review summarizes recent findings on the effects of marine [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and plant [alpha-linolenic acids (ALA)] n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on endothelial function in healthy individuals and in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors or manifest CVD. Recent findingsWe identified 33 intervention trials investigating the effects of n − 3 PUFA on fasting and/or postprandial endothelial function. In healthy individuals regular supplementation of EPA/DHA or ALA shows inconsistent results on endothelial function, whereas markers of endothelial function seem to be improved in overweight dyslipidaemic patients and type 2 diabetics. Conflicting results are observed in CVD patients. Reasons for discrepancies between the study results include the health status and age of participants, duration of supplementation, dose and fatty acid composition of the administered n − 3 PUFAs as well as methods used to assess endothelial function. SummaryIn individuals with CVD risk factors including overweight, dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes n − 3 PUFAs may improve endothelial function. However, the evidence for a clinical efficacy is not strong enough to make final recommendations with respect to a specific dose and the duration of supplementation.


Extracted from text ... ESTATE PLANNING
Moneyweb's PERSONAL FINANCE October 2006 7
NOTHING lasts forever - not the
tyres on your car, not the battery on
your phone, and sadly not even
your body.
At one point or another, someone
close to you will die. As morbid
as that may be, one has to be
prepared to deal with the death of a
loved one - not only emotionally,
but also administratively and financially.
No-one can help on the emotional
side, but good advice is
available on the financial side.
So, what do you when somebody
dies?
Normally, the executor or nearest
relative ..


Medicinal plants have therapeutic potential due to the presence of natural antioxidants functioning as reducing agents, free radical scavengers and quenchers of singlet oxygen. Majority of their antioxidant activity is due to bioactive compounds viz. flavones, isoflavones, flavonoids, anthocyanins, coumarins, lignans, catechins and isocatechins. Currently there has been an increasing interest to identify the antioxidants that are pharmacologically potent with low or no side effects for use in preventive medicine. Spices have been recognized to possess several medicinal properties (diuretic, expectorant, laxative, anti-bacterial, anti-pyretic etc.) and have been effectively used in the indigenous systems of medicine in India and other countries. Apart from the traditional use, a no. of beneficial physiological effects have been identified by extensive animal studies. Among these are their beneficial effects on lipid metabolism, efficiency as antidiabetics, ability to stimulate digestion and to inhibit platelet aggregation, antioxidant, antilithogenic and anti-inflammatory potential. Many spices and their active principles are reported as excellent nutraceuticals. Coriander is among such most commonly used spices, possessing the nutritional as well as medicinal properties, widely distributed and mainly cultivated for the seeds which contain an essential oil and the monoterpenoid-linalool. Coriander is used in the preparation of many household medicines to cure bed cold, seasonal fever, nausea, vomiting, stomach disorders and also used as a drug for indigestion, against worms, rheumatism and pain in the joints. Many of healing properties of coriander can be attributed to its exceptional phytonutrients and hence, it is often referred to as store house for bioactive compounds.


My Sister Who Travels is a group exhibition of six contemporary women artists who use lens-based media. Each in her own way challenges canonical representations of landscape photography, and their works are presented alongside archival photographs by Esther Van Deman, a Victorian archaeologist, whose work acts as a fulcrum for the project.

Often straying from the conventional tropes of Romanticism, the landscapes presented in this exhibition focus on the Mediterranean as a place that visually articulates concerns of memory, conflict, colonisation, migration, emptiness and expanse. From Corinne Silva's Moroccan-within-Spanish wastelands in Imported Landscapes (2010), to Paola Yacoub's invisible remnants of the Lebanese Civil War in Elegiac Landscapes (2001), Ursula Schulz-Dornburg's photographs of Syria (2010) and Jananne Al Ani's stills from her aerial film Shadow Sites II (2011), the works evoke layers of imperialism and history, alongside prescient ruin and destruction. In video works by Noor Abed and Halida Boughriet, the picturesque evaporates, as questions of economic and political migration surface through human narratives of movement. These 'moving photographs', like their still counterparts, explore political inequalities between the Global North and the Global South.

Esther Van Deman's near-forensic photographs of bricks, walls and aqueducts from the early twentieth century – taken in Italy, Tunisia and Algeria – anchor the exhibition within a historical dimension. Their juxtaposition with the contemporary work emphasises alternative modes of envisioning landscape. In combination, these historical and contemporary practices create oddly displaced representations of familiar geographies.

Until recently, landscape photography has been traditionally considered a gendered Western genre, co-opted by the masculine eye. By focusing on the different ways in which contemporary women artists engage politically with post-colonial themes in their practices, My Sister Who Travels brings to light unstated narratives of landscape.

My Sister Who Travels
Curated by Martina Caruso
The Mosaic Rooms, London
18.07.14 – 30.08.14


The class of linear second-order dynamical systems is considered. These systems of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODE) are characterized by three symmetric positive definite (SPD) coefficient matrices: one arises from inertial terms, the second from Hooke's law, and the third from velocityproportional energy dissipation. The goal is to transform the coupled set of n second-order ODEs into n independent (scalar) second-order equations. In the absence of damping, this goal can be achieved by congruence transformation because two SPD matrices can be simultaneously diagonalized. However, three SPD matrices can not be simultaneously diagonalized by congruence transformations unless certain restrictive conditions apply, so in this case we must consider more general transformations. I will present a method that utilizes a real, invertible but nonlinear mapping to transform any set of coupled secondorder linear ODEs into independent equations. Two examples from earthquake engineering are provided to indicate the utility of this approach.


Abstract. In recent decades, the global observation of climate and climate change has become increasingly important. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) established in 1992 addresses the entire climate system including physical, chemical and biological properties of atmosphere, ocean and land surface. This paper describes the GCOS implementation in Switzerland and highlights some major achievements over the last few years. The Swiss GCOS Office was established at the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology MeteoSwiss in February 2006, to coordinate all climate-relevant measurements in Switzerland. The first-ever inventory of the country's long-term climatological data series and international data centres, including an assessment of their future prospects, was compiled in 2007. The National Climate Observing System of Switzerland (GCOS Switzerland) includes long-term climatological data series in the atmosphere and terrestrial domains, international data and calibration centres, satellite-based products and support of climate observations in developing countries. A major milestone in the surface-based atmospheric observations was the definition of the Swiss National Basic Climatological Network (NBCN), consisting of 29 stations of greatest climatological importance. The NBCN was further densified for precipitation with 46 additional daily precipitation stations (NBCN-P). Analysis of the homogenized timeseries of the average temperature in Switzerland shows a total warming of +1.6 °C from 1864 to 2010. In the terrestrial domain, substantial advances were made in all three subdomains hydrosphere, cryosphere and biosphere. As example for the use of satellite data within GCOS Switzerland, the 10-yr MODIS monthly mean cloud fraction climatology over Switzerland from March 2000 to February 2010 is presented, which illustrates the differences in cloud cover between mountainous regions and flatland regions in winter, as well as the north-south gradient in cloud cover over Switzerland in summer.


We offer an explanation of the issue selling process when issues deviate from the dominant logic of organizations. Our main objective is to articulate the multiple ways in which socially oriented innovations can be legitimated in for-profit organizations through the work of bottom-up change agents, also known as social intrapreneurs. To unpack this multiplicity, we draw on both institutional theory and the framing perspective in social movements. Specifically, we propose how sellers may advance social issues with solutions by drawing on the logic composite of both organizations and selling targets. By providing an account of the social issue selling process in for-profit organizations, we consider how the nature of an issue shapes selling efforts when it diverges from the dominant logic, and we shed light on how the content choices of sellers relate to the meaning systems of organizations and targets.


A novel Coronavirus (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, emerged from the Wuhan city of China at the end of 2019, causing devastating public health and socio-economic burden around the world. In the absence of a safe and effective vaccine or antiviral for use in humans, control and mitigation efforts against COVID-19 are focussed on using non-pharmaceutical interventions (aimed at reducing community transmission of COVID-19), such as social (physical)-distancing, community lockdown, use of face masks in public, isolation and contact tracing of confirmed cases and quarantine of people suspected of being exposed to COVID-19. We developed a mathematical model for understanding the transmission dynamics and control of COVID-19 in Nigeria, one of the main epicenters of COVID-19 in Africa. Rigorous analysis of the Kermack-McKendrick-type compartmental epidemic model we developed, which takes the form of a deterministic system of nonlinear differential equations, reveal that the model has a continuum of disease-free equilibria which is locally-asymptotically stable whenever a certain epidemiological threshold, called the it control reproduction (denoted by Rc), is less than unity. The epidemiological implication of this result is that the pandemic can be effectively controlled (or even eliminated) in Nigeria if the control strategies implemented can bring (and maintain) the epidemiological threshold (Rc) to a value less than unity. The model, which was parametrized using COVID-19 data published by Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), was used to assess the community-wide impact of various control and mitigation strategies in the entire Nigerian nation, as well as in two states (Kano and Lagos) within the Nigerian federation and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT Abuja). It was shown that, for the worst-case scenario where social-distancing, lockdown and other community transmission reduction measures are not implemented, Nigeria would have recorded a devastatingly high COVID-19 mortality by April 2021 (in hundreds of thousands). It was, however, shown that COVID-19 can be effectively controlled using social-distancing measures provided its effectiveness level is at least moderate. Although the use of face masks in the public can significantly reduce COVID-19 in Nigeria, its use as a sole intervention strategy may fail to lead to the realistic elimination of the disease (since such elimination requires unrealistic high compliance in face mask usage in the public, in the range of 80% to 95%). COVID-19 elimination is feasible in both the entire Nigerian nation, and the States of Kano and Lagos, as well as the FCT, if the public face masks use strategy (using mask with moderate efficacy, and moderate compliance in its usage) is complemented with a social-distancing strategy. The lockdown measures implemented in Nigeria on March 30, 2020 need to be maintained for at least three to four months to lead to the effective containment of COVID-19 outbreaks in the country. Relaxing, or fully lifting, the lockdown measures sooner, in an effort to re-open the economy or the country, may trigger a deadly second wave of the pandemic.


Monitoring of progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) drinking water target relies on classification of water sources as "improved" or "unimproved" as an indicator for water safety. We adjust the current Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) estimate by accounting for microbial water quality and sanitary risk using the only-nationally representative water quality data currently available, that from the WHO and UNICEF "Rapid Assessment of Drinking Water Quality". A principal components analysis (PCA) of national environmental and development indicators was used to create models that predicted, for most countries, the proportions of piped and of other-improved water supplies that are faecally contaminated; and of these sources, the proportions that lack basic sanitary protection against contamination. We estimate that 1.8 billion people (28% of the global population) used unsafe water in 2010. The 2010 JMP estimate is that 783 million people (11%) use unimproved sources. Our estimates revise the 1990 baseline from 23% to 37%, and the target from 12% to 18%, resulting in a shortfall of 10% of the global population towards the MDG target in 2010. In contrast, using the indicator "use of an improved source" suggests that the MDG target for drinkingwater has already been achieved. We estimate that an additional 1.2 billion (18%) use water from sources or systems with significant sanitary risks. While our estimate is imprecise, the magnitude of the estimate and the health and development implications suggest that greater attention is needed to better understand and manage drinking water safety.


We demonstrate a high efficiency perovskite solar cell with a hybrid hole-transporting material-counter electrode based on a thin single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) film and a drop-cast 2,2,7,-7-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD) hole-transporting material (HTM). The average efficiency of the solar cells was 13.6%, with the record cell yielding 15.5% efficiency. The efficiency of the reference solar cells with spin-coated Spiro-OMeTAD hole-transporting materials (HTMs) and an evaporated gold counter electrode was 17.7% (record 18.8%), that of the cells with only a SWCNT counter electrode (CE) without additional HTM was 9.1% (record 11%) and that of the cells with gold deposited directly on the perovskite layer was 5% (record 6.3%). Our results show that it is possible to manufacture high efficiency perovskite solar cells with thin film (thickness less than 1 μm) completely carbon-based HTM-CEs using industrially upscalable manufacturing methods, such as press-transferred CEs and drop-cast HTMs.


As psychoanalysis becomes more and more important to literary studies and the accompanying literature bulks larger and larger, students often feel overwhelmed, not knowing where to turn for readings that will open up the subject. Holland's Guide to Psychoanalytic Psychology and Literature-and-Psychology offers an ingenious solution to this problem. It provides concise outlines of all types of psychoanalytic theory and shows how they apply to literary criticism. The outlines point in turn to further, more specific readings-articles, essays, and books-which can then be located by two extensive bibliographies that follow the discussion. These offer materials that range from the earliest Freud to the latest cognitive science and include dozens of bibliographic aids. Holland integrates these suggested readings with lively, detailed comments on various psychologies as they relate to literature. He is thus able to guide students easily to the precise subject they wish to study, be it Jungian criticism, ego psychology, feminist psychoanalysis, psychoanalytic film theory, or interpretation of some specific text. Holland also offers a bracing discussion of reader-response criticism and a lucid guide to the work of Jacques Lacan. A trenchant epilogue defends the psychological approach, suggesting which points in psychoanalytic theory will work for literary critics, and which will not. The only such guidebook for students of psychoanalytic literary theory and literary criticism, Holland's Guide will also prove an invaluable aid for those studying psychoanalysis and psychology.


In this study, self-sealing polyethylene (PE) was successfully achieved via incorporating super-absorbent polymer (SAP). Attributed to the high thermal stability, the SAP particles can survive through the harsh processing conditions during thermal extrusion and hot pressing. PE specimens with different concentrations of SAP particles of different sizes show good sealability with fast response to water penetration through pin-hole and crack defects. It was observed that a higher concentration of smaller SAP particles enables better sealing performance under normal pressure. Additionally, repeated sealing can be achieved with full sealability due to the left SAP residue from the last cycle in the defects.


The effects of sending a laser powered platform to low Earth orbit are investigated. We consider the effects of drag, attenuation by the atmosphere and divergence of the laser beam. It is found that a 1000kg platform could be accelerated to an altitude of 200km using an average laser power of 1.8 terawatts; however it is unfeasible to extend this argument to a much more massive space shuttle sized object.


After liberation from apartheid in 1996, South Africa's new, progressive Constitution proclaimed: "Everyone has the right to have access to sufficient food and water." In this paper, I analyze South Africa's revolutionary legal vision for marrying social equity to ecology in fulfilling the right to water. South Africa's successes and obstacles as a developing nation with few natural water sources and great water needs demonstrates the translation of aspirational ideas into functional law. This is significant not just to South Africa's own citizens, but extends to the entire world. South Africa's approach contains essential lessons for how to use the law to support the billion plus people around the world whose right to water remains unfulfilled, and to the million plus people who die each year from dehydration or diseases related to unclean or inadequate water supplies. South Africa's past and future approaches to implementing the right to water will continue to shape the legal meanings of "progressive realization" within "available resources" for all economic, social and cultural human rights worldwide.I first examine South Africa's initial, visionary laws and policies which sought to implement the human right to water. South Africa's legal blueprint resurrected its Public Trust Doctrine, requiring the government to protect the ecological "Reserve" that nourishes the right to water. After promising beginnings, South Africa applied legally questionable policies vis-a-vis the right to water. For example, it considered the equivalent of two toilet flushes per person per day as an adequate supply of water. Furthermore, it allowed government water service providers to install prepaid water meters for the poorest of the poor, which shut off water supply without notice when water use exceeded the predetermined "adequate" supply.These policies were upheld by the globally influential South African Constitutional Court in Mazibuko v. City of Johannesburg, which this Paper argues undermined the human right to water. The Court failed to respect constitutional prescriptions to advance equity. It also failed to consider public trust responsibilities to steward the legally mandated ecological Reserve, the ultimate source of water. The Court also misconstrued the Constitution's command to "take reasonable legislative and other measures, within its available resources, to achieve the progressive realisation of" the right to water. Judges and bureaucrats alike — in South Africa and in too many other locales — fail to see that "available resources" must include ecological resources. Failure to root the human right to water in its ecological milieu is a failure to make progress in fulfilling the human right to water.After leading the world in getting the right to water right and then wrong, South Africa has again formulated groundbreaking legal plans to realize the right to water. The nation seeks to reallocate water towards those in greatest need, and has established ambitious plans to steward the ecological Reserve that underlies the human right to water. If South Africa succeeds in implementing its new legal strategies based on the "indivisibility of water," it will offer a blueprint for how to make the human right to water more than an empty promise through a reconfigured, visionary understanding of the Public Trust Doctrine that marries equity to ecology.


Brian Snowdon presents the text of a two-hour interview conducted with Jeffrey D. Sachs of Columbia University—a wide-ranging discussion relating to Professor Sachs's work over the past thirty years on macroeconomic stabilisation, the economics of transition, and several important issues in the field of international economic development. First, Snowdon provides some background to the debate relating to Professor Sachs's most recent work that has helped focus international attention on the growth tragedy of sub-Saharan Africa. This key humanitarian issue has received enormous coverage in the media throughout 2005 and has been highlighted in particular at the G8 meetings in Gleneagles and worldwide Live 8 Concerts in July 2005, and the UN World Summit in September.


In seeking to understand inequality today, a great deal can be learned from history. However, there are few countries for which the long-run development of income inequality has been charted. Many countries have records of incomes, taxes and social support. This paper presents a new methodology constructing income inequality indices from such data. The methodology is applied to Norway, for which rich historical data sources exist. Taking careful account of the definition of income and population and the availability of micro data starting in 1967, an upper and lower bound for the pre-tax income Gini coefficient is produced.


In this work, we sought to understand ways that students experienced a small-scale portfolio assignment provided to them as an opportunity to reflect on their experiences in a project-based class. This work was motivated by research in various instructional contexts showing that portfolio construction results in important learning outcomes. We wanted to see if such findings would extend to project-based learning situations in engineering. In addition, our research was motivated by the need to better understand specific portfolio assignments in terms of the effort required of students, the extent to which students value such assignments, and the ways in which students' overall experiences differ in terms of learning, effort, and value. To address these issues, we interviewed thirteen students who completed a portfolio assignment as a culminating activity for a project-based manufacturing class. We selected these students because their individual responses to a screening survey suggested that they had very different experiences with the portfolio assignment. We then conducted open-ended interviews with the students in order to better understand their experiences. In this paper, we show how the themes of epistemically different, manageably effortful, and ultimately valuable can be used to understand three ways of experiencing the assignment (as a significant experience, a muted experience, and a limited experience). This work provides practical information to educators interested in supporting reflection while also contributing to the scholarship on how portfolios support learning from experience.


The Elder Abuse Awareness Committee of Chatham Kent, Ontario employed ten seniors (65 years of age or older) from this rural community to conduct an investigation of the knowledge and prevalence of elder abuse among their peers. The 236 study participants interviewed by the specifically trained elders were predominantly female ranging in age from 55 to over 90. The majority were still living in their own homes, had completed high school or post-secondary education, and reported relatively good health.  These attributes predicted a rate of disclosed elder abuse within the lower end of the four to ten percent range typically reported in the literature. However, an incidence rate of 19.1% was reported nearly double the upper end of the range, with 137 separate acts of verbal, emotional, and financial abuse reported by participants to their peers. Formal paid caregivers were identified as the most frequent perpetrators though two thirds of the incidents were not reported to anyone at the time they occurred primarily due to embarrassment, fear, being dependent upon the abuser, or simply not knowing who to tell about the abuse. In the minority of instances when the abuse was reported the most common sources informed were the police, a family physician, or a helping professional in the community.
KEYWORDS:  Elder abuse, rural, Canada


The issue of national minorities in post-Cold War Europe has warranted considerable scholarly attention with regard to security, democratization and regional integration. The literature has focused on how European integration compelled host states to comply with obligations to protect a national minority within their borders. Missing from this debate, however, is a more comprehensive analysis of whether European integration has had an effect on the wider geopolitical relationship between the host state and the kin state over national minorities. Has European integration served to dampen or to intensify the salience of nationalist politics between host and kin states? To address this gap the range of host state–kin state relations in Central and Eastern Europe is explored corresponding to whether both states are EU members (at least one may be a candidate country) compared with when one state remains external to the EU for the foreseeable future. It is argued that, despite much of the Europeanization literature, European integration can have an amplifying effect on nationalism regardless of whether kin states are existing members, acceding states or outside the process altogether.


Abstract The concepts of user and non-user are frequently deployed within media and communications literature. What do these terms mean if examined regarding age and ageing? In this article we explore and trouble these notions through an analysis of twenty-two conversations with a group of octogenarians and nonagenarians living in a retirement home. Their descriptions of their changing uses of media througout lifetime, and their encounters with mobile phones, computers, newspapers, television, radio and landline phones, are presented as a set of 'techno-biographies' that challenge binary divisions of use and non-use, linear notions of media adoption, and add texture to the idea of 'the fourth age' as a time of life bereft of decisional power. Speaking with octogenarians and nonagenarians provides insights into media desires, needs and uses, and opens up 'non-use' as a complex, variegated activity, rather than a state of complete inaction or disinterest.


Crown rot caused by the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Cg) is a significant disease of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) in South-East Queensland, Australia. The disease is currently controlled by the application of fungicides to plants in the nurseries; however, increased host resistance is desirable. Several cultivars reported to show resistance to Cg overseas have been evaluated in the Australian National Strawberry Varietal Improvement Program. Additionally, advanced genotypes produced by this program have been screened to: (a) identify genotypes with increased resistance to crown rot from Cg; (b) determine if there is variation in the pathogenicity of Cg isolates from Queensland; and (c) determine if there is an interaction for pathogenicity between plant genotype and Cg isolate. Twelve experiments were conducted between 2012 and 2015, screening a total of 249 genotypes (16 cultivars, 233 breeding lines) for resistance to Cg isolate N19211. Inoculum was sprayed onto the plant crowns, and plant deaths recorded weekly for up to 10 weeks. An additional experiment was undertaken in 2015 assessing the response of eight genotypes (5 cultivars, 3 breeding lines) against six Cg isolates. Data were analysed using a discrete time survival analysis based on CoxRSQUOs proportional hazards model. The most highly resistant genotypes traced ancestry to the F. virginiana subsp. grayana clone 'NC95-19-1'. Genetic variation was predominantly additive, indicating that phenotypic selection of parents is appropriate. Genotypes with high resistance have been incorporated into the Australian breeding program as sources of Cg resistance. Isolate N19276 was found to be significantly less pathogenic than the other isolates tested, with no significant differences observed among the remaining isolates. No significant genotype × isolate interaction was found.